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= WarioWare : Smooth Moves = WarioWare : Smooth Moves , known in Japan as Odoru Made in Wario ( おどるメイドインワリオ , lit . " Dancing Made in Wario " ) , is a party video game developed by Nintendo SPD and Intelligent Systems . The game was published by Nintendo for its Wii video game system in Japan in December 2006 , and in Europe , North America , and Australia in January 2007 . It was re @-@ released in 2011 in Europe as part of the Nintendo Selects program . It is the fifth game in the WarioWare series of games , and the only game in the series to be released for the Wii ( not including WarioWare D.I.Y. Showcase , another WarioWare game for the Wii ) . Like its predecessors , WarioWare : Smooth Moves is built around a collection of microgames that last about five seconds each , and which require that the player hold the Wii Remote in specific positions . The game offers the microgames to the player in rapid succession , by first instructing the player to hold the Wii Remote in a specific manner , and then showing them the microgame . The microgames are divided into several stages , each of which loosely connects the microgames with the help of a story . Smooth Moves was given generally favorable reviews , receiving aggregated scores of 83 % from Metacritic and 81 @.@ 82 % from GameRankings . Praise focused on the game 's entertainment value , especially at parties , while criticism targeted its length . WarioWare : Smooth Moves received a ToyAward in the Trend and Lifestyle category from the 2007 Nuremberg International Toy Fair . It was also given the award for Best Action Game at IGN 's Wii Best of E3 2006 Awards ; the website later named it their Game of the Month for January 2007 . WarioWare : Smooth Moves was the United States ' 4th best @-@ selling game in its debut month of January 2007 . In Japan , it sold 63 @,@ 954 copies in its debut week of November 27 – December 3 , 2006 , making it the 4th best @-@ selling launch game for the Wii after Wii Sports , Wii Play , and The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess . = = Gameplay = = Similar to previous games in the WarioWare series , WarioWare : Smooth Moves is a puzzle game focusing on microgames , which are short games that last for about five seconds . Each microgame requires that the player position the Wii Remote in a specific way , such as holding it vertically , or placing the bottom end of the device against the nose . The player is required to use the Nunchuk attachment for the Wii Remote in certain microgames . Before each microgame begins , the required position for the Wii Remote is shown to the player , to allow them time to position the device . The game is broken up into stages , each represented by a WarioWare character and loosely connected by a story , with the microgames divided among the stages . After the player completes a stage 's microgames , they advance to the boss stage , which is a microgame that is longer and more complex than the others . After the player completes all of the single @-@ player stages , the game unlocks a multiplayer mode , in which only one Wii Remote is used and shared by up to 12 players . While a player plays a microgame in this mode , other players watch , and after the microgame is completed , the player passes the Wii Remote to the next person . = = Development = = Nintendo first revealed WarioWare : Smooth Moves for the Wii at the 2006 E3 convention . The game was co @-@ developed by Intelligent Systems and the Software Planning Development department of Nintendo . Development on the game began in late 2005 with a team of 20 people , directed by Goro Abe and produced by Yoshio Sakamoto . Abe first came up with the idea for the game when the Wii Remote was revealed to him . Since the developers believed that holding the controller in only one way limited the game 's entertainment value , they decided to introduce new positions and motions to the game for the Remote to be held . The software used to register the Remote 's movements was written from scratch because of the unique movements required for the game . Similar to previous games in the WarioWare series , the game 's subtitle , " Smooth Moves " , was used to represent the basic movement that players perform in the game . The developers wanted players to move as if they were dancing when playing the game , so they decided that Smooth Moves was the best phrase to use to describe the game 's actions . Because of its party genre , the developers made the game 's multiplayer mode its " best point " . There are about 200 minigames included in WarioWare : Smooth Moves , an amount similar to previous WarioWare titles . Abe determined which minigames were included after each team member wrote down an idea on a piece of paper and sent it to him . The minigames were inspired by " very original , everyday life issues " . To offer a different visual style for each minigame , developers were asked to make their own design for the minigame that they were working on . During development , one of the game 's basic concepts was to " make a different taste for every single game " . The only rule that Abe imposed on the minigame designs was for the developers to make it instantly obvious as to what is happening in the minigames . The Wii Remote 's speaker is used in the game to " add a greater sense of feel " . For example , in one microgame , the player must bounce a tennis ball on a racquet . When the ball touches the racquet , the Wii Remote 's speaker emits a bouncing sound and a rumble to " add a very strong reality to the game " . The game mostly forgoes the Wii nunchuk attachment and functions strictly with the Wii Remote . Its visual presentation is similar to WarioWare , Inc . : Mega Party Games ! for the Nintendo GameCube , and it does not run in widescreen mode . = = Reception = = WarioWare : Smooth Moves was released by Nintendo for the Wii in Japan on December 2 , 2006 , in Europe on January 12 , 2007 , in North America on January 15 , 2007 , and in Australia on January 25 , 2007 . The game was given generally favorable reviews , receiving aggregated scores of 83 % from Metacritic and 82 % from GameRankings . Praise focused on the game 's entertainment value , especially at parties , while criticism targeted its length . WarioWare : Smooth Moves received a ToyAward in the Trend and Lifestyle category from the 2007 Nuremberg International Toy Fair . It was also given the award for Best Action Game at IGN 's Wii Best of E3 2006 Awards ; the website later named the game their Game of the Month for January 2007 . WarioWare : Smooth Moves was the United States ' 4th best @-@ selling game in its debut month of January 2007 . It dropped to 8th the following month , selling 109 @,@ 000 units . In Japan , WarioWare : Smooth Moves sold 63 @,@ 954 copies in its debut week of November 27 – December 3 , 2006 , making it the 4th best @-@ selling launch game for the Wii after Wii Sports , Wii Play , and The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess . It dropped to 20th for the week of December 18 – 24 , 2006 . Several reviews praised the game as one of the Wii 's best . The Official Nintendo Magazine said that Wario should " now take his place alongside Mario and Link as a true Nintendo great " . Appreciating the game 's " terrific use of the Wii 's unique control features " , GameSpot remarked that the game also had " amazing " graphics , concluding that it belongs in the game libraries of Wii owners . This sentiment was shared by GameTrailers , which said that WarioWare : Smooth Moves was " without a doubt " the best collection of minigames for the Wii . GameSpy found that the game had " a lot of value " , especially for people who host parties or have groups of friends or family who already enjoy games such as Wii Sports or Rayman Raving Rabbids . Naming WarioWare : Smooth Moves the Game of the Week from January 28 – February 4 , 2007 , The Observer gave particular praise to the game 's graphics , stating , " There are nicely colourful cartoon intros to each level , and the microgames utilise a plethora of visual styles . You 'll notice snippets of favourites from yesteryear , whether it be pulling the Master Sword out of the stone in the Nintendo 64 's The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time or jumping to collect coins as NES @-@ era Mario . " Australia 's The Age found the game " as entertaining to watch as it is to play " , rating it four stars out of five . The Sunday Age newspaper predicted that WarioWare : Smooth Moves , which is " totally unlike anything else out there " , could convert non @-@ gamers into fans of video games . Computer and Video Games predicted that the game " will be the one you come back to when you 've got a full house " , and appreciated its " crazy genius " gameplay . Nintendo World Report was pleased with the game 's variety , but found the small number of unlockable items and lack of high scores disappointing . Although video game review website IGN noted that the game was not the best in the Wario series of video games , they still considered it an " essential piece of the Wii collection " . The website was also entertained by the single @-@ player mode as well as the multiplayer , especially when " shov [ ing ] the controller off on unsuspecting houseguests or non @-@ gamers months and years down the road " . They considered the game 's use of the Wii Remote to be " slick and intuitive " , the graphics to be " nearly inexplicable " , and the sound to be " totally off the wall " . GameZone called the game " original and addictive " , but noted that it would not appeal to everyone . The Courier @-@ Mail praised the game 's use of the Wii 's motion @-@ sensitive controllers as one of its best features , which helps push it " over @-@ the @-@ top " as " one of the most inventive games designed for the Wii 's interactive controls " . Canada 's Toronto Sun also appreciated its " novel use " of the Wiimote . A lack of " eye @-@ popping unpredictability [ like ] its predecessors " and difficult controller positions disappointed 1UP.com , but the website still called WarioWare : Smooth Moves a " welcome addition to any Wii library " . Described as a " certifiably insane party game that is a must buy for any Wii owner " , GamePro felt that the game further proves that the Wii is the " must @-@ have " console when playing with friends . GamesRadar shared this sentiment , noting that although the game 's single @-@ player mode is only several hours long , its multiplayer mode is the " definite Wii party experience " for up to 12 people . Game Informer felt excited , surprised , and a " little stupid " when waving the Wii remote with the game , concluding that the game will make " friends laugh pretty much non @-@ stop for an hour or two , and that may very well be worth the price of admission " . Despite writing positively about how the game utilizes the Wii remote , Eurogamer was disappointed with its weak long @-@ term appeal because " it never really dares to test players " .
= Architecture of Leeds = The architecture of Leeds , a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire , England , encompasses a wide range of architectural styles and notable buildings . As with most northern industrial centres , much of Leeds ' prominent architecture is of the Victorian era . However , the City of Leeds also contains buildings from as early as the Middle Ages such as Kirkstall Abbey , one of Britain 's best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries , as well as examples of 20th century industrial architecture , particularly in the districts of Hunslet and Holbeck . Most of the current buildings in Leeds are the product of the Industrial Revolution and post war regeneration in the 20th century , as many new buildings were provided in the city 's commuter towns and villages to house the increasing suburban population . Leeds city centre is currently undergoing much redevelopment , with a number of skyscrapers such as Bridgewater Place . Many buildings in Leeds have won awards for their architecture : examples are the renovation projects for the Corn Exchange and the Henry Moore Institute , which have won RIBA awards . = = Pre 1600 = = The earliest evidence of civilisation in the area of Leeds is at Seacroft and dates to 3500 BC . The oldest existent man @-@ made structure in the Leeds metropolitan district is the earthworks of the Iron Age fort at Barwick in Elmet . Leeds is thought to have been the site of the Roman town of Cambodunum , abandoned when the Romans left Britain in around 400 AD . The first church in Leeds is thought to have been built around 600 AD . Leeds , like many industrial cities , has little remaining medieval architecture . The lack of Medieval architecture in central Leeds may be attributed to the small size of the town during the majority of the period , the population usually being around 1 @,@ 000 . At the time there were several larger settlements in Yorkshire such as Wakefield and York . The Church of St John the Baptist at Adel is one of the earliest remaining buildings in Leeds . It was built between 1150 and 1170 . It has been described as " one of the best and most complete Norman village churches in Yorkshire " . Kirkstall Abbey is the most noteworthy piece of architecture from this period in Leeds . The abbey , which is a Cistercian foundation , was begun on the banks of the River Aire in 1152 . The abbey was disbanded and the buildings ruined during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII . Although Cistercian abbeys were numerous in England , many were located in remote areas and , unlike several Benedictine and Augustinian abbeys , did not survive the Dissolution by being reused as parish churches . At Kirkstall Abbey , the ruins are particularly well preserved and show an austere form of Norman architecture with some later Gothic additions and embellishments . The remnants of most of the monastic buildings are sufficiently intact to display the domestic arrangement and function of the monastery . The Abbey House Museum keeps records and displays artefacts from the abbey as well as from other eras across Leeds . Paintings of the Abbey have come from artists as renowned as J. M. W. Turner and Thomas Girtin . In 1889 the abbey was purchased by Colonel John North and presented to Leeds City Council . The council restored parts of the abbey and made it safe for public enjoyment before opening it in 1895 . Although central Leeds has few buildings from the Middle Ages , there are examples within the City of Leeds boundaries , including two at Wetherby . Wetherby Bridge dates from the Medieval period , but has been considerably altered , the pointed Gothic arches of different heights being replaced by semi @-@ circular arches . It is said that the Bishop of York granted absolution of sins to local residents in return for building the bridge . The building of a castle was commenced in Wetherby in 1140 , but it was demolished in 1155 , because it was the King had not granted permission for its construction . The remains of its foundations can still be seen , and it is remembered in the street name " Castle Gate " . Harewood Castle is a 14th @-@ century stone hall house and courtyard fortress , in the grounds of Harewood House . It is a Grade I listed and is currently undergoing conservation . = = 1600 to 1800 = = By Tudor times , Leeds had become a market town of about 3 @,@ 000 people , which grew to about 6 @,@ 000 by the mid @-@ 17th century , however successive redevelopments of the city centre in the following centuries have destroyed almost all visible evidence of this period . The earliest building remaining in the city centre is a late 16th- or early 17th @-@ century house in Lambert 's Yard , off Briggate . It is a timber framed building with a gable and three jettied storeys , " possibly the cross @-@ wing of a larger hall house " . It is in a state of disrepair and is not generally accessible to the public . The church of St John the Evangelist , New Briggate , is the oldest church in central Leeds , consecrated in 1634 . It was founded by John Harrison . It is described as " something of an architectural rarity : a virtually intact 17th century church " . In 1865 there were plans to demolish it , but Norman Shaw came to its defence and argued successfully for its restoration . Its interior is unusual in having two naves , and it has a large amount of Jacobean woodwork . It is no longer used for regular services but is in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust and is regularly open for visitors and also used for occasional public events . A major example of 18th century architecture lies just outside the city ( although within the City of Leeds boundaries ) in the Grade I listed Harewood House . This was built between 1759 and 1771 and funded from the proceeds of the West Indian Slave Trade . The architect was John Carr of York , with extensions by Robert Adam who also designed the interiors . The opening of a trade hall in Wetherby in 1710 brought about further industrial development , most of this was still on a small scale until the 19th century , but Leeds like Manchester began to show growing industrialisation before many other towns and cities across the industrial belts of Yorkshire and Lancashire did , providing Leeds with a few rare examples of industry from before the period that is generally accepted as the beginning of the industrial revolution ( late 18th century ) had begun . Armley Mills was built in 1788 and is currently the largest woollen mill museum . There are several examples of industrial architecture from the latter part of this era in Holbeck , Hunslet , Armley and areas surrounding Leeds city centre . The main infirmary was originally on Infirmary Street ( near City Square and Quebec Street ) . Designed by John Carr , it was built in 1768 – 1771 and demolished in 1893 to make way for the Yorkshire Penny Bank . Holy Trinity Church on Boar Lane was constructed between 1721 and 1727 , built to a design by William Etty . It is a Grade I listed building . The building has not changed much ( although a new steeple was built in 1839 by R D Chantrell ) , but developments such as the Burton Arcade and the Leeds Shopping Plaza have been built so close that it is difficult to see the full exterior of the building as was once possible . In 2007 it was reported in the Yorkshire Evening Post that the remains of a 17th @-@ century cottage in Alwoodley had been demolished after controversial approval from Leeds City Council . = = Nineteenth century = = It was in the 19th century that Leeds began to grow into one of Britain 's largest cities . This led to widespread building across the city . Leeds ' wool and cloth trades resulted in the building of many industrial buildings during this era . The resulting workforce which migrated to the city from rural areas brought about the building of many houses . Leeds has perhaps the most surviving examples of back @-@ to @-@ back terrace housing in the UK , particularly in Holbeck and Harehills . Headingley Castle , also known for a good deal of the 19th century as The Elms , was designed in about 1841 on land that had been owned by Barbara Marshall . It was built between 1843 and 1846 by the local architect John Child for the corn merchant Thomas England . The estate was originally 22 acres . While the exterior of Headingley Castle is Victorian Gothic in style , the architect employed modern building techniques and materials including cast iron in its construction . Leeds city centre has many examples from this era , such as Leeds Town Hall , the Leeds Kirkgate Market , the Hotel Metropole , the Leeds City Varieties , the Central Post Office , Calls Landings and the Corn Exchange to name a few . Leeds Town Hall ( pictured top ) was designed by Cuthbert Brodrick and was opened by Queen Victoria in 1858 . The Hotel Metropole was built in the 1890s and was inspired by French architecture of the time . The Leeds Corn Exchange was also designed by Cuthbert Brodrick and was built between 1861 and 1864 . The building lay derelict for many years until 1985 when it was converted into a shopping centre . Harehills , Burley , Holbeck , Chapeltown , Woodhouse and East End Park contain many houses from this era , while Cross Gates has a 120 @-@ foot ( 37 m ) column guided gasholder from this era . The 19th century saw the construction of most of Leeds ' railway infrastructure , including architecturally notable viaducts in Holbeck and Leeds city centre . None of the major railway stations from this era have survived , in fact most of Leeds railway station was rebuilt as recently as 2002 . As well as industrial architecture Hunslet has a history for some notable churches . The main steeple on Church Lane was once part of a large church . All but the steeple were demolished in the 1970s and a smaller church building attached . Meadow Lane in Hunslet was also home to Christ Church , an architecturally notable Gothic church , which has since been demolished . Leeds Parish Church was constructed in 1841 and at 115 feet ( 35 m ) tall it held the record as Leeds ' tallest building until the building of the town hall in 1858 . = = = Housing = = = Leeds ' growth in the 19th century led to mass migration to the city ; this resulted in many areas of the city becoming overcrowded and many new houses being built . The industrial revolution led to the increase in both working and middle classes , leading to the building of many new houses , aimed at both classes . The most common form of housing to be built for the working classes was the ' back to back ' . Back to back terrace houses were built in the largely working class districts of Harehills , Holbeck , Hunslet , Beeston and Armley , whilst larger through terrace houses were built for the middle classes in Headingley and Kirkstall . Chapeltown developed as an affluent district of Leeds , and boasts many large Victorian villas , however the popularity of outer suburbs such as Roundhay towards the late 20th century brought land values down in Chapeltown and the area fell into decline . In 1830 the cost of building a small back to back house in Leeds was between seventy and eighty pounds . The average weekly rent was between two and four shillings ( around a fifth of the average wages at the time ) . = = Twentieth century = = Leeds has a wide variety of buildings from this era . Chapel Allerton has many art deco semi detached houses from the 1930s while large parts of the city centre contain many commercial buildings from this era . Seacroft has many examples of 20th century residential architecture . = = = Early era = = = For the first decade of the 20th century many areas of Leeds saw a continuation of Victorian style architecture , particularly in areas like Beeston . The Hyde Park Picture House , Hyde Park was originally built in 1908 as a hotel and in 1914 it was converted into a picture house . The cinema has gas lighting , the original organ and piano . It is a grade II listed building and one of the few surviving picture palaces in the UK . The picture house is regarded by many to be one of the finest examples of Edwardian architecture in Leeds . = = = Art deco = = = Chapel Allerton and to a lesser extent Headingley boast many art deco houses . Parts of the Leeds General Infirmary were built in art deco styles . Chapel Allerton also boasted the former Dominion Cinema , which was built in art deco style , however this closed in the late 1960s and became a bingo hall ; which was later demolished in the 1990s . = = = 1920s and 1930s = = = Leeds Civic Hall was designed by E. Vincent Harris in 1926 and built between 1931 and 1933 to provide the unemployed with work during the Great Depression . The Quarry Hill Estate was designed in 1933 but not completed until 1941 They were designed by Leeds ' Director of Housing RAH Livett ( 1898 – 1959 ) and utilised a monolithic modernist design based on European examples , in particular the Karl Marx @-@ Hof in Vienna . This was revolutionary at a time when most mass Council housing was based on a weak Neo @-@ Georgian design . They were demolished throughout the 1970s and 80s after poor maintenance . It provided the backdrop for Yorkshire Television sitcom , Queenie 's Castle . The Queens Hotel on City Square was constructed in 1937 . The following year , Shaftesbury House , a large five @-@ storey brick hostel for working men and woman opened . It was designed in 1936 by George Clark Robb , senior architectural assistant to Livett , and after its closure , was converted in 2006 @-@ 7 to the sustainable Green House . = = = Brutalism = = = Leeds has limited examples of Brutalism , one such being the Leeds International Swimming Pool ( designed by disgraced architect John Poulson ) . until the commencement of its demolition in Autumn 2009 , following its closure in October 2007 . The Leeds International Pool was not without its design flaws , the pool size was miscalculated and was less than an inch too narrow to qualify for Olympic Standard meaning that it never held the competitions the council had hoped for and it spent much of the 1960s closed while problems with its construction were rectified . Parts of the Merrion Centre have brutalist undertones , particularly around the office blocks constructed as part of it and the former outdoor escalators to the rear . Hunslet Grange Flats ( more commonly known as the Leek Street Flats ) displayed brutalism . They replaced run down back to back houses . It is unusual that Leek Street was chosen as their informal name as they replaced many other streets , including longer streets such as Alton Street . The flats were popular at first ; however , they were so poorly designed and constructed that in 1983 they were demolished only thirteen years after being constructed . Smaller shops on the site had been demolished even earlier . For a picture of the flats see the Leodis Database : ( picture in 1975 ) and a ( picture in 1973 ) . Often unseen parts of the University of Leeds display elements of brutalism , with large areas of exposed concrete . From the A660 however , only older parts of the university are visible . To view these parts of the university it is necessary to walk through the main campus . = = = 1960s to 1980s = = = Many areas of Leeds such as Seacroft were almost entirely built in this era . There are many high @-@ rise council flats in Leeds as well as office buildings such as West Riding House . Many Victorian slums were demolished during this era and replaced with council housing . There was also widespread private residential developments . Holt Park was a joint effort between the Leeds City Council and Norman Ashton . There were many Ashtons homes built during this time , particularly in Holt Park and Wetherby . West Riding House was completed in 1973 and was the tallest building in Leeds until the completion of Bridgewater Place in 2007 . In 2008 it was knocked into third position with the opening of Opal Tower . The Inner Ring Road was constructed over the course of the 1960s . This was the most ambitious scheme of its kind in the UK with Leeds City Council subsequently promoting the city with the slogan Motorway City of the Seventies . The works involved the construction of many flyovers and tunnels and the Motorway construction is notable in itself . Another council plan during the 1960s was to separate pedestrians and traffic , and it was proposed that any new buildings in City Square would be built with an overhead walkway – this never came to fruition , with only a short section ever being built . The growth of the financial and business services sector from the mid @-@ 1980s onwards resulted in a boom in office developments in the city centre . Many of the buildings constructed at this time are in the style known as the " Leeds Look " , which is typified by the use of dark red brickwork and steeply pitched grey slate roofs . = = = 1990s = = = The 1990s saw further residential development , such as that around Colton . Schofields Department Store was demolished and replaced by the Schofield Centre ( later the Headrow Centre and now The Core ) and the White Rose Centre was constructed . The 1990s also saw Tesco redevelop Seacroft town centre , which had previously been architecturally notable for 1960s architecture . Quarry House was constructed on the site of the former Quarry Hill Flats ( see 1920s and 1930s ) at Quarry Hill . The building houses the Department of Health and the Department for Work and Pensions and is their main regional offices . The building is controversial . Its imposing design has often been regarded as being domineering and self @-@ important and has led the building to be nicknamed The Kremlin and The Ministry of Truth . = = = Housing = = = As in much of the UK , Leeds ' housing stock had fallen into disrepair by the middle of the 20th century . The city was overcrowded , and the Victorian terraces were unsuitable for modern inhabitation . Leeds had one of the most Labour orientated councils and in the 1930s pledged to replace 30 @,@ 000 slums . The older houses relied mainly on heating from open coal fires , which led to problems with smog ( in 1962 , 24 deaths in Leeds were attributed to this ) , although this problem was partially relieved in the 1950s with the introduction of the Clean Air Act 1956 . Although a slum clearance scheme was under way in the 1930s , it took until after the Second World War , for the scheme to get well under way . In the 1950s , the largest social housing project began with the building of the Seacroft Estate . Seacroft was planned at the time to be a ' Satellite town within the city limits ' . The building of new council estates was most prevalent in the city 's east end and because of this the city expanded much further East in the latter part of the 20th century then it did any other direction . The Langbar Gardens Estate ( completed 1966 ) in Swarcliffe lay right on the eastern fringes of the city sprawl until it was demolished in the early 21st century , including the high profile implosions of Langbar Towers , Langbar Grange and Ash Tree Grange . By the 1960s and 1970s land for social housing was becoming scarcer and the council started looking towards building ' high rise ' , with such estates as Cottingley sporting prominent tower blocks . By the 1970s less land was available for such developments and the particularly large estates were becoming unpopular , however faced with a need for a larger social housing stock , Leeds City Council built smaller estates such as Holt Park ( in partnership with Norman Ashton ) , replaced the prefabricated ' war houses ' in Cottingley with newer prefabs and redeveloped areas such as Beckhill in Meanwood . Perhaps the most obvious housing incarnation of this era has been the council house . These have been a subject of some controversy since they were built . On the one hand some people argue they vastly improved Britain 's housing stock , and provided their occupants with modern luxuries such as central heating , an inside lavatory and a modern kitchen , while others criticise the way they were built , the disruption to communities , the build quality of certain batches of houses and the policy of housing problem tenants in them . Certain estates in Leeds have suffered from high crime and poverty and thus had low house prices ( such as Seacroft , Gipton , Belle Isle and Halton Moor ) , while others have maintained a lower crime rate and enjoy buoyant house prices ( such as Moor Grange , the Lincombe estate in Gledhow , Ireland Wood , Holt Park and Tinshill ) . = = Post Millennium = = So far during this period , Leeds has seen much development , particularly in the city centre , most notably the highrise developments such as Bridgewater Place , the developments around Clarence Dock , K2 ( albeit a conversion from an older building ) as well as many developments incorporating student accommodation . The 2002 redevelopment of Leeds railway station incorporated a notable steel and glass roof covering the main platform hall and providing panoramic views to the south west from the mezzanine level . = = = Bridgewater Place = = = Bridgewater Place is currently the tallest building in Leeds and the second tallest structure in Yorkshire after the Emley Moor Television Transmitter ( near Huddersfield ) . The building comprises offices , flats , shops and restaurants . Bridgewater Place is 361 feet ( 110 m ) tall and has 32 storeys . The original design included a spire , but this was never added . In 2008 , Building Design , the architectural journal , shortlisted Bridgewater Place for the Carbuncle Cup , which is awarded to ' buildings so ugly they freeze the heart ' . = = = Opal 3 = = = Opal 3 is a skyscraper in Leeds situated to the north of the city centre on Wade Lane , adjacent to the Merrion Centre and Tower House . The building was officially completed in September 2008 and at 269 feet ( 82 m ) with 27 storeys Opal 3 is Leeds ' third tallest building after Bridgewater Place and Sky Plaza . The building consists solely of student accommodation for the University of Leeds and Leeds Metropolitan University as well as Leeds ' other further education institutions . The building was built on the former site of the Little Londoner ( later The Londoner ) public house , as well as some former car parking in the Lovell Park area of the city . Opal 3 was fully booked for the 2008 academic year . It contains 542 students flats ( all which are en @-@ suite ) as well as a gym for student use . = = = Plaza Tower = = = The Plaza Tower is a skyscraper in the city centre . When completed in 2009 the Plaza overtook Opal 3 as Leeds ' second tallest building . The tower contains 572 student flats and stands at 338 feet ( 103 m ) . It has 37 storeys ( making it the building with the most storeys in Leeds , as the Bridgewater Place has commercial height ceilings . These are particularly high for the first eight storeys ) . = = = Leeds Dock = = = Leeds Dock was originally a large timber dock , situated between the city centre and Hunslet . Decades of industrial decline left the dock obsolete . The opening of the Royal Armouries Museum in 1996 began the regeneration of the area , however little else was undertaken , until the wider redevelopment began in 2001 . This was completed in 2007 ( at a cost of £ 260 million ) and includes flats , offices , bars , restaurants , a hotel and a casino . The development centres on the dock itself as well as around ' Armouries Boulevard ' and ' Armouries Square ' , two pedestrianised thoroughfares . The main office block on the development is Livingston House which has not yet attracted a tenant . The smaller dock incorporates six residential berths for house boats , while a passenger boat service to Granary Wharf runs from here . The development has not been without criticism , with many people in the city commenting on the lack of people in the area , while architect Maxwell Hutchinson described them as the " slums of the future " . and described the development as a " mundane collection " of buildings and an " incredibly soulless place " and claimed that " in two or three decades these shiny new buildings will be following Quarry Hill down the spiral of decay " . These claims were explored on the BBC television programme Inside Out . While at a fashion show at Leeds Dock , Gok Wan claimed he thought the development would be a huge success . = = = Leeds Arena = = = Leeds Arena is a 13 @,@ 500 seat ' super @-@ theatre ' style venue , the first in the UK to be built in a ' fan ' orientation . Construction began in 2011 after decades of calls for a venue to replace the Queens Hall , which was demolished in 1989 and represented the city 's only large concert hall . In the intervening period Leeds was the only major city in the UK without such a venue . The building itself is based around a striking honeycomb frontage , modelled on close @-@ up images of an insect 's eye , and is illuminated at night in a variety of colours that reflect the mood of whichever show is playing at the time . = = Future = = Two major developments in Leeds city centre were planned for completion around the beginning of the new decade , but were put on hold due to the prevailing economic conditions and subsequently cancelled . These buildings were Criterion Place and Lumiere , both of which would have been the tallest residential buildings in the UK at the time of their completion . Planning permission has been approved for a 200 @-@ room five star Hilton hotel opposite the new Leeds Arena site which was due to be completed around 2015 , although the project is currently on hiatus following the collapse of the main contractor involved . The development was relocated from Clarence Dock following the refusal of its planning permission for that site . = = Critical reception on Leeds ' architecture = = In 1968 John Betjeman made a television film called A Poet Goes North in which he gave his opinion on the changing architecture of Leeds . Betjeman described the constant sound of falling Victorian architecture . Betjeman also lambasted British Railways House ( now City House ) saying it blocked all the light out to City Square and was only a testament to money and had no architectural merit of its own . Betjeman also praised Leeds Town Hall in the film . The film , which was never broadcast at the time , was preserved by Leeds Civic Trust and has been restored by the Yorkshire Film Archive . It was screened as part of the Leeds International Film Festival in 2008 . Architect and critic Maxwell Hutchinson has attracted controversy in his criticism of recent architectural developments in Leeds , most notably Clarence Dock . In referring to Leeds ' plans for the future , Hutchinson said " there are worrying signs that Yorkshire is about to make the same mistakes that we have made in London over 20 years ago " . Hutchinson also criticised the dearth of services in the city centre , referring to its lack of schools and health @-@ care facilities . Hutchinson also described the Clarence Dock development as " the slums of the future " . These claims were explored on the BBC television programme , Inside Out . Hutchinson claimed that Leeds needed an iconic building like Manchester 's The Lowry or Gateshead 's The Sage . However he claimed that the redevelopment of older buildings around The Calls " could compete with anywhere in Europe for the quality and sensitivity of its design . " The Guardian architecture critic Owen Hatherley lamented post @-@ millennium architecture in Leeds and bemoaned the weak planning system for allowing a wave of " astoundingly cheap @-@ looking architecture " in the city . Hatherley points to Sky Plaza as a prime example . = = Public space = = Leeds city centre has four main public squares being Park Square , City Square , Armouries Square and Millennium Square . Smaller squares do exist , including Dortmund Square , St Peters Square , Queen Square , Woodhouse Square and Hanover Square . While the rest of Leeds has large open parks , this is something the city centre lacks and most free recreational space is contained within these squares . Since 2000 , both City Square and Millennium Square have been redeveloped with hard landscaping . In an interview with Martin Wainwright , the northern editor of The Guardian , architect Irena Bauman , praised City Square for being a well designed and well used public space , however she criticised The Plaza Tower development for its lack of public space , stating that the only space made available was for service vehicles . = = Awards = = Many buildings in Leeds have been shortlisted for or won architecture awards . = = = RIBA = = = The following buildings have a RIBA award : The Corn Exchange The Henry Moore Institute Granary Wharf – Waterman 's Place , Mint Hotel and Candle House http : / / www.architecture.com / Awards / RIBAAwards / Winners2011 / Yorkshire / Yorkshirewinners2011.aspx = = = The Peoples Award = = = The short listed buildings for the People 's Award of the Leeds Architecture Awards in 2003 were : The School of Music , Cavendish Road , Leeds city centre House Extension , 31 Westgate , Wetherby The BT Headquarters , Neville Street , Leeds city centre Ask , formerly the Rendezvous Café , Market Place , Wetherby The Chapel , Martin House , Boston Spa K2 Development , Albion Street , Leeds city centre Foxwood Flats , West Avenue , Roundhay Mixed Development , 1 Dock Street , Leeds city centre BBC Headquarters , Quarry Hill = = Leeds Civic Trust = = Leeds Civic Trust is a voluntary , non @-@ profit body whose aims and objectives are : To stimulate public interest in and care for the beauty , history and character of the City and locality To encourage high standards of design , architecture and town planning To encourage the development and improvement of features of general public amenity To promote and organise co @-@ operation in the achievement of these objectives The Trust works to preserve Leeds ' architectural heritage and to ensure that new developments are of suitable quality for the city . It also organises the local Heritage Open Days in conjunction with the Civic Trust .
= 2015 Tour de Yorkshire = The 2015 Tour de Yorkshire was a cycling stage race that took place in Yorkshire in May 2015 . It was the first edition of the Tour de Yorkshire and was organised by Welcome to Yorkshire and the Amaury Sport Organisation , who also organised the Yorkshire stages of the 2014 Tour de France . The race started in Bridlington on 1 May and ended in Leeds on 3 May . It included three stages and was rated as a 2 @.@ 1 event as part of the 2015 UCI Europe Tour . The first stage of the race was won by Lars Petter Nordhaug ( Team Sky ) in a sprint from a small group . He kept his lead through the second stage , which ended in a bunch sprint , and was able to extend it slightly in the third and final stage of the race . He won the general classification in the race by eleven seconds . Samuel Sánchez ( BMC Racing Team ) was second and Thomas Voeckler ( Team Europcar ) was third . Nordhaug also won the points classification and Team Sky won the teams classification . The mountains classification was won by Nicolas Edet ( Cofidis ) = = Race route = = The race was first discussed publicly in July 2014 , after the first stages of the 2014 Tour de France that took place in Yorkshire . It was organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation , the organisers of the Tour de France , and Welcome to Yorkshire , who had been the organisers of the Yorkshire stages of the 2014 Tour de France . On 22 December 2014 , the start and finish locations for the event were released , these were Bridlington , Leeds , Scarborough , Selby , Wakefield and York . On 21 January 2015 , details of the three stages of the route were unveiled at the Bridlington Spa . The first two stages ( especially the second ) were expected to suit the sprinters , while the third stage was described as the " queen stage " . It included several roads and climbs that had been part of the second stage of the 2014 Tour de France between York and Sheffield . The stage was rated as a 2 @.@ 1 event . There was also a women 's race that took place as part of the Tour de Yorkshire event . This took place on the second day of the men 's race over four laps of the 20 @-@ kilometre ( 12 mi ) route around York that was also the final part of the men 's racing that day . Lizzie Armitstead , who did not compete in the event due to a conflicting event in Europe , expressed a hope that the women 's race in future would be a three @-@ day event like the men 's race . The women 's race was won by Louse Mahé ( Ikon @-@ Mazada ) in a sprint finish . = = Teams = = 18 teams were selected to take part in the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire . Five of these were UCI WorldTeams ; six were UCI Professional Continental teams ; six were UCI Continental teams ; one was the Great Britain national team . Teams could enter between five and eight riders . Fourteen teams selected eight riders and four teams selected seven ; 140 riders were therefore entered into the race . One rider ( Caleb Fairly of Giant – Alpecin ) pulled out before the start , so the race began with a peloton of 139 riders . = = Pre @-@ race expectations = = Much of the pre @-@ race media focused on the presence of Bradley Wiggins , Britain 's first ever winner of the Tour de France , who was riding his first race for his new team , WIGGINS . Wiggins was controversially not selected for Team Sky in the previous year 's Tour de France ; the race organisers expected his presence in the Tour de Yorkshire to be one of the principal attractions for British cycling fans . Wiggins was not , however , expected to attempt to win the overall classification in the race ; his main objective was preparing for his hour record attempt in June . Cycling Weekly expected that the race would be dominated by " punchy all @-@ rounders " . The riders expected to perform strongly over the three days included Ben Swift ( Team Sky ) , Moreno Hofland and Steven Kruijswijk ( both LottoNL – Jumbo ) , Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) , Thomas Voeckler ( Team Europcar ) and Erick Rowsell ( Madison Genesis ) . The second stage appeared most likely to end in a sprint , with Marcel Kittel ( Giant – Alpecin ) the favourite to take victory , although he had suffered an illness and had not raced since the Tour of Qatar in February . Other prominent sprinters included Swift and Hofland , as well as Matteo Pelucchi ( IAM Cycling ) , Rick Zabel ( BMC Racing Team ) , Gerald Ciolek ( MTN – Qhubeka ) and Steele Von Hoff ( NFTO ) . = = Stages = = = = = Stage 1 = = = 1 May — Bridlington to Scarborough , 174 km ( 108 mi ) The first stage of the race began in Bridlington on the North Sea coast . The riders first travelled north @-@ east to Flamborough , where they turned to the north @-@ west . Initially this kept them along the coast , but soon took them into the North York Moors , where the first climb was the Côte de Dalby Forest . This came after 51 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 32 @.@ 0 mi ) ; the categorised portion of the climb was 0 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 37 mi ) at 8 @.@ 9 % . The riders then turned to the south @-@ west and descended to Pickering , where the first intermediate sprint was positioned . The route turned north , back onto the Moors , where they reached the Côte de Rosedale Abbey after 92 kilometres ( 57 mi ) . This was the longest climb of the day : 2 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) at 7 % . The riders continued north as far as Castleton , where they turned east . After 123 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 76 @.@ 7 mi ) , the riders climbed the Côte de Grosmont ( 0 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 25 mi ) at 16 @.@ 9 % ) , then the Côte de Briggswath ( 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ) at 6 @.@ 2 % ) . From here , they returned to the coast at Whitby , where there was another intermediate sprint ; the riders then turned south . The final climb of the day came after 146 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 91 @.@ 0 mi ) ; it was the Côte de Robin Hood 's Bay ( 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) at 10 @.@ 3 % ) . The riders then continued south to the finish line in Scarborough , doing a loop around the town before finishing on the sea front . In total the day included 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) of climbing , although the highest point was just 350 metres ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ) above sea level . Thomas Voeckler ( Team Europcar ) described the stage as " much tougher than we thought " due to the small roads . An initial breakaway was formed by Mark Christian ( WIGGINS ) , Loïc Chetout ( Cofidis ) , Eddie Dunbar ( NFTO ) , Mark Stewart ( Madison Genesis ) and Rasmus Quaade ( Cult Energy Pro Cycling ) . They built up a five @-@ minute lead but Team Sky chased hard ; the break 's lead was reduced to a few seconds by the Côte de Rosedale Abbey . A new breakaway was formed here by Perrig Quéméneur ( Team Europcar ) and Tim Declercq ( Topsport Vlaanderen – Baloise ) , while Marcel Kittel ( Giant – Alpecin ) was dropped and abandoned the race shortly afterwards . With 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) remaining , the peloton descended into Egton in wet conditions . Team Sky were riding at the front of the peloton . Sky 's Ben Swift and Ian Boswell and NFTO 's Eddie Dunbar crashed . Dunbar suffered a broken clavicle and Swift a shoulder injury : both were forced to abandon the race . The crucial move of the race came with 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) remaining as the race went through Whitby . A 15 @-@ man group formed here . This was reduced to five riders on the Côte de Robin Hood ’ s Bay . Philip Deignan ( Team Sky ) rode hard on the climb , with only Stéphane Rossetto ( Cofidis ) , Samuel Sánchez ( BMC Racing Team ) , Voeckler , and Deignan 's teammate Lars Petter Nordhaug able to follow him . Despite attacks on the way into Scarborough , these five riders came to the finish line together . Nordhaug won the sprint ahead of Voeckler and Rossetto . The peloton was more than a minute behind ; the sprint was won by Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) . Thanks to bonus seconds , Nordhaug led the race by four seconds ahead of Voeckler . He also led the points classification . The mountains classification was led by Quéméneur . Quéméneur was also awarded the combativity prize after the online vote : Dunbar won the vote , but was unable to receive the prize because he had been hospitalised due to his crash . = = = Stage 2 = = = 2 May — Selby to York , 174 km ( 108 mi ) The second stage of the race , which was much flatter than the first and third stages , began in Selby , North Yorkshire . The stage began with an 8 @.@ 2 @-@ kilometre ( 5 @.@ 1 mi ) neutralised section , which included a loop around the town centre ; the racing started as the riders headed east for 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) towards Market Weighton . Here they turned south and climbed the first of the day 's two categorised climbs ; this was the Côte de North Newbald ( 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) at 5 @.@ 3 % ) . The route again turned east and the riders reached Beverley after 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) . From here the route turned north and entered the Yorkshire Wolds ; there was an intermediate sprint as the route passed through Wetwang . Immediately after the intermediate sprint came the second climb of the day , the Côte de Fimber ( 1 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) at 6 @.@ 2 % ) . At the summit of the climb , there were 78 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 48 @.@ 8 mi ) to the finish line . The riders continued north as far as Malton , then turned south @-@ west towards York . The race concluded in York with a 20 @.@ 5 @-@ kilometre ( 12 @.@ 7 mi ) finishing circuit . The riders entered the circuit with 52 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 32 @.@ 6 mi ) to the end of the stage and rode the 11 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 1 mi ) to the finishing line , where the second intermediate sprint of the day took place . They then rode two complete laps of the circuit ; the race finished with the third crossing of the finish line , after 174 kilometres ( 108 mi ) . An early breakaway of 18 riders formed . This included Philip Deignan ( Team Sky ) , who had been in the winning break in the first stage and was 10 seconds off the race lead . The other teams in the peloton were not willing to let a breakaway that included Deignan go ; eventually he and nine others dropped back to the main peloton . Eight riders were therefore left in the lead group : Andy Tennant ( WIGGINS ) , Bert De Backer ( Giant – Alpecin ) , Stijn Steels ( Topsport Vlaanderen – Baloise ) , Giovanni Bernaudeau ( Team Europcar ) , Matt Brammeier ( MTN – Qhubeka ) , Nicolas Edet ( Cofidis ) , Ivar Slik ( Team Roompot ) and Mark McNally ( Madison Genesis ) . McNally won both categorised climbs . The break 's lead was nearly seven minutes with 78 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 48 @.@ 8 mi ) remaining ; Sky and IAM Cycling began chasing hard and reduced the gap sharply ; the breakaway had less than two minutes ' lead as they entered the laps around York . The breakaway split up ; McNally and De Backer remained alone in the lead with 11 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) left . McNally was voted as the day 's most combative rider through a Twitter vote , but he was unable to stay with De Backer in the final 5 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 4 mi ) . De Backer continued alone ; he was briefly joined by Loic Chetout ( Cofidis ) but the pair were unable to stay away from the chasing pack . As they were caught , with 700 metres ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) remaining , Greg Van Avermaet attacked . Although he appeared to have a lead large enough to secure the stage victory , he ran out of energy shortly before the line and was caught by the sprinters . The first of these was Moreno Hofland ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) , who won his team 's first victory of the year , with Matteo Pelucchi ( IAM Cycling second and Ramon Sinkeldam ( Giant – Alpecin ) third . Because of a split in the peloton , Voeckler and Rossetto both lost six seconds . Samuel Sánchez therefore moved up into second place overall , while Nordhaug 's lead increased to ten seconds . = = = Stage 3 = = = 3 May — Wakefield to Leeds , 167 km ( 104 mi ) The third stage was the queen stage of the race and included several of the roads used in stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France . The stage began in Wakefield , West Yorkshire , outside the city 's cathedral ; there was a neutralised lap of the city centre before the riders left the city to the south . The route passed through Sandal and reached Barnsley after 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) . Here the roads turned west and entered the Pennines . The first climb of the day came after 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) : this was the Côte de Holmfirth ( 2 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 8 mi ) at 5 @.@ 5 % ) . From here the route was twisting , though it generally travelled north as it passed to the west of Huddersfield and Halifax . The next climb , the Côte de Scapegoat Hill ( 2 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) at 8 @.@ 3 % ) , came after 55 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 34 @.@ 5 mi ) of racing . The riders briefly left Yorkshire for the only time in the race ( the route entered Greater Manchester but immediately returned to West Yorkshire ) . The roads were hilly throughout , with barely any flat road . The next categorised climb was the Côte de Hebden Bridge ( 4 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) at 5 @.@ 5 % ) after 95 kilometres ( 59 mi ) with the Côte de Goose Eye ( 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ) at 10 % ) shortly afterwards . After 129 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 80 @.@ 5 mi ) , there was an intermediate sprint in Ilkley , then the Côte de Cow and Calf ( 1 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 1 mi ) at 8 % ) . At the top of the climb , there were 35 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 22 @.@ 1 mi ) to the finish line . The final categorised climb of the race , the Côte de The Chevin ( 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 87 mi ) at 10 @.@ 3 % ) , was 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from the finish ; there was also a slight climb to the second intermediate sprint in Arthington . There was then a fairly flat 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) section to the finish line in Leeds , with the finish line in Roundhay Park . The day 's main breakaway was formed by Lawson Craddock ( Giant – Alpecin ) , Sondre Holst Enger ( IAM Cycling ) , Reinardt Janse van Rensburg ( MTN – Qhubeka ) , Nicolas Edet ( Cofidis ) , James McLoughlin ( Madison Genesis ) , Ian Bibby ( NFTO and Rasmus Quaade ( Cult Energy Pro Cycling ) . They built a lead of around five minutes ahead of the peloton , which was led by Sky . Bibby won the first three climbs of the day ; the group then split apart on the Côte de Goose Eye . Craddock was the first to cross the summit with only Edet able to follow him . With less than 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) to the finish line , the two riders had a lead of nearly five minutes . Edet won the next two climbs and secured victory in the mountains classification . With 35 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 22 @.@ 1 mi ) remaining , the gap was about 90 seconds as Sky 's David López , Ian Boswell and Philip Deignan led the remaining part of the peloton . Josh Edmondson ( Great Britain ) made an unsuccessful attack from this group . On the uncategorised climb leading up to the final sprint of the day , Craddock dropped Edet and continued alone . In the peloton , Samuel Sánchez also attacked on the climb . Nordhaug followed him and won the final bonus second , putting him more than ten seconds ahead of Sánchez . Steve Cummings ( MTN – Qhubeka ) and Steven Kruijswijk ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) attacked together after the climb ; they too were unsuccessful . The final attack of the day came from Ben Hermans ( BMC Racing Team ) with approximately 11 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) to the finish line . He caught and passed Craddock 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) later ; meanwhile Sky led the group without making any particular effort to chase Hermans down . Hermans won a solo victory ; the 17 @-@ man group was nine seconds behind . Greg Van Avermaet won the sprint for second , with Julien Simon third . Nordhaug finished in fifth to secure victory overall and in the points classification . Sky also won the teams classification . Edet won the mountains classification . The final combativity prize was won by Bibby . = = Classifications = = The race included three individual classifications and a team classification . The most important of these was the general classification . This was calculated by adding up each cyclist 's finishing times on each stage . Bonus seconds were awarded for top @-@ three placings in each stage ( 10 seconds for the first rider , 6 seconds for the second , 4 seconds for the third ) and for placings in intermediate sprints ( 3 seconds for the first rider , 2 seconds for the second , 1 second for the third ) . The rider with the lowest cumulative time after taking bonus seconds into account was the leader of the classification and was awarded a blue and yellow jersey . ( Blue and yellow are colours traditionally associated with Yorkshire . ) The winner of the general classification was considered the winner of the race . The second classification was points classification . On each stage of the race , points were awarded to the top 10 riders . The winner won 15 points , with 12 for the second @-@ placed rider , 9 for the third @-@ placed rider , 7 for the sixth @-@ placed rider and then one point fewer for each place down to tenth place . Points were also awarded to the top three riders at intermediate sprints , with five points for the winner of the sprint and three , and one points for the riders in second and third places respectively . The rider with the most points was the leader of the classification and was awarded a green jersey . There was also a mountains classification . Over the three stages , there were 13 categorised climbs . On each of these climbs , the first four riders to the summit were awarded points , with 5 for the first rider , 3 for the second , 2 for the third and 1 for the fourth . The rider with the most accumulated points was the leader of the classification and was awarded a dark pink jersey . The final classification was a team classification . The team 's time on each was calculated by taking the best three riders from that team and adding their times together ; the team with the lowest cumulative time was the leader of the classification . Another jersey was awarded at the end of each stage . This was a combativity prize and was to be awarded to the rider who " made the greatest effort and [ ... ] demonstrated the best qualities in terms of sportsmanship " . A jury selected a list of riders to be eligible for the prize ; the winner of the prize was then decided by a vote on Twitter . The rider was awarded a grey jersey . = = Classification Standings = =
= Hurricane Alberto ( 2000 ) = Hurricane Alberto was among the longest @-@ lived tropical cyclones on record in the Atlantic Ocean . The third tropical cyclone , first named storm , and first hurricane of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season , Alberto developed near the western coast of Africa from a tropical wave on August 3 . Initially a tropical depression , it strengthened into Tropical Storm Alberto early on August 4 . While briefly turning westward on August 6 , Alberto attained hurricane status . The cyclone continued to track west @-@ northwestward , and by early the following day , reached an initial peak with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . Shortly thereafter , Alberto re @-@ curved northwestward and began encountering increased wind shear . As a result , Alberto weakened back to a tropical storm on August 9 . However , the system quickly re @-@ strengthened as winds became more favorable , and early on August 10 , Alberto became a hurricane again . The storm gradually curved northward and north @-@ northeastward between August 11 and August 12 ; Alberto attained its peak intensity with winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) during that time . Increasing upper @-@ level westerlies caused Alberto to weaken as it moved east @-@ northeastward , with the cyclone losing most of its convection . Early on August 14 , Alberto was downgraded to a tropical storm . A westerly trough that had been guiding Alberto outran the storm , and strong ridging developed to the north and west . As a result , Alberto turned southward on August 15 , southwestward on August 16 , and then to the west on August 17 . While curving northwestward and then northward , Alberto began to re @-@ strengthen , and was upgraded to a hurricane for a third time on August 18 . Alberto reached a third peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph ( 205 km / h ) on August 20 . After weakening back to a Category 1 hurricane , Alberto conducted an unusually large cyclonic loop , spanning approximately 5 degrees latitude and 8 degrees longitude . The cyclone was downgraded to a tropical storm on August 23 , shortly before completing its extratropical transition . Although it did not effect land while tropical , the precursor tropical wave caused light rainfall in Senegal . The remnant extratropical cyclone also likely produced tropical storm force winds in Iceland and Jan Mayen . = = Meteorological history = = A mesoscale convective complex , or large circular area of thunderstorms , developed in the Ethiopian Highlands of Africa on July 28 . The complex moved west @-@ southwestward through the continent , waxing and waning until persisting along a tropical wave on August 2 . The next day , the wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from Guinea . Once over the open Atlantic Ocean , the wave quickly developed and became Tropical Depression Three later that day . The depression moved to the west @-@ northwest and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alberto early on August 4 . Alberto continued to strengthen , but moved to cooler waters late on August 5 and weakened briefly . However , the storm strengthened again early on August 6 , and it was upgraded to hurricane status as an eye became visible . The upgrade was accompanied with a brief westward turn . However , Alberto continued to move to the west @-@ northwest later that day , reaching its first peak intensity of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) on August 7 . A vigorous upper @-@ level low developed west of Alberto on August 7 and August 8 . This caused an increase in vertical shear , weakening the hurricane down to a tropical storm on August 9 . The low also caused the storm to turn to the northwest . However , on August 10 , Alberto became better organised and was upgraded to hurricane status again . It then moved in a gradual curve towards the north and northeast through a break in a subtropical ridge between August 11 and August 12 . Alberto made its closest approach to Bermuda on August 11 , passing about 345 mi ( 555 km ) east of the island . The strong storm became a Category 3 major hurricane on August 12 and reached its second and highest peak intensity of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) , and a 60 mi ( 95 km ) wide eye was observed . Alberto was an unusual storm in that it reached its peak intensity at a high latitude , north of 35 ˚ N , after it had re @-@ curved . The hurricane began to weaken due to increasing upper @-@ level westerlies on August 13 and August 14 , while moving east @-@ northeastward . Alberto was downgraded to a tropical storm on August 14 . As early as August 10 , computer models anticipated the hurricane to accelerate to the northeast and become extratropical within three days , but this did not materialize . A westerly trough that had been influencing Alberto ’ s motion outran the storm , and a strong ridge developed to the north and west , causing the storm to turn abruptly to the south on August 15 , and to complete a large loop over the open Atlantic . Alberto turned to the southwest on August 16 and to the west on August 17 . The storm then took a sharp turn toward the northwest as a large , slow @-@ moving mid @-@ level trough was carving out over the eastern United States . Alberto began to strengthen , and reached hurricane status for the third time on August 18 . The hurricane continued to turn to the north on August 19 and to the northeast on August 20 and August 21 . During this time , Alberto reached a third peak intensity of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) on August 20 , and a 70 mi ( 110 km ) wide eye was observed . Operationally , Alberto reached a peak intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) , but after reanalysis , it was reduced to 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . Hurricane Alberto began to weaken on August 22 as it accelerated into higher latitudes . It was downgraded to a tropical storm early on August 23 . Initially , it was forecast to become extratropical on August 22 , but a little burst of colder cloud tops enabled Alberto to remain tropical for a longer time , persisting into August 23 , while it moved into a very high latitude at 53 ˚ N. The weakening storm finally became extratropical late on August 23 , while accelerating to the north @-@ northeast , passing near Iceland on August 24 . Winds dropped below gale @-@ force , as the centre turned to the east @-@ northeast on August 25 . Alberto dissipated about 85 mi ( 140 km ) east of Jan Mayen later that day . = = Impact , records , and naming = = Very minimal impact occurred as a result from Hurricane Alberto . Dakar , Senegal , received 25 mm ( 1 in ) of rain as the pre @-@ Alberto tropical wave passed over the city . A discussion was issued on August 9 advising residents in Bermuda to monitor the progress of the storm until it safely passed . Also , from August 12 to August 14 , public advisories were issued advising people from Azores to monitor the progress of Hurricane Alberto . This stopped when Alberto began to slow its motion and began to turn to the south , away from the Azores . Some swells were reported along the east coast of the United States a few days after the storm 's recurvature . No reports were available on the impact of Alberto on Iceland , but it was estimated that winds of at least tropical storm force were experienced there . Otherwise , there were no known reports of damage or casualties as a result of Hurricane Alberto . Hurricane Alberto completed the largest loop ever observed over the Atlantic Ocean , spanning approximately 5 degrees latitude by 8 degrees longitude . The storm is currently the ninth longest @-@ lived storm in the Atlantic Ocean ( lasting 19 @.@ 75 days ) , and is also the second longest @-@ lived Atlantic storm during August ( the longest lived is the 1899 Hurricane San Ciriaco ) . Also , Alberto is the third farthest @-@ travelling in the Atlantic ( travelling 6 @,@ 500 miles ) , only behind Hurricane Faith and Hurricane Carrie , being able to retain tropical characteristics at an unusually high latitude , up to 53 ˚ N. The last storm to do so was Hurricane Frances in 1980 .
= St Cuthbert Gospel = The St Cuthbert Gospel , also known as the Stonyhurst Gospel or the St Cuthbert Gospel of St John , is an early 8th @-@ century pocket gospel book , written in Latin . Its finely decorated leather binding is the earliest known Western bookbinding to survive , and both the 94 vellum folios and the binding are in outstanding condition for a book of this age . With a page size of only 138 by 92 millimetres ( 5 @.@ 4 in × 3 @.@ 6 in ) the St Cuthbert Gospel is one of the smallest surviving Anglo @-@ Saxon manuscripts . The essentially undecorated text is the Gospel of John in Latin , written in a script that has been regarded as a model of elegant simplicity . The book takes its name from Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne , North East England , in whose tomb it was placed , probably a few years after his death in 687 . Although it was long regarded as Cuthbert 's personal copy of the Gospel , to which there are early references , and so a relic of the saint , the book is now thought to date from shortly after Cuthbert 's death . It was probably a gift from Monkwearmouth @-@ Jarrow Abbey , where it was written , intended to be placed in St Cuthbert 's coffin when his remains were placed behind the altar at Lindisfarne in 698 , or in the next few decades . It presumably remained in the coffin through its long travels after 875 , forced by Viking invasions , ending at Durham Cathedral . The book was found inside the coffin and removed in 1104 when the burial was once again moved within the cathedral . It was kept there with other relics , and important visitors were able to wear the book in a leather bag around their necks . It is thought that after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England by Henry VIII between 1536 and 1541 , the book passed to collectors . It was eventually given to Stonyhurst College , the Jesuit school in Lancashire . From 1979 it was on long @-@ term loan from the British province of the Jesuit order to the British Library , catalogued as Loan 74 . On 14 July 2011 the British Library launched a fundraising campaign to buy the book for £ 9 million , and on 17 April 2012 announced that the purchase had been completed and the book was now British Library Additional MS 89000 . The library plans to display the Gospel for equal amounts of time in London and Durham . They describe the manuscript as " the earliest surviving intact European book and one of the world 's most significant books " . The Cuthbert Gospel returned to Durham to feature in exhibitions in 2013 and 2014 and will next be on display in the British Library in the summer of 2015 . A new book on the gospel was published in 2015 , incorporating the results of research since the purchase ; among other things this pushed the likely date from the late 7th to the early 8th century . = = Description = = The St Cuthbert Gospel is a pocket @-@ sized book , 138 by 92 millimetres ( 5 @.@ 4 × 3 @.@ 6 in ) , of the Gospel of St John written in uncial script on 94 vellum folios . It is bound in wooden cover boards , covered with tooled red leather . = = = Context = = = The St Cuthbert Gospel is significant both intrinsically as the earliest surviving European book complete with its original binding and by association with the 7th century Anglo @-@ Saxon saint , Cuthbert of Lindisfarne . A miniature in the Codex Amiatinus , of the Prophet Ezra writing in his library , shows several books similarly bound in red decorated with geometric designs . This miniature was probably based on an original in the Codex Grandior , a lost imported Italian Bible at Jarrow , which showed Cassiodorus and the nine volumes he wrote of commentary on the Bible . Whether the bindings depicted , which were presumably of leather , included raised elements cannot be detected , but the books are stored singly flat in a cupboard , which would reduce the wear on any raised patterns . Early medieval treasure bindings with a structure in precious metal , and often containing gems , carved ivory panels or metal reliefs , are perhaps better known today than leather bindings , but these were for books used in church services or as " book @-@ icons " rather than for use in libraries . Of treasure bindings from this period , only the lower cover of the Lindau Gospels ( 750 – 800 , Morgan Library ) now survives complete , though there are several references to them , most famously to that of the Book of Kells , which was lost after a theft in 1007 . Various metal fragments of what were probably book @-@ mounts have survived , usually adapted as jewellery by Vikings . In the context of the cult of Cuthbert , the lavishly illuminated Lindisfarne Gospels were made at Lindisfarne , probably shortly after the St Cuthbert Gospel , with covers involving metalwork , perhaps entirely made in it , which are also now lost . Plainer very early bindings in leather are almost as rare as treasure bindings , as the bindings of books in libraries usually wore out and needed to be renewed , and earlier collectors did not consider most historical bindings worth retaining . = = = Text = = = The text is a very good and careful copy of the single Gospel of John from what has been called the " Italo @-@ Northumbrian " family of texts , other well @-@ known examples of which are several manuscripts from Wearmouth @-@ Jarrow , including the Codex Amiatinus , and in the British Library the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Gospel Book MS Royal 1 . B. VII . This family is presumed to have derived from a hypothetical " Neapolitan Gospelbook " brought to England by Adrian of Canterbury , a companion of Theodore of Tarsus who Bede says had been abbot of Nisida , an equally hypothetical monastery near Naples . In the rubrics of the Lindisfarne Gospels are several that are " specifically Neapolitan " , including festivals which were celebrated only in Naples such as The Nativity of St. Januarius and the Dedication of the Basilica of Stephen . The Neapolitan manuscript was probably at Wearmouth @-@ Jarrow . Apart from enlarged and sometimes slightly elaborated initials opening the Ammonian sections ( the contemporary equivalent of the modern division into verses ) , and others in red at the start of chapters , the text has no illumination or decoration , but Sir David Wilson , historian of Anglo @-@ Saxon art and Director of the British Museum , used it as his example in writing " some manuscripts are so beautifully written that illumination would seem only to spoil them " . Julian Brown wrote that " the capitular uncial of the Stonyhurst Gospel owes its beauty to simple design and perfect execution . The decorative elements in the script never interfere with the basic structure of the letter @-@ forms ; they arise naturally from the slanted angle at which the pen was held " . The pages with the text have been ruled with a blind stylus or similar tool , leaving just an impression in the vellum . It can be shown that this was done for each gathering with just two sets of lines , ruled on the outermost and innermost pages , requiring a very firm impression to carry the marks through to the sheets behind . Impressed lines mark the vertical edges of the text area , and there is an outer pair of lines . Each line of text is ruled , only as far as the inner vertical lines , and there are prick marks where the horizontal lines meet the verticals . The book begins with 19 lines on a page , but at folio 42 changes to 20 lines per page , requiring the re @-@ ruling of some pages . This change was evidently a departure from the original plan , and may have been caused by a shortage of the very fine vellum , as two different sorts are used , though the change does not coincide exactly with the change in the number of lines . Four passages are marked in the margin , which correspond to those used as readings in Masses for the Dead in the Roman lectionary of the mid @-@ 7th century . This seems to have been done hastily , as most left offset marks on the opposite pages from the book being closed before the ink was dry . This seems to indicate that the book was used at least once as the gospel book for a Mass for the Dead , perhaps on the occasion of Cuthbert 's elevation in 698 . In the example illustrated at left , the start of the reading at line 10 is marked with a cross , and de mortuorum ( " for the dead " ) written beside . The reading ends on the next page , which is also marked . = = = Binding = = = The original tooled red goatskin binding is the earliest surviving intact Western binding , and the virtually unique survivor of decorated Insular leatherwork . The decoration of the front cover includes colour , and the main motif is raised , which is unique among the few surviving Early Medieval bindings . The panels of geometrical decoration with two @-@ stranded interlace closely relate to Insular illuminated manuscripts , and can be compared to the carpet pages found in these . Elements of the design also relate to Anglo @-@ Saxon metalwork in the case of the general origin of interlace in manuscripts , and Coptic and other East Mediterranean designs . The decoration of the covers includes three pigments filling lines engraved with a sharp pointed instrument , which now appear as two shades of yellow , one bright and the other pale , and a dark colour that now appears as blue @-@ grey , but was recorded as blue in the earliest descriptions . The front cover includes all three colours , but the pale yellow is not used on the back cover . The pigments have been analysed for the first time , as one benefit of the purchase of the manuscript by the British Library , and identified by Raman spectroscopy as orpiment ( yellow ) and indigo ( grey @-@ blue ) . The balance of the designs on both covers is now affected by what appears to be the greater fading of the dark blue @-@ grey pigment . The bookbinder Roger Powell speculated that the " pale lemon @-@ yellow ... may once have been green " , giving an original colour scheme of blue , green and yellow on the red background , although the recent testing suggests this was not the case . Given the lack of surviving objects , we cannot know how common the techniques employed were , but the quality of the execution suggests that the binder was experienced in them . At the same time an analysis by Robert Stevick suggests that the designs for both covers were intended to follow a sophisticated geometric scheme of compass and straightedge constructions using the " two true measures of geometry " , the ratio between Pythagoras ' constant and one , and the golden section . However slips in the complicated process of production , some detailed below , mean that the finished covers do not quite exhibit the intended proportions , and are both slightly out of true in some respects . Although it seems clear from the style of the script that the text was written at Monkwearmouth @-@ Jarrow , it is possible that the binding was then added at Lindisfarne ; the form of the plant scrolls can be compared to those on the portable altar also found in Cuthbert 's coffin , presumed to have been made there , though also to other works of the period , such as the shaft of an Anglo @-@ Saxon cross from Penrith and the Vespasian Psalter . Small holes in the folds of each gathering seem to represent a " temporary sewing " together of the pages , one explanation of which is a journey made by the unbound pages . = = = = Front cover = = = = The decoration of the front cover is divided into fields bordered by raised lines . The central field contains a plant motif representing a stylised chalice in the centre with a bud and scrolling vine stems leading from it , fruit and several small leaves . Above and below the central motif are fields containing interlace ornament in finely incised lines . The three motifs are enclosed within a border containing further interlacing . Continuous vine scrolls in a great variety of designs of the same general type as the central motif , with few leaves and round fruits , were very common in slightly later religious Anglo @-@ Saxon art , and are often combined with interlace in the same work , especially on Anglo @-@ Saxon crosses , for example the Bewcastle Cross and the Easby Cross now in the Victoria and Albert Museum . One face of the fragmentary silver cover of the portable altar also recovered from Cuthbert 's coffin has a similar combination of elements , with both areas of interlace and , in the four corners , a simple plant motif with a central bud or leaf and a spiral shoot on either side . The combination of different types of ornament within a panelled framework is highly typical of Northumbrian art , above all the Lindisfarne Gospels . Interlace may well have still been believed to have some quasi @-@ magical protective power , which seems to have been its function in pre @-@ Christian Germanic art . The vine motif here differs from the common continuous scroll type in that the stems cross over each other twice on each side , but crossing stems are also seen on the upper north face of the Bewcastle Cross and a cross in the church at Hexham . Meyer Schapiro compares the motif with one in an initial in the later Book of Kells . It was suggested by Berthe van Regemorter that in the St Cuthbert Gospel this design represents Christ ( as the central bud ) and the Four Evangelists as the grapes , following John 15 : 5 , " I am the vine , ye are the branches " , but this idea has been treated with caution by other scholars . The two panels of interlace use the same design , of what David H. Wright describes as the " alternating pair thin @-@ line type " which he calls " perhaps the most sophisticated of Insular interlace types " . The panels are symmetrical about a vertical axis , except for the left end of the upper panel , which is different . Whereas the other ends of the pattern finish in a flat line parallel with the vertical framing line , part of a shape like an incomplete D , the top left finishes in two ellipses pointing into the corners . The lines forming the interlace patterns are coloured in the dark blue / black and the bright yellow , but differently . In the lower panel the yellow colours the left half of the design , but the upper panel begins at the ( deviant ) left in the dark colour , then switches to yellow once the pattern changes to that used for the rest of the panels . It continues in yellow until the central point , then changes to the dark colour for the right hand side of the design . The transition between the top left , perhaps where the artist began , and the standard pattern , is somewhat awkward , leaving a rather bald spot ( for an interlace pattern ) to the left of the first curving yellow vertical . The change in pattern pushes the halfway point of the upper panel rather off @-@ centre to the right , whereas in the lower panel it falls slightly to the left of dead centre . These vagaries in the design suggest that it was done freehand , without marking @-@ out the pattern using compasses for example . The lowest horizontal raised line is not straight , being higher at the left , probably because of an error in the marking or drilling of the holes in the cover board through which the ends of the cord run . The simple twist or chain border in yellow between the two raised frames resembles an element in an initial in the Durham Gospel Book Fragment , an important earlier manuscript from Lindisfarne . = = = = Back cover = = = = The back cover is decorated more simply , with no raised elements and purely geometric decoration of engraved lines , which are filled in with two pigments which now appear as the bright yellow and the dark colour , once apparently blue . Within several framing lines making rectangles of similar proportions to the cover itself , a central rectangular panel is marked with pricks to make a grid of 3mm squares , 21 tall and 10 wide . Lines on the grid are engraved and coloured in yellow to form two stepped " crosses " , or squares standing on one corner , with additional stepped elements in the four corners and half @-@ way up the vertical sides , between the two " crosses " . The vertical axial line down the grid and the two horizontal axes through the crosses are also coloured in the yellow pigment right to the edges of the grid . The remaining lines on the grid and all the lines along the edges of the grid are coloured in the dark colour . This is a simple version of the sort of design found on Insular carpet pages , as well as in Coptic manuscript decoration and textiles , and small stepped crosses decorate the main panels of the famous Sutton Hoo shoulder @-@ clasps . The alignment of the various outer framing lines with the innermost frame and the panel with the grid is noticeably imperfect , as the top framing line was extended too far to the left . Traces of an uncoloured first attempt at this line can be seen on the right hand side , above the coloured line . = = = = Construction = = = = Although the binding has never been taken apart for examination , a considerable amount can be said about its construction . A combination of looseness through wear and tear , damage in certain places , and the failure of the paste that glued the pages to the inside of the covers , now allow non @-@ intrusive inspection of much of the binding construction , including the rear of the actual wooden front cover board , and some of the holes made through it . The raised framing lines can be seen from the rear of the front cover to have been produced by gluing cord to the board and tooling the leather over it , in a technique of Coptic origin , of which few early examples survive – one of the closest is a 9th- or 10th @-@ century Islamic binding found in the Mosque of Uqba in Kairouan , Tunisia . There are holes in the board in which the cut @-@ off ends can be seen from behind . The chalice and plant motif on the front , of which there is no trace from behind , has been built up using some clay @-@ like material underneath the leather , as shown by CT @-@ scans since the purchase . In the 2015 book Nicholas Pickwoad suggests that this raised decoration was formed using a matrix which was pressed into the damp leather over the clay @-@ like substance and the wooden board . Previous authors had suggested that the material under the relief decoration might have been built up in gesso as well as cord and leather scraps before applying the cover leather . A broadly similar plant motif in similar technique is found on a later Middle Eastern pouch in the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore . The boards of the covers , previously assumed to be limewood , are now thought to be birch , an unusual wood in later bindings , but one easily available in northern England . Both have four holes where the binding threads were laced through ; the two threads were run round the inner edges of the cover and knotted back at the holes . The front cover has an additional 12 holes where the ends of the cords for the raised framing lines went through , at the four corners of the two main frames , and the ends of the horizontal bars between the interlace panels and the central vine motif . The stitching of the binding uses " Coptic sewing " , that is " flexible unsupported sewing ( produced by two needles and thread looping round one another in a figure @-@ of @-@ eight sewing pattern ) " Coptic sewing uses small threads both to attach the leaves together and , knotted together , to attach the pages to the cover boards . Normal Western binding uses thread for the former and thicker cord running across the spine of the book for the latter , with the thread knotted onto the cords . Coptic sewing is also found in the earliest surviving leather bookbindings , which are from Coptic libraries in Egypt from the 7th and 8th centuries ; in particular the design of the cover of one in the Morgan Library ( MS M.569 ) has been compared to the St Cuthbert Gospel . In the techniques used in the binding , apart from the raised decoration , the closest resemblance is to an even smaller Irish pocket gospel book from some 50 years later , the Cadmug Gospels at Fulda , which is believed to have belonged to Saint Boniface . This is also in red goatskin , with coloured incised lines , and uses a similar unsupported or cordless stitching technique . The first appearance of the cords or supports that these " unsupported " bindings lack is found in two other books at Fulda , and they soon became universal in , and characteristic of , Western bookbinding until the arrival of modern machine techniques . The cords run horizontally across the spine , and are thicker than the threads that hold the pages together . They are attached , typically by lacing through holes or glue , to the two boards of the cover , and the threads holding the gatherings are knotted to them , resulting in a stronger binding . = = Dating = = The manuscript itself carries no date but a rather precise dating has been given to it , based mainly on its palaeography or handwriting , and also the known facts of Cuthbert 's burial . The dating was revised after the acquisition by the British Library , who added to their online catalogue entry : Previously dated to the end of the 7th century ( The Stonyhurst Gospel , ed . T. J. Brown ( 1969 ) , pp. 12 – 13 ) , R. Gameson dates the script to c . 710 – c . 730 and L. Webster dates the decoration on the covers to c . 700 – c . 730 ( The St Cuthbert Gospel , eds C. Breay and B. Meehan ( 2015 ) , pp. 33 , 80 ) . The script is the " capitular " form of uncial , with just a few emphasized letters at the start of sections in " text " uncial . Close analysis of the changing style of details of the forms of letters allows the manuscript to be placed with some confidence within a chronological sequence of the few other manuscripts thought to have been produced at Wearmouth @-@ Jarrow . The Northumbrian scribes " imitate very closely the best Italian manuscripts of about the sixth century " , but introduced small elements that gave their script a distinct style , which has always been greatly admired . However , there were several scribes , seven different ones working on the Codex Amiatinus , whose scripts may not all have developed at the same pace . Key to this sequence is the Codex Amiatinus , an almost complete Bible for which we have a very precise terminus ante quem , and within which , because of its size , developments in style can be seen in a single manuscript . The Codex Amiatinus can be precisely located as leaving Wearmouth @-@ Jarrow with a party led by Abbot Ceolfrith on 4 June 716 , bound for Rome . The codex was to be presented to the pope , a decision only announced by Ceolfrith very shortly before the departure , allowing the dedication page to be dated with confidence to around May 716 , though the rest of the manuscript was probably already some years old , but only begun after Ceolfrith succeeded as abbot in 689 . The script of the dedication page differs slightly from that of the main text , but is by the same hand and in the same " elaborated text uncial " style as some pages at Durham ( MS A II 17 , part ii , ff 103 @-@ 11 ) . At the end of the sequence , it may be possible to date the Saint Petersburg Bede to 746 at the earliest , from references in memoranda in the text , although this remains a matter of controversy . There survive parts of a gospel book , by coincidence now bound up with the famous Utrecht Psalter , which are identifiable as by the same scribe as the Cuthbert Gospel , and where " the capitular uncial of the two manuscripts is indistinguishable in style or quality , so they may well be very close to each other in date " . Since the Utrecht pages also use Rustic capital script , which the Cuthbert Gospel does not , it allows another basis for comparison with further manuscripts in the sequence . From the palaeographical evidence , T. Julian Brown concluded that the Cuthbert manuscript was written after the main text of the Codex Amiatinus , which was finished after 688 , perhaps by 695 , though it might be later . Turning to the historical evidence for Cuthbert 's burial , this placed it after his original burial in 687 but possibly before his elevation to the high altar in 698 . If this is correct , the book was never a personal possession of Cuthbert , as has sometimes been thought , but was possibly created specifically to be placed in his coffin , whether for the occasion of his elevation in 698 or at another date . The less precise hints about dating that can be derived from the style of the binding compared to other works did not conflict with these conclusions , though in the new 2015 study , Leslie Webster now dates the cover to " c . 700 – c . 730 " , and Richard Gameson " dates the script to c . 710 – c . 730 " , as quoted above . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Cuthbert was an Anglo @-@ Saxon , perhaps of a noble family , born in the Kingdom of Northumbria in the mid @-@ 630s , some ten years after the conversion of King Edwin to Christianity in 627 , which was slowly followed by that of the rest of his people . The politics of the kingdom were violent , and there were later episodes of pagan rule , while spreading understanding of Christianity through the kingdom was a task that lasted throughout Cuthbert 's lifetime . Edwin had been baptised by Paulinus of York , an Italian who had come with the Gregorian mission from Rome , but his successor Oswald also invited Irish monks from Iona to found the monastery at Lindisfarne where Cuthbert was to spend much of his life . This was around 635 , about the time Cuthbert was born . The tension between the Roman and Irish traditions , often exacerbated by Cuthbert 's near @-@ contemporary Saint Wilfrid , an intransigent and quarrelsome supporter of Roman ways , was to be a major feature of Cuthbert 's lifetime . Cuthbert himself , though educated in the Irish tradition , followed his mentor Eata in accepting the Roman forms without apparent difficulty after the Synod of Whitby in 664 . The earliest biographies concentrate on the many miracles that accompanied even his early life , but he was evidently indefatigable as a travelling priest spreading the Christian message to remote villages , and also well able to impress royalty and nobility . Unlike Wilfrid , his style of life was austere , and when he was able to he lived the life of a hermit , though still receiving many visitors . He grew up near the new Melrose Abbey , an offshoot from Lindisfarne which is today in Scotland , but was then in Northumbria . He had decided to become a monk after seeing a vision on the night in 651 that St Aidan , the founder of Lindisfarne , died , but seems to have seen some military service first . He was quickly made guest @-@ master at the new monastery at Ripon , soon after 655 , but had to return with Eata to Melrose when Wilfrid was given the monastery instead . About 662 he was made prior at Melrose , and around 665 went as prior to Lindisfarne . In 684 he was made Bishop of Lindisfarne but by late 686 resigned and returned to his hermitage as he felt he was about to die , although he was probably still only in his early 50s . After a few weeks of illness he died on the island on 20 March 687 , and his body was carried back to Lindisfarne and buried there the same day . = = = Lindisfarne = = = Although first documented in 1104 , the book is presumed to have been buried with Cuthbert at Lindisfarne either in 687 or more likely in 698 , and to have stayed with the body during the wanderings forced by the Viking invasions two centuries later . Bede 's Life recounts that Cuthbert was initially buried in a stone sarcophagus to the right of the altar in the church at Lindisfarne ; he had wanted to be buried at the hermitage on Inner Farne Island where he died , but before his death was persuaded to allow his burial at the main monastery . His burial was first disturbed eleven years after his death , when his remains were moved to behind the altar to reflect his recognition , in the days before a formal process of canonisation , as a saint . The sarcophagus was opened and his body was said to have been found perfectly preserved , or incorrupt . This apparent miracle led to the steady growth of Cuthbert 's posthumous cult , to the point where he became the most popular saint of Northern England . Numerous miracles were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory prayer near his remains . In particular , Alfred the Great , King of Wessex , was inspired and encouraged in his struggle against the Danes by a vision or dream he had of Cuthbert . Thereafter the royal house of Wessex , who became the kings of England , made a point of devotion to Cuthbert , which also had a useful political message , as they came from opposite ends of the united English kingdom . Cuthbert was " a figure of reconciliation and a rallying point for the reformed identity of Northumbria and England " after the absorption of the Danish populations into Anglo @-@ Saxon society , as Michelle Brown puts it . The 8th @-@ century historian Bede wrote both a verse and a prose life of St Cuthbert around 720 . He has been described as " perhaps the most popular saint in England prior to the death of Thomas Becket in 1170 . " Cuthbert was reburied in the decorated oak coffin now usually meant by St Cuthbert 's coffin , though he was to have many more coffins , and it is thought likely that the book was produced for this occasion , and may well have been placed in his coffin at this point . = = = Fleeing the Danes = = = In 793 Lindisfarne was devastated by the first serious Viking raid in England , but Cuthbert 's shrine seems to have escaped damage . In 875 the Danish leader Halfdene ( Halfdan Ragnarsson ) , who shared with his brother Ivar the Boneless the leadership of the Great Heathen Army that had conquered much of the south of England , moved north to spend the winter there , as a prelude to settlement and further conquest . Eardulf , the Bishop of Lindisfarne , decided the monastery must be abandoned , and orderly preparations were made for the whole community , including lay people and children , to evacuate . It was possibly at this point that a shelf or inner cover was inserted some way under the lid of Cuthbert 's coffin , supported on three wooden bars across the width , and probably with two iron rings fixed to it for lifting it off . Eardulf had decided to take the most important remains and possessions of the community with them , and whether new or old , the shelf in Cuthbert 's coffin was probably loaded with the St Cuthbert Gospel , which was found there in 1104 . It may also have held the Lindisfarne Gospels , now also in the British Library , and other books from Lindisfarne that were , and in several cases still are , at Durham Cathedral . Other bones taken by the party were those remains of St Aidan ( d . 651 ) , the founder of the community , that had not been sent to Melrose , and the head of the king and saint Oswald of Northumbria , who had converted the kingdom and encouraged the founding of Lindisfarne . These and other relics were reverently packaged in cloth and labelled , as more recent relics are . The community also took a stone Anglo @-@ Saxon cross , and although they had a vehiculum of some sort , probably a cart or simple wagon , Cuthbert 's coffin was carried by seven young men who had grown up in the community . They set off inland and spent the first months at an unknown location in west Cumberland , near the River Derwent , probably in the modern Lake District , and according to Symeon of Durham 's Libellus de exordio , the main source for this period , Eardulf tried to hire a ship on the west coast to take them to Ireland . Then they left the more remote west side of the country and returned to the east , finding a resting @-@ place at Craike near Easington , County Durham , close to the coast , well south of Lindisfarne , but also sufficiently far north of the new Viking kingdom being established at York . Over the next century the Vikings of York and the north became gradually Christianized , and Cuthbert 's shrine became a focus of devotion among them also . The community established close relations with Guthred ( d . 895 ) , Halfdene 's successor as king , and received land from him at Chester @-@ le @-@ Street . In 883 they moved the few miles there , where they stayed over a century , building St Cuthbert 's Church , where Cuthbert 's shrine was placed . In 995 a new Danish invasion led the community to flee some 50 miles south to Ripon , again taking the coffin with them . After three or four months it was felt safe to return , and the party had nearly reached Chester @-@ le @-@ Street when their wagon became definitively stuck close to Durham , then a place with cultivated fields , but hardly a settlement , perhaps just an isolated farm . It was thought that Cuthbert was expressing a wish to settle where he was , and the community obeyed . A new stone church — the so @-@ called White Church — was built , the predecessor of the present Durham Cathedral . = = = Durham Cathedral = = = In 1104 , early in the bishopric of Ranulf Flambard , Cuthbert 's tomb was opened again and his relics translated to a new shrine behind the main altar of the half @-@ built Norman cathedral . According to the earlier of the two accounts of the event that survive , known as " Miracles 18 – 20 " or the " anonymous account " , written by a monk of the cathedral , when the monks opened the decorated inner coffin , which was for the first time in living memory , they saw " a book of the Gospels lying at the head of the board " , that is on the shelf or inner lid . The account in " Miracle 20 " adds that Bishop Flambard , during his sermon on the day the new shrine received Cuthbert 's body , showed the congregation " a Gospel of Saint John in miraculously perfect condition , which had a satchel @-@ like container of red leather with a badly frayed sling made of silken threads " . In addition the book itself has an inscription on folio 1r " written in a modest book @-@ hand apparently of the later twelfth century " recording that it was found in the translation . As far as is known the book remained at Durham for the remainder of the Middle Ages , until the Dissolution , kept as a relic in three bags of red leather , normally resting in a reliquary , and there are various records of it being shown to visitors , the more distinguished of which were allowed to hang it round their neck for a while . According to Reginald of Durham ( d. c 1190 ) " anyone approaching it should wash , fast and dress in an alb before touching it " , and he recorded that a scribe called John who failed to do this during a visit by the Archbishop of York in 1153 – 54 , and " held it with unwashed hands after eating was struck down with a chill " . Books treated as relics are especially characteristic of Celtic Christianity ; several of the surviving Irish book @-@ shrines were worn in this way . Another recorded copy of the Gospel of John has also been associated with Cuthbert , and sometimes thought to be the St Cuthbert Gospel . Saint Boisil ( d . 664 ) of Melrose Abbey was Cuthbert 's teacher . Bede 's prose life of Cuthbert records that during Boisil 's last illness , he and Cuthbert read daily one of the seven gatherings or quaternions of Boisil 's manuscript of the Gospel of John . The sermon in Miracle 20 identifies this manuscript with the one at Durham , and says that both saints had worn it round their necks , ignoring that it has twelve gatherings rather than seven . There are further references from Durham to Boisil 's book , such as a list of relics in the cathedral in 1389 , and some modern scholars were attracted to the idea that they were the same , but Brown 's palaeographical evidence seems to remove the possibility of Boisil 's book being the St Cuthbert Gospel . In the 11th century Boisil 's remains had also been brought to Durham , and enshrined next to those of Cuthbert . Around the same time Bede 's own remains were stolen from Monkwearmouth @-@ Jarrow for Durham , by a " notably underhand trick " , and placed in Cuthbert 's coffin , where they remained until 1104 . = = = After the Reformation = = = It is thought likely that the book remained at Durham until the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII , although the various late medieval records of books and relics held there do not allow it to be identified with certainty . Durham Cathedral Priory closed in 1540 , and some decades later the book was recorded by Archbishop Ussher in the library of the Oxford scholar , antiquary and astrologer , Thomas Allen ( 1542 – 1632 ) of Gloucester Hall ( now Worcester College , Oxford ) . However it is not in a catalogue of Allen 's library of 1622 , and was not in the collection of Allen 's manuscripts that was presented to the Bodleian Library by Sir Kenelm Digby in 1634 . Nothing is then known of its whereabouts for a century or so . According to an 18th @-@ century Latin inscription pasted to the inside cover of the manuscript , the St Cuthbert Gospel was given by the 3rd Earl of Lichfield ( 1718 – 1772 ) to the Jesuit priest Thomas Phillips S.J. ( 1708 – 1774 ) who donated it to the English Jesuit College at Liège on 20 June 1769 . Lichfield was an Anglican , but knew Phillips as the latter was chaplain to his neighbour in Oxfordshire , the recusant George Talbot , 14th Earl of Shrewsbury ( 1719 – 1787 ) . The manuscript was owned between 1769 and 2012 by the British Province of the Society of Jesus , and for most of this period was in the library of Stonyhurst College , Lancashire , successor to the Liège college . The manuscript was first published when in 1806 it was taken to London and displayed when a letter on it by the Rev. J. Milner , presumably Bishop John Milner , Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District , was read to a meeting of the London Society of Antiquaries , which was subsequently printed in their journal Archaeologia . Milner followed the medieval note in relating the book to Cuthbert , and compared its script to that of the Lindisfarne Gospels , by then in the British Museum , examining the two side by side . However he thought that " the binding seems to be of the time of Queen Elizabeth " ! After the lecture it took some years to return to Stonyhurst as an intermediary forgot to forward it . That the binding was original , and the earliest European example , was realised during the 19th century , and when exhibited in 1862 it was described in the catalogue as " In unique coeval ( ? ) binding " . The whole appearance and feel of the book , and the accuracy of the text and beauty of the script was highly praised by scholars such as Bishop Christopher Wordsworth ( 1807 – 1885 ) , nephew of the poet and an important New Testament textual scholar , who described the book as " surpassing in delicate simplicity of neatness every manuscript that I have seen " . = = = From 1950 = = = From 1950 onwards the binding was examined several times , but not altered , at Stonyhurst and the British Museum by Roger Powell , " the leading bookbinder of his day " , who had rebound both the Book of Kells and the Book of Durrow , and also fully photographed by Peter Walters . Powell contributed chapters on the binding to the two major works covering the book , the first being The Relics of St Cuthbert in 1956 , a large work with chapters on Cuthbert 's coffin and each of the objects recovered from it . The main chapter on the St Cuthbert Gospel was by Sir Roger Mynors , and Powell 's chapter incorporated unpublished observations by the leading bindings expert Geoffrey Hobson . The second came in 1969 , when T.J. ( Julian ) Brown , Professor of Palaeography at King 's College , London , published a monograph on the St Cuthbert Gospel with another chapter by Powell , who had altered his views in minor respects . Brown set out arguments for the dating of the manuscript to close to 698 , which has been generally accepted . The book was placed on loan to the British Library in 1979 where it was very regularly on display , first in the British Museum building , and from 1999 in the Ritblat Gallery at the new St Pancras site of the Library , usually displaying the front cover . Despite minor damages , some of which appear to have occurred during the 20th century , the book is in extremely good condition for its age . In 2011 an agreement was reached with the Jesuit British Province for the British Library to buy the book for £ 9 million . This required the purchase money to be raised by 31 March 2012 , and a public appeal was launched . In the early stages the emphasis was on raising large individual donations , which included £ 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 from the National Heritage Memorial Fund , which distributes some of the money from the profits of the National Lottery , £ 250 @,@ 000 pledged by the Art Fund , and " a similar sum " by The Garfield Weston Foundation , and a large gift from the Foyle Foundation . By early March 2012 the British Library reported that there was " only £ 1.5M left to raise " , and on 17 April announced that the purchase had been completed , after their largest ever public appeal . The purchase " involved a formal partnership between the Library , Durham University and Durham Cathedral and an agreement that the book will be displayed to the public equally in London and the North East . " There was a special display at the British Library until June 2012 , and after coming off display for detailed investigation the book is planned to go on display in Durham in July 2013 in Durham University ’ s Palace Green Library . All the pages are accessible on the British Library website . = = The Gospel of John as an amulet = = There was a long and somewhat controversial tradition of using manuscripts of the gospel of John , or extracts such as the opening verse , as a protective or healing amulet or charm , which was especially strong in early medieval Britain and Ireland . Manuscripts containing the text of one gospel only are very rare , except for those with lengthy explanatory glosses , and all the examples known to Julian Brown were of John . Disapproving references to such uses can be found in the writings of Saints Jerome and Eligius , and Alcuin , but they are accepted by John Chrysostom , Augustine , who " expresses qualified approval " of using manuscripts as a cure for headaches , and Gregory the Great , who sent one to Queen Theodelinda for her son . Bede 's prose Life mentions that Cuthbert combated the use of amulets and charms in the villages around Melrose . However , like many other leading figures of the church , he may have distinguished between amulets based on Christian texts and symbols and other types . The size of the Cuthbert Gospel places it within the Insular tradition of the " pocket gospels " , of which eight Irish examples survive , including the Book of Dimma , Book of Mulling , and Book of Deer , although all the others are or were originally texts of all four gospels , with the possible exception of a few pages from the Gospel of John enshrined with the Stowe Missal in its cumdach or book @-@ reliquary . There was a tradition of even smaller books , whose use seems to have been often amuletic , and a manuscript of John alone , with a page size of 72 x 56 mm , was found in a reliquary at Chartres Cathedral in 1712 . It is probably Italian from the 5th or 6th century , and the label it carried in 1712 saying it was a relic of St Leobinus , a bishop of Chartes who died in about 556 , may be correct . The other examples are mostly in Greek or the Coptic language and contain a variety of biblical texts , especially psalters . Julian Brown concludes that the three Latin manuscripts of John " seem to attest an early medieval practice of placing a complete Gospel of St. John in a shrine , as a protective amulet ; and it seems reasonable to conclude that our manuscript was placed in St. Cuthbert 's coffin to protect it " . = = Exhibitions = = Apart from being usually on display at the British Museum and British Library ( see above ) , the book has been in the following exhibitions ( * denotes that there was a detailed published catalogue ) : 1862 , Victoria & Albert Museum , Loan Exhibition 1930 , Victoria & Albert Museum , Medieval English Art * 1987 , Durham Cathedral Treasury , An exhibition of manuscripts brought together at Durham to celebrate the saint 's 1300th anniversary and the work of his early community 1991 , British Museum , The Making of England : Anglo @-@ Saxon Art and Culture AD 600 – 900 * 1996 , Laing Art Gallery , Newcastle upon Tyne , Treasures from the Lost Kingdom of Northumbria 1997 , British Museum , The Heirs of Rome : The Shaping of Britain AD 400 – 900 , part of the series The Transformation of the Roman World Ad 400 – 900 * 2003 , British Library , Painted Labyrinth : The World of the Lindisfarne Gospels * 2007 , British Library , Sacred : Discover What We Share 2013 Palace Green Library , Durham University , in an exhibition which also included the Lindisfarne Gospels , items from the Staffordshire Hoard , the Yates Thompson 26 Life of Cuthbert ( from which several illustrations here are taken ) , and the gold Taplow belt buckle . 2014 , Palace Green Library , Durham , " Book binding from the Middle Ages to the modern day " . Additionally , a digital version of the manuscript was produced to run on an Apple iPad , which was exhibited in April 2012 at the British Library .
= Titanium = Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22 . It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color , low density and high strength . It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water , aqua regia , and chlorine . Titanium was discovered in Cornwall , Great Britain , by William Gregor in 1791 and named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology . The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits , principally rutile and ilmenite , which are widely distributed in the Earth 's crust and lithosphere , and it is found in almost all living things , rocks , water bodies , and soils . The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes . The most common compound , titanium dioxide , is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments . Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl4 ) , a component of smoke screens and catalysts ; and titanium trichloride ( TiCl3 ) , which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene . Titanium can be alloyed with iron , aluminium , vanadium , and molybdenum , among other elements , to produce strong , lightweight alloys for aerospace ( jet engines , missiles , and spacecraft ) , military , industrial process ( chemicals and petro @-@ chemicals , desalination plants , pulp , and paper ) , automotive , agri @-@ food , medical prostheses , orthopedic implants , dental and endodontic instruments and files , dental implants , sporting goods , jewelry , mobile phones , and other applications . The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and the highest strength @-@ to @-@ density ratio of any metallic element . In its unalloyed condition , titanium is as strong as some steels , but less dense . There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element , 46Ti through 50Ti , with 48Ti being the most abundant ( 73 @.@ 8 % ) . Although they have the same number of valence electrons and are in the same group in the periodic table , titanium and zirconium differ in many chemical and physical properties . = = Characteristics = = = = = Physical properties = = = A metallic element , titanium is recognized for its high strength @-@ to @-@ weight ratio . It is a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile ( especially in an oxygen @-@ free environment ) , lustrous , and metallic @-@ white in color . The relatively high melting point ( more than 1 @,@ 650 ° C or 3 @,@ 000 ° F ) makes it useful as a refractory metal . It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity . Commercial ( 99 @.@ 2 % pure ) grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa ( 63 @,@ 000 psi ) , equal to that of common , low @-@ grade steel alloys , but are less dense . Titanium is 60 % denser than aluminium , but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061 @-@ T6 aluminium alloy . Certain titanium alloys ( e.g. , Beta C ) achieve tensile strengths of over 1400 MPa ( 200000 psi ) . However , titanium loses strength when heated above 430 ° C ( 806 ° F ) . Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat @-@ treated steel , is non @-@ magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity . Machining requires precautions , because the material might gall if sharp tools and proper cooling methods are not used . Like those made from steel , titanium structures have a fatigue limit that guarantees longevity in some applications . Titanium alloys have less stiffness than many other structural materials such as aluminium alloys and carbon fiber . The metal is a dimorphic allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body @-@ centered cubic ( lattice ) β form at 882 ° C ( 1 @,@ 620 ° F ) . The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature . Similar to zirconium and hafnium , an additional omega phase exists , which is thermodynamically stable at high pressures , but is metastable at ambient pressures . This phase is usually hexagonal ( ideal ) or trigonal ( distorted ) and can be considered to be due to a soft longitudinal acoustic phonon of the β phase causing collapse of ( 111 ) planes of atoms . = = = Chemical properties = = = Like aluminium and magnesium , titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air . Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1 @,@ 200 ° C ( 2 @,@ 190 ° F ) in air , and at 610 ° C ( 1 @,@ 130 ° F ) in pure oxygen , forming titanium dioxide . It is , however , slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation . When it first forms , this protective layer is only 1 – 2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly ; reaching a thickness of 25 nm in four years . Atmospheric passivation gives titanium excellent resistance to corrosion , almost equivalent to platinum , capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids , chloride solutions , and most organic acids . However , titanium is corroded by concentrated acids . As indicated by its negative redox potential , titanium is thermodynamically a very reactive metal that burns in normal atmosphere at lower temperatures than the melting point . Melting is possible only in an inert atmosphere or in a vacuum . At 550 ° C ( 1 @,@ 022 ° F ) , it combines with chlorine . It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen . Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas , reacting at 800 ° C ( 1 @,@ 470 ° F ) to form titanium nitride , which causes embrittlement . Because of its high reactivity with oxygen , nitrogen , and some other gases , titanium filaments are applied in titanium sublimation pumps as scavengers for these gases . Such pumps inexpensively and reliably produce extremely low pressures in ultra @-@ high vacuum systems . = = = Occurrence = = = Titanium is the ninth @-@ most abundant element in Earth 's crust ( 0 @.@ 63 % by mass ) and the seventh @-@ most abundant metal . It is present as oxides in most igneous rocks , in sediments derived from them , in living things , and natural bodies of water . Of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Survey , 784 contained titanium . Its proportion in soils is approximately 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 5 % . It is widely distributed and occurs primarily in the minerals anatase , brookite , ilmenite , perovskite , rutile and titanite ( sphene ) . Of these minerals , only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance , yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations . About 6 @.@ 0 and 0 @.@ 7 million tonnes of those minerals were mined in 2011 , respectively . Significant titanium @-@ bearing ilmenite deposits exist in western Australia , Canada , China , India , Mozambique , New Zealand , Norway , Ukraine and South Africa . About 186 @,@ 000 tonnes of titanium metal sponge were produced in 2011 , mostly in China ( 60 @,@ 000 t ) , Japan ( 56 @,@ 000 t ) , Russia ( 40 @,@ 000 t ) , United States ( 32 @,@ 000 t ) and Kazakhstan ( 20 @,@ 700 t ) . Total reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes . The concentration of Ti is about 4 picomolar in the ocean . At 100 ° C , the concentration of titanium in water is estimated to be less than 10 − 7 M at pH 7 . The identity of titanium species in aqueous solution remains unknown because of its low solubility and the lack of sensitive spectroscopic methods , although only the 4 + oxidation state is stable in air . No evidence exists for a biological role , although rare organisms are known to accumulate high concentrations of titanium . Titanium is contained in meteorites and has been detected in the Sun and in M @-@ type stars ( the coolest type ) with a surface temperature of 3 @,@ 200 ° C ( 5 @,@ 790 ° F ) . Rocks brought back from the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12 @.@ 1 % TiO2 . It is also found in coal ash , plants , and even the human body . Native titanium ( pure metallic ) is very rare . = = = Isotopes = = = Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes : 46Ti , 47Ti , 48Ti , 49Ti , and 50Ti , with 48Ti being the most abundant ( 73 @.@ 8 % natural abundance ) . Eleven radioisotopes have been characterized , the most stable being 44Ti with a half @-@ life of 63 years ; 45Ti , 184 @.@ 8 minutes ; 51Ti , 5 @.@ 76 minutes ; and 52Ti , 1 @.@ 7 minutes . All the other radioactive isotopes have half @-@ lives less than 33 seconds and the majority , less than half a second . The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39 @.@ 99 u ( 40Ti ) to 57 @.@ 966 u ( 58Ti ) . The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope , 48Ti , is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission . The primary decay products before 48Ti are element 21 ( scandium ) isotopes and the primary products after are element 23 ( vanadium ) isotopes . Titanium becomes radioactive upon bombardment with deuterons , emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma rays . = = Compounds = = The + 4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry , but compounds in the + 3 oxidation state are also common . Commonly , titanium adopts an octahedral coordination geometry in its complexes , but tetrahedral TiCl4 is a notable exception . Because of its high oxidation state , titanium ( IV ) compounds exhibit a high degree of covalent bonding . Unlike most other transition metals , simple aquo Ti ( IV ) complexes are unknown . = = = Oxides , sulfides , and alkoxides = = = The most important oxide is TiO2 , which exists in three important polymorphs ; anatase , brookite , and rutile . All of these are white diamagnetic solids , although mineral samples can appear dark ( see rutile ) . They adopt polymeric structures in which Ti is surrounded by six oxide ligands that link to other Ti centers . Titanates usually refer to titanium ( IV ) compounds , as represented barium titanate ( BaTiO3 ) . With a perovskite structure , this material exhibits piezoelectric properties and is used as a transducer in the interconversion of sound and electricity . Many minerals are titanates , e.g. ilmenite ( FeTiO3 ) . Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism ( star @-@ forming shine ) from the presence of titanium dioxide impurities . A variety of reduced oxides of titanium are known . Ti3O5 , described as a Ti ( IV ) -Ti ( III ) species , is a purple semiconductor produced by reduction of TiO2 with hydrogen at high temperatures , and is used industrially when surfaces need to be vapour @-@ coated with titanium dioxide : it evaporates as pure TiO , whereas TiO2 evaporates as a mixture of oxides and deposits coatings with variable refractive index . Also known is Ti2O3 , with the corundum structure , and TiO , with the rock salt structure , although often nonstoichiometric . The alkoxides of titanium ( IV ) , prepared by reacting TiCl4 with alcohols , are colourless compounds that convert to the dioxide on reaction with water . They are industrially useful for depositing solid TiO2 via the sol @-@ gel process . Titanium isopropoxide is used in the synthesis of chiral organic compounds via the Sharpless epoxidation . Titanium forms a variety of sulfides , but only TiS2 has attracted significant interest . It adopts a layered structure and was used as a cathode in the development of lithium batteries . Because Ti ( IV ) is a " hard cation " , the sulfides of titanium are unstable and tend to hydrolyze to the oxide with release of hydrogen sulfide . = = = Nitrides , carbides = = = Titanium nitride ( TiN ) has a hardness equivalent to sapphire and carborundum ( 9 @.@ 0 on the Mohs Scale ) , and is often used to coat cutting tools , such as drill bits . It is also used as a gold @-@ colored decorative finish and as a barrier metal in semiconductor fabrication . Titanium carbide , which is also very hard , is found in cutting tools and coatings . = = = Halides = = = Titanium tetrachloride ( titanium ( IV ) chloride , TiCl4 ) is a colorless volatile liquid ( commercial samples are yellowish ) that , in air , hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of white clouds . Via the Kroll process , TiCl4 is produced in the conversion of titanium ores to titanium dioxide , e.g. , for use in white paint . It is widely used in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid , for example in the Mukaiyama aldol condensation . In the van Arkel process , titanium tetraiodide ( TiI4 ) is generated in the production of high purity titanium metal . Titanium ( III ) and titanium ( II ) also form stable chlorides . A notable example is titanium ( III ) chloride ( TiCl3 ) , which is used as a catalyst for production of polyolefins ( see Ziegler @-@ Natta catalyst ) and a reducing agent in organic chemistry . = = = Organometallic complexes = = = Owing to the important role of titanium compounds as polymerization catalyst , compounds with Ti @-@ C bonds have been intensively studied . The most common organotitanium complex is titanocene dichloride ( ( C5H5 ) 2TiCl2 ) . Related compounds include Tebbe 's reagent and Petasis reagent . Titanium forms carbonyl complexes , e.g. ( C5H5 ) 2Ti ( CO ) 2 . = = History = = Titanium was discovered as an inclusion of a mineral in Cornwall , Great Britain , in 1791 by the clergyman and amateur geologist William Gregor , then vicar of Creed parish . He recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite when he found black sand by a stream in the nearby parish of Manaccan and noticed the sand was attracted by a magnet . Analyzing the sand , he determined the presence of two metal oxides : iron oxide ( explaining the attraction to the magnet ) and 45 @.@ 25 % of a white metallic oxide he could not identify . Realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match any known element , Gregor reported his findings to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall and in the German science journal Crell 's Annalen . Around the same time , Franz @-@ Joseph Müller von Reichenstein produced a similar substance , but could not identify it . The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by Prussian chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in rutile from Boinik ( German name of unknown place ) village of Hungary ( now in Slovakia ) . Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology . After hearing about Gregor 's earlier discovery , he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed it contained titanium . The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly ; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with carbon ( as in iron smelting ) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide . Pure metallic titanium ( 99 @.@ 9 % ) was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by heating TiCl4 with sodium at 700 – 800 ° C under great pressure in a batch process known as the Hunter process . Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it could be produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl4 ) with calcium . Eight years later he refined this process with magnesium and even sodium in what became known as the Kroll process . Although research continues into more efficient and cheaper processes ( e.g. , FFC Cambridge , Armstrong ) , the Kroll process is still used for commercial production . Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered the iodide , or crystal bar , process in 1925 , by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal . In the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications ( Alfa class and Mike class ) as part of programs related to the Cold War . Starting in the early 1950s , titanium came into use extensively in military aviation , particularly in high @-@ performance jets , starting with aircraft such as the F100 Super Sabre and Lockheed A @-@ 12 and SR @-@ 71 . Recognizing the strategic importance of titanium the U.S. Department of Defense supported early efforts of commercialization . Throughout the period of the Cold War , titanium was considered a strategic material by the U.S. government , and a large stockpile of titanium sponge was maintained by the Defense National Stockpile Center , which was finally depleted in the 2000s . According to 2006 data , the world 's largest producer , Russian @-@ based VSMPO @-@ Avisma , was estimated to account for about 29 % of the world market share . As of 2015 , titanium sponge metal was produced in six countries : China , Japan , Russia , Kazakhstan , the USA , Ukraine and India . ( in order of output ) . In 2006 , the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) awarded $ 5 @.@ 7 million to a two @-@ company consortium to develop a new process for making titanium metal powder . Under heat and pressure , the powder can be used to create strong , lightweight items ranging from armor plating to components for the aerospace , transport , and chemical processing industries . = = Production and fabrication = = The processing of titanium metal occurs in 4 major steps : reduction of titanium ore into " sponge " , a porous form ; melting of sponge , or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot ; primary fabrication , where an ingot is converted into general mill products such as billet , bar , plate , sheet , strip , and tube ; and secondary fabrication of finished shapes from mill products . Because it cannot be readily produced by reduction of its dioxide , titanium metal is obtained by reduction of TiCl4 with magnesium metal in the Kroll Process . The complexity of this batch production in the Kroll process explains the relatively high market value of titanium , despite the Kroll process is less expensive than the Hunter process . To produce the TiCl4 required by the Kroll process , the dioxide is subjected to carbothermic reduction in the presence of chlorine . In this process , the chlorine gas is passed over a red @-@ hot mixture of rutile or ilmenite in the presence of carbon . After extensive purification by fractional distillation , the TiCl4 is reduced with 800 ° C molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere . Titanium metal can be further purified by the van Arkel – de Boer process , which involves thermal decomposition of titanium tetraiodide . A more recently developed batch production method , the FFC Cambridge process , consumes titanium dioxide powder ( a refined form of rutile ) as feedstock and produces titanium metal , either powder or sponge . The process involves fewer steps than the Kroll process and takes less time . If mixed oxide powders are used , the product is an alloy . Common titanium alloys are made by reduction . For example , cuprotitanium ( rutile with copper added is reduced ) , ferrocarbon titanium ( ilmenite reduced with coke in an electric furnace ) , and manganotitanium ( rutile with manganese or manganese oxides ) are reduced . 2 FeTiO3 + 7 Cl2 + 6 C → 2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3 + 6 CO ( 900 ° C ) TiCl4 + 2 Mg → 2 MgCl2 + Ti ( 1100 ° C ) About 50 grades of titanium and titanium alloys are designed and currently used , although only a couple of dozen are readily available commercially . The ASTM International recognizes 31 Grades of titanium metal and alloys , of which Grades 1 through 4 are commercially pure ( unalloyed ) . Those four vary in tensile strength as a function of oxygen content , with Grade 1 being the most ductile ( lowest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0 @.@ 18 % ) , and Grade 4 the least ductile ( highest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0 @.@ 40 % ) . The remaining grades are alloys , each designed for specific properties of ductility , strength , hardness , electrical resistivity , creep resistance , specific corrosion resistance , and combinations thereof . In addition to the ASTM specifications , titanium alloys are also produced to meet Aerospace and Military specifications ( SAE @-@ AMS , MIL @-@ T ) , ISO standards , and country @-@ specific specifications , as well as proprietary end @-@ user specifications for aerospace , military , medical , and industrial applications . Titanium powder is manufactured using a flow production process known as the Armstrong process that is similar to the batch production Hunter process . A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium metal ; the products ( sodium chloride salt and titanium particles ) is filtered from the extra sodium . Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing . Both sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride . All welding of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases ( oxygen , nitrogen , and hydrogen ) . Contamination causes a variety of conditions , such as embrittlement , which reduces the integrity of the assembly welds and leads to joint failure . Commercially pure flat product ( sheet , plate ) can be formed readily , but processing must take into account the fact that the metal has a " memory " and tends to spring back . This is especially true of certain high @-@ strength alloys . Titanium cannot be soldered without first pre @-@ plating it in a metal that is solderable . The metal can be machined with the same equipment and the same processes as stainless steel . = = Applications = = Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element ( ferro @-@ titanium ) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer , and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content . Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium ( to refine grain size ) , vanadium , copper ( to harden ) , iron , manganese , molybdenum , and other metals . Titanium mill products ( sheet , plate , bar , wire , forgings , castings ) find application in industrial , aerospace , recreational , and emerging markets . Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright @-@ burning particles . = = = Pigments , additives and coatings = = = About 95 % of all titanium ore is destined for refinement into titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ) , an intensely white permanent pigment used in paints , paper , toothpaste , and plastics . It is also used in cement , in gemstones , as an optical opacifier in paper , and a strengthening agent in graphite composite fishing rods and golf clubs . TiO 2 powder is chemically inert , resists fading in sunlight , and is very opaque : it imparts a pure and brilliant white color to the brown or gray chemicals that form the majority of household plastics . In nature , this compound is found in the minerals anatase , brookite , and rutile . Paint made with titanium dioxide does well in severe temperatures and marine environments . Pure titanium dioxide has a very high index of refraction and an optical dispersion higher than diamond . In addition to being a very important pigment , titanium dioxide is also used in sunscreens . = = = Aerospace and marine = = = Because of their high tensile strength to density ratio , high corrosion resistance , fatigue resistance , high crack resistance , and ability to withstand moderately high temperatures without creeping , titanium alloys are used in aircraft , armor plating , naval ships , spacecraft , and missiles . For these applications , titanium is alloyed with aluminium , zirconium , nickel , vanadium , and other elements to manufacture a variety of components including critical structural parts , fire walls , landing gear , exhaust ducts ( helicopters ) , and hydraulic systems . In fact , about two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames . The SR @-@ 71 " Blackbird " was one of the first aircraft frames where titanium was used , paving the way for much wider use in modern military and commercial aircraft . An estimated 59 metric tons ( 130 @,@ 000 pounds ) are used in the Boeing 777 , 45 in the Boeing 747 , 18 in the Boeing 737 , 32 in the Airbus A340 , 18 in the Airbus A330 , and 12 in the Airbus A320 . The Airbus A380 may use 77 metric tons , including about 11 tons in the engines . In engine applications , titanium is used for rotors , compressor blades , hydraulic system components , and nacelles . The titanium 6AL @-@ 4V alloy accounts for almost 50 % of all alloys used in aircraft applications . Because it is highly resistant to corrosion by sea water , titanium is used to make propeller shafts , rigging , and heat exchangers in desalination plants ; heater @-@ chillers for salt water aquariums , fishing line and leader , and divers ' knives . Titanium is used in the housings and components of ocean @-@ deployed surveillance and monitoring devices for science and the military . The former Soviet Union developed techniques for making submarines with hulls of titanium alloys forging titanium in huge vacuum tubes . = = = Industrial = = = Welded titanium pipe and process equipment ( heat exchangers , tanks , process vessels , valves ) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance . Specific alloys are used in downhole and nickel hydrometallurgy for their high strength ( e. g . : titanium Beta C alloy ) , corrosion resistance , or both . The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive media , such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas ( in the bleachery ) . Other applications include : ultrasonic welding , wave soldering , and sputtering targets . Titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl4 ) , a colorless liquid , is important as an intermediate in the process of making TiO2 and is also used to produce the Ziegler – Natta catalyst . Titanium tetrachloride is also used to iridize glass and , because it fumes strongly in moist air , it is used to make smoke screens . = = = Consumer and architectural = = = Titanium metal is used in automotive applications , particularly in automobile and motorcycle racing where low weight and high strength and rigidity are critical . The metal is generally too expensive for the general consumer market , though some late model Corvettes have been manufactured with titanium exhausts , and the new Corvette Z06 's LT4 supercharged engine uses lightweight , solid titanium intake valves for greater strength and resistance to heat . Titanium is used in many sporting goods : tennis rackets , golf clubs , lacrosse stick shafts ; cricket , hockey , lacrosse , football helmet grills , and bicycle frames and components . Although not a mainstream material for bicycle production , titanium bikes have been used by racing teams and adventure cyclists . Titanium alloys are used in spectacle frames that are rather expensive but highly durable , long lasting , light weight , and cause no skin allergies . Many backpackers use titanium equipment , including cookware , eating utensils , lanterns , and tent stakes . Though slightly more expensive than traditional steel or aluminium alternatives , titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising strength . Titanium horseshoes are preferred to steel by farriers because it is lighter and more durable . Titanium has occasionally been used in architecture . The 40 m ( 131 foot ) memorial to Yuri Gagarin , the first man to travel in space , ( 55 ° 42 ′ 29 @.@ 7 ″ N 37 ° 34 ′ 57 @.@ 2 ″ E ) , as well as the 110 m ( 360 @.@ 9 feet ) Monument to the Conquerors of Space on top of the Cosmonaut Museum in Moscow are made of titanium for the metal 's attractive color and association with rocketry . The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Cerritos Millennium Library were the first buildings in Europe and North America , respectively , to be sheathed in titanium panels . Titanium sheathing was used in the Frederic C. Hamilton Building in Denver , Colorado . Because of its superior strength and light weight relative to other metals ( steel , stainless steel , and aluminium ) , and because of recent advances in metalworking techniques , titanium has become more widespread in the manufacture of firearms . Primary uses include pistol frames and revolver cylinders . For the same reasons , it is used in the body of laptop computers ( for example , in Apple 's PowerBook line ) . Some upmarket lightweight and corrosion @-@ resistant tools , such as shovels and flashlights , are made of titanium or titanium alloys . = = = Jewelry = = = Because of its durability , titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry ( particularly , titanium rings ) . Its inertness makes it a good choice for those with allergies or those who will be wearing the jewelry in environments such as swimming pools . Titanium is also alloyed with gold to produce an alloy that can be marketed as 24 @-@ carat gold because the 1 % of alloyed Ti is insufficient to require a lesser mark . The resulting alloy is roughly the hardness of 14 @-@ carat gold and is more durable than pure 24 @-@ carat gold . Titanium 's durability , light weight , dent and corrosion resistance makes it useful for watch cases . Some artists work with titanium to produce sculptures , decorative objects and furniture . Titanium may be anodized to vary the thickness of the surface oxide layer , causing optical interference fringes and a variety of bright colors . With this coloration and chemical inertness , titanium is a popular metal for body piercing . Titanium has a minor use in dedicated non @-@ circulating coins and medals . In 1999 , Gibraltar released world 's first titanium coin for the millennium celebration . The Gold Coast Titans , an Australian rugby league team , award a medal of pure titanium to their player of the year . = = = Medical = = = Titanium biocompatibility : Because it is biocompatible ( non @-@ toxic and not rejected by the body ) , titanium has many medical uses , including surgical implements and implants , such as hip balls and sockets ( joint replacement ) and dental implants that can stay in place for up to 20 years . The titanium is often alloyed with about 4 % aluminium or 6 % Al and 4 % vanadium . Titanium has the inherent ability to osseointegrate , enabling use in dental implants that can last for over 30 years . This property is also useful for orthopedic implant applications . These benefit from titanium 's lower modulus of elasticity ( Young 's modulus ) to more closely match that of the bone that such devices are intended to repair . As a result , skeletal loads are more evenly shared between bone and implant , leading to a lower incidence of bone degradation due to stress shielding and periprosthetic bone fractures , which occur at the boundaries of orthopedic implants . However , titanium alloys ' stiffness is still more than twice that of bone , so adjacent bone bears a greatly reduced load and may deteriorate . Because titanium is non @-@ ferromagnetic , patients with titanium implants can be safely examined with magnetic resonance imaging ( convenient for long @-@ term implants ) . Preparing titanium for implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high @-@ temperature plasma arc which removes the surface atoms , exposing fresh titanium that is instantly oxidized . Titanium is also used for the surgical instruments used in image @-@ guided surgery , as well as wheelchairs , crutches , and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable . Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are widely used in electronics and the delivery of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics . = = = Nuclear waste storage = = = Because of its excellent corrosion resistance , titanium containers have been studied for the long @-@ term storage of nuclear waste . Containers lasting more than 100 @,@ 000 years are possible with manufacturing conditions that minimize material defects . A titanium " drip shield " could also be installed over containers of other types to enhance their longevity . = = Bioremediation = = The fungal species Marasmius oreades and Hypholoma capnoides can bio convert titanium in titanium polluted soils . = = Precautions = = Titanium is non @-@ toxic even in large doses and does not play any natural role inside the human body . An estimated quantity of 0 @.@ 8 milligrams of titanium is ingested by humans each day , but most passes through without being absorbed in the tissues . It does , however , sometimes bio @-@ accumulate in tissues that contain silica . One study indicates a possible connection between titanium and yellow nail syndrome . An unknown mechanism in plants may use titanium to stimulate the production of carbohydrates and encourage growth . This may explain why most plants contain about 1 part per million ( ppm ) of titanium , food plants have about 2 ppm , and horsetail and nettle contain up to 80 ppm . As a powder or in the form of metal shavings , titanium metal poses a significant fire hazard and , when heated in air , an explosion hazard . Water and carbon dioxide are ineffective for extinguishing a titanium fire ; Class D dry powder agents must be used instead . When used in the production or handling of chlorine , titanium should not be exposed to dry chlorine gas because it may result in a titanium / chlorine fire . Even wet chlorine presents a fire hazard when extreme weather conditions cause unexpected drying . Titanium can catch fire when a fresh , non @-@ oxidized surface comes in contact with liquid oxygen . Fresh metal may be exposed when the oxidized surface is struck or scratched with a hard object , or when mechanical strain causes a crack . This poses a limitation to its use in liquid oxygen systems , such as those in the aerospace industry . Because titanium tubing impurities can cause fires when exposed to oxygen , titanium is prohibited in gaseous oxygen respiration systems . Steel tubing is used for high pressure systems ( 3 @,@ 000 p.s.i. ) and aluminium tubing for low pressure systems .
= British Engineerium = The British Engineerium ( originally named Goldstone Pumping Station , then Brighton and Hove Engineerium , before taking its present name in 1981 ) is an engineering and steam power museum in the West Blatchington area of Hove , part of the English city of Brighton and Hove , located just north of the Brighton & Hove Greyhound Stadium . It is housed in a 19th @-@ century High Victorian Gothic complex of brick buildings which were erected in 1866 as a pumping station for the local water supply company . The Goldstone Pumping Station supplied water to the local area for more than a century before it was converted to its present use . At its greatest extent , between 1884 and 1952 , the complex consisted of two boiler houses with condensing engines , a chimney , coal cellars , workshop , cooling pond , leat and underground reservoir . Situated on top of a naturally fissured chalk hollow , it provided vast quantities of water to the rapidly growing towns of Hove and its larger neighbour , the fashionable seaside resort of Brighton , for more than a century . As new sources of water were found elsewhere and more modern equipment installed to exploit them , the pumping station 's importance declined , and by 1971 the Brighton Water Department had closed it and threatened the complex with demolition . An industrial archaeologist offered to restore the buildings and machinery in return for a lease from the Brighton Water Corporation , and a charitable trust was formed to enable this . Expertise developed by the Engineerium 's employees and volunteers was exploited across the world : they founded museums , undertook restoration projects and trained young people in engineering heritage conservation . Another enthusiast subsequently bought the complex , and as of 2016 it is closed to the public while more restoration and extension work takes place . The High Victorian Gothic buildings are a landmark in Hove , and are a good example of the 19th @-@ century ethos that " utility definitely does not equal dullness " in industrial buildings . Polychrome brickwork , moulded dressings and facings , decorative gables and elaborate windows characterise all the structures – even the 95 @-@ foot ( 29 m ) chimney , which stands apart from the main buildings like a campanile . English Heritage has listed the complex for its architectural and historical importance , giving its structures five separate listings : the former boiler house and the chimney are both listed at Grade II * – the second @-@ highest designation – and the former coal shed , the cooling pond and leat and the tall flint and brick wall surrounding the site each have the lower Grade II status . As well as the restored pumping station equipment , the complex has a wide range of exhibits : more than 1 @,@ 500 were in place less than a year after it opened . These include a 19th @-@ century horse @-@ drawn fire engine , traction engines , veteran motorcycles , Victorian household equipment and old tools . A French @-@ built horizontal steam engine dating from 1859 is the principal exhibit . The Engineerium has always used its exhibits to educate and promote the study of industrial history : it has been called " the world 's only centre for the teaching of engineering conservation " , and was central to the activities of the English Industrial Heritage Year in 1993 . For many years , the larger and indigenous exhibits were fully operational and in steam at weekends . = = History = = Brighton and neighbouring Hove , on the English Channel coast between the South Downs and the sea , were built on top of a vast aquifer of chalk . A regular supply of naturally pure water was always available from this natural reservoir , and in the settlements ' early days many wells were sunk to exploit it . The rapid growth of Brighton in the 18th and early 19th century , followed by similar expansion in Hove , put pressure on the local authorities to provide more sources and a better supply system , though : wells became increasingly contaminated by sewage from cesspits , and some had to be blocked because they were so polluted , reducing the two towns ' water supply further . The first local water company — the Brighton , Hove and Preston Waterworks Company — was founded on 16 June 1834 by means of an Act of Parliament ; it built a waterworks on the road to Lewes and provided piped water for two hours per day to a few wealthy customers . This facility had two 20 @-@ horsepower beam engines . By the 1850s , more water was needed for the continually expanding population : the intermittent supply from the Lewes Road waterworks was the only alternative to wells and boreholes . In 1853 , a new company was formed with the aim of introducing a large @-@ scale , consistent supply to Brighton , Hove and surrounding villages . The Brighton , Hove and Preston Constant Water Service Company bought its predecessor , the Waterworks Company , in 1854 . By the time it was in turn acquired by Brighton Corporation in 1872 ( by means of another Act of Parliament ) , it was pumping 2 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 12 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 l ) per day to 18 @,@ 000 houses in Brighton , Hove and the surrounding villages of Falmer , Hangleton , Ovingdean , Patcham , Preston and Rottingdean . The company employed eminent civil engineer Thomas Hawksley to find a suitable site for a new pumping station . Hawksley built more waterworks than any of his Victorian counterparts : he oversaw more than 150 schemes in Britain and abroad . In 1858 , he advised the company that the shallow chalk valley at Goldstone Bottom , at the south end of West Blatchington village just outside Hove , would be a good candidate for exploratory drilling . Test wells were sunk , and confirmed his impression . The company bought the 3 @.@ 5 acres ( 1 @.@ 4 ha ) of land in 1862 , and in 1865 it was granted permission to build a pumping station on the site . By this stage , the Lewes Road facility was suffering from pollution , and the opening of another pumping station at Falmer and the building of more reservoirs had not been sufficient to satisfy demand . Work took place during 1866 , and the facility opened in that year with the name Goldstone Pumping Station . The Brighton , Hove and Preston Constant Water Service Company operated it until their acquisition by Brighton Corporation . In its original form , the complex consisted of a boiler house and adjacent engine room , coal cellars and a chimney described by one historian as " truly monumental " , all built of polychrome brick . The engine room housed a 120 @-@ horsepower beam engine made by Charles Amos of London @-@ based manufacturer Easton and Amos . It was a compound engine of the type patented by engineer Arthur Woolf . Water was drawn from a 160 @-@ foot ( 49 m ) well which started immediately below the engine , which was known as the " Number 1 Engine " . It was driven by three Lancashire boilers with twin furnaces , which were fed by two coal cellars . Up to 130 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 590 @,@ 000 l ) of water could be pumped per hour . In 1872 , ownership of Goldstone Pumping Station and all other water facilities in the Brighton area passed to Brighton Corporation , who formed a new committee called the Brighton Water Corporation to operate them . Demand for water continued to rise , so in 1876 the Corporation undertook a major expansion of the pumping station . A second engine room was added , and a separate coal storage shed was built in the grounds . Workshop facilities were also provided , with a range of machine tools , forge , lathe and planer and a separate Easton and Amos steam engine ( apparently left over from The Great Exhibition ) . The new engine house was equipped with the " Number 2 Engine " — a 250 @-@ horsepower Woolf compound unit built by the firm of Easton and Anderson and with a pumping capacity of 150 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 680 @,@ 000 l ) per hour . It was powered by three more Lancashire boilers . Mayor of Brighton Henry Abbey fired up the engine for the first time on 26 October 1876 ; his visit , with members of the Water Corporation committee , was recorded on a plaque in the engine room . A network of arched tunnels were built to link the new coal shed , the workshop and the firing platform of the boiler room . The subterranean passages were used by coal trucks . The next extension took place in 1884 . A cooling pond and a leat ( an artificial waterway ) were built on land behind the pumping station , and a new 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 6 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 l ) underground reservoir was built by J.T. Chappell . It ran for 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) westwards from the complex . Brighton Water Corporation spent £ 11 @,@ 000 on this work and on the building of two other reservoirs in Brighton , at Dyke Road and Race Hill . All three were built of tile , brick and Portland cement . They were constantly replenished by a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 4 @,@ 500 l ) -per @-@ minute inflow from numerous natural fissures in the chalk . Because the surrounding area became substantially urbanised in the interwar period , the water was treated with ozone from 1937 to disinfect it . Meanwhile in 1934 , the boilers powering the Number 2 Engine were replaced by four new models of the same type , built by the Blackburn @-@ based Yates and Thom company . Their capacity was greater : they could each generate 6 @,@ 000 pounds @-@ force ( 27 @,@ 000 N ) of steam per hour . The pumping station soon went into decline , though . Electric pumps became available in the 1940s , and one was installed in the Number 1 Engine room ; the engine itself was decommissioned at that time . The four new Lancashire boilers were in full @-@ time use for only 18 years : Number 2 Engine was taken out of service in 1952 , although it was maintained for a further two years in case it was required . Several pumping stations had been newly built or rebuilt since World War II — at Aldrington , Falmer , Mile Oak , Newmarket Down ( near Lewes ) , Patcham and Sompting — and the old Lewes Road source , closed in 1903 because of pollution , came back into use . The Corporation increased its supplies further by acquiring waterworks in Peacehaven and Lewes in the 1950s . The Goldstone Pumping Station was considered outdated and no longer required , and in 1971 the Corporation announced plans to build a small electric pumphouse on the site , demolish the 19th @-@ century buildings and scrap the steam @-@ era equipment . Jonathan Minns , a London @-@ based steam and engineering expert , immediately set about trying to save the buildings and their contents . He applied to the Historic Buildings Council for England ( the forerunner of the present English Heritage body ) for listed status to be granted to the buildings in the complex . This was granted on 17 June 1971 , and in the following year the Department of the Environment issued a preservation order preventing demolition or significant alteration of the buildings . Minns acquired the lease of the complex in 1974 , and planned to restore it from its derelict state and establish an industrial museum and educational centre . He also set up a trust to run it . By this time , the complex had a new owner : the Water Act 1973 restructured the water industry in England and Wales , transferring ownership of water infrastructure from local authorities to ten government @-@ controlled regional companies . Brighton Water Corporation became part of the Southern Water Authority . It was this entity which granted the lease to Minns . Minns had only £ 350 when he started work on the Engineerium , but more money soon arrived in the form of grants and donations . The Southern Water Authority gave the Trust £ 22 @,@ 000 , the Department of the Environment granted £ 40 @,@ 000 , and the Trust received the largest historic buildings grant awarded in Sussex up to that point in 1975 . In October of that year , Minns and eight volunteers began to restore the complex and its machinery , which were in a state of disrepair . The boiler house and Number 2 Engine were the priority , but before they could be started the workshop had to be repaired so that its equipment could be used to carry out the necessary work elsewhere . The boiler house and Number 2 Engine were in a particularly bad condition : the roof was wrecked , the metal fixtures were corroded , moss was growing on exposed surfaces and the boilers were not operational . Number 2 Engine had not been steamed since 1954 , and had to be taken apart and rebuilt while the building was restored around it . Every moving part was cleaned by hand , and the exterior was repainted in its correct colour after the original paintwork was discovered under layers of mould and rust . The eight men worked for about six months on these tasks ; Number 2 Engine was successfully fired up again on 14 March 1976 after the two renovated Lancashire boilers were tested and inspected by safety officials ( the other two were left in their unrestored state ) . The complex was first opened to the public on Good Friday 1976 . The official reopening , on 26 October 1976 ( exactly 100 years after Number 2 Engine was first fired up ) , came after the coal store was converted into an exhibition and educational area . At this time , it was named the Brighton and Hove Engineerium ; the complex was given its present name on 30 May 1981 . By this time , about 1 @,@ 500 exhibits were on display , and the boilers and Number 2 Engine were fired up every weekend . The cost of running the Engineerium and employing 18 people ( including six professional engineers ) was running at about £ 250 @,@ 000 per year . Although the Southern Water Authority , which still owned the site , paid for improvements in 1983 , and grants came in from East Sussex County Council and Hove Borough Council , there was no financial backing from central government — although the Engineerium was acknowledged as a national and international leader in industrial heritage and " the world 's only centre for the teaching of engineering conservation " . ( Employees of the Engineerium have helped to set up or renovate more than 20 similar institutions across the world , and it was designated as England 's South East Regional Centre during Industrial Heritage Year in 1993 . ) The centre 's second royal visit , by the Duke of Kent in 1993 , coincided with a fundraising plea for £ 4 million , to be spent on extensions to the exhibition space and workshop ; Minns also applied unsuccessfully for a National Lottery grant . Vodafone paid for the right to attach a mobile phone mast to the chimney , though . Ongoing funding problems caused the Engineerium to close in 2006 , and the complex and its contents were put up for auction by Bonhams . The inventory was split into hundreds of separate lots , and the buildings themselves were valued at £ 1 @.@ 25 million . Just before the auction was due to begin , a local businessman and enthusiast offered £ 2 million for the buildings and more than £ 1 million for the contents conditional on his being donated half of the Minns Collection . This was accepted , and on 10 May 2006 the Engineerium Trust assets passed into Mike Holland 's ownership . The Engineerium stayed shut while its new owner invested in improvements and extensions . In February 2010 , he stated that he expected the Engineerium to reopen within a year . On 10 October 2010 , it was opened for a day to raise money for charity ; the Number 2 Engine was demonstrated and many steam engines and other exhibits from the museum 's own collection and from outside were on display . In August 2011 , Brighton and Hove City Council approved a planning application for some renovation and remodelling work , including an extension . Structural engineers found that part of the building was in poor condition , and in January 2012 a further application was submitted to seek permission to demolish and rebuild part of the machine room . General restoration work began in October 2012 , supported by a second open day . Jonathan Minns died on 13 October 2013 , aged 75 . = = Architecture = = The Engineerium has been described by Brighton historian Clifford Musgrave as an " unusually fine asset " for Brighton and Hove and by fellow historian Ken Fines " a splendid example of Victorian industrial engineering " . The buildings have intricately patterned polychrome brickwork , and the 95 @-@ foot ( 29 m ) chimney to the south is also finely detailed and is a landmark in Hove . Both the buildings and the machinery inside demonstrate the widespread belief among Victorian designers and architects that every object and building , no matter how commonplace or humble , should be elaborately and expansively embellished . On the main buildings , the walls consist of bands of red , yellow and purplish @-@ blue brick with moulded layers and coping . The ground floor has red brickwork with a rusticated appearance . The cast @-@ iron windows are set in round @-@ arched openings below a string course which runs around the whole building and consists of alternate patterns of red and black brick . The slate roof has flat @-@ topped gables set above pediments at the top of each engine room . The two engine rooms are two @-@ storey and have a three @-@ bay , three @-@ window range ; they flank the single @-@ storey boiler room which also has three bays . The left- and right @-@ hand bays are recessed ; all have windows that are similar to those of the engine rooms . The chimney stands about 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) south of the engine rooms and boiler house . The rectangular , campanile @-@ style structure stands on a rusticated base with a tapering plinth below it . Above this is a moulded cornice . The chimney itself tapers slightly and has tall arched panels on each face , forming slight recesses . An entablature runs all the way round , linking these . The brickwork is of the same colours and detailing as the other buildings . The former coal shed ( now the exhibition hall ) and its attached workshops are of red and brown brick with coping on the walls and a shallow slate roof . The workshops , which do not contribute to the architectural interest of the building , are a perpendicular adjunct to the rear of the coal shed , so the building has an overall L @-@ shape . Sloping land gives the building a single storey at the front ( north ) end and a second lower storey towards the rear . The three @-@ bay north façade has three arched entrances ; the smaller flanking pair have replacement doors . Standing in the grounds behind the complex , the cooling pond measures 1 @,@ 100 square feet ( 100 m2 ) and has a leat around three sides ; it opens out on the southwest side . It is surrounded by small walls of red brick and terracotta . Pipework connects the leat to the boiler house , from which hot water flows ; heat exchange takes place in the cooling pond ; and cold water is returned to be used in the boilers . Tall flint and brick walls , dating from 1866 , surround the complex on all sides . Small flints laid in courses form the main building material on three sides . Other parts have red brickwork with inset flints , and the main entrance has red @-@ brick piers with knapped flintwork . There are also iron railings and gates with the fleur @-@ de @-@ lis emblem . The walls have recesses on the inside and outside at irregular intervals ; one on the outside of the south wall contains a drinking fountain with a panel imploring users to commit no nuisance . Flints are prevalent in this downland area ; so many were found when the pumping station was built that the contractors fashioned them into a deliberately ancient @-@ looking folly on the southwest corner of the engine rooms . = = Exhibits = = The Engineerium has hundreds of exhibits relating to the history of engineering and steam power . Many are on display in the exhibition hall , which occupies the former coal storage shed . The central feature of the hall is a Corliss steam engine built in France in 1859 . American inventor George Henry Corliss patented the design in 1849 and became president of The Corliss Steam Engine Company . The valve gear he invented improved the efficiency of horizontal reciprocating engines more than any other innovation . The Engineerium 's example was assembled in 1859 by the Lille @-@ based company Crepelle & Grand . It was shown at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889 , where it won first prize . It was then used for more than 50 years at L 'Hôpital Émile @-@ Roux in Limeil @-@ Brévannes . It was bought by Jonathan Minns , taken apart , brought to the Engineerium and reassembled in 1975 . The engine can generate 91 horsepower ; its 13 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) , 4 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 4 @.@ 1 t ) flywheel turns 80 times a minute ; and the whole machine weighs 16 long tons ( 16 @.@ 3 t ) . The Engineerium also has a horse @-@ drawn fire engine dating from 1890 . Originally owned by the local authority in Barnstaple , Devon , the Shand Mason & Company vehicle was bought and restored by the museum 's employees . It is a vertical steam engine with two cylinders and a pair of pistons flanking a central crank . A steam traction engine built in 1886 by Marshall , Sons & Company has also been restored . A range of veteran motorcycles are on display ; the oldest is an Ariel Motorcycles vehicle built in 1915 . Elsewhere in the complex , smaller steam engines are on display , alongside Victorian tools and domestic equipment such as stoves . Much of the equipment in the workshop is also original , such as the main forge and a heavy @-@ duty metal lathe . The single @-@ cylinder Easton and Amos steam engine used to power the belts which drive the machine tools in the workshop was already several years old when the Goldstone Pumping Station acquired it in 1875 . From the beginning , the overriding purpose of the collection of exhibits was to portray and explain the history and development of civil and mechanical engineering and British industry , through both the restoration of the pumping station 's original equipment and the acquisition of other pieces associated with industrial pioneers such as James Watt , Michael Faraday and George Stephenson . An example is a model of Stephenson 's Locomotion No 1 engine , which was valued at £ 75 @,@ 000 by Bonhams when the Engineerium was up for auction in 2006 . = = Heritage status = = When Jonathan Minns , who later bought the complex , found in 1971 that it was threatened with demolition , he successfully sought to get it listed by the Historic Buildings Council for England ( the predecessor of English Heritage ) . The organisation granted listed status in five separate parts on 7 June 1971 , covering the pumping station 's five main structures . The boiler rooms and engine house were jointly listed at Grade II * , as was its free @-@ standing chimney . Three more structures were listed at Grade II : the cooling pond and leat , the coal storage shed and the flint and brick walls surrounding the complex . Grade II * is the second highest of the three designations awarded to listed buildings ; such buildings are defined as being " particularly important ... [ and ] of more than special interest " . As of February 2001 , the boiler house and chimney represented two of the 70 Grade II * -listed buildings and structures , and 1 @,@ 218 listed buildings of all grades , in the city of Brighton and Hove . Grade II is the lowest status , given to " nationally important buildings of special interest " . In February 2001 , there were 1 @,@ 124 such buildings in the city . In 1982 , an 8 @.@ 89 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 60 ha ) zone incorporating the whole Engineerium complex became a conservation area — one of 34 such areas in the city of Brighton and Hove .
= 1995 – 96 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season = The 1995 – 96 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season was a moderately active season that included Cyclone Bonita , which was the first known tropical cyclone to cross from the southern Indian Ocean into the southern Atlantic Ocean . Tropical activity lasted for about six months from the middle of November 1995 to early May 1996 . The first storm , Intense Tropical Cyclone Agnielle , formed in the adjacent Australian basin on November 16 and later reached peak winds in the south @-@ west Indian Ocean . The next named storm after Agnielle was Bonita , which formed in early January and killed 42 people . The basin was most active in February , with two tropical cyclones , or the equivalent of a minimal hurricane , as well as a severe tropical storm . The first of these three was Doloresse , which killed 67 people due to a shipwreck in the Comoros . The next storm was Cyclone Edwige , which caused heavy crop damage on Mauritius before looping along the east coast of Madagascar . In March , both Cyclone Flossy and Tropical Storm Guylianne passed near the Mascarene Islands , producing heavy rainfall and gusty winds . Tropical activity continued through April and May , with two tropical cyclones in the former month . In early April , Tropical Cyclone Hansella moved over the island of Rodrigues , dropping more rainfall in 24 hours than the average monthly total . Later , Itelle became a rare April intense tropical cyclone , but weakened before it approached St. Brandon island . The final storm of the season , Jenna , formed in the Australian region , briefly intensified into a minimal tropical storm in the south @-@ west Indian Ocean , and proceeded to exit the basin on May 4 to end the season . In addition to the named storms , several tropical depressions were tracked , one of which in December dropped heavy rainfall on Réunion . = = Seasonal summary = = During the season , the Météo @-@ France office ( MFR ) on Réunion island issued warnings in tropical cyclones within the basin . The agency estimated intensity through the Dvorak technique , and warned on tropical cyclones in the region from the coast of Africa to 90 ° E , south of the equator . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force , also issued tropical cyclone warnings for the southwestern Indian Ocean . The season was fairly active with ten tropical storms , one greater than average , although most storms were short @-@ lived . Six of the storms reached tropical cyclone status , or maximum sustained winds of at least 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , which is two more than average . Most cyclones dissipated within the tropics , in contrast to the norm of storms accelerating into higher latitudes . Throughout the season there were 82 days in which there was tropical activity . Based on a list contributed by the nation of Seychelles , the storms were named in sequential order , starting with Agnielle . The rest of the names on the list were Jenna , Ketty , Lucia , Molly , Nadege , Odette , Paquerette , Rolina , Sylvianne , Talla , Vivienne , Walya , and Yoline . In addition to the named storms , the MFR tracked 11 tropical depressions or disturbances that did not intensify into a tropical storm . The agency did not issue any bulletins on eight of them . Of the remaining three , two formed in late December , and the other formed in mid @-@ February . Tropical Depression B2 , the longest @-@ lasting of the depressions , formed after a month of activity . An area of convection developed in the Mozambique Channel , and the MFR believed it to be connected to the depression that formed on December 28 east of Madagascar . With a ridge to the east , the system tracked southward , but failed to intensify due to strong wind shear . While passing west of Réunion , the depression dropped heavy rainfall , totaling 350 mm ( 14 in ) along the northern coast and about twice that amount in the mountainous interior . On December 31 , the depression dissipated to the southwest of Réunion . On February 10 , the JTWC tracked Tropical Cyclone 12S into the basin as a weakening tropical depression , which quickly dissipated . A few days later , the JTWC also tracked Tropical Cyclone 15S from February 14 – 17 , which briefly intensified into a minimal tropical storm in the eastern portion of the basin . = = Storms = = = = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Daryl @-@ Agnielle = = = In the middle of November 1995 , the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) spawned an area of convection to the southwest of the Indonesian island of Sumatra . Located within the Australian region in an area of low wind shear , a tropical low developed west of Sumatra on November 16 . It gradually intensified while moving southward , before turning sharply westward on November 18 due to a ridge to the south . That day , the Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) office in Perth upgraded the low to Tropical Cyclone Daryl , or to minimal tropical storm status . Designated Tropical Cyclone 01S by the JTWC , Daryl continued to intensify , and the BoM upgraded it to winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . The system crossed into the basin on November 19 , and was renamed Daryl as Agnielle at that time . On November 20 , the ridge to the south weakened , allowing Agnielle to turn to the southwest . A well @-@ defined eye developed , which persisted for about three days . Late on November 20 , Agnielle attained peak 10 ‑ minute sustained winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) , making it an intense tropical cyclone , a rarity for November storms . On November 21 , the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 280 km / h ( 175 mph ) , the strongest storm estimated by the agency in the Indian Ocean , tied with Cyclone Fantala . Although the eye briefly became less organized , accompanied by a decrease in winds , Agnielle re @-@ intensified despite moving over colder waters . The ridge to the south rebuilt , forcing the cyclone to slow and turn to the west . Increasing wind shear caused rapid weakening ; within 30 hours , the winds decreased from tropical cyclone to tropical depression status on November 25 . That day , the JTWC discontinued advisories , although the MFR continued tracking the circulation until Agnielle 's dissipation on November 27 . = = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Bonita = = = As Tropical Depression B2 was dissipating near Réunion , another tropical depression formed east of the Chagos Archipelago on January 3 . It moved southwestward , initially without development , but conditions gradually became more favorable . On January 5 , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Bonita , and three days later reached tropical cyclone status as it developed a well @-@ defined eye . Later that day , Bonita quickly intensified to its 10 ‑ minute peak intensity of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , making it the strongest storm of the season . A ridge to the south turned the cyclone more to the west . On January 9 , the JTWC estimated Bonita attained peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) , and the next day , the cyclone made landfall about 50 km ( 30 mi ) north of Foulpointe in eastern Madagascar . Bonita quickly weakened into a tropical storm while crossing the country , but re @-@ intensified slightly after reaching the Mozambique Channel on January 12 . Late on January 13 , Bonita made a second landfall in eastern Mozambique between Pebane and Quelimane . Although the MFR ceased issuing advisories on January 15 , the remnants of Bonita continued across Africa , and emerging into the southern Atlantic Ocean on January 19 and dissipating the next day . Bonita was considered by the Zambia Meteorological Department to have been the first tropical cyclone known to have traversed southern Africa from the South @-@ West Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic . In eastern Madagascar , 24 ‑ hour rainfall totals included 170 mm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) at Toamasina , while gusts exceeded 230 km / h ( 140 mph ) on the offshore island of Île Sainte @-@ Marie . Bonita caused widespread flooding of rice crops , as well as heavy infrastructure and crop damage along the northeastern coastline . The cyclone killed 25 people in Madagascar and left 5 @,@ 000 people homeless . In Mozambique , Bonita dropped heavy rainfall and produced flooding , killing as many as 17 people . Floodwaters destroyed 2 @,@ 500 ha ( 6 @,@ 200 acres ) of crops and demolished many buildings , including about 12 schools . The remnants of Bonita dropped the heaviest rainfall in 80 years in eastern Zimbabwe , and heavy rainfall also spread into Zambia . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Hubert @-@ Coryna = = = In the Australian basin , the monsoon trough spawned a tropical disturbance near Christmas Island on January 3 . With a ridge to the south , the system tracked to the west @-@ southwest , developing into a tropical low on January 6 and being named Hubert the next day by the BoM . It quickly intensified to reach peak 10 ‑ minutes winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) on January 9 to the north of the Cocos Islands , but later that day began weakening due to increasing wind shear . At around 1800 UTC on January 9 , Hubert crossed into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean with 10 ‑ minute winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) , and at that time , was renamed the cyclone Coryna . The wind shear quickly tore the convection away from the center , leaving the circulation exposed by January 10 . The next day , Coryna weakened to tropical depression status , and on January 12 the circulation dissipated in the central Indian Ocean . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Doloresse = = = After about a month in which there were no named storms in the basin , a tropical disturbance formed within the ITCZ to the southwest of Seychelles on February 12 . It moved slowly to the southwest with a well @-@ defined center and a broad area of convection . For several days , the system remained weak until reaching more favorable conditions on February 16 , and the next day it intensified into Tropical Storm Doloresse . The storm slowed while reaching the western extent of a ridge , drifting for nearly 24 hours about 160 km ( 99 mi ) north @-@ northwest of Grande Comore . On February 17 , an approaching trough turned Doloresse to the south @-@ southeast , bringing the storm about 55 km ( 35 mi ) southwest of Grande Comore ; this made it the first cyclone to directly affect the nation since Cyclone Elinah 13 years prior . On February 17 , the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) , and on the next day , the MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . Increasing shear caused Doloresse to rapidly weaken to tropical depression status on February 19 . Although the JTWC assessed the storm as continuing to the southeast and striking northwestern Madagascar , the MFR estimated the system turned to a southwest drift and dissipated on February 20 . In the Comoros , Doloresse produced strong wind gusts , damaging crops and houses on Grande Comore . Heavy rainfall caused landslides , and the cyclone caused a shipwreck , killing 67 people on the island of Mohéli . The western periphery of the circulation dropped heavy rainfall in Tanzania . = = = Tropical Cyclone Edwige = = = On February 18 , a tropical disturbance began forming about 700 km ( 430 mi ) southwest of Diego Garcia , becoming a tropical depression the next day . A trough steered the new system to the southeast , but also prevented significant strengthening due to wind shear . Late on February 21 , the MFR upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Edwige , and the next day the JTWC began tracking it as Tropical Cyclone 16S . When the trough weakened , Edwige turned to the south and later southwest , reaching an initial peak of 75 km / h ( 50 mph ) on February 23 . That day , increasing wind shear caused the storm to weaken to minimal tropical storm status , and the JTWC briefly discontinued advisories on February 24 . The strengthening ridge caused Edwige to accelerate to the west , bringing it south of Rodrigues without any effects on February 24 . On the next day , the storm passed north of Mauritius and Réunion , where it produced wind gusts of 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) and 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , respectively , as well as heavy rainfall . Due to crop damage caused by Edwige , as well as a drought later in the year , Mauritius failed to reach its quota for sugar outputs . After passing north of Réunion , Edwige began reintensifying due to decreasing wind shear , and the JTWC reissued advisories on February 25 . With warm waters , the storm developed increasing outflow as well as an eye . On February 26 , Edwige intensified into a tropical cyclone and reached peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) while approaching eastern Madagascar . On the same day , the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) . For unknown reasons , Edwige executed a counterclockwise loop along the Malagasy coast near Mananjary . Due to land interaction , the cyclone rapidly weakened and turned to the north @-@ northeast off the coast , although the JTWC assessed the storm as turning inland again . On February 29 , Edwige dissipated just off the coast of Toamasina . The storm dropped 369 mm ( 14 @.@ 5 in ) of rainfall in Mananjary , with wind gusts of 200 km / h ( 120 mph ) , but damage was limited . = = = Tropical Cyclone Flossy = = = On February 25 , a tropical disturbance developed along a cold front about 500 km ( 310 mi ) south @-@ southeast of Diego Garcia . With a ridge to the south , the system tracked southwestward and intensified into Tropical Storm Flossy on February 27 . That day , the JTWC began issuing advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 17S . The storm quickly developed an eye , intensifying to tropical cyclone status on February 28 . That day , the MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , while the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) . Late on February 29 , Flossy passed about 80 km ( 50 mi ) northwest of Rodrigues , producing wind gusts of 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) there . Increased wind shear weakened Flossy , beginning on March 1 , although the storm restrengthened slightly on March 2 . That day , the cyclone rounded the ridge and turned to the south and southeast , and weakened again due to an approaching cold front . On March 4 , Flossy became extratropical after all of the convection was sheared away from the circulation . Two days later , the front absorbed the remnants of Flossy . = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Guylianne = = = The ITCZ spawned a tropical disturbance on March 17 about 500 km ( 310 mi ) south of Diego Garcia . Due to ongoing wind shear , the system initially failed to intensify while moving westward . An approaching cold front turned the disturbance southward on March 20 into an area of low wind shear , allowing the convection to increase and for the system to be upgraded to tropical depression status . While the system was moving toward Mauritius on March 22 , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Guylianne . Later that night , the storm passed about 50 km ( 31 mi ) east of Mauritius , bringing beneficial rainfall . Both MFR and JTWC only estimated peak winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , and Guylianne began weakening on March 23 due to increased wind shear . The storm turned to a southwest drift , dissipating on March 25 . = = = Tropical Cyclone Hansella = = = Toward the end of March , the ITCZ was active with several low pressure areas , and an area of convection consolidated south of the Chagos Archipelago in early April . On April 2 , a large tropical disturbance formed , and the next day , it was named Hansella despite only being a tropical depression . The system moved westward initially , but curved southward on April 4 due to a trough , by which time it had intensified into a tropical storm . After developing a 50 km ( 31 mi ) wide eye , Hansella intensified to tropical cyclone status on April 6 and moved over Rodrigues . Gusts on the island reached 180 km / h ( 110 mph ) , which caused heavy damage to crops and houses . Hansella dropped 182 mm ( 7 @.@ 2 in ) of rainfall on Rodrigues in a 24 ‑ hour period , greater than the island 's monthly average total . According to the MFR , Hansella failed to intensify beyond 10 ‑ minute winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , although the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) . The cyclone looped to the west after passing over Rodrigues , influenced by a building ridge to the south . Due to upwelling after moving slowly over the same waters , Hansella weakened quickly and passed about 100 km ( 62 mi ) south of Rodrigues as a minimal tropical storm . On April 9 , the storm passed just south of Mauritius , and the next day spawned a large area of convection over Réunion , dropping heavy rainfall . On April 10 , Hansella dissipated just northwest of Réunion . = = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Itelle = = = A low @-@ pressure area persisted east @-@ southeast of Diego Garcia on April 6 , developing into a tropical disturbance that day . With a ridge to the south , the system moved generally westward , slowly intensifying . Convection gradually increased , and the system intensified into Tropical Storm Itelle on April 9 . An eye developed the next day , signaling that the storm had strengthened into a tropical cyclone as it turned more to the west @-@ southwest . Developing a large 90 km ( 56 mi ) wide eye , Itelle intensified further , and the MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) on April 12 . This made it an unusual April intense tropical cyclone . On April 14 , the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 260 km / h ( 160 mph ) , equivalent to a Category 5 on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . That day , increasing wind shear weakened Itelle , and the cyclone was downgraded to severe tropical storm status by April 15 when it passed about 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) south of St. Brandon . Wind gusts on the island reached 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) . Itelle slowed on April 16 while passing about 400 km ( 250 mi ) north of Réunion , which was followed by increased shear and weakening . On April 19 , Itelle dissipated about 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the eastern Madagascar coastline . = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Jenna = = = In early May , a westerly wind burst associated with the Madden – Julian oscillation produced disturbances on both sides of the equator in the eastern Indian Ocean . The BoM estimated that a tropical low formed west of Sumatra at the low latitude of 4 @.@ 8 ° S , near the boundary between the Australian and the south @-@ west Indian basins ; this caused difficulty with regard to tropical cyclone warnings . On May 3 , the JTWC upgraded the system to tropical storm status . On the next day , the low crossed into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean , intensifying into Tropical Storm Jenna . The MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) on May 5 . Soon after , an approaching trough turned the storm to the southeast , bringing Jenna back into the Australian region , and absorbing the storm on May 6 .
= Barfi ! = Barfi ! is a 2012 Indian period film co @-@ produced , written and directed by Anurag Basu . Set in the 1970s , the film depicts the story of Murphy " Barfi " Johnson ( a mute and deaf Nepali boy from Darjeeling ) and his relationships with two women , Shruti and Jhilmil ( who is autistic ) . The film stars Ranbir Kapoor , Priyanka Chopra , and Ileana D 'Cruz in the lead roles , with Saurabh Shukla , Ashish Vidyarthi , Jisshu Sengupta and Roopa Ganguly in supporting roles . Made on a budget of approximately ₹ 30 crore ( US $ 4 @.@ 5 million ) , Barfi ! opened worldwide on 14 September 2012 . The film was a box office success , becoming one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of 2012 in India and overseas . The film went on to gross ₹ 1 @.@ 75 billion ( US $ 26 million ) worldwide . The film was selected as India 's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film nomination for the 85th Academy Awards . Barfi won several awards and nominations at various award ceremonies across India . At the 58th Filmfare Awards , the film received thirteen nominations including Best Actress for Chopra and won seven ( more than any other film ) including Best Film , Best Actor for Kapoor and Best Music Director for Pritam . = = Plot = = Murphy " Barfi " Johnson ( Ranbir Kapoor ) is an optimistic , street @-@ wise , charming young man who was born deaf @-@ mute to a Nepali couple in Darjeeling . His mother died when he was a baby and his father raised him alone , while working as a chauffeur . Barfi is known as a troublemaker – he cuts lampposts , plays practical jokes on innocent people , and is chased by Sudhanshu Dutta ( Saurabh Shukla ) , a local police officer . Barfi meets Shruti Ghosh ( Ileana D 'Cruz ) , who has just arrived in Darjeeling ; she is engaged to Ranjit Sengupta ( Jisshu Sengupta ) , and is due to get married in three months , and Barfi is immediately smitten with Shruti . She also falls in love with Barfi but her mother dissuades her from pursuing him because he could not take care of her with his disabilities and lack of money . Shruti takes her mother 's advice , gets married , and moves to Kolkata , breaking all contact with Barfi . Meanwhile , Barfi 's father falls ill and Barfi must somehow raise the money for his treatment . After an unsuccessful attempt to rob a local bank , he tries to kidnap Jhilmil Chatterjee ( Priyanka Chopra ) – Barfi 's autistic childhood friend and wealthy heiress of her grandfather 's fortune – for a ransom . Upon arriving , Barfi finds she has already been kidnapped . He sees her in a van , sneaks inside and drives Jhilmil away from the ransom delivery . He hides her in his apartment with the police in pursuit . Barfi collects the ransom but finds that his father has died just as he makes the payment . Dejected , Barfi tries to leave Jhilmil at the village of her caretaker , but she refuses to leave him and they soon move to Kolkata , where Barfi assumes responsibility for Jhilmil and takes care of her . Six years later , Barfi and Shruti meet by chance . Shruti is unhappy with her marriage and she and Barfi rekindle their friendship , much to the chagrin of the lovestruck Jhilmil , who then goes missing . Shruti files a missing person report for Jhilmil . The Darjeeling police learn about the report , resume their pursuit of Barfi and arrest him . As he is being interrogated , another ransom demand for Jhilmil is made and she is apparently killed in the process of the exchange , though her body is never found . In order to conclude the case , the police try to frame Barfi for Jhilmil 's murder . Policeman Sudhanshu Dutta , who grew fond of Barfi after investigating him for his nuisances , asks Shruti to take him away , offering him a second chance at life . She agrees and hopes that now Jhilmil is gone , she can finally be with Barfi . Barfi is deeply affected by Jhilmil 's loss and finds living with Shruti unfulfilling . He finds the location of Jhilmil 's childhood home and takes Shruti to look for her . They find that Jhilmil is still alive , and that both kidnappings were fabricated by her father so he could embezzle money from Jhilmil 's trust fund . In the second attempt , second time , they faked her death so that she could return to her special @-@ care home , away from her alcoholic mother . Barfi has a happy reunion with Jhilmil and the two are married , while Shruti spends the rest of her days alone , regretting the loss of her chance to be with Barfi . Several years later , Barfi is shown to be gravely ill in a hospital and is close to death . Jhilmil arrives and lies with Barfi in his hospital bed as Shruti narrates that the two died peacefully together , not wanting to leave each other behind in life or death . The film closes showing the happy days of Barfi and Jhilmil as credits roll . = = Cast = = Ranbir Kapoor as Murphy Johnson Priyanka Chopra as Jhilmil Chatterjee Ileana D 'Cruz as Shruti Ghosh Sengupta Saurabh Shukla as Assisttant Sub @-@ Inspector Sudhanshu Dutta Akash Khurana as Jung Bahadur , Barfi 's father Ashish Vidyarthi as Mr. Chatterjee Roopa Ganguly as Shruti 's mother Haradhan Bandopadhyay as Daju Uday Tikekar as Shruti 's father Arun Bali as Jhilmil 's grandfather Bholaraj Sapkota as Barfi 's friend . Jisshu Sengupta in a special appearance as Ranjit Sengupta Sumona Chakravarti as Shruti 's friend = = Production = = = = = Development = = = During the production of his previous directorial venture Kites ( 2010 ) , the director Anurag Basu wrote a two @-@ page short story which was later developed to the script of Barfi ! . The film script that Basu wrote alternated between two time periods , and he retained the nonlinear narrative structure . He said that the script required a 30 @-@ year time span for the characters ' love to grow and thus set the backdrop of the film in the 1970s . In June 2010 , Anurag Basu confirmed that his film would feature three lead roles , a deaf and mute man , a mentally challenged girl , and a narrator . With former titles like Khamoshi or Silence , media reports said the story was grim or dark . However , Basu stated that on the contrary , the film was happy . According to Basu , he paid homage to Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin by adding scenes inspired by the era of silent cinema and using physical comedy in the film , involving silent portions . = = = Casting = = = Ranbir Kapoor was the first choice of director Anurag Basu and Katrina Kaif was the first choice for the role of the narrator . In March 2010 , The Times of India reported that Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif were signed to play lead roles in the film , then titled Khamoshi and later Silence , which Basu confirmed . Basu wanted to cast a new girl from Kolkata for the autistic character . Basu 's wife , Tani suggested Chopra 's name for the role . However , Basu feared that audience would see " the Priyanka Chopra " and not the character due to Chopra 's stardom . Basu explained " I had the fear that I would see Priyanka Chopra in the character and Jhilmil wouldn ’ t work . This has happened in many films where known faces have harmed the character . " Priyanka Chopra was cast to play the part but , the development was not announced as Basu wanted to workshop first and see how it goes . After three days of workshop , Basu was convinced that Chopra could play the autistic part and reflected that he was glad that he chose Chopra for the role . Later , Basu revealed that he did not approach any actress other than Chopra for the autistic part . After Chopra was cast in the film , Kaif left the project for unknown reasons . Media reported that she may have opted out of the film because Chopra had been given a stronger role . Later , media reported that Asin was approached to play the role of the narrator , replacing Kaif . However , Asin was never signed to the project . Media reported that no other actress wanted to sign for the film because according to them , the autistic part was stronger . In July 2010 , Mumbai Mirror reported that Chopra was ready to play the role of narrator and leave the autistic role , so that another actress could be cast in the film ; Chopra did not want the film to stall . Basu confirmed this development and said , " It ’ s true we ’ ve been unable to cast the other part . " After facing several casting problems , Basu chose to cast a completely new fresh face to play the second female role . In early December 2010 , Ileana D 'Cruz from south Indian films , was finalised for the second female lead , featuring as narrator and Kapoor 's first love interest in the film . = = = Characters = = = Ranbir Kapoor played the role of a deaf and mute man in the film . According to Kapoor , he took inspiration from screen legends such as the Academy Award winning actor , Roberto Benigni , Charlie Chaplin and his grandfather Raj Kapoor . Due to the protagonist 's physical disability , Basu did not want to use any sign @-@ language but , some behavioral patterns in the film . Kapoor described his character as a regular , happy @-@ go @-@ lucky and good hearted guy . Priyanka Chopra played the role of Jhilmil . Basu described Chopra 's role as the " toughest " in the film . In order to prepare for the role , Chopra visited several mental institutions and spent time with autistic people . She said she had to research a little for the role because in India awareness about autism is very low . Chopra told that she had to let go of every inhibition probably that she had as a Hindi film heroine and play Jhilmil without thinking of it . She explained that she needed two moments to become Jhilmil because she didn 't identify with her character due to difference between her thought and behavior . D 'cruz , who portrayed the narrator and first love interest of the protagonist said " Shruti , is such a sensitive role to play as she goes to different phases in the film . " According to Basu , after Kapoor , Chopra and D 'cruz 's character Saurabh Shukla 's character as Inspector Dutta was the most important . Basu described the role as " amazing " character , who makes others cry when he laughs . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography commenced in March 2011 . Barfi ! was shot between June 2011 and February 2012 , mostly in Darjeeling . In March 2011 , Basu visited Kolkata to finalize the locations within the city . Filming in Mumbai began on 20 March 2011 and continued until May 2011 . In June 2011 , the cast and crew shot in Darjeeling . In December 2011 , some scenes were filmed on the outskirts of Coimbatore , especially Pollachi and Ooty . The scenes in which Kapoor 's character is chased by policemen over the roof tops were shot in Kolkata at the end of January 2012 . Shooting was completed by April 2012 , except for some scenes featuring Chopra . The producers postponed the release from 13 July to 31 August 2012 as the September 2011 shooting schedule was cancelled and was waiting to be shot . However , Basu began working on Ileana 's dubbing portions by end of April 2012 , because D 'Cruz was unfamiliar with the Hindi language and wanted to learn it whilst filming . = = Soundtrack = = Pritam composed the music and background score of the film , and Swanand Kirkire , Ashish Pandit , Neelesh Misra and Sayeed Quadri wrote the lyrics . The soundtrack album has six original songs . The soundtrack was influenced by Brazilian Bossa nova . Priyanka Chopra was supposed to sing a track for the film , but her contract with Universal Music prevented her from taking the offer . The soundtrack album also contains a song titled Fatafati , sung by Pritam , which was not be used in the film , but was released as a promotional single on YouTube on 10 September 2012 with a video containing behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage . Some additional vocals are sung by Ranbir Kapoor . " Fatafati " also has some Bengali lyrics written by Amitabh Bhattacharya . Barfi ! ' s soundtrack received positive reviews by critics . Hindustan Times rated the album 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars and stated , " [ o ] verall , the soundtrack is a joyride sans flaws . Pritam has given many hits , but like his tunes in Life in a ... Metro , this one will be remembered for breaking the monotony in his sound . There are no foot @-@ tapping numbers or remixes here , but the simplicity that makes this album a winner . " Koimoi gave the album 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars and stated , " In simple words , Barfi ! is excellent music on all counts . Very rarely does one get to hear an album where you can hear a complete soundtrack without skipping tracks ; this is one of them . So , just play , enjoy the music and the world of Barfi ! " . Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama rated the album 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars and stated " Barfi ! ' s soundtrack is quite good and is easily one of the best quality creations by Pritam . He has totally reinvented himself with this album which defies Bollywood norms and boasts of a sound of its own . " = = Marketing and release = = The official trailer of the film was launched on 2 July 2012 featuring all the actors . It included no dialogue , portraying comedy through gestures and actions , and was well received by critics and audiences . Chopra 's character was kept under wraps in the trailers as the makers were not willing to reveal much about her character to increase curiosity among the audiences and was only revealed around the release of the film . Shikha Kapur , the executive director ( marketing ) of UTV explained " Priyanka plays a very special character in Barfee , so we want to keep her mystery intact . In the first trailer , Barfi – played by Ranbir – will be unveiled . We don ’ t plan to reveal Priyanka until the film releases . " UTV Motion Pictures created a YouTube application called The Flavour of Barfi , designed for the marketing the film . The application features Ranbir Kapoor as his character from the movie and allows users to type actions , which Kapoor acts out . The application features two zones : one asks users to change Barfi 's mood and the other gives users the chance to watch him flirt . The film was promoted in various cities across India . While promoting the film at the Phoenix Mall , Bangalore , the crowds broke through the barricades . Barfi ! was released on 14 September 2012 on 1300 screens in 700 theatres in India . Reliance Home Entertainment released Barfi ! on DVD and Blu @-@ Ray in mid @-@ November 2012 across all regions in a one @-@ disc pack complying with the NTSC format . The DVD and the Blu @-@ Ray discs contained bonus content , including Making of the film , " Fatafati – Behind The Scenes " and Deleted Scenes . The Video CD version was released at the same time . The exclusive right to broadcast the film was bought by Zee Network and UTV Movies . The deal includes premiere rights of the film along with the several other UTV productions . The rights are for a period of seven @-@ year , consisting the premiere ( for both channels ) of the film . Zee Network will have selected runs while UTV Movies will have multiple runs rights . The price of the deal was not revealed by the production company . = = = Controversies = = = On 12 September 2012 , British manufacturer Murphy Radio claimed that its trademark Murphy baby logo from its 1970s print advertisements has been used in Barfi ! without permission . Producer Siddharth Roy Kapur said that he had received a legal notice from Murphy but said that there is nothing wrong in the intention , as the brand in question has been shown in a " very positive light " . After the film 's release , several blogs and users of social media websites Twitter , Facebook and YouTube accused the director of plagiarism . Media further alleged that Basu had not tried to credit the original sources . Several videos were uploaded to YouTube showing side @-@ by @-@ side comparisons with Hollywood films like Cops , The Adventurer , City Lights , Singin ' in the Rain , Project A , The Notebook and Benny & Joon . They also accused Barfi ! ' s music director Pritam of copying the background music from the French film Amélie . Basu defended the film by saying that he was inspired by these works and that Barfi ! contains an original plot , screenplay , characters and situations . He said that he was paying homages to Keaton and Chaplin . Barfi ! ' s Oscar selection for Best Foreign Language Film was criticised because of plagiarism , but Oscar selection committee chief Manju Borah defended the film by saying , " Barfi ! deserves to be sent outside . The selection was a very open process with three to four rounds of severe discussions and came down to the best film of the final three . " = = Reception = = = = = India = = = The film received critical acclaim , with critics praising the performances , the direction , the screenplay , the cinematography , the music and the positive portrayal of physically disabled people . Zee News gave the film 5 out of 5 stars and said , " [ a ] ll in all , Anurag Basu ’ s Barfi ! is a perfect sweet treat for his audience . Like it has been discussed , those film makers who have been portraying the handicapped as dull and boring in their films must take a lesson from Barfi ! . Madhureeta Mukherjee of The Times of India gave the film a 4 / 5 rating and said , " Ranbir , in the most challenging performance of his career leaves us ' dumbstruck ' . Without use of conventional crutches of cool @-@ catchphrases , dhamaakedar @-@ dialogbaazi , bare @-@ bodies , and other ' items ' ; he stuns you in every single frame . For Priyanka , there 's only one word – Bravo ! In a role where she needs to under @-@ emote , she does so brilliantly ( delivering an incredible performance ) . " Roshni Devi of Koimoi said , " Barfi ! leaves you with that warm , cuddly , magical feeling with a few tears to match . It ’ s really worth a watch " and gave it an overall score of 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said , " Barfi is akin to a whiff of fresh air . Its foremost triumph is that it leaves you with a powerful emotion : Happiness ! " Indo @-@ Asian News Service gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said , " Barfi ! comes as close to being a modern masterpiece as cinematically possible . To miss it would be a crime . To embrace it is to serenade the sublime " . Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis rated the film 4 out of 5 and remarked that movie " engages you at a personal level " , and further added that , " Barfi cannot be missed . It demands patience , but the payoff is incredible " . Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph said , " The brilliance of Barfi ! is that it ’ s no story and all storytelling . It ’ s about a director at the top of his game orchestrating terrific talent into a bravura crescendo . Only someone who has showed death the door can open windows to life like this . " Filmfare gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and stated , " Barfi ! is that rare film that can make you smile and make you cry in the same scene . Its technical brilliance is only outdone by its emotional complexity and depth . Pritam 's music adds a nice silent @-@ era charm to this already fantastic story , making it an occasion when words simply aren ’ t enough . " Raja Sen of Rediff.com has given 3 @.@ 5 / 5 stars and wrote , " Barfi ! is a well @-@ crafted script with an intriguing back @-@ and @-@ forth narrative but it all goes south towards the end . " Anupama Chopra writing for Hindustan Times gave it 3 out 5 stars and wrote , " [ t ] his is a film made with love , bolstered by wonderfully etched vignettes , Ranbir Kapoor 's stupendous performance and a gorgeous soundtrack by Pritam . And yet , for me , Barfi was a singularly frustrating experience there was so much to like , but the film never became more than the sum of its parts " . Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN gave 3 out of 5 stars and said , " Barfi had the potential to be great cinema , but as it stands it 's a respectable film that 's still better than a lot else you 're likely to see . " On the contrary , Namrata Joshi of Outlook felt that " The flashback within flashback narrative gets way too clumsy and turgid , the thriller twist absolutely pointless [ .... ] appears much too crafted and self @-@ consciously gorgeous , and feels eminently facile and plastic " . = = = Overseas = = = The movie received critical acclaim overseas as well . It holds an 83 % fresh rating on review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes . Rachel Saltz of the New York Times said , " Bollywood isn ’ t afraid to be mawkish . “ Barfi ! ” is at times , though not noticeably more so than most Hindi movies , despite its premise of special lovers with a special lesson to teach . " Lisa Tsering The Hollywood Reporter called the movie " a refreshingly non @-@ commercial exercise " and added that " poignant Bollywood romantic comedy " . On the performances of the cast she wrote , " [ ... ] Basu has guided Kapoor and especially Chopra to turn in exceptionally restrained , organic performances . " " Ronnie Scheib of Variety wrote , " Unlike Michel Hazanavicus ’ black @-@ and @-@ white silent homage “ The Artist , ” Basu ’ s film bursts with sound and color ; only the speaking- and hearing @-@ impaired Basu is condemned to silence . " Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times was more critical of the film , despite praising aspect including " the hard @-@ working cast , a lush score , exotic location shooting and scattered warmth " called it as " more endurance test than entertainment . " = = = Accolades = = = Barfi ! has received various awards and nominations in categories ranging mostly from recognition of the film itself , to its cinematography , direction , screenplay , and music , to the cast 's performance . The film was selected as India 's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film nomination for the 85th Academy Awards . The film received thirteen nominations at the 58th Filmfare Awards , winning seven , including Best Film , Best Actor for Kapoor and Best Music Director for Pritam . Barfi ! received twenty @-@ three nominations on the 19th Screen Awards , winning nine , including Best Actor for Kapoor , Best Director for Basu and Jodi No. 1 ( Best Pair ) for Kapoor and Chopra . At the 14th Zee Cine Awards , Barfi ! received nine nominations , and swept eight awards , including Best Film , Best Director for Basu and Best Actress for Chopra . = = Box office = = Upon its release , Barfi ! started strongly at multiplexes throughout India , with around 80 @-@ 90 % occupancy , but had lower opening takings because of a limited release . The film grossed ₹ 85 @.@ 6 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 3 million ) on its opening day . Its second day saw an increase of around 35 % occupancy and collected ₹ 115 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) . In its opening weekend , the film grossed ₹ 340 million ( US $ 5 @.@ 1 million ) . In its first week , Barfi ! collected ₹ 565 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 4 million ) nett , and by its eighth day had earned ₹ 32 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 480 @,@ 000 ) despite the release of Heroine . Barfi ! earned ₹ 150 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) in its second weekend . Barfi ! had a good second week where it has collected ₹ 242 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 6 million ) nett . In the third week , the film 's takings rose to ₹ 158 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 3 million ) nett. and it took ₹ 61 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 910 @,@ 000 ) in its fourth week . During its cinematic release period , Barfi ! earned a gross total of ₹ 1 @.@ 06 billion ( US $ 16 million ) in India . The all @-@ India distributor share of the film was ₹ 500 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 4 million ) . The film became one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of 2012 in India , and was declared a " Super Hit " after its three @-@ week run by Box Office India . The film went on to gross ₹ 1 @.@ 75 billion ( US $ 26 million ) worldwide . Internationally , Barfi earned around ₹ 124 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 8 million ) in its opening weekend , slightly exceeding Raajneeti – which had collected ₹ 116 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) – as Ranbir Kapoor 's biggest opener overseas . By the end of its run , Barfi ! had grossed $ 6 @.@ 25 million outside India , and it became one of the highest overseas grossing Bollywood films of 2012 .
= Manzanar = Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten camps where over 110 @,@ 000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II . Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California 's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north , it is approximately 230 miles ( 370 km ) northeast of Los Angeles . Manzanar ( which means " apple orchard " in Spanish ) was identified by the United States National Park Service as the best @-@ preserved of the former camp sites , and is now the Manzanar National Historic Site , which preserves and interprets the legacy of Japanese American incarceration in the United States . Long before the first incarcerees arrived in March 1942 , Manzanar was home to Native Americans , who mostly lived in villages near several creeks in the area . Ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910 , but abandoned the town by 1929 after the City of Los Angeles purchased the water rights to virtually the entire area . As different as these groups were , their histories displayed a common thread of forced relocation . Since the last incarcerees left in 1945 , former incarcerees and others have worked to protect Manzanar and to establish it as a National Historic Site to ensure that the history of the site , along with the stories of those who were unjustly incarcerated there , are remembered by current and future generations . The primary focus is the Japanese American incarceration era , as specified in the legislation that created the Manzanar National Historic Site . The site also interprets the former town of Manzanar , the ranch days , the settlement by the Owens Valley Paiute , and the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley . = = Terminology = = Since the end of World War II , there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Manzanar , and the other camps in which Americans of Japanese ancestry and their immigrant parents , were incarcerated by the United States Government during the war . Manzanar has been referred to as a " War Relocation Center , " " relocation camp , " " relocation center , " " internment camp " , and " concentration camp " , and the controversy over which term is the most accurate and appropriate continues to the present day . Dr. James Hirabayashi , Professor Emeritus and former Dean of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University , wrote an article in 1994 in which he stated that he wonders why euphemistic terms used to describe camps such as Manzanar are still being used . Let us review the main points of the debate . Over 120 @,@ 000 residents of the U.S.A. , two thirds of whom were American citizens , were incarcerated under armed guard . There were no crimes committed , no trials , and no convictions : the Japanese Americans were political incarcerees . To detain American citizens in a site under armed guard surely constitutes a " concentration camp . " But what were the terms used by the government officials who were involved in the process and who had to justify these actions ? Raymond Okamura provides us with a detailed list of terms . Let 's consider three such euphemisms : " evacuation , " " relocation , " and " non @-@ aliens . " Earthquake and flood victims are evacuated and relocated . The words refer to moving people in order to rescue and protect them from danger . The official government policy makers consistently used " evacuation " to refer to the forced removal of the Japanese Americans and the sites were called " relocation centers . " These are euphemisms ( Webster : " the substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit " ) as the terms do not imply forced removal nor incarceration in enclosures patrolled by armed guards . The masking was intentional . Hirabayashi went on to describe the harm done by the use of such euphemisms and also addressed the issue of whether or not only the Nazi camps can be called " concentration camps . " The harm in continuing to use the government 's euphemisms is that it disguises or softens the reality which subsequently has been legally recognized as a grave error . The actions abrogated some fundamental principles underlying the Constitution , the very document under which we govern ourselves . This erosion of fundamental rights has consequences for all citizens of our society and we must see that it is never repeated . Some have argued that the Nazi Germany camps during the Holocaust were concentration camps and to refer to the Japanese American camps likewise would be an affront to the Jews . It is certainly true that the Japanese Americans did not suffer the harsh fate of the Jews in the terrible concentration camps or death camps where Nazi Germany practiced a policy of genocide . Although the loss of life was minimal in America 's concentration camps , it does not negate the reality of the unconstitutional incarceration of Japanese American citizens . Michi and Walter Weglyn 's research concerning Nazi Germany 's euphemisms for their concentration camps revealed such phrases as " protective custody camps , " " reception centers , " and " transit camps . " Ironically , two Nazi euphemisms were identical to our government 's usage : " assembly centers " and " relocation centers . " It might be well to point out , also , that the Nazis were not operating under the U.S. Constitution . Comparisons usually neglect to point out that Hitler was operating under the rules of the Third Reich . In America all three branches of the U.S. government , ostensibly operating under the U.S. Constitution , ignored the Bill of Rights in order to incarcerate Japanese Americans . In 1998 , use of the term " concentration camps " gained greater credibility prior to the opening of an exhibit about the American camps at Ellis Island . Initially , the American Jewish Committee ( AJC ) and the National Park Service , which manages Ellis Island , objected to the use of the term in the exhibit . However , during a subsequent meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City , leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term . After the meeting , the Japanese American National Museum and the AJC issued a joint statement ( which was included in the exhibit ) that read in part : A concentration camp is a place where people are imprisoned not because of any crimes they have committed , but simply because of who they are . Although many groups have been singled out for such persecution throughout history , the term ' concentration camp ' was first used at the turn of the [ 20th ] century in the Spanish American and Boer Wars . During World War II , America 's concentration camps were clearly distinguishable from Nazi Germany 's . Nazi camps were places of torture , barbarous medical experiments and summary executions ; some were extermination centers with gas chambers . Six million Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust . Many others , including Gypsies , Poles , homosexuals and political dissidents were also victims of the Nazi concentration camps . In recent years , concentration camps have existed in the former Soviet Union , Cambodia and Bosnia . Despite differences , all had one thing in common : the people in power removed a minority group from the general population and the rest of society let it happen . The New York Times published an unsigned editorial supporting the use of " concentration camp " in the exhibit . An article quoted Jonathan Mark , a columnist for The Jewish Week , who wrote , " Can no one else speak of slavery , gas , trains , camps ? It 's Jewish malpractice to monopolize pain and minimize victims . " AJC Executive Director David A. Harris stated during the controversy , " We have not claimed Jewish exclusivity for the term ' concentration camps . ' " On July 7 , 2012 , at their annual convention , the National Council of the Japanese American Citizens League unanimously ratified the Power of Words Handbook , calling for the use of " ... truthful and accurate terms , and retiring the misleading euphemisms created by the government to cover up the denial of Constitutional and human rights , the force , oppressive conditions , and racism against 120 @,@ 000 innocent people of Japanese ancestry locked up in America 's World War II concentration camps . " According to the Power Of Words Handbook : From government documents and propaganda , to public discourse and newspapers , many euphemisms have been used to describe the experiences of Japanese Americans who were forced from their homes and communities during World War II . Words like evacuation , relocation , and assembly centers imply that the United States Government was trying to rescue Japanese Americans from a disastrous environment on the West Coast and simply help them move to a new gathering place . These terms strategically mask the fact that thousands of Japanese Americans were denied their rights as US citizens , and forcibly ordered to live in poorly constructed barracks on sites that were surrounded by barbed wire and guard towers . Although the use of euphemisms was commonplace during World War II , and in many subsequent years , we realize that the continued use of these inaccurate terms is highly problematic . = = Before World War II = = = = = Owens Valley Paiute = = = Manzanar was first inhabited by Native Americans nearly 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Approximately 1 @,@ 500 years ago , the area was settled by the Owens Valley Paiute , who ranged across the Owens Valley from Long Valley on the north to Owens Lake on the south , and from the crest of the Sierra Nevada on the west to the Inyo Mountains on the east . Other Native American nations in the region included the Miwok , Western Mono , and Tubatulabal to the west , the Shoshone to the south and east , and the Mono Lake Paiute to the north . The Owens Valley Paiute hunted and fished , collected pine nuts , and raised crops utilizing irrigation in the Manzanar area . They also traded brown @-@ ware pottery for salt from the Saline Valley , and traded other wares and goods across the Sierra Nevada during the summer and fall . The Owens Valley had received scant attention from European Americans before the early 1860s , as it was little more than a crossroads of the routes through the area . When gold and silver were discovered in the Sierra Nevada and the Inyo Mountains , the resulting sudden influx of miners , farmers , cattlemen and their hungry herds brought conflict with the Owens Valley Paiute , whose crops were being destroyed . The Owens Valley Indian War of 1861 – 1863 ensued ; at the end , the Owens Valley Paiute , along with other native peoples in the region , were forced at gunpoint by the United States Army to walk almost 200 miles ( 320 km ) to Fort Tejon , in one of the many forced relocations or " Trails of Tears " inflicted upon Native Americans in the United States . Approximately one @-@ third of the Native Americans in the Owens Valley were forcibly relocated to Fort Tejon . After 1863 , many returned to their permanent villages that had been established along creeks flowing down from the Sierra Nevada mountains . In the Manzanar area , the Owens Valley Paiute had established villages along Bairs , Georges , Shepherds , and Symmes creeks . Evidence of Paiute settlement in the area is still present . = = = Ranchers = = = When European American white settlers first arrived in the Owens Valley in the mid – 19th century , they found a number of large Paiute villages in the Manzanar area . John Shepherd , one of the first of the new settlers , homesteaded 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land 3 miles ( 5 km ) north of Georges Creek in 1864 . With the help of Owens Valley Paiute field workers and laborers , he expanded his ranch to 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 ha ) . In 1905 , George Chaffey , an agricultural developer from Southern California , purchased Shepherd 's ranch and subdivided it , along with other adjacent ranches . He founded the town of Manzanar in 1910 . Chaffey 's Owens Valley Improvement Company built an irrigation system and planted thousands of fruit trees . By 1920 , the town had more than twenty @-@ five homes , a two @-@ room school , a town hall , and a general store . Also at that time , nearly 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 ha ) of apple , pear , and peach trees were under cultivation ; along with crops of grapes , prunes , potatoes , corn and alfalfa ; and large vegetable and flower gardens . " Manzanar was a very happy place and a pleasant place to live during those years , with its peach , pear , and apple orchards , alfalfa fields , tree @-@ lined country lanes , meadows and corn fields , " said Martha Mills , who lived at Manzanar from 1916 to 1920 . Some of the early orchards , along with remnants of the town and ranches , are still present at Manzanar today . = = = Quenching Los Angeles ' thirst = = = As early as March 1905 , the City of Los Angeles began secretly acquiring water rights in the Owens Valley . In 1913 , it completed construction of its 233 @-@ mile ( 375 km ) Los Angeles Aqueduct , But it did not take long for Los Angeles water officials to realize that Owens River water was not enough to supply the rapidly growing metropolis . In 1920 , they began to purchase more of the water rights on the Owens Valley floor . As the decade went on , the City of Los Angeles bought out one Owens Valley farmer after another , and extended its reach northward into Mono County , including Long Valley . By 1933 , the City owned 85 % of all town property and 95 % of all ranch and farm land in the Owens Valley , including Manzanar . Although some residents sold their land for prices that made them financially independent and relocated , a significant number chose to stay . In dry years , Los Angeles pumped ground water and drained all surface water , diverting all of it into its aqueduct and leaving Owens Valley ranchers without water . Without water for irrigation , the holdout ranchers were forced off their ranches and out of their communities ; that included the town of Manzanar , which was abandoned by 1929 . 'There was so much water during those early years , that when a horse pulled a buggy , the water frequently came up to the horse 's knees , ' said Lucille DeBoer , who lived on a ranch at Manzanar . ' When this happened , the children took off their shoes and socks to walk home . In the early 1900s the City of Los Angeles started to purchase ranches in the Owens Valley for the sole purpose of supplying water to the people in Los Angeles . People started to sell their land to the City ; the City put in wells to drain the water out of the ground ; the trees began to die ; and the land finally turned to vacant dirt . This ended the Land of the Big Red Apples.' Manzanar remained uninhabited until the United States Army leased 6 @,@ 200 acres ( 2 @,@ 500 ha ) from the City of Los Angeles for the Manzanar War Relocation Center . = = Wartime : 1942 – 45 = = After the December 7 , 1941 , attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States Government swiftly moved to begin solving the " Japanese Problem " on the West Coast of the United States . In the evening hours of that same day , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) arrested selected " enemy " aliens , including 2 @,@ 192 who were of Japanese descent . The California government pressed for action by the national government , as many citizens were alarmed about potential activities by people of Japanese descent . On February 19 , 1942 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , which authorized the Secretary of War to designate military commanders to prescribe military areas and to exclude " any or all persons " from such areas . The order also authorized the construction of what would later be called " relocation centers " by the War Relocation Authority ( WRA ) to house those who were to be excluded . This order resulted in the forced relocation of over 120 @,@ 000 Japanese Americans , two @-@ thirds of whom were native @-@ born American citizens . The rest had been prevented from becoming citizens by federal law . Over 110 @,@ 000 were incarcerated in the ten concentration camps located far inland and away from the coast . Manzanar was the first of the ten concentration camps to be established . Initially , it was a temporary " reception center " , known as the Owens Valley Reception Center from March 21 , 1942 , to May 31 , 1942 . At that time , it was operated by the US Army 's Wartime Civilian Control Administration ( WCCA ) . The Owens Valley Reception Center was transferred to the WRA on June 1 , 1942 , and officially became the " Manzanar War Relocation Center . " The first Japanese American incarcerees to arrive at Manzanar were volunteers who helped build the camp . By mid – April , up to 1 @,@ 000 Japanese Americans were arriving daily , and by July , the population of the camp neared 10 @,@ 000 . Over 90 percent of the incarcerees were from the Los Angeles area , with the rest coming from Stockton , California ; and Bainbridge Island , Washington . Many were farmers and fishermen . Manzanar held 10 @,@ 046 incarcerees at its peak , and a total of 11 @,@ 070 people were incarcerated there . = = = Climate = = = The weather at Manzanar caused suffering for the incarcerees , few of whom were accustomed to the extremes of the area 's climate . The temporary buildings were not adequate to shield people from the weather . The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) . Summers on the desert floor of the Owens Valley are generally hot , with temperatures exceeding 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) not uncommon . Winters bring occasional snowfall and daytime temperatures that often drop into the 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) range . At night , temperatures are generally 30 to 40 ° F ( -1 to 4 ° C ) lower than the daytime highs , and high winds are common day or night . The area 's mean annual precipitation is barely five inches ( 12 @.@ 7 cm ) . The ever @-@ present dust was a continual problem due to the frequent high winds ; so much so that incarcerees usually woke up in the morning covered from head to toe with a fine layer of dust , and they constantly had to sweep dirt out of the barracks . " In the summer , the heat was unbearable , " said former Manzanar incarceree Ralph Lazo ( see Notable Manzanar incarcerees section , below ) . " In the winter , the sparsely rationed oil didn 't adequately heat the tar paper @-@ covered pine barracks with knotholes in the floor . The wind would blow so hard , it would toss rocks around . " = = = Camp layout and facilities = = = The camp site was situated on 6 @,@ 200 acres ( 2 @,@ 500 ha ) at Manzanar , leased from the City of Los Angeles , with the developed portion covering approximately 540 acres ( 220 ha ) . The residential area was about one square mile ( 2 @.@ 6 km2 ) , and consisted of 36 blocks of hastily constructed , 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) by 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) tarpaper barracks , with each incarceree family living in a single 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) by 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) " apartment " in the barracks . These apartments consisted of partitions with no ceilings , eliminating any chance of privacy . Lack of privacy was a major problem for the incarcerees , especially since the camp had communal men 's and women 's latrines . " ... One of the hardest things to endure was the communal latrines , with no partitions ; and showers with no stalls , " said former Manzanar incarceree Rosie Kakuuchi . Each residential block also had a communal mess hall , a laundry room , a recreation hall , an ironing room , and a heating oil storage tank , although Block 33 lacked a recreation hall . In addition to the residential blocks , Manzanar had 34 additional blocks that had staff housing , camp administration offices , two warehouses , a garage , a camp hospital , and 24 firebreaks . The camp also had school facilities , a high school auditorium , staff housing , chicken and hog farms , churches , a cemetery , a post office , a cooperative store , other shops , a camp newspaper , and other necessary amenities that one would expect to find in most American cities . Manzanar also had a camouflage net factory , an experimental plantation for producing natural rubber from the Guayule plant , and an orphanage called Children 's Village , which housed 101 Japanese American orphans . The camp perimeter had eight watchtowers manned by armed Military Police , and it was enclosed by five @-@ strand barbed wire . There were sentry posts at the main entrance . = = = Life behind the barbed wire = = = After being uprooted from their homes and communities , the incarcerees found themselves having to endure primitive , sub @-@ standard conditions , and lack of privacy . They had to wait in one line after another for meals , at latrines , and at the laundry room . Each camp was intended to be self @-@ sufficient , and Manzanar was no exception . Cooperatives operated various services , such as the camp newspaper , beauty and barber shops , shoe repair , and more . In addition , incarcerees raised chickens , hogs , and vegetables , and cultivated the existing orchards for fruit . Incarcerees made their own soy sauce and tofu . Food at Manzanar was based on military requirements . Meals usually consisted of hot rice and vegetables , since meat was scarce due to rationing . In early 1944 , a chicken ranch began operation , and in late April of the same year , the camp opened a hog farm . Both operations provided welcome meat supplements to the incarcerees ' diet . Most incarcerees were employed at Manzanar to keep the camp running . Unskilled workers earned US $ 8 per month ( $ 115 @.@ 9 per month as of 2016 ) , semi @-@ skilled workers earned $ 12 per month ( $ 174 per month as of 2016 ) , skilled workers made $ 16 per month ( $ 232 per month as of 2016 ) , and professionals earned $ 19 per month ( $ 275 per month as of 2016 ) . In addition , all incarcerees received $ 3 @.@ 60 per month ( $ 52 per month as of 2016 ) as a clothing allowance . The incarcerees made Manzanar more livable through recreation . They participated in sports , including baseball and football , and martial arts . They also personalized and beautified their barren surroundings by building elaborate gardens , which often included pools , waterfalls , and rock ornaments . There was even a nine @-@ hole golf course . Remnants of some of the gardens , pools , and rock ornaments are still present at Manzanar . = = = Resistance = = = Although most incarcerees quietly accepted their fate during World War II , there was some resistance in the camps . Poston , Heart Mountain , Topaz , and Tule Lake each had civil disturbances about wage differences , black marketing of sugar , intergenerational friction , rumors of " informers " reporting to the camp administration or the FBI , and other issues . However , the most serious incident occurred at Manzanar on December 5 – 6 , 1942 , and became known as the Manzanar Riot . After several months of tension between incarcerees who supported the Japanese American Citizens League ( JACL ) and a group of Kibei ( Japanese Americans educated in Japan ) , rumors spread that sugar and meat shortages were the result of black marketing by camp administrators . To make matters worse , incarceree and JACL leader Fred Tayama was beaten by six masked men . Harry Ueno , the leader of the Kitchen Workers Union , was suspected of involvement and was arrested and removed from Manzanar . Soon after , 3 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 incarcerees gathered and marched to the administration area , protesting Ueno 's arrest . After Ueno 's supporters negotiated with the camp administration , he was returned to the Manzanar jail . A crowd of several hundred returned to protest , and when the people surged forward , military police threw tear gas to disperse them . As people ran to avoid the tear gas , some in the crowd pushed a driverless truck toward the jail . At that moment , the military police fired into the crowd , killing a 17 @-@ year – old boy instantly . A 21 @-@ year – old man who was shot in the abdomen died days later . Nine other prisoners were wounded , and a military police corporal was wounded by a ricocheting bullet . = = = Closure = = = On November 21 , 1945 , the WRA closed Manzanar , the sixth camp to be closed . Although the incarcerees had been brought to the Owens Valley by the United States Government , they had to leave the camp and travel to their next destinations on their own . The WRA gave each person $ 25 ( $ 329 today ) , one @-@ way train or bus fare , and meals to those who had less than $ 600 ( $ 7 @,@ 887 today ) . While many left the camp voluntarily , a significant number refused to leave because they had no place to go after having lost everything when they were forcibly uprooted and removed from their homes . As such , they had to be forcibly removed once again , this time from Manzanar . Indeed , those who refused to leave were generally removed from their barracks , sometimes by force , even if they had no place to go . 146 incarcerees died at Manzanar . Fifteen incarcerees were buried there , but only five graves remain , as most were later reburied elsewhere by their families . The Manzanar cemetery site is marked by a monument that was built by incarceree stonemason Ryozo Kado in 1943 . An inscription in Japanese on the front of the monument reads , 慰靈塔 ( Soul Consoling Tower ) . The inscription on the back reads " Erected by the Manzanar Japanese " on the left , and " August 1943 " on the right . Today , the monument is often draped in strings of origami , and sometimes survivors and other visitors leave offerings of personal items as mementos . The National Park Service periodically collects and catalogues such items . After the camp was closed , the site eventually returned to its original state . Within a couple of years , all the structures had been removed , with the exception of the two sentry posts at the entrance , the cemetery monument , and the former Manzanar High School auditorium , which was purchased by the County of Inyo . The County leased the auditorium to the Independence Veterans of Foreign Wars , who used it as a meeting facility and community theater until 1951 . After that , the building was used as a maintenance facility by the Inyo County Road Department . As of 2007 , the site also retains numerous building foundations , portions of the water and sewer systems , the outline of the road grid , remains of the landscaping constructed by incarcerees , and much more . Despite four years of use by the incarcerees , the site also retains evidence of the ranches and of the town of Manzanar , as well as artifacts from the days of the Owens Valley Paiute settlement . = = = Notable incarcerees = = = Sue Kunitomi Embrey , born on January 6 , 1923 , was an editor of the Manzanar Free Press , the camp newspaper , and wove camouflage nets to support the war effort . She left Manzanar in late 1943 for Madison , Wisconsin and one year later moved to Chicago , Illinois . Returning to California in 1948 , she went on to become a schoolteacher and a labor and community activist . In 1969 , Embrey was one of approximately 150 people who attended the first organized Manzanar Pilgrimage ( see Manzanar Pilgrimage section , below ) and was one of the founders of the annual event . She also went on to become the primary force behind the preservation of the site and its gaining National Historic Site status until her death in May , 2006 . 'Embrey took her pain and anger from the unjust internment and turned it into a life dedicated to making certain that would never happen again , ' said Rose Ochi , legal counsel for the Manzanar Committee , after Embrey died on May 15 , 2006 . ' She was just tireless and as a teacher she was making certain that our history books did talk about the tragic episode.' 'The reason [ that the Manzanar National Historic Site has ] been accepted by Japanese Americans , local Owens Valley residents and general visitors is in large part because of [ Embrey 's ] knowledge and her personal experience , ' said Alisa Lynch , Chief of Interpretation , Manzanar National Historic Site . ' She had the insight to help us be able to be truthful , to be accurate . She was a historian and an internee , she could wear many different hats.' Aiko Herzig @-@ Yoshinaga , born in 1925 in Los Angeles , was 17 years old when she was incarcerated at Manzanar . Later , she was incarcerated at Jerome and Rohwer , Arkansas . Yoshinaga @-@ Herzig later moved to New York , where she became a community activist in the 1960s and was a member of Asian Americans for Action ( AAA ) , the first Asian American political organization on the East Coast . It included Asian American activists Bill and Yuri Kochiyama . Although she was not trained to be an archival researcher , Yoshinaga @-@ Herzig decided to find out what historical documents about her and her family might exist at the National Archives . Herzig @-@ Yoshinaga and her husband , John " Jack " Herzig , pored over mountains of documents from the War Relocation Authority , a task that " was roughly equivalent to indexing all the information in a library , working from a card catalog that only gave a subject description by shelf , without giving individual book titles or authors . " Their efforts resulted in the discovery of evidence that the US Government perjured itself before the United States Supreme Court in the 1944 cases Korematsu v. United States , Hirabayashi v. United States , and Yasui v. United States which challenged the constitutionality of the relocation and incarceration . The government had presented falsified evidence to the Court , destroyed evidence , and had withheld other vital information . This evidence provided the legal basis Japanese Americans needed to seek redress and reparations for their wartime imprisonment . The Herzigs ' research was also valuable in their work with the National Coalition for Japanese American Redress ( NCJAR ) , which filed a class @-@ action lawsuit against the US Government on behalf of the incarcerees . The US Supreme Court ruled against the plaintiff . Henry Fukuhara , who was born in Fruitland , California , in 1913 , was incarcerated with his family in April 1942 . An artist and watercolorist , Fukuhara would later teach a series of annual artistic workshops at Manzanar beginning in 1998 . His workshops , which usually had about 80 students a year , including Milford Zornes , used outdoor structures at Manzanar to teach water color painting . William Hohri ( 1927 – 2010 ) , was incarcerated at Manzanar when he was 15 years old . His family entered Manzanar on April 3 , 1942 , and remained behind the barbed wire until August 25 , 1945 . Hohri became a civil rights and anti @-@ war activist after World War II . In the late 1970s he became the chair of the National Coalition for Japanese American Redress ( NCJAR ) , which brought a class action lawsuit against the US Government on March 16 , 1983 , asserting that it had unjustly incarcerated Japanese Americans during World War II . The lawsuit stated 22 causes of action , including fifteen alleged violations of constitutional rights , and sought $ 27 billion in damages . Despite the fact the US Supreme Court eventually ruled against the class action plaintiffs , the lawsuit helped bring the Japanese American case for redress and reparations to public awareness . It showed the Congress and the Executive Branch that the US Government would have far greater exposure in the still @-@ pending lawsuit than by legislation under consideration in Congress for reparations . The proposed bill called for $ 20 @,@ 000 reparations payments to each former incarceree or their immediate relatives , along with money for a civil liberties education fund ( see Civil Liberties Act of 1988 ) . ... ( The class action lawsuit ) remained active until after Congress had passed the redress legislation . While it remained alive , it played a significant part in publicizing the issues . The NCJAR lawsuit demanded $ 220 @,@ 000 for each individual whose liberties had been denied . This was more than 20 times greater than the $ 20 @,@ 000 per surviving incarcerated person that the redress bills proposed , allowing proponents to portray the legislative solution as a moderate alternative . Ralph Lazo , born in 1924 in Los Angeles , was of Mexican American and Irish American descent , but when at age 16 he learned that his Japanese American friends and neighbors were being forcibly removed and incarcerated at Manzanar , he was outraged . Lazo was so incensed that he joined friends on a train that took hundreds to Manzanar in May 1942 . Manzanar officials never asked him about his ancestry . " Internment was immoral , " Lazo told the Los Angeles Times . " It was wrong , and I couldn 't accept it . " " These people hadn 't done anything that I hadn 't done except to go to Japanese language school . " In 1944 , Lazo was elected president of his class at Manzanar High School . He remained at Manzanar until August of that year , when he was inducted into the US Army . He served as a Staff Sergeant in the South Pacific until 1946 , helping liberate the Philippines . Lazo was awarded the Bronze Star for heroism in combat . After the war , he was a strong supporter of redress and reparations for Japanese Americans incarcerated during the war . The film , Stand Up for Justice : The Ralph Lazo Story , documents his life story , particularly his stand against the incarceration . Toyo Miyatake , who was born in Kagawa , Shikoku , Japan , in 1896 , immigrated to the United States in 1909 . He settled in the Little Tokyo section of Los Angeles , and was incarcerated at Manzanar along with his family . A photographer , Miyatake smuggled a lens and film holder into Manzanar and later had a craftsman construct a wooden box with a door that hid the lens . He took many now @-@ famous photos of life and the conditions at Manzanar . His contraband camera was eventually discovered by the camp administration and confiscated . However , camp director Ralph Merritt later allowed Miyatake to photograph freely within the camp , even though he was not allowed to actually press the shutter button , requiring a guard or camp official to perform this simple task . Merritt finally saw no point to this technicality , and allowed Miyatake to take photos . Togo Tanaka ( 1916 – 2009 ) , editor of the Rafu Shimpo newspaper , was sent to the Manzanar , where he used his journalism experience to document conditions in the camp . A supporter of cooperation with the authorities , he was labeled a collaborator and was transferred to Death Valley after being the target of riots before the first anniversary of Pearl Harbor . Harry Ueno , born in Hawaii in 1907 , was a Kibei ( native @-@ born Japanese American educated in Japan ) who was incarcerated at Manzanar with his wife and children . After volunteering for mess hall work , Ueno discovered that Manzanar camp staff were stealing rationed sugar and meat and selling them on the black market . Ueno exposed the thefts , and worked to organize incarcerees to deal with them . This led to his arrest , which resulted in Ueno becoming the focal point of the Manzanar Riot . Ueno was one of the incarcerees featured in Emiko Omori 's Emmy Award @-@ winning film Rabbit in the Moon . " Ueno made us aware there was opposition in the camps , " said Omori . " He made us feel that people did fight back and made us realize that one person can make a difference . " Karl Yoneda was born in Glendale , California , on July 15 , 1906 , but his family moved back to Japan in 1913 . He became an activist early in his life . With Japan on a path towards war , Yoneda returned to the United States rather than be drafted into the Japanese Army . He arrived in San Francisco on December 14 , 1926 . He was taken to the Immigration Detention House on Angel Island , where he was detained for two months , despite having his California birth certificate . Yoneda later moved to Los Angeles , where he found work organizing with the Trade Union Educational League , and later the Japanese Workers ' Association . Yoneda arrived at Manzanar on March 22 , 1942 , one of the first Japanese Americans to arrive as a volunteer to build the camp . Yoneda later distinguished himself in service to the US , volunteering to serve in the Military Intelligence Service . After the war , Yoneda continued to support progressive causes and civil and human rights issues . Other notable Manzanar incarcerees are : Koji Ariyoshi , Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston , Isao Kikuchi , Tura Satana , Gordon H. Sato , Tak Shindo , Larry Shinoda , Iwao Takamoto , Takuji Yamashita and Wendy Yoshimura . = = Preservation and remembrance = = = = = Manzanar Pilgrimage = = = On December 21 , 1969 , about 150 people departed Los Angeles by car and bus , headed for Manzanar . It was the " first " annual Manzanar Pilgrimage . But as it turned out , two ministers , the Reverend Sentoku Mayeda and the Reverend Shoichi Wakahiro , had been making annual pilgrimages to Manzanar since the camp closed in 1945 . The non @-@ profit Manzanar Committee , formerly led by Sue Kunitomi Embrey , has sponsored the Pilgrimage since 1969 . The event is held annually on the last Saturday of April with hundreds of visitors of all ages and backgrounds , including some former incarcerees , gathering at the Manzanar cemetery to remember the incarceration . The hope is that participants can learn about it and help ensure that what is generally accepted to be a tragic chapter in American History is neither forgotten nor repeated . The program traditionally consists of speakers , cultural performances , an interfaith service to memorialize those who died at Manzanar , and Ondo dancing . " My mother was a very staunch Buddhist and she would always say , ' Those poor people that are buried over there at Manzanar in the hot sun — they must be so dry . Be sure to take some water [ as offerings ] , ' " said Embrey . " She always thought it was important to go back and remember the people who had died . " In 1997 , the Manzanar At Dusk program became a part of the Pilgrimage . The program attracts local area residents , as well as descendants of Manzanar 's ranch days and the town of Manzanar . Through small group discussions , the event gives participants the opportunity to hear directly about the experiences of former incarcerees first @-@ hand , to share their experiences and feelings about what they learned , and talk about the relevance of what happened at Manzanar to their own lives . Since the September 11 attacks , American Muslims have participated in the Pilgrimage to promote and increase awareness of civil rights protections in the wake of widespread suspicions harbored against them post @-@ 9 / 11 . = = = California Historical Landmark and Los Angeles Historic @-@ Cultural Monument = = = The Manzanar Committee 's efforts resulted in the State of California naming Manzanar as California Historical Landmark # 850 in 1972 , with an historical marker being placed at the sentry post on April 14 , 1973 . Manzanar , which had been historically owned by the City of Los Angeles , was registered as a Los Angeles Historic @-@ Cultural Monument in 1976 . = = = National Historic Landmark and National Historic Site = = = The Manzanar Committee also spearheaded efforts for Manzanar to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places , and in February 1985 , Manzanar was designated a National Historic Landmark . Embrey and the Committee also led the effort to have Manzanar designated a National Historic Site , and on March 3 , 1992 , President George H. W. Bush signed House Resolution 543 into law ( Pub.L. 102 – 248 ; 106 Stat . 40 ) . This act of Congress established the Manzanar National Historic Site " to provide for the protection and interpretation of the historical , cultural , and natural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II . " Five years later , the National Park Service acquired 814 acres ( 329 ha ) of land at Manzanar from the City of Los Angeles . The site features an Interpretive Center housed in the historically restored Manzanar High School Auditorium , which has a permanent exhibit that tells the stories of the incarcerees at Manzanar , the Owens Valley Paiute , the ranchers , the town of Manzanar , and water in the Owens Valley . ' ... Stories like this need to be told , and too many of us have died without telling our stories , ' Embrey said during her remarks at the Grand Opening ceremonies for the Manzanar National Historic Site Interpretive Center on April 24 , 2004 . ' The Interpretive Center is important because it needs to show to the world that America is strong as it makes amends for the wrongs it has committed , and that we will always remember Manzanar because of that.' The site , which has seen 1 @,@ 144 @,@ 316 people visit from 2000 through August 2015 , features restored sentry posts at the camp entrance , a replica of a camp guard tower built in 2005 , a self @-@ guided tour road , and informational markers . Staff offer guided tours and other educational programs , including a Junior Ranger educational program for children between four and fifteen years of age . The National Park Service is reconstructing one of the 36 residential blocks as a demonstration block . One barrack appears as it would have when Japanese Americans first arrived at Manzanar in 1942 , while another has been reconstructed to represent barracks life in 1945 . Exhibits in these barracks opened on April 16 , 2015 . A restored World War II mess hall , moved to the site from Bishop Airport in 2002 , was opened to visitors in late 2010 . In late 2008 , historically appropriate vegetation was planted near the Interpretive Center . The Manzanar National Historic Site also unveiled its virtual museum on May 17 , 2010 and continues to collect oral histories of former incarcerees and others from all periods of Manzanar 's history . = = = Opposition to the creation of the Manzanar National Historic Site = = = After Congress named Manzanar a National Historic Site and gave the National Park Service the job of restoring the site in 1992 , protests against its creation emerged . Letters flooded the National Park Service , demanding that Manzanar be portrayed as a guest housing center for the Japanese Americans . William Hastings , of Bishop , California , wrote to the National Park Service , saying that the portrayal of Manzanar as a concentration camp amounts to " treason . " Protesters threatened to start dismissal campaigns against Bill Michael , a member of the Manzanar Advisory Commission who was the Director of the Eastern California Museum in Independence , California , and Superintendent Ross Hopkins , the National Park Service employee assigned to the site . They also threatened to destroy any buildings erected or restored at Manzanar . Further , Lillian Baker , and others in California , objected to the words , " concentration camp " on the California State historical marker , which has been hacked and stained , with the first " C " of " concentration camp " having been ground off . Further , a man , who described himself as a World War II veteran , called Hopkins to say that he had driven 200 miles to urinate on the marker . = = In popular culture = = A made @-@ for @-@ television movie , Farewell to Manzanar , directed by John Korty , aired on March 11 , 1976 , on NBC . It was based on the 1973 memoir of the same name , written by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston , who was incarcerated at Manzanar as a child , and her husband James D. Houston . The book and the movie tell the story of the Wakatsuki family and their experiences behind the barbed wire through young Jeanne 's eyes . On October 7 , 2011 , the Japanese American National Museum ( JANM ) announced that they had negotiated the rights to the movie , and that they would make it available for purchase on DVD . Come See The Paradise was a feature film about how forced relocation and imprisonment at Manzanar affected a Japanese American family from Los Angeles and a European American union organizer . The film , released in 1990 , starred Dennis Quaid and Tamlyn Tomita , and was written and directed by Alan Parker . Folk / country musician Tom Russell wrote " Manzanar " , a song about the Japanese American internment , that was released on his album Box of Visions ( 1993 ) . Laurie Lewis covered the song on her album Seeing Things ( 1998 ) , adding the Japanese string instrument , the koto , to her performance . The 1994 award @-@ winning novel , Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson , contains many scenes and details relating to Japanese Americans from the Puget Sound , Washington , area and their incarceration experiences at Manzanar . The 2000 film based on the book also details that connection . The Asian American jazz fusion band Hiroshima has a song entitled " Manzanar " on its album The Bridge ( 2003 ) . It is an instrumental song inspired by Manzanar and the Japanese American incarceration . Also , its song " Living In America " , on its album titled East ( 1990 ) , contains the phrase " I still remember Manzanar . " Fort Minor 's song " Kenji " , from the album The Rising Tied ( 2005 ) , tells the true story of Mike Shinoda 's family and their experiences before , during , and after World War II , including their imprisonment at Manzanar . Channel 3 's song titled " Manzanar " is about the incarceration . In the 1984 movie The Karate Kid , Kesuke Miyagi 's wife and new @-@ born son die during child birth on November 2 , 1944 while in the Manzanar Relocation Camp . Mr. Miyagi is fighting for the US against the Germans in Europe when he received the news . A 2007 episode of the CBS television crime drama Cold Case , titled " Family 8108 " , dealt with the 1945 murder of a Japanese American man in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania after he and his family were released from Manzanar . The episode originally aired on December 9 , 2007 . = = = Owens Valley resources = = = Burton , Jeff ( 1998 ) . The Archeology of Somewhere : Archeological Testing Along U.S. Highway 395 , Manzanar National Historic Site . Western Archeological Center , National Park Service , United States Department of the Interior . Publications in Anthropology 72 ( Covers archeological finds at Manzanar from the pre @-@ World War II , wartime and post @-@ war periods ) . Chalfant , William A. ( 1980 ) . Story Of Inyo . Chalfant Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 912494 @-@ 34 @-@ 4 . Ewan , Rebecca Fish ( 2000 ) . A Land Between : Owens Valley , California . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8018 @-@ 6461 @-@ 5 . Hoffman , Abraham ( 1992 ) . Vision or Villainy : Origins of the Owens Valley @-@ Los Angeles Water Controversy . Texas A & M University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 89096 @-@ 509 @-@ 9 . Kahri , William L. ( 1983 ) . Water and Power : The Conflict Over Los Angeles Water Supply in the Owens Valley . University of California Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 05068 @-@ 1 . Nadeau , Remi A. ( 1997 ) . The Water Seekers . Crest Publishers . ISBN 0 @-@ 9627104 @-@ 5 @-@ 8 . Steward , Julian ( 1933 ) . " Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute " . University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33 ( 3 ) : 233 – 250 . Steward , Julian ( 2007 ) [ 1934 ] . Myths of the Owens Valley Paiute . Kessinger Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 @-@ 4325 @-@ 6538 @-@ 9 . Wehrey , Jane ( 2006 ) . Voices From This Long Brown Land : Oral Recollections of Owens Valley Lives and Manzanar Pasts . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 @-@ 312 @-@ 29541 @-@ 3 . = = = Wartime @-@ related resources = = = Armor , John and Wright , Peter . ( 1989 ) . Manzanar ; Photographs by Ansel Adams . Vintage Books . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Adams Ansel , Benti , Wynne ( ed . ) , Embrey , Sue Kunitomi ( contributor ) , Michael , William H. ( contributor ) . ( 2001 ) . Born Free And Equal : The Story of Loyal Japanese Americans . Spotted Dog Press . ISBN 1 @-@ 893343 @-@ 05 @-@ 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Bunting , Eve , Soentpiet , Chris K. ( 1998 ) . So Far from the Sea . Clarion Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 395 @-@ 72095 @-@ 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Cooper , Michael . ( 2002 ) . Remembering Manzanar : Life In A Japanese Relocation Camp . Clarion Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 618 @-@ 06778 @-@ 7 . Denenberg , Barry . ( 1999 ) . The Journal of Ben Uchida : Citizen 13559 , Mirror Lake Internment Camp , California , 1942 . Scholastic . ISBN 0 @-@ 590 @-@ 48531 @-@ 8 . Embrey , Sue Kunitomi . ( 1972 ) . The Lost Years : 1942 – 1946 . Moonlight Publications . ISBN 0 @-@ 930046 @-@ 07 @-@ 2 . Garrett , Jessie A. , Larson , Ronald C. ( ed ) . ( 1977 ) . Camp and Community : Manzanar and the Owens Valley . Japanese American Oral History Program : California State University , Fullerton . ISBN 0 @-@ 930046 @-@ 00 @-@ 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Howser , Huell ( 2002 @-@ 01 @-@ 08 ) . " Manzanar ( 4012 ) " . California 's Gold ( Chapman University Huell Howser Archive ) . Retrieved 2013 @-@ 06 @-@ 16 . Inada , Lawson Fusao ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) . Only What We Could Carry : The Japanese American Internment Experience . Heyday Books and the California Historical Society . ISBN 1 @-@ 890771 @-@ 30 @-@ 9 . Peterson , Robert ( November – December 1999 ) . " Scouting in World War II Detention Camps " . Scouting Magazine : the Way It Was ( Boy Scouts of America ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Weglyn , Michi ( 1996 ) [ 1976 ] . Years Of Infamy : The Untold Story Of America 's Concentration Camps . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 295 @-@ 97484 @-@ 2 . = = = Post @-@ War @-@ related resources = = = Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians . ( 1997 ) . Personal Justice Denied : Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians . Civil Liberties Public Education Fund and University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 295 @-@ 97558 @-@ X. Bahr , Diana Myers ( 2007 ) . The Unquiet Nisei : An Oral History Of The Life Of Sue Kunitomi Embrey . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 0 @-@ 230 @-@ 60067 @-@ 0 . Daniels , Roger , Kitano , Harry H.L. , Taylor , Sandra C ( 1986 ) . Japanese Americans From Relocation To Redress . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 87480 @-@ 258 @-@ X. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Irons , Peter ( 1983 ) . Justice At War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 503273 @-@ X. Japanese American Historical Society of Southern California ( 1998 ) . Nanka Nikkei Voices : Resettlement Years , 1945 – 1955 . Japanese American Historical Society of Southern California . Maki , Mitchell T. , Kitano , Harry H.L. , Berthold , S. Megan ( 1999 ) . Achieving The Impossible Dream : How Japanese Americans Obtained Redress . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 252 @-@ 02458 @-@ 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Silber , Rebecca R ( March 15 , 1998 ) . " Lexicon of Genocide ( Letter to the Editor ) " . New York Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Takei , Barbara , Tachibana , Julie ( 2001 ) . Tule Lake Revisited . T & T Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 9711676 @-@ 0 @-@ 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Tse , Joyce ( May 2 , 2007 ) . " Manzanar Pilgrimage Begins A New Era " . The Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 .
= Douglas Bruce = Douglas Edward Bruce ( born August 26 , 1949 ) is a conservative activist and former legislator in the U.S. state of Colorado . He is also known for being the author of Colorado 's Taxpayer Bill of Rights ( TABOR ) . A strict advocate for limited government , Bruce wrote and promoted TABOR , a spending limitation measure approved by Colorado voters in 1992 ; his name is so associated with the measure that attempts to bypass its restrictions are known as " de @-@ Brucing . " After two unsuccessful campaigns for the Colorado State Senate in 1996 and 2000 , Bruce was eventually elected to the El Paso County , Colorado county commission in 2004 . While a county commissioner , Bruce was noted for frequently falling on the losing sides of 4 @-@ 1 votes , and for disputes with county staff and fellow commissioners on numerous occasions . Bruce was appointed to a vacant seat in the Colorado House of Representatives in December 2007 and represented House District 15 , which encompasses eastern Colorado Springs . After kicking a Rocky Mountain News photographer on the day he was sworn in , Bruce became the first legislator in Colorado history to be formally censured ; he was later removed from a House committee overseeing veterans affairs after refusing to sponsor a ceremonial resolution honoring veterans . Although defeated for election to a full term in the August 2008 Republican Party primary , Bruce has continued his activism to reduce government expenditures and taxes in Colorado and in Colorado Springs in particular before being indicted for a decades @-@ worth of criminal activity for " cheating " Colorado out of millions under the guise of charity and anti @-@ tax activism . In 2011 , Douglas Bruce was convicted of all counts in the indictment , including four counts of felony criminal activity including money laundering , attempted improper influence of a public official , and tax fraud after he was discovered to be using a small @-@ government charity he founded to hide millions of dollars from the state department of revenue . He was sentenced on February 13 , 2012 to a total of 180 days in jail , ordered to pay a total of $ 49 @,@ 000 in fines , and subject to six months of probation which includes extensive disclosure requirements . = = Early career = = Born in Los Angeles , California , Bruce graduated from Hollywood High School , at the age of 16 and then from Pomona College with a double major in history and government . He completed a law degree from the University of Southern California 's Gould School of Law in 1973 , and worked as a Los Angeles County deputy district attorney from 1973 to 1979 , resigning amid frustration with the court system . In 1980 , Bruce ran a largely self @-@ financed campaign for the California State Assembly , running in the Democratic Primary for the 38th Assembly district , which , at that time , centered on Pacific Palisades and Malibu . Running with the campaign slogan " Specifics , Not Safe Generalities , " Bruce ran what a local newspaper described as " something of an anomaly — a law and order primary campaign by a Democrat . " Bruce lost by five percentage points in a high @-@ turnout primary ; his opponent , Steven Afriat , narrowly lost the general election to Republican Marian la Follette . = = = Move to Colorado and rental properties = = = During the late 1970s , Bruce acquired a number of rental properties in the Los Angeles area , which he managed full @-@ time after leaving the district attorney 's office . During the late 1970s and early 1980s , Bruce was embroiled in several protracted tax disputes with the Internal Revenue Service . In 1986 , Bruce acquired several properties in Colorado Springs and moved to Colorado permanently . Shortly before moving to Colorado , Bruce changed his political party affiliation from Democrat to Republican . In addition to his Colorado Springs properties , Bruce acquired rental properties in Denver and Pueblo , Colorado . He has been cited repeatedly by law and code enforcement officials regarding the upkeep of his properties , although most of the dozens of citations brought against him have been overturned . In connection with charge of operating an unsafe building , Bruce spent eight days in jail in 1995 on a contempt of court citation . In response to the numerous complaints filed against him , Bruce has questioned the constitutionality of city code provisions , and accused city officials of selective prosecution and carrying out a " vendetta " against him personally . In 2003 , Bruce announced that he intended to sell his rental properties in order to devote more time to political activism , but was cited by Colorado Springs for keeping dilapidated properties as recently as 2007 . In 2008 , Bruce was cited by Colorado Springs for two properties they considered " dilapidated , " in part because of windows boarded up under orders from the city , but the charges were ultimately dropped when Bruce sold the buildings . Shortly before his August 2008 legislative primary , Colorado Springs declared a four @-@ plex owned by Bruce as " dilapidated ; " Bruce responded that he had put money into repairing the building and readying it for sale . In early 2010 , Colorado Springs told Bruce that it would charge him $ 40 @,@ 000 to restart water service at seven of his rental properties , a charge that Bruce said amounted to political retaliation , but that city staff justified by noting of the properties had been abandoned . = = = Taxpayer 's Bill of Rights = = = Although similar tax @-@ limitation measures had been rejected by voters over the previous decades , in 1988 , Bruce authored and led the campaign that was eventually successful in enacting TABOR , a " Taxpayer Bill of Rights , " in Colorado . Among other provisions , TABOR mandated voter approval of any tax increases and constrained state government spending to grow at a rate no greater than the rates of population growth and inflation . Although TABOR did not pass in 1988 , garnering only 42 % of the vote in a statewide reference , Bruce revised the measure and it was placed on the ballot again in 1990 , when it received 49 % support . A third attempt in 1992 was successful , and TABOR was passed with 54 % of the vote and became part of Colorado 's constitution . In 1997 , TABOR 's restrictions on state spending were triggered for the first time , resulting in refunds to taxpayers . During these campaigns , Bruce was the primary spokesperson for TABOR , often trading barbs with TABOR opponent and Colorado governor Roy Romer . In one frequently @-@ cited incident , Romer likened the TABOR proposal to " economic terrorism ; " in response , Bruce printed personal business cards reading " Douglas Bruce : Terrorist . " The passage of TABOR was Bruce 's most prominent political accomplishment ; years later , Bruce 's personalized license plate read " MRTABOR . " Bruce also wrote and successfully passed a similar spending limitation measure in Colorado Springs in 1991 . The statewide and local effects of TABOR on government finances led Colorado College political science professor Bob Loevy , in 2009 , to call Bruce " the most influential Colorado politician of his time . " Since the passage of TABOR in 1992 , hundreds of local jurisdictions in Colorado have sought voter approval to temporarily or permanently exceed the spending limitations of TABOR , measures which became known as " de @-@ Brucing , " in reference to TABOR 's author . By 2007 , over half of Colorado 's school district and counties had " de @-@ Bruced , " as had many municipalities . TABOR 's budget restrictions were frequently cited by officials in Bruce 's native El Paso County as resulting in deficiencies in health , law enforcement , and administrative services , and on the state level , creating financial difficulties for higher education . In 2005 , after several years of tight budgets brought about by recession , the spending limitations of TABOR , and other budgetary obligations , the Colorado General Assembly referred Referendum C , a statewide " de @-@ Brucing " measure , to Colorado voters . Bruce was a vocal opponent of Referendum C , facing off against supporters including Gov. Bill Owens , who had supported the original passage of TABOR . Referendum C , which was ultimately passed by voters , authorized a five @-@ year " time @-@ out " from some of TABOR 's spending restrictions . Although Bruce threatened a lawsuit against the state of Colorado if the referendum passed , the measure was ultimately enacted into law , raising state revenue by several billion dollars . In 2008 , following his term in the state legislature , Bruce argued against a measure to reverse some of the spending restrictions of the Taxpayer 's Bill of Rights . The initiative , known as the Savings Account for Education , would divert refunds given to taxpayers under TABOR to a special fund for K @-@ 12 education . Bruce opposed the measure in legislative hearings and then filed a legal challenge once House Speaker Andrew Romanoff , its primary proponent , sought to place the measure on the Colorado ballot as a citizen initiative . The measure was ultimately placed on the November 2008 statewide ballot as Amendment 59 , and Bruce launched a website opposing it . = = = State Senate campaigns = = = Bruce 's first attempt to seek elected office in Colorado came in 1996 , when Bruce challenged incumbent Republican state senator Ray Powers in the Republican Party primary . Bruce lost to Powers , who went on to become the Colorado State Senate President . Because of the negativity of Bruce 's campaign against Powers , Bruce was the only person banned from Powers ' ranch , a frequent site for Colorado Springs Republican fundraisers . Bruce also ran unsuccessfully for the Colorado State Senate in 2000 , losing a hotly contested Republican party primary to Ron May in the solidly Republican district . Running with the slogan " Ron May , but Bruce will , " Bruce faced institutional opposition from statewide Republican leaders , including Governor Bill Owens , who had once supported Bruce 's TABOR initiatives . May ultimately won by only 112 votes . = = = El Paso County Commissioner = = = = = = = 2004 election = = = = Bruce sought election to the El Paso County , Colorado , county commission in 2004 , winning the Republican Party nomination by defeating Colorado Springs councilwoman Maraget Radford in the party primary . In the general election , Bruce defeated Democrat Stanley Hildahl and two Republicans who ran as write @-@ in candidates with the backing of some party leaders . Bruce won the general election with 58 % of the vote . Bruce self @-@ funded his campaign , refusing to accept outside donations . = = = = Policy positions = = = = While serving on the El Paso County Commission , Bruce was frequently the only opposition to measures supported by the other four county commissioners . He cast the only vote against implementing mail ballot elections , against county interference in the proposed incorporation of Falcon , Colorado ( although he also opposed the incorporation ) , against a package of road improvement projects recommended by the Colorado Department of Transportation , against the appointment of County Administrator Jeff Greene , against stricter building codes for mobile homes , and against awarding a county grant to an anti @-@ poverty agency , calling it handouts for " deadbeats . " He was unsuccessful in attempting to reduce the number of paid holidays taken by county employees , but was instrumental in lowering property tax rates and in negotiating the expansion of a gravel pit operation . He also spoke in favor of turning over management of the county fair to a volunteer organization and called for the number of volunteer boards and commissions to be reduced . Bruce was also outspoken in support of deportation for illegal immigrants , and went against his normal practice of refusing to support ceremonial resolutions to support a resolution in favor of the creation of an Immigration and Customs Enforcement office in El Paso County . = = = = Conflicts with county staff and commissioners = = = = When Bruce joined the commission , he sought to have his salary of over $ 60 @,@ 000 per year directed to charity , per a campaign promise . Designating Active Citizens Together , an educational non @-@ profit he helped found , as the recipient , Bruce sought to have the county not withhold income tax from his checks , as the money would go directly to charity and he would receive no direct personal benefit . After ten months of disputing arrangements with county staff , Bruce agreed to accept checks with taxes and deductions withheld . In 2007 , Bruce attempted to use the non @-@ profit group to donate copies of the U.S. Constitution for local school districts to distribute to graduating seniors ; several districts refused his donation on logistical grounds or policies forbidding distribution of external material . The nonprofit group has purchased tens of thousands of copies of the constitution , with the goal of giving one to every graduating high school senior in Colorado . He also refused to accept a VIP pass from the Colorado Springs Airport , characterizing it as a " bribe ; " he also objected to the introduction of public prayer during county commission meetings . Bruce also objected to the inclusion of his name ( alongside other county commissioners ) on a plaque marking county support of a new courthouse expansion , threatening to physically remove his name from the plaque ; his opposition to financing methods for the courthouse had been a driving factor behind his 2004 county commission campaign . Bruce 's debating and speaking style during county commission meetings led to occasional conflicts with county staff and other commissioners . During his first year , an escalating series of disputes with Commissioner Sallie Clark led to her ruling , at a meeting which she chaired , that Bruce was not allowed to discuss Colorado Springs city politics . In 2006 , Bruce was also accused of intervening in a county bidding process for a copying contract in favor of a campaign supporter . In 2006 , El Paso County Attorney Bill Louis denounced Bruce as a " narcissist , sociopath and crackpot enabler " for supporting Colorado 's Amendment 38 , a referendum designed to ease rules for petitioning measures onto election ballots . Bruce and Louis verbally tangled after Louis called Bruce 's tactics " guerrilla " and Louis announced : " I plan to do everything in my limited power to make sure that [ Bruce 's tenure in elected office ] comes to an end at some point for the good not only of this community but for all of Colorado and the nation . " Tensions also rose during Bruce 's final weeks on the county commission , as he sought a vacancy committee 's appointment to the state legislature . Bruce criticized county staff for being unresponsive to his inquiries , and Sheriff Terry Maketa responded by accusing Bruce of harming the morale of county staff , and told Bruce that he supported his bid for the legislature in order " to put you in an environment that will match your ineffectiveness , " a statement applauded by other county staff . During his final commission meetings , Bruce was also repeatedly cut off by other commissioners during his comments ; other members of the commission described his behavior as an increase in " grandstanding " prior to the vacancy committee 's meeting . = = = Activism in Colorado Springs = = = In June 2000 , Bruce was called to appear as a potential juror for a sexual assault trial in Colorado Springs . During the jury selection process , Bruce distributed leaflets written by the Fully Informed Jury Association in support of jury nullification . After defense attorneys objected to Bruce 's actions , the presiding judge dismissed Bruce and 50 other potential jurors who had received the fliers , resulting in a two @-@ week delay for the trial . Bruce authored two measures , Issues 200 and 201 , which appeared on the November 2006 Colorado Springs election ballot , and would have reduced the city 's sales tax rate , eliminated its property tax , and restricted the city 's ability to borrow money . The legality of the measures was challenged by city officials ; the dispute rose to the Colorado Court of Appeals , which ruled in favor of the measures ' placement on the ballot . Bruce also unsuccessfully contested both the editing of statements of support for the measures in ballot summaries mailed to voters , and what he claimed was deceptive wording in other taxation measures that election . Bruce was also the subject of several criminal citations — first in May 2006 , stemming from charges that he campaigned against a tax increase for the Falcon Fire Protection District at a polling place closer than the legal 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) limit , and then in August 2009 , when he and another man were charged with trespassing after being asked by police to stop soliciting signatures outside a Costco for the second time in a year . Bruce alleged that the City of Colorado Springs attempted to " bully " him and violate his First Amendment rights , a charge city officials denied . A trial was eventually held after paperwork errors , a tainted jury pool , and claims by Bruce of selective prosecution ; after a three @-@ day trial , both were acquitted . Bruce later filed an unsuccessful complaint alleging professional misconduct by the case 's prosecutor and judge . = = Colorado House of Representatives = = = = = Appointment , swearing @-@ in , and censure = = = In October 2007 , Bruce was chosen over two other Republican contenders for the state house seat vacated by Rep. Bill Cadman , following a short but contentious battle for the appointment . Bruce received two @-@ thirds of the votes from the 66 @-@ member vacancy committee . Although eligible to be sworn in immediately after his appointment was certified , Bruce postponed the oath of office in order to be eligible to serve a full four terms beyond the partial term under Colorado 's term limits rules , an action which was criticized by both Republican and Democratic lawmakers . His delay led to the enactment of legislation requiring legislators to be sworn in within 14 days of their selection . Bruce cast the only dissenting vote on the measure . Bruce also demanded to be sworn in in front of the full house , a request denied by both Republican and Democratic leadership . He acquiesced to an individual swearing @-@ in ceremony on January 14 after House Republicans voted 22 @-@ 1 to call for a representative to be named for District 15 if Bruce did not take the oath of office by the end of the day . On the morning before he was sworn in , Bruce kicked a Rocky Mountain News photographer who took Bruce 's picture during the prayer ; Bruce accused the photographer of " violating the order and decorum " of the house , and refused to apologize , describing his action instead as a " nudge or a tap . " A six @-@ member legislative panel recommended 6 @-@ 0 that Bruce be censured by the House for his actions . On January 24 , the full House of Representatives voted 62 @-@ 1 to censure Bruce . He became the first representative in the recorded history of the state house to be formally censured . = = = Legislative agenda = = = For the 2008 session of the Colorado General Assembly , Bruce was named to seats on the House Finance Committee and the House State , Veterans , and Military Affairs Committee . Before the session began , Bruce denounced much of the House Republican caucus ' legislative agenda as " streamlining socialism . " Bruce was similarly critical of the proposed state budget debated during the 2008 legislative session ; however , his budget amendment proposals were unsuccessful . All of the legislation introduced by Bruce died in House committees , including proposals to distribute copies and require instruction on the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution to high school seniors , to prohibit counties from assessing any charges other than property taxes on property tax bills , to raise legislative pay and index pay to inflation , and to create a bipartisan panel to draw up Colorado 's congressional and legislative districts . Bruce routinely objected to the practice of attaching a " safety clause " to bills , the inclusion of which declares the bill an " necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace , health or safety , " enacting it into law sooner and prohibiting challenges to the legislation via the petition process . He offered amendments to a number of bills to remove the safety clause , which often failed on account of legislators ' personal hostility towards him ; however , in 2008 , 41 % of bills passed had no safety clause , up from 25 % the previous year . Bruce also opposed proposals to raise signature requirements for citizen @-@ initiated constitutional amendments , and opposed a bill to impose new requirements on landlords , despite criticism that voting on the measure constituted a conflict of interest . = = = Removal from committee = = = Consistent with Bruce 's practice as a county commissioner , Bruce opposed ceremonial resolutions in the legislature , and on February 13 , was the lone legislator who refused to sign on as a cosponsor to a resolution recognizing Military and Veterans Appreciation Day . Other Republican legislators denounced Bruce in a public letter for " callous indifference " towards veterans , and Republican Minority Leader Mike May removed Bruce from the House State , Veterans and Military Affairs Committee . Bruce offered as evidence of his support for veterans his successful amendment to a house bill to include interest in a state repayment to the Colorado Veterans Trust Fund , a move which resulted in an additional $ 636 @,@ 000 repaid to the fund . Bruce would later cite this as one of his major accomplishments during the 2008 session . = = = " Illiterate peasants " comments = = = On April 21 , 2008 , Bruce voiced opposition during house debate on a bill sponsored by Rep. Marsha Looper to create a guest worker program to facilitate temporary employment visas for agricultural workers from Mexico . After speaking against illegal immigration and being advised to restrict comments to the bill by debate chair Rep. Kathleen Curry , Bruce took the floor a second time and commented : Bruce was immediately gavelled to order by Rep. Kathleen Curry , who ruled that he would no longer be recognized during debate on the bill . Bruce 's comments were denounced by legislators on both sides of the aisle , as well the Mexican consulate in Denver . Bruce proudly defended his remarks as being factually accurate , citing dictionary definitions of " illiterate " and " peasant . " Legislators responded to Bruce 's propensity for generating controversy by declaring that they would " start ignoring him . " The following weekend , Bruce 's comments were the target of a local protest in Colorado Springs . = = = 2008 election = = = Bruce announced in November 2007 that he would stand in the 2008 general election for the House District 15 seat . He faced a challenge for the Republican nomination from attorney and Iraq War veteran Mark Waller . Bruce funded his own campaign with over $ 30 @,@ 000 of personal funds , refusing to accept private campaign donations ; Waller , however , received endorsements or contributions from at least five sitting state representatives , and Colorado Attorney General John Suthers . Waller received 57 % of the vote at the Republican assembly in March , claiming the top line on the August Republican primary ballot ; he did not differ publicly with Bruce on political positions , but argued that Bruce 's temperament caused him to be an ineffective legislator . Both Bruce and Waller accused each other of inappropriate conduct while campaigning ; Bruce was accused of inappropriately distributing campaign flyers to Republican representatives on the House floor , of mailing flyers promoting his charity shortly before the primary , and of inappropriately listing endorsements on his web site . In turn , Bruce filed several campaign finance complaints against Waller , one of which resulted in Waller 's campaign being fined for failing to properly disclose a campaign contribution . Ultimately , Bruce was defeated for the Republican nomination in the August 12 party primary , taking 48 percent of the vote to Waller 's 52 percent . = = Post @-@ legislative activism = = = = = Colorado Springs = = = In 2007 , Bruce began a series of challenges to the City of Colorado Springs ' creation of a Stormwater Enterprise Fee , which he contended amounted to an illegal tax collected by a government entity . After his first attempt at a ballot measure to end the fee was held to violate Colorado 's single subject rule , Bruce gained permission for a second petition following a year @-@ long battle over wording , and placed the measure on the November 2008 ballot following struggles to collect the necessary number of signatures but were rejected by voters . Bruce was again successful at placing a measure targeting the Stormwater Enterprise on the ballot in 2009 , despite challenges from the city that signatures were not submitted in time , but not after Bruce lost disputes over the wording of the ballot measures . Bruce 's Issue 300 was passed by voters with about 55 percent of the vote , and mandated that enterprise payments to Colorado Springs be phased out over eight years . Bruce and city officials disputed , even before the election , as to whether his measure would apply to the city 's Stormwater Enterprise Fee ; and after threatening to launch a ballot initiative to cut property taxes after an initial 5 @-@ 4 vote by the city council over two years , the city council then voted 5 @-@ 4 to phase out the authority immediately . Bruce , however , objected to the city council 's proposed implementation of the initiative , which would allow the city to collect payments from the authority in exchange for services rendered . Bruce claimed that this would " undo the plain meaning of issue 300 , " and made similar claims regarding a local government restructuring proposal made by Colorado Springs mayor Lionel Rivera . In March 2010 , Bruce filed suit against the city of Colorado Springs and its city council , charging that they had illegally hired outside legal counsel . He also accused the council members of receiving benefits greater than that authorized by law . In June 2010 , Bruce filed a ballot measure to dramatically expand the powers of the city 's mayor , including eliminating the positions of city manager , chief financial officer , and communications staff , as well as giving the mayor power to veto ordinances , lower taxes , and excuse city code violations . = = = Statewide ballot measures = = = Although Bruce attempted to distance himself from three statewide ballot measures aimed at limiting Colorado governments ' power to raise and borrow money , several petitioners for the measures were linked to Bruce through records showing that they temporarily resided at one of his Colorado Springs apartment buildings , and through their past work on TABOR initiatives in other states and petitioning for Bruce 's Issue 300 in Colorado Springs . The three measures — Amendment 60 , Amendment 61 and Proposition 101 — would impose restrictions or tax cuts , eliminate governments ' ability to borrow money without voter approval , cut the state income tax from 4 @.@ 63 to 3 @.@ 5 percent , and eliminate vehicle ownership taxes . Opponents of the ballot measures filed a complaint alleging the backers violated Colorado campaign finance laws by failing to disclose contributions and expenditures . Bruce was subpoenaed to testify in a hearing related to the case in March , but contested the summons unsuccessfully . During the month of May 2010 , the state attempted 29 times to serve a notice of a court order testify to Bruce at his Colorado Springs residence ; Bruce stated that he was out of town at the time , although both notices and delivered newspapers were removed during that period . At a hearing in late May , one of the ballot measures ' sponsors , Michelle Northrup , testified that she had met with Bruce before the measures were filed and that he provided advice on submitting the initiates and other legal matters . In early June , an administrative law judge ruled that the evidence showed Bruce was behind the three measures and imposed fines on their proponents , and state attorney general John Suthers ' office stated that they would seek a contempt citation against Bruce in district court . = = Crime , trial , conviction and sentence = = In 2010 , Douglas Bruce was charged with money laundering , attempted bribery of a public official , and tax fraud after he was discovered to be using a small @-@ government charity he founded to hide millions of dollars from the state taxman , pocketing interest and using the funds to further his political agenda . The case went to trial during which Bruce acted as his own attorney and , after eight days of trail , on Dec 22 , 2011 , after only four hours of deliberation , jurors convicted Bruce on four counts . On 13 February 2012 he was sentenced to two consecutive 90 @-@ day jail terms and six months of probation , during which he will have to make extensive financial disclosures to the court aimed to ensure he does not become a repeat offender . This was less than the two years of prison the District Attorney had asked for . He was also ordered to pay around $ 21 @,@ 000 to cover the cost of prosecution and about $ 29 @,@ 000 to cover the taxes that were owed . State Assistant Attorney General Robert Shapiro said , " Mr. Bruce , for personal , selfish and narcissistic reasons , took advantage of our charitable @-@ giving process . He was able to cheat Colorado for the better part of a decade . " Douglas Bruce defiantly denounced the trial , saying without contrition , " This was the dirtiest trial I have seen in 38 years , regardless of the outcome . " On February 13 , 2012 , Denver District Judge Anne Mansfield sentenced Bruce to six months in jail and six years on probation , imposing strict conditions that will require him to disclose in detail his financial life , even allowing the government access to his personal computers . Mansfield said she doubts Bruce will successfully complete his probation as Bruce himself would show up tardy to trial and introduced evidence by throwing documents onto the floor , the judge said . “ The defendant has absolutely no regard for the rule of law . His behavior during trial was reprehensible , ” Manfield said . Assistant Attorney General Robert Shapiro said the outcome was fair , “ Mr. Bruce ’ s life is going to be extremely transparent . That ’ s all we ever wanted , ” he said . Bruce remained defiant , saying , “ They will be able to have my body , but they cannot have my soul , ” he said . Bruce began serving his sentence 17 February 2012 . Bruce spent 104 days in jail , and was paroled with 20 terms and conditions required for his release . After a year , the probation department of the Denver District Court brought two complaints against Bruce , claiming that he failed to submit financial disclosures and tax filings , didn 't disclose a financial deal with Colorado Springs Councilwoman Helen Collins and didn 't report code violations and court cases related to six properties he owns in Ohio , Wisconsin and Illinois nor nearly $ 22 @,@ 000 in delinquent taxes on three Ohio properties . On March 11 , 2016 , Douglas Bruce was found in violation of his probation and sentenced to two years . He is currently serving his sentence in the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility in Cañon City , Colorado .
= Architecture of Scotland = The architecture of Scotland includes all human building within the modern borders of Scotland , from the Neolithic era to the present day . The earliest surviving houses go back around 9500 years , and the first villages 6000 years : Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney being the earliest preserved example in Europe . Crannogs , roundhouses , each built on an artificial island , date from the Bronze Age and stone buildings called Atlantic roundhouses and larger earthwork hill forts from the Iron Age . The arrival of the Romans from about 71 AD led to the creation of forts like that at Trimontium , and a continuous fortification between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde known as the Antonine Wall , built in the second century AD . Beyond Roman influence , there is evidence of wheelhouses and underground souterrains . After the departure of the Romans there were a series of nucleated hill forts , often utilising major geographical features , as at Dunadd and Dunbarton . Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of feudalism in the twelfth century . Initially these were wooden motte @-@ and @-@ bailey constructions , but many were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain wall . In the late Middle Ages new castles were built , some on a grander scale , and others , particularly in the borders , simpler tower houses . Gunpowder weaponry led to the use of gun ports , platforms to mount guns and walls adapted to resist bombardment . Medieval parish church architecture was typically simpler than in England , but there were grander ecclesiastical buildings in the Gothic style . From the early fifteenth century the introduction of Renaissance styles included the selective use of Romanesque forms in church architecture , as in the nave of Dunkeld Cathedral , followed more directly influenced Renaissance palace building from the late fifteenth century , beginning at Linlithgow . The private houses of aristocrats adopted some of these features and incorporated features of Medieval castles and tower houses into plans based on the French Château to produce the Scots Baronial style . From about 1560 , the Reformation led to the widespread destruction of church furnishings , ornaments and decoration and in post @-@ Reformation period a unique form of church emerged based on the " T " -shaped plan . After the Restoration in 1660 , there was a fashion for grand private houses influenced by the Palladian style and associated with the architects Sir William Bruce and James Smith . Scotland produced some of the most significant British architects of the eighteenth century , including : Colen Campbell , James Gibbs , William Chambers and particularly Robert Adam . They looked to classical models and Edinburgh 's New Town was the focus of a classical building boom . The Industrial Revolution transformed Scottish towns , leading to urban sprawl , exemplified by tenements like those of the Gorbals in Glasgow . New towns , of designed communities like New Lanark , developed from 1800 by Robert Owen , were one solution . Sociologist Patrick Geddes ( 1854 – 1932 ) preferred " conservative surgery " : retaining the best buildings in an area and removing the worst . There was a revival of the baronial style , particularly after the rebuilding of Abbotsford House for Walter Scott from 1816 , and a parallel revival of the Gothic in church architecture . Neoclassicism was pursued by William Henry Playfair , Alexander ' Greek ' Thomson and David Rhind . The late nineteenth century saw some major engineering projects including the Forth Bridge , a cantilever bridge and one of the first major all steel constructions in the world . The most significant Scottish architect of the early twentieth century , Charles Rennie Mackintosh , developed a unique and internationally influential " Glasgow style " . Architects who continued to employ styles informed by the past included James Robert Rhind and James Miller . From the mid @-@ twentieth century , architecture in Scotland became increasingly utilitarian and influenced by modernism . Key Scottish architects in this movement included Thomas S. Tait , James Stirling and James Gowan . The introduction of brutalism led to urban clearances and extensive use of the tower block . The style was also used in new towns like Glenrothes and Cumbernauld , but has received considerable criticism . More recent major architectural projects include the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre , Glasgow , the many striking modern buildings along the side of the River Clyde and the Scottish Parliament Building in Edinburgh . = = Prehistoric era = = Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on what is now Scottish soil around 9500 years ago , and the first villages around 6000 years ago . The stone building at Knap of Howar at Papa Westray , Orkney is one of the oldest surviving houses in north @-@ west Europe , making use of locally gathered rubble in a dry @-@ stone construction . Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney also dates from this period and is Europe 's most complete Neolithic village . Neolithic habitation , burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well @-@ preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles , where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone . From the Early and Middle Bronze Age we have evidence of the occupation of crannogs , roundhouses partially or entirely built on an artificial island , usually in lakes , rivers and estuarine waters . The peoples of early Iron Age Scotland , particularly in the north and west , lived in substantial stone buildings called Atlantic roundhouses . The remains of hundreds of these houses exist throughout the country , some merely piles of rubble , others with impressive towers and outbuildings . They date from about 800 BC to AD 300 with the most imposing structures having been created circa 200 – 100 BC . In the south and east larger earthwork hill forts survive . There is evidence for about 1 @,@ 000 Iron Age hillforts in Scotland , most located below the Clyde @-@ Forth line . They appear to have been largely abandoned in the Roman period , but some seem to have been reoccupied after their departure . Most are circular , with a single palisade around an enclosure . = = Roman and post @-@ Roman constructions = = The Romans began military expeditions into what is now Scotland from about 71 AD . In the summer of AD 78 Gnaeus Julius Agricola arrived in Britain to take up his appointment as the new governor and began a series of expeditions to Scotland . Two years later his legions constructed a substantial fort at Trimontium near Melrose . He is said to have pushed his armies to the estuary of the " River Taus " ( usually assumed to be the River Tay ) and established forts there , including a legionary fortress at Inchtuthil . Agricola 's successors were unable or unwilling to further subdue the far north . The fortress at Inchtuthil was dismantled before its completion and the other fortifications of the Gask Ridge were abandoned within the space of a few years . By AD 87 the occupation was limited to the Southern Uplands and by the end of the first century the northern limit of Roman expansion was a line drawn between the Tyne and Solway Firth . Elginhaugh fort , in Midlothian , dates to about this period as may Castle Greg in West Lothian . The Romans eventually withdrew to a line in what is now northern England , building the fortification known as Hadrian 's Wall from coast to coast . Around 141 A.D. the Romans undertook a reoccupation of southern Scotland , moving up to construct a new limes between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde . The Antonine Wall is the largest Roman construction inside Scotland . It is a sward @-@ covered wall made of turf circa 7 metres ( 20 ft ) high , with nineteen forts . It extended for 60 km ( 37 mi ) . Having taken twelve years to build , the wall was overrun and abandoned soon after AD 160 . The Romans retreated to the line of Hadrian 's Wall , with occasional expeditions that involved the building and reoccupation of forts , until their departure in the fifth century . Beyond the area of Roman occupation , wheelhouses , a round house with a characteristic outer wall within which a circle of stone piers ( bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel ) were constructed , with over sixty sites identified in the west and north . Over 400 souterrains , small underground constructions , have been discovered in Scotland , many of them in the south @-@ east , and although few have been dated those that have suggest a construction date in the 2nd or 3rd centuries AD . They are usually found close to settlements ( whose timber frames are much less well @-@ preserved ) and may have been for storing perishable agricultural products . After the departure of the Romans we have evidence of a series of forts , often smaller " nucleated " constructions compared with Iron Age constructions , sometimes utilising major geographical features , as at Dunadd and Dumbarton . = = Middle Ages = = Medieval vernacular architecture made use of local materials and styles . As in England , cruck construction was used , employing pairs of curved timbers to support the roof , however they were usually hidden from view . In rural areas there was extensive use of turf to fill in the walls , sometimes on a stone base , but they were not long lasting and had to be rebuilt perhaps as often as every two or three years . In some regions , including the south @-@ west and around Dundee , solid clay walls were used , or combinations of clay , turf and stray , rendered with clay or lime to make them weatherproof . With a lack of long span structural timber , the most common building material was stone , employed in both mortared and dry stone construction . Different regions used broom , heather , straw , turfs or reeds for roofing . The introduction of Christianity into Scotland from Ireland , from the sixth century , led to the construction of basic masonry @-@ built churches beginning on the west coast and islands . Medieval parish church architecture in Scotland was typically much less elaborate than in England , with many churches remaining simple oblongs , without transepts and aisles , and often without towers . In the Highlands they were often even simpler , many built of rubble masonry and sometimes indistinguishable from the outside from houses or farm buildings . However , from the eighth century , more sophisticated buildings emerged . Early Romanesque ashlar masonry produced block @-@ built stone buildings , like the eleventh century round tower at Brechin Cathedral and the square towers of Dunblane Cathedral and The Church of St Rule . After the eleventh century , as masonry techniques advanced , ashlar blocks became more rectangular , resulting in structurally more stable walls that could incorporate more refined architectural moulding and detailing that can be seen in corbelling , buttressing , lintels and arching . At the same time there was increasing influences from English and continental European designs , such as the Romanesque chevron pattern detailing on the piers in the nave of Dunfermline Abbey ( 1130 – 40 ) , which were modelled on details from Durham Cathedral , and the thirteenth century East @-@ end of Elgin Cathedral , which incorporated typical European Gothic mouldings and tracery . In the fifteenth century continental builders are known to have been working in Scotland . French master @-@ mason John Morrow was employed at the building of Glasgow Cathedral and the rebuilding of Melrose Abbey , both considered fine examples of Gothic architecture . The interiors of churches were often elaborate before the Reformation , with highly decorated sacrament houses , like the ones surviving at Deskford and Kinkell . The carvings at Rosslyn Chapel , created in the mid @-@ fifteenth century , elaborately depicting the progression of the seven deadly sins , are considered some of the finest in the Gothic style . Late Medieval Scottish churches also often contained elaborate burial monuments , like the Douglas tombs in the town of Douglas . The early sixteenth century saw crown steeples built on churches with royal connections , symbolising imperial monarchy , as at St. Giles Cathedral , Edinburgh . Scotland is known for its dramatically placed castles , many of which date from the late medieval era . Castles , in the sense of a fortified residence of a lord or noble , arrived in Scotland as part of David I 's encouragement of Norman and French nobles to settle with feudal tenures , particularly in the south and east , and were a way of controlling the contested lowlands . These were primarily wooden motte @-@ and @-@ bailey constructions , of a raised mount or motte , surmounted by a wooden tower and a larger adjacent enclosure or bailey , both usually surrounded by a fosse ( a ditch ) and palisade , and connected by a wooden bridge . They varied in size from the very large such as the Bass of Inverurie , to more modest designs like Balmaclellan . In England many of these constructions were converted into stone " keep @-@ and @-@ bailey " castles in the twelfth century , but in Scotland most of those that were in continued occupation became stone castles of " enceinte " , with a high embattled curtain wall . The need for thick and high walls for defence forced the use of economic building methods , often continuing the tradition of dry @-@ stone rubble building , which were then covered with a lime render , or harled for weatherproofing and a uniform appearance . In addition to the baronial castles there were royal castles , often larger and providing defence , lodging for the itinerant Scottish court and a local administrative centre . By 1200 these included fortifications at Ayr and Berwick . In the wars of Scottish Independence Robert I adopted a policy of castle destruction , rather than allow fortresses to be easily retaken and then held by the English , beginning with his own castles at Ayr and Dumfries , and including Roxburgh and Edinburgh . After the Wars of Independence , new castles began to be built , often on a grander scale as " livery and maintenance " castles , to house retained troops , like Tantallon , Lothian and Doune near Stirling , rebuilt for Robert Stewart , Duke of Albany in the fourteenth century . The largest number of late medieval fortifications in Scotland built by nobles , about 800 , were of the tower house design . Smaller versions of tower houses in southern Scotland were known as peel towers , or pele houses . The defences of tower houses were primarily aimed to provide protection against smaller raiding parties and were not intended to put up significant opposition to an organised military assault , leading historian Stuart Reid to characterise them as " defensible rather than defensive " . They were typically a tall , square , stone @-@ built , crenelated building ; often also surrounded by a barmkyn or bawn , a walled courtyard designed to hold valuable animals securely , but not necessarily intended for serious defence . They were built extensively on both sides of the border with England and James IV 's forfeiture of the Lordship of the Isles in 1494 led to an immediate burst of castle building across the region . Gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered the nature of castle architecture , with existing castles being adapted to allow the use of gunpowder weapons by the incorporation of " keyhole " gun ports , platforms to mount guns and walls being adapted to resist bombardment . Ravenscraig , Kirkcaldy , begun about 1460 , is probably the first castle in the British Isles to be built as an Artillery fort , incorporating " D @-@ shape " bastions that would better resist cannon fire and on which artillery could be mounted . = = Early modern = = = = = Renaissance = = = The impact of the Renaissance on Scottish architecture has been seen as occurring in two distinct phases . First , from the early fifteenth century the selective use of Romanesque forms in church architecture , to be followed by a second phase of more directly influenced Renaissance palace building from the late fifteenth century . The re @-@ adoption of low @-@ massive church building with round arches and pillars , in contrast to the Gothic perpendicular style that was particularly dominant in England in the late Medieval era , may have been influenced by close contacts with Rome and the Netherlands , and may have been a conscious reaction to English forms in favour of continental ones . It can be seen in the nave of Dunkeld Cathedral , begun in 1406 , the facade of St Mary 's , Haddington from the 1460s and in the chapel of Bishop Elphinstone 's Kings College , Aberdeen ( 1500 – 9 ) . About forty collegiate churches were established in Scotland in late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries . Many , like Trinity College , Edinburgh , showed a combination of Gothic and Renaissance styles . The extensive building and rebuilding of royal palaces probably began under James III , accelerated under James IV , reaching its peak under James V. These works have been seen as directly reflecting the influence of Renaissance styles . Linlithgow was first constructed under James I , under the direction of master of work John de Waltoun and was referred to as a palace , apparently the first use of this term in the country , from 1429 . This was extended under James III and began to correspond to a fashionable quadrangular , corner @-@ towered Italian signorial palace of a palatium ad moden castri ( a castle @-@ style palace ) , combining classical symmetry with neo @-@ chivalric imagery . There is evidence of Italian masons working for James IV , in whose reign Linlithgow was completed and other palaces were rebuilt with Italianate proportions . James V encountered the French version of Renaissance building while visiting for his marriage to Madeleine of Valois in 1536 and his second marriage to Mary of Guise may have resulted in longer term connections and influences . Work from his reign largely disregarded the insular style adopted in England under Henry VIII and adopted forms that were recognisably European , beginning with the extensive work at Linlithgow . This was followed by re @-@ buildings at Holyrood , Falkland , Stirling and Edinburgh , described as " some of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture in Britain " . Rather than slavishly copying continental forms , most Scottish architecture incorporated elements of these styles into traditional local patterns , adapting them to Scottish idioms and materials ( particularly stone and harl ) . Work undertaken for James VI demonstrated continued Renaissance influences , with the Chapel Royal at Stirling having a classical entrance built in 1594 and the North Wing of Linlithgow , built in 1618 , using classical pediments . Similar themes can be seen in the private houses of aristocrats , as in Mar 's Wark , Stirling ( c . 1570 ) and Crichton Castle , built for the Earl of Bothwell in 1580s . = = = Reformation = = = From about 1560 , the Reformation revolutionised church architecture in Scotland . Calvinists rejected ornamentation in places of worship , with no need for elaborate buildings divided up by ritual , resulting in the widespread destruction of Medieval church furnishings , ornaments and decoration . There was a need to adapt and build new churches suitable for reformed services , particularly putting the pulpit and preaching at the centre of worship . Many of the earliest buildings were simple gabled rectangles , a style that continued to be built into the seventeenth century , as at Dunnottar Castle in the 1580s , Greenock ( 1591 ) and Durness ( 1619 ) , but often with windows on the south wall ( and none on the north ) , which became a unique feature of Reformation kirks . There were continuities with pre @-@ Reformation materials , with some churches using rubble , as at Kemback in Fife ( 1582 ) . Others employed stone and a few added wooden steeples , as at Burntisland ( 1592 ) . The church of Greyfriars , Edinburgh , built between 1602 and 1620 , used a rectangular layout with a largely Gothic form , but that at Dirleton ( 1612 ) , had a more sophisticated classical style . A variation of the rectangular church that developed in post @-@ Reformation Scotland was the " T " -shaped plan , often used when adapting existing churches , which allowed the maximum number of parishioners to be near the pulpit . They can be seen at Kemback and Prestonpans after 1595 . It continued to be used into the seventeenth century as at Weem ( 1600 ) , Anstruther Easter , Fife ( 1634 – 44 ) and New Cumnock ( 1657 ) . In the seventeenth century a Greek cross plan was used for churches such as Cawdor ( 1619 ) and Fenwick ( 1643 ) . In most of these cases one arm of the cross would have been closed off as a laird 's aisle , meaning that they were in effect " T " -plan churches . The unique style of great private house in Scotland , later known as Scots baronial , has been located in origin to the period of the 1560s . It kept many of the features of the high walled Medieval castles that had been largely made obsolete by gunpowder weapons and may have been influenced by the French masons brought to Scotland to work on royal palaces . It drew on the tower houses and peel towers , retaining many of their external features , but with a larger ground plan , classically a stone built " Z @-@ plan " of a rectangular block with towers , as at Colliston Castle ( 1583 ) and Claypotts Castle ( 1569 – 88 ) . Particularly influential was the work of William Wallace , the king 's master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631 . He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618 , Winton House for George Seton , 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on Heriot 's Hospital , Edinburgh . He adopted a distinctive style that applied elements of Scottish fortification and Flemish influences to a Renaissance plan like that used at Château d 'Ancy @-@ le @-@ Franc . This style can be seen in lords houses built at Caerlaverlock ( 1620 ) , Moray House , Edinburgh ( 1628 ) and Drumlanrig Castle ( 1675 – 89 ) , and was highly influential until the baronial style gave way to the grander English forms associated with Inigo Jones in the later seventeenth century . = = = Restoration = = = During the turbulent era of Civil Wars and the English occupation of Scotland , significant building in Scotland was largely confined to military architecture , with polygonal fortresses with triangular bastions at Ayr , Inverness and Leith in the style of the trace italienne . After the Restoration in 1660 , large scale building began again , often incorporating more comprehensive ideas of reviving classicism . Sir William Bruce ( 1630 – 1710 ) , considered " the effective founder of classical architecture in Scotland " , was the key figure in introducing the Palladian style into Scotland , following the principles of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio ( 1508 – 80 ) . Palladio 's ideas were strongly based on the symmetry , perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans , and associated in England with the designs of Inigo Jones . Bruce popularised a style of country house amongst the nobility that encouraging the move towards a more continental , leisure @-@ oriented architecture . He built and remodelled country houses , including Thirlestane Castle and Prestonfield House . Among his most significant work was his own Palladian mansion at Kinross , built on the Loch Leven estate which he had purchased in 1675 . As the Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works he undertook the rebuilding of the Royal Palace of Holyroodhouse in the 1670s , which gave the palace its present appearance . After the death of Charles II , Bruce lost political favour , and later , following the Glorious Revolution , he was imprisoned more than once as a suspected Jacobite . These houses were predominantly built using well @-@ cut ashlar masonry on the façades , while rubble stonework was used only for internal walls . James Smith worked as a mason on the Bruce 's rebuilding of Holyrood Palace . In 1683 he was appointed to be Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works , and was responsible for maintenance of Holyrood Palace , and refurbished the former Holyrood Abbey as a chapel royal for King James VII . With his father @-@ in @-@ law , the master mason Robert Mylne , Smith worked on Caroline Park in Edinburgh ( 1685 ) , and Drumlanrig Castle ( 1680s ) . Smith 's country houses followed the pattern established by William Bruce , with hipped roofs and pedimented fronts , in a plain but handsome Palladian style . His Canongate Kirk ( 1688 – 90 ) is a basilica @-@ plan , with a baroque facade . In 1691 Smith designed the mausoleum of Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh , in Greyfriars Kirkyard , a circular structure modelled on the Tempietto di San Pietro , designed by Donato Bramante ( 1444 – 1514 ) . Hamilton Palace ( 1695 ) was fronted by giant Corinthian columns , and a pedimented entrance , although was otherwise restrained . Dalkeith Palace ( 1702 – 10 ) was modelled after William of Orange 's palace at Het Loo in the Netherlands . = = Industrial revolution = = = = = Eighteenth century = = = After the Act of Union , growing prosperity in Scotland led to a spate of new building , both public and private . The threat of Jacobite insurrection or invasion meant that Scotland also saw more military building than England in this period , relying on the strength of inclined and angled engineered masonry work combined with the ability of earthen toppings that could deflect and absorb artillery fire . This culminated in the construction of Fort George , near Inverness ( 1748 – 69 ) , with its projecting bastions and redoubts . Scotland produced some of the most significant architects of this era , including : Colen Campbell ( 1676 – 1729 ) , James Gibbs ( 1682 – 1754 ) , James ( 1732 – 94 ) , John ( 1721 – 92 ) and Robert Adam ( 1728 – 92 ) and William Chambers ( 1723 – 96 ) , who all created work that to some degree looked to classical models . Edinburgh 's New Town was the focus of this classical building boom in Scotland . From the mid @-@ eighteenth century it was laid out according to a plan of rectangular blocks with open squares , drawn up by James Craig and built in strong Craigleith sandstone which could be precisely cut by masons . Most residences were built as tenement flats , where , in contrast to contemporary building in England where buildings were divided vertically into different houses , they were divided horizontally , with different occupants sharing a common staircase . The smallest might have only one room , the largest several bedrooms and drawing rooms . This classicism , together with its reputation as a major centre of the Enlightenment , resulted in the city being nicknamed " The Athens of the North " . The gridiron plan , building forms and the architectural detailing would be copied by many smaller towns , although rendered in locally quarried materials . Despite this building boom , the centralisation of much of the government administration , including the king 's works , in London , meant that a number of Scottish architects spent most of all of their careers in England , where they had a major impact on Georgian architecture . Colen Campbell was influenced by the Palladian style and has been credited with founding Georgian architecture . Architectural historian Howard Colvin has speculated that he was associated with James Smith and that Campbell may even have been his pupil . He spent most of his career in Italy and England and developed a rivalry with fellow Scot James Gibbs . Gibbs trained in Rome and also practised mainly in England . His architectural style did incorporate Palladian elements , as well as forms from Italian baroque and Inigo Jones , but was most strongly influenced by the interpretation of the Baroque by Sir Christopher Wren . William Adam , was the foremost architect of his time in Scotland , designing and building numerous country houses and public buildings . Among his best known works are Hopetoun House near Edinburgh , and Duff House in Banff . His individual , exuberant , style was built on the Palladian style , but with Baroque details inspired by Vanbrugh and Continental architecture . After his death , his sons Robert and John took on the family business , which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance . Robert emerged as leader of the first phase of the neo @-@ classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death . He rejected the Palladian style as " ponderous " and " disgustful " . However , he continued their tradition of drawing inspiration directly from classical antiquity , influenced by his four @-@ year stay in Europe . An interior designer as well as an architect , with his brothers developing the Adam style , he influenced the development of architecture , not just in Britain , but in Western Europe , North America and in Russia , where his patterns were taken by Scottish architect Charles Cameron . Adam 's main rival was William Chambers , another Scot , but born in Sweden . He did most of his work in London , with a small number of houses in Scotland . He was appointed architectural tutor to the Prince of Wales , later George III , and in 1766 , with Robert Adam , as Architect to the King . More international in outlook than Adam , he combined Neoclassicism and Palladian conventions and his influence was mediated through his large number of pupils . = = = Nineteenth century = = = = = = = Urban growth and planning = = = = Vernacular architecture of this period continued to depend on local materials and styles , increasing making use of locally mined stone . While Edinburgh made extensive use of yellow sandstone , the commercial centre and tenements of Glasgow were built in distinctive red sandstone . After a major fire in the largely wooden Aberdeen in the 1740s , the city fathers decreed that major buildings should be in the locally abundant granite , beginning a new phase in large scale mining and leading to the " granite city " , as a port , becoming a centre of a major industry in the nineteenth century , which supplied Scotland and England with faced stone , pavement slabs and pillars . Often built by groups of friends and family , the homes of the poor were usually of very simple construction . Contemporaries noted that cottages in the Highlands and Islands tended to be cruder , with single rooms , slit windows and earthen floors , often shared by a large family . In contrast many Lowland cottages had distinct rooms and chambers , were clad with plaster or paint and even had glazed windows . Urban settings also included traditional thatched houses , beside the larger , stone and slate roofed town houses of merchants and urban gentry . The Industrial Revolution transformed the scale of Scottish towns , making Glasgow the " second city of the Empire " . The other side of growing wealth and planned architecture for the aristocracy and middle classes was the growth of urban sprawl , exemplified by sub @-@ urban tenements like those of the Gorbals in Glasgow , where overcrowding , lack of sanitation and general poverty contributed to disease , crime , and very low life expediency . The sometimes utopian concept of the new town , aimed at improving society through the foundation of architecturally designed communities , was an important part of Scottish thinking from the mid @-@ eighteenth to the twentieth century . In addition to the New Town of Edinburgh these included the complete rebuilding of Inverary for John Campbell , 5th Duke of Argyll by John Adam and Robert Mylne , between 1772 and 1800 . From 1800 , Robert Owen 's New Lanark , designed as a self @-@ contained community , combining industry with ordered and improved living conditions , was an important milestone in the historical development of urban planning . Scotland also produced one of the major figures in urban planning in sociologist Patrick Geddes ( 1854 – 1932 ) , who developed the concept of conurbation , and discarded the idea of " sweeping clearances " to remove existing housing and the imposition of the gridiron plan , in favour of " conservative surgery " : retaining the best buildings in an area and removing the worst . He put this into practice , purchasing and improving slum tenements in James Court , and in new developments at Ramsay Garden , Edinburgh . = = = = Gothic revival = = = = The Gothic revival in architecture has been seen as an expression of Romanticism and according to Alvin Jackson , the Scots baronial style was " a Caledonian reading of the gothic " . Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland . Inveraray Castle , constructed from 1746 with design input from William Adam displays the incorporation of turrets . These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some external features of the Scots baronial style . Robert Adam 's houses in this style include Mellerstain and Wedderburn in Berwickshire and Seton House in East Lothian , but it is most clearly seen at Culzean Castle , Ayrshire , remodelled by Adam from 1777 . Important for the adoption of the style in the early nineteenth century was Abbotsford House , the residence the novelist and poet , Sir Walter Scott . Re @-@ built for him from 1816 , it became a model for the modern revival of the baronial style . Common features borrowed from sixteenth- and seventeenth @-@ century houses included battlemented gateways , crow @-@ stepped gables , pointed turrets and machicolations . The style was popular across Scotland and was applied to many relatively modest dwellings by architects such as William Burn ( 1789 – 1870 ) , David Bryce ( 1803 – 76 ) , Edward Blore ( 1787 – 1879 ) , Edward Calvert ( c . 1847 – 1914 ) and Robert Stodart Lorimer ( 1864 – 1929 ) and in urban contexts , including the building of Cockburn Street in Edinburgh ( from the 1850s ) as well as the National Wallace Monument at Stirling ( 1859 – 69 ) . The rebuilding of Balmoral Castle as a baronial palace and its adoption as a royal retreat from 1855 – 8 confirmed the popularity of the style . In ecclesiastical architecture , a style with more in common to that in England was adopted . Important figures included Frederick Thomas Pilkington ( 1832 – 98 ) , who developed a new style of church building which accorded with the fashionable High Gothic , but which adapted it for the worship needs of the Free Church of Scotland , as at Barclay Viewforth Church , Edinburgh ( 1862 – 4 ) . Robert Rowand Anderson ( 1834 – 1921 ) , who trained in the office of George Gilbert Scott in London before returning to Edinburgh , worked mainly on small churches in the ' First Pointed ' ( or Early English ) style that is characteristic of Scott 's former assistants . By 1880 his practice was designing some of the most prestigious public and private buildings in Scotland , such as the Scottish National Portrait Gallery ; the Dome of Old College , Medical Faculty and McEwan Hall , Edinburgh University ; the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central station , the Catholic Apostolic Church in Edinburgh and Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute . = = = = Neo @-@ classicism = = = = Neoclassicism continued to be a major style into the nineteenth century . William Henry Playfair ( 1790 – 1857 ) was the designer of many of Edinburgh 's neoclassical landmarks in the New Town . Two of his finest works are the National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy , which are situated in the centre of Edinburgh . However , the figure most associated with the classical style was Alexander ' Greek ' Thomson ( 1817 – 75 ) . Working mainly in Glasgow , he turned away from the Gothic style toward that of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians , as can be seen in the temple and columns that were part of the Caledonia Road Church ( 1856 ) . David Rhind ( 1808 – 83 ) employed both neoclassical and Baronial styles and his work included many branches of the Commercial Bank of Scotland , including their headquarters in Edinburgh . He also designed a number of churches , local government buildings , and houses . One of his grandest schemes was Daniel Stewart 's Hospital , now Stewart 's Melville College , Edinburgh . In 1849 , he was commissioned to design the lay @-@ out of the Pollokshields area of Glasgow , in what until then had been farmland 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south of the city centre . Rhind formed a partnership with Robert Hamilton Paterson ( 1843 – 1911 ) who executed major works for brewers , malters and warehouse @-@ men ( for which Edinburgh was a centre ) , including design of the Abbey , James Calder & Co . , Castle , Holyrood , Drybrough 's , Caledonian and Clydesdale Breweries ; and also work for McVitie and Price . The partnership was to execute important projects such as the Queen Victoria Memorial at Liverpool and the Royal Scots War Memorial in St Giles ' Cathedral , Edinburgh . = = = = New engineering = = = = The nineteenth century saw some major engineering projects including Thomas Telford 's stone Dean Bridge and iron Craigellachie Bridge . The most important was the Forth Bridge , a cantilever railway bridge over the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland , 14 kilometres ( 9 mi ) west of central Edinburgh . Construction of a suspension bridge designed by Thomas Bouch , was stopped after the collapse of another of his works , the Tay Bridge . The project was taken over by John Fowler and Benjamin Baker , who designed a structure that was built by Glasgow @-@ based company Sir William Arrol & Co. from 1883 . It was opened on 4 March 1890 , and spans a total length of 2 @,@ 528 @.@ 7 metres ( 8 @,@ 296 ft ) . It was the first major structure in Britain to be constructed of steel ; its contemporary , the Eiffel Tower was built of wrought iron . = = Twentieth century to the present = = The most significant Scottish architect of the early twentieth century , having a considerable influence on European architecture , was Charles Rennie Mackintosh ( 1868 – 1928 ) . He mixed elements of the Scots baronial , Arts and Crafts Movement and the Art Nouveau to produce elegant modern buildings . His major work included The Willow Tearooms in Sauchiehall Street , Glasgow ( 1903 ) , Glasgow School of Art ( 1897 – 1909 ) and Hill House , Helensburgh ( 1902 – 04 ) . The influence of Mackintosh 's Glasgow style can be seen in the work of architects like James Salmon ( 1873 – 1924 ) , whose designs included the heavily glass @-@ fronted , Art Nouveau " Hatrack " ( 1899 – 1902 ) on Vincent Street and the Lion Chambers , Hope Street ( 1904 – 05 ) , an early example of reinforced concrete construction . In the twentieth century the distinctive Scottish use of stone architecture declined as it was replaced by cheaper alternatives such as Portland cement , concrete , and mass @-@ production brick . Stone would however be retained as a material for some housing stock in Edinburgh , Aberdeen and Dumfries , and would undergo revivals . In the twentieth century private architecture was increasingly client driven . James Robert Rhind ( 1854 – 1918 ) , the son of David Rhind , was successful in the competition for new libraries to be constructed in Glasgow following Andrew Carnegie 's gift of £ 100 @,@ 000 to the city in 1901 . His designs were selected for seven libraries , allowing him to demonstrate his individual interpretation of Edwardian Baroque architecture . Rhind 's libraries were all built with locally quarried sandstone , which blended in with the existing tenement neighbourhoods . His landmark buildings were greatly enhanced by his liberal use of columns , domes and sculpted features . James Miller ( 1860 – 1947 ) is noted for his Scottish railway stations , such as his 1901 – 05 extensions to Glasgow Central railway station , and the spectacular Wemyss Bay railway station on the Firth of Clyde . After the First World War , Miller and his chief designer Richard Gunn ( 1889 – 1933 ) along with others , adapted to the growing needs of the office block . In Glasgow , with its central gridiron plan , this followed the practice in the United States of filling up entire blocks and building steel framed buildings as high as the fire marshal would allow , as in the heavily American @-@ influenced Union Bank building ( 1924 ) at St Vincent Street . From the mid @-@ twentieth century , public architecture became more utilitarian , as part of the impulse to produce a comprehensive welfare state . Thomas S. Tait ( 1882 – 1954 ) was among the most important modernist architects of the era , using pyramidal stepped designs for buildings like the St Andrew 's House , Edinburgh ( 1935 – 9 ) built for the Scottish Office , and the 1939 " Tower of Empire " for the Empire Exhibition , Scotland 1938 , held in Bellahouston Park . During World War I the government became increasingly aware of Scotland 's housing problems , particularly after the Glasgow rent strike of 1915 . A royal commission of 1917 reported on the " unspeakably filthy privy @-@ middens in many of the mining areas , badly constructed incurably damp labourers ' cottages on farms , whole townships unfit for human occupation in the crofting counties and islands ... groups of lightless and unventilated houses in the older burghs , clotted masses of slums in the great cities " . The result was a massive programme of council house building . Many early council houses were built on greenfield sites away from the pollution of the city , often constructed of semi @-@ detached homes or terraced cottages . Knightswood , north @-@ west of Glasgow , was built as a show piece from 1923 – 9 , with a library , social centre and seven shopping " parades " . In the 1930s schemes tended to be more cheaply built , like Blackhill , Glasgow , with a thousand houses built as two and three story tenements . These building schemes were designed to rehouse those displaced by urban slum clearance , by which thousands of tenements were demolished . However , often crammed into poor land near railways or gasworks , they soon became notorious . A survey of 1936 found that almost half of Scotland 's houses were still inadequate . In the post @-@ war period Scotland continued to produce important architects , including James Stirling ( 1926 – 92 ) , who with James Gowan ( 1923 – ) designed the Flats at Ham Common , London ( 1955 – 8 ) , considered a landmark in the development of modernist , brutalist residential planning , which would have a profound impact in Scotland . Their later work , almost all of it outside Scotland , would be highly influential on an international scale . The post @-@ war desire for urban regeneration would focus on the tower block , championed in Glasgow by David Gibson , convener of the city housing committee . Projects like the brutalist Red Road Flats originally offered hope of a new beginning and an escape from the overcrowded nineteenth @-@ century tenements of the city , but lacked a sufficient infrastructure and soon deteriorated . Robert Matthew ( 1906 – 75 ) and Basil Spence ( 1907 – 76 ) were responsible for redeveloping the Gorbals in Glasgow , for demolitions at the University of Edinburgh and the stark rebuilding typified by the David Hume Tower ( 1960 – 63 ) . Another solution adopted in Scotland was the building of new towns like Glenrothes ( 1948 ) and Cumbernauld ( 1956 ) , designed to take excess population from the cities . Cumbernauld was praised for its architecture when first built , but the uncompleted centre and the layout of the town in general , were receiving heavy criticism by the twenty @-@ first century : its modernist architecture described by one resident as " the lego fantasy of an unhappy child " . From the 1980s Scottish architecture began to recover its reputation with works such as the building to house the Burrell Collection in Glasgow ( 1981 ) . Recent major public buildings include the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre , Glasgow ( 1997 ) , designed by Norman Foster ( 1935 – ) and known for its segmented , curving roof as " the Armadillo " , and the many striking modern buildings along the side of the River Clyde , including the Glasgow Science Centre , IMAX Cinema and Glasgow Tower ( 2001 ) , which is the highest in Scotland . The most important building of the early twentieth century is the Scottish Parliament Building in Edinburgh , designed by Enric Miralles ( 1955 – 2000 ) and opened in 2004 , with a design that recalls upturned fishing boats . There have been increasing attempts to preserve much of what survives from Scotland 's architectural heritage , including the great buildings and monuments , but also the classically influenced houses of towns like Edinburgh and Glasgow and the surviving tenements , many of which have been renovated , restored to their original pink and honeyed sandstone from the black fronts created by pollution and brought up to modern standards of accommodation . Urban regeneration has also been attempted in areas of post @-@ industrial decline , like the Merchant City in Glasgow , which was returned to housing from the 1980s , with warehouse loft conversions and more recently the waterfront in Edinburgh , resulting in a return of populations to major urban centres . = = List of Scottish architects = = Robert Adam ( 1728 – 92 ) William Adam ( 1689 – 1748 ) Father of Robert and architect and builder Robert Rowand Anderson ( 1834 – 1921 ) Sir William Bruce ( c . 1630 – 1710 ) Edward Calvert ( c . 1847 – 1914 ) Charles Cameron ( 1743 – 1812 ) Colen Campbell ( 1676 – 1729 ) Alan Dunlop ( 1958 – ) James Leslie Findlay ( 1868 – 1952 ) James Gibbs ( 1682 – 1754 ) Ian G Lindsay ( 1906 – 66 ) Robert Lorimer ( 1864 – 1929 ) Charles Rennie Mackintosh ( 1868 – 1928 ) , architect , designer and watercolourist , husband of Margaret Macdonald ( 1864 – 1933 ) , artist and designer Robert Matthew ( 1906 – 75 ) James Miller ( 1860 – 1947 ) Gordon Murray ( 1954 – ) Robert Hamilton Paterson ( 1843 – 1911 ) James Playfair ( 1755 – 94 ) , father of William Henry William Henry Playfair ( 1790 – 1857 ) David Rhind ( 1808 – 83 ) James Robert Rhind ( 1854 – 1918 ) Archibald Simpson ( 1790 – 1847 ) John Smith ( 1781 – 1852 ) William Smith ( 1817 – 1891 ) Basil Spence ( 1907 – 76 ) James Stirling ( 1926 – 92 ) Thomas S. Tait ( 1882 – 1954 ) Alexander ' Greek ' Thomson ( 1817 – 75 ) Frederick Thomas Pilkington ( 1832 – 98 )
= Operation Peppermint = Operation Peppermint was the codename given during World War II to preparations by the Manhattan Project and the European Theater of Operations United States Army ( ETOUSA ) to counter the danger that the Germans might disrupt the June 1944 Normandy landings with radioactive poisons . In response , the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago and the Victoreen Instrument Company in Cleveland developed portable radiation detection devices suitable for use in the field . In 1944 , Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , director of the Manhattan Project , sent Major Arthur V. Peterson to brief General Dwight D. Eisenhower and his senior staff officers at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) . In response , ETOUSA initiated Operation Peppermint . Special equipment was prepared . Eleven survey meters and a Geiger counter were shipped to England in early 1944 , along with 1 @,@ 500 film packets , which were used to measure radiation exposure . Another 25 survey meters , 5 Geiger counters and 1 @,@ 500 film packets were held in storage in the United States , but in readiness to be shipped by air with the highest priority . Chemical Warfare Service teams were trained in its use , and Signal Corps personnel in its maintenance . The equipment was held in readiness , but the preparations were not needed , because the Germans had not developed such weapons . = = Background = = When the Manhattan Project assumed responsibility for the development of nuclear weapons in September 1942 , it also assumed responsibility for the development of suitable countermeasures . At the time , the threat posed by the German nuclear energy project was taken very seriously . Consideration was given to issuing a public warning of the danger of a German nuclear attack on the United States , but the director of the Manhattan Project , Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , considered the likelihood of this to be sufficiently remote that he rejected the notion of taking so drastic a step . A subcommittee of the S @-@ 1 Uranium Committee , chaired by James B. Conant , and consisting of himself , Arthur Compton and Harold Urey , was appointed to look into the issue , and it similarly assessed the danger as low , but still sufficient to warrant taking some precautions . A program was initiated by the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago and the Victoreen Instrument Company in Cleveland to develop radiation detection devices suitable for use in the field . Some 48 portable detection meters were built in 1943 , half of which were capable of detecting 0 to 10 roentgens per day , while the other half could detect from 0 to 100 roentgens per day . Instruments sets were stored at Manhattan District offices in Boston , Chicago , New York , San Francisco and Washington , D.C. , and the area engineer and some other officers were instructed in their use . A special team of scientists was created at the Metallurgical Laboratory who could respond to any reports of the use of nuclear weapons or radioactive poisons . It was considered more likely that Germany might employ such weapons against the United Kingdom , so four officers from the European Theater of Operations United States Army ( ETOUSA ) were summoned to Chicago where they were given a top secret briefing by the Manhattan District 's Chicago area engineer , Major Arthur V. Peterson . They were told about possible forms such an attack might take , and what the effects and symptoms of them were , and they were given survey instruments and shown how to use them . They were enjoined to tell other officers in the theater to report unexplained fogging of film or illnesses with symptoms corresponding to the effects of radiation sickness . = = Preparations = = As the date for the Normandy landings ( codenamed Operation Overlord ) drew near in early 1944 , Groves considered that risk was sufficient to send an officer to brief the Supreme Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower of the possible use of radioactive poisons , particularly plutonium and fission products that might be created in their nuclear reactors . On 8 April 1944 , Peterson reported to the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) and met with Eisenhower , his Chief of Staff , Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith , Assistant Chief of Staff ( G @-@ 2 ) ( Intelligence ) , Major General John Whiteley , and his Assistant Chief of Staff ( G @-@ 3 ) ( Operations ) , Major General Harold R. Bull . They considered creating an Allied plan to counter the danger , but Whiteley said that he would have to consult with the British command before this could be approved . Colonel G. S. Eyster from G @-@ 3 was then ordered to prepare an American plan , under the codename Operation Peppermint . Further briefings were given to Admiral Harold Stark , and Lieutenant Generals Carl Spaatz and John C. H. Lee , and Eisenhower also wrote to Lieutenant General Hastings Ismay , the Chief of Staff of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Winston Churchill to inform the British Chiefs of Staff , but no British or American commanders actually participating in Operation Overlord were informed . The British subsequently adopted a similar plan to Operation Peppermint , and SHAEF assumed responsibility for coordinating the British and American efforts . Scientific assistance was provided by the Cavendish Laboratory . Operation Peppermint provided for : Centralization of all detection equipment and knowledge of its operation under ETOUSA ; Establishment of a means of detecting the use of radioactive substances ; and Channels for the reporting of such incidents to G @-@ 3 ETOUSA for immediate action . Under Operation Peppermint , orders went out for medical personnel to report the details of any fogging or blackening of photographic or X @-@ ray film , and medical officers were ordered to report diseases of unknown etiology involving fatigue , nausea , leukopenia or erythema . Eleven survey meters and a Geiger counter were shipped to England in early 1944 , along with 1 @,@ 500 film packets , which were used to measure radiation exposure . Another 25 survey meters , 5 Geiger counters and 1 @,@ 500 film packets were held in storage in the United States , but in readiness to be shipped by air with the highest priority . Peterson instructed Chemical Warfare Service personnel in the use of the equipment , and Signal Corps personnel in its maintenance . In the weeks leading up to D @-@ Day , full @-@ scale rehearsals of Operation Peppermint were carried out in order to test the plan and the equipment . Ground and aerial surveys were also carried out to detect the presence of radioactive substances in troop concentration areas , and at sites in the United Kingdom that had been bombed , but none were detected . = = Outcome = = The Germans had not developed , and did not employ radioactive poisons , so Operation Peppermint was never put into effect . After VE @-@ Day , the equipment and all the documents relating to Operation Peppermint were collected , returned to the United States , and handed over to the Manhattan Project . However , the effort put into developing portable radiation detection equipment was not wasted . Survey teams from the Manhattan Project used the equipment to assess the fallout from the Trinity nuclear test , the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and Operation Crossroads , during which 10 @,@ 000 film badges were used .
= Thored = Thored ( Old English : Ðoreð or Þoreð ; fl . 979 – 992 ) was a 10th @-@ century ealdorman of York , ruler of the southern half of the old Kingdom of Northumbria on behalf of the king of England . He was the son of either Gunnar or Oslac , northern ealdormen . If he was the former , he may have attained adulthood by the 960s , when a man of his name raided Westmorland . Other potential appearances in the records are likewise uncertain until 979 , the point from which Thored 's period as ealdorman can be accurately dated . Although historians differ in their opinions about his relationship , if any , to Kings Edgar the Peaceable and Edward the Martyr , it is generally thought that he enjoyed a good relationship with King Æthelred II . His daughter Ælfgifu married Æthelred . Thored was ealdorman in Northumbria for much of his reign , disappearing from the sources in 992 after being appointed by Æthelred to lead an expedition against the Vikings . = = Origins = = Thored appears to have been of at least partially Scandinavian origin , suggested by the title applied to him in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle entry for 992 . Here , the ealdorman of Hampshire is called by the English title " ealdorman " , while Thored himself is styled by the Scandinavian word eorl ( i.e. Earl ) . Two accounts of Thored 's origins have been offered by modern historians . The first is that he was a son of Oslac , ealdorman of York from 966 until his exile in 975 . This argument is partly based on the assertion by the Historia Eliensis , that Oslac had a son named Thorth ( i.e. " Thored " ) . The other suggestion , favoured by most historians , is that he was the son of a man named Gunnar . This Gunnar is known to have held land in the East and North Ridings of Yorkshire . If the latter suggestion is correct , then Thored 's first appearance in history is the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle recension D ( EF ) ' s entry for 966 , which recorded the accession of Oslac to the ealdormanry of southern Northumbria : In this year , Thored , Gunnar 's son , harried Westmoringa land , and , in this same year , Oslac succeeded to the office of ealdorman . The Anglo @-@ Saxon scholar Frank Stenton believed that this was an act of regional faction @-@ fighting , rather than , as had been suggested by others , Thored carrying out the orders of King Edgar the Peaceable . This entry is , incidentally , the first mention of Westmoringa land , that is , Westmorland . Gunnar seems to have been ealdorman earlier in the decade , for in one charter ( surviving only in a later cartulary ) dated to 963 and three Abingdon charters dated to 965 , an ealdorman ( dux ) called Gunnar is mentioned . Thored may be the Thored who appears for the first time in charter attestations during the reign of King Edgar ( 959 – 75 ) , his earliest possible appearance being in 964 , witnessing a grant of land in Kent by King Edgar to St Peter 's , Ghent . This is uncertain because the authenticity of this particular charter is unclear . A charter issued by Edgar in 966 , granting land in Oxfordshire to a woman named Ælfgifu , has an illegible ealdorman witness signature beginning with Þ , which may be Thored . = = Ealdorman = = Thored 's governorship as ealdorman , based on charter attestations , cannot be securely dated before 979 . He did attest royal charters during the reign of Æthelred II , the first in 979 , six in 983 , one in 984 , three in 985 , one in 988 , appearing in such attestations for the last time in 989 . It is possible that such appearances represent more than one Thored , though that is not a generally accepted theory . His definite predecessor , Oslac , was expelled from England in 975 . The historian Richard Fletcher thought that Oslac 's downfall may have been the result of opposing the succession of Edward the Martyr , enemy and brother of Æthelred II . What is known about Thored 's time as ealdorman is that he did not have a good relationship with Oswald , Archbishop of York ( 971 – 92 ) . In a memorandum written by Oswald , a group of estates belonging to the archdiocese of York was listed , and Oswald noted that " I held them all until Thored came to power ; then was St Peter [ to whom York was dedicated ] robbed " . One of the estates allegedly lost was Newbald , an estate given by King Edgar to a man named Gunnar , suggesting to historian Dorothy Whitelock that Thored may just have been reclaiming land " wrongly alienated from his family " . His relationship with King Edgar is unclear , particularly given the uncertainty of Thored 's paternity , Oslac being banished from England in 975 , the year of Edgar 's death . Richard Fletcher , who thought Thored was the son of Gunnar , argued that Thored 's raid on Westmorland was caused by resentment derived from losing out on the ealdormanry to Oslac , and that Edgar thereafter confiscated various territories as punishment . The evidence for this is that Newbald , granted by Edgar to Gunnar circa 963 , was bought by Archbishop Osketel from the king sometime before 971 , implying that the king had seized the land . Thored 's relationship with the English monarchy under Æthelred II seems to have been good . Ælfgifu , the first wife of King Æthelred II , was probably Thored 's daughter . Evidence for this is that in the 1150s Ailred of Rievaulx in his De genealogia regum Anglorum wrote that the wife of Æthelred II was the daughter of an ealdorman ( comes ) called Thored ( Thorth ) . Historian Pauline Stafford argued that this marriage was evidence that Thored had been a local rather than royal appointment to the ealdormanry of York , and that Æthelred II 's marriage was an attempt to woo Thored . Stafford was supported in this argument by Richard Fletcher . = = Death = = The date of Thored 's death is uncertain , but his last historical appearance came in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , recension C ( D , E ) , under the year 992 , which reported the death of Archbishop Oswald and an expedition against a marauding Scandinavian fleet : In this year the holy Archbishop Oswald left this life and attained the heavenly life , and Ealdorman Æthelwine [ of East Anglia ] died in the same year . Then the king and all his counsellors decreed that all the ships that were any use should be assembled at London . And the king then entrusted the expedition to the leadership of Ealdorman Ælfric ( of Hampshire ) , Earl Thored and Bishop Ælfstan [ .of London or of Rochester . ] and Bishop Æscwig [ of Dorchester ] , and they were to try if they could entrap the Danish army anywhere at sea . Then Ealdorman Ælfric sent someone to warn the enemy , and then in the night before the day on which they were to have joined battle , he absconded by night from the army , to his own disgrace , and then the enemy escaped , except that the crew of one ship was slain . And then the Danish army encountered the ships from East Anglia and from London , and they made a great slaughter there and captured the ship , all armed and equipped , on which the ealdorman was . Scandinavians led by Óláfr Tryggvason had been raiding England 's coast since the previous year , when they killed Ealdorman Brihtnoth of Essex at the Battle of Maldon . Historians think that Thored was either killed fighting these Scandinavians , or else survived , but became disgraced through defeat or treachery . Fletcher speculated that Thored was removed from office and replaced by the Mercian Ælfhelm as a result of his failure against the Scandinavians . Another historian , William Kapelle , believed Thored was removed because of his Scandinavian descent , an argument based on the Worcester Chronicle 's claim , added to the text borrowed from the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , that Fræna , Godwine and Frythegyst fled a battle against the Danes in the following year because " they were Danish on their father 's side " . A man named Æthelstan who died at the Battle of Ringmere in 1010 , " the king 's aþum " , was probably Thored 's son . The term aþum means either " son @-@ in @-@ law " or " brother @-@ in @-@ law " , so this Æthelstan could also have been Thored 's grandson by an unknown intermediary . Thored 's immediate successor was Ælfhelm , who appears witnessing charters as ealdorman from 994 .
= Bombing of Yawata ( June 1944 ) = The Bombing of Yawata on the night of 15 / 16 June 1944 was the first air raid on the Japanese home islands conducted by United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) strategic bombers during World War II . The raid was undertaken by 75 B @-@ 29 Superfortress heavy bombers staging from bases in China . Only 47 of these aircraft bombed the raid 's primary target , the Imperial Iron and Steel Works at Yawata in northern Kyūshū , and little damage was caused . Five B @-@ 29s were lost in accidents during the operation and two were destroyed by Japanese aircraft . While the raid did not achieve its aims , it had other effects . It raised Japanese civilians ' awareness that their country was being defeated and received unduly positive media coverage in the United States . Intelligence gathered by the B @-@ 29s also revealed weaknesses in Japan 's air defenses and the raid was the first of many on Japan . Yawata was attacked again by B @-@ 29s operating from China on 20 August 1944 and much of the city was destroyed in a fire bombing raid conducted by B @-@ 29s based in the Mariana Islands on 8 August 1945 . = = Background = = The first United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) raid on Japan took place on 18 April 1942 when 16 B @-@ 25 Mitchell medium bombers flying from an aircraft carrier attacked several cities during the Doolittle Raid . Although this raid caused little damage , it boosted morale in the United States . The Japanese government responded to the attack by both increasing the number of fighter units based in the home islands and conducting an offensive in the Pacific Ocean which ended in defeat during the Battle of Midway . The USAAF was not able to mount further attacks on the Japanese home islands after this raid , however , as none of its combat aircraft had sufficient range to reach this area from bases in China or the Pacific until the B @-@ 29 Superfortress heavy bomber was ready for combat . The B @-@ 29 Superfortress had a difficult introduction into service . Work began on designing the bomber in early 1940 and the first prototype flew on 21 September 1942 . The Superfortress was the largest combat aircraft of World War II and boasted a heavy maximum bomb load , long range and powerful defensive armament . The B @-@ 29 also incorporated a number of new features such as a pressurized cabin and remote @-@ controlled turrets . While 1 @,@ 664 B @-@ 29s had been ordered by the USAAF before the aircraft first flew , its development was set back by several months after the second prototype crashed on 18 February 1943 and problems with the design were gradually solved . The 58th Bombardment Wing was formed in June 1943 to operate the USAAF 's first B @-@ 29s but it did not begin receiving these aircraft until October . The slow delivery of B @-@ 29s and mechanical problems with the aircraft meant that the wing lagged behind its training schedule , and only became capable of deployment in March 1944 after the so @-@ called " Battle of Kansas " program began to produce combat @-@ ready aircraft . In late 1943 the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff approved a proposal to begin the strategic air campaign against the Japanese home islands and East Asia by basing B @-@ 29s in India and establishing forward airfields in areas of China . This strategy , which was designated Operation Matterhorn , required the construction of large airstrips near Chengdu in inland China which would be supplied by Allied cargo aircraft and be used to refuel B @-@ 29s traveling from bases in Bengal en route to bombing targets in Japan . XX Bomber Command was assigned responsibility for this effort and its ground crew began to leave the United States for India by sea in December 1943 . The Twentieth Air Force was formed in April 1944 to oversee all B @-@ 29 operations . In an unprecedented move , the commander of the USAAF , General Henry H. Arnold , took personal command of this unit and ran it from the Pentagon . The 58th Bombardment Wing was XX Bomber Command 's main combat unit , and its movement from Kansas to India took place from April to mid @-@ May . While the wing had not completed training at the time it left for India , its combat groups were more experienced than most newly deployed USAAF bomber units . = = Preparations = = = = = United States = = = After establishing itself in India , XX Bomber Command under the command of Brigadier General Kenneth Wolfe undertook various tasks to prepare for raids against Japan . Foremost among these was stockpiling fuel at the airfields in China . Until late 1944 , USAAF Air Transport Command aircraft did not transport fuel for XX Bomber Command , and this task was instead undertaken by the B @-@ 29s . This arrangement proved inefficient , however , as 12 B @-@ 29 sorties between India and China were needed to transport enough fuel and other supplies to enable one of the heavy bombers to fly a round trip between China and Japan . As a result , it took longer than expected to build up sufficient stockpiles in China to allow B @-@ 29 operations to commence . Moreover , continued technical problems with the Superfortress , and particularly their Wright R @-@ 3350 engines , resulted in many of XX Bomber Command 's aircraft being unserviceable and in need of modification at all times . XX Bomber Command conducted its first combat operation on 5 June 1944 . On this day 98 B @-@ 29s were dispatched from bases in India to attack targets in Bangkok , Thailand , as a ' dress rehearsal ' for more ambitious operations against Japan and targets in South East Asia . Although little damage was done and five B @-@ 29s were lost due to flying accidents and technical faults , the operation was rated a success by XX Bomber Command as it provided useful combat experience for the bomber crews as well as data on how the B @-@ 29 performed in action . On 6 June , Wolfe received a message from Arnold informing him that the Joint Chiefs of Staff wanted a raid to be conducted against Japan as soon as possible . The goals of this operation were to relieve pressure on Chinese forces which were being attacked by the Japanese and to support the invasion of Saipan . Arnold 's message also asked how many B @-@ 29s could be dispatched on 15 and 20 June . At the time , the first raid on Japan was tentatively scheduled for 23 June , when sufficient supplies were expected to be available in China to support 100 B @-@ 29 sorties . Wolfe replied stating that 50 B @-@ 29s could be used on 15 June and 55 if the operation was conducted on the 20th of the month . Arnold regarded these numbers as too low , and directed that a raid by at least 70 B @-@ 29s be conducted against Japan on 15 June . Following this order , XX Bomber Command 's B @-@ 29s and transport aircraft embarked on an intensive effort to move fuel to China . Further fuel supplies were made available to the heavy bombers by reducing the activities of USAAF fighter units based in China . During the same period the command 's ground crews reconditioned as many B @-@ 29s as possible to improve their reliability . The target selected for the first raid on Japan was the Imperial Iron and Steel Works at Yawata , an industrial city about 1 @,@ 600 miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km ) from Chengdu . This was the single most important facility in Japan 's steel industry as it produced 24 percent of the country 's total output of rolled steel . The facility was dependent on three coke plants and the largest of these was selected as the designated aiming point for the B @-@ 29s . Nearby Laoyao harbor , which was an important industrial port , was designated as the raid 's secondary target . The selection of Yawata 's steel works as the first target to be attacked was in accordance with a decision made by the Twentieth Air Force on 1 April 1944 which assigned the highest priority to attacking Japan 's steel and coke industry . It was decided to conduct the raid at night with each B @-@ 29 bombing individually as the aircraft lacked the range needed to conduct a more fuel @-@ intensive formation flight between the forward air bases and Yawata . = = = Japanese = = = Despite an elaborate deception plan , which included planted news stories claiming that B @-@ 29s would be deployed as bombers in Europe but only be used as armed transports in the China Burma India Theater , the Japanese military detected the preparation of B @-@ 29 bases in India and China . Moreover , Japanese agents in China reported on all B @-@ 29 movements , giving hours of warning time before raids on the home islands . Japanese intelligence services deduced that once logistical preparations were complete the heavy bombers would attack factories in northern Kyūshū and that the first raid would be made at night . On 26 April Japanese fighters encountered a B @-@ 29 for the first time when two Nakajima Ki @-@ 43 " Oscars " attacked and damaged a lone B @-@ 29 flying near the China – India border . The Japanese military began transferring fighter aircraft from China and the Pacific to the home islands in early 1944 in anticipation of B @-@ 29 raids . In June 1944 Yawata lay within the Western District of Japan 's four regional defense commands . The 19th Air Brigade was formed in June 1944 to command fighter units in the Western District , and comprised the 4th and 59th Air Regiments . The 4th Air Regiment was stationed at Ozuki Airfield and was equipped with 35 Kawasaki Ki @-@ 45 Toryu twin @-@ engined heavy fighters , of which 25 were operational in mid @-@ June , and had the brigade 's best trained pilots . The inexperienced 59th Air Regiment was based at Ashiya Fukuoka Airfield and operated 25 Kawasaki Ki @-@ 61 Hien single @-@ engined fighters , though only about seven or eight were operational . ( I ) In addition , Yawata and northern Kyūshū were defended by anti @-@ aircraft artillery units and barrage balloons . Radar stations and a network of lookout posts provided early warning of raids . The 19th Air Brigade 's primary mission was to defend the industrial facilities in northern Kyūshū , and particularly the iron works at Yawata . The brigade 's plans for the defense of the Western District called for its interceptor aircraft to be concentrated over Yawata and not move far from the area . While this inflexible deployment was considered unsatisfactory by the 19th Air Brigade , it was deemed necessary as few aircraft were available , the only searchlight units needed to facilitate night operations were stationed near Yawata and northern Kyūshū was regarded by the Army as being the most important region in the Western District . Prior to the raid on Yawata the 19th Air Brigade undertook joint planning with anti @-@ aircraft units and implemented a training program which included practice in responding to alerts and night flying . = = Raid = = The 58th Bombardment Wing 's B @-@ 29s began moving from India to the forward bases in China on 13 June . By 15 June , 83 Superfortresses had reached the four forward airfields around Chengdu , though at least 12 turned back before reaching China and another crashed causing the death of its entire crew . Each of the aircraft had departed India carrying the 2 short tons ( 1 @,@ 800 kg ) of 500 @-@ pound bombs they would use in the raid . A large number of staff officers , including eight generals , also traveled to Chengdu to observe the operation but were not allowed to participate in the raid . The bomber crews were joined by eight journalists and three news photographers , however . At the time the USAAF had few recent photos of Japanese industrial areas and the bomber crews were briefed on Yawata using maps and photos from the late 1920s and early 1930s . The Superfortresses began to depart their bases at 16 : 16 local time on 15 June . The raiding force was led by the 58th Bombardment Wing 's commander , Brigadier General Laverne G. Saunders . Of the 75 aircraft dispatched one crashed immediately after taking off with no casualties and a further four turned back suffering mechanical problems . The remaining aircraft proceeded on a direct course to Okino Island where they turned for the run @-@ in to Yawata . Each of the 58th Bombardment Wing 's four groups sent two aircraft ahead to mark the target and the other aircraft flew in a long bomber stream ; both of these tactics had been adopted from those used by the British Royal Air Force 's Bomber Command in Europe . The raiders were detected by Japanese Army and Army Air Force units in China . These reports were passed onto the 19th Air Brigade , which estimated that the bombers were bound for northern Kyūshū and would arrive there at about midnight local time . A radar station and lookout posts on Cheju @-@ Do subsequently detected the bombers from 23 : 31 to 00 : 30 local time . An air raid alarm was issued at 00 : 24 and 24 aircraft of the 4th Air Regiment began to take off three minutes later to patrol over northern Kyūshū . The 59th Air Regiment was not scrambled as its pilots had not worked with those of the 4th Air Regiment in night operations , its aircraft were suffering from mechanical problems and it was feared that the B @-@ 29s would sight and attack the base at Ashiya . B @-@ 29s began to arrive over Yawata at 00 : 38 local time and the attack on the city lasted almost two hours . Only 15 of the American aircraft were able to aim their bombs visually as the city was blacked out and obscured by smoke or haze ; the other 32 bombed by radar . Two further B @-@ 29s bombed Laoyao harbor and another five struck targets of opportunity ; overall 107 tons of bombs were dropped during the raid . After the first bombs were released regular updates on the operation were transmitted to the Twentieth Air Force 's headquarters in Washington , from where they were relayed to Arnold who was in London at the time . The raiders were met with heavy but inaccurate anti @-@ aircraft fire and the searchlights stationed around Yawata were not effective . The 4th Air Regiment achieved the only kill of the night when one of its fighters shot down a B @-@ 29 . The Regiment 's other aircraft struggled to make contact with the bombers and achieved few interceptions . The B @-@ 29s ' return flight to China was largely uneventful . One of the Superfortresses was strafed and destroyed by Japanese aircraft after landing at Neihsiang with engine trouble and a further two aircraft crashed with the loss of their entire crews and a correspondent from the magazine Newsweek . Overall American losses in the raid were seven B @-@ 29s destroyed and a further six damaged by anti @-@ aircraft guns ; 57 airmen and one journalist were killed aboard these aircraft . Many of the B @-@ 29s were stranded in China for several days after the raid due to fuel shortages there , and only returned to India after Wolfe borrowed 15 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 57 @,@ 000 l ) of fuel from the 312th Fighter Wing 's supplies . During this period the bombers were highly vulnerable to Japanese retaliatory raids , but none came about . = = Aftermath = = Little damage was caused by the raid on Yawata . On 18 June a USAAF Fourteenth Air Force aircraft overflew the city and photographed the target area . These photos showed that only a single bomb had landed within the Imperial Iron and Steel Works complex , and it had hit a power house 3 @,@ 700 feet ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) from the nearest coke oven . Light damage had also been inflicted on Kokura Arsenal and other industrial and civilian buildings in the area . Despite a USAAF policy of encouraging factual reportage of B @-@ 29 operations , the raid 's results were overstated in the U.S. media . The light combat losses suffered by the raiders and electronic intelligence collected by the B @-@ 29s revealed the ineffectiveness of Japanese radar and air defenses . As a result , the USAAF dispatched a single photo reconnaissance B @-@ 29 to overfly much of Japan and Korea on 21 June . This sortie was successful , and greatly improved U.S. intelligence holdings on these areas . The Yawata raid revealed serious shortcomings in Japan 's air defenses . While the 19th Air Brigade initially claimed to have shot down eight B @-@ 29s and damaged a further four , it was soon determined that only two of the bombers had been destroyed . This loss ratio was considered too low to defeat attacks on the home islands . The raid demonstrated that Japan had too few air bases and not enough aircraft were available for night operations . It was also found that the Toryu fighter was not well suited to intercepting B @-@ 29s as it was slower than the bombers , too lightly armed and most aircraft lacked radar . While the air raid alert system had proved successful in this instance , the radars which detected the American aircraft had been unable to determine their altitude and it was decided that there was a need to further expand radar coverage . The performance of the 131st Anti Aircraft Regiment during the raid was judged to be so poor that its commander was transferred to Manchuria . News reports of the Yawata raid and successful U.S. landing at Saipan on the same day also indicated to Japanese civilians that the war was not going well . In response to the raid Japanese Government ministers urged families living the country 's four major cities to evacuate their children to rural areas . The 15 / 16 June 1944 raid on Yawata marked the beginning of the USAAF 's strategic bombing campaign against Japan . The city was struck again by B @-@ 29s during daylight and night raids on 20 August , but no serious damage was caused . XX Bomber Command conducted 49 raids from its bases in China and India between June 1944 and March 1945 , of which nine were made on targets in the Japanese home islands , but Operation Matterhorn did not achieve its goals . Despite initial problems , XXI Bomber Command 's operations from the Mariana Islands , which began on 28 October 1944 , proved much more effective . As a result , XX Bomber Command was transferred to the Mariana Islands in early 1945 . Yawata was targeted again by B @-@ 29s on 8 August 1945 , two days after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima . On this day the city was attacked by 221 B @-@ 29s escorted by three groups of P @-@ 47N Thunderbolt fighters including the 318th fighter group based on Ie Shima off the coast of Okinawa . The bombers were armed with incendiary bombs and the resulting firestorm destroyed 21 percent of Yawata 's urban area .
= PJ Haarsma = Philip @-@ Jon Haarsma / ˈhɑːrzmɑː / , more commonly known as PJ Haarsma , is a Canadian born science fiction author best known for his creation of the Rings of Orbis universe , which encompasses The Softwire series of books . Haarsma created a free , online role @-@ playing game , also called the Rings of Orbis , set in the same universe . Both the book @-@ series and the game target young , often reluctant readers in an attempt to encourage them by rewarding them for reading . Haarsma developed a school presentation program in which he discusses The Softwire books , astronomy , and other science fiction and science fact topics . He is also one of the co @-@ founders of Kids Need to Read , a United States Internal Revenue Code 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax exempt public charity that purchases books to donate to underfunded schools and libraries . = = Personal life = = Philip @-@ Jon Haarsma was born on June 5 , 1964 , in Georgetown , Ontario . Though he was named after his grandfathers , Philip and Jon , he went simply by " Jon " while growing up . Later , while attending McMaster University in Hamilton , Ontario , where he received a Bachelor of Science degree , he began to use his initials , " PJ " , and his books are published under the name " PJ Haarsma " . After he moved to the United States in 1989 , Haarsma worked as a fashion and commercial photographer in New York City and Miami . He received many photography awards , including an honorable mention at the Cannes Lion Awards in 1996 . Haarsma owned a small production company called Redbear Films , Inc . The company produced one movie ( Devious Beings , 2002 ) , and a digital series called Con Man starring Alan Tudyk and Nathan Fillion and several corporate ads for clients such as Hewlett Packard and Nokia . For 15 years , Redbear Films focused on the production of advertisements . Haarsma lives in Los Angeles with his wife , sci @-@ fi fantasy artist Marisa Grieco , and their daughters Skylar and Zoe . = = Con Man ( web series ) = = PJ Haarsma is the producer of the Con Man created by Alan Tudyk and co @-@ produced by Nathan Fillion . = = Rings of Orbis = = At the age of 38 , Haarsma was not satisfied with his professional life . He began to keep a daily journal , writing about anything ( and everything ) that came to his mind — until eventually " Johnny T came onto [ his ] page . " Johnny T is the main character , Johnny Turnbull , of Haarsma 's The Softwire series . Haarsma chose to give The Softwire a sci @-@ fi setting due to a love of science fiction , and to target a young adult audience with his novels so that children could discover and learn to enjoy the genre . The Softwire is actually a story that Haarsma began imagining in his childhood . As a teenager , he worked at his parents ' ceramic factory during the summers , hauling fifty pound molds around in the extreme heat of a kiln room . To Haarsma , it felt similar to what the children of his books might feel as slaves . In addition to these experiences , there is a more prominent influence on the premise of The Softwire — that is , there is a mystery of a journey to a new , unknown place to start a new life . Growing up , Haarsma dreamed of moving to the United States ; and in his twenties , he actually did . While there , living in New York , Miami , San Francisco and Los Angeles , Haarsma witnessed immigrants struggling to get by . He tried to imagine what caused them to risk everything , and to move to another country , and to have a chance at something better . It is this journey ( and struggle ) that is prevalent in The Softwire . In The Softwire , a group of human children are orphaned in outer space . They are forced into indentured servitude on the Rings of Orbis , four planet @-@ like rings around a wormhole . They must spend four years as slaves or knudniks before they are eligible to become Citizens . Each year they are the property of a new owner on a separate ring : Orbis 1 , Orbis 2 , Orbis 3 , and Orbis 4 . They are forced into labor to do whatever task their new owner requires . When the children arrive , they soon discover that thirteen @-@ year @-@ old Johnny Turnbull ( JT ) , is the first human softwire , a boy who has the ability to enter any computer with just his mind . To the older Citizens , a slave who can enter at will the massive computer which controls the Rings of Orbis makes JT very valuable and drives the Rings to the brink of war . As the central computer begins to malfunction , the Citizens connive , conspire , and even kill to own JT and his sister . While there are other humans besides the children on the Rings , the majority of the inhabitants are of alien species . The Keepers are an intelligent species of two @-@ headed beings who act as the overseers . Other species encountered include Belarans , Choi , Solinns , and Trefaldoors , all of which become interesting roles for young players to choose from in the game , Rings of Orbis . = = = Rings of Orbis game = = = Haarsma 's novels are accompanied by a free , online , role @-@ playing game called Rings of Orbis which acts as a visual companion to the books and is set in the same universe . Players are sometimes required to use information from the books in order to solve puzzles and to unlock areas within the game . Pairing a video game with a novel for young readers , Haarsma says , “ brings the book into their world , as opposed to going the other way around . ” Haarsma and a team of artists also created many different alien races specifically for the game . The team includes Haarsma 's wife Marisa Grieco , Igor Knezevic , Stephan Martinière , Dwayne Harris , and Neil Blevins . The game works to encourage reluctant readers , especially boys , by giving them an interactive game through which to relate to the mysteries found within the books themselves . Players complete quests and earn in @-@ game currency which they can then spend on in @-@ game items designed by Haarsma , all the while they compete to become the best Citizen of the Rings of Orbis . In 2008 , the game was featured in a front page New York Times article about encouraging reluctant readers with video games . = = Promotion of literacy = = = = = Kids Need to Read = = = While speaking at schools across the United States , Haarsma noticed how some school librarians were having trouble finding funds to purchase The Softwire books after a demand had been created by Haarsma 's visit . Many of the librarians were struggling to fill their shelves with books . In June 2007 , Haarsma and a friend , actor Nathan Fillion , approached a group of Fillion 's fans with the idea for a project that would work to purchase books for underfunded schools , as well as nonprofit institutions which gave books directly to children . The group took to the idea and focused their energies into getting the project off the ground . The Kids Need to Read project went public in August 2007 . In January 2008 , the process to transform the project into a legal foundation began , and the fan group was separated from the developing organization . On May 22 , 2008 , The Kids Need to Read Foundation ( KNTR ) was incorporated in the state of California . KNTR became an Internal Revenue Code 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax exempt public charity on September 18 , 2008 , with a retroactive exemption date of May 22 , 2008 . The organization is supported by a global volunteer base . Funds were initially raised through eBay auctions of Firefly and Serenity autographed memorabilia , and The Softwire books and items , and other science fiction and literary themed items . Fundraising efforts have since expanded and all funds are used to purchase books from the foundation 's official book list , a list which is continually updated by a professional children 's book buyer . The titles chosen are well @-@ reviewed and many are recommended for children who are reluctant readers . KNTR has made book donations to forty @-@ one schools and libraries in addition to three multiple library systems . KNTR facilitated a substantial donation of three thousand books by the Phoenix Book Company to the Friends of the New Orleans Public Library , to help with recuperation after Hurricane Katrina . The Odessa Brown Children 's Clinic in Seattle was the recipient of a donation amounting to four hundred forty books in February 2008 . This clinic , as well as the North Public Health Clinic in Seattle , have received recurring donations from KNTR . Haarsma remains on the KNTR Advisory Board as founder and consultant for literacy @-@ based activities . By using his position as a young @-@ adult fiction author , Haarsma helps bring attention , support , and funds to the organization . = = = School visits = = = PJ captures any audience with his energy . He begins a presentation on Earth and everyone in the audience lands on Orbis with him . Students and teachers continue to ask questions long afterwards . Priceless reading motivation ! Haarsma takes part in school visits to promote his book and encourage imagination and reading in the school children . His presentation lasts fifty minutes , and discussions center around space travel , exploration , The Rings of Orbis universe , and other interactive topics , thus allowing for questions from the students at the conclusion . To help illustrate the scientific topics , NASA supplied Haarsma with space related information to present . " PJ Haarsma was inspirational . He visited my school and made my imagination soar . I 've already filled up a couple notebooks of stories thanks to him ! " Says one child whose school Haarsma visited . During his presentation , Haarsma involves the children in various interactive activities . These include a Hollywood @-@ style acting audition , an alien ghost story , and a demonstration of the vast distances in space . The activities are designed to engage the children 's imaginations and to make them feel a part of the presentation . The responses to his visits from both students and teachers are positive . The majority of the feedback involves praise and thanks . Haarsma has received many stories of previously reluctant readers being observed reading The Softwire books during school recess . The author visit by PJ Haarsma was a lot of fun . He knows astronomy , technology , and how to get young adults interested in what he ’ s talking about . Librarians , a warning — you ’ ll need to order more books . Mine are all checked out and on hold . = = Awards = = The Softwire series : ABC ( Association of Booksellers for Children ) New Voices in Children 's Literature Award 2008 Virus on Orbis 1 : 2006 Cybil Award nominee , Flamingnet Top Choice Award , SCASL Junior Book Award nominee , ALA ( American Library Association ) Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers Nomination 2008 , Great Stone Face Children ’ s Book Award Nomination ( Children 's Librarians of New Hampshire ) 2008 @-@ 2009 , Hal Clement Award for Young Adult Finalist 2007 Betrayal on Orbis 2 : 2008 Cybil Award nominee , ALA ( American Library Association ) Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers Nomination 2009 = = Works = = Books in The Softwire series scheduled for publication by Candlewick Press ( Each book corresponds to one year on each ring that the children must endure as slaves ) . The Softwire Series Virus on Orbis 1 , Candlewick Press , 2006 hardcover ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7636 @-@ 2709 @-@ 6 paperback ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7636 @-@ 3638 @-@ 8 Betrayal on Orbis 2 , Candlewick Press , 2008 hardcover ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7636 @-@ 2710 @-@ 2 Wormhole Pirates on Orbis 3 , Candlewick Press , 2009 hardcover ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7636 @-@ 2711 @-@ 9 Awakening on Orbis 4 , Candlewick Press , March 2010 hardcover ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7636 @-@ 2712 @-@ 6
= Suleiman the Magnificent = Suleiman I ( Ottoman Turkish : سلطان سليمان اول ; Turkish : I. Süleyman , Kanunî Sultan Süleyman or Muhteşem Süleyman ) or simply Solomon as a Biblical name ; 6 November 1494 – 7 September 1566 ) , commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and " Kanuni " ( the Lawgiver ) in the East , was the tenth and longest @-@ reigning Great Sultan of the Ottoman Empire , from 1520 to his death in 1566 . Under his administration , the Ottoman state ruled over 20 to 30 million people . Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th @-@ century Europe , presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire 's economic , military and political power . Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529 . He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Persian Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria . Under his rule , the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf . At the helm of an expanding empire , Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society , education , taxation and criminal law . His canonical law ( or the Kanuns ) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death . He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith ; he also became a great patron of culture , overseeing the " Golden " age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic , literary and architectural development . Breaking with Ottoman tradition , Suleiman married Roxelana , a former Christian girl converted to Islam from his harem , who became subsequently known and influential as Hürrem Sultan . Their son Selim II succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule , thus beginning a long state of stagnation and decline during Selim II 's reign . Suleiman 's previous heirs apparent Mehmed and Mustafa had died , the former from smallpox and the latter had been strangled to death 13 years previously at the sultan 's order . His other son Bayezid was executed in 1561 on the Sultan 's orders , along with his four sons , after a rebellion . = = Alternative names and titles = = Suleiman the Magnificent ( محتشم سليمان Muḥteşem Süleymān ) , as he was known in the West , was also called Suleiman the First ( سلطان سليمان أول Sulṭān Süleymān @-@ ı Evvel ) , and Suleiman the Lawgiver ( قانونی سلطان سليمان Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān ) for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system . = = Early life = = Suleiman was born in Trabzon along the east coast of the Black Sea , probably on 6 November 1494 . His mother was Ayşe Hafsa Sultan ( she was possibly the daughter of Meñli I Giray , a descendant of Genghis Khan , through Jochi ) ; little is known of her other than that she died in 1534 . = = = Education = = = At the age of seven , Suleiman was sent to study science , history , literature , theology and military tactics in the schools of the imperial Topkapı Palace in Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ) . As a young man , he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim , a slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers . = = = Viceroy in Anatolia = = = From the age of seventeen , he was appointed as the governor of first Kaffa ( Theodosia ) , then Sarukhan ( Manisa ) with a brief tenure at Adrianople ( now Edirne ) . = = = Accession = = = Upon the death of his father , Selim I ( 1465 – 1520 ) , Suleiman entered Constantinople and ascended to the throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan . An early description of Suleiman , a few weeks following his accession , was provided by the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini : " He is twenty @-@ six years of age , tall , but wiry , and of a delicate complexion . His neck is a little too long , his face thin , and his nose aquiline . He has a shade of a mustache and a small beard ; nevertheless he has a pleasant mien , though his skin tends to be a light pallor . He is said to be a wise Lord , fond of study , and all men hope for good from his rule . " Some historians claim that in his youth Suleiman had an admiration for Alexander the Great . He was influenced by Alexander 's vision of building a world empire that would encompass the east and the west , and this created a drive for his subsequent military campaigns in Asia and in Africa , as well as in Europe . = = Military campaigns = = = = = Conquests in Europe = = = Upon succeeding his father , Suleiman began a series of military conquests , eventually suppressing a revolt led by the Ottoman @-@ appointed governor of Damascus in 1521 . Suleiman soon made preparations for the conquest of Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary — something his great @-@ grandfather Mehmed II had failed to achieve because of John Hunyadi 's strong defense in the region . Its capture was vital in removing the Hungarians and Croats who , following the defeats of the Serbs , Bulgarians , Albanians and the Byzantines , remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe . Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the Danube . Belgrade , with a garrison of only 700 men , and receiving no aid from Hungary , fell in August 1521 . The fall of Christendom 's major strongholds spread fear across Europe . As the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire to Constantinople was to note , " The capture of Belgrade was at the origin of the dramatic events which engulfed Hungary . It led to the death of King Louis , the capture of Buda , the occupation of Transylvania , the ruin of a flourishing kingdom and the fear of neighboring nations that they would suffer the same fate ... " The road to Hungary and Austria lay open , but Suleiman turned his attention instead to the Eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes , the home base of the Knights Hospitaller . In the summer of 1522 , taking advantage of the large navy he inherited from his father , Suleiman dispatched an armada of some 400 ships towards Rhodes , while personally leading an army of 100 @,@ 000 across Asia Minor to a point opposite the island itself . Here Suleiman built a large fortification , Marmaris Castle , that served as a base for the Ottoman Navy . Following the brutal five @-@ month Siege of Rhodes ( 1522 ) , Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Rhodes to depart . ( The Knights of Rhodes eventually formed a new base in Malta , becoming known as Knights of Malta , even now . ) As relations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire deteriorated , Suleiman resumed his campaign in Central Europe and on 29 August 1526 , he defeated Louis II of Hungary ( 1506 – 26 ) at the Battle of Mohács . In its wake , Hungarian resistance collapsed and the Ottoman Empire became the preeminent power in Central Europe . Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis , Suleiman is said to have lamented : " I came indeed in arms against him ; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off before he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty . " While Suleiman was campaigning in Hungary , Turkmen tribes in central Anatolia revolted under the leadership of Kalender Çelebi . Some Hungarian nobles proposed that Ferdinand , who was ruler of neighboring Austria and tied to Louis II 's family by marriage , be King of Hungary , citing previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs . However , other nobles turned to the nobleman John Zápolya , who was being supported by Suleiman . Under Charles V and his brother Ferdinand I , the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took possession of Hungary . Reacting in 1529 , Suleiman marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda ; in the following autumn his forces laid siege to Vienna . This was to be the Ottoman Empire 's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive to the West . With a reinforced garrison of 16 @,@ 000 men , the Austrians inflicted the first defeat on Suleiman , sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman @-@ Habsburg rivalry , which lasted until the 20th century . His second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532 , with Ottoman forces delayed by the siege of Güns , failing to reach Vienna . In both cases , the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather ( forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment ) and was hobbled by overstretched supply lines . By the 1540s a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna . In 1541 the Habsburgs once again engaged in conflict with the Ottomans , by attempting to lay siege to Buda . With their efforts repulsed and more Habsburg fortresses captured by the Ottomans in two consecutive campaigns in 1541 and in 1544 as a result , Ferdinand and his brother Charles V were forced to conclude a humiliating five @-@ year treaty with Suleiman . Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control . Of more symbolic importance , the treaty referred to Charles V not as ' Emperor ' , but as the ' King of Spain ' , leading Suleiman to identify as the true ' Caesar ' . With his main European rivals subdued , Suleiman ensured that the Ottoman Empire had a powerful role in the political landscape of Europe for some years to come . = = = Ottoman – Safavid War = = = As Suleiman stabilized his European frontiers , he now turned his attention to the ever present threat posed by the Shi 'a Safavid dynasty of Persia . Two events in particular were to precipitate a recurrence of tensions . First , Shah Tahmasp had the Baghdad governor loyal to Suleiman killed and replaced with an adherent of the Shah , and second , the governor of Bitlis had defected and sworn allegiance to the Safavids . As a result , in 1533 , Suleiman ordered his Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha to lead an army into eastern Asia Minor where he retook Bitlis and occupied Tabriz without resistance . Having joined Ibrahim in 1534 , Suleiman made a push towards Persia , only to find the Shah sacrificing territory instead of facing a pitched battle , resorting to harassment of the Ottoman army as it proceeded along the harsh interior . When in the following year Suleiman and Ibrahim made a grand entrance into Baghdad , its commander surrendered the city , thereby confirming Suleiman as the leader of the Sunni Islamic world and the legitimate successor to the Sunni Abbasid Caliphs . Moreover , the fact Suleiman restored the grave of Sunni imam Abu Hanifa also strengthened his credentials and claim to the caliphate . Attempting to defeat the Shah once and for all , Suleiman embarked upon a second campaign in 1548 – 1549 . As in the previous attempt , Tahmasp avoided confrontation with the Ottoman army and instead chose to retreat , using scorched earth tactics in the process and exposing the Ottoman army to the harsh winter of the Caucasus . Suleiman abandoned the campaign with temporary Ottoman gains in Tabriz and the Urmia region , a lasting presence in the province of Van , control of the western half of Azerbaijan and some forts in Georgia . In 1553 Suleiman began his third and final campaign against the Shah . Having initially lost territories in Erzurum to the Shah 's son , Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum , crossing the Upper Euphrates and laying waste to parts of Persia . The Shah 's army continued its strategy of avoiding the Ottomans , leading to a stalemate from which neither army made any significant gain . In 1554 , a settlement was signed which was to conclude Suleiman 's Asian campaigns . Part of the treaty included and confirmed the return of Tabriz , but secured Baghdad , lower Mesopotamia , the mouths of the river Euphrates and Tigris , as well as part of the Persian Gulf . The Shah also promised to cease all raids into Ottoman territory . = = = Campaigns in the Indian Ocean = = = Ottoman ships had been sailing in the Indian Ocean since the year 1518 . Ottoman Admirals such as Hadim Suleiman Pasha , Seydi Ali Reis and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis are known to have voyaged to the Mughal imperial ports of Thatta , Surat and Janjira . The Mughal Emperor Akbar himself is known to have exchanged six documents with Suleiman the Magnificent . In the Indian Ocean , Suleiman led several naval campaigns against the Portuguese in an attempt to remove them and reestablish trade with India . Aden in Yemen was captured by the Ottomans in 1538 , in order to provide an Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on the western coast of modern India and Pakistan . Sailing on to India , the Ottomans failed against the Portuguese at the Siege of Diu in September 1538 , but then returned to Aden , where they fortified the city with 100 pieces of artillery . From this base , Sulayman Pasha managed to take control of the whole country of Yemen , also taking Sana 'a . Aden rose against the Ottomans however and invited the Portuguese instead , so that the Portuguese were in control of the city until its seizure by Piri Reis in the Capture of Aden ( 1548 ) . With its strong control of the Red Sea , Suleiman successfully managed to dispute control of the Indian trade routes to the Portuguese and maintained a significant level of trade with the Mughal Empire of South Asia throughout the 16th century . His admiral Piri Reis led an Ottoman fleet in the Indian Ocean , achieving the Capture of Muscat in 1552 . From 1526 till 1543 , Suileman stationed over 900 Turkish soldiers to fight alongside the Somali Adal Sultanate led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al @-@ Ghazi during the Conquest of Abyssinia . After the first Ajuran @-@ Portuguese war , the Ottoman Empire would in 1559 absorb the weakened Adal Sultanate into its domain . This expansion fathered Ottoman rule in Somalia and the Horn of Africa . This also increased its influence in the Indian Ocean to compete with the Portuguese Empire with its close ally the Ajuran Empire . In 1564 , Suleiman received an embassy from Aceh ( a sultanate on Sumatra , in modern Indonesia ) , requesting Ottoman support against the Portuguese . As a result , an Ottoman expedition to Aceh was launched , which was able to provide extensive military support to the Acehnese . The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly . The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman @-@ Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century . The Ajuran Sultanate allied with the Ottomans defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern , thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese . = = = Mediterranean and North Africa = = = Having consolidated his conquests on land , Suleiman was greeted with the news that the fortress of Koroni in Morea ( the modern Peloponnese , peninsular Greece ) had been lost to Charles V 's admiral , Andrea Doria . The presence of the Spanish in the Eastern Mediterranean concerned Suleiman , who saw it as an early indication of Charles V 's intention to rival Ottoman dominance in the region . Recognizing the need to reassert naval preeminence in the Mediterranean , Suleiman appointed an exceptional naval commander in the form of Khair ad Din , known to Europeans as Barbarossa . Once appointed admiral @-@ in @-@ chief , Barbarossa was charged with rebuilding the Ottoman fleet , to such an extent that the Ottoman navy equaled in number those of all other Mediterranean countries put together . In 1535 , Charles V won an important victory against the Ottomans at Tunis , which together with the war against Venice the following year , led Suleiman to accept proposals from Francis I of France to form an alliance against Charles . In 1538 , the Spanish fleet was defeated by Barbarossa at the Battle of Preveza , securing the eastern Mediterranean for the Turks for 33 years , until the defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 . East of Morocco , huge Muslim territories in North Africa were annexed . The Barbary States of Tripolitania , Tunisia and Algeria became autonomous provinces of the Empire , serving as the leading edge of Suleiman 's conflict with Charles V , whose attempt to drive out the Turks failed in 1541 . The piracy carried on thereafter by the Barbary pirates of North Africa can be seen in the context of the wars against Spain . For a short period Ottoman expansion secured naval dominance in the Mediterranean . In 1542 , facing a common Habsburg enemy , Francis I sought to renew the Franco @-@ Ottoman alliance . As a result , Suleiman dispatched 100 galleys under Barbarossa to assist the French in the western Mediterranean . Barbarossa pillaged the coast of Naples and Sicily before reaching France , where Francis made Toulon the Ottoman admiral 's naval headquarters . The same campaign saw Barbarossa attack and capture Nice in 1543 . By 1544 , a peace between Francis I and Charles V had put a temporary end to the alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire . Elsewhere in the Mediterranean , when the Knights Hospitallers were re @-@ established as the Knights of Malta in 1530 , their actions against Muslim navies quickly drew the ire of the Ottomans , who assembled another massive army in order to dislodge the Knights from Malta . The Ottomans invaded Malta in 1565 , undertaking the Great Siege of Malta , which began on 18 May and lasted until 8 September , and is portrayed vividly in the frescoes of Matteo Perez d 'Aleccio in the Hall of St. Michael and St. George . At first it seemed that this would be a repeat of the battle on Rhodes , with most of Malta 's cities destroyed and half the Knights killed in battle ; but a relief force from Spain entered the battle , resulting in the loss of 10 @,@ 000 Ottoman troops and the victory of the local Maltese citizenry . = = Administrative reforms = = While Sultan Suleiman was known as " the Magnificent " in the West , he was always Kanuni Suleiman or " The Lawgiver " ( قانونی ) to his own Ottoman subjects . As the historian Lord Kinross notes , " Not only was he a great military campaigner , a man of the sword , as his father and great @-@ grandfather had been before him . He differed from them in the extent to which he was also a man of the pen . He was a great legislator , standing out in the eyes of his people as a high @-@ minded sovereign and a magnanimous exponent of justice " . The overriding law of the empire was the Shari 'ah , or Sacred Law , which as the divine law of Islam was outside of the Sultan 's powers to change . Yet an area of distinct law known as the Kanuns ( قانون , canonical legislation ) was dependent on Suleiman 's will alone , covering areas such as criminal law , land tenure and taxation . He collected all the judgments that had been issued by the nine Ottoman Sultans who preceded him . After eliminating duplications and choosing between contradictory statements , he issued a single legal code , all the while being careful not to violate the basic laws of Islam . It was within this framework that Suleiman , supported by his Grand Mufti Ebussuud , sought to reform the legislation to adapt to a rapidly changing empire . When the Kanun laws attained their final form , the code of laws became known as the kanun ‐ i Osmani ( قانون عثمانی ) , or the " Ottoman laws " . Suleiman 's legal code was to last more than three hundred years . Suleiman gave particular attention to the plight of the rayas , Christian subjects who worked the land of the Sipahis . His Kanune Raya , or " Code of the Rayas " , reformed the law governing levies and taxes to be paid by the rayas , raising their status above serfdom to the extent that Christian serfs would migrate to Turkish territories to benefit from the reforms . The Sultan also played a role in protecting the Jewish subjects of his empire for centuries to come . In late 1553 or 1554 , on the suggestion of his favorite doctor and dentist , the Spanish Jew Moses Hamon , the Sultan issued a firman ( فرمان ) formally denouncing blood libels against the Jews . Furthermore , Suleiman enacted new criminal and police legislation , prescribing a set of fines for specific offenses , as well as reducing the instances requiring death or mutilation . In the area of taxation , taxes were levied on various goods and produce , including animals , mines , profits of trade , and import @-@ export duties . In addition to taxes , officials who had fallen into disrepute were likely to have their land and property confiscated by the Sultan . Education was another important area for the Sultan . Schools attached to mosques and funded by religious foundations provided a largely free education to Muslim boys in advance of the Christian countries of the time . In his capital , Suleiman increased the number of mektebs ( مكتب , primary schools ) to fourteen , teaching boys to read and write as well as the principles of Islam . Young men wishing further education could proceed to one of eight medreses ( مدرسه , colleges ) , whose studies included grammar , metaphysics , philosophy , astronomy and astrology . Higher medreses provided education of university status , whose graduates became imams ( امام ) or teachers . Educational centers were often one of many buildings surrounding the courtyards of mosques , others included libraries , refectories , fountains , soup kitchens and hospitals for the benefit of the public . = = Cultural achievements = = Under Suleiman 's patronage , the Ottoman Empire entered the golden age of its cultural development . Hundreds of imperial artistic societies ( called the اهل حرف Ehl @-@ i Hiref , " Community of the Talented " ) were administered at the Imperial seat , the Topkapı Palace . After an apprenticeship , artists and craftsmen could advance in rank within their field and were paid commensurate wages in quarterly annual installments . Payroll registers that survive testify to the breadth of Suleiman 's patronage of the arts , the earliest of documents dating from 1526 list 40 societies with over 600 members . The Ehl @-@ i Hiref attracted the empire 's most talented artisans to the Sultan 's court , both from the Islamic world and from the recently conquered territories in Europe , resulting in a blend of Arabic , Turkish and European cultures . Artisans in service of the court included painters , book binders , furriers , jewellers and goldsmiths . Whereas previous rulers had been influenced by Persian culture ( Suleiman 's father , Selim I , wrote poetry in Persian ) , Suleiman 's patronage of the arts saw the Ottoman Empire assert its own artistic legacy . Suleiman himself was an accomplished poet , writing in Persian and Turkish under the takhallus ( nom de plume ) Muhibbi ( محبی , " Lover " ) . Some of Suleiman 's verses have become Turkish proverbs , such as the well @-@ known Everyone aims at the same meaning , but many are the versions of the story . When his young son Mehmed died in 1543 , he composed a moving chronogram to commemorate the year : Peerless among princes , my Sultan Mehmed . In addition to Suleiman 's own work , many great talents enlivened the literary world during Suleiman 's rule , including Fuzuli and Baki . The literary historian E. J. W. Gibb observed that " at no time , even in Turkey , was greater encouragement given to poetry than during the reign of this Sultan " . Suleiman 's most famous verse is : The people think of wealth and power as the greatest fate , But in this world a spell of health is the best state . What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war ; Worship of God is the highest throne , the happiest of all estates . Suleiman also became renowned for sponsoring a series of monumental architectural developments within his empire . The Sultan sought to turn Constantinople into the center of Islamic civilization by a series of projects , including bridges , mosques , palaces and various charitable and social establishments . The greatest of these were built by the Sultan 's chief architect , Mimar Sinan , under whom Ottoman architecture reached its zenith . Sinan became responsible for over three hundred monuments throughout the empire , including his two masterpieces , the Süleymaniye and Selimiye mosques — the latter built in Adrianople ( now Edirne ) in the reign of Suleiman 's son Selim II . Suleiman also restored the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Jerusalem city walls ( which are the current walls of the Old City of Jerusalem ) , renovated the Kaaba in Mecca , and constructed a complex in Damascus . = = Personal life = = = = = Consorts and progeny = = = Suleiman had three known consorts : Gülfem Hatun , mother of Şehzade Murad ( the fact that she really was a consort is disputed ) Mahidevran Gülbahar ( m . 1512 / 14 ) , a Circassian or Albanian Haseki Hürrem Sultan ( also known as Roxelana ) ( m . 1531 ) , Suleiman 's concubine and later legal wife and first Haseki Sultan , possibly a daughter of the Ruthenian Orthodox priest . Suleiman had some children with his consorts : Şehzade Mahmud , born 1512 ( died in 1521 ) Şehzade Mustafa – son with Mahidevran , born 1515 ( killed in 1553 on the Sultan 's orders ) Şehzade Murad – son with Gülfem , born 1519 ( died in 1521 ) Şehzade Mehmed – son with Hürrem , born 1521 ( died in 1543 ) Mihrimah Sultan – daughter with Hürrem , born 1522 ( died in 1578 ) Şehzade Abdullah – son with Hürrem or Mahidevran , born 1523 ( died in 1525 ) Sultan Selim II – son with Hürrem , born 1524 ( died in 1574 ) Şehzade Bayezid – son with Hürrem , born 1525 ( killed by his brother Selim with the support of his father in 1561 ) Şehzade Cihangir – son with Hürrem , born 1531 ( died in 1553 ) Raziye Sultan – daughter with Mahidevran = = = Relationship with Hürrem Sultan = = = Suleiman was infatuated with Hürrem Sultan , a harem girl from Ruthenia , then part of Poland . Western diplomats , taking notice of the palace gossip about her , called her " Russelazie " or " Roxelana " , referring to her Ruthenian ( Ukrainian ) origins . The daughter of an Orthodox priest , she was captured by Tatars from Crimea , sold as a slave in Constantinople , and eventually rose through the ranks of the Harem to become Suleiman 's favorite . Breaking with two centuries of Ottoman tradition , a former concubine had thus become the legal wife of the Sultan , much to the astonishment of the observers in the palace and the city . He also allowed Hürrem Sultan to remain with him at court for the rest of her life , breaking another tradition — that when imperial heirs came of age , they would be sent along with the imperial concubine who bore them to govern remote provinces of the Empire , never to return unless their progeny succeeded to the throne . Under his pen name , Muhibbi , Sultan Suleiman composed this poem for Hürrem Sultan : " Throne of my lonely niche , my wealth , my love , my moonlight . My most sincere friend , my confidant , my very existence , my Sultan , my one and only love . The most beautiful among the beautiful ... My springtime , my merry faced love , my daytime , my sweetheart , laughing leaf ... My plants , my sweet , my rose , the one only who does not distress me in this room ... My Istanbul , my Caraman , the earth of my Anatolia My Badakhshan , my Baghdad and Khorasan My woman of the beautiful hair , my love of the slanted brow , my love of eyes full of misery ... I 'll sing your praises always I , lover of the tormented heart , Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears , I am happy . " = = = Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha = = = Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha was the boyhood friend of Suleiman . Ibrahim was originally a Christian from Parga ( in Epirus ) , and when he was young was educated at the Palace School under the devshirme system . Suleiman made him the royal falconer , then promoted him to first officer of the Royal Bedchamber . Ibrahim Pasha rose to Grand Vizier in 1523 and commander @-@ in @-@ chief of all the armies . Suleiman also conferred upon Ibrahim Pasha the honor of beylerbey of Rumelia ( first @-@ ranking military governor @-@ general ) , granting Ibrahim authority over all Turkish territories in Europe , as well as command of troops residing within them in times of war . According to a 17th @-@ century chronicler , Ibrahim had asked Suleiman not to promote him to such high positions , fearing for his safety ; to which Suleiman replied that under his reign , no matter what the circumstance , Ibrahim would never be put to death . Yet Ibrahim eventually fell from grace with the Sultan . During his thirteen years as Grand Vizier , his rapid rise to power and vast accumulation of wealth had made Ibrahim many enemies at the Sultan 's court . Reports had reached the Sultan of Ibrahim 's impudence during a campaign against the Persian Safavid empire : in particular his adoption of the title serasker sultan ( سرعسكر سلطان ) was seen as a grave affront to Suleiman . Suleiman 's suspicion of Ibrahim was worsened by a quarrel between the latter and the finance secretary ( defterdar ) Iskender Çelebi . The dispute ended in the disgrace of Çelebi on charges of intrigue , with Ibrahim convincing Suleiman to sentence the defterdar to death . Before his death however , Çelebi 's last words were to accuse Ibrahim of conspiracy against the Sultan . These dying words convinced Suleiman of Ibrahim 's disloyalty , and on 15 March 1536 Ibrahim was executed . = = Succession = = Sultan Suleiman 's two wives ( Hürrem and Mahidevran ) had borne him six sons , four of whom survived past the 1550s . They were Mustafa , Selim , Bayezid , and Cihangir . Of these , only Mustafa , the eldest , was not Hürrem Sultan 's son , but rather Mahidevran Sultan 's , and therefore preceded Hürrem 's children in the order of succession . Hürrem was aware that should Mustafa become Sultan her own children would be strangled . Yet Mustafa was recognized as the most talented of all the brothers and was supported by Pargalı İbrahim Pasha , who was by this time Suleiman 's Grand Vizier . The Austrian ambassador Busbecq would note " Suleiman has among his children a son called Mustafa , marvelously well educated and prudent and of an age to rule , since he is 24 or 25 years old ; may God never allow a Barbary of such strength to come near us " , going on to talk of Mustafa 's " remarkable natural gifts " . Hürrem is usually held at least partly responsible for the intrigues in nominating a successor . Although she was Suleiman 's wife , she exercised no official public role . This did not , however , prevent Hürrem from wielding powerful political influence . Since the Empire lacked , until the reign of Ahmed I , any formal means of nominating a successor , successions usually involved the death of competing princes in order to avert civil unrest and rebellions . In attempting to avoid the execution of her sons , Hürrem used her influence to eliminate those who supported Mustafa 's accession to the throne . Thus in power struggles apparently instigated by Hürrem , Suleiman had Ibrahim murdered and replaced with her sympathetic son @-@ in @-@ law , Rüstem Pasha . By 1552 , when the campaign against Persia had begun with Rüstem appointed commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the expedition , intrigues against Mustafa began . Rüstem sent one of Suleiman 's most trusted men to report that since Suleiman was not at the head of the army , the soldiers thought the time had come to put a younger prince on the throne ; at the same time he spread rumors that Mustafa had proved receptive to the idea . Angered by what he came to believe were Mustafa 's plans to claim the throne , the following summer upon return from his campaign in Persia , Suleiman summoned him to his tent in the Ereğli valley , stating he would " be able to clear himself of the crimes he was accused of and would have nothing to fear if he came " . Mustafa was confronted with a choice : either he appeared before his father at the risk of being killed ; or , if he refused to attend , he would be accused of betrayal . In the end , Mustafa chose to enter his father 's tent , confident that the support of the army would protect him . Busbecq , who claims to have received an account from an eyewitness , describes Mustafa 's final moments . As Mustafa entered his father 's tent , Suleiman 's eunuchs attacked Mustafa , with the young prince putting up a brave defence . Suleiman , separated from the struggle only by the linen hangings of the tent , peered through the chamber of his tent and " directed fierce and threatening glances upon the mutes , and by menacing gestures sternly rebuked their hesitation . Thereupon , the mutes in their alarm , redoubling their efforts , hurled Mustafa to the ground and , throwing the bowstring round his neck , strangled him . " Cihangir is said to have died of grief a few months after the news of his half @-@ brother 's murder . The two surviving brothers , Selim and Bayezid , were given command in different parts of the empire . Within a few years , however , civil war broke out between the brothers , each supported by his loyal forces . With the aid of his father 's army , Selim defeated Bayezid in Konya in 1559 , leading the latter to seek refuge with the Safavids along with his four sons . Following diplomatic exchanges , the Sultan demanded from the Safavid Shah that Bayezid be either extradited or executed . In return for large amounts of gold , the Shah allowed a Turkish executioner to strangle Bayezid and his four sons in 1561 , clearing the path for Selim 's succession to the throne seven years later . = = Death = = His mausoleum is adjacent to Hurrem ’ s , a separate and more sombre domed structure , at the courtyard of the Süleymaniye Mosque . On 5 September 1566 , Suleiman , who had set out from Constantinople to command an expedition to Hungary , died before an Ottoman victory at the Battle of Szigetvár in Hungary and the Grand Vizier kept his death secret during the retreat for the enthronement of Selim II . Just the night before the sickly sultan died in his tent , two months before he would have turned 72 . The sultan ’ s body was taken home to be buried in Istanbul , leaving behind the legend along with his heart and internal organs in Hungary , buried under the military tent where he died , in a golden casket . = = Legacy = = At the time of Suleiman 's death , the Ottoman Empire was one of the world 's foremost powers . Suleiman 's conquests had brought under the control of the Empire the major Muslim cities ( Mecca , Medina , Jerusalem , Damascus , Cairo and Baghdad ) , many Balkan provinces ( reaching present day Croatia and Austria ) , and most of North Africa . His expansion into Europe had given the Ottoman Turks a powerful presence in the European balance of power . Indeed , such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that Austria 's ambassador Busbecq warned of Europe 's imminent conquest : " On [ the Turks ' ] side are the resources of a mighty empire , strength unimpaired , habituation to victory , endurance of toil , unity , discipline , frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be ? ... When the Turks have settled with Persia , they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East ; how unprepared we are I dare not say . " Even thirty years after his death , " Sultan Solyman " was quoted by the English playwright William Shakespeare as a military prodigy in The Merchant of Venice , where the Prince of Morocco boasts about his prowess by saying that he defeated Suleiman in three battles ( Act 2 , Scene 1 ) . Suleiman 's legacy was not , however , merely in the military field . The French traveler Jean de Thévenot bears witness a century later to the " strong agricultural base of the country , the well being of the peasantry , the abundance of staple foods and the pre @-@ eminence of organization in Suleiman 's government " . The administrative and legal reforms which earned him the name Law Giver ensured the Empire 's survival long after his death , an achievement which " took many generations of decadent heirs to undo " . Through his personal patronage , Suleiman also presided over the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire , representing the pinnacle of the Ottoman Turks ' cultural achievement in the realm of architecture , literature , art , theology and philosophy . Today the skyline of the Bosphorus and of many cities in modern Turkey and the former Ottoman provinces , are still adorned with the architectural works of Mimar Sinan . One of these , the Süleymaniye Mosque , is the final resting place of Suleiman and Hürrem Sultan : they are buried in separate domed mausoleums attached to the mosque . However , after his death , the Ottoman Empire entered into a state of decline and stagnation during the reign of Sultan Selim II and later ( not so great ) sultans . The Ottoman conquests of Europe were ended permanently by major defeats such as the Battle of Lepanto and the Battle of Vienna . As the years passed , the Ottoman Empire slowly turned into a shadow of its former glory , becoming known as the " sick man of Europe " , where the Christian powers gradually regained their might , gaining new technologies and weapons for their armies until the Empire 's dissolution by the reign of Mehmed VI , the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire , who was removed after World War I , which allowed the empire 's total dismemberment as even the Muslim provinces became independent or part of colonial empires and Atatürk opted for a republican Turkish nation state . = = Popular culture = = Suleiman the Magnificent appears in P. J. Parker 's internationally acclaimed historic fiction Roxelana and Suleyman ( 2001 ; Published 2012 ; Revised 2016 ) Suleiman the Magnificent appears as the lead character of the 2011 – 14 Turkish TV series Muhtesem Yuzyil and occurs in TV series Hürrem Sultan ( 2003 ) . Suleiman I also features in the movies Les trois sultanes ( 1912 ) and Egri csillagok aka Stars of Eger ( 1968 ) . Suleiman is portrayed as a young man in the game Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . Suleiman the Magnificent appears as the leader of the Ottomans in the computer strategy games , Age of Empires III , Civilization IV , and Civilization V. Suleiman the Magnificent is also portrayed in the strategic video game Europa Universalis IV loading screen .
= Reunion ( 30 Rock ) = " Reunion " is the fifth episode of the third season of American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 41st episode of the series overall . It was written by supervising producer Matt Hubbard and directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on December 4 , 2008 . Guest stars in this episode include Susan Barrett , Marceline Hugot , Robyn Lively , Janel Moloney , Diane Neal , Rip Torn , and Steve Witting . In the episode , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is opposed to going to her high school reunion , but her boss , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) , manages to convince her otherwise . Meanwhile , Don Geiss ( Torn ) wakes up from his coma only to inform Jack of his decision to remain CEO of General Electric ( GE ) . At the same time , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) feel threatened by NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) when he gets more laughs than they do in the elevator . " Reunion " has received generally positive reception from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 7 @.@ 2 million households during its original broadcast . Matt Hubbard won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , while Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller received a nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series . = = Plot = = Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) receives an invitation to her upcoming high school reunion in White Haven , Pennsylvania . She is reluctant to attend as she was a lonely nerd but is persuaded to go by her boss , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) . Don Geiss ( Rip Torn ) wakes up from his diabetic coma and tells Jack he will remain CEO of General Electric ( GE ) . Distraught by the revelation , as Don had chosen Jack as the CEO to run GE , Jack decides to fly to Miami for a vacation , and offers to drop Liz off on the way to her reunion . When they land in White Haven after a major snowstorm , Jack is stranded with her . Meanwhile , at the 30 Rock studios , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) , is shocked when NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) gets more laughs than he does in the elevator , compelling him to go to Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) for help . The same thing happens to Jenna and in retaliation , she starts singing " Wind Beneath My Wings " , prompting Kenneth to start singing " 99 Bottles of Beer " , to which everyone in the elevator joins in . As revenge for upstaging them , Tracy and Jenna start doing his page duties which upsets Kenneth , and so swears never to upstage them again . Liz goes to the reunion but learns that she was not the quiet , lonely nerd she thought , but the angry bully everyone hated . Jack in search of a drink ends up at the reunion as well , and is mistaken for a former popular student Larry Braverman and still unhappy with Geiss ' decision , takes on the persona . Liz tries to regain the friendship of her classmates — Kelsey Whintrop ( Robyn Lively ) , Erin O 'Neil ( Diane Neal ) , Rob Sussman ( Steve Witting ) , and Diane ( Susan Barrett ) — without success . Jack , as Larry Braverman , persuades them to like Liz , until an ex @-@ girlfriend ( Janel Moloney ) of Larry 's reveals he has a son , at which point Jack confesses he is not Larry and Liz and Jack both make a quick escape whilst being booed off stage ; Liz happily going back to mistreating her former classmates after they attempt to reenact the pig 's blood scene from Carrie on her . = = Production = = " Reunion " was written by 30 Rock supervising producer Matt Hubbard , making it his fifth writing credit after " The Rural Juror " , " Hard Ball " , " The Collection " , and " MILF Island " . The episode was directed by Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller , making it her fourth for the series . " Reunion " originally aired in the United States on December 4 , 2008 , on NBC as the fifth episode of the show 's third season and the 41st overall episode of the series . Actor Rip Torn made his sixth appearance on the show as GE CEO Don Geiss , after appearing in the episodes " The C Word " , " Corporate Crush " , " Jack Gets in the Game " , " Succession " , and " Sandwich Day " . This was actress Marceline Hugot 's sixth guest spot in the series as Kathy Geiss , the daughter of Don Geiss . St. Cecilia 's Catholic Church served as the high school where Liz Lemon attends her high school reunion . In September 2008 , it was reported that actresses Blake Lively and Leighton Meester , who star on Gossip Girl , were set to guest star on the show as former high school classmates of Liz 's in a flashback sequence , but the appearances fell through . 30 Rock and Gossip Girl are shot next to each other at Silvercup Studios in Queens , New York . Actress Robyn Lively , the half @-@ sister of Blake Lively , guest starred in " Reunion " as Kelsey Winthrop , a former classmate of Liz 's . In this episode , Liz says the line " I want to go to there " , twice , which according to series creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey was " coined " by her daughter , Alice . In an interview with the New York Daily News , Jane Krakowski , who portrays Jenna Maroney , revealed " Some of the great catchphrases of 30 Rock have come from Alice . Like , ' I want to go [ to ] there ! ' – that 's Alice . It 's so funny because I hear people say it on the street , and that was [ Tina 's ] daughter ! " = = Cultural references = = Jack , believing that Don Geiss will give him the CEO job , and after learning about Liz 's high school reunion , says " I wish I had a Princeton reunion right now . I 'd wipe the smug smile off Michelle Obama 's face " , a reference to Michelle Obama who graduated from Princeton , and to her husband , Barack Obama , who won the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election . At the reunion , Rob Sussman , a past classmate of Liz 's , complains that Liz said he was gayer than the volleyball scene in the 1986 action film Top Gun . During the reunion , Liz 's former classmates play Seven minutes in heaven , a game in which two people are selected to go into a closet or other dark enclosed space and do whatever they like for seven minutes , often kissing . Later , Liz 's classmates plan to " Carrie " her on stage as revenge for her being mean to them , but is stopped by Jack saying " we cannot Carrie Liz Lemon " . This is a reference to the 1976 horror film Carrie in which the title character is drenched with pig 's blood . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Reunion " was watched by 7 @.@ 2 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It received a 3 @.@ 4 rating / 8 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that 3 @.@ 4 percent of all people in that group , and 8 percent of all people from that group watching television at the time , watched the episode . " Reunion " finished in ninth place in the weekly ratings for the week of December 1 – 7 , 2008 . Matt Hubbard won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , while Beth McCarthy @-@ Miller received a nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . This episode was submitted for consideration on the behalf of Tina Fey for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the same awards show , but lost it to actress Toni Collette . Hubbard was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for " Reunion " , but lost it in a tie to fellow 30 Rock writer Robert Carlock for the episode " Apollo , Apollo " and Modern Family 's Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd for the pilot episode . IGN contributor Robert Canning gave the episode an 8 @.@ 9 rating out of 10 and wrote " ... the real reason to watch , as always , was Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin and their fantastic comedic performances . " Canning responded favorably to the episode with the exception of the Tracy , Jenna , and Kenneth storyline , calling it " silly " . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star @-@ Ledger wrote that Jack taking on the Larry Braverman persona " gave Baldwin a chance to play a delightfully goofy strain of those occasional glimpses we get of a happy Jack . " Like Sepinwall , Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad was favorable to Jack going to the reunion , but most enjoyed the character impersonating Larry Braverman , observing it was a " well @-@ used plot device " as Baldwin " made it believable " . TV Guide 's Matt Mitovich was positive about " Reunion " , calling it a " nice " episode . Jeff Labrecque for Entertainment Weekly enjoyed the episode , and said that " Reunion " was the first episode of the season that " I think the show benefited from the refocused attention on its core characters . The reunion plot was so strong , and the Carrie finale so inspired , that I hope the viewership ratings reflect positively and encourage a continuance of this creative trend . " The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin wrote that he was " much more amused " by Rob Sussman 's " still @-@ simmering rage " against Liz , because he " scored many of the show 's biggest laughs . " He said that he found the second plot " a little underwhelming though I thought there was a neat meta @-@ textual element to it " , but wrote that it " scored some nice shots at the vapid narcissism of actors but it promised more than it could deliver . " Rick Porter of Zap2it said that despite the " super @-@ capital @-@ A @-@ list guest stars " that guest starred at the beginning of the season , " Reunion " got back " to the show 's core cast ... [ and ] the show gave us probably the best episode of the season . " Time contributor James Poniewozik opined that this episode was " pretty good " and " funny in most of the usual 30 Rock ways . " Not all reviews were positive . Jeremy Medina of Paste wrote that " Reunion " was " essentially unremarkable ( especially in its portrayal of Liz ) " . Medina disliked that Tina Fey 's Liz was portrayed in " unlikable light " , and after insulting her former classmates at the high school reunion it " seemed a bit uncharacteristic and unflattering to her character . "
= La Stazione = La Stazione ( Italian pronunciation : [ la statˈtsjone ] , " The Station " ) is an Italian restaurant and former train station in the village of New Paltz in Ulster County , New York . The building was the first of two railroad stations constructed in the town of New Paltz , and it is the only former Wallkill Valley Railroad station standing at its original location . After a lengthy public debate over whether to place the station to the east or west of the Wallkill River , it was built in 1870 on the east bank , within the village of New Paltz . The rail line was formally opened during a large ceremony on December 20 , 1870 . A decade later the station had become a popular departure point for the Mohonk Mountain House by many vacationers , including two U.S. presidents . In the late 19th century , over a dozen stagecoaches ran between the station and Mohonk daily . The station burned down in 1907 and was rebuilt later that year . The rise of the automobile caused the railroad to end passenger service in 1937 ; by 1959 the station was completely closed and sold off . After closure , it was used for a variety of businesses , including serving as a public @-@ access television station . Freight service along the Wallkill Valley line continued until 1977 , when the corridor was shut to regular rail traffic . The building was in such a state of disrepair by the 1980s that it was almost demolished , and the nearby tracks were torn up and sold for scrap by 1984 . However , the station avoided demolition and was renovated in 1988 . It was used as a real estate office , and the rail corridor itself was formally opened five years later as the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail . In 1999 , the station became an Italian restaurant and received its current name , La Stazione . The building was expanded in 2003 and served as the setting for a scene in a 2008 mob film . = = Planning and construction = = In February 1864 , plans were in place to extend the route of the proposed Wallkill Valley Railroad between the towns of Shawangunk and New Paltz . A civil engineering survey to determine a possible route and cost of such an endeavor was undertaken in March of that year . The proposal sparked a controversy as to whether the route would run east or west of the Wallkill River in New Paltz . The western route was roughly 100 feet ( 30 m ) shorter , and the eastern route would cost $ 25 @,@ 000 more . However , it was felt that the increased economic activity from having the rail line run east of the river , and directly through the village of New Paltz , would offset the expense . Bonding for the rail line through New Paltz , at a cost of $ 123 @,@ 000 , was completed by January 1869 . The Wallkill Valley Railroad was the first rail line in Ulster County , and was heralded as a cure for the region 's isolation from the rest of the industrialized world . By November 1869 , the Gardiner rail depot , to the south of New Paltz , was ceremoniously opened by the railroad 's president , Floyd McKinstry . The station immediately began to see regular traffic . A second Gardiner station was constructed in the hamlet of Forest Glen , in the northern part of Gardiner . The railroad company was contractually obligated to start construction in New Paltz by May 18 , 1870 , and work on the New Paltz station commenced that day . The depot was designed to be 20 by 80 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 by 24 @.@ 4 m ) . The design included freight and baggage rooms , as well as a water tank and engine house . The station had two waiting rooms , while most stations on the Wallkill line only had one . The New Paltz station , as with the other Wallkill Valley stations , was based on " standard patterns ... rather than [ being designed ] by individual architects " . Half the station 's lumber came from Honesdale , Pennsylvania , via the Delaware and Hudson Canal and its framework was raised on July 1 , 1870 . Work was completed by September 1870 . John C. Deyo had provided the carpentry , Snyder and Fuller painted it , and John C. Shaffer was the contractor . Shaffer had also constructed living quarters for the railroad 's workers . The masonry for a bridge over the Plattekill Creek between Gardiner and New Paltz was completed by late June 1870 , and trestle work was done by July . Beginning in late September 1870 , the railroad had begun laying tracks between Gardiner and New Paltz . The tracks reached the Plattekill Creek bridge by the end of October , and the rail line reached New Paltz on December 1 , 1870 . = = Opening and early operation = = The rail line was officially opened in New Paltz on December 20 , 1870 , during a day @-@ long celebration . At that time , the Wallkill Valley line was connected to the Erie Railroad 's Montgomery – Goshen branch to the south ; an inaugural train containing about 350 passengers ran to Goshen , making stops at each station along the way , before heading back to New Paltz . The station 's telegraph was used to " receive ... election returns " throughout the 1870s . On March 3 , 1880 , four men robbed the station 's safe . They broke into the depot late at night and dragged the safe to the center of the station . They then attempted to drill holes into the safe and explode it with gunpowder , but failing that , cut off one of its sides . The contents of the safe were 300 cigars and a few bills and papers . After the suspects were arrested in Poughkeepsie , the local sheriff was reluctant to transfer the suspects to New Paltz . The Poughkeepsie police were insistent that they be paid immediately for their services . The day after their arrest , the men were allowed to go to a barber shop for a shave ; some witnesses were unable to identify the suspects because of this , and the officers were publicly chided for incompetence . Cigars in the suspects ' pockets were identical to the cigars in the safe , and along with tools recovered from the site , they were used to identify the men . The suspects were brought to a jail in Kingston pending the ruling of a grand jury that April . A large crowd gathered at the New Paltz depot to watch them depart . The men were described as " cracksmen of the first water " , possibly " stylish " , and so proficient at safe @-@ cracking that , " if they [ had ] any chance at all , or [ got ] hold of any weapon , they [ would ] pick their way thro ' the jail as easily as boring through a lime heap " . The men were subsequently convicted . As a result of the burglary , station agent Dwight Marsh was given a revolver , and it became policy not to keep valuables in the safe overnight . On December 8 , 1880 , another thief broke a window at the depot and stole a box of cigars . Two sheds had been built adjacent to the station by 1881 . The land the sheds were built on was purchased the previous year by Mohonk Mountain House co @-@ founder Albert Smiley for $ 500 . The sheds were built for the resort 's horses . During this period , as many as 14 stagecoaches each day transported guests between the station and Mohonk . The West Shore Railroad purchased the Wallkill Valley line in June 1881 , and placed an additional siding by the depot in 1887 to allow daily " special extra @-@ fare trains ... for the Minnewaska and Mohonk visitors " . President Chester A. Arthur visited the station with his daughter in 1884 . He was welcomed by the railroad 's director and brought to Lake Mohonk . President Rutherford B. Hayes occasionally attended conferences at the Mohonk Mountain House . In 1892 , several townspeople held a reception for him at the station , giving him " three rousing cheers " . Other notable Mountain House guests who arrived by train were opera singer Ernestine Schumann @-@ Heink and orator William Jennings Bryan . A sewage line was installed from the station to the Wallkill River in 1905 . = = Springtown station = = As soon as the station in the village was completed , a second station was built at Springtown , a hamlet in the northwestern part of the town of New Paltz that once sported " its own post office , church , school , hotel , a gambling den ... and a bevy of bars " . The station was planned to be two stories tall with an area of 16 by 40 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 by 12 @.@ 2 m ) . A 413 @-@ foot ( 126 m ) bridge across the Wallkill River to Springtown was completed by December 1870 , and the station was constructed at the point where the rail line crossed Coffey Road . Throughout its history , the Springtown station was occupied by various tenants who took up residence . The original New Paltz station burned down around 4 : 45 A.M. on April 23 , 1907 , damaging freight and killing station agent E. J. Snyder 's dog . The fire originated in the office stove , and spread rapidly before local fire companies could arrive . A passenger car was used as a temporary station while the building was rebuilt . By late September 1907 , the concrete foundation and the framework of the new building had been put in place , but work on the interior did not begin until November because the lumber had not arrived . The depot was completely rebuilt by December 31 , 1907 , and in active use by February 7 , 1908 . While the original station had a gabled roof , the rebuilt station was hipped . The direction of the new station 's battens was horizontal ; the original station had had vertical slats . The rebuilt freight house was placed a distance from the depot . The building was not fully rebuilt until 1911 . A house was constructed at the site of the Springtown depot the year before it was rebuilt . The New York Public Service Commission , a regulatory agency founded in 1907 , ruled in May 1911 that the new Springtown station was adequate . The Springtown station had no station agent or freight house . In 1925 , sparks shooting off a passing train caused a fire in Springtown that burned down six buildings , causing $ 7 @,@ 000 in damage . The prominence of the New Paltz station , as well as the growth of SUNY New Paltz in the village , caused the decline of Springtown as a community . = = Closure = = Passenger service along the Wallkill Valley line ceased in 1937 , due to the increased usage of automobiles . By December 1958 the building ( then owned by the New York Central Railroad ) was no longer used as a railroad station . It was sold off in 1959 , and hosted a number of local endeavors , serving as a chapter house for the Knights of Columbus and as an office for a public @-@ access television station . Under the ownership of the television station , the roof and floorboards were repaired . In April 1977 , the owner of the property , Fetner and Gold Associates , attempted to open the building as a bar . Their zoning permit was rejected ; the village mayor was " unalterably opposed " to the prospect , and the board believed the proposed bar would lead to complaints from nearby apartments . It was also believed that it would be unsafe to open a bar adjacent to an active rail line , and that such a venture would threaten the nearby Huguenot Street Historic District . On December 31 , 1977 , all regular freight service ceased along the Wallkill Valley line . By the early 1980s the depot had become a " hangout for youths to drink and carouse " and the village considered dismantling it . Conrail , at that time the owner of the rail line , removed all tracks along the corridor between 1983 and 1984 and salvaged the steel . = = Renovation = = Robert Mark Realty bought the former station in 1986 and renovated it at a cost of $ 175 @,@ 000 . Work began in October 1987 and was more than halfway done by January 1988 . Matt Bialecki , the architect who had overseen the renovation of the former New Paltz opera house as a restaurant , served as the project 's architect . Wilro Builders served as the contractor . The building 's design follows a Shingle Style architecture and its sidings are both shingle and clapboard . There are bay windows on the east and west faces , and rafters are partly visible . The building served as a real estate office . On February 9 , 1999 , the village approved a plan to allow the building to open as a 36 @-@ seat Italian restaurant under the co @-@ ownership of two men , Jeff DiMarco and Rocco Panetta . It was at this time the station was given its current name , La Stazione . DiMarco had previously managed construction for an adjacent restaurant , the Gilded Otter . He sold his ownership of La Stazione in August 2000 . The building is adjacent to a rail trail , and there is a 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) bike rack by the building 's northern end . The village of New Paltz purchased its section of the former Wallkill Valley rail corridor from Conrail in 1991 , formally opening it on October 9 , 1993 as a public walkway , the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail . The permit allowing La Stazione to operate as a restaurant also required the placement of a sign in the building 's parking lot to indicate the presence of the trail . The village allowed La Stazione to place a public picnic table under an overhang by the rail trail , on the condition that the restaurant did not provide outdoor food service . In August 1999 , the restaurant was forced to remove a gas tank and gas line that were placed under the trail ; failure to do so could have resulted in the revocation of La Stazione 's certificate of occupancy , preventing the building from being operated as a restaurant . In 2001 , the village was experiencing water drainage issues in the area by the restaurant . By early 2002 , the village approved plans for an expansion of La Stazione , which addressed the drainage issues ; the restaurant offered to install larger pipes than were necessary in exchange for the village " defray [ ing ] their costs " . When the Gardiner station burned down on October 10 , 2002 , La Stazione was left as the last former station of the Wallkill Valley Railroad remaining at its original location . The building 's addition was completed in 2003 . A scene from the 2008 mob film Front Man was filmed at La Stazione ; the film 's director , Ray Genadry , is the cousin of the restaurant 's owner , Rocco Panetta . The scene featured Chris Colombo , son of the late Joseph Colombo , a former boss of the Colombo crime family . Colombo had previously starred in a 2005 mobster documentary on HBO . The building was added to the New Paltz Downtown Historic District on July 24 , 2009 . = = Former Wallkill Valley stations = = Binnewater Historic District Campbell Hall ( Metro @-@ North station ) Kingston , New York railroad stations
= Chad Griffin = Chad Hunter Griffin ( born July 16 , 1973 ) is an American political strategist best known for his work advocating for LGBT rights in the United States . Griffin got his start in politics volunteering for the Bill Clinton presidential campaign , which led to a position in the White House Press Office at the age of 19 . Following his stint in the White House and his graduation from Georgetown University , he led a number of political campaigns advocating for or against various California ballot initiatives , as well as a number of fundraising efforts for political candidates , such as Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama . Following the 2008 passage of California 's highly publicized Proposition 8 , which barred the recognition of same @-@ sex marriage , Griffin founded the American Foundation for Equal Rights ( AFER ) to overturn the law . AFER 's challenge , Perry v. Brown was ultimately successful following a decision by the United States Supreme Court in June 2013 . In 2012 , Griffin was appointed president of the Human Rights Campaign , the largest LGBT rights organization in the United States . = = Early years = = Griffin was born in Hope , Arkansas , and grew up 45 miles to the northeast in Arkadelphia . While attending Ouachita Baptist University , he volunteered for the 1992 presidential campaign of Bill Clinton , and , following the election , received a job offer from Dee Dee Myers to join the transition team and administration . Griffin dropped out of college and became , at the age of 19 , the youngest @-@ ever member of a presidential staff . He worked as a White House Press Office manager for two years . There , he also acted as White House liaison to the 1995 film The American President , where he met producer Rob Reiner . Griffin went on to lead Reiner 's charitable foundation and to work with Reiner on numerous political efforts , including the founding of the American Foundation for Equal Rights ( AFER ) . AFER is a nonprofit organization formed to challenge the federal constitutionality of California 's Proposition 8 , which limited legal recognition of marriage in California to opposite @-@ sex couples . After leaving the White House , Griffin entered the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University , from which he graduated in 1997 . Griffin was also a part of Griffin Schein , a consulting firm that he founded with Kristina Schake , former communications director for Michelle Obama . = = LGBT rights activism = = Griffin , who is himself gay , is best known for his work advocating for LGBT rights , often citing the elevated rate of suicide among gay teens as motivation . In 2008 , Griffin was selected as one of The Advocate 's People of the Year , and in 2013 , Griffin was placed 16th on Out magazine 's " Power 50 " list of the 50 @-@ most powerful LGBT individuals in the United States , moving up from 20th , 28th and 29th positions in 2012 , 2011 and 2010 , respectively . = = = American Foundation for Equal Rights = = = Griffin and Reiner founded AFER in 2008 to challenge the federal constitutionality of California 's Proposition 8 . Prior to AFER 's founding , Griffin had raised funds and produced television ads for the " No on 8 " campaign . This was Griffin 's first professional work on LGBT rights . Following Proposition 8 's passage in 2008 , Griffin and Reiner reflected on the No campaign 's failure , and the possibility of mounting a federal legal challenge . An acquaintance of Reiner 's suggested speaking to conservative lawyer Theodore Olson , who supported the challenge and soon began research on the case . Griffin saw the case and Olson 's support as an opportunity to frame the same @-@ sex marriage debate in nonpartisan terms . It was Olson who later suggested recruiting the contrastingly liberal David Boies as co @-@ counsel , the two had previously litigated opposite sides of Bush v. Gore . Griffin approached Boies , who quickly accepted . Meanwhile , Griffin began discussing the potential case with other LGBT rights organizations . Many of those organizations , including the American Civil Liberties Union , Lambda Legal , and the National Center for Lesbian Rights opposed a federal lawsuit , seeing it as " reckless " and expressing fear that a loss at the Supreme Court could be " devastating " . These same groups would later ask to intervene in the lawsuit , an attempt which Griffin fought and which was ultimately unsuccessful . In a letter to the leaders of those organizations , Griffin wrote " You have unrelentingly and unequivocally acted to undermine this case even before it was filed . In light of this , it is inconceivable that you would zealously and effectively litigate this case if you were successful in intervening . " Griffin also expressed concern that intervention would complicate the trial , making it less efficient and would , as a result , ultimately weaken their case . In May 2009 AFER announced its creation after filing their lawsuit , now styled Hollingsworth v. Perry , which argued that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional on equal protection and due process grounds . The lawsuit 's plaintiffs are two same @-@ sex couples , Kristin Perry and Sandra Stier , Paul Katami and Jeffrey Zarrillo . Governor of California Jerry Brown and other state officials are listed as defendants in their official capacities . Perry was successful at district court and at the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals . In December 2012 , the Supreme Court agreed to review the 9th Circuit ruling , and held in June 2013 that the proponents of Proposition 13 had lacked standing for their appeals to the 9th Circuit and Supreme Court , which left the district court ruling intact . On June 28 , California resumed marrying same @-@ sex couples . = = = Other LGBT @-@ related activism = = = In 2012 , Griffin was selected to succeed Joe Solmonese as president of the Human Rights Campaign , the largest LGBT advocacy and political lobbying organization in the United States . His appointment was well received by many in the LGBT community , including Cleve Jones , R. Clarke Cooper , and Transgender Law Center executive director Masen Davis . Griffin assumed his new role on June 11 , 2012 . In May 2012 , Griffin asked a question which , in part , led Vice President Joe Biden to publicly share his support for same @-@ sex marriage . In a May 2012 Meet the Press appearance , Biden recounted that , at a private dinner with LGBT campaign donors , he had been asked " How do you feel about us ? " The dinner was being held at the home of a gay couple and their two children , and Biden told the parents : " I wish every American could see the look of love that those kids had in their eyes for you guys . And they wouldn 't have any doubt about what this is about . " Barack Obama announced his own support a few days later , becoming the first sitting United States president to do so . Griffin was one of several executive producers of the 2009 documentary Outrage , which investigated allegations of homosexuality among a series of political figures who had worked against LGBT rights . Griffin was selected to help raise funds for its production . = = Other work = = Prior to his work opposing Proposition 8 , Griffin has been involved in supporting or opposing a variety of other California ballot initiatives . In 1998 , Reiner hired Griffin to lead an effort to pass California Proposition 10 . Proposition 10 created a tax on cigarettes and other tobacco products sold in California , and directed that income toward early childhood education efforts under the First 5 California Commission . That commission 's executive director , Kristin Perry , later became the named plaintiff in Perry v. Brown . In 2004 , Griffin was campaign director for California Proposition 71 , which authorized the sale of three billion dollars in general obligation bonds to fund stem cell research . Two years later , Griffin led the unsuccessful campaign for passage of California Proposition 87 , which would have established a tax on oil extraction in the state . Funds were to have been used to for alternative energy and energy efficiency efforts . Prior to these initiatives , in 2003 , Griffin ran the Rally to Save Ahmanson Ranch , which successfully advocated for wilderness protection of what became the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve . Jason Schwartzman shadowed Griffin during this campaign in preparation for Schwartzman 's role as the head of an environmental group in the 2004 film I Heart Huckabees . Griffin 's recent work also includes political fundraising for candidates , his clients have included Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama . He was a member of the national finance committee for Obama 's 2012 reelection campaign , and raised over $ 300 @,@ 000 in that effort . Griffin also sits on the board of Brad Pitt 's Make It Right Foundation New Orleans , which works to build houses for those who lost homes in New Orleans to Hurricane Katrina . = = Personal life = = Griffin attended a White House dinner in 2012 . He began dating longtime friend Charlie Joughin in early 2015 .
= Pill railway station = Pill railway station was a railway station on the Portishead Branch Line , 7 @.@ 8 miles ( 12 @.@ 6 km ) west of Bristol Temple Meads , serving the village of Pill in North Somerset , England . The station was opened by the Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway Company on 18 April 1867 . It had two platforms , on either side of a passing loop , with a goods yard and signal box later additions . Services increased until the 1930s , at which point a half @-@ hourly service operated . However the Portishead Branch was recommended for closure by the Beeching report , and the station was closed on 7 September 1964 , although the line saw freight traffic until 1981 . Regular freight trains through the station began to run again in 2002 when Royal Portbury Dock was connected to the rail network . The station is due to be reopened to passenger traffic in 2019 as part of MetroWest , a scheme to increase rail services in the Bristol area . The new station will have a single platform , an accessible footbridge and a car park , with trains running between Portishead and Bristol . = = History = = Pill railway station was opened on 18 April 1867 by the Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway Company , when services began on their line from the Bristol and Exeter Railway at Portishead Junction to a pier on the Severn Estuary at Portishead . The station served the village of Pill on the south bank of the River Avon . The line was built as 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) broad @-@ gauge , and was largely single track . The station was sited in a cutting close to the old centre of Pill , 3 miles 73 chains ( 6 @.@ 3 km ) from the line 's terminus at Portishead , 7 miles 61 chains ( 12 @.@ 5 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads and 126 miles 12 chains ( 203 @.@ 0 km ) from the Great Western Railway 's terminus at London Paddington . To the east , the railway passed through the village and crossed a valley on the brick @-@ built Pill Viaduct , while to the west the line was largely through flat , open countryside . The station was initially the second along the line from Portishead Junction , after Clifton Bridge and before Portbury . The station at Pill was aligned roughly north @-@ west / south @-@ east , with the line bridged to the east by Station Road and Myrtle Hill . There were two platforms , separated by two running lines , forming a passing loop . The southern " down " platform was for trains towards Portishead , the northern " up " platform for trains towards Bristol . Each platform was provided with a brick shelter and steps up to Station Road . The station building was sited on Station Road , west of the platforms . There were initially six trains per day in each direction on weekdays and one on Sundays , operated by the Bristol and Exeter Railway . The Great Western took over the Bristol and Exeter in 1876 , and in 1884 took over ownership of the Bristol and Portishead . Services increased to nine trains per day on weekdays by 1889 . The line was relaid as 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge in 1880 , coinciding with a lengthening of the platforms , and by 1909 there were 13 trains per day on weekdays and two trains on Sundays . The double track loop through the station was extended at both ends in March 1912 , with the platforms also extended . A small goods yard and coal depot was built at the north @-@ west end of the station at the same time . A signal box was built on the southern platform at the end of the First World War . By 1929 , services had increased to 21 trains per day on weekdays and eight per day on Sundays . This allowed a train every half @-@ hour , with one train per hour running to Bristol Temple Meads and the other terminating at Ashton Gate . Passenger traffic was mainly commuters , to both Bristol and Portishead , as well as people who wished to use the Pill ferry across the river to Shirehampton . During the Second World War , many evacuees from Bristol commutered into the city from Pill . The station staff at this time consisted of a station master , two porters and two female signallers . When the railways were nationalised in 1948 , Pill came under the aegis of the Western Region of British Railways . Passenger services had reduced by 1949 to 13 trains per day on weekdays and seven on Sundays . In 1963 the Beeching report suggested the complete withdrawal of services along the line as a cost @-@ saving measure , and so goods services at Pill were ended on 10 June 1963 ; with the station closing completely on 7 September 1964 . In the final year of operation , there were only six trains on weekdays and none on Sundays . Freight trains continued to pass through the station , but their number decreased over time , and the line fell out of regular use after 30 March 1981 . The line however was kept intact by British Rail , with occasional freight trains , and in 2002 a single track was relaid to allow rail access to Royal Portbury Dock , which brought regular freight traffic . At this time remnants of both platforms could be seen and the station buildings were in commercial use . = = Future = = The Portishead Branch Line is to be reopened as part of the MetroWest scheme , a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area . The scheme was given the go @-@ ahead in July 2012 as part of the City Deal , whereby local councils would be given greater control over money by the government . There had been calls for the line to reopen , primarily due to traffic congestion on the A369 , which is the only route from Portishead to Bristol . A consultation on the reopening plans was held between 22 June and 3 August 2015 to gather views from the community and stakeholders before moving on to detailed designs . The detailed proposals will be subject to a second consultation before the plans are finalised . Due to the additional capital costs , the line will not be electrified , however the design will include passive provision for future electrification . As part of the works , Pill station will be reopened . Trains both to and from Portishead will use the southern platform , which will be resurfaced and provided with a waiting shelter , lighting , passenger information displays and audible announcements . The northern platform , adjacent to the current single track line to Royal Portbury Dock , will not be reinstated , however the track will be retained for freight trains . The two tracks will have a junction east of the station . Initial plans for the station were for access to be from Monmouth Road , which runs parallel to the railway , north of the line . There was to be a fully accessible footbridge across the line , with both ramp and stairs , as well as a pedestrian crossing across Monmouth Road and a lit 50 @-@ space car park on the old goods yard at the eastern end of Monmouth Road . The very end of the goods yard would be maintained for Network Rail access . These plans were changed following an agreement to acquire a property on Station Road . The new plans have the entrance to be on Station Road , at the east end of the site , meaning there would be no need for a footbridge . There would be disabled parking and a pick up / drop off point adjacent to the entrance , although the exact design of this area is still under consideration . Noise mitigation options are to be investigated and there will be improvements to local footpaths . The line is due to reopen in 2020 . It is expected that reopening the station will result in reduced car usage to and from Pill and the surrounding villages . Most station users will walk to the station , with the next largest share being car drivers and car passengers being dropped off , followed by cyclists and bus users . Some parking restrictions are proposed to prevent rail users parking on the local streets , which are narrow and not suitable for widening . Trains along the reopened line will operate between Portishead and Bristol Temple Meads , with two trains per hour in each direction . Services would call at Pill and Parson Street , with aspirations to also call at Bedminster and a reopened Ashton Gate . Trains could also be extended on to the Severn Beach Line . The trains used will be diesel multiple units , likely three carriages long . The line will be operated as part of the Greater Western passenger franchise . Great Western Railway , a subsidiary of FirstGroup , currently operate the Greater Western franchise , however their contract expires in early 2019 , before services to Portishead are due to start .
= Be Our Guest = " Be Our Guest " is a song written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken for Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Recorded by American actor Jerry Orbach and English actress Angela Lansbury as Lumiere and Mrs. Potts , respectively , " Be Our Guest " is a large @-@ scale Broadway @-@ inspired musical number that takes place during the first half of Beauty and the Beast , performed by the castle 's staff of enchanted objects in an elaborate attempt to welcome Belle . Menken initially intended for the melody of " Be Our Guest " to be temporary but was ultimately unable to compose a satisfying one with which to replace it . The song had originally been intended for Belle 's father Maurice . However , " Be Our Guest " had to be entirely re @-@ written as the story evolved in order to return its focus to Belle . " Be Our Guest " has garnered universal acclaim from both film and music critics who , in addition to dubbing the song a show @-@ stopper , praised its catchiness and Orbach 's vocal performance while applauding the scene 's unprecedented use of computer @-@ generated imagery . " Be Our Guest " has since been extolled as one of Disney 's most celebrated and popular songs , establishing itself as one of the studio 's greatest and most iconic . " Be Our Guest " received nominations for both the Golden Globe and Academy Awards for Best Original Song , ultimately losing both to the film 's title song . " Be Our Guest " has been ranked highly on several " best Disney song " countdown lists , garnering recognition from IGN , M and the American Film Institute . In addition to appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , " Be Our Guest " was performed by Orbach live at the 64th Academy Awards , has been parodied in an episode of The Simpsons and covered by Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes . = = Background = = Originally , Beauty and the Beast , under the direction of Richard Purdum , was not intended to be a musical . Then @-@ studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg made the decision to turn the film into a Broadway @-@ style musical similar to The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Disney 's previous animated film , after he , displeased with the film 's initial story reel , ordered the film scrapped and restarted from scratch . As a result , Purdum resigned , and first @-@ time feature film directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale replaced him . Following the Academy Award @-@ winning success of The Little Mermaid , Katzenberg asked the The Little Mermaid songwriting duo of Howard Ashman and Alan Menken to write the songs for and score Beauty and the Beast . At first Ashman , who was at the time writing songs with Menken for a recently pitched idea for another Disney film called Aladdin ( 1992 ) , was reluctant to join the struggling film project , but eventually agreed . Musically , " Be Our Guest " is based on a simple melody that was composed by Menken , who initially had little intention of using it as anything more than just a " dummy . " Upon singing the tune and presenting it to co @-@ writer Ashman , Menken discovered that he was unable to come up with a melody capable of surpassing " that dumb piece of music that I wrote initially because it was just right . " Subsequently , Ashman wrote the song 's lyrics . Originally , the filmmakers had initially intended for " Be Our Guest " to be performed by Lumiere to Belle 's disoriented father Maurice when the character first discovers the Beast 's castle . According to co @-@ director Gary Trousdale , " The song had already been recorded and the sequence partially animated when we decided that it would be more meaningful if it was directed towards Belle " because " she is one of the two main characters and the story revolves around her coming to the castle . " Consequently , the song had to be re @-@ written and the entire scene re @-@ animated . Trousdale explained , " We had to bring Jerry Orbach and all the other vocal talents back into the studio to change all references to gender that appeared in the original recording . " = = Context , scene and analysis = = Beauty and the Beast 's fourth musical number , " Be Our Guest " is set within the first half of the film , occurring shortly after Belle sacrifices her own freedom in return for her father 's , becoming the Beast 's prisoner . Confined to her bedroom when she , upset , stubbornly refuses to join the Beast for dinner , Belle eventually ventures into the kitchen after feeling hungry , where she is greeted by the castle 's staff of enchanted inanimate objects – Mrs. Potts , Cogsworth and Lumiere . Upon insisting that they treat her more like a guest than a prisoner , Lumiere decides to go against the Beast 's orders and invites Belle to dinner . A " food chorus line , " " Be Our Guest " is " a rollicking invitation to Belle from the castle staff . " As one of the film 's most poignant , large @-@ scale , " all @-@ stops @-@ pulled production number [ s ] , " the scene features " dancing plates and other fanciful dinner guests " as they " perform for Belle , hoping to make her stay a little more comfortable . " As the film 's heroine , Belle is served a meal in the form of " a Broadway @-@ quality stage show . " Commonly regarded as the " show @-@ stopper " of Beauty and the Beast , the sequence both visually and musically " derive [ s its ] insatiable energy and excitement from the gradual accumulation of participation . " The Washington Post observed that " ' Be Our Guest ' " involves " the household gadgets enjoin [ ing ] Belle to live with them , " comparing it heavily to the song " Under the Sea " from Disney 's The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , which was also written by Menken and Ashman . Longing to be human , servant and maître d ' Lumiere is also of the impression that he is worth nothing unless he serves , singing , " Life is so unnerving / For a servant who 's not serving . " Significantly , Beauty and the Beast was one of Disney 's earliest feature @-@ length animated films to fully employ computer @-@ generated imagery and technology , utilizing it to a significant extent , as depicted throughout its signature musical numbers " Be Our Guest " and " Beauty and the Beast . " Significantly , " Be Our Guest " " marks the debut of the [ Pixar Image Computer ] system that is featured in the ballroom dance sequence and ' Be Our Guest ' . " Due to its elaborateness , the sequence has been noted for " tak [ ing ] full advantage of the advantages of animation . " In terms of character development , " Be Our Guest introduces both Belle and audiences to Lumiere 's " musical expertise . " Additionally , the energetic and flamboyant way in which Lumiere , a suave , French @-@ accented candelabra , is personified and portrayed throughout " Be Our Guest " has often been likened to French entertainer Maurice Chevalier . The Washington Post commented , " The model for Lumiere seems to have been Maurice Chevalier , and the idea is so choice , and so deftly executed , that it places him immediately among the top rank of Disney characters . " American actor and singer Jerry Orbach , who provided the voice of Lumiere , himself admitted to People that the character was very much him doing a deliberate impersonation of Chevalier . Described as both a " musical montage " and the " magical set piece " of Beauty and the Beast , " Be Our Guest " is " a big production number featuring dancing cutlery . " Analyzing the scene 's complex , elaborate choreography , film critics have observed the profound influence that American filmmaker and choreographer Busby Berkeley has had on " Be Our Guest " , deeming its lively " Busby Berkeley @-@ style choreography " both " joyous and charming " while commenting , " Without the confines of camera range , there are virtually no limits to how spectacular an animated Berkeley scene can be ... most notably ... ' Be Our Guest ' . " David Kronke of Amazon.com hailed the song itself as " an inspired Busby Berkeley homage . " Similarly , the Dance Films Association wrote , " the ' Be Our Guest ' number features practically all of the techniques employed by Berkeley in his musical comedies , " while The New York Times called " Be Our Guest " a " Busby Berkeley @-@ style number in which Belle is serenaded by furniture and dishes . " Film critic Roger Ebert joked that the " Be Our Guest " choreography resembles " Busby Berkeley running amok . " Additionally , Jerry Griswold , author of The Meanings of " Beauty and the Beast " : A Handbook , observed several similarities between " Be Our Guest " and a scene from Maurice Sendak and Carole King 's musical Really Rosie . = = Music and lyrics = = Written in the key of B ♭ major , " Be Our Guest " is , according to the song 's official sheet music which , published by Walt Disney Music Publishing , is available at Musicnotes.com , a Broadway musical @-@ inspired song . An energetic , " turbo @-@ charged Broadway chorus number , " " Be Our Guest " was written in common time at a " free " tempo of 50 beats per minute , spanning a length of three minutes and forty @-@ four seconds . In " Be Our Guest , " Orbach 's " low " tenor or baritone vocal range spans roughly three octaves , from the low note of F3 to the high note of D ♭ 6 . Described as a " scintillating , " " jolly , " " lavish and bouncy " song , " Be Our Guest " is , according to TV Guide , a " boisterous " number , comparing it to songs from the Broadway musicals Hello , Dolly ! and Mame . With the film 's " roots in Broadway , " Beliefnet described " Be Our Guest " as a " rousing " and " tuneful ballad . " Musically , the song , according to Film.com , has a total of four key changes and modulations , beginning slowly and " gradually build [ ing ] ... to a thunderous , bring @-@ the @-@ house @-@ down climax . " Additionally described as " a spark of Gallic vaudeville that lights a flame to both [ entertainers ] Maurice Chevalier and Yves Montand , " " Be Our Guest " depicts both " fun " and " humour . " Extending a warm , energetic invitation towards Belle , the first verse of the song is preceded by a spoken introduction . It reads , at first in French , " Ma chere Mademoiselle , it is with deepest pride and greatest pleasure that we welcome you tonight . And now we invite you to relax , let us pull up a chair as the dining room proudly presents : your dinner , " immediately succeeded by the sung lyrics " Be our guest , be our guest , put our service to the test , " continuing with " Go on , unfold your menu / take a glance and then you 'll / be our guest / oui , our guest / be our guest . " A nostalgic Lumiere muses about being human , pining for the " good old days when we were useful . " Furthermore , Lumiere voices his need to serve , singing , " Life is so unnerving / For a servant who 's not serving . " = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = " Be Our Guest " has been universally lauded , receiving widespread critical acclaim and garnering nearly unanimously positive reviews from both film and music critics . Hailing it as a " crowd @-@ pleasing production number , " TV Guide drew similarities between " Be Our Guest " and songs from the Broadway musicals Hello , Dolly ! and Mame . The Globe and Mail 's Jennie Punter called the song " show @-@ stopping . " Similarly , Drew Taylor of Indiewire echoed Punter 's statement , writing , " when the enchanted wait staff dazzle the captive Belle , assuring her that she 's not a prisoner she 's a guest of the castle , " the result is ultimately " show @-@ stopping . " Writing for the Austin Chronicle , Kathleen Maher , who generally panned the film 's songs and musical numbers , liked " Be Our Guest " , describing it as Beauty and the Beast 's " only ... magical set piece . " Ranking Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack as Disney 's greatest soundtrack , Moviefone 's Sandie Angulo Chen highlighted " Be Our Guest " , noting its " infectious quality " while haling it as an " amazing food chorus line . " JoBlo.com wrote that " Be Our Guest " is both " eye @-@ popping " and " impossibly catchy . " Orbach 's performance as Lumiere has also garnered significant praise . Filmtracks.com commented , " the ever popular ' Be Our Guest ' ... flourish [ es ] due to a spirited lead performance by Jerry Orbach . " Similarly , Hollywood.com cited in the website 's biography of the actor , " Among the highlights of [ Beauty and the Beast ] was Orbach 's delivery of the showstopping number ' Be Our Guest ' . " Several critics have awarded specific praise to " Be Our Guest " ' s choreography , comparing it extensively to the work of director and choreographer Busby Berkeley . In addition to hailing " Be Our Guest " as " delightful , " Candice Russel of the Sun @-@ Sentinel wrote , " In setting the table for Belle , Lumiere and friends concoct a Busby Berkeley song @-@ and @-@ dance extravaganza . " The Deseret News ' Chris Hicks described " the Busby Berkeley @-@ style ' Be Our Guest ' " as " first @-@ rate . " Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly highlighted the scene , writing , " The set pieces are narcotically pleasing , especially the Busby Berkeley @-@ style dancing @-@ kitchenware spectacular , ' Be Our Guest ' . " James Berardinelli of ReelViews coined " ' Be Our Guest ' ... the animated equivalent of Broadway show @-@ stoppers , with all the energy and audacity of something choreographed by Busby Berkeley . " Calling it a " wonderful musical number , " Roger Ebert enthused , " ' Be Our Guest ' is a rollicking invitation to Belle from the castle staff , choreographed like Busby Berkeley running amok . " In review of the 2011 3D re @-@ release of Beauty and the Beast , Stephen Whitty of The Star @-@ Ledger commented , " The illusion of depth does add more life to the enchanted housewares — particularly the ' Be Our Guest ' number , with its Busby Berkeley geometrics . " While Beauty and the Beast 's several theatrical re @-@ releases and reissues have been met with generally mixed reviews , critical response towards the " Be Out Guest " musical sequence has remained predominantly positive . Reviewing the 2001 IMAX re @-@ release of the film , the Los Angeles Times ' Charles Solomon felt that the inclusion of the deleted song " Human Again " was unnecessary , preferring " Be Our Guest " and writing , " a second major production number simply isn 't needed ; ' Be Our Guest ' is sufficient . " Similarly , the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer 's William Arnold wrote , " On the other hand , it 's understandable why [ " Human Again " ] was cut from the original . It 's almost too similar to the film 's show @-@ stopper , ' Be Our Guest ' . " Reviewing the film 's 2012 3D conversion , Todd Gilchrist of Boxoffice wrote that " Be Our Guest " is " effective , immersive and maybe even memorable . " Meanwhile , Annlee Ellingson of Paste wrote , " It 's thrilling to experience this film 's major set pieces on the big screen again , especially the Broadway @-@ infused ' Be Our Guest ' number . " The Times @-@ Picayune 's Mike Scott wrote , " But then the 3 @-@ D all but disappears until the ' Be Our Guest ' number -- with its artfully surreal dance of the dishes . " Andrew Pulver of The Guardian , who otherwise criticized the film 's songs , praised " Be Our Guest " , writing , " Apart from the spectacular Busby Berkeleyesque [ ' ] Be Our Guest [ ' ] , the film pretty much grinds to a halt whenever one of the songs ... starts up . " Likewise , Neil Smith of Total Film concluded that " only ‘ Be Our Guest ’ and the ballroom swoop really benefit from a stereoscopic make @-@ over that doesn ’ t do the hand @-@ drawn remainder many favours . " Although vastly critically acclaimed , the song was not entirely void of some minor criticism . Lukewarmly , Irving Tan of Sputnikmusic commented , " numbers like ' Be Our Guest ' provides evidence that Lumiere and co. are infinitely preferable as entertaining flatware . " On Lansbury 's performance , Tan joked , " The singer 's delightfully personable contribution is almost reason enough to forgive Disney for thinking her English accent ... would not look out of place in a film set in 18th century France . " A more negative review was written by Pete Vonder Haar of The Houston Press . Observing that Beauty and the Beast " was Disney 's first stab at incorporating computer animation , " he felt that " the results are , now , pretty primitive , " concluding , " I recall thinking the dancing forks during ' Be Our Guest ' ... looked pretty bad and time has not been kind . " The song has also been compared to " Under the Sea " from The Little Mermaid , most of which have been mixed . Jay Boyar the Orlando Sentinel opined , " ' Be Our Guest ' ... is the closest thing in Beauty and the Beast to the bubbly ' Under the Sea ' extravaganza in The Little Mermaid , " while Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman 's review was much more negative , describing the song as " merely serviceable " and concluding , ' Be Our Guest , ' ... sorry to say , is no ' Under the Sea ' . " Likewise , Desson Howe of The Washington Post panned both the song and Lumiere , writing , " the Candelabrum 's Maurice Chevalier accent is clearly intended to substitute for the Caribbean @-@ lilted lobster in Mermaid . And the ensemble song , ' Be Our Guest , ' in which the household gadgets enjoin Belle to live with them , is an obvious attempt to reprise a similar Mermaid number , ' Under the Sea . ' But it 's just under par . " = = = Awards , accolades and legacy = = = Alongside the songs " Beauty and the Beast " and " Belle , " " Be Our Guest " was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . Having garnered three separate Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song , Beauty and the Beast became the first film in the history of the Academy Awards to achieve this rare feat ; this would not be repeated until Dreamgirlswas nominated for the award in 2007 . Ultimately , " Be Our Guest " lost to the film 's title song . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Beauty and the Beast producer Don Hahn revealed that Disney feared that having three songs nominated for Best Original Song would result in a draw or three @-@ way tie . Therefore , while " Beauty and the Beast " received heavy promotion from the studio , significantly less was given to " Be Our Guest " and " Belle . " " Be Our Guest " was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 49th Golden Globe Awards in 1992 , losing again to " Beauty and the Beast . " In 2004 , the American Film Institute nominated " Be Our Guest " for its " 100 Years … 100 Songs " ranking . Allwomenstalk believes that " Be Our Guest " represents " what Disney is all about . " Dubbed one of the most memorable songs from Beauty and the Beast , while lauded as a " favorite , " a " classic " and " one of the greatest showstoppers " in film history , " Be Out Guest " is commonly cited as one of Disney 's greatest songs . As Beauty and the Beast 's " most frequently heard song , " BuzzSugar ranked " Be Our Guest " third on the website 's list of the " 25 Disney Songs We Will Never Stop Singing " . Calling the song a " gem , " author Maggie Pehanick wrote that " Be Our Guest " was " one of the first [ Disney ] songs to get permanently lodged in your brain . " Oh No They Didn 't ranked " Be Our Guest " eighth on its list of " The Top 25 Disney Songs of All Time " , while IGN ranked the song third , with author Lucy O 'Brien writing , " Of all the brilliant numbers peppered throughout Beauty and the Beast , it 's the turbo @-@ charged Broadway chorus number [ ' ] Be Our Guest [ ' ] that 's the stand @-@ out , " describing it as " one of the best songs ever devised by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman . " " Be Our Guest " was ranked seventh on M 's " Top 20 Disney Songs of All Time " list , with author Stephanie Osmanski citing " Be our guest , be our guest , put our service to the test " as her favorite lyrics . Meanwhile , HitFix ranked " Be Our Guest " sixth on their own list o " The 20 Best Disney Songs of All Time . " Additionally , while ranking Lumiere the thirty @-@ ninth " Best Animated Movie Character " of all @-@ time , Empire hailed " Be Our Guest " as the character 's best moment and " Stroke of genius , " writing , " The song ... sees Lumiere introduce perhaps the greatest dining experience in animation history . " While ranking the " 50 Greatest Fairy Tale Movies , " on which Beauty and the Beast ranked second , Total Film highlighted " Be Our Guest " as the film 's " Most Magical Moment . " Film.com ranked " Be Our Guest " the thirteenth " Greatest Musical Number ... in Movie History , " describing the song as " a masterpiece of showtune construction " while lauding its Busby Berkeley @-@ inspired choreography . " Be Our Guest " was the only animated musical number included on the website 's list of 50 . = = Live performances = = In 1992 , Jerry Orbach performed " Be Our Guest " at the 64th Academy Awards . = = Cultural impact = = = = = Covers and parodies = = = In 1995 , Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes recorded a cover of " Be Our Guest " for their Disney @-@ themed concept album When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk . In the Animaniacs parody episode " Cutie and the Beast " , Yakko and Wakko Warner sing a version entitled " She 's a Pest . " In The Simpsons sixth season episode " Two Dozen and One Greyhounds " ( 1995 ) , " Be Our Guest " is parodied by the character Mr. Burns when he performs the song " See My Vest " . New York magazine @-@ run website Vulture.com ranked the song eighth on its list of " The Ten Best Simpsons Songs " . In South Park : Bigger , Longer and Uncut , the song is parodied by Big Gay Al when he performs the song " I 'm Super " . An Oscar @-@ themed rendition of the song was performed by Seth MacFarlane at the 85th Academy Awards . In 2013 , English television personalities Ant & Dec appeared in a Christmas television advertisement for the supermarket Morrisons . In the minute @-@ long commercial , a computer @-@ animated gingerbread man named Ginger serenades Ant & Dec to the tune of " Be Our Guest , " inviting them to enjoy the store 's products . In the Disney Channel Original Movie Descendants , Prince Ben ( the son of Belle and the Beast ) and the Auradon Prep Glee Club perform an a cappella hip @-@ hop version of the song before Ben 's coronation . = = = Broadway musical = = = " Be Our Guest " was also featured as an elaborate production number in the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , which ran from 1994 to 2007 . Originally performed by American actors Gary Beach and Beth Fowler , who originated the roles of Lumiere and Mrs. Potts , respectively , " Be Our Guest " was " a spectacular dance of illuminated saucers , showgirls bedecked with spinning plates , and giant @-@ size bottles spewing streams of brilliant sparkles . " In addition to " performance [ s ] by eye @-@ catching cutlery , plates , a tablecloth and napkins , " the musical number featured " a show @-@ stopping routine [ from ] a dancing doormat . " Reception towards the Broadway treatment of " Be Our Guest " has been generally mixed . While some theatre critics , such as Alex Bentley of CultureMap , felt that " Be Our Guest " " remain [ s ] as timeless as ever , " The Christian Science Monitor 's Karen Campbell criticized the number 's lavishness , feeling that it compromised the story Campbell wrote , " Only in the fantastical ' Be Our Guest ' number ... does the show 's extraordinary technological magic threaten to derail the story line . " However , some critics did positively comment on the fact that the Broadway adaptation of " Be Our Guest " was more than simply a " cookie @-@ cutter " carbon copy rendition of the original version featured in the animated film .
= Coronation of the British monarch = The coronation of the British monarch is a ceremony ( specifically , initiation rite ) in which the monarch of the United Kingdom is formally invested with regalia and crowned at Westminster Abbey . It corresponds to the coronations that formerly took place in other European monarchies , all of which have abandoned coronations in favour of inauguration or enthronement ceremonies . The coronation usually takes place several months after the death of the previous monarch , as it is considered a joyous occasion that would be inappropriate while mourning continues . This interval also gives the planners enough time to complete the elaborate arrangements required . For example , Queen Elizabeth II was crowned on 2 June 1953 , having ascended the throne on 6 February 1952 ; the date of her coronation was announced almost a year in advance , and preparations inside the abbey took five months . The ceremony is performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury , the most senior cleric in the Church of England , of which the monarch is head . Other clergy and members of the nobility also have roles ; most participants in the ceremony are required to wear ceremonial uniforms or robes and coronets . Many other government officials and guests attend , including representatives of other countries . The essential elements of the coronation have remained largely unchanged for the past thousand years . The sovereign is first presented to , and acclaimed by , the people . He or she then swears an oath to uphold the law and the Church . Following that , the monarch is anointed with holy oil , invested with regalia , and crowned , before receiving the homage of his or her subjects . Wives of kings are then anointed and crowned as queen consort . The service ends with a closing procession , and since the 20th century it has been traditional for the Royal Family to appear later on the balcony of Buckingham Palace , before attending a banquet there . = = History = = = = = Development of the English coronation = = = The main elements of the coronation service and the earliest form of oath were devised by Saint Dunstan for the coronation of King Edgar in 973 AD . It drew on ceremonies used by the Kings of the Franks and those used in the ordination of bishops . Two versions of coronation services , known as ordines ( from the Latin ordo meaning " order " ) or rescensions , survive from before the Norman Conquest . It is not known if the First Rescension was ever used in England and it was the Second Rescension which was used by Edgar in 973 and by subsequent Anglo @-@ Saxon and early Norman kings . A Third Rescension was probably compiled during the reign of King Henry I and was used at the coronation of King Stephen in 1135 . While retaining the most important elements of the Anglo @-@ Saxon rite , it borrowed heavily from the consecration of the Holy Roman Emperor from the Pontificale Romano @-@ Germanicum , a book of German liturgy compiled in Mainz in 961 , thus bringing the English tradition into line with continental practice . It remained in use until the Coronation of Edward II in 1308 when the Fourth Rescencion was first used , having been compiled over several preceding decades . Although influenced by its French counterpart , the new ordo focussed on the balance between the monarch and his nobles and on the oath , neither of which concerned the absolutist French kings . One manuscript text of this rescension is the Liber Regalis at Westminster Abbey which has come to be regarded as the definitive version . Following the start of the Reformation in England , the boy king Edward VI had been crowned in the first Protestant coronation in 1547 , during which Archbishop Thomas Cranmer preached a sermon against idolatry and " the tyranny of the Bishops of Rome " . However , six years later , he was succeeded by his half @-@ sister , Mary I , who restored the Catholic rite . In 1559 , Elizabeth I underwent the last English coronation under the auspices of the Catholic Church ; however , Elizabeth 's insistence on changes to reflect her Protestant beliefs resulted in several bishops refusing to officiate at the service and it was conducted by the low @-@ ranking Bishop of Carlisle , Owen Oglethorpe . = = = Scottish coronations = = = Scottish coronations were traditionally held at Scone Abbey , with the king seated on the Stone of Destiny . The original rituals were a fusion of ceremonies used by the kings of Dál Riata , based on the inauguration of Aidan by Columba in 574 , and by the Picts from whom the Stone of Destiny came . A crown does not seem to have been used until the inauguration of Alexander II in 1214 . The ceremony included the laying on of hands by a senior cleric and the recitation of the king 's genealogy . Alexander III was the last Scottish king to be crowned in this way in 1249 , since the Stone was captured by the English forces of Edward I in 1296 . It was later incorporated into the English Coronation Chair and its first certain use at an English coronation was that of Henry IV in 1399 . Pope John XXII in a bull of 1329 granted the kings of Scotland the right to be anointed and crowned . No record exists of the exact form of the medieval rituals , but a later account exists of the coronation of the 17 @-@ month @-@ old infant King James V at Stirling Castle in 1513 . The ceremony was held in a church , since demolished , within the castle walls and was conducted by the Bishop of Glasgow , because the Archbishop of St Andrews had been killed at the Battle of Flodden . It is likely that the child would have been knighted before the start of the ceremony . The coronation itself started with a sermon , followed by the anointing and crowning , then the coronation oath , in this case taken for the child by an unknown noble or priest , and finally an oath of fealty and acclamation by the congregation . James VI of Scotland had been crowned in The Church of the Holy Rude , Stirling , in 1567 and became James I of Great Britain in 1603 . Charles I travelled north for a Scottish coronation at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh in 1633 , but caused consternation amongst the Presbyterian Scots by his insistence on elaborate High Anglican ritual , arousing " gryt feir of inbriginge of poperie " . Charles II underwent a simple Presbyterian coronation ceremony at Scone in 1650 , but his brother James II was never crowned in Scotland , although Scottish peers attended his coronation in London , setting a precedent for future ceremonies . = = = Modern coronations = = = The Liber Regalis was translated into English for the first time for the Coronation of James I in 1601 as a result of the Reformation in England . James II who was a Catholic , ordered a truncated version omitting the Eucharist in 1685 , but this was restored for later monarchs . Only four years later , the service was again revised by Henry Compton for the Coronation of William and Mary and this has formed the basis of subsequent coronation services . However , in the 20th century , liturgical scholars have sought to restore the spiritual meaning of the ceremony by rearranging the elements with reference to the medieval texts , creating a " complex marriage of innovation and tradition " . = = = Timing = = = The timing of the coronation has varied throughout British history . King Edgar 's coronation was some 15 years after his accession in 957 and may have been intended to mark the high point of his reign , or that he reached the age of 30 , the age at which Jesus Christ was baptised . Harold II was crowned on the day after the death of his predecessor , Edward the Confessor , the rush probably reflecting the contentious nature of Harold 's succession ; whereas the first Norman monarch , William I " The Conqueror " , was also crowned on the day he became king , 25 December 1066 , but three weeks since the surrender of English nobles and bishops at Berkhampstead , allowing time to prepare a spectacular ceremony . Most of his successors were crowned within weeks , or even days , of their accession . Edward I was fighting in the Ninth Crusade when he acceded to the throne in 1272 ; he was crowned soon after his return in 1274 . Edward II 's coronation , similarly , was delayed by a campaign in Scotland in 1307 . Henry VI was only a few months old when he acceded in 1422 ; he was crowned in 1429 , but did not officially assume the reins of government until he was deemed of sufficient age , in 1437 . Pre @-@ modern coronations were usually either on a Sunday , the Christian Sabbath , or on a Christian holiday . Edgar 's coronation was at Pentecost , William I 's on Christmas Day , possibly in imitation of the Byzantine emperors , and King John 's was on Ascension Day . Elizabeth I consulted her astrologer , John Dee , before deciding on an auspicious date . The coronations of Charles II in 1661 and Anne in 1702 were on St George 's Day , the feast of the patron saint of England . Under the Hanoverian monarchs in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , it was deemed appropriate to extend the waiting period to several months , following a period of mourning for the previous monarch and to allow time for preparation of the ceremony . In the case of every monarch since and including George IV , at least one year has passed between accession and coronation , with the exception of George VI , whose predecessor did not die but abdicated . The coronation date had already been set ; planning simply continued with a new monarch . Since a period of time has often passed between accession and coronation , some monarchs were never crowned . Edward V and Lady Jane Grey were both deposed before they could be crowned , in 1483 and 1553 , respectively . Edward VIII also went uncrowned , as he abdicated in 1936 before the end of the customary one @-@ year period between accession and coronation . A monarch , however , accedes to the throne the moment their predecessor dies , not when they are crowned. i.e. " The King is dead . Long live the King . " = = = Location = = = The Anglo @-@ Saxon monarchs used various locations for their coronations , including Bath , Kingston upon Thames , London , and Winchester . The last Anglo @-@ Saxon monarch , Harold II , was crowned at Westminster Abbey in 1066 ; the location was preserved for all future coronations . The basic elements of the coronation ceremony have also remained the same for the last thousand years ; it was devised in 973 by Dunstan . When London was under the control of the French , Henry III was crowned at Gloucester in 1216 ; he later chose to have a second coronation at Westminster in 1220 . Two hundred years later , Henry VI also had two coronations ; as King of England in London in 1429 , and as King of France in Paris in 1431 . = = = Coronation of consorts and others = = = Coronations may be performed for a person other than the reigning monarch . In 1170 , Henry the Young King , heir apparent to the throne , was crowned as a second king of England , subordinate to his father Henry II ; such coronations were common practice in mediaeval France and Germany , but this is only one of two instances of its kind in England ( the other being that of Ecgfrith of Mercia in 796 , crowned whilst his father , Offa of Mercia , was still alive ) . More commonly , a king 's wife is crowned as queen consort . If the king is already married at the time of his coronation , a joint coronation of both king and queen may be performed . The first such coronation was of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1154 ; seventeen such coronations have been performed , including that of the co @-@ rulers William III and Mary II . The most recent was that of George VI and the former Elizabeth Bowes @-@ Lyon in 1937 . If the king married , or remarried , after his coronation , or if his wife were not crowned with him for some other reason , she might be crowned in a separate ceremony . The first such separate coronation of a queen consort in England was that of Matilda of Flanders in 1068 ; the last was Anne Boleyn 's in 1533 . The most recent King to wed post @-@ coronation , Charles II , did not have a separate coronation for his bride , Catherine of Braganza . Following the English Civil War , Oliver Cromwell declined the crown but underwent a coronation in all but name in his second investiture as Lord Protector in 1657 . = = = Bringing coronations to the people = = = The idea of the need to gain popular support for a new monarch by making the ceremony a spectacle for ordinary people , started with the coronation in 1377 of Richard II who was a 10 @-@ year @-@ old boy , thought unlikely to command respect simply by his physical appearance . On the day before the coronation , the boy king and his retinue were met outside the City by the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and the livery companies , and he was conducted to the Tower of London where he spent the night in vigil . The following morning , the king travelled on horseback in a great procession through the decorated City streets to Westminster . Bands played along the route , the public conduits flowed with red and white wine , and an imitation castle had been built in Cheapside , probably to represent the New Jerusalem , where a girl blew gold leaf over the king and offered him wine . Similar , or even more elaborate pageants continued until the coronation of Charles II in 1661 . Thereafter , there was only a short procession from Westminster Hall to the abbey . For the coronation of George IV in 1831 , a state procession from St James 's Palace to the abbey was instituted , and this pageantry is an important feature of the modern event . In early modern coronations , the events inside the Abbey were usually recorded by artists and published in elaborate folio books of engravings , the last of these was published in 1905 depicting the coronation which had taken place three years earlier . Re @-@ enactments of the ceremony were staged at London and provincial theatres ; in 1761 , a production featuring the Westminster Abbey Choir at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden ran for three months after the real event . In 1902 , a request to record the ceremony on a gramophone record was rejected , but Sir Benjamin Stone photographed the procession into the abbey . Nine years later , at the coronation of George V , Stone was allowed to photograph the recognition , the presentation of the swords , and the homage . The coronation of George VI in 1937 was broadcast on radio by the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , and parts of the service were filmed and shown in cinemas . The state procession was shown live on the new BBC Television Service , the first major outside broadcast . At Elizabeth II 's coronation in 1953 , most of the proceedings inside the Abbey were also televised by the BBC . Originally , events as far as the choir screen were to be televised live , with the remainder to be filmed and released later after any mishaps were edited out . This would prevent television viewers from seeing most of the highlights of the coronation , including the actual crowning , live ; it led to controversy in the press and even questions in Parliament . The organising committee subsequently decided the entire ceremony would be televised , except for the anointing and communion , which had also been excluded from photography at the last coronation . It was revealed 30 years later that the about @-@ face was due to the personal intervention of the Queen . It is estimated that over 20 million people watched the broadcast in the United Kingdom . As a result of the coronation , public interest in television rose significantly . = = = Commonwealth realms = = = The need to include the various elements of the British Empire in coronations was not considered until 1902 , when it was attended by the prime ministers and governors @-@ general of the British Dominions , by then almost completely autonomous , and also by many of the rulers of the Indian Princely States and the various British Protectorates . An Imperial Conference was held afterwards . In 1911 , the procession inside the Abbey included the banners of the Dominions and the Indian Empire along with the traditional banners of the Home Nations . By 1937 , the Statute of Westminster 1931 had made the Dominions fully independent , and the wording of the coronation oath had to be amended to include their names and confine the elements concerning religion to the United Kingdom . Thus since 1937 , the monarch has been simultaneously crowned as sovereign of several independent nations besides the United Kingdom , known since 1953 as the Commonwealth realms . Elizabeth II was asked , for example : " Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , Pakistan and Ceylon , and of your Possessions and other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining , according to their respective laws and customs ? " = = Participants = = Attendees include foreign and Commonwealth dignitaries as well as Britons , some of whom participate in the ceremony directly . For Elizabeth II 's coronation in 1953 , 8 @,@ 000 guests were squeezed into the Abbey and each person had to make do with a maximum of 18 inches ( 46 cm ) of seating . = = = Clergy = = = The Archbishop of Canterbury , who has precedence over all other clergy and all laypersons except members of the Royal Family , traditionally officiates at coronations ; in his or her absence , another bishop appointed by the monarch may take the Archbishop 's place . There have , however , been several exceptions . William I was crowned by the Archbishop of York , since the Archbishop of Canterbury had been appointed by the Antipope Benedict X , and this appointment was not recognised as valid by the Pope . Edward II was crowned by the Bishop of Winchester because the Archbishop of Canterbury had been exiled by Edward I. Mary I , a Catholic , refused to be crowned by the Protestant Archbishop Thomas Cranmer ; the coronation was instead performed by the Bishop of Winchester . Elizabeth I was crowned by the Bishop of Carlisle ( to whose see is attached no special precedence ) because the senior prelates were " either dead , too old and infirm , unacceptable to the queen , or unwilling to serve " . Finally , when James II was deposed and replaced with William III and Mary II jointly , the Archbishop of Canterbury refused to recognise the new Sovereigns ; he had to be replaced by the Bishop of London . Hence , in almost all cases where the Archbishop of Canterbury has failed to participate , his place has been taken by a senior cleric : the Archbishop of York is second in precedence , the Bishop of London third , the Bishop of Durham fourth , and the Bishop of Winchester fifth . = = = Great Officers of State = = = The Great Officers of State traditionally participate during the ceremony . The offices of Lord High Steward and Lord High Constable have not been regularly filled since the 15th and 16th centuries respectively ; they are , however , revived for coronation ceremonies . The Lord Great Chamberlain enrobes the Sovereign with the ceremonial vestments , with the aid of the Groom of the Robes and the Master ( in the case of a king ) or Mistress ( in the case of a queen ) of the Robes . The Barons of the Cinque Ports also participated in the ceremony . Formerly , the Barons were the Members of the House of Commons representing the Cinque Ports of Hastings , New Romney , Hythe , Dover and Sandwich . Reforms in the 19th century , however , integrated the Cinque Ports into a regular constituency system applied throughout the nation . At later coronations , Barons were specially designated from among the city councillors for the specific purpose of attending coronations . Originally , the Barons were charged with bearing a ceremonial canopy over the Sovereign during the procession to and from Westminster Abbey . The last time the Barons performed such a task was at the coronation of George IV in 1821 . The Barons did not return for the coronations of William IV ( who insisted on a simpler , cheaper ceremonial ) and Victoria . At coronations since Victoria 's , the Barons have attended the ceremony , but they have not carried canopies . = = = Other claims to attend the coronation = = = Many landowners and other persons have honorific " duties " or privileges at the coronation . Such rights are determined by a special Court of Claims , over which the Lord High Steward traditionally presided . The first recorded Court of Claims was convened in 1377 for the coronation of Richard II . By the Tudor period , the hereditary post of Lord High Steward had merged with the Crown , and so Henry VIII began the modern tradition of naming a temporary Steward for the coronation only , with separate commissioners to carry out the actual work of the court . In 1952 , for example , the Court accepted the claim of the Dean of Westminster to advise the Queen on the proper procedure during the ceremony ( for nearly a thousand years he and his predecessor abbots have kept an unpublished Red Book of practices ) , the claim of the Lord Bishop of Durham and the Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells to walk beside the Queen as she entered and exited the Abbey and to stand on either side of her through the entire coronation ritual , the claim of the Earl of Shrewsbury in his capacity as Lord High Steward of Ireland to carry a white staff . The legal claim of the Queen 's Scholars of Westminster School to be the first to acclaim the monarch on behalf of the common people was formally disallowed by the Court , but in practice their traditional shouts of " Vivat ! Vivat Regina ! " were still incorporated into the Coronation Anthem . = = Dress = = = = = Sovereign 's robes = = = The Sovereign wears a variety of different robes and other garments during the course of the ceremony : Crimson surcoat – the regular dress during most of the ceremony , worn under all other robes . In 1953 , Elizabeth II wore a newly made gown in place of a surcoat . Robe of State of crimson velvet or Parliament Robe – the first robe used at a coronation , worn on entry to the Abbey and later at State Openings of Parliament . It consists of an ermine cape and a long crimson velvet train lined with further ermine and decorated with gold lace . Anointing gown – a simple and austere garment worn during the anointing . It is plain white , bears no decoration and fastens at the back . Colobium sindonis ( " shroud tunic " ) – the first robe with which the Sovereign is invested . It is a loose white undergarment of fine linen cloth edged with a lace border , open at the sides , sleeveless and cut low at the neck . It symbolises the derivation of Royal authority from the people . Supertunica – the second robe with which the Sovereign is invested . It is a long coat of gold silk which reaches to the ankles and has wide @-@ flowing sleeves . It is lined with rose @-@ coloured silk , trimmed with gold lace , woven with national symbols and fastened by a sword belt . It derives from the full dress uniform of a consul of the Byzantine Empire . Robe Royal or Pallium Regale – the main robe worn during the ceremony and used during the Crowning . It is a four @-@ square mantle , lined in crimson silk and decorated with silver coronets , national symbols and silver imperial eagles in the four corners . It is lay , rather than liturgical , in nature . Stole Royal or armilla – a gold silk scarf which accompanies the Robe Royal , richly and heavily embroidered with gold and silver thread , set with jewels and lined with rose @-@ coloured silk and gold fringing . Purple surcoat – the counterpart to the crimson surcoat , worn during the final part of the ceremony . Imperial Robe of purple velvet – the robe worn at the conclusion of the ceremony , on exit from the Abbey . It comprises an embroidered ermine cape with a train of purple silk velvet , trimmed with Canadian ermine and fully lined with pure silk English satin . The purple recalls the imperial robes of Roman Emperors . In contrast to the history and tradition which surround the Regalia , it is customary for most coronation robes to be newly made for each monarch . The present exceptions are the supertunica and Robe Royal , which both date from the coronation of George IV in 1821 . = = = Official costume = = = Several participants in the ceremony wear special costumes , uniforms or robes . Peers ' robes comprise a full @-@ length crimson velvet coat , and an ermine cape . Rows of sealskin spots on the cape designate the peer 's rank ; dukes use four rows , marquesses three and a half , earls three , viscounts two and a half , and barons and lords of Parliament two . Royal dukes use six rows of ermine , ermine on the front of the cape and long trains borne by pages . Peeresses ' ranks are designated not by sealskin spots , but by the length of their trains and the width of the ermine edging on the same . For duchesses , the trains are 1 @.@ 8 m ( 2 yds ) long , for marchionesses one and three @-@ quarters yards , for countesses one and a half yards , for viscountesses one and a quarter yards , and for baronesses and ladies 90 cm ( 1 yd ) . The ermine edgings are 13 cm ( 5 in ) in width for duchesses , 10 cm ( 4 in ) for marchionesses , 7 @.@ 5 cm ( 3 in ) for countesses and 5 cm ( 2 in ) for viscountesses , baronesses and ladies . The robes of peers and peeresses are used only during coronations . The canopy @-@ bearers wear their Garter robes as well as Tudor @-@ style underdress . = = = Crowns and coronets = = = Peers wear coronets , as do most members of the Royal Family ; such coronets display heraldic emblems based on rank or association to the monarch . The heir @-@ apparent 's coronet displays four crosses @-@ pattée alternating with four fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis , surmounted by an arch . The same style , without the arch , is used for the children and siblings of Sovereigns . The coronets of children of the heir @-@ apparent display four fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis , two crosses @-@ pattée and two strawberry leaves . A fourth style , including four crosses @-@ pattée and four strawberry leaves , is used for the children of the sons and brothers of Sovereigns . The aforementioned coronets are borne instead of any coronets based on peerage dignities . The coronets of dukes show eight strawberry leaves , those of marquesses four strawberry leaves alternating with four raised silver balls , those of earls eight strawberry leaves alternating with eight raised silver balls , those of viscounts sixteen silver balls and those of barons six silver balls . Peeresses use the same design , except that they appear on smaller circlets than the peers ' coronets . Aside from kings and queens , the only individuals authorised to wear crowns ( as opposed to coronets ) are the Kings of Arms , the United Kingdom 's senior heraldic officials . Garter , Clarenceaux , and Norroy and Ulster Kings of Arms have heraldic jurisdiction over England , Wales and Northern Ireland ; Lord Lyon King of Arms is responsible for Scotland . In addition , there is a King of Arms attached to each of the Order of the Bath , Order of St. Michael and St. George and the Order of the British Empire . These have only a ceremonial role , but are authorised by the statutes of their orders to wear the same crown as Garter at a coronation . The crown of a King of Arms is silver @-@ gilt and consists of sixteen acanthus leaves alternating in height , and inscribed with the words Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam ( Latin : " Have mercy on me O God according to Thy great mercy " , from Psalm 51 ) . The Lord Lyon King of Arms has worn a crown of this style at all coronations since that of George III . Prior to that he wore a replica of the Crown of Scotland . In 2004 a new replica of this crown was created for use by the Lord Lyon at future coronations . = = = Other participants = = = Along with persons of nobility , the coronation ceremonies are also attended by a wide range of political figures , including the Prime Minister and all members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom , all Governors @-@ General and Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth realms , all Governors of British Crown Colonies , as well as the Heads of State of dependent nations . Dignitaries and representatives from other nations are also customarily invited . = = = Guests = = = In the 20th century , guests not participating directly wore court dress or white tie of some form . Ladies wore long evening gowns with tiaras or similar . = = Service = = = = = Recognition and oath = = = The Sovereign enters Westminster Abbey wearing the crimson surcoat and the Robe of State of crimson velvet . Once the Sovereign takes his or her seat on the Chair of Estate , the Garter Principal King of Arms , the Archbishop of Canterbury , the Lord Chancellor , the Lord Great Chamberlain , the Lord High Constable and the Earl Marshal go to the east , south , west and north of the Abbey . At each side , the Archbishop calls for the Recognition of the Sovereign , with the words , Sirs , I here present unto you [ name ] , your undoubted King ( Queen ) . Wherefore all you who are come this day to do your homage and service , are you willing to do the same ? After the people acclaim the Sovereign at each side , the Archbishop administers an oath to the Sovereign . Since the Glorious Revolution , the Coronation Oath Act of 1688 has required , among other things , that the Sovereign " Promise and Sweare to Governe the People of this Kingdome of England and the Dominions thereto belonging according to the Statutes in Parlyament Agreed on and the Laws and Customs of the same " . The oath has been modified without statutory authority ; for example , at the coronation of Elizabeth II , the exchange between the Queen and the Archbishop was as follows : The Archbishop of Canterbury : Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , Pakistan and Ceylon , and of your Possessions and other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining , according to their respective laws and customs ? The Queen : I solemnly promise so to do . The Archbishop of Canterbury : Will you to your power cause Law and Justice , in Mercy , to be executed in all your judgments ? The Queen : " I will . " The Archbishop of Canterbury : Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel ? Will you to the utmost of your power maintain in the United Kingdom the Protestant Reformed Religion established by law ? Will you maintain and preserve inviolable the settlement of the Church of England , and the doctrine , worship , discipline , and government thereof , as by law established in England ? And will you preserve unto the Bishops and Clergy of England , and to the Churches there committed to their charge , all such rights and privileges , as by law do or shall appertain to them or any of them ? The Queen : All this I promise to do . The things which I have here before promised , I will perform , and keep . So help me God . The monarch additionally swears an oath to preserve Presbyterian church government in the Church of Scotland . This part of the oath is taken before the coronation . Once the taking of the oath concludes , an ecclesiastic presents a Bible to the Sovereign , saying " Here is Wisdom ; This is the royal Law ; These are the lively Oracles of God . " The Bible used is a full King James Bible , including the Apocrypha . At Elizabeth II 's coronation , the Bible was presented by the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . Once the Bible is presented , the Holy Communion is celebrated , but the service is interrupted after the Nicene Creed . = = = Anointing = = = After the Communion service is interrupted , the crimson robe is removed , and the Sovereign proceeds to the Coronation Chair , which has been set in a prominent position , wearing the anointing gown . In 1953 , the chair stood atop a dais of several steps . This mediaeval chair has a cavity in the base into which the Stone of Scone is fitted for the ceremony . Also known as the " Stone of Destiny " , it was used for ancient Scottish coronations until brought to England by Edward I. It has been used for every coronation at Westminster Abbey since . Until 1996 , the stone was kept with the chair in Westminster Abbey , but it was moved that year to Edinburgh Castle in Scotland , where it is displayed on the proviso that it be returned to England for use at future coronations . Once seated in this chair , a canopy of golden cloth is held over the monarch 's head for the anointing . The duty of acting as canopy @-@ bearers was performed in recent coronations by four Knights of the Garter . This element of the coronation service is considered sacred and is concealed from public gaze ; it was not photographed in 1937 or televised in 1953 . The Dean of Westminster pours consecrated oil from an eagle @-@ shaped ampulla into a spoon with which the Archbishop of Canterbury anoints the Sovereign in the form of a cross on the hands , head , and heart . The filigreed spoon is the only part of the mediaeval Crown Jewels which survived the commonwealth . The Archbishop concludes by reciting a blessing . = = = Investing = = = The Sovereign is then enrobed in the colobium sindonis , over which is placed the supertunica . The Lord Great Chamberlain presents the spurs , which represent chivalry . The Archbishop of Canterbury , assisted by other bishops , then presents the Sword of State to the Sovereign . The Sovereign is then further robed , this time receiving bracelets and putting the Robe Royal and Stole Royal on top of the supertunica . The Archbishop then delivers several Crown Jewels to the Sovereign . First , he delivers the Orb , a hollow gold sphere decorated with precious and semi @-@ precious stones . The Orb is surmounted by a cross , representing the rule of Jesus over the world ; it is returned to the Altar immediately after being received . Next , the Sovereign receives a ring representing his or her " marriage " to the nation . The Sovereign 's Sceptre with Dove , so called because it is surmounted by a dove representing the Holy Ghost , and the Sovereign 's Sceptre with Cross , which incorporates Cullinan I , are delivered to the Sovereign . = = = Crowning = = = The Archbishop of Canterbury lifts St Edward 's Crown from the high altar , sets it back down , and says a prayer : " Oh God , the crown of the faithful ; bless we beseech thee and sanctify this thy servant our king / queen , and as thou dost this day set a crown of pure gold upon his / her head , so enrich his / her royal heart with thine abundant grace , and crown him / her with all princely virtues through the King Eternal Jesus Christ our Lord . Amen " . The Dean of Westminster picks up the crown and he , the archbishop and several other high @-@ ranking bishops proceed to the Coronation Chair where the crown is handed back to the archbishop , who reverently places it on the monarch 's head . At this moment , the king or queen is crowned , and the guests in the abbey cry in unison three times , " God Save the King / Queen " . Peers of the realm and officers of arms put on their coronets , the trumpeters sound a fanfare and church bells ring out across the kingdom , as gun salutes echo from the Tower of London and Hyde Park . Finally , the archbishop , standing before the monarch , says another prayer : " God crown you with a crown of glory and righteousness , that having a right faith and manifold fruit of good works , you may obtain the crown of an everlasting kingdom by the gift of him whose kingdom endureth for ever . " To this the guests , with heads bowed , say " Amen " . = = = Enthronement and homage = = = The Sovereign is then borne into the Throne . The Archbishops and Bishops swear their fealty , saying " I , N. , Archbishop [ Bishop ] of N. , will be faithful and true , and faith and truth will bear unto you , our Sovereign Lord [ Lady ] , King [ Queen ] of this Realm and Defender of the Faith , and unto your heirs and successors according to law . So help me God . " The peers then proceed to pay their homage , saying " I , N. , Duke [ Marquess , Earl , Viscount , Baron or Lord ] of N. , do become your liege man of life and limb , and of earthly worship ; and faith and truth will I bear unto you , to live and die , against all manner of folks . So help me God . " The clergy pay homage together , led by the Archbishop of Canterbury . Next , members of the Royal Family pay homage individually . The peers are led by the premier peers of their rank : the Dukes by the Premier Duke , the Marquesses by the Premier Marquess , and so forth . If there is a queen consort , she is anointed and crowned in a simple ceremony immediately after homage is paid . The Communion service interrupted earlier is resumed and completed . = = = Closing procession = = = The Sovereign then exits the Coronation Theatre , entering St Edward 's Chapel ( within the Abbey ) , preceded by the bearers of the Sword of State , the Sword of Spiritual Justice , the Sword of Temporal Justice and the blunt Sword of Mercy . St Edward 's Crown and all the other regalia are laid on the High Altar ; the Sovereign removes the Robe Royal and Stole Royal , exchanges the crimson surcoat for the purple surcoat and is enrobed in the Imperial Robe of purple velvet . He or she then wears the Imperial State Crown and takes into his or her hands the Sceptre with the Cross and the Orb and leaves the chapel while all present sing the national anthem . = = Music = = The music played at coronations has been primarily classical and religiously inspired . Much of the choral music uses texts from the Bible which have been used at coronations since King Edgar 's coronation at Bath in 973 and are known as coronation anthems . In the coronations following the Reformation , court musicians , often the Master of the King 's Music , were commissioned to compose new settings for the traditional texts . The most frequently used piece is Zadok the Priest by George Frideric Handel ; one of four anthems commissioned from him for George II 's coronation in 1727 . It has featured in every coronation since , an achievement unparalleled by any other piece . Previous settings of the same text were composed by Henry Lawes for the 1661 coronation of Charles II and Thomas Tomkins for Charles I in 1621 . In the 19th century , works by major European composers were often used , but when Sir Frederick Bridge was appointed Director of Music for the 1902 coronation of King Edward VII , he decided that it ought to be a celebration of four hundred years of British music . Compositions by Thomas Tallis , Orlando Gibbons and Henry Purcell were included alongside works by contemporary composers such as Arthur Sullivan , Charles Villiers Stanford and John Stainer . Hubert Parry 's I was glad was written as the entrance anthem for the 1902 coronation , replacing an 1831 setting by Thomas Attwood ; it contains a bridge section partway through so that the King 's or Queen 's Scholars of Westminster School can exercise their right to be the first commoners to acclaim the sovereign , shouting their traditional " vivats " as he or she enters the coronation theatre . This anthem and Charles Villiers Stanford 's Gloria in excelsis ( 1911 ) have also been used regularly in recent coronations , as has the national anthem , God Save the Queen ( or King ) . Other composers whose music featured in Elizabeth II 's coronation include Sir George Dyson , Gordon Jacob , Sir William Henry Harris , Herbert Howells , Sir William Walton , Samuel Sebastian Wesley , Ralph Vaughan Williams and the Canadian @-@ resident but English @-@ born Healey Willan . Ralph Vaughan Williams suggested that a congregational hymn be included . This was approved by the Queen and the Archbishop of Canterbury , so Vaughan Williams recast his 1928 arrangement of Old 100th , the English metrical version of Psalm 100 , the Jubilate Deo ( " All people that on earth do dwell " ) for congregation , organ and orchestra : the setting has become ubiquitous at festal occasions in the Anglophone world . = = After @-@ celebrations = = Since the 20th century it has been traditional for the newly crowned monarch and other members of the royal family to sit for official portraits at Buckingham Palace and appear on the balcony , from where in 1953 they watched a flypast by the Royal Air Force . During the appearance , the monarch wears the Imperial State Crown and , if there is one , the queen consort wears her consort crown . In the evening , a fireworks display is held nearby , usually in Hyde Park . In 1902 , Edward VII 's illness led to the postponement of a fourteen @-@ course banquet at Buckingham Palace . In 1953 , two state banquets were held in the ballroom there , and classical music was provided by the Royal Horse Guards . Historically , the coronation was immediately followed by a banquet held in Westminster Hall in the Palace of Westminster ( which is also the home to the Houses of Parliament ) . The King or Queen 's Champion ( the office being held by the Dymoke family in connection with the Manor of Scrivelsby ) would ride into the hall on horseback , wearing a knight 's armour , with the Lord High Constable riding to his right and the Earl Marshal riding to his left . A herald would then make a proclamation of the readiness of the Champion to fight anyone denying the monarch . After 1800 , the form for this was as follows : If any person , of what degree soever , high or low , shall deny or gainsay our Sovereign Lord ... , King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , son and next heir unto our Sovereign Lord the last King deceased , to be the right heir to the Imperial Crown of this Realm of Great Britain and Ireland , or that he ought not to enjoy the same ; here is his Champion , who saith that he lieth , and is a false traitor , being ready in person to combat with him ; and in this quarrel will adventure his life against him , on what day soever he shall be appointed . The King 's Champion would then throw down the gauntlet ; the ceremony would be repeated at the centre of the hall and at the High Table ( where the Sovereign would be seated ) . The Sovereign would then drink to the Champion from a gold cup , which he would then present to the latter . This ritual was dropped from the coronation of Queen Victoria and was never revived . The offices of Chief Butler of England , Grand Carver of England and Master Carver of Scotland were also associated with the coronation banquet . Banquets have not been held at Westminster Hall since the coronation of George IV in 1821 . His coronation was the most elaborate in history ; his brother and successor William IV eliminated the banquet on grounds of economy , ending a 632 @-@ year @-@ old tradition . = = Enthronement as Emperor of India = = Queen Victoria assumed the title Empress of India in 1876 . A durbar ( court ) was held in Delhi , India on 1 January 1877 to proclaim her assumption of the title . The queen did not attend personally , but she was represented there by the Viceroy , Lord Lytton . A similar durbar was held on 1 January 1903 to celebrate the accession of Edward VII , who was represented by his brother the Duke of Connaught . In 1911 , George V also held a durbar which he and his wife Queen Mary attended in person . Since it was deemed inappropriate for a Christian anointing and coronation to take place in a largely non @-@ Christian nation , George V was not crowned in India ; instead , he wore an imperial crown as he entered the Durbar . Tradition prohibited the removal of the Crown Jewels from the United Kingdom ; therefore , a separate crown , known as the Imperial Crown of India , was created for him . The Emperor was enthroned , and the Indian princes paid homage to him . Thereafter , certain political decisions , such as the decision to move the capital from Calcutta to Delhi , were announced at the Durbar . The ceremony was not repeated , and the imperial title was abandoned by George VI in 1948 , a year after Indian gained independence .
= New York State Route 120A = New York State Route 120A ( NY 120A ) is a state highway in southern Westchester County , New York , in the United States . It serves as an alternate route to the southern half of NY 120 running along the New York – Connecticut state line . The southern terminus of route is at NY 120 in Harrison . Its northern terminus is at NY 120 in North Castle . Most of the 8 @.@ 55 @-@ mile ( 13 @.@ 76 km ) route straddles the New York – Connecticut state line , and part of the route is physically located in Connecticut . However , this part of the highway is not recognized by Connecticut as " Route 120A " , and is considered to be part of NY 120A by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) . = = Route description = = NY 120A begins at an intersection with NY 120 next to I @-@ 287 ( the Cross @-@ Westchester Expressway ) in the village of Harrison . Although the route is signed north – south , it initially heads east along Westchester Avenue , overlapping with the northbound direction of NY 120 for 0 @.@ 08 miles ( 0 @.@ 13 km ) as the road passes under I @-@ 287 . East of the freeway overpass , NY 120 leaves to the northwest while NY 120A continues eastward on the four @-@ lane Westchester Avenue . It serves residential areas until it crosses into Rye Brook , where the street makes a turn to the southeast and soon enters more commercialized neighborhoods . In the center of Rye Brook , the route meets Ridge Street ( unsigned County Route 54 or CR 54 ) . The businesses give way to homes east of the junction , and NY 120A passes into the village of Port Chester just three blocks from Ridge Street near an intersection with Bowman Avenue ( CR 104 ) . Inside the village limits , maintenance of NY 120A shifts from the state to Westchester County , which inventories the route as CR 112 . Continuing on , the road narrows to two lanes ahead of Port Chester 's central business district , where NY 120A passes the Port Chester Public Library and the village 's post office ahead of a junction with Pearl Street three blocks west of U.S. Route 1 and two blocks west of the Metro @-@ North Railroad . Here , NY 120A turns off Westchester Avenue and onto North Pearl Street , becoming a village @-@ maintained route in the process . The route 's northeastward run on North Pearl Street is brief , however , as NY 120A turns northwest onto King Street after just two blocks . As the route heads away from Pearl Street and Port Chester 's commercial center , the blocks of businesses are gradually replaced with the residential neighborhoods that comprise most of northern Port Chester . About 0 @.@ 8 miles ( 1 @.@ 3 km ) north of Pearl Street , NY 120A passes Lyon Park and reverts to a state @-@ maintained road at an intersection with Putnam Avenue ( unsigned NY 982C ) . Continuing on , the highway serves King Street School before crossing from Port Chester to Rye Brook several blocks later . In the latter village , the route slowly bends northward toward the Connecticut state line . It eventually reaches the boundary , at which point NY 120A begins to run northwestward along the state line , with the southbound lane in New York and the northbound lane in Connecticut . A short distance later , the route connects to the Hutchinson River Parkway and its Connecticut continuation , the Merritt Parkway ( Route 15 ) , by way of a modified cloverleaf interchange . Not far from the interchange , the highway bends northward to fully enter Connecticut . Although the road is located outside of New York , it is maintained by NYSDOT and considered by the DOT to be part of NY 120A . In Connecticut , NY 120A travels generally northwestward through the town of Greenwich , intersecting several streets of local importance , including Greenwich 's locally maintained continuation of Anderson Hill Road ( CR 18 ) . The foray into Connecticut ends soon afterward , and the route proceeds to straddle the state line for another 0 @.@ 7 miles ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) . Along this stretch , the route passes a series of commercial buildings in an otherwise residential area . Another New York @-@ maintained stretch in Greenwich , Connecticut , soon follows as the route veers north to bypass the grounds of Westchester County Airport . As the route heads past the airport , it meets Rye Lake Road , Greenwich 's connection to both the airport and Airport Road ( CR 135 ) . Past Rye Lake Road , NY 120A serves the Griffith E. Harris Golf Club and several mansions on its way back to the New York – Connecticut state line . Just north of the airport , NY 120A turns westward onto Gateway Lane , a small east – west street leading back into New York and the town of North Castle . Gateway Lane and NY 120A both end just inside the state line at an intersection with NY 120 . Here , NY 120 changes names from Purchase Street to King Street as the route continues NY 120A 's course along the state line . = = History = = The portion of Westchester Avenue from Purchase Street in Harrison to North Pearl Street in Port Chester was originally designated as part of NY 119 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . By the following year , a spur route connecting NY 119 to NY 120 in North Castle was assigned the NY 120A designation . It began at Westchester Avenue and went north to the Connecticut state line via Ridge Street , where it turned northwest to follow King Street to NY 120 . The section of King Street between Ridge Street and Port Chester was designated as NY 120B by 1932 . NY 120A was truncated c . 1938 to consist only of the Ridge Street portion of its alignment while NY 120B was extended northwest along King Street to NY 120 in North Castle and southward along NY 119 and Ridge Street to a terminus at NY 120 in Rye . The NY 120B designation was eliminated by the following year , at which time NY 120A was reextended along King Street to North Castle and realigned east of Ridge Street to follow old NY 120B into Port Chester . NY 119 was truncated on its east end to NY 22 in White Plains c . 1961 while NY 120 was rerouted to follow what had been NY 119A south to Rye along Purchase Street . The former routing of NY 119 and NY 120 from Purchase Street to downtown Port Chester became an extension of NY 120A . The routing of NY 120A in Port Chester was modified slightly by 1990 to follow North Pearl Street between Westchester Avenue and King Street . On September 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of the 0 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) section of NY 120A leading southeast from the northwestern crossing into Connecticut was transferred from Westchester County to the state of New York as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The road was one of 10 highways exchanged during the swap . = = Major intersections = =
= Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment = " Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment " is the thirteenth episode of The Simpsons ' second season . The 26th episode overall , it originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 7 , 1991 . In the episode , Homer gets an illegal cable hook @-@ up . Despite the family 's enjoyment of the new channels , Lisa becomes suspicious that they are stealing cable . Her suspicions are confirmed by Reverend Lovejoy and she protests by no longer watching television . Meanwhile , Bart manages to tune into a sexually explicit adult movie channel , and Homer invites his friends over to watch a boxing match , but Lisa 's protest gets to him . He decides not to watch the fight and cuts the cable . The episode was written by freelance writer Steve Pepoon and directed by Rich Moore . It is based on the Eighth Commandment ( " Thou shalt not steal " ) . The episode marks the debut of Troy McClure who was voiced by Phil Hartman and based on the typical " washed up " Hollywood actor . The character Drederick Tatum , one of the boxers in the boxing match Homer and his friends watch , also makes his first appearance on the show in this episode . In its original broadcast , " Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment " received a Nielsen rating of 15 @.@ 2 , finishing 25th the week it aired . It received favorable reviews from critics and became the second episode of The Simpsons to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( For Programming less than One Hour ) . = = Plot = = The first scene is Homer dreaming on the hammock that he is a Hebrew in the time of Moses , breaking one of the Ten Commandments by stealing . When he wakes up he sees Ned Flanders angrily reject an offer from a dim @-@ witted man to get an illegal cable hook @-@ up for $ 50 , Homer chases after the cable man , who agrees to hook up the Simpsons ' television for free . Homer likes the new channels and spends a lot of time watching the television along with his family . Lisa , however , feels suspicious about the cable hook @-@ up . Following a Sunday School lesson regarding the existence and nature of Hell , Lisa becomes terrified of violations of the Ten Commandments , the adherence to which she is assured will keep one 's soul safe from Hell . She fears that because Homer violated the Eighth Commandment , he will go to Hell when he dies . Lisa additionally opposes other examples of common thievery all around her . She even convinces Marge to pay the cost on two grapes she sampled in a grocery store . Lisa pays a visit to Reverend Lovejoy at church , where he suggests that Lisa cannot turn her father in to the police for the illegal hook @-@ up , since she must continue to " Honour Thy Father and Thy Mother " , according to the Fifth Commandment . He instead encourages Lisa to not watch anything on Homer 's cable hook @-@ up , setting a good example that he hopes others will follow . Marge pleads with Homer to either cut the cable or pay for it , but he refuses to do either , saying that the cable will stay as long as he desires . Meanwhile , Bart sets up posters on the back door for his showing of an adult channel for 50 cents , but he is caught a few seconds later by Homer , who then forbids him from doing it . Homer sees a commercial for " The Bout to Knock the Other Guy Out ! " , a much @-@ anticipated boxing match in which Drederick Tatum will fight for the World Heavyweight Championship . Homer decides to have a party and invites all of his friends to come over and watch the fight . Lisa tries to boycott the party , and this results in Homer making her stay outside on the lawn . Homer ’ s conscience eventually bothers him , more in the form of his daughter 's distress than a moral objection to stealing cable due to a hallucination that he is in prison for stealing cable . He finally gives in to Lisa 's protests , begrudgingly choosing not to watch the last minutes of the fight , and Marge and Maggie join them as well . Bart , on the other hand , does not care , wanting to see the fight , but Homer drags him outside by force . The family sits the fight out and when everyone has left , Homer hesitantly cuts his cable hook @-@ up despite Bart 's objection ; he accidentally ends up cutting the power to the whole neighborhood which causes the screen to become static for a few seconds before cutting to credits . = = Production = = " Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment " was written by freelance writer Steve Pepoon and directed by Rich Moore . It was originally going to be named " Homer vs. the 8th Commandment " , but the writers decided to include Lisa in the title because they wanted the cast to feel as if all their characters were equally represented on the show . The episode is based on the Eighth Commandment ( " thou shall not steal " ) , which is one of the Ten Commandments . The Simpsons writer Al Jean said that " whenever people come up to me and say that The Simpsons is just sort of this outrageous show that has no moral center , I always point them to this [ episode ] , where Homer gets an illegal cable hook @-@ up ( which many people have done in real life ) and suffers enormous consequences . " The Simpsons writer Mike Reiss feels that episodes such as " Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment " are his favorite episodes to write because they have a " solid theme or an issue " ( in this case , religion and theft ) , that one can " discuss endlessly and just have it present itself in so many different ways . " Producer Jeff Martin said that the writers tried to use a " very strict construction of the Eighth Commandment , " considering cable theft to be " essentially a victimless crime . " " Homer vs. the 8th Commandment " was produced at a time when illegal cable hookups were becoming commonplace in many homes . This episode later inspired the season four episode " Homer the Heretic " , in which Homer stops going to church on Sundays . Based on the Fourth Commandment , " remember the Sabbath and keep it holy " , that episode originated when Jean commented to Reiss , " We had a lot of luck with Homer stealing cable , so maybe we could look to other commandments ? " The episode marks the debut appearance of the character Troy McClure , voiced by Phil Hartman . McClure was based on the typical " washed up " Hollywood actor , and B movie actors Troy Donahue and Doug McClure served as inspiration for his name and certain character aspects . According to show creator Matt Groening , Hartman was cast in the role due to his ability to pull " the maximum amount of humor " out of any line he was given . McClure 's visual appearance is similar to that of Hartman himself . McClure became a recurring character on the show after " Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment " , but was retired in 1998 after Hartman 's death . In addition to McClure , Hartman also provided the voice of the cable guy . The character Drederick Tatum , one of the boxers in the boxing match Homer and his friends watch , also makes his first appearance on the show in this episode . His physical appearance was based on the American boxer Mike Tyson , and he was named after a real boxer Simpsons writer George Meyer had seen . = = Cultural references = = The scene in which Homer stands in front of and is struck by the cable man 's truck resembles a scene in Alfred Hitchcock 's film North by Northwest . Drederick Tatum is based on Mike Tyson . In a joke about Mr. Burns ' age , Burns recalls watching a bare @-@ knuckle match between Gentleman Jim Corbett and " an Eskimo fellow . " The films that are watched by the family on the new cable are Jaws , Die Hard , and Wall Street . One of the X @-@ rated films Bart and his friends watch on cable is called Broadcast Nudes . The title parodies Broadcast News , which was written by Simpsons executive producer James L. Brooks . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment " finished 25th in ratings for the week of February 4 – 10 , 1991 with a Nielsen rating of 15 @.@ 2 , and was viewed in approximately 14 million homes . It did better than the show 's season average rank of 32nd , and was the highest rated program on Fox that week . The episode finished second in its timeslot to The Cosby Show , which aired at the same time on NBC and had a Nielsen rating of 16 @.@ 8 . In The Gospel According to The Simpsons , Mark I. Pinsky writes that the episode has " the structure of an exquisitely crafted twenty @-@ two minute sermon . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson felt that " [ The episode ] helped establish the show ’ s reputation as a master lampooner of pop culture . The introduction of cable into the home allowed [ the writers ] to mock many different movies and other media outlets , and this helped make the episode very entertaining . It also worked in many other ways and offered a fine show . " Writing for MacLean 's magazine , Jaime J. Weinman described " Homer vs. Lisa and the Eighth Commandment " as " the first truly great episode — the one that established The Simpsons as the funniest and most multi @-@ layered sitcom around . The story of Homer stealing cable was an excuse for dozens of parodies of early 90s cable TV , but it was also a story about Homer and his daughter and an examination of how we rationalize little acts of theft in our daily lives . " The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called the episode a " skilful demonstration of a moral dilemma that must have plagued millions since the inception of cable TV . " Doug Pratt , a DVD reviewer and Rolling Stone contributor , wrote that " Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment " is " one of the many demonstrations that while [ The Simpsons ] may have pushed the censorship envelope for its day , it remained moral to its core . The running satire of cable programs is also quite amusing . " The episode won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( For Programming less than One Hour ) . It was the second episode of the show to win the award . It was also nominated in the " Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special " category .
= Harvey Milk = Harvey Bernard Milk ( May 22 , 1930 – November 27 , 1978 ) was an American politician who became the first openly gay person to be elected to public office in California , when he won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors . Politics and gay activism were not his early interests ; he was not open about his homosexuality and did not participate in civic matters until around the age of 40 , after his experiences in the counterculture of the 1960s . Milk moved from New York City to settle in San Francisco in 1972 amid a migration of gay men to the Castro District . He took advantage of the growing political and economic power of the neighborhood to promote his interests , and ran unsuccessfully for political office three times . His theatrical campaigns earned him increasing popularity , and Milk won a seat as a city supervisor in 1977 . Milk served almost 11 months in office and was responsible for passing a stringent gay rights ordinance for the city . On November 27 , 1978 , Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White , another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back . Milk 's election was made possible by and was a key component of a shift in San Francisco politics . Despite his short career in politics , Milk became an icon in San Francisco and a martyr in the gay community . In 2002 , Milk was called " the most famous and most significantly open LGBT official ever elected in the United States " . Anne Kronenberg , his final campaign manager , wrote of him : " What set Harvey apart from you or me was that he was a visionary . He imagined a righteous world inside his head and then he set about to create it for real , for all of us . " Milk was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 . = = Early life = = Milk was born in Woodmere , New York , to William Milk and Minerva Karns . He was the younger son of Lithuanian Jewish parents and the grandson of Morris Milk , a department store owner who helped to organize the first synagogue in the area . As a child , Harvey was teased for his protruding ears , big nose , and oversized feet , and tended to grab attention as a class clown . He played football in school , and developed a passion for opera ; in his teens , he acknowledged his homosexuality to himself , but kept it a closely guarded secret . Under his name in the high school yearbook , it read , " Glimpy Milk — and they say WOMEN are never at a loss for words " . Milk graduated from Bay Shore High School in Bay Shore , New York , in 1947 and attended New York State College for Teachers in Albany ( now the State University of New York at Albany ) from 1947 to 1951 , majoring in mathematics . He also wrote for the college newspaper . One classmate remembered , " He was never thought of as a possible queer — that 's what you called them then — he was a man 's man " . = = = Early career = = = After graduation , Milk joined the United States Navy during the Korean War . He served aboard the submarine rescue ship USS Kittiwake ( ASR @-@ 13 ) as a diving officer . He later transferred to Naval Station , San Diego to serve as a diving instructor . In 1955 , he was discharged from the Navy at the rank of lieutenant , junior grade . Milk 's early career was marked by frequent changes ; in later years he would take delight in talking about his metamorphosis from a middle @-@ class Jewish boy . He began teaching at George W. Hewlett High School on Long Island . In 1956 , he met Joe Campbell , at the Jacob Riis Park beach , a popular location for gay men in Queens . Campbell was seven years younger than Milk , and Milk pursued him passionately . Even after they moved in together , Milk wrote Campbell romantic notes and poems . Growing bored with their New York lives , they decided to move to Dallas , Texas , but they were unhappy there and moved back to New York , where Milk got a job as an actuarial statistician at an insurance firm . Campbell and Milk separated after almost six years ; it would be his longest relationship . Milk tried to keep his early romantic life separate from his family and work . Once again bored and single in New York , he thought of moving to Miami to marry a lesbian friend to " have a front and each would not be in the way of the other " . However , he decided to remain in New York , where he secretly pursued gay relationships . In 1962 Milk became involved with Craig Rodwell , who was 10 years younger . Though Milk courted Rodwell ardently , waking him every morning with a call and sending him notes , Milk was uncomfortable with Rodwell 's involvement with the New York Mattachine Society , a gay @-@ rights organization . When Rodwell was arrested for walking in Riis Park , and charged with inciting a riot and with indecent exposure ( the law required men 's swimsuits to extend from above the navel to below the thigh ) , he spent three days in jail . The relationship soon ended as Milk became alarmed at Rodwell 's tendency to agitate the police . Milk abruptly stopped working as an insurance actuary and became a researcher at the Wall Street firm Bache & Company . He was frequently promoted despite his tendency to offend the older members of the firm by ignoring their advice and flaunting his success . Although he was skilled at his job , co @-@ workers sensed that Milk 's heart was not in his work . He started a romantic relationship with Jack Galen McKinley , and recruited him to work on conservative Republican Barry Goldwater 's 1964 presidential campaign . Their relationship was troubled . When McKinley first began his relationship with Milk in late 1964 , he was 16 years old . He was prone to depression and sometimes threatened to commit suicide if Milk did not show him enough attention . To make a point to McKinley , Milk took him to the hospital where Milk 's ex @-@ lover , Joe Campbell , was himself recuperating from a suicide attempt , after his lover Billy Sipple left him . Milk had remained friendly with Campbell , who had entered the avant @-@ garde art scene in Greenwich Village , but Milk did not understand why Campbell 's despondency was sufficient cause to consider suicide as an option . = = = Rise of Castro Street = = = The Eureka Valley of San Francisco , where Market and Castro Streets intersect , had for decades been a blue @-@ collar Irish Catholic neighborhood synonymous with the Most Holy Redeemer Parish ( a few Lutherans of Scandinavian ancestry also lived in the neighborhood ) . Beginning in the late 1960s , however , young families left the neighborhood and moved to Bay Area suburbs , and the city 's economic base eroded as factories moved to cheaper locations nearby and blue @-@ collar port jobs relocated to Oakland . Mayor Joseph Alioto , proud of his working @-@ class background and supporters , based his political career on welcoming developers to provide construction jobs and attracting a Roman Catholic Cardinal to the city . Many blue @-@ collar workers — often Alioto supporters — lost their jobs as large corporations with service industry positions replaced factory and dry dock jobs . San Francisco , which had been " a city of villages " , a decentralized city with ethnic enclaves that each surrounded its own main street , began a demographic change . As the downtown area developed , neighborhoods suffered , including Castro Street . The Most Holy Redeemer Parish shops shut down , and houses were abandoned and shuttered . In 1963 , real estate prices plummeted when most of the working @-@ class families tried to sell their houses quickly after a gay bar opened in the neighborhood . Hippies , attracted to the free love ideals of the Haight @-@ Ashbury area but repulsed by its crime rate , bought some of the cheap Victorian houses . Beginning in the late 1960s , many San Francisco gays who were affluent began to move from the small apartments of the Polk Gulch area , San Francisco 's primary gayborhood since the end of World War II , to the large cheap Victorians in the Castro neighborhood . Since the end of World War II , the major port city of San Francisco had been home to a sizable number of gay men expelled from the military who had decided to stay rather than return to their hometowns and face ostracism . By 1969 the Kinsey Institute believed San Francisco had more gay people per capita than any other American city ; when the National Institute of Mental Health asked the Institute to survey homosexuals , the Institute chose San Francisco as its focus . Milk and McKinley were among the thousands of gay men attracted to San Francisco . McKinley was a stage manager for Tom O 'Horgan , a director who started his career in experimental theater , but soon graduated to much larger Broadway productions . They arrived in 1969 with the Broadway touring company of Hair . McKinley was offered a job in the New York City production of Jesus Christ Superstar , and their tempestuous relationship came to an end . The city appealed to Milk so much that he decided to stay , working at an investment firm . In 1970 , increasingly frustrated with the political climate after the U.S. invasion of Cambodia , Milk let his hair grow long . When told to cut it , he refused and was fired . Milk drifted from California to Texas to New York , without a steady job or plan . In New York City he became involved with O 'Horgan 's theater company as a " general aide " , signing on as associate producer for Lenny and for Eve Merriam 's Inner City . The time he had spent with the cast of flower children wore away much of Milk 's conservatism . A contemporary New York Times story about O 'Horgan described Milk as " a sad eyed man — another aging hippie with long , long hair , wearing faded jeans and pretty beads " . Craig Rodwell read the description of the formerly uptight man and wondered if it could be the same person . One of Milk 's Wall Street friends worried that he seemed to have no plan or future , but remembered Milk 's attitude : " I think he was happier than at any time I had ever seen him in his entire life . " Milk met Scott Smith , 18 years his junior , and began another relationship . Milk and Smith returned to San Francisco , where they lived on money they had saved . In March 1973 , after a roll of film Milk left at a local shop was ruined , he and Smith opened a camera store on Castro Street with their last $ 1 @,@ 000 . = = = Changing politics = = = In the late 1960s , the Society for Individual Rights ( SIR ) and the Daughters of Bilitis ( DOB ) began to work against police persecution of gay bars and entrapment in San Francisco . Oral sex was still a felony , and in 1970 , nearly 90 people in the city were arrested for having sex in public parks at night . Mayor Alioto asked the police to target the parks , hoping the decision would appeal to the Archdiocese and his Catholic supporters . In 1971 , 2 @,@ 800 gay men were arrested for public sex in San Francisco . By comparison , New York City recorded only 63 arrests for the same offense that year . Any arrest for a morals charge required registration as a sex offender . Congressman Phillip Burton , Assemblyman Willie Brown , and other California politicians recognized the growing clout and organization of homosexuals in the city , and courted their votes by attending meetings of gay and lesbian organizations . Brown pushed for legalization of sex between consenting adults in 1969 but failed . SIR was also pursued by popular moderate Supervisor Dianne Feinstein in her bid to become mayor , opposing Alioto . Ex @-@ policeman Richard Hongisto worked for 10 years to change the conservative views of the San Francisco Police Department , and also actively appealed to the gay community , which responded by raising significant funds for his campaign for sheriff . Though Feinstein was unsuccessful , Hongisto 's win in 1971 showed the political clout of the gay community . SIR had become powerful enough for political maneuvering . In 1971 SIR members Jim Foster , Rick Stokes , and Advocate publisher David Goodstein formed the Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club , known as simply " Alice " . Alice befriended liberal politicians to persuade them to sponsor bills , proving successful in 1972 when Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon obtained Feinstein 's support for an ordinance outlawing employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation . Alice chose Stokes to run for a relatively unimportant seat on the community college board . Though Stokes received 45 @,@ 000 votes , he was quiet , unassuming , and did not win . Foster , however , shot to national prominence by being the first openly gay man to address a political convention . His speech at the 1972 Democratic National Convention ensured that his voice , according to San Francisco politicians , was the one to be heard when they wanted the opinions , and especially the votes , of the gay community . Milk became more interested in political and civic matters when he was faced with civic problems and policies he disliked . One day in 1973 , a state bureaucrat entered Milk 's shop Castro Camera and informed him that he owed $ 100 as a deposit against state sales tax . Milk was incredulous and traded shouts with the man about the rights of business owners ; after he complained for weeks at state offices , the deposit was reduced to $ 30 . Milk fumed about government priorities when a teacher came into his store to borrow a projector because the equipment in the schools did not function . Friends also remember around the same time having to restrain him from kicking the television while Attorney General John N. Mitchell gave consistent " I don 't recall " replies during the Watergate hearings . Milk decided that the time had come to run for city supervisor . He said later , " I finally reached the point where I knew I had to become involved or shut up " . = = Campaigns = = Milk 's reception by the gay political establishment in San Francisco was icy . Jim Foster , who had by then been active in gay politics for 10 years , resented the newcomer 's asking for his endorsement for a position as prestigious as city supervisor . Foster told Milk , " There 's an old saying in the Democratic Party . You don 't get to dance unless you put up the chairs . I 've never seen you put up the chairs . " Milk was furious at the patronizing snub , and the conversation marked the beginning of an antagonistic relationship between the " Alice " Club and Harvey Milk . Some gay bar owners , still battling police harassment and unhappy with what they saw as a timid approach by Alice to established authority in the city , decided to endorse him . Though he had drifted through his life thus far , Milk found his vocation , according to journalist Frances FitzGerald , who called him a " born politician " . At first , his inexperience showed . He tried to do without money , support , or staff , and instead relied on his message of sound financial management , promoting individuals over large corporations and government . He supported the reorganization of supervisor elections from a city @-@ wide ballot to district ballots , which was intended to reduce the influence of money and give neighborhoods more control over their representatives in city government . He also ran on a culturally liberal platform , opposing government interference in private sexual matters and favoring the legalization of marijuana . Milk 's fiery , flamboyant speeches and savvy media skills earned him a significant amount of press during the 1973 election . He earned 16 @,@ 900 votes — sweeping the Castro District and other liberal neighborhoods and coming in 10th place out of 32 candidates . Had the elections been reorganized to allow districts to elect their own supervisors , he would have won . = = = Mayor of Castro Street = = = Milk displayed an affinity for building coalitions from early in his political career . The Teamsters wanted to strike against beer distributors — Coors in particular — who refused to sign the union contract . An organizer asked Milk for assistance with gay bars ; in return , Milk asked the union to hire more gay drivers . A few days later , Milk canvassed the gay bars in and surrounding the Castro District , urging them to refuse to sell the beer . With the help of a coalition of Arab and Chinese grocers the Teamsters had also recruited , the boycott was successful . Milk found a strong political ally in organized labor , and it was around this time that he began to style himself " The Mayor of Castro Street " . As Castro Street 's presence grew , so did Milk 's reputation . Tom O 'Horgan remarked , " Harvey spent most of his life looking for a stage . On Castro Street he finally found it . " Tensions between the older citizens of the Most Holy Redeemer Parish and the gays entering the Castro District were growing , however , and in 1973 , when two gay men tried to open an antique shop , the Eureka Valley Merchants Association ( EVMA ) attempted to prevent them from receiving a business license . Milk and a few other gay business owners founded the Castro Village Association , with Milk as the president . He often repeated his philosophy that gays should buy from gay businesses . Milk organized the Castro Street Fair in 1974 to attract more customers to the area . More than 5 @,@ 000 attended , and some of the EVMA members were stunned ; they did more business at the Castro Street Fair than on any previous day . = = = Serious candidate = = = Although he was a newcomer to the Castro District , Milk had shown leadership in the small community . He was starting to be taken seriously as a candidate and decided to run again for supervisor in 1975 . He reconsidered his approach and cut his long hair , swore off marijuana , and vowed never to visit another gay bathhouse again . Milk 's campaigning earned the support of the teamsters , firefighters , and construction unions . Castro Camera became the center of activity in the neighborhood . Milk would often pull people off the street to work his campaigns for him — many discovered later that they just happened to be the type of men Milk found attractive . Milk favored support for small businesses and the growth of neighborhoods . Since 1968 , Mayor Alioto had been luring large corporations to the city despite what critics labeled " the Manhattanization of San Francisco " . As blue @-@ collar jobs were replaced by the service industry , Alioto 's weakened political base allowed for new leadership to be voted into office in the city . George Moscone was elected mayor . Moscone had been instrumental in repealing the sodomy law earlier that year in the California State Legislature . He acknowledged Milk 's influence in his election by visiting Milk 's election night headquarters , thanking Milk personally , and offering him a position as a city commissioner . Milk came in seventh place in the election , only one position away from earning a supervisor seat . Liberal politicians held the offices of the mayor , district attorney , and sheriff . Despite the new leadership in the city , there were still conservative strongholds . One of Moscone 's first acts as mayor was appointing a police chief to the embattled San Francisco Police Department ( SFPD ) . He chose Charles Gain , against the wishes of the SFPD . Most of the force disliked Gain for criticizing the police in the press for racial insensitivity and alcohol abuse on the job , instead of working within the command structure to change attitudes . By request of the mayor , Gain made it clear that gay police officers would be welcomed in the department ; this became national news . Police under Gain expressed their hatred of him , and of the mayor for betraying them . = = = Race for State Assembly = = = Keeping his promise to Milk , newly elected Mayor George Moscone appointed him to the Board of Permit Appeals in 1976 , making him the first openly gay city commissioner in the United States . Milk , however , considered seeking a position in the California State Assembly . The district was weighted heavily in his favor , as much of it was based in neighborhoods surrounding Castro Street , where Milk 's sympathizers voted . In the previous race for supervisor , Milk received more votes than the currently seated assemblyman . However , Moscone had made a deal with the assembly speaker that another candidate should run — Art Agnos . Furthermore , by order of the mayor , neither appointed nor elected officials were allowed to run a campaign while performing their duties . Milk spent five weeks on the Board of Permit Appeals before Moscone was forced to fire him when he announced he would run for the California State Assembly . Rick Stokes replaced him . Milk 's firing , and the backroom deal made between Moscone , the assembly speaker , and Agnos , fueled his campaign as he took on the identity of a political underdog . He railed that high officers in the city and state governments were against him . He complained that the prevailing gay political establishment , particularly the Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club , were shutting him out ; he referred to Jim Foster and Stokes as gay " Uncle Toms " . He enthusiastically embraced a local independent weekly magazine 's headline : " Harvey Milk vs. The Machine " . Milk 's role as a representative of San Francisco 's gay community expanded during this period . On September 22 , 1975 , President Gerald Ford , while visiting San Francisco , walked from his hotel to his car . In the crowd , Sara Jane Moore raised a gun to shoot him . A former Marine who had been walking by grabbed her arm as the gun discharged toward the pavement . The bystander was Oliver " Bill " Sipple , who had left Milk 's ex @-@ lover Joe Campbell years before , prompting Campbell 's suicide attempt . The national spotlight was on him immediately . On psychiatric disability leave from the military , Sipple refused to call himself a hero and did not want his sexuality disclosed . Milk , however , took advantage of the opportunity to illustrate his cause that public perception of gay people would be improved if they came out of the closet . He told a friend : " It 's too good an opportunity . For once we can show that gays do heroic things , not just all that ca @-@ ca about molesting children and hanging out in bathrooms . " Milk contacted a newspaper . Several days later Herb Caen , a columnist at The San Francisco Chronicle , exposed Sipple as gay and a friend of Milk 's . The announcement was picked up by national newspapers , and Milk 's name was included in many of the stories . Time magazine named Milk as a leader in San Francisco 's gay community . Sipple , however , was besieged by reporters , as was his family . His mother , a staunch Baptist in Detroit , now refused to speak to him . Although he had been involved with the gay community for years , even participating in Gay Pride events , Sipple sued the Chronicle for invasion of privacy . President Ford sent Sipple a note of thanks for saving his life . Milk said that Sipple 's sexual orientation was the reason he received only a note , rather than an invitation to the White House . Milk 's continuing campaign , run from the storefront of Castro Camera , was a study in disorganization . Although the older Irish grandmothers and gay men who volunteered were plentiful and happy to send out mass mailings , Milk 's notes and volunteer lists were kept on scrap papers . Any time the campaign required funds , the money came from the cash register without any consideration for accounting . The campaign manager 's assistant was an 11 @-@ year @-@ old neighborhood girl . Milk himself was hyperactive and prone to fantastic outbursts of temper , only to recover quickly and shout excitedly about something else . Many of his rants were directed at his lover , Scott Smith , who was becoming disillusioned with the man who was no longer the laid @-@ back hippie he had fallen in love with . If the candidate was manic , he was also dedicated and filled with good humor , and he had a particular genius for getting media attention . He spent long hours registering voters and shaking hands at bus stops and movie theater lines . He took whatever opportunity came along to promote himself . He thoroughly enjoyed campaigning , and his success was evident . With the large numbers of volunteers , he had dozens at a time stand along the busy thoroughfare of Market Street as human billboards , holding " Milk for Assembly " signs while commuters drove into the heart of the city to work . He distributed his campaign literature anywhere he could , including among one of the most influential political groups in the city , the Peoples Temple . Milk 's volunteers took thousands of brochures there , but came back with feelings of apprehension . Because the Peoples Temple leader , Jim Jones , was politically powerful in San Francisco ( and supported both candidates ) , Milk allowed Temple members to work his phones , spoke at the Temple and later wrote a letter to President Jimmy Carter defending Jones character , despite private misgivings about the group . But to his volunteers , he said : " Make sure you 're always nice to the Peoples Temple . If they ask you to do something , do it , and then send them a note thanking them for asking you to do it . They 're weird and they 're dangerous , and you never want to be on their bad side . " The race was close , and Milk lost by fewer than 4 @,@ 000 votes . Agnos , however , taught Milk a valuable lesson when he criticized Milk 's campaign speeches as " a downer ... You talk about how you 're gonna throw the bums out , but how are you gonna fix things — other than beat me ? You shouldn 't leave your audience on a down . " In the wake of his loss , Milk , realizing that the Toklas Club would never support him politically , co @-@ founded the San Francisco Gay Democratic Club . = = Broader historical forces = = The fledgling gay rights movement had yet to meet organized opposition in the U.S. In 1977 a few well @-@ connected gay activists in Miami , Florida were able to pass a civil rights ordinance that made discrimination based on sexual orientation illegal in Dade County . A well @-@ organized group of conservative fundamentalist Christians responded , headed by singer Anita Bryant . Their campaign was titled Save Our Children , and Bryant claimed the ordinance infringed her right to teach her children Biblical morality . Bryant and the campaign gathered 64 @,@ 000 signatures to put the issue to a county @-@ wide vote . With funds raised in part by the Florida Citrus Commission , for which Bryant was the spokeswoman , they ran television advertisements that contrasted the Orange Bowl Parade with San Francisco 's Gay Freedom Day Parade , stating that Dade County would be turned into a " hotbed of homosexuality " where " men ... cavort with little boys " . Jim Foster , then the most powerful political organizer in San Francisco , went to Miami to assist gay activists there as election day neared , and a nationwide boycott of orange juice was organized . The message of the Save Our Children campaign was influential , and the result was an overwhelming defeat for gay activists ; in the largest turnout in any special election in the history of Dade County , 70 % voted to repeal the law . = = = Just politics = = = Christian conservatives were inspired by their victory , and saw an opportunity for a new , effective political cause . Gay activists were shocked to see how little support they received . An impromptu demonstration of over 3 @,@ 000 Castro residents formed the night of the Dade County ordinance vote . Gay men and lesbians were simultaneously angry , chanting " Out of the bars and into the streets ! " , and elated at their passionate and powerful response . The San Francisco Examiner reported that members of the crowd pulled others out of bars along Castro and Polk Streets to " deafening " cheers . Milk led marchers that night on a five @-@ mile ( 8 km ) course through the city , constantly moving , aware that if they stopped for too long there would be a riot . He declared , " This is the power of the gay community . Anita 's going to create a national gay force . " Activists had little time to recover , however , as the scenario replayed itself when civil rights ordinances were overturned by voters in Saint Paul , Minnesota ; Wichita , Kansas ; and Eugene , Oregon , throughout 1977 and into 1978 . California State Senator John Briggs saw an opportunity in the Christian fundamentalists ' campaign . He was hoping to be elected governor of California in 1978 , and was impressed with the voter turnout he saw in Miami . When Briggs returned to Sacramento , he wrote a bill that would ban gays and lesbians from teaching in public schools throughout California . Briggs claimed in private that he had nothing against gays , telling gay journalist Randy Shilts , " It 's politics . Just politics . " Random attacks on gays rose in the Castro . When the police response was considered inadequate , groups of gays patrolled the neighborhood themselves , on alert for attackers . On June 21 , 1977 , a gay man named Robert Hillsborough died from 15 stab wounds while his attackers gathered around him and chanted " Faggot ! " Both Mayor Moscone and Hillsborough 's mother blamed Anita Bryant and John Briggs . One week prior to the incident , Briggs had held a press conference at San Francisco City Hall where he called the city a " sexual garbage heap " because of homosexuals . Weeks later , 250 @,@ 000 people attended the 1977 San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade , the largest attendance at any Gay Pride event to that point . In November 1976 , voters in San Francisco decided to reorganize supervisor elections to choose supervisors from neighborhoods instead of voting for them in city @-@ wide ballots . Harvey Milk quickly qualified as the leading candidate in District 5 , surrounding Castro Street . = = = Last campaign = = = Anita Bryant 's public campaign opposing homosexuality and the multiple challenges to gay rights ordinances across the United States fueled gay politics in San Francisco . Seventeen candidates from the Castro District entered the next race for supervisor ; more than half of them were gay . The New York Times ran an exposé on the veritable invasion of gay people into San Francisco , estimating that the city 's gay population was between 100 @,@ 000 and 200 @,@ 000 out of a total 750 @,@ 000 . The Castro Village Association had grown to 90 businesses ; the local bank , formerly the smallest branch in the city , had become the largest and was forced to build a wing to accommodate its new customers . Milk biographer Randy Shilts noted that " broader historical forces " were fueling his campaign . Milk 's most successful opponent was the quiet and thoughtful lawyer Rick Stokes , who was backed by the Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club . Stokes had been open about his homosexuality long before Milk had , and had experienced more severe treatment , once hospitalized and forced to endure electroshock therapy to ' cure ' him . Milk , however , was more expressive about the role of gay people and their issues in San Francisco politics . Stokes was quoted saying , " I 'm just a businessman who happens to be gay , " and expressed the view that any normal person could also be homosexual . Milk 's contrasting populist philosophy was relayed to The New York Times : " We don 't want sympathetic liberals , we want gays to represent gays ... I represent the gay street people — the 14 @-@ year @-@ old runaway from San Antonio . We have to make up for hundreds of years of persecution . We have to give hope to that poor runaway kid from San Antonio . They go to the bars because churches are hostile . They need hope ! They need a piece of the pie ! " Other causes were also important to Milk : he promoted larger and less expensive child care facilities , free public transportation , and the development of a board of civilians to oversee the police . He advanced important neighborhood issues at every opportunity . Milk used the same manic campaign tactics as in previous races : human billboards , hours of handshaking , and dozens of speeches calling on gay people to have hope . This time , even The San Francisco Chronicle endorsed him for supervisor . On election day , November 8 , 1977 , he won by 30 % against sixteen other candidates , and after his victory became apparent , he arrived on Castro Street on the back of his campaign manager 's motorcycle — escorted by Sheriff Richard Hongisto — to what a newspaper story described as a " tumultuous and moving welcome " . Milk had recently taken a new lover , a young man named Jack Lira , who was frequently drunk in public , and just as often escorted out of political events by Milk 's aides . Since the race for the California State Assembly , Milk had been receiving increasingly violent death threats . Concerned that his raised profile marked him as a target for assassination , he recorded on tape his thoughts , and whom he wanted to succeed him if he were killed , adding : " If a bullet should enter my brain , let that bullet destroy every closet door " . = = Supervisor = = Milk 's swearing @-@ in made national headlines , as he became the first non @-@ incumbent openly gay man in the United States to win an election for public office . He likened himself to pioneering African American baseball player Jackie Robinson and walked to City Hall arm in arm with Jack Lira , stating " You can stand around and throw bricks at Silly Hall or you can take it over . Well , here we are . " The Castro District was not the only neighborhood to promote someone new to city politics . Sworn in with Milk were also a single mother ( Carol Ruth Silver ) , a Chinese American ( Gordon Lau ) , and an African American woman ( Ella Hill Hutch ) — all firsts for the city . Daniel White , a former police officer and firefighter , was also a first @-@ time supervisor , and he spoke of how proud he was that his grandmother was able to see him sworn in . Milk 's energy , affinity for pranking , and unpredictability at times exasperated Board of Supervisors President Dianne Feinstein . In his first meeting with Mayor Moscone , Milk called himself the " number one queen " and dictated to Moscone that he would have to go through Milk instead of the Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club if he wanted the city 's gay votes — a quarter of San Francisco 's voting population . However , Milk also became Moscone 's closest ally on the Board of Supervisors . The biggest targets of Milk 's ire were large corporations and real estate developers . He fumed when a parking garage was slated to take the place of homes near the downtown area , and tried to pass a commuter tax so office workers who lived outside the city and drove into work would have to pay for city services they used . Milk was often willing to vote against Feinstein and other more tenured members of the board . In one controversy early in his term , Milk agreed with fellow Supervisor Dan White , whose district was located two miles south of the Castro , that a mental health facility for troubled adolescents should not be placed there . After Milk learned more about the facility , he decided to switch his vote , ensuring White 's loss on the issue — a particularly poignant cause that White championed while campaigning . White did not forget it . He opposed every initiative and issue Milk supported . Milk began his tenure by sponsoring a civil rights bill that outlawed discrimination based on sexual orientation . The ordinance was called the " most stringent and encompassing in the nation " , and its passing demonstrated " the growing political power of homosexuals " , according to The New York Times . Only Supervisor White voted against it ; Mayor Moscone enthusiastically signed it into law with a light blue pen that Milk had given him for the occasion . Another bill Milk concentrated on was designed to solve the number one problem according to a recent citywide poll : dog excrement . Within a month of being sworn in , he began to work on a city ordinance to require dog owners to scoop their pets ' feces . Dubbed the " pooper scooper law " , its authorization by the Board of Supervisors was covered extensively by television and newspapers in San Francisco . Anne Kronenberg , Milk 's campaign manager , called him " a master at figuring out what would get him covered in the newspaper " . He invited the press to Duboce Park to explain why it was necessary , and while cameras were rolling , stepped in the offending substance , seemingly by mistake . His staffers , however , knew he had been at the park for an hour before the press conference looking for the right place to walk in front of the cameras . It earned him the most fan mail of his tenure in politics and went out on national news releases . Milk had grown tired of Lira 's drinking and considered breaking up with him when Lira called a few weeks later and demanded Milk come home . When Milk arrived , he found Lira had hanged himself . Already prone to severe depression , Lira had attempted suicide previously . One of the longest notes he left for Milk indicated he was upset about the Anita Bryant and John Briggs campaigns . = = = Briggs Initiative = = = John Briggs was forced to drop out of the 1978 race for California governor , but received enthusiastic support for Proposition 6 , dubbed the Briggs Initiative . The proposed law would have made firing gay teachers — and any public school employees who supported gay rights — mandatory . Briggs ' messages supporting Proposition 6 were pervasive throughout California , and Harvey Milk attended every event Briggs hosted . Milk campaigned against the bill throughout the state as well , and swore that even if Briggs won California , he would not win San Francisco . In their numerous debates , which toward the end had been honed to quick back @-@ and @-@ forth banter , Briggs maintained that homosexual teachers wanted to abuse and recruit children . Milk responded with statistics compiled by law enforcement that provided evidence that pedophiles identified primarily as heterosexual , and dismissed Briggs ' assertions with one @-@ liner jokes : " If it were true that children mimicked their teachers , you 'd sure have a helluva lot more nuns running around " . Attendance at Gay Pride marches during the summer of 1978 in Los Angeles and San Francisco swelled . An estimated 250 @,@ 000 to 375 @,@ 000 attended San Francisco 's Gay Freedom Day Parade ; newspapers claimed the higher numbers were due to John Briggs . Organizers asked participants to carry signs indicating their hometowns for the cameras , to show how far people came to live in the Castro District . Milk rode in an open car carrying a sign saying " I 'm from Woodmere , N.Y. " He gave a version of what became his most famous speech , the " Hope Speech " , that The San Francisco Examiner said " ignited the crowd " : On this anniversary of Stonewall , I ask my gay sisters and brothers to make the commitment to fight . For themselves , for their freedom , for their country ... We will not win our rights by staying quietly in our closets ... We are coming out to fight the lies , the myths , the distortions . We are coming out to tell the truths about gays , for I am tired of the conspiracy of silence , so I 'm going to talk about it . And I want you to talk about it . You must come out . Come out to your parents , your relatives . Despite the losses in battles for gay rights across the country that year , he remained optimistic , saying " Even if gays lose in these initiatives , people are still being educated . Because of Anita Bryant and Dade County , the entire country was educated about homosexuality to a greater extent than ever before . The first step is always hostility , and after that you can sit down and talk about it . " Citing the potential infringements on individual rights , former governor of California Ronald Reagan voiced his opposition to the proposition , as did Governor Jerry Brown and President Jimmy Carter , the latter in an afterthought following a speech he gave in Sacramento . On November 7 , 1978 , the proposition lost by more than a million votes , astounding gay activists on election night . In San Francisco , 75 percent voted against it . = = Assassination = = On November 10 , 1978 , 10 months after being sworn in , White resigned his position on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors , claiming that his annual salary of $ 9 @,@ 600 was not enough to support his family . Milk was also feeling the pinch of the decrease in income when he and Scott Smith were forced to close Castro Camera a month before . Within days , White requested that his resignation be withdrawn and he be reinstated , and Mayor Moscone initially agreed . However , further consideration — and intervention by other supervisors — convinced the mayor to appoint someone more in line with the growing ethnic diversity of White 's district and the liberal leanings of the Board of Supervisors . On November 18 , news broke of the murder of California Representative Leo Ryan , who was in Jonestown , Guyana to check on the remote community built by members of the Peoples Temple who had relocated from San Francisco . The next day came news of the mass suicide of members of the Peoples Temple . Horror came in degrees as San Franciscans learned more than 400 Jonestown residents were dead . Dan White remarked to two aides who were working for his reinstatement , " You see that ? One day I 'm on the front page and the next I 'm swept right off . " Soon the number of dead in Guyana topped 900 . Moscone planned to announce White 's replacement days later , on November 27 , 1978 . A half hour before the press conference , White entered City Hall through a basement window to avoid metal detectors , and made his way to Moscone 's office . Witnesses heard shouting between White and Moscone , then gunshots . White shot the mayor in the shoulder and chest , then twice in the head after Moscone had fallen on the floor . White then quickly walked to his former office , reloading his police @-@ issue revolver with hollow @-@ point bullets along the way , and intercepted Milk , asking him to step inside for a moment . Dianne Feinstein heard gunshots and called the police . She found Milk face down on the floor , shot five times , including twice in the head at close range . After identifying both bodies , Feinstein was shaking so badly she required support from the police chief . It was she who announced to the press , " Today San Francisco has experienced a double tragedy of immense proportions . As President of the Board of Supervisors , it is my duty to inform you that both Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk have been shot and killed , " then adding after being drowned out by shouts of disbelief , " and the suspect is Supervisor Dan White . " Milk was 48 years old . Moscone was 49 . Within an hour , White called his wife from a nearby diner ; she met him at a church and escorted him to the police , where White turned himself in . Many residents left flowers on the steps of City Hall . That evening , a spontaneous gathering began to form on Castro Street , moving toward City Hall in a candlelight vigil . Their numbers were estimated between 25 @,@ 000 and 40 @,@ 000 , spanning the width of Market Street , extending the mile and a half ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from Castro Street . The next day , the bodies of Moscone and Milk were brought to the City Hall rotunda where mourners paid their respects . Six thousand mourners attended a service for Mayor Moscone at St. Mary 's Cathedral . Two memorials were held for Milk ; a small one at Temple Emanu @-@ El and a more boisterous one at the Opera House . = = = " City in agony " = = = Moscone had recently increased security at City Hall in the wake of the Jonestown suicides . Survivors from Guyana recounted drills for suicide preparations that Jones called " White Nights " . Rumors about Moscone 's and Milk 's murders were fueled by the coincidence of Dan White 's name and Jones ' suicide preparations . A stunned District Attorney called the assassinations so close to the news about Jonestown " incomprehensible " , but denied any connection . Governor Jerry Brown ordered all flags in California to be flown at half staff , and called Milk a " hard @-@ working and dedicated supervisor , a leader of San Francisco 's gay community , who kept his promise to represent all his constituents " . President Jimmy Carter expressed his shock at both murders and sent his condolences . Speaker of the California Assembly Leo McCarthy called it " an insane tragedy " . " A City in Agony " topped the headlines in The San Francisco Examiner the day after the murders ; inside the paper stories of the assassinations under the headline " Black Monday " were printed back to back with updates of bodies being shipped home from Guyana . An editorial describing " A city with more sadness and despair in its heart than any city should have to bear " went on to ask how such tragedies could occur , particularly to " men of such warmth and vision and great energies " . Dan White was charged with two counts of murder and held without bail , eligible for the death penalty owing to the recent passage of a statewide proposition that allowed death or life in prison for the murder of a public official . One analysis of the months surrounding the murders called 1978 and 1979 " the most emotionally devastating years in San Francisco 's fabulously spotted history " . The 32 @-@ year @-@ old White , who had been in the Army during the Vietnam War , had run on a tough anti @-@ crime platform in his district . Colleagues declared him a high @-@ achieving " all @-@ American boy " . He was to have received an award the next week for rescuing a woman and child from a 17 @-@ story burning building when he was a firefighter in 1977 . Though he was the only supervisor to vote against Milk 's gay rights ordinance earlier that year , he had been quoted as saying , " I respect the rights of all people , including gays " . Milk and White at first got along well . One of White 's political aides ( who was gay ) remembered , " Dan had more in common with Harvey than he did with anyone else on the board " . White had voted to support a center for gay seniors , and to honor Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin 's 25th anniversary and pioneering work . After Milk 's vote for the mental health facility in White 's district , however , White refused to speak with Milk and only communicated with one of Milk 's aides . Other acquaintances remembered White as very intense . " He was impulsive ... He was an extremely competitive man , obsessively so ... I think he could not take defeat , " San Francisco 's assistant fire chief told reporters . White 's first campaign manager quit in the middle of the campaign , and told a reporter that White was an egotist and it was clear that he was antigay , though he denied it in the press . White 's associates and supporters described him " as a man with a pugilistic temper and an impressive capacity for nurturing a grudge " . The aide who had handled communications between White and Milk remembered , " Talking to him , I realized that he saw Harvey Milk and George Moscone as representing all that was wrong with the world " . When Milk 's friends looked in his closet for a suit for his casket , they learned how much he had been affected by the recent decrease in his income as a supervisor . All of his clothes were coming apart ; all of his socks had holes . He was cremated and his ashes were split , most of them scattered in San Francisco Bay by his closest friends . Some of them were encapsulated and buried beneath the sidewalk in front of 575 Castro Street , where Castro Camera had been located . Harry Britt , one of four people Milk listed on his tape as an acceptable replacement should he be assassinated , was chosen to fill that position by the city 's acting mayor , Dianne Feinstein . = = = Trial = = = Dan White 's arrest and trial caused a sensation , and illustrated severe tensions between the liberal population and the city police . The San Francisco Police were mostly working @-@ class Irish descendants who intensely disliked the growing gay immigration , as well as the liberal direction of the city government . After White turned himself in and confessed , he sat in his cell while his former colleagues on the police force told Harvey Milk jokes ; police openly wore " Free Dan White " T @-@ shirts in the days after the murder . An undersheriff for San Francisco later stated : " The more I observed what went on at the jail , the more I began to stop seeing what Dan White did as the act of an individual and began to see it as a political act in a political movement . " White showed no remorse for his actions , and only exhibited vulnerability during an eight @-@ minute call to his mother from jail . The seated jury for White 's trial consisted of white middle @-@ class San Franciscans who were mostly Catholic ; gays and ethnic minorities were excused from the jury pool . The jury was clearly sympathetic to the defendant : some of the members cried when they heard White 's tearful recorded confession , at the end of which the interrogator thanked White for his honesty . White 's defense attorney , Doug Schmidt , argued that he was not responsible for his actions , using the legal defense known as diminished capacity : " Good people , fine people , with fine backgrounds , simply don 't kill people in cold blood . " Schmidt tried to prove that White 's anguished mental state was a result of manipulation by the politicos in City Hall who had consistently disappointed and confounded him , finally promising to give his job back only to refuse him again . Schmidt said that White 's mental deterioration was demonstrated and exacerbated by his junk food binge the night before the murders , since he was usually known to have been health @-@ food conscious . Area newspapers quickly dubbed it the Twinkie defense . White was acquitted of the first degree murder charge on May 21 , 1979 , but found guilty of voluntary manslaughter of both victims , and he was sentenced to serve seven and two @-@ thirds years . With the sentence reduced for time served and good behavior , he would be released in five . He cried when he heard the verdict . = = = White Night riots = = = Acting Mayor Feinstein , Supervisor Carol Ruth Silver , and Milk 's successor Harry Britt condemned the jury 's decision . When it was announced over the police radio in the city , someone sang " Danny Boy " on the police band . A surge of people from the Castro District walked again to City Hall , chanting " Avenge Harvey Milk " and " He got away with murder " . Pandemonium rapidly escalated as rocks were hurled at the front doors of the building . Milk 's friends and aides tried to stop the destruction , but the mob of more than 3 @,@ 000 ignored them and lit police cars on fire . They shoved a burning newspaper dispenser through the broken doors of City Hall , then cheered as the flames grew . One of the rioters responded to a reporter 's question about why they were destroying parts of the city : " Just tell people that we ate too many Twinkies . That 's why this is happening . " The chief of police ordered the police not to retaliate , but to hold their ground . The White Night riots , as they became known , lasted several hours . Later that evening , May 21 , 1979 , several police cruisers filled with officers wearing riot gear arrived at the Elephant Walk Bar on Castro Street . Harvey Milk 's protégé Cleve Jones and a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle , Warren Hinckle , watched as officers stormed into the bar and began to beat patrons at random . After a 15 @-@ minute melee , they left the bar and struck out at people walking along the street . The chief of police finally ordered the officers out of the neighborhood . By morning , 61 police officers and 100 rioters and gay residents of the Castro had been hospitalized . City Hall , police cruisers , and the Elephant Walk Bar suffered damages in excess of $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . After the verdict , the District Attorney Joseph Freitas faced a furious gay community to explain what had gone wrong . The prosecutor admitted to feeling sorry for White before the trial , and neglected to ask the interrogator who had recorded White 's confession ( and who was a childhood friend of White 's and his police softball team coach ) about his biases and the support White received from the police because , he said , he did not want to embarrass the detective in front of his family in court . Nor did Freitas question White 's frame of mind , lack of a history of mental illness , or bring into evidence city politics , suggesting that revenge may have been a motive . Supervisor Carol Ruth Silver testified on the last day of the trial that White and Milk were not friendly , yet she had contacted the prosecutor and insisted on testifying . It was the only testimony the jury heard about their strained relationship . Freitas blamed the jury whom he claimed had been " taken in by the whole emotional aspect of [ the ] trial " . = = = Aftermath = = = Milk 's and Moscone 's murders and White 's trial changed city politics and the California legal system . In 1980 San Francisco ended district supervisor elections , fearing that a Board of Supervisors so divisive would be harmful to the city , and that they had been a factor in the assassinations . A grassroots neighborhood effort to restore district elections in the mid @-@ 1990s proved successful , and the city returned to neighborhood representatives in 2000 . As a result of Dan White 's trial , California voters changed the law to reduce the likelihood of acquittals of accused who knew what they were doing but claimed their capacity was impaired . Diminished capacity was abolished as a defense to a charge , but courts allowed evidence of it when deciding whether to incarcerate , commit , or otherwise punish a convicted defendant . The " Twinkie defense " has entered American mythology , popularly described as a case where a murderer escapes justice because he binged on junk food , simplifying White 's lack of political savvy , his relationships with George Moscone and Harvey Milk , and what San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen described as pandemic police " dislike of homosexuals " . Dan White served a little more than five years for the double murder of Moscone and Milk . On October 21 , 1985 , a year and a half after his release from prison , White was found dead in a running car in his ex @-@ wife 's garage . He was 39 years old . His defense attorney told reporters that he had been despondent over the loss of his family , and the situation he had caused , adding " This was a sick man . " = = Legacy = = = = = Politics = = = Harvey Milk 's political career centered on making government responsive to individuals , gay liberation , and the importance of neighborhoods to the city . At the onset of each campaign , an issue was added to Milk 's public political philosophy . His 1973 campaign focused on the first point , that as a small business owner in San Francisco — a city dominated by large corporations that had been courted by municipal government — his interests were being overlooked because he was not represented by a large financial institution . Although he did not hide the fact that he was gay , it did not become an issue until his race for the California State Assembly in 1976 . It was brought to the fore in the supervisor race against Rick Stokes , as it was an extension of his ideas of individual freedom . Milk strongly believed that neighborhoods promoted unity and a small @-@ town experience , and that the Castro should provide services to all its residents . He opposed the closing of an elementary school ; even though most gay people in the Castro did not have children , Milk saw his neighborhood having the potential to welcome everyone . He told his aides to concentrate on fixing potholes and boasted that 50 new stop signs had been installed in District 5 . Responding to city residents ' largest complaint about living in San Francisco — dog feces — Milk made it a priority to enact the ordinance requiring dog owners to take care of their pets ' droppings . Randy Shilts noted , " some would claim Harvey was a socialist or various other sorts of ideologues , but , in reality , Harvey 's political philosophy was never more complicated than the issue of dogshit ; government should solve people 's basic problems . " Karen Foss , a communications professor at the University of New Mexico , attributes Milk 's impact on San Francisco politics to the fact that he was unlike anyone else who had held public office in the city . She writes , " Milk happened to be a highly energetic , charismatic figure with a love of theatrics and nothing to lose ... Using laughter , reversal , transcendence , and his insider / outsider status , Milk helped create a climate in which dialogue on issues became possible . He also provided a means to integrate the disparate voices of his various constituencies . " Milk had been a rousing speaker since he began campaigning in 1973 , and his oratory skills only improved after he became City Supervisor . His most famous talking points became known as the " Hope Speech " , which became a staple throughout his political career . It opened with a play on the accusation that gay people recruit impressionable youth into their numbers : " My name is Harvey Milk — and I want to recruit you . " A version of the Hope Speech that he gave near the end of his life was considered by his friends and aides to be the best , and the closing the most effective : And the young gay people in the Altoona , Pennsylvanias and the Richmond , Minnesotas who are coming out and hear Anita Bryant in television and her story . The only thing they have to look forward to is hope . And you have to give them hope . Hope for a better world , hope for a better tomorrow , hope for a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great . Hope that all will be all right . Without hope , not only gays , but the blacks , the seniors , the handicapped , the us 'es , the us 'es will give up . And if you help elect to the central committee and other offices , more gay people , that gives a green light to all who feel disenfranchised , a green light to move forward . It means hope to a nation that has given up , because if a gay person makes it , the doors are open to everyone . In the last year of his life , Milk emphasized that gay people should be more visible to help to end the discrimination and violence against them . Although Milk had not come out to his mother before her death many years before , in his final statement during his taped prediction of his assassination , he urged others to do so : I cannot prevent anyone from getting angry , or mad , or frustrated . I can only hope that they 'll turn that anger and frustration and madness into something positive , so that two , three , four , five hundred will step forward , so the gay doctors will come out , the gay lawyers , the gay judges , gay bankers , gay architects ... I hope that every professional gay will say ' enough ' , come forward and tell everybody , wear a sign , let the world know . Maybe that will help . However , Milk 's assassination has become entwined with his political efficacy , partly because he was killed at the zenith of his popularity . Historian Neil Miller writes , " No contemporary American gay leader has yet to achieve in life the stature Milk found in death . " His legacy has become ambiguous ; Randy Shilts concludes his biography writing that Milk 's success , murder , and the inevitable injustice of White 's verdict represented the experience of all gays . Milk 's life was " a metaphor for the homosexual experience in America " . According to Frances FitzGerald , Milk 's legend has been unable to be sustained as no one appeared able to take his place in the years after his death : " The Castro saw him as a martyr but understood his martyrdom as an end rather than a beginning . He had died , and with him a great deal of the Castro 's optimism , idealism , and ambition seemed to die as well . The Castro could find no one to take his place in its affections , and possibly wanted no one . " On the 20th anniversary of Milk 's death , historian John D 'Emilio said , " The legacy that I think he would want to be remembered for is the imperative to live one 's life at all times with integrity . " For a political career so short , Cleve Jones attributes more to his assassination than his life : " His murder and the response to it made permanent and unquestionable the full participation of gay and lesbian people in the political process . " = = = Tributes and media = = = The City of San Francisco has paid tribute to Milk by naming several locations after him . Where Market and Castro streets intersect in San Francisco flies an enormous Gay Pride flag , situated in Harvey Milk Plaza . The San Francisco Gay Democratic Club changed its name to the Harvey Milk Memorial Gay Democratic Club in 1978 ( it is currently named the Harvey Milk Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Transgender Democratic Club ) and boasts that it is the largest Democratic organization in San Francisco . In New York City , Harvey Milk High School is a school program for at @-@ risk youth that concentrates on the needs of gay , lesbian , bisexual , and transgender students and operates out of the Hetrick Martin Institute . In 1982 , freelance reporter Randy Shilts completed his first book : a biography of Milk , titled The Mayor of Castro Street . Shilts wrote the book while unable to find a steady job as an openly gay reporter . The Times of Harvey Milk , a documentary film based on the book 's material , won the 1984 Academy Award for Documentary Feature . Director Rob Epstein spoke later about why he chose the subject of Milk 's life : " At the time , for those of us who lived in San Francisco , it felt like it was life changing , that all the eyes of the world were upon us , but in fact most of the world outside of San Francisco had no idea . It was just a really brief , provincial , localized current events story that the mayor and a city council member in San Francisco were killed . It didn 't have much reverberation . " Milk 's life has been the subject of a musical theater production ; an eponymous opera ; a children 's picture book ; a French @-@ language historical novel for young @-@ adult readers ; and the biopic Milk , released in 2008 after 15 years in the making . The film was directed by Gus Van Sant and starred Sean Penn as Milk and Josh Brolin as Dan White , and won two Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor . It took eight weeks to film , and often used extras who had been present at the actual events for large crowd scenes , including a scene depicting Milk 's " Hope Speech " at the 1978 Gay Freedom Day Parade . Milk was included in the " Time 100 Heroes and Icons of the 20th Century " as " a symbol of what gays can accomplish and the dangers they face in doing so " . Despite his antics and publicity stunts , according to writer John Cloud , " none understood how his public role could affect private lives better than Milk ... [ he ] knew that the root cause of the gay predicament was invisibility " . The Advocate listed Milk third in their " 40 Heroes " of the 20th century issue , quoting Dianne Feinstein : " His homosexuality gave him an insight into the scars which all oppressed people wear . He believed that no sacrifice was too great a price to pay for the cause of human rights . " In August 2009 , President Barack Obama posthumously awarded Milk the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contribution to the gay rights movement stating " he fought discrimination with visionary courage and conviction " . Milk 's nephew Stuart accepted for his uncle . Shortly after , Stuart co @-@ founded the Harvey Milk Foundation with Anne Kronenberg with the support of Desmond Tutu , co @-@ recipient of 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom and now a member of the Foundation 's Advisory Board . Later in the year , California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger designated May 22 as " Harvey Milk Day " , and inducted Milk in the California Hall of Fame . Since 2003 , the story of Harvey Milk has been featured in three exhibitions created by the GLBT Historical Society , a San Francisco – based museum , archives , and research center , to which the estate of Scott Smith donated Milk 's personal belongings that were preserved after his death . On May 22 , 2014 , the United States Postal Service issued a postage stamp honoring Harvey Milk , the first openly LGBT political official to receive this honor . The stamp features a photo taken in front of Milk 's Castro Camera store and was unveiled on what would have been his 84th birthday . Harry Britt summarized Milk 's impact the evening Milk was shot in 1978 : " No matter what the world has taught us about ourselves , we can be beautiful and we can get our thing together ... Harvey was a prophet ... he lived by a vision ... Something very special is going to happen in this city and it will have Harvey Milk 's name on it . " In 2012 , Milk was inducted into the Legacy Walk , an outdoor public display which celebrates LGBT history and people . = = Archival Resources = = The Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual , Transgender Historical Society Holds artifacts of Milk , including the suit he was wearing when shot by Dan White Harvey Milk Archives--Scott Smith Collection , 1930 @-@ 1995 , held at the San Francisco Public Library , James C. Hormel LGBTQIA Center .
= Fort Dansborg = Fort Dansborg , a locally called Danish Fort , is a Danish fort located in the shores of Bay of Bengal in Tharangambadi in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Fort Dansborg was built in the land ceded by Thanjavur king Ragunatha Nayak in an agreement with Danish Admiral Ove Gjedde in 1620 and acted as the base for Danish settlement in the region during the early 17th century . The fort is the second largest Danish fort after Kronborg . The fort was sold to the British in 1845 and along with Tharangambadi , the fort lost its significance as the town was not an active trading post for the British . After India 's independence in 1947 , the fort was used as an inspection bungalow by the state government till 1978 when the Department of Archaeology , Government of Tamil Nadu took over the control of the fort . The fort is now used as a museum where the major artifacts of the fort and the Danish empire are displayed . The fort was renovated twice in modern times , once by Tranquebar Association with the help of the Danish royal family and the State Archaeology Department in 2001 and secondly by a project named Destination Development of Tranquebar by the Department of Tourism of the Government of Tamil Nadu in 2011 . The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in the region . = = History = = Coramandel was an active international trading coast from the 3rd century BCE . The European colonial empires like British , French , Dutch and Portuguese established maritime trade with India during the early 17th century . The Danish East India Company was established in the capital of Denmark , Copenhagen in 1616 and a mission was sent with Admiral Ove Gjedde ( 1594 – 1660 CE ) . Ove Gjedde signed a deal with the Thanjavur ruler king Raghunatha Nayak ( 1600 – 34 ) in 1620 in spite of resistance from the Portuguese . The rent was fixed as ₹ 3111 per annum and a total of 8 km ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) by 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) area was ceded to the Danish mission . The treaty signed during November 1620 also allowed the Danes to collect taxes from the neighbouring villages of Tranquebar . The treaty signed in a golden leaf manuscript is maintained in the Danish royal archives in Copenhagen . The fort is the second largest Danish fort after Kronborg , the inspiration for Shakespeare 's Hamlet . It was built by Ove Gjedde with the help of local laborers in Danish style . The lower compartment in the basement adjoining the fort was used as a store room , prison and a rest room for the soldiers , while the governor and priests resided in the second level . Fort Dansborg was the base for Danish settlement in the region during the early 17th century . Originally a fishing village , Tharangambadi ( referred as Tranquebar ) was fortified by the Danish , who used the port as the main trading post for the colony , with the major export of the colony being cotton textiles . During the middle of the 18th century , the commercial importance of the town declined and the centre of textile production moved to Serampore in the state of Bengal . But Tranquebar still remained the headquarters of the Colony . The fort and the town was sold to the British in 1845 and , along with Tharangambadi , the fort lost its significance as the town was not a trading post anymore . = = Architecture = = Fort Dansborg is located in the southern part of Tharangambadi , located 283 km ( 176 mi ) from the state capital Chennai . It is built in Danish style , characterized by large halls , columned structures , high ceilings and projecting drapery . The length of the fort in the side facing the sea is 60 m ( 200 ft ) and the width is about 11 m ( 36 ft ) . The fort is trapezoidal in shape with three rooms in the left wing , originally used as the governor 's residence , a kitchen with an open fireplace and chimney in the top left hand corner , and a church room , now a museum , located in the centre of the building . The original rectory and the northern part of it , which are now the store rooms , are located in the right wing . The corner room on the right side was the residence of the commercial director . In modern times , it is used as a store room . The core of the building is made of brick . The main door of the fort faces north , while an additional door faces the east . The second storey of the fort has a set of guard rooms . The staircase leading to it are built with bricks . The central part of the fort has four camel hump shaped domes . The central pillar of the hall holds the entire weight of the domes . The citadel encloses a set of buildings , the notable ones being the fort built in 1620 , the Masilamaninathar Temple built in the 13th century , the Zion Church built in 1701 , New Jerusalem Church built in 1718 , the Town Gateway built in 1792 , the Danish Governor Bungalow built in 1784 and a series of tomb stones built during the 17th and 18th centuries . The settlement inside the citadel is modeled like a small European town with a land gate and wooden doors leading to the main street , namely , the King 's Street . Some of the notable buildings in the King 's street are the Gate House , Muhldorff 's House , Port Master 's Bungalow and Rehling 's House . There were originally citadel walls towards the sea , which eroded with time on account of the salty nature of the environment . The fortification could not withstand an attack by regular military forces , but acted as a protection for the citizens of the settlement against predatory cavalry raids . The bastions of the fort are constructed with black stone . = = Renovation in modern times = = The Tranquebar Association , formed in 2001 , with the help of the Tamil Nadu State Archaeological Department and the Danish Royal family , restored the South end of the fort with the same kind of material like brick and black stone , used during the original construction . The renovation was completed in 2005 , with contributions from local artisans , Danish volunteers , Danish and Indian experts . In 2001 , chemists from the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) restored the portrait of Raja Ragunatha Naik , Tranquebar site map , pottery , portrait of Christian IV , the Danish King . Metal Halide lamps , which provide a uniform green @-@ coloured lighting , were used for illuminating the exteriors . The restored complex was opened by the Collector of the Nagapattinam District in 2002 . There was a project planned by the Government of Tamil Nadu to lay stones along the shores to protect the fort and the Masilamaninathar Temple in Tharangambadi from erosion . While the project was planned much before the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2005 , it was implemented only in 2007 . Before the tsunami , there was stiff resistance from the local villages citing impact to fishery in the region . Post tsunami , the resistance from the locals receded and the project was extended to accommodate additional areas of the shore . The Department of Tourism Development of Tamil Nadu initiated a project named " Destination Development of Tranquebar " . The project was started in 2011 , with an estimated budget of ₹ 3 @,@ 730 @,@ 800 ( US $ 55 @,@ 000 ) and planned a phased re @-@ creation of the fort and the environs around it . As a part of the first phase of the project , cobble @-@ stoned pathways were laid and ornamental cast iron street lamps were installed in the path around the fort . The cobble @-@ stone pathways were laid for a total of 350 m ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ) around the facade and for 100 m ( 330 ft ) on Goldsmith street . The first phase was completed at an expense of ₹ 2 @,@ 430 @,@ 000 ( US $ 36 @,@ 000 ) . The second phase of the project involved the laying of cobble @-@ stone pathways from the Tranquebar Arch to the river promenade . The second phase was completed at an expense of ₹ 1 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 ( US $ 19 @,@ 000 ) . Environmental protection measures , like restraining movement of heavy vehicles around the fort to maintain the highest atmospheric ozone concentration , were also implemented . = = Culture = = A factory was established soon after the fort was constructed and it minted coins that bore the initials TB or DB , indicating Dansborg . The fort acted as the important gateway in the trade route from Europe to Coramandel . Protestant missionaries were sent from Denmark by king Fredric IV , who was also the head of Lutheran Church of Denmark . Two of them , namely , Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plutschua came to Tranquebar on 9 July 1706 , established the Tranquebar Mission , learnt Tamil in a few years and were the first to translate and print The New Testament of the Bible in Tamil in the printing press inside the fort . The Danish mission was the first Protestant mission in India and from its inception , was staffed by German missionaries trained at Pietist schools and seminary founded by Francke at the end of 17th century . A Tamil @-@ Latin dictionary containing 9000 words was compiled there by a medical missionary named Friedrich Koenig in 1778 , whose source letters are stored in the royal archives . The fort is featured in a large number of videos , films and commercials . After India 's independence in 1947 , the fort was used as an inspection bungalow by the state government till 1978 when the State Department of Archaeology of the Government of Tamil Nadu took over the control of the fort . The fort is now used as a museum , housing a collection of major artifacts of the fort and the Danish empire . The fort is one of the most visited tourist landmarks in the region .
= Timema = Timema is a genus of relatively short @-@ bodied , stout stick insects native to the far western United States . The genus was first described in 1895 by Samuel Hubbard Scudder , based on observations of the species Timema californicum . Compared to other stick insects ( order Phasmatodea ) , the genus Timema is considered basal ; that is , the earliest " branch " to diverge from the phylogenetic tree that includes all Phasmatodea . To emphasize this outgroup status , all stick insects not included in Timema are sometimes described as " Euphasmatodea . " Five of the twenty @-@ one species of Timema are parthenogenetic , including two species that have not engaged in sexual reproduction for one million years , the longest known asexual period for any insect . = = Description = = Timema spp. differ from other Phasmatodea in that their tarsi have three segments rather than five . For stick insects , they have relatively small , stout bodies , so that they look somewhat like earwigs ( order Dermaptera ) . = = = Cryptic coloration and camouflage = = = Timema walking sticks are night @-@ feeders who spend daytime resting on the leaves or bark of the plants they feed on . Timema colors ( primarily green , gray , or brown ) and patterns ( which may be stripes , scales , or dots ) match their typical background , a form of crypsis . In 2008 , researchers studying the presence or absence of a dorsal stripe suggested that it has independently evolved several times in Timema species and is an adaptation for crypsis on needle @-@ like leaves . All of the eight Timema species with a dorsal stripe have at least one host plant with needle @-@ like foliage . Of the thirteen unstriped species , seven feed only on broadleaf plants . Four ( T. ritensis , T. podura , T. genevieve , and T. coffmani ) rest during the day on the host plant 's trunk rather than its leaves and have bodies that are brown , gray , or tan . Only two species ( T. nakipa and T. boharti ) have green unstriped morphs that feed on needle @-@ like foliage ; both are generalist feeders that also feed on broadleaf hosts . The species Timema cristinae exhibits both striped and unstriped populations depending on the host plant , a form of polymorphism that clearly illustrates the camouflage function of the stripe . The earliest ancestors of this species were generalists that fed on plants belonging to both the genera Adenostoma and Ceanothus . They eventually diverged into two distinct ecotypes with a more specialist host plant preference . One ecotype prefers to feed on Adenostoma while the other ecotype prefers to feed on Ceanothus . The Adenostoma ecotype possesses a white dorsal stripe , an adaptation to blend in with the needle @-@ like leaves of the plant , while the Ceanothus ecotype does not ( Ceanothus spp. have broad leaves ) . The Adenostoma ecotype is also smaller , with a wider head , and shorter legs . These characteristics are genetically inherited and has been interpreted as the early stages of the speciation process . The two ecotypes will eventually become separate species once reproductive isolation is achieved . At the moment , both ecotypes are still capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring , as such they are still considered a single species . = = = Life cycle and reproduction = = = Timema eggs are soft , ellipsoidal , and about two mm long , with a lid @-@ like structure at one end ( the operculum ) through which the nymph will emerge . Timema females use particles of dirt , which they have previously ingested , to coat their eggs . The eggs of many stick insects , including Timema , are attractive to ants , who carry them away to their burrows to feed on the egg 's capitulum , while leaving the rest of the egg intact to hatch . The emerging nymph passes through six or seven instars before reaching adulthood . Timema males , in sexual species of Timema , show a consistent pattern of courting behavior . The male climbs onto the back of the female and , after a short display of vibrating and waving , they proceed to mate . ( Rejection by the female is possible but uncommon . ) The male then rides on the female 's back for up to five days , a behavior often referred to as " guarding " the female . Several species of Timema are parthenogenetic : that is , females can reproduce asexually , producing viable eggs without male participation . According to Tanja Schwander of Simon Fraser University , " Timema are indeed the oldest insects for which there is good evidence that they have been asexual for long periods of time . " She heads a team of researchers who found that five Timema species ( T. douglasi , T. monikensis , T. shepardi , T. tahoe and T. genevieve ) have used only asexual reproduction for more than 500 @,@ 000 years , with T. tahoe and T. genevieve reproducing asexually for over one million years . = = Habitat = = The geographic range of Timema is limited to mountainous regions of western North America between 30 ° and 42 ° N. They are found primarily in California , as well as in a few other neighboring states ( Oregon , Nevada , Arizona ) and in northern Mexico . All are herbivores , primarily feeding on host plants found in chaparral . Host plants of the different Timema species include Pseudotsuga menziesii ( Douglas fir ) , Sequoia sempervirens ( Californian redwood ) , Arctostaphylos spp . ( manzanita ) , Ceanothus spp . , Adenostoma fasciculatum ( chamise ) , Abies concolor ( white fir ) , Quercus spp . ( oak ) , Heteromeles arbutifolia ( toyon ) , Cercocarpus spp . ( mountain @-@ mahogany ) , Eriogonum sp . ( buckwheat ) , and Juniperus spp . ( juniper ) . = = Phylogeny = = General phylogenetic relationships within Timema ( Law & Crespi , 2002 ) . Species marked with ♀ are parthenogenetic ( female only ) . = = Classification = = Timema is the only member of the family Timematidae and the suborder Timematodea . Their clade is considered basal to the order Phasmatodea ; that is , many scientists believe that Timema @-@ type stick insects represent the earliest " branch " to diverge from the phylogenetic tree that gave rise to all the stick insects of Phasmatodea . This primal distinction is referenced by the name " Euphasmatodea " , which is given to all the clades of Phasmatodea other than the suborder Timematodea . Twenty @-@ one species have been described ; in addition there is at least one undescribed species known to exist :
= Bill Brown with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 = Bill Brown was a member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team , which toured England in 1948 . Bradman 's men went through their 34 matches without defeat ; this unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England earned them the sobriquet The Invincibles . An experienced right @-@ handed opening batsman , Brown was on his third visit to England , having first toured in 1934 before World War II . However , Brown 's best years were lost to the war and by 1948 Sid Barnes and Arthur Morris had superseded him in the pecking order to become Australia 's first @-@ choice opening pair . Brown was selected as a reserve opener ; this decision generated controversy among critics who believed he was past his best . Bradman rotated the three openers in the tour matches , but Morris and Barnes were preferred in the Tests . Bradman accommodated Brown in his first @-@ choice team by playing him out of position in the middle order in the Tests . However , Brown appeared uncomfortable in the unfamiliar role , and was dropped after making 73 runs at a batting average of 24 @.@ 33 in the first two Tests . Despite his struggles in the Test arena , Brown had success in the tour matches as an opener . He scored 1 @,@ 448 runs at 57 @.@ 92 in all first @-@ class matches , ranking fourth in both the aggregates and averages . He scored eight centuries , second only to Bradman , including 200 against Cambridge University . However , Brown gained criticism for his slow batting . Following his omission from the Test team , Brown batted in a highly circumspect manner to increase the reliability and volume of his scoring . A very occasional off spin bowler , Brown took his career first @-@ class best of 4 / 16 in his only stint with the ball , against the South of England . = = Background = = Brown had been a regular member of the Australian Test team since his debut in 1934 , and immediately after World War II , he captained Australia in the inaugural Test against New Zealand . However , he was sidelined by injury in 1946 – 47 and Sid Barnes and Arthur Morris opened in the Tests , averaging 73 @.@ 83 and 71 @.@ 85 respectively . Brown resumed his Test career in the following season , replacing Barnes , but he was dropped after scoring 29 runs in two Tests . Barnes then came in and made 139 runs in the next two Tests , including a 112 in the Fourth Test . Morris was then rested for the Fifth Test to allow Brown another chance to show his ability and make a case for continued national selection , and he made 99 . In the Tests against India during the season , Barnes , Morris and Brown had shared the opening duties ; their batting averages were 43 @.@ 00 , 52 @.@ 25 and 42 @.@ 66 respectively . In any case , Brown had done enough to tour England with The Invincibles in 1948 , his third trip there , although Barnes and Morris were the first @-@ choice opening combination . = = Early tour = = Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Brown gained selection , although Bradman batted him out of position in the middle order while Barnes and Morris opened . Brown came in 6 / 335 and scored 25 at a typically placid pace , accumulating his runs at a lower strike rate than the other recognised batsmen . He was out with the score at 6 / 402 as Australia went on to declare at 8 / 462 and win by an innings . In the next match against Leicestershire , Bradman rested Morris , so Brown opened with Barnes . Brown scored 26 in an opening stand of 46 , as Australia amassed 448 and won by an innings . The Australians proceeded to play Yorkshire at Bradford , on a damp pitch suitable for slower bowling . In the first innings , Brown took three catches from the bowling of Keith Miller — who had resorted to bowling off spin — as Yorkshire were bowled out for 71 in difficult batting conditions . Opening with Morris while Barnes was rested , Brown made 13 as the match remained finely balanced after Australia was bowled out for 101 . Brown took another catch from Miller in the second innings as the hosts were bowled out for 89 . Chasing 60 for victory , Brown fell to Frank Smailes for two as the Australian top order collapsed to 6 / 31 — effectively seven wickets down with the injured Sam Loxton unable to bat — before scraping home by four wickets . Brown was rested for the next match against Surrey , which Australia won by an innings . After the first four matches , five Australians hade made centuries , and another had passed fifty . Brown had scored only 66 runs with a highest score of 26 , while Morris and Barnes , the incumbent openers , had scored 223 and 298 runs with a century and fifty apiece . Brown was recalled for the match against Cambridge University , opening with Morris while Barnes rested . After putting on 64 for the opening wicket with Morris , Brown added 176 for the second wicket with Ron Hamence . He added a further 140 for the fourth wicket with Lindsay Hassett , who was captaining the team while Bradman rested himself . Brown top @-@ scored with 200 and Hassett declared when his double @-@ centurion was out with the score at 4 / 414 . Australia went on to win by an innings . In the following match against Essex , Brown opened with Barnes while Morris was rested . The pair put on 145 in 97 minutes — the highest opening stand by the Australians on the tour to that point — before Barnes was out hit wicket . In the meantime , Brown had reached 50 in 90 minutes . Bradman came in and he and Brown accelerated to put on a second @-@ wicket partnership of 219 in 90 minutes , before the latter was out for 153 from three hours of batting with the score at 2 / 364 . Brown had scored his last 100 runs in less than 90 minutes . Australia went on to score 721 runs on the first day , the highest number of runs amassed in one day of first @-@ class cricket , before completing victory by an innings and 451 runs , their largest winning margin for the tour . Opening with Morris while Barnes was rested , Brown completed his third century in as many innings with 108 against Oxford University , after putting on an opening stand of 139 . This meant that he had scored 461 runs in eight days of cricket , and put him atop the batting aggregates , ahead of Bradman . Australia went on to complete their fourth successive innings victory . The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and were basically a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team . Bradman installed Barnes and Morris as his preferred opening pair , while Brown batted out of position at No. 6 . Barring one change in the bowling department , the same team lined up in the First Test , with the top six batsmen in the same positions . It was a chance for players from both sides to gain a psychological advantage , but Brown failed to capitalise . He came to the crease with the score at 4 / 280 to join Keith Miller and scored 26 in a stand of 63 before being dismissed as Australia amassed 552 and won by an innings . This was followed by Australia 's first non @-@ victory of the tour , against Lancashire , a draw for which Brown was rested . Brown returned for the following match , which was against Nottinghamshire , and added 122 to register his fourth century in less than three weeks . Australia made 400 but the hosts hung on for a draw in the second innings . In the next match against Hampshire , Brown opened with Barnes and made a duck as Australia were dismissed for 117 on a damp pitch in reply to the home side 's 195 . It was the first time the tourists had conceded a first innings during the summer . Hampshire were subsequently bowled out in their second innings for 103 to leave Australia a target of 182 . This time Barnes fell for a duck , and Brown anchored Australia to an eight @-@ wicket win with an unbeaten 81 after a century second @-@ wicket partnership with Ian Johnson . The final match before the First Test was against Sussex . Opening with Morris , Brown played second fiddle , accumulating 44 as the pair put on an opening stand of 153 . Morris went on to 184 and Australia declared at 5 / 549 before completing another innings victory . = = First Test = = Up to this point , Brown — who was on his third tour of England — had scored 800 runs on tour at an average of 72 @.@ 72 , with a double century , three other centuries and 81 not out , In contrast , middle @-@ order batsman Neil Harvey struggled in the initial stages of his first tour of England . Harvey failed to pass 25 in his first six innings , and although he had scored an unbeaten 100 against Sussex , he had totalled only 296 runs at 42 @.@ 29 . As a result , Brown gained selection in the First Test at Trent Bridge , batting out of position in the middle order while Barnes and Morris opened , whereas Harvey was dropped despite making a century in Australia 's most recent Test against India . England batted first and made 165 , with Brown prominent in the field . Early on the first day of play , Brown caught England opener Cyril Washbrook on the run at the fine leg boundary after the batsman had attempted to hook a Ray Lindwall bouncer , leaving England at 2 / 15 after 41 minutes of play . He later made a series of one @-@ handed stops in the field , helping to keep the pressure on the batsmen . Brown took his second catch of the innings to remove Alec Bedser , who had featured in a rearguard fightback to help take England to 165 after they had fallen to 8 / 74 . On the second day , Barnes and Bradman took the score to 1 / 121 before Barnes and Miller were dismissed without further addition to the score . All the while , Australia had been scoring slowly , as they would throughout the day . Brown came in at No. 5 to join Bradman , but he had played most of his career as an opening batsman and he looked uncomfortable in the middle order , but Bradman brought him in ahead of Hassett as the new ball was due and Brown was used to starting his innings against pace bowlers and a new ball . English captain Norman Yardley removed Jim Laker from the attack and took the second new ball . Bradman struck his first boundary in over 80 minutes and the run rate picked up somewhat , prompting England to revert to slower bowling . Australia passed England 's total before Yardley brought himself on to bowl and trapped Brown — who was attempting to push the ball to mid @-@ on — leg before wicket ( lbw ) with an off cutter in his first over . This ended a 64 @-@ run stand in 58 minutes and left Australia at 4 / 185 . Following the departure of Brown , the scoring slowed as Bradman changed the team strategy to one of attempting to bat only once . Australia eventually reached 509 , and after England compiled 441 in their second innings , Brown was not needed as Australia made the 98 runs required victory for the loss of only two wickets . Between Tests , Brown was rested for the match against Northamptonshire , which Australia won by an innings . He returned for the second fixture against Yorkshire . Opening with Barnes , Brown made 19 as Australia took a 43 @-@ run first innings lead . In the second innings , Brown top @-@ scored with 113 . He combined with Bradman to add 154 runs for the second wicket as the match petered into a draw . In a patient and restrained display , Brown took four hours to make his century . Following his controversial selection for the tour , Brown was attempting to justify his position in the team by accumulating a large amount of runs , but earned criticism for being too dour . However , the century was enough to see him retain his middle @-@ order position for the Second Test at Lord 's , where Australia fielded an unchanged team . Former Test leg spinner and teammate Bill O 'Reilly — who was in England as a journalist — criticised the selection of Brown , who had appeared to be noticeably uncomfortable in the unfamiliar role . He said that despite Brown 's unbeaten double century in his previous Test at Lord 's in 1938 , Sam Loxton and Neil Harvey had better claims to selection . = = Second Test = = Australia won the toss and batted first at the home of cricket . Centurion Morris fell at 3 / 166 and new batsman Miller was trapped lbw for four shortly after . Brown came in at 4 / 173 and helped Lindsay Hassett rebuild the innings after the two quick wickets . Both men scored slowly , averaging more than three and half minutes for each run . After putting on a partnership of 43 , Hassett was bowled by Yardley , who then trapped Brown for 24 to leave Australia stumbling at 6 / 225 . Brown had hit two consecutive half @-@ volleys off his pads through the leg side for four , and attempted a third boundary in a row to a similar delivery . However , this third delivery came off the pitch more quickly and beat Brown for pace . Australia managed to avoid further collapse a counterattack from the tail saw them to 350 before they bowled England out for 215 . The tourists batted much more productively in the second innings in ideal weather on the third day . Brown joined Miller after Bradman fell at 4 / 329 ; Australia had lost 3 / 33 but steadied to reach stumps at 343 without further loss , with Brown on seven . After the rest day , Australia resumed with a lead of 478 runs and six wickets in hand . The morning was punctuated by three rain stoppages . Just ten minutes after the start , heavy rain intervened . The weather cleared and Miller and Brown moved to lunch on 63 and 32 respectively , with Australia at 4 / 409 . In 88 minutes of play , Australia had added 117 runs . Brown was caught behind from Alec Coxon after lunch without adding to his score for 32 , after an 87 @-@ run partnership with Miller , with the score at 5 / 416 . Bradman eventually declared at 7 / 460 , 595 runs ahead . It would take a world record chase from England to win the match . The home team lost wickets regularly and fell for 186 to lose by 409 runs . Although part of a successful team , Brown was unable to replicate the centuries he made in each of his two previous Tests at Lord ’ s on the preceding tours , and it was to be the last Test of his career . The next match was against Surrey and started the day after the Test . Brown injured a finger while fielding in the first innings , so he was unable to bat in Australia 's first innings . In the second innings , Australia 's makeshift openers Harvey and Sam Loxton chased down the 122 runs for victory to complete a 10 @-@ wicket win in less than an hour . = = Dropped = = Brown was rested for the following match against Gloucestershire before the Third Test . Loxton scored 159 not out , featuring in two century partnerships and propelling Australia to 7 / 774 declared , which was its highest score of the tour and laid the foundation for an innings victory . Loxton ’ s effort was enough to oust Brown from his middle @-@ order position for the Third Test at Old Trafford . According to O ’ Reilly , Brown had appeared out of place in the middle @-@ order because he was used to the opener ’ s classical role of defending against and wearing down the opening bowlers , rather than attacking . During the Test , which was drawn , Barnes was injured and off spinner Ian Johnson was used as a makeshift opener as Morris was the only specialist left after Brown ’ s omission . Afterwards , Brown managed only eight as Australia defeated Middlesex by ten wickets in their only county match between Tests . Barnes was still unavailable for the Fourth Test , but Brown was not recalled to open with Morris ; instead , Hassett was promoted to open with Morris , while the teenaged Harvey came into the middle @-@ order . Although Hassett failed with only 13 and 17 in his two innings , Harvey struck 112 in the first innings , before Australia chased down 404 on the final day to set a world record for the highest successful run @-@ chase in Test cricket and won by seven wickets . Brown partnered the recovered Barnes and patiently scored 140 , before being the fifth man out with the score at 344 , as Australia amassed 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings immediately after the Fourth Test . Looking to regain his Test position by sheer weight of runs , Brown started slowly ; Barnes made 24 of the first 29 runs . He took 185 minutes to reach 50 , much to the displeasure of the restless spectators , before accelerating and scoring his next 50 runs in 37 minutes . In the next match against Glamorgan , Brown scored 16 in a rain @-@ affected draw that did not reach the second innings . He scored 33 and seven in the following match , falling both times to the leg spin of Eric Hollies as Australia defeated Warwickshire by nine wickets . Brown was then rested as Australia faced and drew with Lancashire for the second time on the tour . He returned for the non @-@ first @-@ class match against Durham , scoring 49 out of Australia 's 282 in a weather @-@ affected draw that failed to reach the second innings . Brown was overlooked for selection in the Fifth Test at The Oval . Barnes returned to the team and Australia crushed England by an innings and 149 runs to take the series 4 – 0 after cutting them down for only 52 in the first innings . = = Later tour matches = = Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to go through a tour of England without defeat . Australia batted first against Kent and Brown top @-@ scored with 106 . After putting on 64 with Morris for the first wicket , he put on 104 each for the next two partnerships with Bradman and Harvey respectively , before falling at 3 / 272 . Brown again batted slowly ; he took 255 minutes to reach triple figures and was greeted by ironic clapping as he slowly accumulated runs while his partners attacked . Brown 's dismissal triggered a collapse ; Australia lost their last seven wickets for 89 to end at 361 . Despite this , they completed another innings victory . In the next match against the Gentlemen of England , which was held at Lord 's , Brown scored 120 , featuring in a 180 @-@ run second wicket partnership with Bradman , as Australia amassed 5 / 610 and won by an innings . Former Australian Test opener and batting partner Jack Fingleton said " Brown has always looked the class batsman that he is when playing at Lord 's , and this superb century , so different in conception and execution to the one at Canterbury [ against Kent ] , made one reflect what a grand opening batsman this series of Tests had done without " . Fingleton made a duck in the next match but Australia nevertheless defeated Somerset by an innings and 374 runs . He then made 13 against the South of England in his last first @-@ class match of the season . The match was washed out , but not before Brown took 4 / 16 from 4 @.@ 1 overs in his only first @-@ class bowling effort of the tour , cleaning up the tail . Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was against the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . During the last Australian tour in 1938 , the team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted only six England players from the season 's Tests be allowed to compete . After his opponents had finalised their team , Bradman fielded a full @-@ strength team , and Brown missed out . The match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays . The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . In the first match , Brown was rested as the Australians claimed an innings victory . In the second match , Brown scored 24 not out batting at No. 8 and took a wicket in the second innings as Australia ended the tour with another innings victory . = = Role = = An experienced right @-@ handed opening batsman , Brown was on his third campaign in England , having first toured in 1934 before the World War II . However , Brown 's best years were lost to the war and by 1948 , Barnes and Morris had risen above him in the pecking order and become Australia 's first @-@ choice opening pair . Brown was selected as the reserve opener , a decision that generated controversy among pundits who believed he was past his best . During the tour matches , which were usually played consecutively with only one or no days between fixtures , Bradman rotated the trio of openers , so one would generally be rested while the other two opened , N- but in the Tests , Morris and Barnes were preferred . Bradman accommodated Brown in his first @-@ choice team by playing him out of position in the middle order in the first two Tests and against Worcestershire and the MCC , when he fielded the strongest XI . However , Brown appeared uncomfortable in the unfamiliar role , and after making 73 runs at 24 @.@ 33 in the first two Tests , he was dropped . Nevertheless , Brown was successful in the tour matches when he played as an opener . He ended the tour with eight centuries and a total of 1 @,@ 448 first @-@ class runs at an average of 57 @.@ 92 , behind only Bradman , Hassett and Morris in the runs and averages , with a highest score of 200 against Cambridge University . Brown 's tally of eight centuries was second only to Bradman , and took his tally on English soil to 18 first @-@ class tons . Excluding the matches against Worcestershire , the MCC and the first two Tests , in which Brown had scored 25 , 26 , 17 , 24 and 32 batting in the middle order while Barnes and Morris opened , Brown scored 1 @,@ 324 runs at 66 @.@ 20 while opening in the other matches , which would have put him in a clear fourth place on the batting averages . Following his omission from the Test team midway through the tour , Brown batted in a slow and conservative manner in order to score more runs and regain his position , much to the chagrin of the crowds . A very occasional off spinner , Brown took 4 / 16 against the South of England in his only first @-@ class bowling assignment of the tour . It was his best career bowling figures — he accumulated only six wickets in his first @-@ class career . He also took 18 catches in the first @-@ class fixtures . = = = Statistical note = = = = = = General notes = = =
= Hensley Henson = Herbert Hensley Henson ( 8 November 1863 – 27 September 1947 ) was an Anglican priest , scholar and controversialist . He was Bishop of Hereford , 1918 – 20 and Bishop of Durham , 1920 – 39 . The son of a zealous member of the Plymouth Brethren , Henson was not allowed to go to school until he was fourteen , and was largely self @-@ educated . He was admitted to the University of Oxford , and gained a first @-@ class degree in 1884 . In the same year he was elected as a Fellow of All Souls , where he began to make a reputation as a speaker . He was ordained as a priest in 1888 . Feeling a vocation to minister to the urban poor , Henson served in the East End of London and Barking before becoming chaplain of an ancient hospice in Ilford in 1895 . In 1900 he was appointed to the high @-@ profile post of vicar of St Margaret 's , Westminster and canon of Westminster Abbey . While there , and as Dean of Durham ( 1913 – 18 ) , he wrote prolifically and sometimes controversially . The Anglo @-@ Catholic wing of the Church took exception to his liberal theological views , which some regarded as heretical , and sought unsuccessfully in 1917 to block his appointment as Bishop of Hereford . In 1920 , after two years in the largely rural diocese of Hereford , Henson returned to Durham as its bishop . The industrial north @-@ east of England , including County Durham , was badly affected by an economic depression . Henson was opposed to strikes , trade unions and socialism , and for a time his forthright expression of his views made him unpopular in the diocese . His opinions about some Church matters changed radically during his career : at first a strong advocate of the Church of England 's continued establishment as the country 's official church , he came to believe that politicians could not be trusted to legislate properly on ecclesiastical matters , and he espoused the cause of disestablishment . He campaigned against efforts to introduce prohibition , exploitation of foreign workers by British companies , and fascist and Nazi aggression , and supported reform of the divorce laws , a controversial revision of the Book of Common Prayer and ecumenism . = = Life and career = = = = = Early years = = = Henson was born in London , the fourth son and sixth child of eight of Thomas Henson ( 1812 – 96 ) , a businessman , and his second wife , Martha , née Fear . The family moved to Broadstairs on the coast of Kent when Henson was two years old . Thomas Henson was a zealous evangelical Christian who had renounced the Church of England and joined the Plymouth Brethren . Martha Henson shielded her children from the worst excesses of what the biographer Matthew Grimley describes as Thomas 's " bigotry " , but in 1870 she died , and , in Henson 's words , " with her died our happiness " . From an early age the young Henson was a dedicated Christian and felt a vocation for the Anglican priesthood ; his father 's fundamentalist views were anathema , and left him with what Grimley calls " an enduring hatred of protestant fanaticism " . In 1873 Thomas Henson remarried ; Emma Parker , widow of a Lutheran pastor , filled the role of stepmother with sympathy and kindness , mitigating the father 's grimness and ensuring that the children were properly educated . In Henson 's phrase , " she recreated the home " . Henson was fourteen before his father allowed him either to be baptised or to attend a school . The Rector of Broadstairs conducted the baptism ; there were no godparents , and Henson undertook their functions himself . He took religious instruction from the rector leading to his confirmation as a communicant member of the Church of England in 1878 . At Broadstairs Collegiate School he derived little educational benefit , having already educated himself widely and deeply from books in his father 's library . He rose to be head boy of the school , but after a dispute with the headmaster during which Henson expressed " with more passion than respect " his opinion of the head , he ran away from the school in 1879 . He gained employment as an assistant master at Brigg grammar school in Lincolnshire ; the headmaster there recognised his talent and recommended that he should apply for admission to the University of Oxford . Thomas Henson was against the idea , partly because his financial means had declined , but was talked round by his wife and gave his consent . Thomas agreed to fund his son 's studies , but the sum he allowed was too little to pay the substantial fees for residence at any of the colleges of the university . In 1881 Henson applied successfully for admission as an " unattached " student , a member of none of the Oxford colleges , but eligible for the full range of university tuition . Cut off from the camaraderie of college life , Henson felt seriously isolated . He concentrated on his studies , and gained a first class honours degree in Modern History in June 1884 . = = = All Souls = = = Such was the quality of Henson 's scholarship that his history tutor encouraged him to enter the annual competition for appointment as a Fellow of All Souls , the university 's post @-@ graduate research college . He was appointed in November 1884 , at the age of twenty . Membership of the college offered an annual stipend of £ 200 ; for the first time , Henson was in reasonably comfortable financial circumstances . At All Souls , he later wrote , " I was welcomed with a generous kindness which made me feel immediately at home . I formed friendships which have enriched my life . " His biographer John Peart @-@ Binns suggests that Henson may nonetheless have remained something of an outsider , his arrival at All Souls " akin to that of an alien " . The college was headed by the Warden , Sir William Anson , who became something of a father figure to Henson , and encouraged his researches . Henson 's first paper , on William II of England , marked him out as not only a fine scholar but a gripping speaker when he delivered it to an audience . Aware that his quick tongue could lead him into indiscretion , he adopted and maintained all his life the practice of writing out his lectures and sermons in full beforehand rather than improvising or speaking from concise notes . He preferred a quill pen , and wrote in a fine clear hand ; he considered illegible writing to be a form of bad manners as tiresome as inaudible talking . He gained a reputation as a controversialist . In a biographical sketch , Harold Begbie wrote that at Oxford Henson was nicknamed " Coxley Cocksure " ; he added : Never was any man more certain he was right ; never was any man more inclined to ridicule the bare idea that his opponent could be anything but wrong ; and never was any man more thoroughly happy in making use of a singularly trenchant intellect to stab and thrust its triumphant way through the logic of his adversary . In 1885 , in tandem with his work at All Souls , Henson acted as tutor to Lyle Rathbone , son of the philanthropic businessman William Rathbone . The family lived in Birkenhead , where for six months Henson stayed with them . He had ample leisure time , much of which he spent in visiting local churches and nonconformist chapels . This process left him struggling with doctrinal questions , but sure of a religious vocation . The day after his return to Oxford in October 1885 he went into St Mary 's , Iffley , and with his hand on the altar vowed to dedicate himself to God and the Church . Henson 's beliefs on doctrine were still forming , but he inclined to high @-@ churchmanship and was influenced by Charles Gore and the Puseyites , though he was unattracted by more extreme Anglo @-@ Catholic forms of ritualism . With his suspicion of nonconformism he was a proponent of the principle of establishment – the maintenance of Anglicanism as the official state religion – and in 1886 he became secretary of the new Oxford Laymen 's League for Defence of the National Church , to counter the threat of disestablishment proposed by politicians such as Joseph Chamberlain and Charles Dilke . = = = Ordination and east London = = = The poverty Henson had seen during his six months in Birkenhead gave him a strong impetus to minister to the poor . In 1887 , after being ordained deacon , he took charge of the Oxford House Settlement , a high @-@ church mission in Bethnal Green , a poor area of the East End of London . While in this post he honed his speaking skills in public debates with atheist orators , many from the National Secular Society 's Bethnal Green office . In 1888 Henson was ordained priest . Shortly afterwards All Souls appointed him vicar of a church in its gift : St Margaret 's , Barking , east of London , a large , working class parish , with a population of 12 @,@ 000 , and increasing . At twenty @-@ five he was the youngest vicar in the country , and had a large staff of curates to manage . An All Souls colleague Cosmo Lang , himself on the brink of a Church career , visited Henson at Barking and noted , " He came six months ago to a parish dead – 250 a good congregation in the church ; and now , when he preaches , every seat is filled – 1100 ! " With the energy and impetuosity noted by Lang , Henson worked continually over the next seven years to improve the parish , restoring the fabric of the church , opening clubs for his parishioners , and holding popular open @-@ air services in the vicarage grounds . At Barking his high @-@ church leanings were welcomed , and he was invited to preach from time to time at St Alban 's Holborn , a central London bastion of Anglo @-@ Catholicism . He was never physically strong , and his relentless work at Barking put a strain on his physique . In 1895 he accepted an offer from Lord Salisbury of a less arduous post , the chaplaincy of St Mary 's Hospital , Ilford , which he held until 1900 . In 1895 and 1896 , Henson was select preacher at Oxford , and from 1897 he served as chaplain to John Festing , Bishop of St Albans . He had time for writing ; between 1897 and 1900 he published four books , ranging from purely theological studies to analyses of Church politics . His beliefs had changed from his early high @-@ churchmanship to a broad @-@ church latitudinarianism ; his 1899 Cui bono ? set out his concerns about the strict ritualists in the Anglo @-@ Catholic wing of the Church . = = = Westminster = = = The Ilford appointment had been in Salisbury 's personal gift ; in his official capacity as prime minister he was responsible for Henson 's next appointment : rector of St Margaret 's , Westminster and canon of Westminster Abbey in 1900 . St Margaret 's , the parish church of the British parliament , was a high @-@ profile appointment ; Henson followed predecessors as willing as he was to court controversy including Henry Hart Milman and Frederic Farrar . His eventual successor as Bishop of Durham , Alwyn Williams wrote that at St Margaret 's , Henson 's brilliance as a speaker and independence of thought attracted large congregations and " his increasingly liberal churchmanship " appealed to a wide range of public opinion , though some of his views offended the orthodox . In 1902 Henson married Isabella ( Ella ) Caroline ( 1870 – 1949 ) , the only daughter of James Wallis Dennistoun of Dennistoun , Scotland . Grimley comments that it was in keeping with Henson 's usual impulsiveness that he proposed within four days of meeting her . The marriage was lifelong ; there were no children . From his pulpit , Henson spoke against the view that ecumenism was , in W E Gladstone 's words , " a moral monster " , and criticised schools that failed to provide adequate religious instruction . Preaching at Westminster Abbey in 1912 he attracted international attention for naming and denouncing three British directors of the Peruvian @-@ Amazon Company for the " Putumayo atrocities " – the mass enslavement and brutal treatment of indigenous Peruvians in the company 's rubber factories . During his time at St Margaret 's Henson published nine books , some of them collected sermons and lectures , others on the role of Christianity in modern society and theological questions . Henson 's uncompromising character brought him into frequent conflict with old friends and colleagues . In 1909 he offended Charles Gore , now Bishop of Birmingham , by defying Gore 's order not to preach in the institute of a Congregational church in the diocese . His confrontational style and liberal theology caused delay in his promotion , despite his obvious abilities . An apocryphal story circulated in 1908 that the prime minister , Herbert Asquith , suggested Henson 's name to Edward VII when the see of York became vacant , and the king replied , " Damn it all , man , I am Defender of the Faith ! " In 1910 the post of Dean of Lincoln fell vacant . Asquith considered appointing Henson , but decided , as he told the Archbishop of Canterbury , Randall Davidson , that " it would be rather like sending a destroyer into a land @-@ locked pool " . = = = Dean and bishop = = = In 1912 the Dean of Durham , George Kitchin , died . The Bishop , Handley Moule , hoped the prime minister would appoint Henry Watkins , the Archdeacon of Durham , but Asquith chose Henson . On 2 January 1913 Moule presided over Henson 's formal installation at Durham Cathedral . The five years Henson spent as Dean of Durham were marked by further controversy , including his objection to the existing divorce laws as too favourable to men and unfair to women . He was hostile to changes aimed at giving the Church more control over its own affairs ; he regarded establishment and parliamentary control as safeguards against extremism . He opposed William Temple 's " Life and Liberty movement " , which campaigned for synodical and democratic government of the Church , and he was against the establishment of the National Assembly of the Church of England in 1919 . To Henson , the essence of Anglicanism rested on parliamentary enforcement of the rights of the laity of the Church against the bishops and priests , and the inclusion of both clergy and laity in all matters under the rule of the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church . Among other views for which Henson was known were his disapproval of teetotalism campaigners and of socialism , and for his disbelief in social reform as an ally of religion . When the Kikuyu controversy erupted in 1913 Henson once again found himself at odds with Gore . The question was whether two colonial bishops had committed heresy by taking part in an ecumenical service . Gore and his ally Bishop Weston of Zanzibar led the charge , and appear in Henson 's journal as " devoted , unselfish , indefatigable , eminently gifted , but ... also fanatical in temper , bigoted in their beliefs , and reckless in their methods . " Together with Bishop Moule , Dean Wace of Canterbury and other leaders , Henson strongly , and successfully , supported the accused bishops : " The Church owes a deep debt of gratitude to the Bishops of Uganda and Mombasa . " Henson spoke out strongly , and ultimately unsuccessfully , against the proposed disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Wales . In doing so he addressed many nonconformist gatherings ; the historian Owen Chadwick suggests that this may have commended him to David Lloyd George , who became prime minister in 1916 . A serious doctrinal row within the Church seemed to many to put Henson out of the running for elevation to a bishopric . He had defended the right of clergy to express doubts about the virgin birth and bodily resurrection . He was , as most of his critics failed , or refused , to notice , doctrinally orthodox on the resurrection , and content to accept the tradition of the virgin birth , but his contention that other priests had the right to question them was intolerable to the Anglo @-@ Catholic wing of the Church , led by Gore . Archbishop Davidson had no doubts about Henson 's doctrinal soundness , and persuaded him to issue a statement of faith to silence his critics . Davidson stated publicly that no fair @-@ minded man could read consecutively a series of Henson 's sermons without feeling that they had in him a brilliant and powerful teacher of the Christian faith . Gore and his followers were obliged to call off their protests . Against Davidson 's advice for caution , Lloyd George appointed Henson to the vacant see of Hereford in 1917 . Gore and others , including Cosmo Lang , now the Archbishop of York , failed to attend the consecration service . Their attitude hurt Henson , offended lay opinion in the Church , and was sharply criticised in The Times . Henson was consecrated bishop in Westminster Abbey on 4 February 1918 by Davidson , assisted by twelve supporting bishops . He was enthroned at Hereford Cathedral eight days later . Although Henson 's elevation was controversial chiefly among factions of the clergy – in general lay people supported his appointment – it nevertheless gave fresh impetus to the idea of taking away from the prime minister the power to choose bishops . Gore attempted to promote the idea at the Convocation of Clergy in May 1918 ; Henson abandoned restraint and in Chadwick 's words " stripped Gore 's arguments bare " . He argued from historical examples that appointments made at the Church 's instigation were partisan and disastrous , and that the Crown and prime minister were able to take an unbiased view in the national interest . Despite the public support for him , the controversy revived Henson 's feelings of isolation . The appointment was described as " sending an armoured car into an orchard of apple trees " and Henson had doubts about accepting a mainly rural diocese rather than ministering to the urban poor . Nevertheless , the clergy and laity of Hereford gave him a warm welcome , and he enjoyed working with the incumbents of country parishes . They appreciated his delicacy in not intruding unduly into local church concerns , and it was remarked that " he treated all the world as his equals " . During his brief time at Hereford he published only one book , Christian Liberty ( 1918 ) , a collection of sermons . There was regret in the diocese that his tenure there was brief . In 1920 the see of Durham became vacant on the death of Bishop Moule . Davidson wanted Thomas Strong , Dean of Christ Church , to be appointed and pressed his claims on Lloyd George , but the prime minister took the view that the area needed Henson 's practical skills and common touch rather than Strong 's academic scholarship . = = = Durham = = = Henson was translated to Durham – England 's most senior diocese after Canterbury , York and London – in October 1920 . The appointment was challenging : the area was in grave economic difficulty , with the important coal @-@ mining industry in a crisis caused by falling industrial demand for coal in the years after the war . Ecclesiastically there was potential for friction , as the Dean of Durham , James Welldon , who had once been a bishop himself , was temperamentally and politically at odds with his new superior , given to making public statements that Henson found infuriating . Welldon , in Henson 's view , " could neither speak with effect nor be silent with dignity " . They clashed on several occasions , most conspicuously when Welldon , a strong admirer of prohibition , publicly criticised Henson 's tolerant views on the consumption of alcohol . Relations between the Deanery and Auckland Castle , the bishop 's official residence , improved markedly in April 1933 when Cyril Alington , the Head Master of Eton from 1917 to 1933 , succeeded Welldon . Alington was almost universally loved , and though he and Henson differed on points of ecclesiastical practice , they remained warm friends . At the beginning of Henson 's episcopate the Durham miners were on strike . He got on well with miners individually and conversed with many of them as they walked through the extensive grounds of Auckland Castle . It was said of him that he got on easily with everyone " except other dignitaries in gaiters " . Friction arose from Henson 's belief that strikes were morally wrong because of the harm they did to other working people , and he had , in Grimley 's words , " a violent , almost obsessional " , dislike of trade unions . His early concern for the welfare of the poor remained unchanged , but he regarded socialism and trade unionism as negations of individuality . For the same reason he was against state provision of social welfare , though a strong advocate of voluntary spending on it . Later in his bishopric Henson denounced the Jarrow March in 1936 as " revolutionary mob pressure " and condemned the action of his subordinate , the suffragan Bishop of Jarrow , who had given the march his blessing . He loathed class distinction , and was not antipathetic to social reformers , but he was strong in his criticism of Christian campaigners who maintained that the first duty of the Church was social reform . To Henson , the Church 's principal concern was each individual man or woman 's spiritual welfare . The best @-@ known anecdote of Henson , according to Chadwick , comes from his time at Durham . Cosmo Lang complained that his portrait by Orpen " makes me look proud , pompous and prelatical " , to which Henson responded , " And to which of those epithets does your Grace take exception ? " Grimley remarks that on occasion each of those unflattering adjectives applied just as much to Henson . Nonetheless , Henson ranked Lang " among the greater figures of ecclesiastical history " . The most conspicuous cause with which Henson was involved during his time at Durham was , in Anglican terms , of national , and even international , rather than diocesan concern . As a broad churchman he gave strong support in the mid @-@ 1920s to a major revision and modernising of the Book of Common Prayer , the Church 's prescribed forms of worship , used at all services . The evangelical wing of the Church opposed the revision , which some low @-@ church factions dubbed " popish " . Henson , now on the same side as the Anglo @-@ Catholics with whom he had early been in bitter dispute , called the opposition " the Protestant underworld " . Despite the clear majority of clergy and laity in favour of the revision , the House of Commons refused to authorise it , and voted it down in 1927 and again in 1928 . Henson 's colleague Cyril Garbett wrote that the Commons had " made it plain that the Church does not possess full spiritual freedom to determine its worship " . The Church instituted damage limitation measures by permitting parishes to use the new unauthorised text where there was a local consensus to do so , but Henson was horrified at what he saw as Parliament 's betrayal of its duty to preside impartially over the governance of the Church , giving in to pressure from what he termed " an army of illiterates " . Together with the suspicions he had started to harbour that a socialist government might misuse ecclesiastical patronage , the Prayer Book debacle turned Henson from a strong proponent of establishment to its best @-@ known critic . He spent much time and energy fruitlessly campaigning for disestablishment . He was , as he had often been earlier in his career , an isolated figure . Few of his colleagues agreed with him , even those dismayed by the parliamentary vote . He was less isolated in some other causes he took up in the 1920s and 30s . He was one of many wary of the ultra @-@ liberalism of the Modern Churchmen 's Union . In 1934 , he was among the senior clerics who censured Dean Dwelly for inviting a Unitarian to preach in Liverpool Cathedral and Bishop David for permitting it . He was critical of American evangelism as practised by Frank Buchman and the Oxford Group . Henson wrote of Buchman 's " oracular despotism " and " the trail of moral and intellectual wrecks which its progress leaves behind . " Henson was in a minority of senior clergy in speaking out against the dictators of the Axis powers . He condemned Nazi anti @-@ Semitism , Mussolini 's invasion of Abyssinia , appeasement and the Munich agreement . On 1 February 1939 , at the age of seventy @-@ five , he retired from Durham to Hintlesham in Suffolk . Seven months later the Second World War began . Henson supported the Allies ' fight in what he saw as a just war to defeat godless barbarism ; he wrote of " The deepening infamies of Nazi warfare – infamies so horrible as almost to shake one 's faith in the essential Divineness of Humanity . " He urged , " there can be no compromise or patched up peace " . = = = Last years = = = Winston Churchill was impressed by Henson . Grimley comments that they had much in common , both spending years as isolated figures speaking out for beliefs that were dismissed at the time and later vindicated . As prime minister , Churchill persuaded Henson out of retirement in 1940 to resume his old duties as a Canon of Westminster Abbey . After overcoming the momentary strangeness of being back in his old post after nearly thirty years he preached with vigour until cataracts made his eyesight too poor to continue . He retired from the Abbey in 1941 . In his later years Henson 's lifelong sense of loneliness was compounded by the growing deafness of his wife , making their conversation difficult . He found some solace in the friendship of her companion , Fearne Booker , who lived with the Hensons for more than thirty years . He occupied a considerable part of his retirement writing a substantial work of autobiography , published in three volumes under the title Retrospect of an Unimportant Life . Both at the time and subsequently many of his friends and admirers regretted his publishing the work ; they thought he had done his reputation a disservice . Despite what Williams calls the " peculiar interest and vivacity " of the books , his survey of his many campaigns and controversies , seemed to others to be self @-@ justifying and wilfully to deny many changes of stance that he had manifestly made during his career . In Williams 's view the posthumous publication of Henson 's edited letters were a better legacy : " delightful in both form and content , and , barbed though they often are , they do him fuller justice " . In his writings Henson referred to his two regrets in life . The first was that he had not been at a public school , a fact to which he ascribed his lifelong feeling of being an outsider . The second regret was that he and his wife had been unable to have children . They unofficially adopted a succession of poor boys and paid for their education . At least one of them became a priest and was ordained by Henson . Henson died at Hintlesham on 27 September 1947 at the age of eighty @-@ four . At his wish his body was cremated ; his ashes were interred in Durham Cathedral . = = Books by Henson = = = = = As editor = = = Church Problems , a View of Modern Anglicanism . London : John Murray . 1900 . OCLC 29980088 . The Naked Truth by Bishop Herbert Croft . London : Chatto & Windus . 1919 [ 1674 ] . OCLC 265436413 . A Memoir of the Right Honourable Sir William Anson . Oxford : Clarendon Press . 1920 . OCLC 4065005 . = = = As author = = =
= Batgirl = Batgirl is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , depicted as female counterparts to the superhero Batman . Although the character Betty Kane was introduced into publication in 1961 by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff as Bat @-@ Girl , she was replaced by Barbara Gordon in 1967 , who later came to be identified as the iconic Batgirl . Depicted as the daughter of Gotham City police commissioner James Gordon , she debuted in Detective Comics # 359 , titled " The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl ! " ( 1967 ) by writer Gardner Fox and artist Carmine Infantino . As Batgirl , the character operates primarily in Gotham City , allying herself with Batman and the original Robin , Dick Grayson , as well as other prominent heroes in the DC Universe . Batgirl makes regular appearances in Detective Comics , Batman Family and several other books produced by DC until 1988 . That year , she appears in Barbara Kesel 's Batgirl Special # 1 , in which she retires from crime @-@ fighting . She subsequently appears in Alan Moore 's graphic novel Batman : The Killing Joke where , in her civilian identity , she is shot by the Joker and left paraplegic . Although she is recreated as the computer expert and information broker Oracle by editor Kim Yale and writer John Ostrander the following year , her paralysis sparked debate about the portrayal of women in comics , particularly violence depicted toward female characters . In the 1999 crossover No Man 's Land , the character Helena Bertinelli , known as Huntress , briefly assumes the role of Batgirl until she is stripped of the identity by Batman for violating his stringent codes . Within the same storyline , writer Kelley Puckett and artist Damion Scott introduce the character Cassandra Cain , written as the daughter of assassins David Cain and Lady Shiva ; she takes the mantle of Batgirl under the guidance of Batman and Oracle . In 2000 , she became the first Batgirl to star in an eponymous monthly comic book series , in addition to becoming one of the most prominent characters of Asian descent to appear in American comics . The series was canceled in 2006 , at which point during the company @-@ wide event One Year Later , she is established as a villain and head of the League of Assassins . After receiving harsh feedback from readership , she is later restored to her original conception . However , the character Stephanie Brown , originally known as Spoiler and later Robin , succeeds her as Batgirl after Cassandra Cain abandons the role . Stephanie Brown became the featured character of the Batgirl series written by Bryan Q. Miller from 2009 to 2011 . DC subsequently relaunched all their monthly publications during The New 52 event . In the revised continuity , Barbara Gordon recovers from her paralysis following a surgical procedure and stars in the relaunched Batgirl series written by Gail Simone as the title character . As Batgirl , Barbara Gordon has been adapted into various media relating to the Batman franchise , including television , film , animation , video games , and other merchandise . This factored into the decision to return her to the comic book role , as Dan DiDio , co @-@ publisher of DC Comics , expressed that she is the best @-@ known version of the character . = = Publication history = = = = = Detective Comics , Batman Family and other appearances ( 1961 – 1988 ) = = = Following the accusations of a homoerotic subtext in the depiction of the relationship between Batman and Robin as described in Fredric Wertham 's book Seduction of the Innocent ( 1954 ) , a female character , Kathy Kane the Batwoman , appeared in 1956 as a love @-@ interest for Batman . In 1961 DC Comics introduced a second female character as a love @-@ interest for Robin . Betty Kane as " Bat @-@ Girl " arrived as the niece of and Robin @-@ like sidekick to Batwoman , first appearing in Batman # 139 ( 1961 ) . The creation of the Batman Family , which included Batman and Batwoman depicted as parents , Robin and Bat @-@ Girl depicted as their children , the extraterrestrial imp Bat @-@ Mite and the " family pet " Ace the Bat @-@ Hound , caused the Batman @-@ related comic books to take " a wrong turn , switching from superheroes to situational comedy " . DC Comics abandoned these characters in 1964 when newly appointed Batman @-@ editor Julius Schwartz judged them too silly and therefore inappropriate . Schwartz had asserted that these characters should be removed , considering the Batman related comic books had steadily declined in sales , and restored the Batman mythology to its original conception of heroic vigilantism . Bat @-@ Girl , along with other characters in the Batman Family , were retconned out of existence following the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths . However , even though Bat @-@ Girl did not exist in the post @-@ Crisis continuity , a modified version of the character , Mary Elizabeth " Bette " Kane , introduced as the superhero Flamebird , continues to appear in DC Comics publications . Schwartz stated that he had been asked to develop a new female character in order to attract a female viewership to the Batman television series of the 1960s . Executive producer William Dozier suggested that the new character would be the daughter of Gotham City 's Police Commissioner James Gordon , and that she would adopt the identity of Batgirl . When Dozier and producer Howie Horowitz saw rough concept artwork of the new Batgirl by artist Carmine Infantino during a visit to DC offices , they optioned the character in a bid to help sell a third season to the ABC television network . Infantino reflected on the creation of Batgirl , stating " Bob Kane had had a Bat @-@ Girl for about three stories in the ’ 50s but she had nothing to do with a bat . She was like a pesky girl version of Robin . I knew we could do a lot better , so Julie and I came up with the real Batgirl , who was so popular she almost got her own TV show . " Yvonne Craig portrayed the character in the show 's third season . Barbara Gordon and alter ego Batgirl debuted in Detective Comics # 359 , " The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl " ( 1967 ) . In the debut story , while driving to a costume ball dressed as a female version of Batman , Barbara Gordon intervenes in a kidnapping attempt on Bruce Wayne by the super villain Killer Moth , attracting Batman 's attention and leading to a crime @-@ fighting career . Although Batman insists she give up crime @-@ fighting because of her gender , Batgirl disregards his objections . In her civilian identity , Dr. Barbara Gordon Ph.D. is depicted as a career woman with a doctorate in library science , as well as being head of Gotham City public library , " presumably one of the largest public libraries in the DC Comics version of reality . " She was given a regular backup slot in Detective Comics starting with issue # 384 ( February 1969 ) , alternating issues with Robin until issue # 404 , after which she had the backup slot to herself . Frank Robbins wrote nearly all of these backups , which were penciled first by Gil Kane and later by Don Heck . Barbara Gordon ’ s Batgirl exceeded the earlier Bat @-@ Girl and Batwoman characters in popularity , and readers requested for her to appear in other titles . Although some readers requested that Batwoman also continue to appear in publication , DC responded to the fan @-@ based acclaim and criticism of the new character in an open letter in Detective Comics # 417 ( 1971 ) , stating : " I 'd like to say a few words about the reaction some readers have to Batgirl . These are readers who remember Batwoman and the other Bat @-@ girls from years back ... They were there because romance seemed to be needed in Batman 's life . But thanks to the big change and a foresighted editor , these hapless females are gone for good . In their place stands a girl who is a capable crime @-@ fighter , a far cry from Batwoman who constantly had to be rescued [ by ] Batman . " Batgirl continued to appear in DC Comics publications throughout the late 1960s and 1970s as a supporting character in Detective Comics , in addition to guest appearances in various titles such as Justice League of America , World 's Finest Comics , The Brave and the Bold , Adventure Comics , and Superman . In the early @-@ 1970s Batgirl reveals her secret identity to her father ( who had already discovered it on his own ) and serves as a member of the United States House of Representatives . She moves to Washington , D.C. , intending to give up her career as Batgirl , and in June 1972 appeared in a story entitled " Batgirl 's Last Case . " Julius Schwartz brought her back a year later in Superman # 268 ( 1973 ) in which she has a blind date with Clark Kent , establishing their friendship , and fights alongside Superman . Batgirl and Superman team up twice more , in Superman # 279 and DC Comics Presents # 19 . Batgirl also guest @-@ starred in other Superman related titles such as # 453 of Adventure Comics and in Superman Family # 171 , where she teams with Supergirl . The character is given a starring role in DC 's Batman Family comic book which debuted in 1975 . The original Robin , Dick Grayson , became her partner in the series , with the two frequently referred to as the " Dynamite Duo : Batgirl & Robin " . Batgirl meets Batwoman in Batman Family # 10 , when the retired superhero briefly returns to crime @-@ fighting ( before the Bronze Tiger murders Kane ) . The two fight Killer Moth and Cavalier , and learn each other 's secret identities . Batwoman retires once again at the conclusion of the story , leaving Batgirl to continue crime @-@ fighting . Although this series ended after three years of publication , Batgirl continued to appear in back up stories published in Detective Comics through issue # 519 ( October 1982 ) . Crisis on Infinite Earths , a limited miniseries published in 1985 , was written in order to reduce the complex history of DC Comics to a single continuity . Although Batgirl is a featured character , her role is relatively small — she delivers Supergirl 's eulogy in issue seven of the 12 @-@ part series . The conclusion of Crisis on Infinite Earths changed DC Universe continuity in many ways . Following the reboot , Barbara Gordon is born to Roger and Thelma Gordon , and she is Jim Gordon 's niece and adopted daughter in current canon . Post @-@ Crisis , Supergirl does not arrive on Earth until after Gordon has established herself as Oracle , and many of the adventures she shared with Batgirl are retroactively described as having been experienced by Power Girl . In Secret Origins # 20 ( 1987 ) , Barbara Gordon 's origin is rebooted by author Barbara Randal . Within the storyline , Gordon recounts the series of events that lead to her career as Batgirl , including her first encounter with Batman as a child , studying martial arts under the tutelage of a sensei , memorizing maps and blue prints of the city , excelling in academics in order to skip grades , and pushing herself to become a star athlete . = = = Batgirl Special and Batman : The Killing Joke ( 1988 ) = = = DC officially retired the hero in the one @-@ shot comic Batgirl Special # 1 ( July 1988 ) , written by Barbara Kesel . Later that year , she appears in Alan Moore 's Batman : The Killing Joke . In this graphic novel , the Joker shoots and paralyzes Barbara Gordon in an attempt to drive her father insane , thereby proving to Batman that anyone can be morally compromised . Although events in The Killing Joke exert a great impact on the character , the story has little to do with her . She is deployed as a plot device to cement the Joker ’ s vendetta against Commissioner Gordon and Batman . In 2006 , during an interview with Wizard , Moore expressed regret over his treatment of the character calling it " shallow and ill @-@ conceived " . He stated prior to writing the graphic novel , " I asked DC if they had any problem with me crippling Barbara Gordon — who was Batgirl at the time — and if I remember , I spoke to Len Wein , who was our editor on the project " , and following a discussion with then @-@ Executive Editorial Director Dick Giordano , " Len got back onto the phone and said , ‘ Yeah , okay , cripple the bitch . ' " Although there has been speculation as to whether or not editors at DC specifically intended to have the character 's paralysis become permanent , Brian Cronin , author of Was Superman A Spy ? : And Other Comic Book Legends Revealed ( 2009 ) noted that DC had hired Barbara Kesel to write the Batgirl Special specifically to retire the character and set her in place for The Killing Joke . Gail Simone included the character 's paralysis in a list of " major female characters that had been killed , mutilated , and depowered " , dubbing the phenomenon " Women in Refrigerators " in reference to a 1994 Green Lantern story where the title character discovers his girlfriend 's mutilated body in his refrigerator . Following the release of the graphic novel , comic book editor and writer Kim Yale discussed how distasteful she found the treatment of Barbara Gordon with her husband , fellow comic writer John Ostrander . Rather than allow the character to fall into obscurity , the two decided to revive her as a character living with a disability — the information broker , Oracle . = = = No Man 's Land ( 1999 ) = = = Eleven years after the editorial retirement of Barbara Gordon as Batgirl , a new version of the character was introduced in Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 83 during the multi @-@ title story arc " No Man 's Land " ( 1999 ) . In Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 120 ( 1999 ) , the new Batgirl is revealed to be Helena Bertinelli , an established DC comics superhero alternatively known as the Huntress . Bertinelli is eventually forced to abandon the mantle by Batgirl . No Man 's Land also marks the introduction of Cassandra Cain in Batman # 567 ( 1999 ) . Depicted as a martial arts child prodigy , Cassandra Cain is written as a young woman of partly Asian descent who succeeds Helena Bertinelli as Batgirl , with the approval of both Batman and Oracle . = = = Batgirl and other appearances ( 2000 – 2011 ) = = = The first Batgirl monthly comic was published in 2000 , with Cassandra Cain as the title character . Raised by assassin David Cain , Cassandra Cain was not taught spoken language , but instead was taught to " read " physical movement . Subsequently , Cain 's only form of communication was body language . The parts of the character 's brain normally used for speech were trained so Cain could read other people 's body language and predict , with uncanny accuracy , their next move . This also caused her brain to develop learning functions different from most , a form of dyslexia that hampers her abilities to read and write . Despite Cain 's disability , author Andersen Gabrych describes the character 's unique form of language as the key factor in what makes Cain an excellent detective ; the ability to walk into a room and " know " something is wrong based on body language . During the first arc of the Batgirl comic book series entitled " Silent Running " , Cassandra Cain encounters a psychic who " reprograms " her brain , enabling her to comprehend verbal language , while simultaneously losing the ability to predict movements . This issue is resolved during the second arc of the series , " A Knight Alone " , when Batgirl encounters the assassin Lady Shiva who agrees to teach her how to predict movement once again . Six years after its debut , DC Comics canceled the Batgirl comic book series with issue # 73 ( 2006 ) , ending with Cain relinquishing her role as Batgirl . When DC Comics continuity skipped forward one year after the events of the limited series Infinite Crisis , Cassandra Cain is revived as leader of the League of Assassins , having abandoned her previous characterization as an altruist . The character 's progression from hero to villain angered some of her fans and was accompanied by heavy criticism . Cain reprised her role as Batgirl in the " Titans East " ( 2007 ) storyline of Teen Titans , where it was discovered that she had been influenced by a mind @-@ altering drug administered by supervillain Deathstroke the Terminator . Following the conclusion of the storyline , DC Comics has restored Cain 's original characterization as a superhero and the character has been given a supporting role in the comic book series Batman and the Outsiders . Following the events of Batman 's disappearance , Cassandra , acting under her mentor 's orders in the event of his death , handed over the Batgirl mantle to Stephanie Brown , the former Spoiler and Robin . After declining an offer from Tim Drake to reclaim the Batgirl mantle from Stephanie , Cassandra rejoined the Batman Family under the new identity of Blackbat . She currently acts as the Hong Kong representative of Batman Inc . Stephanie Brown , formerly the Spoiler and briefly the fourth Robin , takes up the mantle of Batgirl after Cassandra Cain gives Brown her costume under Batman 's order . Eventually , Barbara Gordon approves of Brown as her newest successor — and she gives Brown her own Batgirl costume and becomes her mentor for a period . Brown is the fourth in @-@ continuity Batgirl and the second Batgirl to star in her own ongoing Batgirl comic book series . = = = The New 52 : Batgirl , Birds of Prey and other appearances ( 2011 – 2016 ) = = = In September , 2011 , following the company @-@ wide relaunch , Barbara Gordon stars in a new Batgirl series — one of The New 52 titles featuring the company 's most iconic characters . The conclusion of the limited series Flashpoint ( 2011 ) establishes a new continuity within the DC Universe , with all characters regressing to an earlier age and stage in their careers , while remaining in a modern timeline . DC Senior VP of Sales , Bob Wayne , explained that with each of their titles reverting to issue # 1 , " our creative teams have the ability to take a more modern approach — not only with each character , but with how the characters interact with one another and the universe as a whole , and focus on the earlier part of the careers of each of our iconic characters . " Wayne also stated that " The Killing Joke still happened and she was Oracle . Now she will go through physical rehabilitation and become a more seasoned and nuanced character because she had these incredible and diverse experiences . Dan DiDio , Co @-@ Publisher of DC Comics explained the decision by stating that " she 'll always be the most recognizable [ Batgirl ] . " Series writer Gail Simone stated : " For many years , I got to write the character as Oracle , and there is to this day , no character who means more to me . This is classic Barbara as she was originally conceived , with a few big surprises . It ’ s a bit of a shock , to be sure , but we ’ re doing everything we can to be respectful to this character ’ s amazing legacy , while presenting something thrilling that a generation of comics readers will be experiencing for the first time ... Barbara Gordon leaping , fighting , and swinging over Gotham . Now , when citizens of that city look up , they are going to see BATGIRL . And that is absolutely thrilling . " In the new , revised continuity , the events of The Killing Joke took place three years before the current storyline , and while it is established she was paraplegic during that time , Barbara Gordon is written as having regained her mobility after undergoing experimental surgery at a South African clinic . Although she resumes her work as Batgirl one year after her recovery , she continues to suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder , causing her to hesitate in battle when exposed to gunfire that could result in receiving new spinal damage . The character also exhibits survivor guilt due to the fact she has made a full recovery from her paralysis while others have not . Series writer Gail Simone stated that while the character is " one of the smartest and toughest women in comics ... One thing the book is truly about , is that the after @-@ effects of something like PTSD ( post @-@ traumatic stress disorder ) or other trauma @-@ related syndromes , can strike even very smart , very intellectually tough people , even soldiers and cops " , a subject that is generally overlooked in comic books . She also explained the method of the character 's recovery is based upon real life experiences in that " some of the best real world work in the field of mobility rehabilitation is coming from South Africa . People have been talking about this as if it 's some sort of mystical thing like returning from the dead , but there are treatments and surgeries that can restore mobility in some cases . Barbara 's spine was not severed . That makes her a candidate . " Prior to release , Batgirl # 1 sold out at the distribution level with over 100 @,@ 000 copies printed in its first run according to Diamond Comic Distributors . Along with Action Comics # 1 , Justice League # 1 , Batman # 1 , Batman and Robin # 1 , Batman : The Dark Knight # 1 , Detective Comics # 1 , Flash # 1 , Green Lantern # 1 , and Superman # 1 , retailers were required to order a second printing . Calvin Reid of Publishers Weekly states in a review of the first issue : " The artwork is okay though conventional , while Simone ’ s script tries to tie up of the end of the previous Barbara Gordon / Oracle storyline and setup up the new Batgirl . Her formula : murderous villains , blood splattering violence and high flying superheroics mixed with single @-@ white @-@ female bonding ... plus a cliffhanger ending to the first issue that offers a nifty [ segue ] into the new world of Barbara Gordon and Batgirl . " The New York Times critic George Gene Gustines wrote : " Unlike some of the other DC comics I read this week , Batgirl achieves a deft hat trick : a well @-@ shaped reintroduction to a character , an elegant acknowledgement of fundamental history and the establishment of a new status quo . This is a must @-@ buy series . " Earning a B + rating in a review from Entertainment Weekly , Ken Tucker writes that Simone " [ takes ] her Birds of Prey storytelling powers and focuses them on the newly revived Barbara Gordon as Batgirl . The result is a burst of exhilaration , as Barbara / Batgirl revels in her new freedom even as she encounters a so @-@ far not @-@ terribly @-@ chilling villain called Mirror . " Since the series relaunch in September 2011 , Batgirl has remained within the top 30 of the 300 best @-@ selling monthly comic book publications sold in North America . Monthly estimated sales figures are as follows : Batgirl No. 1 with 81 @,@ 489 copies ( ranked 12th overall ) , Batgirl No. 2 with 75 @,@ 227 ( ranked 14th ) , Batgirl No. 3 with 62 @,@ 974 ( ranked 18th ) , Batgirl No. 4 with 53 @,@ 975 ( raked 23rd ) , Batgirl No. 5 with 51 @,@ 327 ( raked 26th ) , and Batgirl No. 6 with 47 @,@ 836 ( ranked 30th ) . The hardcover edition of volume 1 , Batgirl : The Darkest Reflection , which collects issues # 1 @-@ 6 , made the The New York Times Best Seller list , alongside Animal Man : The Hunt , Batman & Robin : Born to Kill , Batman : Detective Comics , Wonder Woman : Blood , Batwoman : Hydrology , Green Lantern : Sinestro . Additionally , Barbara Gordon makes an appearance in Birds of Prey No. 1 , where Black Canary offers her a spot on the new Birds of Prey roster . She declines Canary 's invitation , suggesting that Katana take her place instead . Series writer Duane Swierczynski has stated that Batgirl will join the team in issue # 4 . He commented that while she " is an essential part of this team " , she is not the focus of the series , as she is hesitant to be associated with the other characters because of their status as outlaws . In October 2014 , the monthly Batgirl title underwent a soft reboot with the new creative team Brenden Fletcher ( writer ) Cameron Stewart ( writer , layouts ) , Babs Tarr ( artist ) and Maris Wicks ( colors ) . The first six @-@ issue story explored Barbara Gordon 's attempt to start a new life as a PhD student in the hip Gotham borough of Burnside . While seemingly light and engaging compared to Gail Simone 's darker preceding run , the new arc ultimately dealt with Babs ' inability to fully escape her earlier trauma and the villain was revealed as her own brain scans , an algorithm similar to the pre @-@ New 52 Oracle . While the reboot was highly praised for its fun , energy , innovative use of social media , and particularly for Tarr 's art , issue 37 caused controversy with its depiction of a villain named Dagger Type , which some critics saw as a transphobic caricature . In response , the creative team issued a joint apology and revised the issue for the subsequent collected edition , Batgirl Vol . 1 : The Batgirl of Burnside . On March 13 , 2015 DC Comics released 25 Joker @-@ themed variant covers for its various monthly series for release that June , in celebration of the character 's 75th anniversary . Among them was a cover to Batgirl # 41 by artist Rafael Albuquerque that took its inspiration from The Killing Joke . The cover depicts the Joker standing next to a tearful Batgirl , who has a red smile painted across her mouth . The Joker has one hand holding a revolver draped over Batgirl 's shoulder and is pointing to her cheek with the other hand , as if gesturing to shoot her . The cover quickly drew criticism for highlighting a dark period in the character 's history , especially when juxtaposed with the youthful , more optimistic direction of the series at the time . The hashtag # changethecover drew dozens of posts on Twitter and Tumblr asking DC to not release the variant . DC ultimately withdrew the cover from publication at the request of Albuquerque , who stated , " My intention was never to hurt or upset anyone through my art ... For that reason , I have recommended to DC that the variant cover be pulled . " = = = DC Rebirth : Batgirl and Batgirl and the Birds of Prey ( 2016 – present ) = = = In March 2016 , DC Comics announced it would be relaunching all of its monthly titles under the DC Rebirth event . The relaunch restores elements of the pre @-@ Flashpoint DC continuity while maintaining elements of The New 52 as well . Among the new titles and creative teams announced , Batgirl written by Hope Larson and Batgirl and the Birds of Prey written by Julie Benson and Shawna Benson were included . = = = Alternative versions = = = Various alterations of Barbara Gordon as Batgirl have appeared in storylines published in and out of mainstream continuity titles . Variants of the character within continuity often appear in stories which involve time travel , such as the crossover limited series Zero Hour : Crisis in Time , a follow @-@ up story preceded by the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths which altered mainstream continuity . Notable imprints of DC Comics such as Elseworlds and All Star DC Comics have also featured alternate versions of the character . The Elseworlds imprint takes the company 's iconic characters and places them in alternate timelines , places and events making heroes " as familiar as yesterday seem as fresh as tomorrow . " As Batgirl , Barbara Gordon has made several appearances in Elseworlds comics since 1997 . The character is given starring roles in the noir @-@ style storyline Thrillkiller ( 1997 ) , its sequel Thrillkiller ' 62 ( 1998 ) , and the one @-@ shot comic Elseworld 's Finest : Supergirl & Batgirl ( 1998 ) . In 2005 , DC Comics launched its All Star imprint — an ongoing series of comics designed to pair the company 's most iconic characters with the most acclaimed writers and artists in the industry . Similar to Elseworlds , All Star is not restricted to continuity and establishes a fresh perspective for the latest generation of readership . According to Dan DiDio , " [ t ] hese books are created to literally reach the widest audience possible , and not just the comic book audience , but anyone who has ever wanted to read or see anything about Superman or Batman . " An alternate Barbara Gordon was adapted into Frank Miller 's All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder ( 2005 ) as a teenage Batgirl . In addition , another variation of the character had been set to star in an eponymous All Star Batgirl title , written by Geoff Johns ; however , the series was canceled prior to publication . Alternate versions of Batgirl aside from Barbara Gordon have also appeared in publications by DC Comics . In Batman Beyond Unlimited ( set in the continuity of the animated series Batman Beyond ) , the new Batgirl is a 15 @-@ year @-@ old girl named Nissa . In Batgirl : Future 's End # 1 , set in an alternate future , a trio of Batgirls include Casandra Cain , Stephanie Brown and newcomer Tiffany Fox — the daughter of Lucius Fox and the first African American character to be portrayed as Batgirl . In the alternate history DC Comics Bombshells universe , there is no singular Batgirl . Instead , there exists a group of young female vigilantes known as The Batgirls , whose ranks consist of a Batwoman fan named Harper Row , an African @-@ American mechanic named Kathy Duquesne , a young girl named Nell Little , and a Singaporean @-@ American dancer named Alysia Yeoh . In Digital Issue 42 ( collected in Print Issue 14 ) , Harley Quinn tells Pamela Isley about encountering " the Belle of the Bog " , who appears to be Barbara Gordon as a vampire . Barbara Gordon 's origins as the first Bombshell Batgirl will be explored in DC Comics Bombshells Annual # 1 , set to be published on 31 August 2016 . = = Characterization = = Batgirl has officially been represented by four different characters - and two claimants - beginning with her introduction in 1961 . = = = Betty / Bette Kane = = = During the Golden Age , a female character was introduced as a love interest for Robin . Betty Kane as " Bat @-@ Girl " was depicted as the niece of and Robin @-@ like sidekick to the original Batwoman . In 1964 , however , editor Julius Schwartz asserted that Bat @-@ Girl and other characters in the Bat @-@ Family should be removed considering the decline in sales and restored the Batman mythology to its original conception of heroic vigilantism . During the Crisis on Infinite Earths storyline , Betty Kane was retconned out of existence . Mary Elizabeth " Bette " Kane is a reinvented version of the Betty Kane character during the Golden Age . As her original characterization was retconned out of existence during the Crisis on Infinite Earths storyline , a discrepancy arose where her Bat @-@ Girl character had joined the west coast version of the Teen Titans but simply disappeared . The character was reintroduced as Bette Kane and the alias of Flamebird . Following Infinite Crisis , the character 's past as Bat @-@ Girl was hinted at as being a part of continuity . However , that reference included a revamped origin of the character and it may or may not have been the current Bette Kane . = = = Barbara Gordon = = = During the run of the Batman television series , DC editorial was approached about adding a female character back into the Batman family . Revising the character history and motivation , Julius Schwartz created Barbara Gordon . This character held the role of Batgirl from 1967 to 1988 when she was retired by DC editorial decision . The character 's role was changed to a paraplegic source of information for all members of the Batman family and codenamed Oracle . She was later restored as Batgirl during The New 52 relaunch of the entire DC publication line in 2011 . = = = Cassandra Cain = = = During the same No Man 's Land storyline , Cassandra Cain was given the role of Batgirl under the guidance of Batman and Oracle . Written as the daughter of assassins David Cain and Lady Shiva , she is trained from early childhood to read human body language instead of developing verbal and written communication skills as part of her father 's conditioning to mold her into the world 's deadliest assassin . However , after committing her first murder , she vows to never again use her martial @-@ arts prowess to kill . In 2000 , she became the first Batgirl to star in an eponymous monthly comic book series as well as one of the most prominent characters of Asian descent to appear in American comics . The series was canceled in 2006 and Cassandra Cain abandoned the role of Batgirl shortly thereafter . Years later , Cassandra rejoined the Batman family under the moniker Blackbat . = = = Stephanie Brown = = = Stephanie Brown was formerly known as Spoiler and then as the first in @-@ continuity female Robin until her apparent death in 2006 . Following her return to comics in 2009 , she assumed the role of Batgirl . She maintained this position until 2011 , the relaunch of the DC imprint under The New 52 . The character reappeared in the DCU in Batman # 28 , as Spoiler . = = = Claimants = = = = = = = Helena Bertinelli = = = = For a brief time during 1999 's No Man 's Land storyline , Helena Bertinelli assumed the mantle of Batgirl . After violating Batman 's code against extreme violence , she was stripped of the mantle and returned to her alias of Huntress . = = = = Charlotte " Charlie " Gage @-@ Radcliffe = = = = After Cassandra Cain abandoned the role a mystery character appeared as the new Batgirl in the Birds of Prey comic . Possessing superpowers , the teen claimed the empty mantle in an attempt to honor the character . However , Barbara Gordon quickly dissuaded the teen from continuing in the role . Charlie Gage @-@ Radcliffe acquiesced , but modified her costume and changed her name to Misfit . = = Cultural impact = = While Barbara Gordon and Cassandra Cain have both been the subject of academic analysis regarding the portrayal of women in comics , commentary on Barbara Gordon 's Batgirl has focused on her character 's connection to the Women 's liberation movement , doctoral degree and career as a librarian , while analysis of Cassandra Cain 's Batgirl has focused on the character 's double minority status as a woman and a person of color . Since her debut in DC Comics publication , and fueled by her adaptation into the Batman television series in 1967 , Barbara Gordon 's Batgirl has been listed among fictional characters that are regarded as cultural icons . Author Brian Cronin , in Was Superman A Spy ? : And Other Comic Book Legends Revealed ( 2009 ) notes that following her 1967 debut , " Batgirl was soon popular enough to appear regularly over the next two decades and Yvonne Craig certainly made an impression on many viewers with her one season portraying young Ms. Gordon . " In 2011 , IGN ranked Barbara Gordon 17th in the Top 100 Comic Books Heroes . Cassandra Cain 's Batgirl has become one of the most prominent Asian characters to appear in American comic books , and her understated sexuality is notable as being contrary to the common sexual objectification of female characters , especially those of Asian descent . = = = Feminist interpretations = = = In The Supergirls : Fashion , Feminism , Fantasy , and the History of Comic Book Heroines ( 2009 ) , author Mike Madrid states that what set Barbara Gordon as Batgirl apart from other female characters was her motivation for crime @-@ fighting . Unlike Batwoman who preceded her , " she wears his symbol on her chest , but she is not his girlfriend or faithful handmaiden . " Because of the fact she does not pursue a romantic interest in Batman , " Batgirl is a female Batman can actually regard as a brilliant peer and a partner in the war on crime , the same way he would a male . " Historian Peter Sanderson observed that Barbara Gordon 's Batgirl reflected the Women 's liberation movement of the 1960s . In the 1980s , Barbara Kesel , after writing a complaint to DC Comics over the negative portrayal of female characters , was given the opportunity to write for Barbara Gordon in Detective Comics . Robin Anne Reid , in Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy : Overviews ( 2009 ) wrote that " Kesel 's version of Batgirl established her as a character separate from Batman and Robin : a woman motivated to do what men do , but alone and in her own way . Her Secret Origins ( 1987 ) and Batgirl Special ( 1988 ) countered the victimized and objectified presentation of Barbara Gordon / Batgirl in Alan Moore 's acclaimed The Killing Joke ( 1988 ) . " She notes that Kesel 's interpretation of the character emphasized her intelligence , technological skill , and ability to overcome fear . Gail Simone included the character 's paralysis in a list of " major female characters that had been killed , mutilated , and depowered " , dubbing the phenomenon " Women in Refrigerators " in reference to a 1994 Green Lantern story where the title character discovers his girlfriend 's mutilated body in his refrigerator . Simone highlighted the gender difference regarding the treatment of Batman and Batgirl regarding paralysis by stating that " [ b ] oth had their backs broken [ Batman broke his in a dramatic Batcave confrontation with the villain Bane ; Batgirl broke hers when she was ambushed in her home and shot in the spine by the Joker , never given a chance to fight ] . Less than a year later , Batman was fine . Batgirl — now named Oracle — was in a wheelchair and remained so for many years . ” In Superheroes and Superegos : Analyzing the Minds Behind the Masks ( 2010 ) , author Sharon Packer wrote that " [ a ] nyone who feels that feminist critics overreacted to [ Gordon 's ] accident is advised to consult the source material " calling the work " sadistic to the core . " Brian Cronin noted that " [ many ] readers felt the violence towards Barbara Gordon was too much , and even Moore , in retrospect , has expressed his displeasure with how the story turned out . " Jeffrey A. Brown , author of Dangerous Curves : Action Heroines , Gender , Fetishism , and Popular Culture ( 2011 ) noted The Killing Joke as an example of the " inherent misogyny of the male @-@ dominated comic book industry " in light of the " relatively unequal violence [ female characters ] are subjected to . " While male characters may be critically injured or killed , they are more than likely to be returned to their original conception , while female characters are more likely to receive permanent damage . Reid states that although speculation behind the editorial decision to allow the paralysis of the character to become permanent included the idea she had become outdated , " if audiences had grown tired of Batgirl , it was not because she was a bad character but because she had been written badly . " Despite views that present the character 's Batgirl persona as a symbol of female empowerment , a long @-@ held criticism is that she was originally conceived as an uninspired variation of Batman " rather than standing alone as leader , such as Wonder Woman " who had no pre @-@ existing male counterpart . In analyzing stereotypes in gender , Jackie Marsh noted that male superheroes ( such as Batman ) are depicted as hyper @-@ masculine and anti @-@ social , " while female superheroes are reduced to a childlike status by their names " such as the Batgirl character . = = = Representation for librarians = = = In The Image and Role of the Librarian ( 2002 ) , Wendi Arant and Candace R. Benefiel argue that Batgirl 's portrayal as a librarian is considered to be significant to the profession , in that it is represented as a valuable and honorable career . Even in light of the fact that the character abandons it in order to run for United States Congress , Barbara Gordon is seen as being given a " career switch that even most librarians would consider a step up . " In the essay " Librarians , Professionalism and Image : Stereotype and Reality " ( 2007 ) , Abigail Luthmann views the character less favorably , stating that " [ t ] he unassuming role of librarian is used as a low @-@ visibility disguise for her crime @-@ fighting alter @-@ ego , and while her information @-@ locating skills may have been useful to her extra @-@ curricular activities no direct examples are given . " = = = Representation for Asian Americans = = = The Cassandra Cain version of Batgirl , depicted as a biracial character ( Half White and half Chinese ) , is notable as one of the most prominent characters of Asian descent to appear in American comic books . Jeffrey A. Brown states that while her ethnicity is rarely mentioned in the comic books , Asian women have had a long history in comics of being portrayed as martial artists and are often exploited as sex objects . However , in the case of Batgirl , " Cassandra 's racial identity is treated more implicitly than explicitly . Her costume design actually conceals her entire body so that while in her guise as Batgirl her ethnicity is completely unapparent . " The fact that her sexuality is also understated represents a shift away from the typical portrayls of women , and Asian women in particular . The most controversial aspect of her character came about during the One Year Later event , when she is reintroduced as a villain . The abrupt shift in her character brought about negative criticism from readership . When questioned about the change in characterization , writer Adam Beechen stated : " They didn 't present me with a rationale as to why Cassandra was going to change , or a motivating factor . That was left for me to come up with and them to approve . And we did that . But as far as to why the editors and writers and whoever else made the decision decided that was a good direction , I honestly couldn 't answer . " = = In other media = = Portrayed by Yvonne Craig , the character 's first adaptation outside of comic books took place in the third season of Batman ( 1967 ) . Les Daniels , in Batman : The Complete History ( 2004 ) wrote that the goal of ABC was to " attract new audience members , especially idealistic young girls and less high @-@ minded older men . " According to Craig : " I used to think the reason they hired me was because they knew I could ride my own motorcycle ... I realized they hired me because I had a cartoon voice . " A shared criticism of Batgirl and other female superheroes in television at the time ( such as Wonder Woman and the Bionic Woman ) , is that she was not allowed to engage in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat on screen . As such , " her fights were choreographed carefully to imitate the moves of a Broadway showgirl through the use of a straight kick to her opponent 's face rather than the type of kick a martial artist would use . " However , Craig has also stated : " I meet young women who say Batgirl was their role model ... They say its because it was the first time they ever felt girls could do the same things guys could do , and sometimes better . I think that ’ s lovely . " During the early 1970s , Craig portrayed Batgirl once again in a public service announcement to advocate equal pay for women . Since Batman , the character has had a long history of appearances in television and other media . As Batgirl , Barbara Gordon plays a supporting role in a string of animated series , voiced by Jane Webb in The Batman / Superman Hour ( 1968 ) , Melendy Britt in The New Adventures of Batman ( 1977 ) , Melissa Gilbert in Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 ) , Tara Strong in The New Batman Adventures ( 1997 ) , Danielle Judovits in The Batman ( 2004 ) , and Mae Whitman in Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2008 ) . In 2012 , Batgirl starred alongside Supergirl and Wonder Girl in Super Best Friends Forever , a series of shorts developed by Lauren Faust for the DC Nation block on Cartoon Network . Barbara Gordon makes two cameo appearances in the first season of the animated series Young Justice , and is added as a recurring character in season two where she has adopted her Batgirl persona . Dina Meyer starred as Barbara Gordon in the television series Birds of Prey ( 2002 ) . Although this series focused on her role as Oracle , the series included flash @-@ backs of the character 's history as Batgirl . In the film Batman & Robin , Alicia Silverstone played a variation of the character : Barbara Wilson , Alfred Pennyworth 's niece . In addition to live @-@ action television and animation , the character has appeared in a number of video games included in the Batman franchise . She appears in The Adventures of Batman & Robin and Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu voiced by Tara Strong . She also appears in LEGO Batman for the PC , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , DS , and PlayStation Portable . In Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure , The Barbara Gordon incarnation of Batgirl appears when Maxwell heads to Arkham Asylum to battle The Scarecrow . The other three Batgirls ( Bette Kane , Stephanie Brown and Cassandra Cain ) can be spawned and all three are playable in the Wii U version . The most recent video game featuring Batgirl is Batman : Arkham Knight , available for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC . The developers created a side story named " A Matter of Family " in which the player is able to control Batgirl . Robin is also playable , but only in fight scenes . The plot tells about Batgirl entering an amusement park where Joker maintains her father , commissioner James Gordon , captive , as well as other cops . Gotham 's Ben McKenzie did tease about seeing Batgirl in child form in the series . Film director Nicolas Winding Refn revealed in a interview with Collider that he would like to direct a Batgirl movie . = = Collected editions = = = = Other collected editions = = Batman : Bruce Wayne – Murderer ? ( Batgirl # 24 ) Batman : Bruce Wayne – Fugitive Vol . One ( Batgirl # 27 and # 29 ) Batman : Bruce Wayne – Fugitive Vol . Three ( Batgirl # 33 ) Batman War Games : Act One - Outbreak ( Batgirl # 55 ) Batman War Games : Act Two - Tides ( Batgirl # 56 ) Batman War Games : Act Three - Endgame ( Batgirl # 57 )
= The Titan 's Curse = The Titan 's Curse is a 2007 fantasy @-@ adventure novel based on Greek mythology written by Rick Riordan . It is the third novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and the sequel to The Sea of Monsters . It charts the adventures of the fourteen @-@ year @-@ old demigod Percy Jackson as he and his friends go on a dangerous quest to rescue his friend Annabeth Chase and the Greek goddess Artemis , who have both been kidnapped . The Titan 's Curse was published by Miramax Books , an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children and thus Disney Publishing ( succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint ) . It was released in the United States and the United Kingdom on May 1 , 2007 . The novel was also released in audiobook format , read by Jesse Bernstein . Mostly well @-@ received , The Titan 's Curse was nominated for numerous awards , winning ones such as the No. 1 The New York Times children 's series best seller and Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick for 2007 . = = Plot = = Percy Jackson , Annabeth Chase , and Thalia Grace get a ride from Mrs. Jackson to Westover Hall , a boarding school in Bar Harbor , Maine , to escort two sibling half @-@ bloods named Nico and Bianca di Angelo that Grover Underwood has found . They are attacked by a manticore named Dr. Thorn . Though Artemis and her hunters arrive to help , Annabeth is captured by Dr. Thorn . Artemis is troubled by the manticore 's mention of a " Great Stirring " of monsters , and goes off alone to hunt an Olympus @-@ destroying monster she believes to have finally returned from Tartarus . She sends the half @-@ bloods and Hunters ( whose number now includes Bianca di Angelo ) to Camp Half @-@ Blood with her brother Apollo . While there , Nico settles into camp life ; Percy and Blackjack save a sea monster Percy nicknames Bessie ; and Artemis 's lieutenant Zoë Nightshade has mysterious dreams about the goddess being in grave danger . Percy has similar dreams about Annabeth . Both are unable to act , however , until the Oracle ( a shriveled mummy ) somehow leaves her storage room and delivers the Huntress a prophecy . Chiron and Zoë organize a quest , but Percy is not included because the Hunters refuse to travel with a boy . He successfully sneaks away from camp on Blackjack , though he is almost stopped by Mr. D ( Dionysus ) . When they arrive in Washington , D.C. , Percy notices Dr. Thorn heading into the National Museum of Natural History , and follows him using an invisibility cap . Luke and a man called the General are there , and summon spartoi to hunt the official quest group , who are currently in the National Air and Space Museum nearby . Percy runs to warn them , but they are attacked by the Nemean Lion before they can leave . They flee , and , on the advice of Apollo , travel to Cloudcroft , New Mexico . In Cloudcroft , Grover senses the presence of Pan , who sends the Erymanthian Boar to help them escape the spartoi who have caught up with them . The boar carries them as far as Gila Claw , Arizona and the " junkyard of the gods " . After a brief encounter with Ares and Aphrodite , the group enters the junkyard , where Bianca tries to take a cursed statuette for Nico . Her theft awakens a prototype of Talos , and she gives her life to bring it down . The remaining quest members travel to the Hoover Dam , and , after narrowly escaping the spartoi again , arrive in San Francisco . Once there , Percy seeks out Nereus and learns that the monster Artemis was hunting is Bessie , the monster he saved , who is an ophiotaurus . After a final encounter with Dr. Thorn , Grover heads back to Camp Half @-@ Blood with the ophiotaurus . Zoë , Percy , and Thalia go to find Frederick Chase in the hope that he will help them reach their final destination : Mount Tamalpais , which is the modern location of the Titans ' fortress on Mount Othrys . With Mr. Chase 's car , they travel to the Garden of Hesperides . Zoë is wounded by the dragon Ladon while they pass through . From the place where Atlas once held up the sky , they see Artemis now doing his job . Seeing Annabeth in chains and learning that " the General " is Zoë 's father Atlas , Percy takes the burden from Artemis so his companions can fight the Titan 's advance guard . Artemis manages to force Atlas back under his burden , but not before he seriously wounds her lieutenant . Thalia battles Luke , and he falls from a cliff , apparently dead . With the help of Mr. Chase , who arrives in a biplane he has fitted with celestial bronze weaponry , they escape and travel to Olympus . Zoë dies during the trip and is turned into a constellation by the lady Artemis . During the winter solstice meeting , the gods are finally convinced by Artemis to take action against the Titans . Thalia is also asked by Artemis to become an immortal Huntress , and her acceptance is the only thing that prevents the onset of the Great Prophecy . Percy is told by his father that Luke is somehow not dead , and he and Annabeth return to Camp Half @-@ Blood worried about the future . Before he can relax , however , Percy is forced to explain Bianca 's death to Nico . Nico blames Percy , and when a group of spartoi arrive to attack the son of Poseidon , Nico banishes them to the realm of Hades . Percy realizes Nico must be a son of Hades . Nico runs away , and the only people Percy tells the truth are Annabeth and Grover . They promise to hide this fact from everyone else , especially the Titan 's army . = = = Prophecy = = = The prophecy given by the oracle to Zoë Nightshade reads : Five shall go west to the goddess in chains , One shall be lost in the land without rain , The bane of Olympus shows the trail , Campers and Hunters combined prevail , The Titan ’ s curse must one withstand , And one shall perish by a parent ’ s hand . = = = = Meaning = = = = 1.The group consisting of Zoë , Thalia , Grover , Bianca , and Percy ( originally Phoebe ) . The questers travel to Mount Othrys in the west to free Artemis from her confinement . 2 . Bianca sacrificed herself in the desert to save the group against a defective prototype of Hephaestus ' robot , Talos . 3 . They followed the Ophiotaurus , which was called the bane of Olympus because if he was sacrificed in flames , the person that sacrificed it would have the power to destroy Olympus . During the quest , it keeps appearing in various bodies of water . 4 . The only way the quest would be successful was if campers and Hunters worked together . The quest consisted of three campers ( Percy , Grover , and Thalia ) and two Hunters ( Bianca and Zoë ) . 5 . The curse of holding the sky above the earth had to be taken by someone ( Luke took the sky from Atlas ; Annabeth took the sky from Luke ; Artemis took it from Annabeth ; Percy took it for Artemis and Artemis forced Atlas back under the sky ) . 6 . In the end , Zoë after already suffering from being poisoned by the dragon Ladon , was killed by her father Atlas after he tossed her against a wall . = = Major characters = = Percy Jackson : Percy , a 14 @-@ year @-@ old demigod and son of Poseidon , is the protagonist as well as the series ' narrator . He embarks on a journey to save Annabeth and the Greek goddess Artemis , who have both been kidnapped . Thalia Grace : Thalia is a 15 @-@ year @-@ old demigod daughter of Zeus . Though she appears in Percy 's dream in the first book , she makes a full appearance at the end of The Sea of Monsters and is given a greater role in the third book . Thalia is described as looking very punk , with electric blue eyes , black clothes , and spiky hair . Her personality is often described as " independent and many times sarcastic . " Thalia is a lot like Percy and consequently , they often butt heads . She is heartbroken by Luke 's betrayal , it is supposed that she had feelings for him . She is also afraid of heights , which she reluctantly admits to Percy , despite the fact that she is daughter of Zeus , God of the Sky . Annabeth Chase : Annabeth is a 14 @-@ year @-@ old demigod and the daughter of Athena . She is friends with Percy , Thalia and Grover . She is kidnapped along with Artemis by the Titans . She has a great passion and interest for architecture and she wishes to be an architect when she is older . Although she has a growing love interest in Percy , her feelings for Luke remain a problem between the two . Percy returns her feelings without realizing it , and is oblivious to how she feels about him . Grover Underwood : A large @-@ hearted satyr whose favorite foods are aluminum cans and cheese enchiladas . He is 28 years old , yet has the appearance of a teenager due to the satyrs ' slower growth rate ( half that of humans ) . He wants to become a searcher for Pan , the satyr god of nature and the wild , who fell into a " deep sleep " due to the humans ' pollution of the world . Bianca di Angelo : Bianca is a 12 @-@ year @-@ old demigod and the daughter of Hades . She and her ten @-@ year @-@ old brother Nico were trapped in the Lotus Casino , where time is slowed down , but in the beginning of the book , they were released and attended quest in the " Junkyard of the Gods " . Zoë Nightshade : Zoë is the daughter of Atlas , a banished Hesperid for helping the hero Hercules , and the first lieutenant of the Hunters of Artemis . She often has trouble updating her language and uses Old English . She dies after being bitten by Ladon , who protects the immortality @-@ giving golden apple tree , and after her father Atlas , throws her against a pile of rocks . Artemis turns her spirit into a constellation soon after her death for remembrance . She and Thalia developed grudges against each other after Thalia did not want to join the hunters , but they get along when they do not think about it . Luke Castellan : The 21 @-@ year @-@ old demigod son of Hermes , Luke is the main antagonist of the series . He is the sidekick to , Kronos ; Kronos ' followers and army gather on a ship called the Princess Andromeda . Nico di Angelo : The 10 @-@ year @-@ old demigod son of Hades and older sister Bianca di Angelo are rescued from a manticore by Percy , Annabeth , Thalia , and Grover . He is left at camp during the quest , but stays in the Hermes cabin because his parentage has not yet been discovered . He leaves camp after hearing Percy broke his promise , letting Bianca die . Before he leaves , he sends an army of skeletal warriors back to the underworld . = = Critical reception = = " The Titan 's Curse " received relatively positive reviews , which often lauded the humor and action in the story . Children 's Literature , which commended the book 's fast pace and humor , wrote , " Readers will relate to good natured Percy , the protagonist . " Kirkus awarded it a starred review with , " This third in the Olympians series makes the Greek myths come alive in a way no dreary classroom unit can ... will have readers wondering how literature can be this fun . This can stand alone , though newcomers to the series will race back to the first two volumes and eagerly await a fourth installment . " School Library Journal praised the " adventurous " plot as well as the book 's appeal : " Teachers will cheer for Percy Jackson and the Olympians as they inspire students to embrace Greek mythology and score the ultimate Herculean challenge : getting kids to read . All in all , a winner of Olympic proportions and a surefire read @-@ aloud . " Booklist 's starred review approved of the novel 's humor action , and plotting : " The Percy Jackson & the Olympians series is built around a terrific idea — that the half @-@ mortal offspring of Greek gods live among us , playing out struggles of mythic scale — and Riordan takes it from strength to strength with this exciting installment , adding even more depth to the characters and story arc while retaining its predecessors ' nonstop laughs and action . " Kidsreads raved , " Rick Riordan 's Olympian adventures have gained great popularity thanks to their combination of humor , adventure and a winning hero ... Readers who are familiar with ancient mythology will enjoy Riordan 's tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek approach ; those who aren 't just might be tempted to go to the original sources to learn more . " = = = Awards and nominations = = = The Titan 's Curse received several literature @-@ related awards , including : number one The New York Times children 's series best seller and Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick for 2007 . It was also a Quill Award nominee . = = Audiobook = = An eight @-@ hour @-@ and @-@ forty @-@ eight @-@ minute audiobook read by the actor Jesse Bernstein and published by Listening Library was released on April 24 , 2007 . AudioFile Magazine lauded Bernstein 's interpretation , writing , " Sounding alternately young , or old , or really scary , Jesse Bernstein ... effectively voices the confusion and loss the team experiences . " = = Sequel = = In The Battle of the Labyrinth , Annabeth and Percy find an entrance into the Labyrinth during a game of capture the flag . Percy soon learns that Luke had used the entrance and will lead his army through the Labyrinth straight in to the heart of camp . To get into the Labyrinth , Percy has to find the symbol of Daedalus , the Greek letter delta , ( Δ ) on a passageway , touch it , and then enter the Labyrinth . Using the Labyrinth , Percy tries to find Daedalus so Luke cannot get Ariadne 's string , thereby foiling Luke 's invasion .
= Cock Lane ghost = The Cock Lane ghost was a purported haunting that attracted mass public attention in 1762 . The location was an apartment in Cock Lane , a short road adjacent to London 's Smithfield market and a few minutes ' walk from St Paul 's Cathedral . The event centred on three people : William Kent , a usurer from Norfolk , Richard Parsons , a parish clerk , and Parsons ' daughter Elizabeth . Following the death during childbirth of Kent 's wife , Elizabeth Lynes , he became romantically involved with her sister , Fanny . Canon law prevented the couple from marrying , but they nevertheless moved to London and lodged at the property in Cock Lane , then owned by Parsons . Several accounts of strange knocking sounds and ghostly apparitions were reported , although for the most part they stopped after the couple moved out , but following Fanny 's death from smallpox and Kent 's successful legal action against Parsons over an outstanding debt , they resumed . Parsons claimed that Fanny 's ghost haunted his property and later his daughter . Regular séances were held to determine " Scratching Fanny 's " motives ; Cock Lane was often made impassable by the throngs of interested bystanders . The ghost appeared to claim that Fanny had been poisoned with arsenic and Kent was publicly suspected of being her murderer . But a commission whose members included Samuel Johnson concluded that the supposed haunting was a fraud . Further investigations proved the scam was perpetrated by Elizabeth Parsons , under duress from her father . Those responsible were prosecuted and found guilty ; Richard Parsons was pilloried and sentenced to two years in prison . The Cock Lane ghost became a focus of controversy between the Methodist and Anglican churches and is referenced frequently in contemporary literature . Charles Dickens is one of several Victorian authors whose work alluded to the story and the pictorial satirist William Hogarth referenced the ghost in two of his prints . = = Background = = In about 1756 – 57 William Kent , a usurer from Norfolk , married Elizabeth Lynes , the daughter of a grocer from Lyneham . They moved to Stoke Ferry where Kent kept an inn and later , the local post office . They were apparently very much in love , but their marriage was short @-@ lived as within a month of the move Elizabeth died during childbirth . Her sister Frances — commonly known as Fanny — had during Elizabeth 's pregnancy moved in with the couple and she stayed to care for the infant and its father . The boy did not survive long and rather than leave , Fanny stayed on to take care of William and the house . The two soon began a relationship , but canon law appeared to rule out marriage ; when Kent travelled to London to seek advice he was told that as Elizabeth had borne him a living son , a union with Fanny was impossible . In January 1759 therefore , he gave up the post office , left Fanny and moved to London , intending to " purchase a place in some public office " in the hope that " business would erase that passion he had unfortunately indulged " . Fanny meanwhile stayed with one of her brothers at Lyneham . Despite her family 's disapproval of their relationship , Fanny began to write passionate letters to Kent , " filled with repeated entreaties to spend the rest of their lives together " . He eventually allowed her to join him at lodgings in East Greenwich near London . The two decided to live together as man and wife , making wills in each other 's favour and hoping to remain discreet . In this , however , they did not reckon on Fanny 's relations . The couple moved to lodgings near the Mansion House , but their landlord there may have learnt of their relationship from Fanny 's family , expressing his contempt by refusing to repay a sum of money Kent loaned him ( about £ 20 ) . In response , Kent had him arrested . While attending early morning prayers at the church of St Sepulchre @-@ without @-@ Newgate , William Kent and Fanny met Richard Parsons , the officiating clerk . Although he was generally considered respectable , Parsons was known locally as a drunk and was struggling to provide for his family . He listened to the couple 's plight and was sympathetic , offering them the use of lodgings in his home on Cock Lane , to the north of St Sepulchre 's . Located along a narrow , winding thoroughfare similar to most of central London 's streets , the three @-@ storey house was in a respectable but declining area , and comprised a single room on each floor , connected by a winding staircase . Shortly after Mr and Mrs Kent ( as they called themselves ) moved in , Kent loaned Parsons 12 guineas , to be repaid at a rate of a guinea per month . It was while Kent was away at a wedding in the country that the first reports of strange noises began . Parsons had a wife and two daughters ; the elder , Elizabeth , was described as a " little artful girl about eleven years of age " . Kent asked Elizabeth to stay with Fanny , who was then several months into a pregnancy , and to share her bed while he was away . The two reported hearing scratching and rapping noises . These were attributed by Mrs Parsons to a neighbouring cobbler , although when the noises re @-@ occurred on a Sunday , Fanny asked if the cobbler was working that day ; Mrs Parsons told her he was not . James Franzen , landlord of the nearby Wheat Sheaf public house , was another witness . After visiting the house he reported seeing a ghostly white figure ascend the stairs . Terrified , he returned home , where Parsons later visited him and claimed also to have seen a ghost . As Fanny was only weeks away from giving birth Kent made arrangements to move to a property at Bartlet 's Court in Clerkenwell , but by January 1760 it was not ready and so they moved instead to an " inconvenient " apartment nearby , intending only a temporary stay . However , on 25 January Fanny fell ill . The attending doctor diagnosed the early stages of an eruptive fever and agreed with Kent that their lodgings were inadequate for someone at so critical a stage of pregnancy . Fanny was therefore moved , by coach , to Bartlet 's Court . The next day her doctor returned and met with her apothecary . Both agreed that Fanny 's symptoms were indicative of smallpox . On hearing this , Fanny sent for an attorney , to ensure the will she had had made was in good order , and that Kent would inherit her estate . An acquaintance of Kent 's , Stephen Aldrich , Rector of St John Clerkenwell , reassured her that she would be forgiven for her sins . She died on 2 February . As sole executor of Fanny 's will , Kent ordered a coffin , but fearful of being prosecuted should the nature of their relationship become known , asked that it remain nameless . On registering the burial he was , however , forced to give a name , and he gave her his own . Fanny 's family was notified and her sister Ann Lynes , who lived nearby at Pall Mall , attended the funeral at St John 's . When Ann learned of the terms of Fanny 's will , which left her brothers and sisters half a crown each and Kent the rest , she tried but failed to block it in Doctors ' Commons . The bulk of Kent 's inheritance was Fanny 's £ 150 share of her dead brother Thomas 's estate . This also included some land owned by Thomas , sold by the executor of his estate , John Lynes , and Kent received Fanny 's share of that too ( almost £ 95 ) . Her family resented this . Legal problems with Lynes 's sale meant that each of Thomas 's beneficiaries had to pay £ 45 in compensation to the purchaser , but Kent refused , claiming that he had already spent the money in settling Fanny 's debts . In response to this , in October 1761 John Lynes began proceedings against Kent in the Court of Chancery . Meanwhile , Kent became a stockbroker and remarried in 1761 . = = Haunting = = Echoing the actions of Kent 's previous landlord , Parsons had not repaid Kent 's loan — of which about three guineas was outstanding — and Kent therefore instructed his attorney to sue him . He managed to recover the debt by January 1762 , just as the mysterious noises at Cock Lane began again . Catherine Friend had lodged there shortly after the couple left but moved out when she found the noises , which had returned intermittently and which were becoming more frequent , could not be stopped . They apparently emanated from Elizabeth Parsons , who also suffered fits , and the house was regularly disturbed by unexplained noises , likened at the time to the sound of a cat scratching a chair . Reportedly determined to discover their source , Richard Parsons had a carpenter remove the wainscotting around Elizabeth 's bed . He approached John Moore , assistant preacher at St Sepulchre 's since 1754 and rector of St Bartholomew @-@ the @-@ Great in West Smithfield since June 1761 . The presence of one ghost , presumed to belong to Fanny 's sister , Elizabeth , had already been noted while Fanny lay dying , and the two concluded that the spirit now haunting Parsons ' house must be that of Fanny Lynes herself . The notion that a person 's spirit might return from the dead to warn those still alive was a commonly held belief , and the presence of two apparently restless spirits was therefore an obvious sign to both men that each ghost had an important message to disclose . Parsons and Moore devised a method of communication ; one knock for yes , two knocks for no . Using this system , the ghost appeared to claim that Fanny had been murdered . It was conjectured that the mysterious figure in white which so terrified James Franzen , presumed to be the ghost of Elizabeth , had appeared there to warn her sister of her impending death . As the first ghost had seemingly vanished , this charge against Kent — that he murdered Elizabeth — was never acted on , but through repeated questioning of Fanny 's ghost it was divined that she had died not from the effects of smallpox , but rather from arsenic poisoning . The deadly toxin had apparently been administered by Kent about two hours before Fanny died and now , it was supposed , her spirit wanted justice . Moore had heard from Parsons how Kent had pursued the debt he was owed , and he had also heard from Ann Lynes , who had complained that as Fanny 's coffin lid was screwed down she had not been able to see her sister 's corpse . Moore thought that Fanny 's body might not show any visible signs of smallpox and that if she had been poisoned , the lack of scarring would have been something Kent would rather keep hidden . As a clergyman with inclinations toward Methodism he was inclined to trust the ghost , but for added support he enlisted the aid of Thomas Broughton , an early Methodist . Broughton visited Cock Lane on 5 January and left convinced the ghost was real . The story spread through London , The Public Ledger began to publish detailed accounts of the phenomenon , and Kent fell under public suspicion as a murderer . = = Séances = = After reading the veiled accusations made against him in the Public Ledger , Kent determined to clear his name , and accompanied by a witness went to see John Moore . The Methodist showed Kent the list of questions he and Parsons had drawn up for the ghost to answer . One concerned William and Fanny 's marital status , prompting Kent to admit that they never married . Moore told him he did not think he was a murderer , rather , he believed the spirit 's presence indicated that " there was something behind darker than all the rest , and that if he would go to Parson 's house , he might be a witness to the same and convinced of its reality " . On 12 January therefore , Kent enlisted the aid of the two physicians who attended Fanny in her last days , and with Broughton , went to Cock Lane . On the house 's upper floor Elizabeth Parsons was publicly undressed , and with her younger sister was put to bed . The audience sat around the bed , positioned in the centre of the room . They were warned that the ghost was sensitive to disbelief and told that they should accord it due respect . When the séance began , a relative of Parsons , Mary Frazer , ran around the room shouting " Fanny , Fanny , why don 't you come ? Do come , pray Fanny , come ; dear Fanny , come ! " When nothing happened , Moore told the group the ghost would not come as they were making too much noise . He asked them to leave the room , telling them he would try to contact the ghost by stamping his foot . About ten minutes later they were told the ghost had returned and that they should re @-@ enter the room . Moore then started to run through his and Parsons ' list of questions : " Are you the wife of Mr. Kent ? " — Two knocks " Did you die naturally ? " — Two knocks " By poison ? " — One knock " Did any person other than Mr. Kent administer it ? " — Two knocks After more questions , a member of the audience exclaimed " Kent , ask this Ghost if you shall be hanged " . He did so , and the question was answered by a single knock . Kent exclaimed " Thou art a lying spirit , thou are not the ghost of my Fanny . She would never have said any such thing . " Public interest in the story grew when it was discovered that the ghost appeared to follow Elizabeth Parsons . She was removed to the house of a Mr Bray , where on 14 January , in the presence of two unidentified nobles , more knocking sounds were heard . A few days later she was returned to Cock Lane , where on 18 January another séance was held . In attendance were Kent , the apothecary , and local parish priest and incumbent of St John Clerkenwell , Stephen Aldrich . On that occasion , when a clergyman used a candle to look under the bed , the ghost " refused " to answer , Frazer claiming " she [ the ghost ] loving not light " . After a few minutes of silence the questioning continued , but when Moore asked if the ghost would appear in court against Kent , Frazer refused to ask the question . When they lived at Cock Lane William and Fanny had employed a maid , Esther " Carrots " Carlisle ( Carrots on account of her red hair ) . She had since moved to a new job and knew nothing of the haunting , but seeking evidence of Fanny 's poisoning , Moore went to question her . Carrots told him that Fanny had been unable to speak in the days before she died , so Moore invited her to a séance , held on 19 January . Once there , she was asked to confirm that Fanny had been poisoned , but Carrots remained adamant that Fanny had said nothing to her , telling the party that William and Fanny had been " very loving , and lived very happy together . " Kent arrived later that night , this time with James Franzen and priests William Dodd and Thomas Broughton . Frazer began with her usual introduction before Moore sent her out , apparently irritated by her behaviour . He then asked the party of about 20 to leave the room , calling them back a few minutes later . This time , the séance centred on Carrots , who addressed the ghost directly : " Are you my mistress ? " — One knock , followed by scratches " Are you angry with me , Madam ? " — One knock " Then I am sure , Madam , you may be ashamed of yourself for I never hurt you in my life . " At this , the séance was ended . Frazer and Franzen remained alone in the room , the latter reportedly too terrified to move . Frazer asked if he would like to pray and was angered when he apparently could not . The séance resumed and Franzen later returned to his home , where he and his wife were reportedly tormented by the ghost 's knocking in their bedchamber . = = Investigation = = On 20 January another séance was held , this time at the home of a Mr Bruin , on the corner of nearby Hosier Lane . Among those attending was a man " extremely desirous of detecting the fraud , and discovering the truth of this mysterious affair " , who later sent his account of the night to the London Chronicle . He arrived with a small party which included James Penn of St Ann 's in Aldersgate . Inside the house , a member of the group positioned himself against the bed , but was asked by one of the ghost 's sympathisers to move . He refused , and following a brief argument the ghost 's supporters left . The gentleman then asked if Parsons would allow his daughter to be moved to a room at his house , but was refused . For the remainder of the night the ghost made no sound , while Elizabeth Parsons , now extremely agitated , displayed signs of convulsions . When questioned she confirmed that she had seen the ghost , but that she was not frightened by it . At that point several of the party left , but at about 7 am the next morning the knocking once more recommenced . Following the usual questions about the cause of Fanny 's death and who was responsible , the interrogation turned to her body , which lay in the vaults of St John 's . Parsons agreed to move his daughter to Aldrich 's house for further testing on 22 January , but when that morning Penn and a man of " veracity and fortune " called on Parsons and asked for Elizabeth , the clerk told them she was not there and refused to reveal her whereabouts . Parsons had spoken with friends and was apparently worried that Kent had been busy with his own investigations . Instead , he allowed Elizabeth to be moved that night to St Bartholomew 's Hospital , where another séance was held . Nothing was reported until about 6 am , when three scratches were heard , apparently while the girl was asleep . The approximately 20 @-@ strong audience complained that the affair was a deception . Once Elizabeth woke she began to cry , and once reassured that she was safe admitted that she was afraid for her father , " who must needs be ruined and undone , if their matter should be supposed to be an imposture . " She also admitted that although she had appeared to be asleep , she was in fact fully aware of the conversation going on around her . Initially only the Public Ledger reported on the case , but once it became known that noblemen had taken an interest and visited the ghost at Mr Bray 's house on 14 January , the story began to appear in other newspapers . The St. James 's Chronicle and the London Chronicle printed reports from 16 – 19 January ( the latter the more sceptical of the two ) , and Lloyd 's Evening Post from 18 – 20 January . The story spread across London and by the middle of January the crowds gathered outside the property were such that Cock Lane was rendered impassable . Parsons charged visitors an entrance fee to " talk " with the ghost , which , it was reported , did not disappoint . After receiving several requests to intercede , Samuel Fludyer , Lord Mayor of London , was on 23 January approached by Alderman Gosling , John Moore and Parsons . They told him of their experiences but Fludyer was reminded of the then recent case of fraudster Elizabeth Canning and refused to have Kent or Parsons arrested ( on charges of murder and conspiracy respectively ) . Instead , against a backdrop of hysteria caused in part by the newspapers ' relentless reporting of the case , he ordered that Elizabeth be tested at Aldrich 's house . Meanwhile , Elizabeth was again the subject of study , in two séances held 23 – 24 January . Parsons accepted the Lord Mayor 's decision , but asked that " some persons connected with the girl might be permitted to be there , to divert her in the day @-@ time " . This was refused , as were two similar requests , Aldrich and Penn insisting that they would accept only " any person or persons , of strict character and reputation , who are housekeepers " . Aldrich and Penn 's account of their negotiations with Parsons clearly perturbed the clerk , as he defended his actions in the Public Ledger . This prompted Aldrich and Penn to issue a pointed retort in Lloyd 's Evening Post : " We are greatly puzzled to find Mr. Parsons asserting that he hath been always willing to deliver up the child , when he refused a gentleman on Wednesday evening the 20th inst . [ ... ] What is to be understood , by requiring security " ? Elizabeth was taken on 26 January to the house of Jane Armstrong , sleeping there in a hammock . The continued noises strengthened the resolve of the ghost 's supporters , while the press 's ceaseless reporting of the case continued . Horace Walpole , 4th Earl of Orford , announced that with the Duke of York , Lady Northumberland , Lady Mary Coke and Lord Hertford , he was to visit Cock Lane on 30 January . After struggling through the throngs of interested visitors though , he was ultimately disappointed ; the Public Advertiser observed that " the noise is now generally deferred till seven in the morning , it being necessary to vary the time , that the imposition may be the better carried on " . = = Exposure = = With Lord Dartmouth Aldrich began to draw together the people who would be involved in his investigation . They chose the matron of a local lying @-@ in hospital as principal lady @-@ in @-@ waiting , the critic and controversialist Bishop John Douglas , and Dr George Macaulay . A Captain Wilkinson was also included on the committee ; he had attended one séance armed with a pistol and stick ; the former to shoot the source of the knocking , and the latter to make his escape ( the ghost had remained silent on that occasion ) . James Penn and John Moore were also on the committee , but its most prominent member was Dr Samuel Johnson , who documented the séance , held on 1 February 1762 : On the night of the 1st of February many gentlemen eminent for their rank and character were , by the invitation of the Reverend Mr. Aldrich , of Clerkenwell , assembled at his house , for the examination of the noises supposed to be made by a departed spirit , for the detection of some enormous crime . About ten at night the gentlemen met in the chamber in which the girl , supposed to be disturbed by a spirit , had , with proper caution , been put to bed by several ladies . They sat rather more than an hour , and hearing nothing , went down stairs , when they interrogated the father of the girl , who denied , in the strongest terms , any knowledge or belief of fraud . The supposed spirit had before publickly promised , by an affirmative knock , that it would attend one of the gentlemen into the vault under the Church of St. John , Clerkenwell , where the body is deposited , and give a token of her presence there , by a knock upon her coffin ; it was therefore determined to make this trial of the existence or veracity of the supposed spirit . While they were enquiring and deliberating , they were summoned into the girl 's chamber by some ladies who were near her bed , and who had heard knocks and scratches . When the gentlemen entered , the girl declared that she felt the spirit like a mouse upon her back , and was required to hold her hands out of bed . From that time , though the spirit was very solemnly required to manifest its existence by appearance , by impression on the hand or body of any present , by scratches , knocks , or any other agency , no evidence of any preter @-@ natural power was exhibited . The spirit was then very seriously advertised that the person to whom the promise was made of striking the coffin , was then about to visit the vault , and that the performance of the promise was then claimed . The company at one o 'clock went into the church , and the gentleman to whom the promise was made , went with another into the vault . The spirit was solemnly required to perform its promise , but nothing more than silence ensued : the person supposed to be accused by the spirit , then went down with several others , but no effect was perceived . Upon their return they examined the girl , but could draw no confession from her . Between two and three she desired and was permitted to go home with her father . It is , therefore , the opinion of the whole assembly , that the child has some art of making or counterfeiting a particular noise , and that there is no agency of any higher cause . Disappointed that the ghost had failed to reveal itself , Moore now told Kent he believed it was an imposter , and that he would help reveal it . Kent asked him to admit the truth and write an affidavit of what he knew , so as to end the affair and restore Kent 's reputation , but Moore refused , telling him that he still believed that the spirit 's presence was a reminder of his sin . Moore 's view of the couple 's relationship was shared by many , including Mrs Parsons , who believed that the supposed ghost of Elizabeth Kent had disapproved of her sister 's new relationship . Another séance on 3 February saw the knocking continue unabated , but by then Parsons was in an extremely difficult — and serious — situation . Keen to prove the ghost was not an imposture he allowed his daughter to be examined at a house on The Strand from 7 – 10 February , and at another house in Covent Garden from 14 February . There she was tested in a variety of ways which included being swung up in a hammock , her hands and feet extended . As expected , the noises commenced , but stopped once Elizabeth was made to place her hands outside the bed . For two nights the ghost was silent . Elizabeth was told that if no more noises were heard by Sunday 21 February , she and her father would be committed to Newgate Prison . Her maids then saw her conceal on her person a small piece of wood about 6 by 4 inches ( 150 by 100 mm ) and informed the investigators . More scratches were heard but the observers concluded that Elizabeth was responsible for the noises , and that she had been forced by her father to make them . Elizabeth was allowed home shortly after . On or about 25 February , a pamphlet sympathetic to Kent 's case was published , called The Mystery Revealed , and most likely written by Oliver Goldsmith . Meanwhile , Kent was still trying to clear his name , and on 25 February he went to the vault of St John 's , accompanied by Aldrich , the undertaker , the clerk and the parish sexton . The group was there to prove beyond any doubt that a recent newspaper report , which claimed that the supposed removal of Fanny 's body from the vault accounted for the ghost 's failure to knock on her coffin , was false . The undertaker removed the lid to expose Fanny 's corpse , " and a very awful shocking sight it was " . For Moore this was too much and he published his retraction : In justice to the person , whose reputation has been attacked in a most gross manner , by the pretended Ghost in Cock @-@ lane ; to check the credulity of the weak ; to defeat the attempts of the malicious , and to prevent further imposition , on account of this absurd phenomenon , I do hereby certify , that though , from the several attendances on this occasion , I have not been able to point out , how , and in what manner , those knockings and scratchings , of the supposed Ghost , were contrived , performed , and continued ; yet , that I am convinced , that those knockings and scratchings were the effects of some artful , wicked contrivance ; and that I was , in a more especial manner , convinced of its being such , on the first of this month , when I attended with several persons of rank and character , who assembled at the Rev. Mr. Aldrich 's , Clerkenwell , in order to examine into this iniquitous imposition upon the Public . Since which time I have not seen the child , nor heard the noises ; and think myself in duty bound to add , that the injured person ( when present to hear himself accused by the pretended Ghost ) has not , by his behaviour , given the least ground of suspicion , but has preserved that becoming steadfastness , which nothing , I am persuaded , but innocence could inspire . It was not enough to keep him from being charged by the authorities with conspiracy , along with Richard Parsons and his wife , Mary Frazer , and Richard James , a tradesman . = = Trial = = The trial of all five was held at the Guild Hall in London on 10 July 1762 . Presiding over the case was Lord Chief Justice William Murray . Proceedings began at 10 am , " brought by William Kent against the above defendants for a conspiracy to take away his life by charging him with the murder of Frances Lynes by giving her poison whereof she died " . The courtroom was crowded with spectators , who watched as Kent gave evidence against those in the dock . He told the court about his relationship with Fanny and of her resurrection as " Scratching Fanny " ( so @-@ called because of the scratching noises made by the " ghost " ) . James Franzen was next on the stand , his story corroborated by Fanny 's servant , Esther " Carrots " Carlisle , who testified later that day . Dr Cooper , who had served Fanny as she lay dying , told the court that he had always believed the strange noises in Cock Lane to be a trick , and his account of Fanny 's illness was supported by her apothecary , James Jones . Several other prosecution witnesses described how the hoax had been revealed , and Richard James was accused by the prosecution 's last witness of being responsible for some of the more offensive material published in the Public Ledger . The defence 's witnesses included some of those who had cared for Elizabeth Parsons and who presumably still believed that the ghost was real . Other witnesses included the carpenter responsible for removing the wainscotting from Parsons ' apartment and Catherine Friend , who to escape the knocking noises had left the property . One witness 's testimony caused the court to burst into laughter , at which she replied " I assure you gentlemen , it is no laughing matter , whatever you may think of it . " Thomas Broughton was also called , as was a priest surnamed Ross , one of those who had questioned the ghost . Judge Murray asked him " Whether he thought he had puzzled the Ghost , or the Ghost had puzzled him ? " John Moore was offered support by several esteemed gentlemen and presented Murray with a letter from Thomas Secker , Archbishop of Canterbury , who sought to intercede on his behalf . Murray placed the letter in his pocket , unopened , and told the court " it was impossible it could relate to the cause in question . " Richard James and Richard Parsons also received support from various witnesses , some of whom although acknowledging Parsons ' drink problem , told the court they could not believe he was guilty . The trial ended at about 9 : 30 pm . The judge spent about 90 minutes summing up the case , but it took the jury only 15 minutes to reach a verdict of guilty for all five defendants . The following Monday , two others responsible for defaming Kent were found guilty and later fined £ 50 each . The conspirators were brought back on 22 November but sentencing was delayed in the hope that they could agree on the level of damages payable to Kent . Having failed to do so they returned on 27 January 1763 and were committed to the King 's Bench Prison until 11 February , by which time John Moore and Richard James had agreed to pay Kent £ 588 ; they were subsequently admonished by Justice Wilmot and released . The following day , the rest were sentenced : The Court chusing that Mr. Kent , who had been so much injured on the occasion , should receive some reparation by punishment of the offenders , deferred giving judgment for seven or eight months , in hopes that the parties might make it up in the meantime . Accordingly , the clergyman , and tradesman agreed to pay Mr. Kent a round sum — some say between £ 500 and £ 600 to purchase their pardon , and were , therefore , dismissed with a severe reprimand . The father was ordered to be set in the pillory three times in one month — once at the end of Cock – Lane ; Elizabeth his wife to be imprisoned one year ; and Mary Frazer six months in Bridewell , with hard labour . The father appearing to be out of his mind at the time he was first to standing in the pillory , the execution of that part of his sentence was deferred to another day , when , as well as the other day of his standing there , the populace took so much compassion on him , that instead of using him ill , they made a handsome subscription for him . Parsons , all the while protesting his innocence , was also sentenced to two years imprisonment . He stood in the pillory on 16 March , 30 March and finally on 8 April . In contrast to other criminals the crowd treated him kindly , making collections of money for him . = = Legacy = = The Cock Lane ghost was a focus for a contemporary religious controversy between the Methodists and orthodox Anglicans . Belief in a spiritual afterlife is a requirement for most religions , and in every instance where a spirit had supposedly manifested itself in the real world , the event was cherished as an affirmation of such beliefs . In his youth , John Wesley had been strongly influenced by a supposed haunting at his family home and these experiences were carried through to the religion he founded , which was regularly criticised for its position on witchcraft and magic . Methodism , although far from a united religion , became almost synonymous with a belief in the supernatural . Some of its followers therefore gave more credence to the reality of the Cock Lane ghost than did the Anglican establishment , which considered such things to be relics of the country 's Catholic past . This was a view that was epitomised in the conflict between the Methodist John Moore and the Anglican Stephen Aldrich . In his 1845 memoirs , Horace Walpole , who had attended one of the séances , accused the Methodists of actively working to establish the existence of ghosts . He described the constant presence of Methodist clergymen near Elizabeth Parsons and implied that the church would recompense her father for his troubles . Samuel Johnson was committed to his Christian faith and shared the views of author Joseph Glanvill , who , in his 1681 work Saducismus Triumphatus , wrote of his concern over the advances made against religion and a belief in witchcraft , by atheism and scepticism . For Johnson the idea that an afterlife might not exist was an appalling thought , but although he thought that spirits could protect and counsel those still living , he kept himself distant from the more credulous Methodists , and recognised that his religion required proof of an afterlife . Ever a sceptic , in his discussions with his biographer James Boswell , he said : Sir , I make a distinction between what a man may experience by the mere strength of his imagination , and what imagination cannot possibly produce . Thus , suppose I should think I saw a form , and heard a voice cry , " Johnson , you are a very wicked fellow , and unless you repent you will certainly be punished ; " my own unworthiness is so deeply impressed upon my mind , that I might imagine I thus saw and heard , and therefore I should not believe that an external communication had been made to me . But if a form should appear , and a voice tell me that a particular man had died at a particular place , and a particular hour , a fact which I had no apprehension of , nor any means of knowing , and this fact , with all its circumstances , should afterwards be unquestionably proved , I should , in that case , be persuaded that I had supernatural intelligence imparted to me . Johnson 's role in revealing the nature of the hoax was not enough to keep the satirist Charles Churchill from mocking his apparent credulity in his 1762 work The Ghost . He resented Johnson 's lack of enthusiasm for his writing and with the character of ' Pomposo ' , written as one of the more credulous of the ghost 's investigators , used the satire to highlight a " superstitious streak " in his subject . Johnson paid this scant attention , but was said to have been more upset when Churchill again mocked him for his delay in releasing Shakespeare . Publishers were at first wary of attacking those involved in the supposed haunting , but Churchill 's satire was one of a number of publications which , following the exposure of Parsons ' deception , heaped scorn on the affair . The newspapers searched for evidence of past impostures and referenced older publications such as Reginald Scot 's Discoverie of Witchcraft ( 1584 ) . The ghost was referenced in an anonymous work entitled Anti @-@ Canidia : or , Superstition Detected and Exposed ( 1762 ) , which sought to ridicule the credulity of those involved in the Cock Lane case . The author described his work as a " sally of indignation at the contemptible wonder in Cock @-@ lane " . Works such as The Orators ( 1762 ) by Samuel Foote , were soon available . Farcical poems such as Cock @-@ lane Humbug were released , theatres staged plays such as The Drummer and The Haunted House . Oliver Goldsmith , who had in February 1762 published The Mystery Revealed , may also have been responsible for the satirical illustration , English Credulity or the Invisible Ghost ( 1762 ) . It shows a séance as envisioned by the artist , with the ghost hovering above the heads of the two children in the bed . To the right of the bed a woman deep in prayer exclaims " O ! that they would lay it in the Red Sea ! " Another cries " I shall never have any rest again " . The English magistrate and social reformer John Fielding , who was blind , is pictured entering from the left saying " I should be glad to see this spirit " , while his companion says " Your W — — r 's had better get your Warrant back 'd by his L — rds — p " , referring to a Middlesex magistrate 's warrant which required an endorsement from the Lord Mayor , Samuel Fludyer . A man in tall boots , whip in hand , says : " Ay Tom I 'll lay 6 to 1 it runs more nights than the Coronation " and his companion remarks " How they swallow the hum " . A clergymen says " I saw the light on the Clock " while another asks " Now thou Infidel does thou not believe ? " , prompting his neighbour to reply " Yes if it had happen 'd sooner ' t would have serv 'd me for a new Character in the Lyar the Story would tell better than the Cat & Kittens " . Another clergyman exclaims " If a Gold Watch knock 3 times " , and a Parson asks him " Brother don 't disturb it " . On the wall , an image of The Bottle Conjuror is alongside an image of Elizabeth Canning , whose fraud had so worried Samuel Fludyer that he had refused to arrest either Parsons or Kent . Playwright David Garrick dedicated the enormously successful The Farmer 's Return to the satirical artist William Hogarth . The story concerns a farmer who regales his family with an account of his talk with Miss Fanny , the comedy being derived from the reversal of traditional roles : the sceptical farmer poking fun at the credulous city @-@ folk . Hogarth made his own observations of the Cock Lane ghost , with obvious references in Credulity , Superstition and Fanaticism ( 1762 ) . This illustration makes a point of attacking Methodist ministers , one of whom is seen to slip a phallic " ghost " into a young woman 's bodice . He again attacked the Methodists in The Times , Plate 2 ( 1762 – 1763 ) , placing an image of Thomas Secker ( who had tried to intervene on behalf of the Methodists ) behind the Cock Lane ghost , and putting the ghost in the same pillory as the radical politician John Wilkes , which implied a connection between the demagoguery surrounding the Methodists and Pittites . The print enraged Bishop William Warburton , who although a vocal critic of Methodism , wrote : I have seen Hogarth 's print of the Ghost . It is a horrid composition of lewd Obscenity & blasphemous prophaneness for which I detest the artist & have lost all esteem for the man . The best is , that the worst parts of it have a good chance of not being understood by the people . The 19th @-@ century author Charles Dickens — whose childhood nursemaid Mary Weller may have affected him with a fascination for ghosts — made reference to the Cock Lane ghost in several of his books . One of Nicholas Nickleby 's main characters and a source of much of the novel 's comic relief , Mrs. Nickleby , claims that her great @-@ grandfather " went to school with the Cock @-@ lane Ghost " and that " I know the master of his school was a Dissenter , and that would in a great measure account for the Cock @-@ lane Ghost 's behaving in such an improper manner to the clergyman when he grew up . " Dickens also very briefly mentions the Cock Lane ghost in A Tale of Two Cities and Dombey and Son . According to a 1965 source , the site of Parson 's lodgings corresponded to the building with the modern address 20 Cock Lane . The house was believed to have been built in the late 17th century , and was demolished in 1979 .
= Edward M. Burke = Edward M. " Ed " Burke ( born December 29 , 1943 ) is alderman of the 14th Ward of the City of Chicago . A member of the Democratic Party , he was first elected to the Chicago City Council in 1969 , and represents part of the city 's Southwest Side . Chair of Council 's Committee on Finance , Burke has been called Chicago 's " most powerful alderman " by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times . Burke was named one of the " 100 Most Powerful Chicagoans " by Chicago Magazine , describing him as " [ o ] ne of the last of the old @-@ school Chicago Machine pols . " Burke is the longest @-@ serving aldermen in Chicago history . He was a leader of the " Vrdolyak 29 " during the first term of Mayor Harold Washington , the " Council Wars " era . Burke and his staff were the subjects of federal and local investigations , and members of his staff were the targets of indictments and convictions involving payroll and contracting irregularities . Burke is the lead partner in a law firm that specializes in property tax appeals and which includes clients who do business with the city . Burke 's wife is Illinois Supreme Court Justice Anne M. Burke . He and his wife were foster parents and were party to a protracted , highly publicized , racially charged child custody dispute . = = Early life = = Burke is a lifelong resident of Chicago . His father , Joseph P. Burke , was a Cook County Sheriff 's policeman who worked as a court bailiff . Joseph Burke served as committeeman from the 14th Ward ( a local Democratic party post ) , and was elected alderman from the 14th Ward in November 1953 . Ed Burke attended Visitation Grammar School in Visitation Parish on Chicago 's South Side and is a 1961 graduate of Quigley Preparatory Seminary . He graduated with a bachelor 's degree from DePaul University in 1965 , then worked for three years as a Chicago police officer , assigned to the state 's attorney 's office . Meanwhile , he studied law at DePaul University College of Law . In 1968 , Burke received a Juris Doctor degree , was admitted to the Illinois Bar , and married his wife , Anne Marie . While in law school in the late 1960s , an era of escalation in the Vietnam War , Burke received a draft deferment as a full @-@ time student . After his marriage and the death of his father , he applied for and was granted a hardship deferment ( 3 @-@ A ) , as the sole support of his wife , mother , and two younger brothers . In June 1969 , the Illinois Selective Service board of appeals reclassified him 1 @-@ A ( " available for unrestricted military service " ) . At the same time , he was accepted into a Chicago @-@ based United States Army Reserve unit , the 363rd civil affairs group , as a private . Political rivals expressed concern that special consideration allowed Burke to join the Reserve unit ahead of others , but an Army investigation found no evidence of manipulation in his favor . = = Democratic committeeman = = Burke succeeded his father in local politics , first as Democratic Committeeman and then as alderman from the 14th Ward . After the elder Burke died in office of cancer on May 11 , 1968 , Edward Burke took leave from his job as a policeman to replace his father as Democratic committeeman for the 14th Ward . Though not a precinct captain , Burke won election to his father 's committeeman seat in a secret vote of 65 precinct captains , defeating a veteran precinct captain by just 3 ½ votes . At 24 , Burke was the youngest person in Chicago 's history to become a ward committeeman , a position he has held ever since . = = Chicago Alderman = = The 14th Ward Democrats slated the young Burke as the Democratic candidate in a special election called for on March 11 , 1969 to fill vacancies in City Council , including the 14th Ward . Burke faced six opponents , but won with a majority of 11 @,@ 204 votes , while the next highest candidate received 1460 votes . Following the 1971 aldermanic elections , the Council approved the appointment of Burke , who was at the time a police sergeant on leave , as chairman of the Police and Fire Committee . In 1972 and 1973 , Burke joined Alderman Edward Vrdolyak in a dissident caucus of aldermen demanding a greater voice in city affairs from Mayor Richard J. Daley and finance committee chairman Thomas Keane . The dissident aldermen were labelled the " Young Turks , " and their caucus was called the " coffee rebellion " after the beverage served at their morning meetings . In the backroom of the City Council chamber , Burke once threatened to punch Alderman Leon Despres in the nose if Despres were not so old . Former city commissioner of consumer affairs Jane Byrne announced her challenge to Chicago Mayor Michael Bilandic on April 24 , 1978 , describing herself as an alternative to a " cabal of evil men [ that ] has fastened onto the government of the City of Chicago , " and , when pressed to name them , singled out Burke and Vrdolyak . After Burke 's first campaign for alderman , he has been unopposed in most of his re @-@ election campaigns . In 2007 , Burke faced his first opponent since 1971 , a school teacher who had never run for office . A Burke supporter unsuccessfully challenged the validity of the opponent 's ballot application , but the case was tied up in court for most of the campaign , and Burke went on to win with nearly 90 percent of the vote . = = = Leader of opposition to Mayor Washington = = = Burke was , along with Alderman Edward Vrdolyak , a leader of the " Vrdolyak 29 " , a City Council majority voting block , which included 28 white and one Puerto Rican aldermen , who opposed the agenda of the newly elected Mayor Harold Washington , Chicago 's first black mayor , during Washington 's first three years as mayor , 1983 – 1986 , a period referred to as Council Wars . Vrdolyak , a Burke mentor , was chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party . Vrdolyak forged the alliance by expanding the number of city council committees to 29 and negotiating 29 committee chairmanship assignments . On May 2 , 1983 , during the first city council meeting of the Washington administration , the mayor and some aldermen left the meeting , Vrdolyak was President pro tempore of the city council ( chair of city council meetings when the mayor is not present ) so he continued the meeting . Burke was chosen to chair the powerful Finance Committee . Burke assumed a vocal role in anti @-@ Washington attacks and was considered second to Vrdolyak in the anti @-@ Washington caucus . Burke sued in Cook County Circuit Court to remove Washington from office , contending that Washington forfeited his office by being three weeks late in filing a routine financial disclosure by the deadline set by state law . The suit was dismissed . Burke asked Illinois Attorney General Neil Hartigan to seek the ouster of Washington . The request was denied . Richard M. Daley , Cook County States Attorney at the time , pleaded for unity , saying , " This personal hatred has gone too far . " In the spring of 1987 , in Chicago 's municipal elections , Vrdolyak , rather than seeking re @-@ election as alderman , was the Solidarity Party 's candidate challenging Washington for mayor . Washington won re @-@ election , and Washington allies won twenty @-@ five City Council seats . Burke led opposition in the City Council , but Washington supporter Alderman Timothy C. Evans replaced Burke as Chairman of the Committee on Finance . Ousted from the spacious Finance Committee staff offices , Burke never used the relatively modest office allocated to him in City Hall and instead worked out of his private law office two blocks away . In the days following the death of Mayor Washington in office , Burke supported the Council 's selection of Alderman Eugene Sawyer over Evans to serve as mayor . Sawyer prevailed , but Burke was the alderman who least often voted in support of the legislative agenda of Mayor Sawyer , Chicago 's second black mayor . After Richard M. Daley was elected mayor in the spring of 1989 , Daley nominated Burke as Finance chairman , a position he has held ever since . The chairmanship of the City Council 's Committee on Finance has been described as " the No. 2 spot in city government " . Almost all expenditures , tax matters , and many city contracts must be recommended by the Finance Committee before they can be considered by the full Council . As Chairman of the Committee on Finance , Burke controlled a 63 @-@ member staff and $ 2 @.@ 2 @-@ million annual budget , dwarfing the resources of other council committees . In the city 's self @-@ managed workman 's compensation program , the Finance Committee determines and approves payment amounts in disability claims . As Chairman of the Committee on Finance , Burke controls a $ 1.3M per year taxpayer @-@ funded payroll account available to aldermen with no scrutiny . In 2008 , Burke spent the largest portion of the account , $ 70 @,@ 164 , more than any other alderman by more than $ 26 @,@ 000 . Burke is also a member of the City Council 's committees on Aviation ; Budget and Government Operation ; Energy , Environmental Protection and Public Utilities ; and Zoning . Additionally , Burke is a member of the Chicago Planning Commission and Economic Development Commission . He controls three well @-@ funded political action committees , the " Friends of Edward M Burke , " the " 14th Ward Regular Democratic Organization , " and " The Burnham Committee . " In July 2009 , Burke 's campaign funds totaled $ 3 @.@ 7 million , higher than any other alderman and one of the largest in Illinois . Illinois judges are elected in partisan elections , and a significant aspect of Burke 's influence derives from his role as the longtime chairman of the judicial slating subcommittee of the Cook County Democratic Party . Burke has been a principal draftsman of the map of ward boundaries . When Burke started his political career , the 14th Ward that he represents was centered in the Back of the Yards neighborhood , more than a mile and a half east of where it is now . The 14th Ward is a gerrymandered area whose shape has been described as " like a piece of a jigsaw puzzle " . With each new ward map , drawn every 10 years , its boundaries have been moved farther west . As of 2010 , its boundaries extended from 39th Street south to 59th and from Western Avenue west to Cicero Avenue , including most of the Brighton Park , Gage Park and Archer Heights neighborhoods . The ethnic composition of the ward has changed dramatically during Burke 's tenure in office . As of 1968 , residents were predominantly of Polish or other Eastern European extraction , but by 2010 it had a large Mexican and Mexican @-@ American population . Burke maintains a taxpayer @-@ salaried staff to ghost @-@ write speeches , resolutions , and works of non @-@ fiction for him , including Thomas J. O 'Gorman , carried on Burke 's City Council staff payroll as a " legislative aide " since 1995 . In October 2006 , Burke and O 'Gorman published End of Watch , a book detailing the lives and tragedies of police officers who died in the line of duty . Also , Burke and R. Craig Sautter published the book Inside the Wigwam : Chicago Presidential Conventions 1860 – 1996 . Under Burke 's direction , the Finance Committee staff compiles historical exhibits in City Hall and drafts honorary resolutions for special visitors to Chicago or recently deceased prominent Americans and Chicagoans . Burke was named " Best Orator at City Hall " in the Chicago Reader 's " Best of Chicago 2010 " special issue . = = = Ghost payrolling on Burke 's staff = = = The staffing practices of Burke 's Finance Committee came under scrutiny in local and federal investigations of ghost @-@ payrolling abuses in local government and resulted in several indictments and convictions . Marie D 'Amico , the daughter of Alderman Anthony Laurino of the 39th Ward of Chicago , pleaded guilty to having collected tens of thousands of dollars in no @-@ work jobs between 1981 and 1994 from three separate public agencies : Cook County sheriff , Cook County clerk , and the City Council 's Finance Committee while Burke was chairman . Burke denied knowing D 'Amico rarely showed up for work . Burke said the Finance Committee 's chief investigator , who had died in 1994 , " apparently connived " with D 'Amico to carry D 'Amico on the payroll , prompting the Chicago Sun @-@ Times editorial , " Dead Men Can 't Wear Stripes . " D 'Amico was the first indictment in what became a federal investigation of ghost payrolling known as Operation Haunted Hall . In January 1995 , the Operation Haunted Hall grand jury subpoenaed the personnel records of three City Council Committees : Finance , Budget and Traffic . Burke 's long @-@ time aldermanic secretary worked full @-@ time out of the downtown office of Burke 's law firm , even though her salary was paid by the city . The secretary was subpoenaed by the Operation Haunted Hall grand jury . Alderman Joe Moore asked , " Why is she over at the law firm ? It looks bad . It raises the appearance that she 's possibly doing not only city work but law firm work . " An attorney for the Finance Committee said , " I don 't have to explain why she 's at the law firm . [ Burke ] doesn 't have to explain . It makes no difference where she sits ... She 's a city employee and she does city work . " The secretary was transferred to City Hall . Burke 's law firm had employed Joseph A. Martinez , a real estate tax appeal attorney , as a full @-@ time partner since about 1977 , when in 1981 Mayor Jane Byrne appointed Martinez to replace the resigning 31st Ward Alderman Chester Kuta . Martinez served out the remainder of Kuta 's term but declined to run for re @-@ election when the ward committeeman endorsed a challenger . Between 1985 and 1992 , Martinez received $ 91 @,@ 000 in wages and benefits for doing little or no work for City Council committees , and was a target of Operation Haunted Hall . In April 1995 , after the federal subpoena of Council committee personnel records , Martinez returned the $ 91 @,@ 000 , sending cash to City Hall in three installments . He was charged and pleaded guilty on January 23 , 1997 . In his plea agreement , he admitted he was a ghost payroller on City Council committees , starting with the Finance Committee in 1987 , and said that he was employed in each committee job " in order to receive health insurance " . Martinez 's attorney said Burke got Martinez the jobs because Burke 's law firm did not provide health insurance . In a statement , Burke wrote , " A memorandum filed in Mr. Martinez 's case [ has ] asserted that I participated in a scheme that gave rise to these charges . This allegation is untrue . I have done nothing wrong in connection with this matter . " Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning columnist Mike Royko wrote , " You would think that a bright fellow such as Burke - whose father was a ward boss and an alderman - would know better ... " Burke was corporate secretary of security firm SDI Security , Inc. from shortly after it was formed in 1989 until 1994 . Burke hired the President of SDI , Michael A. Pedicone , as an outside lawyer for the Finance Committee . SDI was owned by 11th ward Alderman Patrick Huels , chairman of the Council 's Transportation Committee , and Mayor Richard M. Daley 's floor leader , and Huels ' wife and brother . A federal grand jury subpoenaed Burke 's and Huels ' campaign finance records and ethics disclosures , and Pedicone 's billings . The Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of the Illinois Supreme Court , the state agency that regulates the conduct of attorneys in Illinois , investigated Burke and subpoenaed all records on SDI from the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation . In late December 1997 a grand jury convened by the Cook County State 's Attorney 's office subpoenaed records on expenditures to SDI from Burke 's Finance and Huels ' Transportation Committees , notable in that local prosecutors rarely investigate local politicians . In a memo to aldermen , Burke wrote , " He [ Pedicone ] was not a ghost payroller , " and that Pedicone had been paid about $ 490 @,@ 000 over eight years for handling more than 450 disability @-@ claim cases . Huels ' resignation was the first major public corruption scandal of Daley 's first two terms , and editorials called for Burke 's resignation as well . At the sentencing hearing for a Chicago attorney , a federal agent testified that the attorney said that his job with Burke 's Finance Committee only required four hours of work a week , although he was paid a full @-@ time salary . On January 8 , 1998 , federal prosecutors in Operation Haunted Hall indicted another Chicago attorney for collecting $ 9 @,@ 223 in wages and benefits from the Finance Committee in 1991 and 1992 despite doing little or no work . Burke hired criminal defense attorney Anton Valukas , a former U.S. attorney and a partner in the law firm Jenner and Block , to represent him . Burke was not charged with any wrongdoing in the probe . By 1999 , Operation Haunted Hall resulted in 34 guilty pleas , one conviction after trial , and one acquittal . On December 4 , 2008 , Illinois State Representative Robert S. Molaro resigned after serving about 15 years in the state legislature , and was eligible to receive a public pension of about $ 64 @,@ 000 per year based on the standard of 85 % of his roughly $ 75 @,@ 000 annual salary . Burke hired the newly retired Molaro for $ 12 @,@ 000 for one month to write a 19 @-@ page white paper about Chicago 's perennially under @-@ funded pensions . When Molaro officially retired on January 1 , 2009 , his pensionable salary was annualized as $ 144 @,@ 000 , nearly doubling his pension . On August 16 , 2012 Illinois Governor Pat Quinn signed a bill which limited the state 's liability when former state legislators bolster their state pensions with short @-@ term jobs with cities , counties and other local governments . = = = Law clients with city business = = = In 2007 , although one of eight alderman who were attorneys , only Burke disclosed law clients who were local government contractors . Burke had 37 law clients that did business with the city or other local government agencies , according to his annual ethics statement filed with the city . Burke disclosed 2008 income above the reporting threshold of $ 5 @,@ 000 from each of 31 law clients that do business with the city . Burke has been criticized for alleged conflicts of interest involving law clients and his role as chairman of the Council 's Finance Committee . Burke has helped line up millions of dollars in public subsidies to companies that later hired his firm for property tax assessment appeals . Burke law clients which regularly have legislative issues before the Finance Committee have included communications company Ameritech , the Chicago Mercantile Exchange , Yellow Cab Company , and several major airlines and concessionaires at the city @-@ owned O 'Hare and Midway airports . For example , Cotter and Company , a wholesaler to 6 @,@ 000 True Value hardware stores , sought a package of public subsidies to keep their headquarters and operations in Chicago . In February 1996 , while the final components of the package were working their way through City Hall , Burke toured Cotter 's headquarters , at the end of which he handed out his business card from his private law practice and asked for the company 's property tax appeals business . Cotter decided to hire Burke in March 1996 and finalized the arrangement in June 1996 . An unprecedented $ 2 @.@ 8 million cash grant from the City to Cotter , never publicized by the Daley administration , was included in a $ 20 million bond issue approved by the Finance Committee and the City Council by July 31 , 1996 . = = = Recusals and corrections in voting record = = = Burke recuses himself from voting on issues involving clients so often that he was called " Chicago 's most conflicted alderman " by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times . Burke abstains from at least a few votes at almost every Finance Committee meeting . In March 1997 , weeks after hiring defense attorney Valukus , and days after learning from the Chicago Sun @-@ Times of their investigation into Burke 's law firm and clients , Burke invoked a rarely used motion to amend the proceedings of the City Council to change to abstentions four " yes " votes regarding airport facility leases for Midway and American airlines , two of Burke 's seven airline clients . Burke blamed the recording of his " aye " votes on the late Alderman Thomas Cullerton , who chaired the City Council Committee on Aviation , which reviews airport leases . Cullerton had died in February 1993 , three months before Burke cast one of the votes he changed . At the July 2 , 1997 City Council meeting , Burke changed to abstention a June 4 , 1997 vote in favor of a property @-@ tax break for another client , Heinemann 's Inc . , a baked goods company in Burke 's 14th ward . Between 1993 and 1997 , Burke put through six journal corrections on his votes , some dating back seven years , and accounting for more than half the corrections from all aldermen during that period . In 2004 , Burke changed the record of a vote in support of a zoning change favorable to another of his clients , Centrum Properties . Burke 's corrections of his voting history were criticized by other aldermen and Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley . Daley suggested Burke was involved in conflicts of interest that merited investigation by the Illinois Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission and the City Board of Ethics , and Daley advocated more stringent regulation regarding aldermanic conflicts of interest . Burke 's conflicts of interest inspired a strengthening of the City 's ethics laws in October 1998 . The Council passed the ordinance , 40 @-@ 9 . Burke voted " no " in a voice vote , then switched to " yes " for the record . = = = Legislative initiatives = = = In October , 1997 , as Huels resigned in the SDI scandal , and amid calls for Burke 's resignation , Burke sponsored a resolution exonerating Kate O 'Leary and her cow Daisy of culpability for the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 . The resolution cited research blaming the fire on an O 'Leary neighbor , Daniel " Peg Leg " Sullivan . Burke argued in favor of passage of the resolution , In 1871 , journalists , eager to sensationalize the events of the Great Fire , were quick to find in Mrs. Kate O 'Leary an easy scapegoat for the calamitous inferno . As a working @-@ class immigrant and a woman , Kate O 'Leary was an easy target for those publications who always found it comfortable to vilify Irish Catholics who had not yet assimilated into the dominant American middle @-@ class culture . The resolution was unanimously recommended by the City Council 's Police and Fire Committee on October 6 , 1997 and passed unanimously by the full City Council on October 28 , 1997 . Other Burke legislative initiatives include protecting non @-@ smokers from second @-@ hand smoke , mandating pet @-@ spaying , and regulating fatty restaurant food . = = = Jerry Springer hearing = = = In April 1999 , Roman Catholic priest and activist Michael Pfleger , pastor of St. Sabina parish in Chicago 's Auburn Gresham neighborhood , wrote a letter to Chicago Police Superintendent Terry Hilliard complaining of the glorification of violence on The Jerry Springer Show , a popular television show which was produced in Chicago . Burke showed about ten minutes of clips from the show at the April 28 , 1999 meeting of the City Council 's Police and Fire Committee and convinced aldermen to invite , under threat of subpoena , show host Jerry Springer to testify under oath as to whether the violence on the show was genuine or scripted . If scripted , Burke proposed to force the show to obtain a city entertainment license , and , if genuine , Burke proposed that the off @-@ duty Chicago policemen providing security at the show arrest fighting guests on the set . The hearing attracted more than 21 television news crews from around the country , including Court TV , MSNBC , Fox News , a film crew from The Jerry Springer Show , dozens of print reporters , and about 75 of Springer 's fans . Burke led the questioning of Springer . None of the aldermen asked Springer if the violence was staged until more than an hour into the three @-@ hour hearing . Springer , a former Cincinnati council member and mayor , spent most of his time sparring with Burke , and handled the inquiry . = = = Security detail = = = Burke is the only Chicago alderman who has Chicago police officers assigned to him as bodyguards . In 1986 , Mayor Harold Washington 's acting Chicago police commissioner Fred Rice tried to reduce the number of Burke 's bodyguards from four to two , on the basis that the manpower was no longer necessary . Burke sued the city , arguing that the move was a political retaliation . The court sided with Burke . Rice removed nearly all the aldermanic bodyguards , but was blocked by court orders from taking away the Vrdolyak and Burke contingents . For nine months in 2005 , the police details assigned to the city clerk , city treasurer and Burke did not file any police reports . Andy Shaw , president and chief executive of the watchdog group Better Government Association , asked , This is a city that doesn 't have enough money for basic services right now and doesn 't have enough money to protect regular citizens . The question has to be asked whether a full @-@ time bodyguard detail to one alderman who hasn 't been shown to be in any kind of danger for more than two decades is warranted . An unmarked Chicago police car was assigned to Burke 's city @-@ funded security detail . He is one of several aldermen who lease sports utility vehicles at taxpayer expense . = = = Length of service = = = In November 2014 , Burke surpassed John Coughlin as the longest @-@ serving alderman in Chicago history . Coughlin , who had served from 1892 until his death in 1938 , had held the record for 77 years . = = Attempts at other public office = = In 1980 , Burke sought the Democratic nomination for Cook County State 's Attorney . Burke was aligned with Mayor Jane Byrne and was endorsed by the Cook County Democratic Central Committee . Burke 's loss in the primary to Richard M. Daley was interpreted at the time as a set @-@ back for the Chicago political machine . In 1988 , following the sudden death in office of Mayor Harold Washington , Burke was one of several candidates who sought to fill the vacancy . " I know I would like to be Mayor . It is obviously the Super Bowl of Chicago politics , " Burke said . After polls showed declining support for his candidacy , he dropped out of the race in December 1988 and endorsed Richard M. Daley , who won the nomination in the February 1989 Democratic primary . = = Property tax attorney = = Burke is the lead partner in a Chicago law firm , Klafter and Burke , that specializes in representing clients in property tax appeals before the Cook County Assessor 's Office , the Cook County Board of Review , and in the courts . The firm was successful in several " significant legal challenges " to Illinois real estate law . Burke 's law firm 's senior partner , Melvin Klafter , died on June 5 , 1988 at age 73 . The number of tax appeals Burke 's firm filed for clients with the Board of Tax Appeals increased from 212 in 1982 to 1 @,@ 876 in 1995 . In 2002 , Burke helped pass a city ordinance barring the city from contesting property tax appeals seeking a reduction in property assessment of under $ 1 million , which was most of Burke 's cases . Between 2003 and 2013 , Burke 's firm won more than $ 18 @.@ 1 million in property @-@ tax refunds in Chicago . In a 2006 interview , Burke reflected , The law business is good . I have been fortunate to have the best of both worlds . I have enjoyed the political side of it and also enjoyed my private legal practice . Yes , there have been temptations , [ but ] if you try to conduct yourself under the rules , in the long run you are better off . = = Personal life = = Burke 's wife Anne has served as an Illinois Appellate Court Justice and was installed as an Illinois Supreme Court Justice on July 4 , 2006 . The Burkes resides in the southwestern Chicago neighborhood of Archer Heights , close to Curie Metropolitan High School and the Pulaski Station of the CTA Orange Line . Their adult children are Jennifer , Edward , and Sarah . Jennifer is an attorney who worked in the City of Chicago Law Department under Mayor Richard M. Daley 's corporation counsel and now is on the Illinois Pollution Control Board . Edward M. Burke Jr. is an assistant chief deputy to Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart . In 2004 , Burke 's son Emmett , aged 30 , was killed in a snowmobiling accident . Burke 's brother Daniel J. Burke is a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from Illinois ' 23rd District , which includes the 14th ward , as well as a lobbyist to Chicago City Hall . Crain 's Chicago Business in 2006 named Edward , Daniel , and Anne one of " Illinois ' most influential families " and in 2013 named Edward and Anne one of Chicago 's " 15 clout @-@ heavy clans . " Noted for his impeccable conservative suits and attention to accessorizing , Burke was named " Best Dressed Alderman " in a 1981 review of aldermen by the Chicago Tribune 's City Hall reporters . Burke is also a licensed private detective in Illinois . = = = Baby T = = = In February 1996 , the Burkes became foster parents to an African American child , known in public by his court name " Baby T , " born to a woman suffering drug addiction . The child 's mother , Tina Olison , an addict in recovery , sued to regain custody of her child several times in a protracted , racially charged court battle that drew extensive media attention . The suits ultimately reached the Illinois State Supreme Court , which ruled in favor of custody for the Burkes in 2001 . = = Publications = = Burke , Edward M. ; O 'Gorman , Thomas J. ( 2006 ) . End of Watch : Chicago Police Killed in the Line of Duty 1853 – 2006 . Chicago 's Neighborhoods , Inc . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 9788663 @-@ 2 @-@ 7 . Sautter , R. Craig ; Burke , Edward M. ( 1996 ) . Inside the Wigwam : Chicago Presidential Conventions 1860 – 1996 . Loyola Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8294 @-@ 0911 @-@ 6 . Burke , Edward M. ( March 22 , 2002 ) . " Lunatics and anarchists : political homicide in Chicago " ( PDF ) . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology ( Northwestern University School of Law ) 92 ( 3 @-@ 4 ) : 791 – 804 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 .
= Ricardo Rodríguez ( footballer ) = Ricardo Iván Rodríguez Araya ( born 25 August 1992 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays as a left back for VfL Wolfsburg in the Bundesliga . Born to a Spanish father and a Chilean mother , Rodríguez began his professional career at local club FC Zürich in 2010 , having spent eight years in the youth setup . After breaking through into the first team at Zürich , Rodríguez was sold to VfL Wolfsburg in January 2012 for £ 7 @.@ 5 million . He has been described as an accomplished defender and is noted for his strong heading ability , and ability to deliver pinpoint crosses . Rodríguez is also noted for his speciality in dead @-@ ball situations and for penalty @-@ taking abilities , emerging as Wolfsburg 's first @-@ choice penalty taker . Rodríguez has earned caps at every level of the Swiss national team setup , winning the FIFA U17 World Cup in 2009 . A full international for Switzerland since 2011 , Rodríguez has earned over 40 caps for the country . He was part of the Swiss team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and later that year was voted Swiss Footballer of the Year . = = Club career = = = = = FC Zürich = = = Rodríguez began playing football at the highly regarded youth club FC Schwamendingen in 2001 before joining the youth setup of FC Zürich as an 11 @-@ year @-@ old in 2002 . He was promoted to the senior squad in 2009 at age 16 , making the bench for Zürich 's 2 – 3 defeat to NK Maribor in the first leg of their third qualifying round Champions League tie on 29 July 2009 . He made his Zürich debut as a 17 @-@ year @-@ old in the 25th round of the Swiss Super League on 21 March 2010 , replacing the injured Hannu Tihinen in the first @-@ half of the 2 – 0 win over Bellinzona . His full debut came in the Zürich Derby against Grasshoppers on 5 April , playing the entire 3 – 2 win for the hosts . He made only his second start in the first match of the Swiss Super League season on 20 July 2010 , playing the full 90 minutes in a 2 – 3 defeat to rivals FC Basel . On 28 April 2011 , he scored his first professional goal for the club , opening the scoring for the hosts as they ran out 3 – 0 winners over Neuchâtel Xamax at the Letzigrund . Rodríguez made his European debut in the first @-@ leg of their third qualifying round tie against Standard Liège on 27 July 2011 . He played the entire match and provided the cross for fellow Zürich youth team graduate Admir Mehmedi as the Swiss secured a 1 – 1 draw at the Stade Maurice Dufrasne in Belgium . In the second leg , Rodríguez missed from an open goal from close range but Zürich won 1 – 0 to earn a spot in the play @-@ off round against Bayern Munich . He played the entirety of both play @-@ off matches against Bayern , but the Swiss side fell 0 – 3 on aggregate and dropped into the Europa League . On 26 October 2011 , Rodríguez scored his second goal for the club , netting his side 's second from the penalty spot , in a 2 – 0 win over FC Thun . The club 's final Super League match before the winter break on 10 December 2011 , turned out to be Rodríguez 's last in a Zürich shirt , playing the entire 1 – 1 draw with FC Sion . On 11 January 2012 , Zürich officials announced that the club had accepted a bid for Rodríguez by German side Wolfsburg and that he was on the verge of completing the transfer , subject to a medical . Despite being sold mid @-@ way through the season , Rodríguez was voted as the Fans ' Player of the Season on 4 June 2012 , ahead of Oliver Buff and Pedro Henrique . = = = VfL Wolfsburg = = = = = = = Early career = = = = VfL Wolfsburg purchased Rodríguez as a 19 @-@ year @-@ old on 13 January 2012 for £ 7 @.@ 5 million with the player signing a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year deal . He quickly asserted himself into the first @-@ team lineup , making his Bundesliga debut the next day against 1 . FC Köln , a 1 – 0 victory for the Wolves . Rodríguez went on to play every game of the season from that point on without being substituted , becoming a favorite on the left of the defense for manager Felix Magath . Through the first ten league games of the following campaign , Rodríguez was once again an ever @-@ present in the squad , featuring in all the outings , starting eight . But Magath was sacked after a poor run of form in the league and when Lorenz @-@ Günther Köstner was installed as interim manager , the more experienced Marcel Schäfer was preferred at left back . Once Dieter Hecking was appointed manager though , Rodríguez won his place back in the first team . = = = = 2013 – 14 season = = = = On 9 November 2013 , he scored his first goal for Wolfsburg , from a direct free kick in a home Bundesliga match against Borussia Dortmund . The match ended in a 2 – 1 win for Wolfsburg , although they were losing at half @-@ time . His second goal for Wolfsburg came from the penalty spot against Hamburg on 29 November , earning his side a 1 – 1 draw . He opened the scoring in their Bundesliga match on 14 December , curling the ball past keeper Sven Ulreich , as Wolfsburg won 3 – 1 . He finished the 2013 – 14 season with five league goals , in addition to nine assists . He failed to make it into the Bundesliga Team of the Season , but was included in a list of the Best Defenders for the 2013 – 14 campaign . Rodríguez 's nine assists also meant that he created more goals than any other full @-@ back in Europe . His impressive displays during the season included 2 @.@ 3 key passes per game , the same number as Andrea Pirlo , the two @-@ time reigning Serie A Footballer of the Year , and 2 @.@ 6 successful dribbles per game , more than Cristiano Ronaldo , the reigning Ballon d 'Or winner . = = = = 2014 – 15 season = = = = He scored his first ever goal in European football for Wolfsburg on 18 September 2014 , netting directly from a free @-@ kick after having previously scored an own @-@ goal in a 4 – 1 defeat to English side Everton . Three days later , Rodriguez scored twice more for Wolfsburg , once from the penalty spot and a volley from a Kevin De Bruyne corner , as Wolfsburg defeated Bayer Leverkusen 4 – 1 . He scored his third league goal of the season against Werder Bremen on 27 September , converting a De Bruyne cross to put Wolfsburg up 1 – 0 in an eventual 2 – 1 victory . In October 2014 , Rodríguez was ruled out for a number of weeks with a troubled patella tendon and thigh . On 31 October , his agent , Roger Wittman , confirmed that Rodríguez and Wolfsburg had opened contract talks to extend his current deal beyond 2016 . Rodríguez scored twice in Wolfsburg 's 3 – 0 win away to Lille on 11 December , a result which advanced his side into the Europa League knockout stage instead of their opponents . In January 2015 , he signed a new contract up to June 2019 . He scored the only goal of the game from the penalty spot on 7 April , as Wolfsburg defeated SC Freiburg to reach the semi @-@ finals of the DFB @-@ Pokal , also making a goalline clearance later on . In the final on 30 May , he played the full 90 minutes as Wolfsburg won their first cup , defeating Borussia Dortmund 3 – 1 . = = = = 2015 – 16 season = = = = Rodríguez played the full 90 minutes of Wolfsburg 's victory over Bayern Munich in the 2015 DFL @-@ Supercup on 1 August , scoring their first attempt in the penalty shootout after a 1 – 1 draw . On 6 April 2016 , as Wolfsburg hosted Real Madrid in the first leg of the quarter @-@ finals of the season 's Champions League , Rodríguez scored a penalty to open a surprise 2 – 0 victory . By sending Keylor Navas the wrong way , he was the first player to score against Real 's goalkeeper in the tournament for 738 minutes . = = International career = = In 2009 , he was part of the Swiss U17 team who won the 2009 FIFA U @-@ 17 World Cup . His first goal of the tournament came in Switzerland 's second group game against Japan on 27 October 2009 , netting the winning goal as the match ended 4 – 3 . He opened the scoring for the Swiss in the 35th minute against Germany in the Round of 16 as Switzerland eventually won 4 – 3 in added extra time . In the semi @-@ finals against Colombia , he scored Switzerland 's final goal of their 4 – 0 win to reach their first final of a FIFA competition since a 3 – 0 loss to Uruguay in the 1924 Olympics . He played the entire final against Nigeria on 15 November , helping Switzerland to a 1 – 0 victory to become just the third European nation to lift the trophy . Rodríguez made his debut for Switzerland in a Euro 2012 qualifying match against Wales on 7 October 2011 , replacing Xherdan Shaqiri in the second half of the 0 – 2 loss . In his full debt four days later , Rodríguez played the entire match as the Swiss defeated Montenegro 2 – 0 to end their qualification campaign on a high , despite missing out on a playoff spot to the Balkan side . In a friendly match against the Netherlands on 11 November , he played the entire match as the Swiss kept a clean sheet in Amsterdam . He played all three matches for Switzerland at the 2012 Olympics , in which they were eliminated in the group stage . Rodríguez featured in nine of ten World Cup qualifying matches for the Swiss , totaling 810 minutes , as they qualified for the World Cup with a game to spare , thanks to a 2 – 1 win over Albania on 11 October 2013 . On 13 May 2014 , Rodríguez was named in Switzerland 's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In their opening group game against Ecuador on 15 June , he took the corner which was headed by Admir Mehmedi for the equaliser , as well as crossing for Haris Seferović to score the winner in a 2 – 1 victory . During the tournament finals in Brazil , he averaged 5 tackles and 2 @.@ 5 interceptions per game , earning plaudits for his strong tackling as well as his ability to read the game . At UEFA Euro 2016 in France , Rodríguez played every minute as Switzerland reached the last 16 . They were eliminated on penalties by Poland in Saint @-@ Étienne , although Rodríguez scored his attempt . = = Playing style = = Rodríguez is known for being equally adept at defending as he is going forward . Experts consider him as an accomplished defender and note his strong heading ability . As well as considering him a continual attacking threat and noting his exceptional stamina and pace which allow for his constant , buccaneering runs up the wing . Conversely , he has been criticised for giving too much room to opposition attackers , taking up poor positioning and lacking in defensive discipline , and other analysts have criticised his concentration . He has become known for his pinpoint crossing and accurate left foot and has been compared to Everton and England left back Leighton Baines . He is also noted for his speciality in dead ball situations and for penalty taking abilities , emerging as Wolfsburg 's first @-@ choice penalty taker during the 2013 – 14 season . In 2014 , his manager Dieter Hecking praised Rodríguez as " the best left @-@ back in the Bundesliga " . = = Personal life = = Rodríguez was born in Zürich to a Spanish father and a Chilean mother . As a result , he is fluent in Spanish and holds Spanish and Chilean nationalities . He is the younger brother of FC St. Gallen midfielder Roberto Rodríguez and the older brother of Switzerland U19 midfielder Francisco Rodríguez , who also plays for VfL Wolfsburg . = = Career statistics = = As of match played 25 June 2016 . = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = VfL Wolfsburg DFB @-@ Pokal : 2014 – 15 DFL @-@ Supercup : 2015 = = = International = = = Switzerland FIFA U @-@ 17 World Cup : 2009 = = = Individual = = = FC Zürich Fans ' Player of the Season : 2011 – 12 Swiss Footballer of the Year : 2014
= Japanese cruiser Izumo = Izumo ( 出雲 , sometimes transliterated Idzumo ) was the lead ship of her class of armored cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1890s . As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships herself , the ship was built in Britain . She often served as a flagship and participated in most of the naval battles of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 . The ship was lightly damaged during the Battle off Ulsan and the Battle of Tsushima . Izumo was ordered to protect Japanese citizens and interests in 1913 during the Mexican Revolution and was still there when World War I began in 1914 . She was then tasked to search for German commerce raiders and protect Allied shipping off the western coasts of North and Central America . The ship assisted the armored cruiser Asama in early 1915 when she struck a rock off Baja California . In 1917 , Izumo became the flagship of the Japanese squadron deployed in the Mediterranean Sea . After the war , she sailed to Great Britain to take control of some ex @-@ German submarines and then escorted them part of the way back to Japan . The ship spent most of the 1920s as a training ship for naval cadets and became flagship of the IJN 's China forces in 1932 during the First Shanghai Incident . Izumo participated in the Battle of Shanghai five years later and was not damaged , despite repeated aerial attacks . The ship played a minor role in the Pacific War , supporting Japanese forces during Philippines Campaign until she struck a mine . She returned to Japan in 1943 and again became a training ship for naval cadets . Izumo was sunk by American carrier aircraft during the attack on Kure in July 1945 . Her wreck was refloated and scrapped in 1947 . = = Background and description = = The 1896 Naval Expansion Plan was made after the First Sino @-@ Japanese War and included four armored cruisers in addition to four more battleships , all of which had to be ordered from British shipyards as Japan lacked the capability to build them itself . Further consideration of the Russian building program caused the IJN to believe that the battleships ordered under the original plan would not be sufficient to counter the Imperial Russian Navy . Budgetary limitations prevented ordering more battleships and the IJN decided to expand the number of more affordable armored cruisers to be ordered from four to six ships . The revised plan is commonly known as the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " . Unlike most of their contemporaries which were designed for commerce raiding or to defend colonies and trade routes , Izumo and her half @-@ sisters were intended as fleet scouts and to be employed in the battleline . The ship was 132 @.@ 28 meters ( 434 ft 0 in ) long overall and 121 @.@ 92 meters ( 400 ft 0 in ) between perpendiculars . She had a beam of 20 @.@ 94 meters ( 68 ft 8 in ) and had an average draft of 7 @.@ 26 meters ( 23 ft 10 in ) . Izumo displaced 9 @,@ 503 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 353 long tons ) at normal load and 10 @,@ 305 metric tons ( 10 @,@ 142 long tons ) at deep load . The ship had a metacentric height of 0 @.@ 88 meters ( 2 ft 11 in ) . Her crew consisted of 672 officers and enlisted men . Izumo had two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by 24 Belleville boilers and the engines were rated at a total of 14 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 800 kW ) . The ship had a designed speed of 20 @.@ 75 knots ( 38 @.@ 43 km / h ; 23 @.@ 88 mph ) and reached 21 @.@ 74 knots ( 40 @.@ 26 km / h ; 25 @.@ 02 mph ) during her sea trials from 16 @,@ 078 ihp ( 11 @,@ 989 kW ) . She carried up to 1 @,@ 527 long tons ( 1 @,@ 551 t ) of coal and could steam for 7 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 000 km ; 8 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The main armament for all of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " armored cruisers was four eight @-@ inch guns in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The secondary armament consisted of 14 Elswick Ordnance Company " Pattern Z " quick @-@ firing ( QF ) , 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . Only four of these guns were not mounted in armored casemates on the main and upper decks and their mounts on the upper deck were protected by gun shields . Izumo was also equipped with a dozen QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 @-@ cwt guns and eight QF 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Yamauchi guns as close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . The ship was equipped with four submerged 457 mm ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes , two on each broadside . All of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " armored cruisers used the same armor scheme with some minor differences . The waterline belt of Krupp cemented armor ran the full length of the ship and its thickness varied from 178 millimeters ( 7 @.@ 0 in ) amidships to 89 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) at the bow and stern . It had a height of 2 @.@ 13 meters ( 7 ft 0 in ) , of which 1 @.@ 39 meters ( 4 ft 7 in ) was normally underwater . The upper strake of belt armor was 127 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) thick and extended from the upper edge of the waterline belt to the main deck . It extended 51 @.@ 18 meters ( 167 ft 11 in ) from the forward to the rear barbette . The Izumo class had oblique 127 mm armored bulkheads that closed off the ends of the central armored citadel . The barbettes , gun turrets and the front of the casemates were all 6 inches thick while the sides and rear of the casemates were protected by 51 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) of armor . The deck was 63 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) thick and the armor protecting the conning tower was 356 millimeters ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness . = = Construction and career = = The contract for Izumo , named after the eponymous province , was signed on 24 September 1897 with Armstrong Whitworth . The ship was laid down at their shipyard in Elswick on 14 May 1898 and launched on 19 September . She was completed on 25 September 1900 and departed for Japan on 2 October under the command of Captain Inoue Toshio , who had been appointed to supervise her construction and bring her back to Japan on 29 September 1899 . Izumo arrived in Yokosuka on 8 December and Inoue was confirmed in his command . = = = Russo @-@ Japanese War = = = At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , Izumo , now under the command of Captain Miyaoka Naoki , was the flagship of Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō , commander of the 2nd Fleet . She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 , when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the Combined Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was , anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened , but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser Boyarin , which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russians . Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defenses with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese eight- and six @-@ inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships , which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Although many ships on both sides were hit , Russian casualties numbered some 150 , while the Japanese suffered roughly 90 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged . In early March , Kamimura was tasked to take the reinforced 2nd Division north and make a diversion off Vladivostok . While scouting for Russian ships in the area , the Japanese cruisers bombarded the harbor and defenses of Vladivostok on 6 March to little effect . Upon their return to Japan a few days later , the 2nd Division was ordered to escort the transports ferrying the Imperial Guards Division to Korea and then to join the ships blockading Port Arthur . Kamimura was ordered north in mid @-@ April to cover the Sea of Japan and defend the Korea Strait against any attempt by the Vladivostok Independent Cruiser Squadron , under the command of Rear Admiral Karl Jessen , to break through and unite with the Pacific Squadron . The two units narrowly missed each other on the 24th in heavy fog and the Japanese proceeded to Vladivostok where they laid several minefields before arriving back at Wonsan on the 30th . The division failed to intercept the Russian squadron as it attacked several transports south of Okinoshima Island on 15 June due to heavy rain and fog . The Russians sortied again on 30 June and Kamimura finally was able to intercept them the next day near Okinoshima . The light was failing when they were spotted and the Russians were able to disengage in the darkness . Jessen 's ships sortied again on 17 July headed for the eastern coast of Japan to act as a diversion and pull Japanese forces out of the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea . The Russian ships passed through Tsugaru Strait two days later and began capturing ships bound for Japan . The arrival of the Russians off Tokyo Bay on the 24th caused the Naval General Staff to order Kamimura to sail for Cape Toi Misaki , Kyūshū , fearing that Jessen would circumnavigate Japan to reach Port Arthur . Two days later he was ordered north to the Kii Channel and then to Tokyo Bay on the 28th . The General Staff finally ordered him back to Tsushima Island on the 30th ; later that day he received word that Jessen 's ships had passed through the Tsugaru Strait early that morning and reached Vladivostok on 1 August . = = = = Battle off Ulsan = = = = On 10 August , the ships at Port Arthur attempted a breakout to Vladivostok , but were turned back in the Battle of the Yellow Sea . Jessen was ordered to rendezvous with them , but the order was delayed . His three armored cruisers , Rossia , Gromoboi , and Rurik , had to raise steam , so he did not sortie until the evening of 13 August . By dawn he had reached Tsushima , but turned back when he failed to see any ships from the Port Arthur squadron . 36 miles ( 58 km ) north of the island he encountered Kamimura 's squadron , which consisted of four modern armored cruisers , Iwate , Tokiwa , Azuma , and Izumo . The two squadrons had passed during the night without spotting one another and each had reversed course around first light . This put the Japanese ships astride the Russian route to Vladivostok . Jessen ordered his ships to turn to the northeast when he spotted the Japanese at 05 : 00 and they followed suit , albeit on a slightly converging course . Both sides opened fire around 05 : 23 at a range of 8 @,@ 500 meters ( 9 @,@ 300 yd ) . The Japanese ships concentrated their fire on Rurik , the rear ship of the Russian formation . She was hit fairly quickly and began to fall astern of the other two ships . Jessen turned southeast in an attempt to open the range , but this blinded the Russian gunners with the rising sun and prevented any of their broadside guns from bearing on the Japanese . About 06 : 00 , Jessen turned 180 ° to starboard in an attempt to reach the Korean coast and to allow Rurik to rejoin the squadron . Kamimura followed suit around 06 : 10 , but turned to port , which opened the range between the squadrons . Azuma then developed engine problems and the Japanese squadron slowed to conform with her best speed . Firing recommenced at 06 : 24 and Rurik was hit three times in the stern , flooding her steering compartment ; she had to be steered with her engines . Her speed continued to decrease , further exposing her to Japanese fire , and her steering jammed to port around 06 : 40 . Jessen made another 180 ° turn in an attempt to interpose his two ships between the Japanese and Rurik , but the latter ship suddenly turn to starboard and increased speed and passed between Jessen 's ships and the Japanese . Kamimura turned 180 ° as well so that both squadrons were heading southeast on parallel courses , but Jessen quickly made another 180 ° turn so that they headed on opposing courses . The Russians reversed course for the third time around 07 : 45 in another attempt to support Rurik although Rossia was on fire herself ; her fires were extinguished about twenty minutes later . Kamimura circled Rurik to the south at 08 : 00 and allowed the other two Russian ships to get to his north and gave them an uncontested route to Vladivostok . Despite this , Jessen turned back once more at 08 : 15 and ordered Rurik to make her own way back to Vladivostok before turning north at his maximum speed , about 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . About this time Kamimura 's two elderly protected cruisers , Naniwa and Takachiho , were approaching from the south . Their arrival allowed Kamimura to pursue Jessen with all of his armored cruisers while the two new arrivals dealt with Rurik . They fought a running battle with the Russians for the next hour and a half ; scoring enough hits on them to force their speed down to 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The Japanese closed to a minimum of about 5 @,@ 000 meters ( 5 @,@ 500 yd ) , but Kamimura then opened the range up to 6 @,@ 500 meters ( 7 @,@ 100 yd ) . About 10 : 00 , Kamimura 's gunnery officer erroneously informed him that Izumo had expended three @-@ quarters of her ammunition and he turned back after a five @-@ minute rapid @-@ fire barrage . He did not wish to leave the Tsushima Strait unguarded and thought that he could use his remaining ammunition on Rurik . By this time she had been sunk by Naniwa and Takachiho . They had radioed Kamimura that she was sunk , but he did not receive the message . Shortly after the Japanese turned back , Gromoboi and Rossia were forced to heave @-@ to to make repairs . None of the Japanese ships were seriously damaged ; despite Izumo receiving over 20 hits , she only suffered 3 men killed and 16 wounded during the battle . She began repairs at Sasebo Naval Arsenal in mid @-@ September . On 26 January 1905 , Kamimura hoisted his flag again in Izumo at Sasebo and then escorted several troop convoys to Wonsan on February . On 13 April , the 2nd Division , including the armored cruisers Tokiwa and Kasuga , sailed to escort minelayers as they laid 715 mines off Vladivostok . = = = = Battle of Tsushima = = = = As the Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons approached Japan on 27 May , having sailed from the Baltic Sea , they were spotted by patrolling Japanese ships early that morning , but visibility was limited and radio reception poor . The preliminary reports were enough to cause Tōgō to order his ships to put to sea and the 2nd Division spotted the Russian ships under the command of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky at around 11 : 30 . Kamimura closed to about a range of 8 @,@ 000 meters ( 8 @,@ 700 yd ) before sheering off under fire to join Tōgō 's battleships . Izumo was leading the 2nd Division when Tōgō opened fire on the 2nd Pacific Squadron at 14 : 10 and , like most of the ships in the division , engaged the battleship Oslyabya which was forced to fall out of formation at 14 : 50 and sank 20 minutes later . By this time the Russian formation was in disorder and Knyaz Suvorov suddenly appeared out of the mist at 15 : 35 at a range of about 2 @,@ 000 meters ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) . All of Kamimura 's ships engaged her for five minutes or so with Azuma and the armored cruiser Yakumo also firing torpedoes at the Russian ship without effect . After 17 : 30 Kamimura led his division in a fruitless pursuit of some of the Russian cruisers , leaving Tōgō 's battleships to their own devices . He abandoned his chase around 18 : 03 and turned northwards to rejoin Tōgō . His ships spotted the rear of the Russian battleline around 18 : 30 and opened fire when the range closed to 8 @,@ 000 – 9 @,@ 000 meters ( 8 @,@ 700 – 9 @,@ 800 yd ) . Nothing is known of any effect on the Russians and they ceased fire by 19 : 30 and rejoined Tōgō at 20 : 08 as night was falling . The surviving Russian ships were spotted the next morning and the Japanese ships opened fire around 10 : 30 , staying beyond the range at which the Russian ships could effectively reply . Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov therefore decided to surrender his ships as he could neither return fire nor close the range . Over the course of the battle , Izumo was struck by five large shells , mostly 12 @-@ inch , and three smaller shells , mostly 6 @-@ inch . They caused only minor damage , although one 12 @-@ inch shell , which pierced a boiler uptake , could have disabled all of the middle boilers had it detonated . The shells killed 4 men and wounded 26 others . As the IJN was preparing to invade Sakhalin Island in early July , Kamimura 's 2nd Division , now reduced to Iwate , Izumo , and Tokiwa , was tasked to defend the Korea Strait before it escorted troops that made an amphibious landing in northeastern Korea . In mid @-@ August , the division covered the landing at Chongjin , closer to the Russian border . On 20 September 1909 , under command of Captain Takeshita Isamu , Izumo departed Yokohama for the United States to participate in the Portola Festival at San Francisco , a city @-@ wide fair held on 19 – 23 October to mark the 140th anniversary of the Portolà expedition , the first recorded Spanish ( and European ) land entry and exploration of present @-@ day California , and to proclaim to the world that San Francisco was recovered from its devastating 1906 earthquake . Lieutenant Prince Shimazu Tadashige was assigned to the ship during this visit . She made port calls in Hawaii , Monterrey , Santa Barbara , and San Diego en route . On 12 November 1913 , Izumo was ordered to patrol the west coast of Mexico to safeguard Japanese interests and nationals during the Mexican Revolution . = = = World War I = = = When Japan declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914 , Izumo was still off the Mexican coast and was ordered to protect Allied shipping there and search for German commerce raiders . On 1 November , the ship , then off San Francisco , was ordered to join a British task force commanded by Admiral Sir George Patey off San Clemente Island that included the battlecruiser Australia and the light cruiser Newcastle . After the German gunboat SMS Geier was interned by the Americans on 8 November , the ex @-@ Russian battleship Hizen and Asama , which had been patrolling off Honolulu , Hawaii , to prevent the German ship from leaving , rendezvoused with the other ships of the American Expeditionary Squadron at Magdalena Bay , Baja California on 22 November . The squadron , now commanded by Rear Admiral Moriyama Keizaburo in Izumo , then headed south to search along the western coast of South America for German ships . On 11 December , after the receiving the news of the British victory in the Battle of the Falkland Islands , the squadron moved north to search off the western coast of Central America and then Mexican and U.S. waters in January . While searching Baja California , Asama was badly damaged when she struck an uncharted rock on 31 January . Izumo , delayed by poor communications , arrived on 12 February and Moriyama radioed for repair and salvage ships to be sent from Japan . Izumo was relieved by Tokiwa on 19 March and the ship returned home . Izumo relieved the protected cruiser Akashi in June 1917 at Malta as the flagship of Rear Admiral Kōzō Satō , commander of the Second Special Mission Squadron that controlled the Japanese destroyers that escorted convoys in the Mediterranean Sea . In December 1918 , Izumo , accompanied by the destroyers Hinoki and Yanagi , sailed from Malta to Scapa Flow to assume control of seven captured German U @-@ boats as prizes of war . They returned to Malta with the U @-@ boats in March 1919 and the armored cruiser Nisshin accompanied eight destroyers and the U @-@ boats to Japan , while Izumo made port calls at Naples , Genoa and Marseilles before arriving in Japan with the remaining destroyers on 2 July 1919 . = = = Interwar years = = = Izumo participated in the 1919 Naval Review by Emperor Taishō . She was re @-@ designated a 1st class coast @-@ defense ship on 1 September 1921 and used primarily for training duties in long @-@ distance oceanic navigation and officer training for cadets in the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy . In this capacity , she participated six voyages in the 1920s and 1930s to Europe , North and South America , and Oceania , including a circumnavigation of the globe from August 1921 to April 1922 with Yakumo . Two of the naval cadets that participated in this cruise were Princes Kuni Asaakira and Kachō Hirotada . While in Vancouver , British Columbia , on 7 February 1925 , on one of these cruises , a tugboat collided with one of the ship 's boats at night , drowning 11 crewmen . In 1924 , four of Izumo 's 12 @-@ pounder guns were removed , as were all of her QF 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder guns , and a single 8 cm / 40 3rd Year Type anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) gun was added . Refitted again in 1930 – 31 , her torpedo tubes were removed as were all of her main deck 6 @-@ inch guns and their casemates plated over ; she now carried only four 12 @-@ pounders . In 1935 her boilers were replaced by six Kampon water @-@ tube boilers with an output of only 7 @,@ 000 ihp ( 5 @,@ 200 kW ) which reduced her top speed to 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . She now carried 1 @,@ 428 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 405 long tons ) of coal and 329 metric tons ( 324 long tons ) of fuel oil which increased her deep displacement to 10 @,@ 864 metric tons ( 10 @,@ 692 long tons ) = = = China service and World War II = = = On 2 February 1932 , during the First Shanghai Incident , Izumo became the flagship of the newly re @-@ established 3rd Fleet under Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura and arrived in Shanghai six days later . In 1934 , Izumo was equipped to operate a floatplane at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal . Shortly after the beginning of the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War in July 1937 , Izumo was attacked on 14 August 1937 in a series of raids by Chinese Air Force aircraft during the Battle of Shanghai . Most of the bombs landed in the river without effect , but two bombs landed among spectators , killing hundreds . Izumo 's Nakajima E4N floatplane and another from the light cruiser Sendai managed to get into the air and they claimed to have shot down one Curtiss Hawk biplane fighter and a Northrop Gamma bomber . Two days later , her E4N claimed to have shot down another Hawk . Izumo was attacked that same day by a Chinese torpedo boat , but the torpedoes missed and the boat was abandoned by its crew . The ship provided naval gunfire support to Japanese troops ashore during the battle . Izumo was repeatedly attacked without effect by Chinese aircraft for the duration of the Battle of Shanghai . Still in Shanghai at the beginning of the Pacific War on 8 December 1941 , Izumo captured the American river gunboat USS Wake and assisted in sinking the British river gunboat HMS Peterel . On 31 December , the cruiser struck a mine in the Lingayen Gulf while supporting Japanese forces during the Philippines Campaign . She was towed to Hong Kong in February 1942 for repairs . Izumo was re @-@ classified as a 1st @-@ class cruiser on 1 July . She returned to Japan in late 1943 and was reclassified as a training ship for the Kure Naval District . On 19 March 1945 , Izumo was attacked by American carrier aircraft off Etajima , although they failed to inflict any damage . Shortly afterwards , her 8 @-@ inch guns were replaced by four 12 @.@ 7 cm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) Type 89 dual @-@ purpose guns in two twin mounts and four of her remaining 6 @-@ inch guns were removed . Her light anti @-@ aircraft armament was significantly reinforced by the addition of 14 license @-@ built Hotchkiss 25 @-@ millimeter Type 96 light AA guns in two triple , two twin , and four single @-@ gun mounts and two 13 @.@ 2 @-@ millimeter Hotchkiss machine guns in single mounts . The ship was damaged by an American mine on 9 April off Hiroshima . Izumo was not attacked on the first day of the American aerial attack on Kure on 24 July 1945 , but she was near missed three times four days later . The shockwave from the detonations sprang the ship 's seams and the resulting flooding caused her to capsize at coordinates 34 ° 14 ′ N 132 ° 30 ′ E. She was removed from the navy list on 20 November and her hulk was raised and scrapped in 1947 by the Harima Dock Company .
= Tom 's Rhinoplasty = " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " is the eleventh episode in the first season of the American animated television series South Park . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 11 , 1998 . In the episode , the South Park Elementary boys become infatuated with the new substitute teacher Ms. Ellen , making Wendy Testaburger extremely jealous . Meanwhile , Mr. Garrison gets a nose job that makes him resemble actor David Hasselhoff . " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " was the first Valentine 's Day @-@ themed episode of the series and was written by series co @-@ creator Trey Parker . The episode advocates the concept of inner beauty through the Mr. Garrison subplot , and shows the boys ' efforts to win Ms. Ellen 's affection despite the fact that she is a lesbian . Natasha Henstridge makes a guest appearances as Ms. Ellen , marking the first time a celebrity guest played a major role in a South Park episode . She is credited as " The Chick from Species " in the opening credits . The episode marked the first time a real photographic image of a person 's head ( in this case David Hasselhoff ) was superimposed over a cartoon body , a practice which would become common throughout the series . " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " introduced the song " No Substitute " , which was sung by Chef and was later included on Chef Aid : The South Park Album . Trey Parker and Matt Stone said they were initially unhappy with " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " when production of the episode concluded , and were surprised when fans responded positively to it . = = Plot = = Valentine 's Day approaches , and Wendy suggests to her boyfriend Stan ways to spend time together . However , when their schoolteacher Mr. Garrison decides to get a rhinoplasty , a new substitute arrives named Ms. Ellen ( Natasha Henstridge ) and all the boys in class find themselves inexplicably enamored with her , including Stan . Wendy becomes incredibly jealous and warns Ms. Ellen to stay away from Stan , unaware that the substitute teacher does not return Stan 's affection . Concerned about the children 's education , Ms. Ellen reveals she will buy dinner for the winner of a spelling test . The boys actively try to court Ms. Ellen , but Chef ( having beaten them to it ) warns them she is a lesbian and thus only likes other lesbians . The boys do not realise what this means and try to become lesbians in order to attract Ms. Ellen . Meanwhile , Mr. Garrison 's nose job makes him one of the most attractive men in South Park , with his face resembling David Hasselhoff , and he decides to quit teaching and pursue women . Stan wins the dinner ( much to Wendy 's dismay ) , but finds out that Ms. Ellen has no intention of making love with him . Wendy however sees them through the window and leaves distraught . The next day , several Iraqi men burst into the classroom and declare that Ms. Ellen is actually an Iraqi fugitive . As she resists arrest , she inadvertently kills Kenny by impaling him with a sword to his face . The soldiers take her into custody and shoot her into the center of the Sun via a rocket . Mr. Garrison becomes a successful model , but he soon finds himself being chased throughout the streets by a large group of women attracted to him . Frightened by all the attention , Mr. Garrison decides to return to his normal looks . Wendy reclaims Stan as her boyfriend . Wendy speaks with the Iraqi men in fluent Arabic and pays them with a wad of American money . Later , Wendy watches joyfully as the rocket blows up in the sun , and Kyle realizes Wendy hired the Iraqis to kill Ms. Ellen . Outraged by this , Kyle angrily confronts Wendy for this , but Wendy declares , " I told her : ' Don 't ... fuck ... with ... Wendy ... Testaburger ! ' " = = Production = = " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " was written and directed by South Park co @-@ creator Trey Parker . It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on February 11 , 1998 . It is considered the show 's first Valentine 's Day episode , since it came out three days before Valentine 's Day and involved semi @-@ romantic plot @-@ lines . Natasha Henstridge makes a guest appearance as substitute teacher Ms. Ellen . Following the success of " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , a large number of celebrities started contacting Comedy Central with the hopes of making guest appearances in South Park episodes , allowing Parker and fellow co @-@ creator Matt Stone to practically take their pick of guest stars . Parker asked for Henstridge solely because he found her attractive in Species , the 1995 science fiction horror film in which she starred . Henstridge was nervous performing the role because she had never conducted a voice over performance before . Henstridge was credited as " The Chick from Species " in the opening credits . " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " marked the first time a real photographic image of a person 's head ( in this case David Hasselhoff ) was superimposed over a cartoon body , a practice which would become common throughout the series . Parker said the technology was not previously available in the earliest episodes of the series . Comedy Central was required to pay royalties to the photographer of the picture used for Hasselhoff 's head , but was not required to pay Hasselhoff himself . " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " displayed notable improvements in South Park 's animation , which was gradually improving throughout the first season and settling into the defined look the series has maintained throughout the years . One of the exterior scenes in " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " featured the first perspective angle of a street , which were previously only shown sideways or straight angles . Additionally , the simulated rain during a scene with Wendy watching Ms. Ellen and Stan from outside a restaurant was far more sophisticated than any such animation in previous episodes . Chef sings a song called " No Substitute " to Ms. Ellen in an attempt to woo her . The brief song was later expanded and included in Chef Aid : The South Park Album , a South Park soundtrack released in 1998 . " No Substitute " was performed by Isaac Hayes and was written by Parker , Stone and Bruce Howell , a South Park composer and producer . During one montage scene in " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " , a jealous Wendy recalls memories of her relationship with Stan while a sad song plays in the background . The song is performed by actress Courtney Ford , who appeared as an extra in the 1998 comedy film BASEketball , which starred Parker and Stone . Like Henstridge , Parker asked Ford to appear in the episode because he found her attractive . The Indigo Girls @-@ style song in " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " was written and sung by Toddy Walters , who played protagonist Polly Pry in Trey Parker 's 1996 film , Cannibal ! The Musical . The song is called " I Love Domestic Chores " , and was written " as sort of a lesbian anthem " . During one scene , Wendy tells Stan that she smelled Ms. Ellen taking a " smelly dump " in the bathroom in an attempt to make him less attracted to her . In the original script , Wendy originally told Stan that she had a yeast infection , but Comedy Central censors made Parker and Stone change the line . Parker and Stone said although the network typically provides great leniency in permitting obscene jokes , they often object to lines about female hygiene problems . During a cafeteria scene , a boy visible at a lunch table in the background looks exactly like Craig Tucker , but the color of his hat has been changed to make him appear to be a different character . The idea of Ms. Ellen taking one of the children to dinner came from Parker 's real @-@ life experiences . At his school , the children were able to have lunch with the teacher and principal if they were awarded " Student of the Week " . Parker said he went on one of the lunches once and found the experience " really , really creepy " because he had the impression the teacher and principal were having a romantic affair . Parker and Stone had trouble deciding how to end " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " in a way that would bring everything back to normal in South Park . Originally , the episode ended with Ms. Ellen being taken away by the Iraqi soldiers , leaving the impression that she was in fact an Iraqi fugitive . They ultimately decided this was a poor way to end the show , so they recast the ending to make Ms. Ellen an innocent woman who was framed by Wendy . Parker and Stone also struggled with how to make Mr. Garrison decide he wanted his old nose back . It was only a few days before the episode aired that these final decisions about the ending were made . = = Theme = = Describing the general tone of the show , Teri Fitsell of The New Zealand Herald explains that " South Park is a vicious social satire that works by spotlighting not the immorality of these kids but their amorality , and contrasting it with the conniving hypocrisy of the adults who surround them . " The humor of the show comes from the disparity between the cute appearance of the characters and their crude behavior . However , Parker and Stone said in an early interview that the show 's language is realistic . " There are so many shows where little kids are good and sweet , and it 's just not real ... Don 't people remember what they were like in third grade ? We were little bastards . " " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " in general advocates the concept of inner beauty by showing how miserable Mr. Garrison becomes after having his nose job ; as a model , he becomes a burnout and heroin addict who only finds happiness once he sheds his new outer image and becomes his old self . The episode also demonstrates the lack of understanding many have about the gay community by portraying the characters as seeking to become lesbians in order to win Ms. Ellen 's affection , even though they do not know what a lesbian is . = = Cultural references and impact = = After Mr. Garrison gets a nose job , his face resembles that of David Hasselhoff , the actor and singer best known for the series Knight Rider and Baywatch . Mr. Garrison refers disparagingly to the 1997 science fiction drama film Contact . Parker and Stone said they went out of their way to include the reference due to their own strong distaste for the film . The song that plays when Mr. Garrison strolls down the street after his nose job is " Shadow Dancing " by Andy Gibb . When trying to determine how attractive Ms. Ellen is , Chef asks the boys how she compares to a number of celebrities , including Vanessa L. Williams , Toni Braxton , Pamela Anderson and Erin Gray . For the latter actress , he specifically asks if Ms. Ellen is as attractive as Gray was in the second season of the NBC series , Buck Rogers in the 25th Century . When Ms. Ellen asks the class about the last lesson Mr. Garrison taught them , Cartman said they had been learning about how actress Yasmine Bleeth was dating Richard Grieco , the star of television series 21 Jump Street and Booker . The store Tom 's Rhinoplasty first appeared in the background of the short Jesus vs. Santa ; it is regularly shown in the background throughout the rest of the series , as well as in the 1999 South Park film , South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . A South Park drinking game included in the book " The Complete Guide to Television and Movie Drinking " encourages viewers to drink whenever South Park residents walk by or gather in front of the Tom 's Rhinoplasty building . = = Release and reception = = When production of " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " ended , Parker and Stone were dissatisfied with the final product and believed audiences would hate it , but were surprised to receive largely positive feedback from fans , some of whom described it as their favorite of the latter half of the season . " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " has been described as one of the classic episodes of South Park . In 2003 , the Chicago Tribune listed it among the top 10 episodes of the series . Walt Belcher of The Tampa Tribune praised the episode and said it " celebrates Valentine 's Day [ as ] only the Comedy Central series can " , although he warned it was not for children . During a brief scene in " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " , Mr. Garrison leans against a mailbox with a United States Postal Service logo printed on the side . The Postal Service contacted Comedy Central after the episode aired and threatened legal action if the logo was used again without permission . " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " was released , along with 11 other episodes , in a three @-@ disc DVD set in November 1998 . It was included in the third volume , which also included the episodes " Starvin ' Marvin " , " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " and " Mecha @-@ Streisand " . The DVD commentary recorded by Parker and Stone for " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " has been cited as one of the primary reasons the commentaries were not included in the South Park Season One DVD release . Warner Bros. , which released the DVD set , refused to include the commentaries due to " standards " issues with some of the statements unless Parker and Stone allowed the tracks to be edited , which they refused . Media outlets said the commentary that most bothered Warner Bros. executives was the one for " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " , in which Parker and Stone say they agree with Mr. Garrison 's character that the 1997 film Contact ( also released by Warner Bros. ) was " terrible " . The commentaries were ultimately released on CD separately from the DVDs .
= Retiarius = A retiarius ( plural retiarii ; literally , " net @-@ man " or " net @-@ fighter " in Latin ) was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman : a weighted net ( rete , hence the name ) , a three @-@ pointed trident ( fuscina or tridens ) , and a dagger ( pugio ) . The retiarius was lightly armoured , wearing an arm guard ( manica ) and a shoulder guard ( galerus ) . Typically , his clothing consisted only of a loincloth ( subligaculum ) held in place by a wide belt , or of a short tunic with light padding . He wore no head protection or footwear . The retiarius was routinely pitted against a heavily armed secutor . The net @-@ fighter made up for his lack of protective gear by using his speed and agility to avoid his opponent 's attacks and waiting for the opportunity to strike . He first tried to throw his net over his rival . If this succeeded , he attacked with his trident while his adversary was entangled . Another tactic was to ensnare his enemy 's weapon in the net and pull it out of his grasp , leaving the opponent defenseless . Should the net miss or the secutor grab hold of it , the retiarius likely discarded the weapon , although he might try to collect it back for a second cast . Usually , the retiarius had to rely on his trident and dagger to finish the fight . The trident , as tall as a human being , permitted the gladiator to jab quickly and keep his distance . It was a strong weapon , capable of inflicting piercing wounds on an unprotected skull or limb . The dagger was the retiarius 's final backup should the trident be lost . It was reserved for when close combat or a straight wrestling match had to settle the bout . In some battles , a single retiarius faced two secutores simultaneously . For these situations , the lightly armoured gladiator was placed on a raised platform and given a supply of stones with which to repel his pursuers . Retiarii first appeared in the arena during the 1st century AD and had become standard attractions by the 2nd or 3rd century . The gladiator 's lack of armour and his reliance on evasive tactics meant that many considered the retiarius the lowliest ( and most effeminate ) of an already stigmatised ( i.e. gladiators ) class . Passages from the works of Juvenal , Seneca , and Suetonius suggest that those retiarii who fought in tunics may have constituted an even more demeaned subtype ( retiarii tunicati ) who were not viewed as legitimate retiarii fighters but as arena clowns . Nevertheless , Roman artwork , graffiti , and grave markers include examples of specific net @-@ men who apparently had reputations as skilled combatants and lovers . = = History and role = = Roman gladiators fell into stock categories modelled on real @-@ world precedents . Almost all of these classes were based on military antecedents ; the retiarius ( " net @-@ fighter " or " net @-@ man " ) , which was themed after the sea , was one exception . Rare gladiator fights were staged over water ; these may have given rise to the concept of a gladiator based on a fisherman . Fights between differently armed gladiators became popular in the Imperial period ; the retiarius versus the scaly secutor developed as the conflict of a fisherman with a stylised fish . The earlier murmillones had borne a fish on their helmets ; the secutores with their scaly armour evolved from them . However , because of the stark differences in arms and armour between the two types , the pairing pushed such practices to new extremes . Roman art and literature make no mention of retiarii until the early Imperial period ; for example , the type is absent from the copious gladiator @-@ themed reliefs dating to the 1st century found at Chieti and Pompeii . Nevertheless , graffiti and artifacts from Pompeii attest to the class 's existence by this time . Fights between retiarii and secutores probably became popular as early as the middle of the 1st century CE , and the net @-@ fighter became one of the standard gladiator categories by the 2nd or 3rd century CE and remained a staple attraction until the end of the gladiatorial games . In addition to the man @-@ versus @-@ nature symbolism inherent in such bouts , the lightly armoured retiarius was viewed as the effeminate counterpoint to the manly , heavily armoured secutor . The retiarius was also seen as water to the secutor 's fire , one constantly moving and escaping , the other determinedly inescapable . Another gladiator type , the laquearius ( " noose @-@ man " ) , was similar to the retiarius but fought with a lasso in place of a net . The more skin left unarmoured and exposed , the lower a gladiator 's status and the greater his perceived effeminacy . Likewise , the engulfing net may have been seen as a feminine symbol . The light arms and armour of the retiarius thus established him as the lowliest , most disgraced , and most effeminate of the gladiator types . Helmets allowed both gladiators and spectators to dehumanise the fighters ; when an arena combatant had to kill a comrade @-@ at @-@ arms , someone he probably lived and trained with every day , his opponent 's helmet added an extra layer of separation . However , the retiarius was allowed no head protection ; his face was visible to all . The emperor Claudius had all net @-@ fighters who lost in combat put to death so that spectators could enjoy their expressions of agony . The retiarius 's fighting style was another strike against him , as reliance on speed and evasion were viewed as undignified in comparison to the straightforward trading of blows . The retiarii lived in the worst barracks . Some members of the class trained to fight as Samnites , another gladiator type , in order to improve their status . There is evidence that those net @-@ men wearing tunics , known as retiarii tunicati , formed a special sub @-@ class , one even more demeaned than their loincloth @-@ wearing colleagues . The Roman satirist Juvenal wrote that : So even the lanista 's establishment is better ordered than yours , for he separates the vile from the decent , and sequesters even from their fellow @-@ retiarii the wearers of the ill @-@ famed tunic ; in the training @-@ school , and even in gaol , such creatures herd apart … . The passage suggests that tunic @-@ wearing retiarii were trained for a different role , " in servitude , under strict discipline and even possibly under some restraints . " Certain effeminate men mentioned by Seneca the Younger in his Quaestiones naturales were trained as gladiators and may correspond to Juvenal 's tunic @-@ wearing retiarii . Suetonius reports this anecdote : " Once a band of five retiarii in tunics , matched against the same number of secutores , yielded without a struggle ; but when their death was ordered , one of them caught up his trident and slew all the victors . " The reaction of Emperor Caligula showed the disgust with which he viewed the gladiators ' actions : " Caligula bewailed this in a public proclamation as a most cruel murder , and expressed his horror of those who had had the heart to witness it . " The fate of the retiarii is not revealed . This was probably not a standard competition , as real gladiators did not surrender so easily . Rather , such tunic @-@ wearing net @-@ men may have served as comic relief in the gladiatorial programming . Juvenal 's second satire , wherein he deplores the immorality he perceived in Roman society , introduces a member of the Gracchus family who is described as a homosexual married ( in female persona ) to a horn player . Gracchus later appears in the arena : Greater still the portent when Gracchus , clad in a tunic , played the gladiator , and fled , trident in hand , across the arena — Gracchus , a man of nobler birth than the Capitolini , or the Marcelli , or the descendants of Catulus or Paulus , or the Fabii : nobler than all the spectators in the podium ; not excepting him who gave the show at which that net was flung . Gracchus appears once again in Juvenal 's eighth satire as the worst example of the noble Romans who have disgraced themselves by appearing in public spectacles and popular entertainments : To crown all this [ scandal ] , what is left but the amphitheatre ? And this disgrace of the city you have as well — Gracchus not fighting as equipped as a Mirmillo , with buckler or falchion ( for he condemns — yes , condemns and hates such equipment ) . Nor does he conceal his face beneath a helmet . See ! he wields a trident . When he has cast without effect the nets suspended from his poised right hand , he boldly lifts his uncovered face to the spectators , and , easily to be recognized , flees across the whole arena . We can not mistake the tunic , since the ribbon of gold reaches from his neck , and flutters in the breeze from his high @-@ peaked cap . Therefore , the disgrace , which the Secutor had to submit to , in being forced to fight with Gracchus , was worse than any wound . The passage is obscure , but Cerutti and Richardson argue that Gracchus begins the fight as a loincloth @-@ wearing retiarius . When the tide turns against him , he dons a tunic and a womanish wig ( spira ) , apparently part of the same costume , and thus enjoys a reprieve , although this attire may not itself have been considered effeminate as it was also worn by the priests of Mars of whom Gracchus was the chief priest . The change of clothing seems to turn a serious fight into a comical one and shames his opponent . It is unusual to see a gladiator depicted this way in a satire , as such fighters usually take the role of men who are " brawny , brutal , sexually successful with women of both high and low status , but especially the latter , ill @-@ educated if not uneducated , and none too bright intellectually . " The retiarius tunicatus in the satire is the opposite : " a mock gladiatorial figure , of equivocal sex , regularly dressed in costume of some sort , possibly usually as a woman , and matched against a secutor or murmillo in a mock gladiatorial exhibition . " Despite their low status , some retiarii became quite popular throughout the early Empire . The fact that spectators could see net @-@ fighters ' faces humanised them and probably added to their popularity . At Pompeii , graffiti tells of Crescens or Cresces the retiarius , " lord of the girls " and " doctor to nighttime girls , morning girls , and all the rest . " Evidence suggests that some homosexual men fancied gladiators , and the retiarius would have been particularly appealing . Roman art depicts net @-@ men just as often as other types . A mosaic found in 2007 in a bathhouse at the Villa dei Quintili shows a retiarius named Montanus . The fact that his name is recorded indicates that the gladiator was famous . The mosaic dates to c . CE 130 , when the Quintilii family had the home built ; the emperor Commodus , who fought in gladiatorial bouts as a secutor , acquired the house in CE 182 and used it as a country villa . In modern times , popular culture has made the retiarius probably the most famous type of gladiator . = = Arms and armour = = The retiarius is the most readily identifiable gladiator type , due to his signature equipment : arm guard ( manica ) , shoulder guard ( galerus ) , net ( rete ) , trident ( fuscina or tridens ) , and dagger ( pugio ) . ( Technically , the retiarius was not a " gladiator " at all , since he did not fight with the sword — gladius — after which such fighters took their name . ) His weapons and armour could be decorated . An embellished gladiatorial dagger is held at the Naples National Archaeological Museum . Archaeologists have excavated three engraved shoulder guards from the gladiator barracks at Pompeii : one is engraved with illustrations of an anchor , a crab , and a dolphin ; another with cupids and the head of Hercules ; and a third with weapons and the inscription RET / SECUND ( " retiarius , second rank " ) . Although the net ( rete ) was this gladiator 's signature weapon , few depictions of the device survive . Combat with throwing nets may have occurred on ancient battlefields , but modern experiments and comparisons with modern fishing nets offer the only clues as to how the gladiatorial net was constructed . Such data indicate that the rete was circular , with a wide mesh about 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 5 ft ) in diameter and lead weights along the edges . A rope ran around the perimeter of the mesh , with the ends tied to the gladiator 's wrist . Because it was thrown , the net was sometimes called a iaculum . The retiarius complemented his net with an iron or bronze trident ( fuscina , fascina or , rarely , tridens ) that stood about as high as a human being . A skull found in a gladiator graveyard in Ephesus , Turkey , shows puncture holes consistent with a trident strike . The wounds are 5 centimetres ( 2 in ) apart and match a bronze trident excavated from Ephesus harbour in 1989 . The trident 's prongs are 21 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 8 @.@ 5 in ) long . A long , straight @-@ bladed dagger ( pugio ) was the gladiator 's final weapon . A tombstone found in Romania shows a retiarius holding a dagger with four spikes ( known as a quadrens — each spike at the corner of a square guard ) instead of the usual bladed dagger . This was previously thought to be an artistic invention or perhaps a ceremonial weapon but a recently excavated femur bone from a gladiator graveyard in Ephesus has wounds consistent with the use of such a weapon . The retiarius wore minimal armour ; unlike other gladiator types , he wore no helmet , greaves , or shield . He wore a manica on his left arm , where other gladiators wore it on the right ; this allowed him to more fluidly make a right @-@ handed cast of his net . Attached to the top of this was a long bronze or leather guard over the upper left arm and shoulder , known as a galerus . This guard extended 12 to 13 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 7 to 5 @.@ 1 in ) beyond the shoulder blade and flared outward , allowing free movement of the gladiator 's head . The device protected the upper arm , head and face when the retiarius kept his left side to his opponent . The armour was designed to let the net @-@ man duck his head behind it , and it was curved so as to deflect a blow from the top downwards , not up towards the eyes . Three examples of this protective gear found at Pompeii vary between 30 and 35 centimetres ( 11 @.@ 8 and 13 @.@ 7 in ) in length and about the same in width . They weigh about 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 2 kilograms ( 2 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 6 lb ) . In the Eastern Roman Empire in later years , some retiarii wore a chainmail manica instead of the galerus . This mail covered the arm and upper chest . Equipment styles stayed relatively fixed in the Western Empire . Besides these items , the retiarius wore only a loincloth ( subligaculum ) held in place by a wide belt and gaiters or , as images show in lieu of the loincloth , a tunic that left the right shoulder uncovered . He wore fabric padding on his body to provide minimal additional protection . Artistic depictions show that other options included legbands , anklebands , a headband , and a medallion . All told , the retiarius 's equipment weighed 7 to 8 kilograms ( 15 @.@ 4 to 17 @.@ 6 lb ) , making him the lightest of the standard gladiator types . Like other arena combatants , the retiarius fought barefoot . = = Fighting style = = The retiarius was traditionally pitted against a secutor or , possibly on rare occasions , a murmillo . Despite the disparity between the nearly nude net @-@ fighter and his heavily armoured adversary , modern re @-@ enactments and experiments show that the retiarius was by no means outmatched . His lack of heavy equipment meant that he could use speed and evasion to his advantage . He also fought with three offensive weapons to his opponent 's one . The net @-@ fighter had to avoid close combat at all costs , keep his distance , and wait for an opening to stab with his trident or throw his net . The name secutor means " pursuer " or " chaser " , because this gladiator had to chase down the retiarius . They were also known as contraretiarii ( " those against the net @-@ man " ) . The secutor 's strategy was to keep behind his shield ( scutum ) and force his opponent into close combat so that he could strike with his sword . In close quarters , the net @-@ man had only his galerus shoulder guard for defence ; its design forced him to keep his head ducked down behind it . The secutor 's helmet greatly restricted his sight , hearing , and airflow . Coupled with the heavy weight of his arms and armour — the gear of a murmillo , of which the secutor was a variant , weighed 15 to 18 kilograms ( 33 @.@ 1 to 39 @.@ 7 lb ) — this gladiator was in greater danger of exhausting himself in a long fight . One of the retiarius 's tactics was to jab at the secutor 's shield ( the heaviest part of his equipment ) , forcing him to block and wear himself out . Overall , Roman oddsmakers gave an advantage to a retiarius , although skill and experience could affect the odds in individual matches . In skilled hands , the net was a useful weapon . The retiarius 's primary objective with it was to capture his opponent . A ewer found at Rheinzabern demonstrates the throwing technique : the retiarius held the net folded up in his right hand and cast it underhanded . He held his trident and dagger in his left hand , careful to keep the trident 's prongs pointed downward to avoid snagging it in the mesh . If the toss missed , the retiarius used the drawrope tied to his wrist to bring the net back in hand . On a successful cast , the gladiator tightened the drawcord around the net 's perimeter and tried to unbalance or topple his rival . A successful cast of the net could win the battle for the retiarius straightaway . This was not certain , however , as a mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid shows : in the first panel , the retiarius Kalendio has caught his opponent , a secutor named Astyanax , in his net . In the later image , however , Kalendio lies on the ground , wounded , and raises his dagger to surrender . The inscription above Kalendio shows the sign for " null " , implying that the match organisers ordered him killed . The net could ensnare the secutor 's weapon to disarm him and snag away his shield to put him at a significant disadvantage . Other retiarius tricks were to whip the net at his opponent 's eyes to blind him and at his legs to trip him . The helmet of the secutor was smooth and round to avoid snagging the net . In most cases , the secutor knew to expect the net @-@ man 's tactics and tried to intercept and hold on to the weapon , possibly unsteadying his enemy by yanking on the net . In such danger , the retiarius could sever the drawstring from his wrist with his dagger . The secutor stood by a lost net and left little chance to recover it . Speculation surrounds the frequency with which the retiarius used his net . Extant imagery rarely shows gladiators of the type with a net , yet the class is named for the device , and Juvenal uses the net to quickly identify a retiarius in his satires . The discrepancy may simply be a case of artistic licence ; other types of gladiator are often shown without their weapons but can be assumed to be holding them due to their stance , and a net is a particularly difficult weapon to depict . The lack of nets in retiarius images may show gladiators who have already lost the weapon in the fight . Another possibility is that some retiarii simply did not use nets . In most bouts , the retiarius probably had to resort to fighting with just his trident and dagger , placing him at a disadvantage . The trident was his primary weapon in such situations , and its length allowed the retiarius to keep his opponent at bay . He held the weapon two @-@ handed , left nearer the prongs , so that he could parry his enemy 's strikes with its shaft and strike with both ends . Wielded two @-@ handed , the weapon could land powerful blows . Images show retiarii stabbing downward at the secutor 's unshielded legs or stabbing down at the helmet in an attempt to poke through an eyehole . The trident itself was too weak to pierce the metal , although a skull found at Ephesus , Turkey , dating to CE 200 to 300 shows that a trident strike to the head could be fatal on a bareheaded opponent . The secutor 's helmet was rounded and free of protrusions to avoid snaring the net or being caught in the trident 's prongs , but attacks on it forced the secutor to duck or hide behind his shield . This reduced his field of vision and gave the retiarius an advantage with his speed . Should the secutor strike with his sword , the retiarius parried with the trident prongs and attempted to disarm him . Likewise , the more heavily armoured gladiator tried to block the trident with his shield and force the net @-@ man to lose it . Another type of gladiator , scissor could also be pitted against a retiarius . Images from the Eastern Roman Empire show scissores wearing a tubular arm @-@ guard in lieu of a shield . The guard fits over the left hand and ends in a hooked , knife @-@ like blade that was probably intended to parry the net and trident or to snag and pull away the net . Scissores who succeeded in this probably dropped the hook weapon and fought with just a sword . The retiarius held the dagger in his left hand . The gladiator could use the dagger to cut his net free if it got snagged on his trident . He might fight with the trident in one hand and the dagger in the other , but this negated the advantage of distance afforded by the longer weapon when wielded by itself . The dagger also served as a backup should the retiarius lose both net and trident . He attacked with the dagger when he had the element of surprise and could attempt to wrestle the secutor to the ground . Fights could devolve into straight wrestling matches in such situations , perhaps with daggers . Should the retiarius win and be ordered to kill his rival , he used his knife to stab him or cut his throat . Evidence shows that retiarii could be quite successful combatants ; a tombstone from Gaul reads , " [ For ] the retiarius , L. Pompeius , winner of nine crowns , born in Vienna , twenty @-@ five years of age . His wife put this up with her own money for her wonderful spouse . " Nevertheless , the gladiators themselves were prone to boast : A graffito at Pompeii shows the retiarius Antigonus , who claims a ridiculous 2 @,@ 112 victories , facing a challenger called Superbus , who has won but a single fight . In some contests , a retiarius faced two secutores at the same time . He stood on a bridge or raised platform with stairs and had a pile of fist @-@ sized stones to lob at his adversaries and keep them at bay . The secutores tried to scale the structure and get at him . The platform ( called a pons , " bridge " ) may have been constructed over water . Such scenarios were one of the rare situations where gladiators were not paired one on one .
= Lady Charlotte Finch = Lady Charlotte Finch ( née Fermor ; 14 February 1725 – 11 July 1813 ) served as royal governess to the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte for over thirty years , holding the position from 1762 to 1793 . She was born to Thomas Fermor , 1st Earl of Pomfret and his wife Henrietta Louisa Jeffreys , both of whom held court appointments . The couple were educated and frequently travelled with their growing brood of children to the continent . Charlotte , like her sisters , was well @-@ educated ; in 1746 , she married the Hon. William Finch and had issue including George Finch , 9th Earl of Winchilsea . An accomplished woman , Finch gained her appointment as royal governess in August 1762 upon the birth of George , Prince of Wales , the eldest son of King George and Queen Charlotte . Finch 's duties included oversight of the royal nursery and all the staff employed therein , as well as organising lessons for the children . Finch oversaw the princes ' education until they became old enough to live in their own households under the watch of governors , while the six princesses remained under her supervision until they turned 21 . Finch retired from her role in 1793 , though she continued to correspond with members of the royal family and receive gifts from them . = = Early life and marriage = = Lady Charlotte Fermor was born on 14 February 1725 , the second eldest daughter of Thomas Fermor , 1st Earl of Pomfret and his wife Henrietta Louisa Jeffreys . The growing family would come to include ten children : four sons and six daughters . Lord and Lady Pomfret held various court appointments during their lifetimes ; the earl served as Master of the Horse to Queen Caroline while his wife was a Lady of the Bedchamber . Charlotte and her family were well travelled and sojourned to cultural and historical landmarks on the continent . While details on Fermor and her sisters ' education are minimal , mention of them in contemporary diaries implies they were well @-@ educated . She and Lady Pomfret were well @-@ read and interested in theology ; Charlotte 's friends included the educated Elizabeth Carter . Charlotte was fluent enough in Italian for Horace Walpole to remark in 1740 , she " speaks the purest Tuscan , like any Florentine " and " the Florentines look on her as the brightest foreigner that has honoured their [ Accademia ] . " According to Walpole , Lord Granville , who had been briefly married to Charlotte 's sister Sophia , was " extremely fond " of Charlotte ; after Sophia 's death in 1745 , Granville gave his deceased wife 's jewels to Charlotte , " to the great discontent of his own daughters " . On 9 August 1746 , Charlotte married the Hon. William Finch ( 1691 – 1766 ) , heir to his brother Daniel Finch , 8th Earl of Winchilsea . Shortly after the wedding , Walpole reported that Charlotte had five thousand pounds from her father , a sum that would increase when " Mr Finch settles fifteen thousand pounds more upon her " . William Finch had previously been married to Lady Anne Douglas but had no issue . He was a diplomat who served as envoy to Sweden and the Netherlands in the 1720s before becoming an MP for Cockermouth and Bewdley . Another of his roles , held from 1742 , was to serve as vice @-@ chamberlain of the royal household . He and Lady Charlotte had one son and four daughters together . One of their daughters died in 1765 . Their only son , George , inherited the earldoms of Nottingham and Winchilsea from his paternal uncle in 1769 . = = Royal governess = = Lady Charlotte Finch 's career as royal governess began in August 1762 , when she was appointed a day after the birth of George , Prince of Wales , the eldest son and heir of King George III and Queen Charlotte . Walpole called the decision " a choice so universally approved that I do not think she will be abused even in the North Briton " . Finch 's biographer , Jill Shefrin , writes that the governess was noted for the skill she devoted to the raising of her own children , while Christopher Hibbert suggests that her educated background made her " well @-@ suited " to the position . Lady Charlotte held the role of royal governess for over 30 years , and oversaw 14 of the king and queen 's 15 children . She presided over the royal nursery , overseeing the staff members designated for each child ; the staff included sub @-@ governesses , teachers , personal attendants , and assistant governesses . She oversaw the princes until they became old enough to live in their own households , while the six princesses remained under her supervision until they turned 21 . In the mid @-@ 1760s , shortly after her appointment , troubling developments began occurring in Lady Charlotte 's home . One of her daughters died in 1765 . Furthermore , William Finch , who was 34 years older than his wife , had by 1765 become senile and mentally unstable . Rumours circulated that he threw her down a staircase . Fearing for her safety , she obtained a formal separation from her husband , taking their children to live with her in an apartment at St James 's Palace and a house in Kew . He died in late 1766 . Despite these stresses on her personal life , Finch continued to fulfil her position with zeal . However , when another of her daughters became ill in early 1767 , Finch took leave of her job and brought the young girl to various locales in the unsuccessful hope she would survive . Finch left the sub @-@ governess Mrs Cotesworth in charge and returned grieving in November 1767 , in time to care for the fifth addition to the nursery , Prince Edward . = = = Educational approach and lessons = = = Lady Charlotte has been variously described by biographers as warm , competent , and kindly . As was typical for the period , the children were infrequently seen by the king and queen ; Finch was the unvarying adult figure in their lives . While the royal princes endured disciplined lessons in an austere educational environment , Finch was loved by her female charges . They affectionately referred to her as " Lady Cha " , and upon returning from a trip to the continent in 1771 , Queen Charlotte wrote her , " They can never be in better hands than yours " . Shefrin says that Finch " supervised a progressive nursery focused on child @-@ centred learning " and shared a passion for education with Queen Charlotte , as is evident in their correspondence and the writings of contemporaries ; the idea of noble mothers encouraging education for their children – a concept advocated by educators and scholars – was becoming popular , and Finch 's approach at court helped spread these new educational theories . Among the methods she employed was the use of " dissected maps " , some of the earliest jigsaw puzzles , to teach geography . The historian Flora Fraser writes that " in many ways , the education ... ordered for the princesses would be as rigorous as " that which the king ordered for the princes . Queen Charlotte felt that a woman equipped with an education was as able as a man . An accomplished woman herself , Finch , alongside Mrs Cotesworth , organised lessons in the arts and sciences which were taught to both the princes and princesses . Subjects included geography , English , grammar , music , needlework , dancing , and art . A tutor , Julie Krohme , taught the children in the French language . Once old enough , the princesses would travel each day to receive their education at Finch 's new house at Kew alongside the river . Conversely , the princes gradually saw less of Lady Charlotte as they became older and entered into the care of governors . In 1774 , Mrs Cotesworth retired due to ill health . While seeking a successor , Lady Charlotte requested that she devote less time to the children . This was opposed by Queen Charlotte . The monarch felt that Cotesworth 's resignation was partly due to Finch decreasing hours with the children , and also thought the other staff would be encouraged by Finch increasing her presence and " make them look upon it as a less confinement " . Finch replied that she had regularly spent many hours with the princesses , both mornings and evenings , adding : How can I without deviating from my own principles undertake an additional duty of a kind for which I am conscious I am growing every day more unfit , as your Majesty must know what an uncommon stock of spirits and cheerfulness is necessary to go through the growing attendance of so many and such very young people in their amusements , as well as behaviour and instruction , besides ordering all the affairs of the nursery . Lady Charlotte threatened to resign so that the queen could hire someone " younger and more fitted for it " , a declaration which ended Queen Charlotte 's quest to increase her hours . Finch remained at her post . A new sub @-@ governess , Martha Gouldsworthy – hired on Finch 's recommendation – now spent frequent time with the princesses , chaperoning and supervising their studies in preparation for their lessons with their teacher Miss Planta . In 1782 , the 14th royal child , Prince Alfred , sickened and died at Windsor near the age of two , despite Lady Charlotte 's devoted nursing . = = = Retirement and death = = = By 1792 , Lady Charlotte Finch had become ill and deaf . Princess Sophia remarked that autumn , " I am grieved to death about her , she is if possible more kind to us than ever . Indeed , both [ Mrs Gouldsworthy ] and her are so good to us that we should not be deserving of having such treasures about us , if we did not feel their kindness in the highest degree " . Finch resigned from her role in November 1792 and retired on 5 January 1793 , though she continued to correspond with members of the royal family and receive gifts from them , particularly the Prince of Wales , the future George IV . She received £ 600 in yearly payment , supplemented by income from the South Sea Company , until her death on 11 July 1813 at St James 's Palace . She was buried in the family vault at Ravenstone , Buckinghamshire and five royal dukes attended her funeral . Her youngest daughter was allowed to maintain their apartments at St James 's . Her will was mainly portioned out between her three surviving children . Her memorial by Francis Leggatt Chantrey ( 1820 ) , is in Holy Cross Church , Burley , adjacent to Burley House , the Rutland mansion of her son , George Finch , 9th Earl of Winchilsea . = = Issue = = Charlotte Finch George Finch , 9th Earl of Winchilsea ( 4 November 1752 – 2 August 1826 ) Sophia Finch , married Captain Charles Fielding in 1772 and had issue Henrietta Finch Frances Finch ( ? – 1765 ) = = Ancestry = =
= WIN Television = WIN Television is an Australian television network owned by the WIN Corporation that is based in Wollongong , New South Wales . WIN commenced transmissions on 18 March 1962 as a single Wollongong @-@ only station , and has since expanded to 24 owned @-@ and @-@ operated stations with transmissions covering a larger geographical area of Australia than any other television network except for Australia Plus which broadcasts to 44 countries . The network 's name , WIN is a reference to its original Wollongong station WIN @-@ 4 , itself an acronym of Wollongong Illawarra New South Wales . Through its news division , WIN News , WIN Television broadcasts a half @-@ hour news service to twenty regional markets . = = History = = = = = The Beginning = = = Television Wollongong Transmission Limited ( TWT ) , was incorporated on 4 October 1955 by a group of local businessmen . Five years later , it was awarded a licence by the Postmaster @-@ General 's Department broadcast to the Illawarra and South Coast regions , over a number of other groups aligned to Sydney @-@ based stations ATN @-@ 7 and TCN @-@ 9 . The new station was to broadcast on the VHF @-@ 4 frequency , using the callsign WIN ( which stood for Wollongong ( and the ) Illawarra Network or alternatively Wollongong Illawarra New ( South Wales ) , in line with other Australian callsigns ) . Soon after , a plot of land was purchased at Fort Drummond , approximately two kilometres south of the Wollongong central business district , for the station 's television studios . Prior to the opening night 's transmissions , WIN @-@ 4 undertook a television conversion program , aimed at encouraging residents to acquire new tuning equipment and converting television sets in the area to receive the station 's allocated frequency . A transmitter was to be erected on Knight 's Hill , however test transmissions were delayed due to rain . = = = 1960s to the 1970s = = = WIN @-@ 4 commenced transmissions at 5 : 15 pm. on 18 March 1962 . The first night was met with a number of technical issues , most notably the complete loss of audio . TCN @-@ 9 and ATN @-@ 7 refused to sell programming to the station , leading to an unstable financial situation which , at its peak left the station with only 42 hours ' programming . In April 1963 , Media Securities , owned by Rupert Murdoch , acquired a controlling interest in the station ( his second television station after NWS @-@ 9 Adelaide ) and soon appointed a new general manager , Bill Lean . Both TCN @-@ 9 and ATN @-@ 7 began purchasing several hours of first @-@ run American television programming from WIN @-@ 4 , following contractual arrangements signed by Murdoch . Throughout this period WIN @-@ 4 expanded its repeater transmissions to include Moruya , Batemans Bay , Narooma , Bega and Eden . Local programming and the station 's near @-@ monopoly in the area meant that by 1973 , viewership had increased to occupy 63 percent of the audience . Murdoch sold the station in 1979 to the head of Paramount Pictures ' international distribution arm , Bruce Gordon , to purchase controlling interests in capital city stations TEN @-@ 10 Sydney and ATV @-@ 0 ( now ATV @-@ 10 ) Melbourne . = = = 1980s to the 1990s = = = During this period , WIN expanded to include new stations in Victoria , Queensland , and New South Wales . In 1984 , WIN became the first regional television station to transmit in stereophonic sound . Close links between WIN Television and the Nine Network , ensured it the Nine Network affiliation for southern New South Wales when aggregation took place in 1989 thus the logo of the station changed to that of its partner network with the matching nine dots and similar ident packages . The changes meant that WIN expanded into the rest of southern New South Wales , launching new stations in Canberra , Orange , Bathurst , Dubbo and Wagga Wagga , amongst others in 1989 , and at the same time acquiring new facilities in Orange , Wagga and Canberra . It also provided the network with two additional competitors , The Prime Network and Capital Television . In 1990 WIN purchased Queensland station Star TV , with stations in Rockhampton ( RTQ ) and the Darling Downs ( DDQ and SDQ ) , shortly before regional Queensland was to be aggregated . The new station was set to become a Network Ten affiliate , however WIN 's links with the Nine Network caused the Nine affiliation to move from QTV , which itself became affiliated to Ten , all within days before statewide broadcasts commenced . ENT Limited , a Launceston @-@ based company that owned a number of television and radio stations in regional Victoria and Tasmania , was bought in 1994 . Vic Television and TasTV were , as a result , incorporated into the WIN network and subsequently renamed WIN Television , complete with the nine dots logo of the Nine Network . The network further expanded to Griffith in 1998 , when WIN purchased MTN @-@ 9 Griffith and its supplementary station AMN @-@ 31 from its local owners . Although station had previously been part of the Prime Television network , MTN already had links with WIN and took its feed from the network 's Wollongong base . WIN became regional Western Australia 's second commercial television network on 26 March 1999 after winning rights in 1997 . Prior to the launch of the new station , GWN held a commercial monopoly on the market . GWN became an affiliate of the Seven Network , while WIN took a combination of Nine Network and Network Ten programming . Despite the Nine Network 's traditional ratings dominance throughout most of the country , GWN has remained the market 's most @-@ watched station . The second ratings survey of 2006 placed WIN Television with a 34 @.@ 7 % commercial audience share in prime time , compared to the Golden West Network with 65 @.@ 3 % , thus being no.2 among regional viewers . In the same year , WIN purchased two stations in South Australia , SES8 in Mount Gambier and RTS @-@ 5a in the Riverland region . They became known as WIN South Australia and until recently featured news bulletins presented from studios at both stations ( bulletins are now presented from the set of studios in Mount Gambier ) . In 2002 supplementary licences were granted under Section 38A of the Broadcasting Services Act , allowing the network to launch additional channels , using the callsigns MGS in Mount Gambier and LRS in the Riverland , and known as WIN Ten , thus converting it into the sole Nine affiliate for regional viewers in SA . This was the case until the affiliation moved to the Seven Network due to advertising problems with Nine 's then owners in 2007 . = = = 2000s = = = WIN Television began to introduce digital television soon after it became available to metropolitan areas in January 2001 . Under Section 38A of the Broadcasting Services Act , the network has been able to introduce , in partnership with other stations , additional digital @-@ only Network Ten affiliates . These have included Tasmanian Digital Television , launched in late 2003 in partnership with Southern Cross Broadcasting , and Mildura Digital Television in January 2006 , with Prime Television Limited . On 30 May 2007 , Southern Cross Broadcasting announced its sale of NWS to the WIN Corporation for A $ 105 million . Similarly , STW Perth , owned by Sunraysia Television and affiliated to the Nine Network , was purchased on 8 June 2007 , when the station was sold to WIN Television 's parent company , WIN Corporation , for A $ 163 @.@ 1 million . Despite the station 's ownership of Nine Perth , WIN in Western Australia broadcast Ten News Perth , produced for and shown on rival station Ten Perth up until 27 August 2007 . Preceding this in June 2007 , the network announced their intention to show National Nine News on WIN WA , due to the rise of yet another joint venture station , Ten West . This was its 3rd digital only Ten affiliate with both WIN and GWN taking charge . A conflict between WIN and its long @-@ time metropolitan counterpart the Nine Network arose in mid @-@ 2007 . PBL Media , Nine 's parent company , requested up to 40 % of the network 's advertising revenue in return for program supply . WIN 's owner , WIN Corporation rejected this offer , expecting to pay only 29 % ( a 3 % decrease from the previous contract and in line with many of the network 's competitors , such as Prime Television and Southern Cross Ten ) . The network 's owner , Bruce Gordon , subsequently threatened to sever the network 's affiliation after negotiations stagnated , stating that his previous position at the Paramount Pictures Corporation meant he could program the network independently . On 16 August 2007 WIN Television dropped key Nine Network programs from its daytime television schedule , including Mornings with Kerri @-@ Anne and National Nine News : Morning Edition . The end result was that WIN SA began to change affiliation from Nine to the Seven Network and the change was announced on 4 September 2007 , for the network 's eastern South Australian stations in Mount Gambier and the Riverland . The new program schedule is a mixture of Seven and WIN programming and commenced broadcasting on 1 October 2007 . Two years later , WIN officially relaunched its Nine Network service with the new channel , now known as WIN SA , carrying NWS from Adelaide and all Nine News programs but with local advertisements inserted to serve regional viewers . On 9 August 2009 WIN began transmission of the new digital channel GO ! on channel 88 in Southern NSW , Regional Victoria , Tasmania and Regional Queensland . It soon reached Midura in 2010 and regional SA in 2011 . = = = 2010s = = = In June 2010 , playout was moved from WIN 's Wollongong headquarters to a new facility shared with ABC Television at Ingleburn in Sydney 's south @-@ west . On 26 September 2010 WIN began transmission of the HD digital channel GEM on channel 80 in Southern NSW , Regional Victoria , Tasmania and Regional Queensland . In Mid @-@ 2011 , The WIN Network stopped using the Supertext logo , and replaced it with the generic Closed Captioning Logo . On 1 May 2012 WIN began transmission of an SD digital infomercial channel , Gold on channel 84 . The second infomercial channel , Gold2 began on 13 July 2013 as a five @-@ hour timeshift of Gold . On 21 January 2016 WIN replaced Gold2 on channel 82 with Nine 's metropolitan infomercial channel , Extra . After Nine revived 9HD and launched new lifestyle channel 9Life on 26 November 2015 , WIN CEO Andrew Lancaster issued a memo to staff citing that WIN would not be reviving WIN HD or launching 9Life at the same time as Nine , but promised that WIN would do this in future . WIN continued to broadcast the HD feed of 9Gem on channel 80 . On 10 February 2016 , WIN began broadcasting a " coming soon " test pattern on channels 85 and 86 indicating that they will revive WIN HD and carry 9Life from the Nine Network from 1 March 2016 . As a result , their channel listing was reshuffled to match to Nine 's metropolitan with 9Gem on channel 82 , 9Go ! on channel 83 , 9Life on channel 84 , Extra on channel 85 and Gold on channel 86 . After Nine launched its new online catch @-@ up video on demand and live streaming service 9Now on 27 January 2016 , WIN filed a lawsuit against Nine , claiming that live streaming into regional areas breaches their affiliation agreement . Justice Hammerschlag of the NSW Supreme Court dismissed the case on 28 April 2016 , citing that " live streaming is not broadcasting within the meaning of the PSA ( program supply agreement ) , and that Nine is under no express or implied obligation not to do it . " Following WIN 's defeat in the 9Now lawsuit , Nine announced it had signed a new $ 500 million affiliation deal with Network Ten affiliate Southern Cross Austereo , switching its primary Nine affiliation to stations currently affiliated with Ten in Southern NSW , ACT , and regional areas in Victoria and Queensland on 1 July 2016 . With that announcement , WIN was effectively stripped of its 27 @-@ year partnership with Nine . In response , WIN entered affiliation talks with Network Ten , reaching a final agreement on 23 May 2016 . Under the new agreement , beginning 1 July 2016 , WIN would carry Ten programming into regional Queensland , Southern NSW , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory . Deals to supply Nine programming to South Australia , and Griffith were secured on 29 June 2016 , a day later Tasmania were secured as well . A supply deal for Western Australia joint venture West Digital Television was not secured before the 1 July 2016 deadline , but a deal was later finalised on 2 July 2016 with programming resuming that night . = = Programming = = WIN Television carries programming of all three commercial television stations in Australia . It is a sole Network Ten affiliate in all broadcast areas , but also carries Seven Network and the Nine Network affiliated channels in Griffith , New South Wales and eastern South Australia . WIN Television has always produced regional programming , including the flagship local news service WIN News , that supplement programs sourced from affiliates . Since inception , the network has produced and broadcast notable programs including Sportsview and Sportsworld , a review of international , national and local sporting events . From the first week of transmissions , children 's television series The Channel 4 Club was produced , with children 's television program Stopwatch beginning in 1979 . English @-@ language educational programme You Say the Word began in 1971 , catering to non @-@ English @-@ speaking immigrants . Long @-@ running entertainment program Variety Italian Style premiered in 1974 , with Malcom Elliott initially hosting the short @-@ lived Tonight Show in 1981 being replaced by John Tingle a year later . To commemorate WIN Television 's 21st year of broadcasting , a one @-@ and @-@ half @-@ hour retrospective montage special was produced in 1983 . WIN Television also co @-@ produced telemovie Last Chance in 1986 with a Canadian television production company . Spanning close to a decade , children 's television series Goodsports was produced by WIN Television from 1991 to 2000 . WIN Television 's current Australian programming productions consists of television shows including ; Fishing Australia and Alive and Cooking . On 17 May 2007 , WIN Television announced a new midday program called Susie , however this was subsequently moved to a morning timeslot . WIN Television also broadcasts a range of exclusive overseas and domestically sourced programming including The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Alive and Cooking . = = = News & Current Affairs = = = WIN News is the network 's local news service . Eighteen regional bulletins are presented from studios in Wollongong , Tasmania and Maroochydore . Although in most areas it is the only local news bulletin , WIN News may compete in some markets with Prime News , Seven Local News , GWN7 News , or Southern Cross News . WIN has produced independent news reports and bulletins since 1962 for its original Wollongong station . As well as the flagship nightly bulletin , WIN Television has in the past produced current affairs programming including community affairs program Roving Eye , and Sunday Review , a weekly review of international , national and local stories . WIN also broadcasts All Australian News at 7am and at late nights , featuring highlights from news bulletins from its regional stations . = = = Sport = = = WIN Television simulcasts sports coverage from Ten Sport , the sports brand of the Network Ten under the WIN Sport brand . WIN Television in Queensland also produced its own rugby league coverage in 1995 , televising games which featured the fledgling North Queensland Cowboys in their maiden season after entering the ARL 's Winfield Cup competition . = = Availability = = WIN Television 's transmissions are available from both free @-@ to @-@ air terrestrial transmitters in major regional centres , and free @-@ to @-@ view satellite transmissions across regional and remote Western Australia on the Viewer Access Satellite Television service . WIN News bulletins are carried on the VAST service to allow viewers in remote areas of Central and Eastern Australia , and terrestrial reception blackspots to obtain news local to their area . Subscription cable is also provided by TransACT in the Australian Capital Territory , and Neighbourhood Cable in Ballarat and Mildura . WIN broadcasts a larger geographical area than any other television network , in the world , through owned @-@ and @-@ operated stations including RTQ Queensland , WIN Southern New South Wales , VTV Victoria , TVT Tasmania , MTN Griffith , STV Mildura , SES Mount Gambier , RTS Riverland , and WOW Western Australia . = = = WIN HD = = = WIN Television announced on 10 February 2016 it would launch its own HD simulcast in the coming months . It was later confirmed the HD simulcast would be titled WIN HD and would launch on 1 March 2016 . Four WIN regions were excluded from the 1 March launch date . Griffith , Tasmania , and Eastern South Australia did not receive the channel until 2 March 2016 due to technical issues . In addition , the regional WA station didn 't receive the channel until 10 March 2016 . = = Logos = = The original WIN Television logo was used by the station until 1980 , featuring the word WIN TV , derived from the station 's call sign . In 1980 , the logo was updated with the TV removed , and the WIN placed inside a blue rectange . Coinciding with the network 's aggregation in 1989 , WIN added nine dots into a new logo designed similarly to the Nine Network , and also began using Nine 's on @-@ air promotion , with the WIN logo replacing Nine 's . In 1998 , the dots were changed to spheres . Three @-@ dimensions were added to the letters WIN in 2002 , coinciding with a revamp of the network 's on @-@ air identity , concurrently with Nine Network . On 30 January 2006 , the station relaunched its logo along with the major rebranding of the Nine Network . The new logo designed by Bruce Dunlop Associates saw the removal of the nine dots , with a blue rectangle added to behind the letters WIN . Following this in 2008 , as a part of the Nine Network relaunch , WIN dropped the rectangle , however , it did not revive the Nine Network 's famous ' nine dots ' due to affiliation disagreements . Promotions on the WIN website in the lead up to the change of affiliation to Network Ten show a logo similar to Ten with the current WIN font in a blue circle .
= Homesick ( MercyMe song ) = " Homesick " is a song by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written by Bart Millard , the song is an expression of grief and longing that was written after the band experienced the deaths of nine people they were connected to in a short period of time . " Homesick " was included on MercyMe 's third studio album Undone and was released as the second single from that album . " Homesick " received positive critical reception , with some critics considering the song one of the best off of Undone . " Homesick " was successful on both Christian and mainstream radio , peaking at the top on the Radio & Records Christian AC Indicator and Soft AC / INSPO charts , number 3 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts and the Radio & Records Christian AC chart , as well as peaking at number 9 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . It was ranked at number 13 on the Billboard 2005 year @-@ end Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts , and at number 20 on the year @-@ end Adult Contemporary chart . = = Background = = " Homesick " was written during a time of hardship for the band — nine people close to MercyMe 's band members had died in a short span of time . Lead singer Bart Millard initially wrote the chorus to " Homesick " following a funeral service for two infants that died in pregnancy , but did not finish the song , as didn ’ t want to fake his way through writing the song . However , following the death of Millard 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Chris , in a car accident , Millard finished the song so as to play it at Chris 's funeral . Millard and the rest of MercyMe intended the song only to be played once — at Chris 's funeral — but Millard 's mother @-@ in @-@ law encouraged them to record it . Although the record they were going to release , Undone , was essentially complete , the band returned to the studio to record " Homesick " for inclusion on the project . = = Composition = = " Homesick " is a ballad with a length of three minutes and forty @-@ one seconds . Lyrically , the song is an expression of grief , pondering Heaven and the time it takes to get there , as well as anger , confusion , and brokenness . The song is set in the key of F major and has a moderate tempo of 72 beats per minute . Millard 's vocal range in the song spans from C4 – A5 . Some comparisons have been made between the lyrical content of " Homesick " and MercyMe 's 2001 single " I Can Only Imagine . " David Jenison of CCM Magazine referred to the song as the ' sequel ' to " I Can Only Imagine . " Regarding these comparisons , Millard said " ’ I Can Only Imagine ’ took the focus off of what you are going through and was comforting because it put the focus on where they were going ... ’ Homesick ’ is the opposite because it completely addresses us that are left here . I don ’ t think as a Christian that it ’ s right for me to say , ‘ I wish you could ’ ve stayed here , ’ because truthfully , we ’ re getting the raw end of the deal if we really believe what we say that heaven is as great as we want it to be . The whole idea is that we ’ re the ones who have to wait . ” Millard has also noted , " The difference with ‘ Homesick ’ [ as compared to " I Can Only Imagine " ] is that it talks about those who are stuck around here after someone passes away . When you lose somebody , you learn what being homesick is really about . " = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Critical reception to " Homesick " was generally positive . Allmusic reviewer Johnny Loftus selected the song as a track pick on his review of Undone , commenting that " [ Homesick ] is a delicate ballad about being apart . " Russ Breimeier of The Fish noted , " The beautiful ballad ' Homesick ' is both similar to and an improvement on ' Imagine ' , the difference in how it focuses on persevering on earth in anticipation of heaven " . Kim Jones of About.com commented , " ' Homesick ' is the true gem on this release , " also opining , " Should it be a radio release , I won 't be a bit surprised to see it in the number one spot for many , many weeks " . = = = Chart performance = = = " Homesick " debuted at number 35 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of November 13 , 2004 , advancing to number 6 four weeks later . The song held that spot for three weeks before advancing to its peak position of number 3 for the chart week of January 1 , 2005 . " Homesick " dropped to number 11 the next week , but returned to the top ten and , after spending two weeks at number 5 and number 7 , respectively , " Homesick " spent ten consecutive weeks in the top five of the chart . After dropping out of the top five , the song spent nine more weeks on the chart before dropping out . In all , the song spent a total of thirty weeks on the chart . On the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , " Homesick " debuted at number 32 for the chart week of February 12 , 2005 . The song spent seventeen more weeks on the chart before reaching its peak of number 9 for the chart week of June 18 , 2005 . In all , the song spent twenty @-@ six weeks on the chart . " Homesick " also peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Christian AC and the R & R Christian AC charts , spending twenty @-@ eight weeks on both . On the R & R Christian AC Indicator chart the song peaked at number 1 , spending a total of five weeks at the top spot and 25 weeks on the chart in total . On the R & R Soft AC / INSPO chart , " Homesick " spent one week at the top spot and twenty weeks on it total . " Homesick " also spent four weeks on Christian CHR chart , peaking at number 27 . = = Uses = = " Homesick " is also featured by the compilation album WOW Hits 2006 and the 2009 compilation album 10 . = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = = = Year @-@ end charts = = = = = = Decade @-@ end charts = = =
= John Philip Sousa = John Philip Sousa ( / ˈsuːsə / ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈso ( w ) zɐ ] ; November 6 , 1854 – March 6 , 1932 ) was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era , known primarily for American military and patriotic marches . Because of his mastery of march composition , he is known as " The March King " , or the " American March King " due to his British counterpart Kenneth J. Alford also being known by the former nickname . Among his best @-@ known marches are " The Stars and Stripes Forever " ( National March of the United States of America ) , " Semper Fidelis " ( Official March of the United States Marine Corps ) , " The Liberty Bell " , " The Thunderer " and " The Washington Post " . Sousa 's father was of Portuguese and Spanish descent , his mother of Hessian ancestry . Sousa began his career playing violin and studying music theory and composition under John Esputa and George Felix Benkert . His father enlisted him in the United States Marine Band as an apprentice in 1868 . After departing the band in 1875 , Sousa learned to conduct . From 1880 until his death , he focused exclusively on conducting and the writing of music . He eventually rejoined the Marine Band and served there for 12 years as director . On leaving the Marine Band , Sousa organized his own band . He toured Europe and Australia and developed the sousaphone , a large brass instrument similar to the tuba . On the outbreak of World War I , Sousa was commissioned as a lieutenant and led the Naval Reserve Band in Illinois . Following his tenure , he returned to conduct the Sousa Band until his death in 1932 . In the 1920s he was promoted to lieutenant commander in the naval reserve , but never saw active service again . = = Early life and education = = John Philip Sousa was born in Washington , D.C. , the third of ten children of João António de Sousa ( John Anthony Sousa ) ( Seville , 22 September 1824 - 27 April 1892 ) , who was of Portuguese and Spanish ancestry ( son of João António de Sousa and wife Josefina Blanco , from Seville ) , and wife Maria Elisabeth Trinkhaus ( Darmstadt , 20 May 1826 - 25 August 1908 ) , who was of Hessian ancestry ( daughter of Peter Trinkhaus and wife Catherine Schafers ) . Sousa started his music education by playing the violin as a pupil of John Esputa and George Felix Benkert for harmony and musical composition at the age of six . He was found to have absolute pitch . During his childhood , Sousa studied voice , violin , piano , flute , cornet , baritone horn , trombone , and alto horn . When Sousa was 13 , his father , a trombonist in the Marine Band , enlisted him in the United States Marine Corps as an apprentice to keep him from joining a circus band . = = Career = = Several years long after serving his apprenticeship , Sousa joined a theatrical ( pit ) orchestra where he learned to conduct . He returned to the U.S. Marine Band as its head in 1880 and remained as its conductor until 1892 . Sousa led " The President 's Own " band under five presidents from Rutherford B. Hayes to Benjamin Harrison . Sousa 's band played at two Inaugural Balls , those of James A. Garfield in 1881 , and Benjamin Harrison in 1889 . The marching brass bass , or sousaphone , a modified helicon , was created by J. W. Pepper – a Philadelphia instrument maker who created the instrument in 1893 at Sousa 's request using several of his suggestions in its design . He wanted a tuba that could sound upward and over the band whether its player was seated or marching . The sousaphone was re @-@ created in 1898 by C.G. Conn and this was the model that Sousa preferred to use . He organized The Sousa Band the year he left the Marine Band . The Sousa Band toured from 1892 to 1931 , performing at 15 @,@ 623 concerts both in America and around the world , including at the World Exposition in Paris , France and at the Royal Albert Hall in London . In Paris , the Sousa Band marched through the streets to the Arc de Triomphe – one of only eight parades the band marched in over its forty years . = = Personal life = = On December 30 , 1879 , Sousa married Jane van Middlesworth Bellis ( 1862 – 1944 ) . They had three children : John Philip , Jr . ( April 1 , 1881 – May 18 , 1937 ) , Jane Priscilla ( August 7 , 1882 – October 28 , 1958 ) , and Helen ( January 21 , 1887 – October 14 , 1975 ) . All were buried in the John Philip Sousa plot in the Congressional Cemetery . Wife Jane , daughters Jane Priscilla and Helen Abert joined the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) in 1907 . Their ancestor was Adam Bellis , who served under several different commands for the New Jersey troops in the American Revolutionary War . Late in his life , Sousa lived in Sands Point , New York . Sousa died of heart failure at the age of 77 on March 6 , 1932 , in his room at the Abraham Lincoln Hotel in Reading , Pennsylvania . He had conducted a rehearsal of " The Stars and Stripes Forever " the previous day with the Ringgold Band . He is buried in Washington , D.C. ' s Congressional Cemetery . A school ( John Philip Sousa Elementary ) and a band shell were named after him and there was a memorial tree planted in nearby Port Washington , New York . Wild Bank , his seaside house on Hicks Lane , has been designated a National Historic Landmark , although it remains a private home and is not open to the public . He was posthumously enshrined in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in 1976 , one of just 102 Americans ever to be honored in such a manner . = = Military service = = Sousa served two periods of service in the United States Marine Corps . He first enlisted on June 9 , 1868 at the age of 13 as an apprentice musician . In official records , his initial rank was listed as " boy " . He re @-@ enlisted on July 8 , 1872 and was promoted to musician . He left the Marine Corps in 1875 at the age of 20 . His second period of Marine service was from 1880 to 1892 . During this period he was the leader of the Marine Band in Washington , D.C. ( Some sources state that Sousa served with the rank of Sergeant Major and was eventually promoted to Warrant Officer but this is erroneous as the leader of the band was a separate rank from sergeant major and the Marine Corps did not have warrant officers until 1916 . ) Sousa 's salary as " leader of the band " ( his official Marine Corps rank ) was $ 83 per month which compared to a second lieutenant at $ 115 @.@ 67 per month and a sergeant major with 20 years of service at $ 30 per month . Under his leadership , the Marine Band became the premier military band in the United States . The Columbia Phonograph Company produced 60 cylinders of recordings of the Marine Band conducted by Sousa . The recordings , along with two tours in 1891 and 1892 , led to Sousa becoming nationally famous . During his time with the Marine Band , Sousa composed several of his famous marches including The Washington Post , The Thunderer and Semper Fidelis which remain staples of marching bands to this day . In July 1892 , Sousa requested , and received , a discharge from the Marine Corps to pursue a financially promising civilian career as a band leader . He conducted a farewell concert at the White House on July 30 , 1892 and was discharged from the Marine Corps the next day . On May 31 , 1917 , shortly after the United States declared war on Germany and entered World War I , Sousa was commissioned as a lieutenant in the United States Naval Reserve . At that time , Sousa was 62 years old which was then the mandatory retirement age for Navy officers . During the war , Sousa led the Navy Band at the Great Lakes Naval Station near Chicago , Illinois . Being independently wealthy at this point in his life , he donated most of his naval salary , except a token $ 1 per month , to the Sailors ' and Marines ' Relief Fund . Sousa was discharged from active duty after the war 's end in November 1918 . He returned to conducting his own band but continued to wear his naval uniform for many of his concerts and other public appearances . In the early 1920s , he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander in the Naval Reserve but did not return to active duty . For this service during the war , Sousa received the World War I Victory Medal . By right of his wartime service , he was elected as a Veteran Companion of the Military Order of Foreign Wars . = = Honors = = Sousa was decorated with the palms of the Order of Public Instruction of Portugal . He also received the Royal Victorian Medal from King Edward VII of the United Kingdom in December 1901 for conducting a private birthday concert for Queen Alexandra . During World War II , the Liberty ship SS John Philip Sousa was named after him . The ship 's bell is still used by the Marine Band in concert . Sousa has a star in his honor at 1500 Vine Street on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 1976 , Sousa was inducted into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans . In 1998 , he was inducted into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame in Cincinnati , Ohio . The band hall of the Marine Band was dedicated as " John Philip Sousa Band Hall . " In 1987 , an act of Congress named " The Stars and Stripes Forever " as the National March of the United States . = = Music = = Sousa wrote 137 marches , 15 operettas , 5 overtures , 11 suites , 24 dances , 28 fantasies , and 322 arrangements of nineteenth @-@ century western European symphonic works . = = = Marches = = = Sousa wrote 137 marches , published by Harry Coleman of Philadelphia , Carl Fischer Music , the John Church Company , and the Sam Fox Publishing Company , the last association beginning in 1917 and continuing until his death . Some of his notable ones are : " The Gladiator March " ( 1886 ) " Semper Fidelis " ( 1888 ) ( Official March of the United States Marine Corps ) " The Washington Post " ( 1889 ) " The Thunderer " ( 1889 ) " The Loyal Legion March " ( 1890 ) " High School Cadets " ( 1890 ) " The Liberty Bell " ( 1893 ) ( later used as credits theme for Monty Python 's Flying Circus TV series ) " Manhattan Beach March " ( 1893 ) " King Cotton " ( 1895 ) " Stars and Stripes Forever " ( 1896 ) ( National March of the United States ) " El Capitan " ( 1896 ) " Hands Across the Sea " ( dedicated to the band of the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets – the Highty @-@ Tighties ) ( 1899 ) " Hail to the Spirit of Liberty " March ( 1900 ) " Invincible Eagle " ( 1901 ) ( dedicated to Pan @-@ American Buffalo Exposition ) " Imperial Edward " March ( 1902 ) " Fairest of the Fair " ( 1908 ) " Glory of the Yankee Navy " ( 1909 ) " U.S. Field Artillery " ( 1917 ) ( modified version " The Army Goes Rolling Along " is the official song of the U.S. Army ) " Who 's Who in Navy Blue " ( 1920 ) ( composed at the request of the United States Naval Academy class of 1920 and dedicated to Tecumseh , a bronze reproduction of the figurehead of the U.S.S. Delaware that occupies a key place at the Academy ) " The Gallant Seventh " ( 1922 ) " Nobles of the Mystic Shrine " ( 1923 ) " The Black Horse Troop " ( 1924 ) ( written in honor of Troop A , 107th Cavalry , Ohio National Guard ) . " Pride of the Wolverines " ( 1926 ) " Minnesota March " ( 1927 ) " New Mexico March " ( 1928 ) " Salvation Army March " ( 1930 ) ( dedicated to the Salvation Army 's 50th anniversary in the U.S. ) Sousa wrote marches for several American universities , including the University of Minnesota , University of Illinois , University of Nebraska , Kansas State University , and Marquette University . = = = Operettas = = = Sousa wrote many notable operettas including : The Smugglers ( 1882 ) Désirée ( 1883 ) The Queen of Hearts ( 1885 ) , also known as Royalty and Roguery El Capitan ( 1896 ) The Bride Elect ( 1897 ) , libretto by Sousa . The Charlatan ( 1898 ) , also known as The Mystical Miss , lyrics by Sousa Chris and the Wonderful Lamp ( 1899 ) The Free Lance ( 1905 ) The American Maid ( 1909 ) , also known as The Glass Blowers . Marches and waltzes have been derived from many of these stage @-@ works . Sousa also composed the music for six operettas that were either unfinished or not produced : The Devils ' Deputy , Florine , The Irish Dragoon , Katherine , The Victory , and The Wolf . In addition , Sousa wrote a march based on themes from Gilbert and Sullivan 's comic opera The Mikado , the elegant overture Our Flirtations , a number of musical suites , etc . He frequently added Sullivan opera overtures or other Sullivan pieces to his concerts . He was quoted saying , " My religion lies in my composition " . = = Writings , views and interests = = Sousa had several additional interests outside of music . He wrote three novels – The Fifth String , Pipetown Sandy , and The Transit of Venus – as well as a full @-@ length autobiography , Marching Along and numerous articles and letters @-@ to @-@ the @-@ editor on a variety of subjects . He participated in trapshooting , taking an active role on the national stage in competitions . = = = Trapshooting = = = As a trapshooter , he ranks as one of the all @-@ time greats , and is enshrined in the Trapshooting Hall of Fame . He organized the first national trapshooting organization , a forerunner to today 's Amateur Trapshooting Association ( ATA ) . Sousa remained active in the fledgling ATA for some time after its formation . Some credit Sousa as the father of organized trapshooting in United States . He also wrote numerous articles about trapshooting . Sousa was a regular competitor representing the United States Navy in trapshooting competitions , particularly against the United States Army . Available records indicate that Sousa registered more than 35 @,@ 000 targets during his shooting career . A quote from his Trapshooting Hall of Fame biography says it best : " Let me say that just about the sweetest music to me is when I call , ' pull , ' the old gun barks , and the referee in perfect key announces , ' dead ' . " = = = Writing = = = In his 1902 novel The Fifth String , a young violinist made a deal with the Devil for a magic violin with five strings . The strings can excite the emotions of Pity , Hope , Love and Joy – the fifth string was of Death and can be played only once before causing the player 's own death . He was unable to win the love of the woman he desired . At a final concert , he played upon the death string . In 1905 , Sousa published a book Pipetown Sandy , which included a satirical poem titled " The Feast of the Monkeys " . The poem described " a lavish party attended by variety of animals , however , overshadowed by the King of Beasts , the lion ... who allows the muttering guests the privilege of watching him eat the entire feast " . At the end of his gluttony , the lion explained , " Come all rejoice , You 've seen your monarch dine . " In 1920 , he wrote a 40 @,@ 000 @-@ word story , " The Transit of Venus " . It was about a group of misogynists called the Alimony Club who , as a way of temporarily escaping the society of women , embark on a sea voyage to observe the transit of Venus . The captain 's niece , however , had stowed away on board and soon won over the men . Sousa also wrote a booklet , " A manual for trumpet and drum " , published by the Ludwig drum company , with advice for playing drums and trumpet . An early version of the trumpet solo to " Semper Fidelis " was included in this volume . = = = Hostility to recording = = = Sousa held a very low opinion of the emerging and upstart recording industry . Using an epithet coined by Mark Twain , he derided recordings as " canned music " , a reference to the early wax cylinder records that came in can @-@ like cylindrical cardboard boxes . In a submission to a congressional hearing in 1906 , he argued : These talking machines are going to ruin the artistic development of music in this country . When I was a boy ... in front of every house in the summer evenings , you would find young people together singing the songs of the day or old songs . Today you hear these infernal machines going night and day . We will not have a vocal cord left . The vocal cord will be eliminated by a process of evolution , as was the tail of man when he came from the ape . Law professor Lawrence Lessig cited this passage to argue that in creating a system of copyrights in which control of music is in the hands of record labels , Sousa was essentially correct . Sousa 's antipathy to recording was such that he almost never conducted his band when it was being recorded . Nevertheless , Sousa 's band made numerous recordings , the earliest being issued on cylinders by several companies , followed by many recordings on discs by the Berliner Gramophone Company and its successor , the Victor Talking Machine Company ( later RCA Victor ) . The Berliner recordings were conducted by Henry Higgins ( one of Sousa 's cornet soloists ) and Arthur Pryor ( Sousa 's trombone soloist and assistant conductor ) , with Sousa quoted as saying , " I have never been in the gramophone company 's office in my life . " A handful of the Victor recordings were actually conducted by Sousa , but most were conducted by Pryor , Herbert L. Clarke , Edwin H. Clarke , or by four of Victor 's most prolific house musicians : Walter B. Rogers ( who had also been a cornet soloist with Sousa ) , Rosario Bourdon , Josef Pasternack , and Nathaniel Shilkret . Details of the Victor recordings are available in the external link below to the EDVR . = = = Other interests = = = Sousa also appeared with his band in newsreels and on radio broadcasts ( beginning with a 1929 nationwide broadcast on NBC ) . In 1999 , Legacy Records released some of Sousa 's historic recordings on CD . In 1922 , he accepted the invitation of the national chapter to become an honorary member of Kappa Kappa Psi , the national honorary band fraternity . In 1925 , he was initiated as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia , the national fraternity for men in music , by the fraternity 's Alpha Xi chapter at the University of Illinois . In 1952 , 20th Century Fox honored Sousa in their Technicolor feature film Stars and Stripes Forever with Clifton Webb portraying the composer . Fox music director Alfred Newman arranged the music and conducted the studio orchestra for the soundtrack . It was loosely based on Sousa 's memoirs , Marching Along . = = = Music sources = = = Bierley , Paul E. The Works of John Philip Sousa Columbus , OH : Integrity Press , 1984 . Sousa , John Philip . Marching Along : Recollections of Men , Women and Music . Edited by Paul E. Bierley . Boston : Hale , Cushman & Flint , 1928 , rev. 1994 . Sousa , John Philip . National , Patriotic and Typical Airs of All Lands . N.Y. : Da Capo Press , 1977 . Sousa , John Philip . Through the Year with Sousa : Excerpts from the Operas , Marches , Miscellaneous Compositions , Novels , Letters , Magazine Articles , Songs , Sayings and Rhymes of John Philip Sousa . New York : Thomas Y. Crowell & , 1910 . Warfield , Patrick , ed . ( 2010 ) . John Philip Sousa : Six Marches . Music of the United States of America ( MUSA ) vol 21 . Madison , Wisconsin : A @-@ R Editions . Articles Bennett , Jeb . " John Philip Sousa : 100th Anniversary . " Marine Corps Gazzette 64 , no . 10 ( 1980 ) : 31 – 34 . Bierley , Paul E. " Sousa : America 's Greatest Composer ? " Musical Journal 25 , no . 1 ( 1967 ) : 83 – 87 . Bierley , Paul E. " Sousa on Programming . " Instrumentalist , December 1973 . Bierley , Paul E. " Sousa 's Mystery March . " Instrumentalist , February 1966 . Dvorak , Raymond F. " Recollections of Sousa 's March Performances . " School Musician , Director and Teacher , December 1969 . Evenson , Orville . " The March Style of Sousa . " Instrumentalist , November 1954 . Fennell , Frederick . " Sousa : Still a Somebody . " Instrumentalist , March 1982 . Gaydos , Jeff . " Stars and Stripes and Sousa Forever ! " Bandwagon , June 1980 . Goldberg , Isaac . " Sousa . " American Mercury 27 ( 1932 ) : 193 – 200 . Goldman , Richard Franko . " John Philip Sousa . " HiFi / Stereo Review 19 , no . 1 ( 1967 ) : 35 – 47 . Gordon , Marjorie M. " John Philip Sousa : A Centennial @-@ Year Salute to the March King . " Musical Journal 11 , no . 11 ( 1954 ) : 28 – 34 . Heney , John J. " On the Road with the Sousa Band . " School Musician , Director and Teacher , 1976 . Howard , George S. " A New Era for Brass : Sousa 's Role . " Music Journal , January 1966 . Intravaia , Lawrence J. " Wind Band Scoring Practices of Gilmore and Sousa . " School Musician , Director and Teacher 36 , no . 7 ( March 1965 ) : 62 – 63 . Larson , Cedric . " John Philip Sousa as an Author . " Etude , August 1941 . Mangrum , Mary Gailey . " I Remember Sousa . " Instrumentalist 24 , no . 5 ( 1969 ) : 38 – 41 . Mangrum , Mary Gailey . " Sousa the Patriot . " Instrumentalist 24 , no . 6 ( 1970 ) : 33 – 35 . Marek , George Richard . " John Philip Sousa . " HiFi / Musical America 23 , no . 11 ( 1973 ) : 57 – 61 . Mathews , William Smith Babcock . " An Interview with John Philip Sousa . " Music : A Monthly Magazine 9 ( 1896 ) : 487 – 92 . Mayer , Francis N. " John Philip Sousa : His Instrumentation and Scoring . " Music Educator 's Journal , January 1960 . Peterson , O. A. " The Human Side of Sousa . " Musical Messenger , May 1916 . Pleasants , Henry . " A Look at Sousa : Ormandy and Critics . " International Herald Tribune ( Paris Edition ) , December 1969 . " Sousa and His Mission . " Music : A Monthly Magazine 16 ( July 1899 ) : 272 – 76 . " Sousa as He Is . " Music : A Monthly Magazine 14 ( May 1899 ) . " Sousa 's New Marine Band . " Musical Courier , November 9 , 1892 . Stoddard , Hope . " Sousa : Symbol of an Era . " International Musician , December 1948 . Thomson , Grace F. " Memories of the March King . " Musical Journal 22 , no . 5 ( 1964 ) : 27 – 49 . Trimborn , Thomas J. " In the Footsteps of Sousa . " Instrumentalist 35 , no . 4 ( 1980 ) : 10 – 13 . Wimbush , Roger . " Sousa at the " Proms " " Monthly Musical Record 68 : 238 – 40 . Dissertations Bly , Leon Joseph . " The March in American Society . " Diss . , University of Miami , 1977 . Bowie , Gordon W. " R. B. Hall and the Community Bands of Maine . " Diss . , University of Maine , 1993 . Carpenter , Kenneth William . " A History of the United States Marine Band . " Diss . , University of Iowa , 1971 . Church , Charles Fremont . " The Life and Influence of John Philip Sousa . " Diss . , Ohio State University , 1942 . Darling , Matthew H. " A Study and Catalogue of the Solos Composed , Arranged , and Transcribed for Xylophone and Band by John Joseph Heney ( 1902 – 1978 ) , Percussionist ( 1926 – 31 ) and Xylophone Soloist ( 1931 ) with the John Philip Sousa Band . " Diss . , University of Arizona , 1998 . Hemberger , Glen J. " Selected Songs for Chamber Winds and Soprano : Rediscovering a Forgotten Repertoire of John Philip Sousa . " Diss . , University of North Texas , 2001 . Hester , Michael E. " A Study of the Saxophone Soloists Performing with the John Philip Sousa Band , 1893 – 1930 . " Diss . , University of Arizona , 1995 . Jorgensen , Michael R. " John Philip Sousa 's Operetta El Capitan : A Historical , Analytical , and Performance Guide . " Diss . , Ball State University , 1995 . Korzun , Jonathan Nicholas . " The Orchestral Transcriptions for Band of John Philip Sousa : a Description and Analysis . " Diss . , University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign , 1994 . Kreitner , Mona Bulpitt . " ' A Splendid Group of American Girls ' : The Women Who Sang with the Sousa Band . " Diss . , University of Memphis , 2007 . Norton , Pauline Elizabeth Hosack . " March Music in Nineteenth Century America . " Diss . , University of Michigan , 1983 . Stacy , William Barney . " John Philip Sousa and His Band Suites . " Diss . , University of Colorado , 1973 . Summers , C. Oland . " The Development of Original Band Scoring from Sousa to Husa . " Diss . , Ball State University , 1986 . Warfield , Patrick . " " Salesman of Americanism , Globetrotter and Musician " the Nineteenth @-@ century John Philip Sousa ; 1854 – 1893 . " Diss . , Indiana University , 2003 . Whisler , John A. " The Songs of John Philip Sousa . " Diss . , Memphis State University , 1975 . Wright , Maurice . " The Fifth String : an Opera in One Act . " Diss . , Columbia University , 1989 . = = = Archives = = = J. P. Sousa Collection . Washington D.C. : Archives of the U.S. Marine Band , 2011 . The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music . University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign , 2011 .
= New York State Route 390 = New York State Route 390 ( NY 390 ) is a north – south state highway located along the western edge of the city of Rochester , New York , in the United States . The route , a limited @-@ access northward continuation of Interstate 390 ( I @-@ 390 ) , extends for 8 @.@ 00 miles ( 12 @.@ 87 km ) from I @-@ 490 in Gates to the Lake Ontario State Parkway in Greece , less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the Lake Ontario shoreline . Between I @-@ 490 and NY 104 , NY 390 makes up the north – south segment of the northwest quadrant of the Rochester Outer Loop , a series of expressways encircling Rochester . At NY 104 , the Outer Loop departs NY 390 and follows NY 104 east into the city . The freeway was constructed in stages from the 1960s to the 1980s , with the first segment — between I @-@ 490 and NY 31 — opening to traffic c . 1963 . At the time , it was part of NY 47 , which followed the completed portions of the Outer Loop from Gates to Irondequoit . An extension of the freeway north to U.S. Route 104 ( US 104 ; now NY 104 ) was opened to traffic in the early 1970s . NY 47 was eliminated in 1980 , giving way to NY 390 from I @-@ 490 to NY 104 . NY 390 was extended to its current length in the early 1980s . = = Route description = = NY 390 begins at the point where I @-@ 390 northbound crosses over I @-@ 490 eastbound in the center of a complex interchange between the two in Gates . Due to the setup of the junction , the northbound and southbound roadways , both two lanes wide , are initially set about 250 yards ( 229 m ) apart . The highway heads through the remainder of the exit , passing over the left exit ramp from I @-@ 490 west to I @-@ 390 south heading northbound and under the ramp linking I @-@ 490 east to NY 390 north southbound and crossing over I @-@ 490 westbound . North of the junction , the median narrows to a more standard width as NY 390 widens to six lanes and connects to NY 31 ( Lyell Avenue ) . The expressway proceeds north through neighborhoods equally residential and industrial , crossing over both the former right @-@ of @-@ way of the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Falls Road Secondary Track and the Erie Canal prior to meeting Lexington Avenue via a modified trumpet interchange . From Lexington Avenue , where NY 390 passes into the town of Greece , north to NY 104 , NY 390 runs parallel to the western edge of Eastman Business Park , the large production and distribution complex owned and maintained by Eastman Kodak . Midway between the Lexington Avenue and West Ridge Road exits , NY 390 encounters Ridgeway Avenue via a partial diamond interchange . Just north of Ridgeway Avenue , the expressway crosses a small , narrow strip of land that lies within the Rochester city limits , a carryover from when the Erie Canal occupied this tract and entered the city decades before . North of the strip , NY 390 curves to the northeast , passing along the west side of the industrial park and the eastern edge of a residential yet wooded area to reach NY 104 . Heading northbound , the is split into two halves , with exit 24A connecting to NY 104 east and exit 24B linking to NY 104 west . Past NY 104 , the roadway surface shifts from pavement to concrete as the freeway heads generally northward through primarily residential neighborhoods . The next exit , with Vintage Lane 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) to the north @-@ northeast of NY 104 , is the highway 's last as a six @-@ lane freeway . Here , it narrows to four lanes — two in both directions — before continuing onward to meet NY 18 ( Latta Road ) at a conventional diamond interchange . At this point , all commercial vehicles are forced to exit NY 390 due to a similar restriction on the Lake Ontario State Parkway 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the north . Outside of a small pocket of development near Greece Arcadia High and Middle Schools , the remainder of the freeway crosses open , sparsely developed areas of Greece . NY 390 curves to the northeast for its final 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) before ending at a trumpet interchange with the parkway 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the shore of Lake Ontario . = = History = = The 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) segment of the Rochester Outer Loop between NY 33A and NY 31 was completed c . 1963 . It was originally designated as part of NY 47 , which had followed the parallel Howard Road to the west prior to the freeway 's construction . Work on an extension north to US 104 ( now NY 104 ) began in the mid @-@ 1960s and was completed in the early 1970s . The freeway officially became part of NY 47 on January 1 , 1970 , when the route was extended northward over the then @-@ proposed Outer Loop to a new terminus at the Lake Ontario State Parkway . In actuality , however , NY 47 never extended any farther north than NY 104 , which served as the freeway 's northern terminus throughout the 1970s . In the late 1970s , the state of New York submitted a proposal to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials that would substantially alter how the Outer Loop was numbered . As part of the plan , the NY 47 designation would be eliminated while the northwestern section of the Outer Loop — from I @-@ 490 in Gates to the proposed northern terminus at the Lake Ontario Parkway in Greece — would become the northernmost part of I @-@ 390 . Most of the proposed changes took effect on March 18 , 1980 , when NY 47 was eliminated ; however , I @-@ 390 was modified to end at its junction with I @-@ 490 . In its place , the Gates – Greece leg of the Outer Loop was assigned NY 390 . The NY 390 designation was extended northward to its current terminus in the early 1980s when the segment of the Outer Loop between NY 104 and the Lake Ontario State Parkway was completed . The pair of interchanges connecting NY 390 to I @-@ 490 and NY 31 have two major movements that cause weaving . The first is on NY 390 northbound , where traffic entering NY 390 from I @-@ 490 west must immediately merge into traffic to avoid taking the NY 31 exit while motorists already on NY 390 must cross traffic coming from I @-@ 490 to reach the ramp for NY 31 . The other is on NY 390 southbound , where commuters entering NY 390 south from NY 31 must cross several lanes of traffic to access I @-@ 490 east . Additionally , the junction between NY 390 / I @-@ 390 and I @-@ 490 serves over 200 @,@ 000 cars daily and is often heavily congested during the morning and evening rush hours . In July 2010 , the New York State Department of Transportation began soliciting ideas on how to improve the junction . Roughly $ 32 million has been earmarked for a future project to improve the interchange , which is tentatively scheduled to begin in mid @-@ 2014 . = = Exit list = = The entire route is in Monroe County .
= Rose Colored Glasses ( Kelly Rowland song ) = " Rose Colored Glasses " is a song by American recording artist Kelly Rowland , recorded for her third studio album , Here I Am ( 2011 ) . It was written by Ester Dean and Lukasz " Dr. Luke " Gottwald , with lyrics reflecting the different perspectives on relationships and how one can perceive a relationship different from the outside . It opens with an electro @-@ crescendo followed with vocals by Rowland while Emily Wright produced Rowland 's vocals ; the production is based upon layered synths and drums , programmed by Dr. Luke . Dean helped Rowland to record the song , which Rowland said made her cry as it reminded her of her own experiences in past relationships . " Rose Colored Glasses " also had an effect on Rowland 's vocals , causing them to swell . The song was serviced to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio on June 29 , 2010 . Critics praised " Rose Colored Glasses " as one of Rowland 's strongest vocal and emotional performances to date . The arrangement and delivery were praised as being classy , while the critics felt that the overall emotion of the song gave Rowland the best chance of achieving US chart success . " Rose Colored Glasses " was released on June 28 , 2010 across some parts of Europe , and a day later in the United States and Canada , where it was intended to be one of the album 's two lead singles . An accompanying 3 @-@ D concept music video , directed by John " Rankin " Wadell was released , featuring atmospheric visuals and mood @-@ lit scenes including streamers , doves , and rose petals . Reception for the video was positive , praising its simplicity and noting the stunning visuals and variety of outfits worn by Rowland . The single had limited chart success , entering the top @-@ forty radio airplay charts in Slovakia and the United States , but failed to appear on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It is excluded from the US track listing for Here I Am . = = Background = = At the 2010 Winter Music Conference , Rowland confirmed she was ready to release the lead single from her third studio album . On March 29 , 2010 , during the conference , she debuted the David Guetta @-@ helmed song , " Commander " with her live performance of the song . However , just prior to its release , Rowland ’ s label ( Universal Motown ) confirmed that the song would only be fully released as a single in international markets . At the end of May 2010 , Rowland announced that " Shake Them Haters Off " , penned by singer @-@ songwriter Ne @-@ Yo , would be the American lead single for her third album . Prior to its release , " Shake Them Haters Off " was replaced by two new songs , one for urban radio and one for contemporary hit radio . " Rose Colored Glasses " was unveiled as the pop lead single , and serviced to both contemporary and rhythmic radio on June 29 , 2010 . It was also released for digital download on June 29 , 2010 in Canada and the United States . The urban single , " Grown Woman " , was also serviced to urban , urban adult contemporary and rhythmic radio on June 29 , 2010 . At the time of this announcement , it meant that three singles would precede the album before its worldwide release . However , the album was pushed back into 2011 , leaving time for two other singles to precede the album : " Forever and a Day " ( 2010 ) and " Motivation " ( 2011 ) . = = Music and recording = = “ Rose Colored Glasses ” is a mid @-@ tempo electropop ballad written by Ester Dean and Lukasz Gottwald ( Dr. Luke ) . The song , which opens with an electro @-@ crescendo followed by Rowland 's vocals , has a layered synth production , courtesy of Dr. Luke . In the lyrics , Rowland " explores the subtle ways that perspective can truly change everything ... [ telling ] a story of a relationship that , on the outside , seems troubled . " Lizzie Goodwin , from entertainment website Gather.com , called the song an " addition to your break @-@ up / female empowerment playlist . " Dean accompanied Rowland in the recording studios when she recorded the song . During an interview for Rowland ’ s segment in the iheartradio concert series , it was revealed that " Rose Colored Glasses " had made Rowland cry . She said “ the first time I heard the song it made me think of all of the relationships where I had to wear rose colored glasses , ” in particular noting her past “ toxic relationships ” and “ situations where I needed to leave ” as the causes of her Rowland ’ s tears . Later it was revealed that the song had made Rowland ’ s vocals swell . During an interview for The Belfast Telegraph , Rowland spoke of the songs she had recorded for her third studio album . When speaking of " Rose Colored Glasses " , she said that it had taken its toll on her , “ It brought back a few memories , and when I recorded it I cried so much my vocal chords got swollen . " She also expressed her pleasure at being able to sing about her experiences . " It 's just so nice to express that emotion and get it all out there because everyone out there , I 'm sure you guys can relate to the pain of feeling like a complete idiot when everybody 's laughing at you when you 're getting played by the person in your life at the time . And you just need to take off your rose colored glasses . " = = Critical reception = = The song was praised by critics who agreed that it was Rowland 's best chance of reaching the US Billboard Hot 100 again . They praised both production and vocal delivery of the song . Robbie Daw of Idolator said that , although he " liked the dancability of the Kelly 's upbeat tunes , " it was " as nice to hear her take on a ballad again . " He called the single her best chance of " finally crack [ ing ] the upper reaches of the Hot 100 once again . " Following the video 's premier , Daw said that , alongside " Kelly looking stunning in the video , " the song had " hit " potential . " Surely the timing is right — especially with all the other singles Dr. Luke has had a hand in dominating the charts — for Rowland to be allowed into the spotlight once more . " Lizzie Goodwin of Gather.com agreed that the song , though different from her previous singles , stands on its own as a catchy tune . " Though it ’ s no ' When Love Takes Over ' , Kelly Rowland ’ s latest single and music video ' Rose Colored Glasses ' isn ’ t half @-@ bad . It might not be a dance hit , but her new single is pretty catchy and is a great addition to include in a breakup / girl empowerment playlist . " Mack from Sound @-@ Savvy said , " Kelly always makes those love songs that make you re @-@ examine things ... While I don ’ t think Rose Colored Glasses will impact as hard as Commander , it 's a formidable single in its own right and I kinda like it . " Despite accepting that Rowland has had her moments with the club songs , Melinda Newman of HitFix praised Dr. Luke 's production work , stating that " the song is a show stopper ( a nice production by him - we often find him too slick ) . " Jeremy Helligar of True / Slant said that Rowland had done a smart thing by not releasing " Commander " in the United States . He said , " [ Rowland 's ] edgier preference of dance music is very different to the dance @-@ pop that Lady Gaga often tops the charts with . " He later added that the song was " still to the left of what normally passes for modern R & B. " PopinStereo said that the electro ballad " sounds fresh and breathtaking " thanks to an " amazing production " and " great vocal delivery . " = = Release and chart performance = = When the single 's cover was revealed , it divided opinions . Becky Bain of Idolator liked " simplicity of the black and white cover , " though she felt it strange that the image " didn 't have color or glasses . " Rap @-@ Up magazine thought the opposite to Bain , saying that " Rowland 's eyes do the talking with the black @-@ and @-@ white artwork . " On June 28 , 2010 , the single was released as a digital download in Belgium , Norway , and Sweden . A day later , it was sent to American pop and rhythmic radio , as well as released for digital download . On July 23 , 2010 , it was also released in other parts of Europe , including Italy and The Netherlands . Media Base 's seven @-@ day airplay report showed that in the last week of August , " Rose Colored Glasses " managed to peak at number thirty @-@ nine on the US Top 40 Airplay chart , a component of the Mainstream Top 40 chart published by Billboard . However , by the week ending September 11 , 2010 , it had received no adds to official playlists , despite being played 585 times across thirty @-@ four stations . The only other territory where the song charted was Slovakia . It debuted on the Slovakian Airplay Chart at number sixty @-@ eight before peaking at number twenty @-@ five three weeks later . = = Music video = = = = = Background and concept = = = Rowland first revealed on New York 's 103 @.@ 5 KTU FM that the video was due to be filmed in the last week of July 2010 . The video shoot began on July 31 , 2010 . The clip was filmed using 3 @-@ D technology and was directed by British fashion photographer John " Rankin " Wadell , whose previous credits include " Say it Right " by Nelly Furtado and " Acapella " by Kelis . Behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage on Rap @-@ Up TV revealed that the video focuses on the pain of leaving a relationship . Scenes in the video include vivid colors , unique visuals , and mood @-@ responsive lighting . During the shoot , Rowland said , " This video has been one of the best video experiences I ’ ve ever had . I ’ ve shot a lot of videos , but this one is probably the most intriguing because of how it ’ s shot , the lighting — everything is so detailed . " Rankin said that " the concept for the video was 3D " to best portray how " the people look at your relationships with an optimism that can 't be seen from the inside . " The scenes feature the use of circular trap and turntables so that Rowland " could be seen from every angle . " " Rose Colored Glasses " was set to premier on the Vevo network on September 20 , 2010 ; however , it was uploaded to her Vevo account on September 15 , 2010 , five days earlier than expected . = = = Synopsis = = = At the beginning of the video , Rowland is seen dressed in waist @-@ high trousers , a white blouse , and a black tie . The first scene of the video features Rowland and her love interest , played by Alvino Lewis , arguing . During the song 's build @-@ up , she is dressed in a black @-@ and @-@ white netted catsuit , standing in front of pink and red streamers . Just before the chorus , she appears in a low cut corset against a dark backdrop with her hair tied in a tight bun . In the chorus , she appears in a gold dress on a turntable surrounded by smoke , spliced with scenes of the argument and a blue @-@ tinged image of Rowland . As she sings the hook of the song , the camera flicks to a scene where she is surrounded by windswept rose petals ( top frame ) . During the second verse , the blue tinged image of Rowland is seen again , as is a new scene where she is on the turntable again dressed in a black ball gown with frills around the neck and shoulder . This is spliced with more scenes of Rowland in her gold dress . As the chorus builds for a second time , Rowland is seen wearing a tube dress before switching to the dark corset scene where it begins to rain . Rowland is then seen surrounded by white doves ( bottom frame ) which fly around her while she spins on the circular trap . The bridge of the song focuses on the dark corset scenes where the rain increases and Rowland 's facial expressions display deep sadness . Billboard commented on the last scenes : " In the end , Rowland finally takes those ' Rose Colored Glasses ' off – the ones that have prevented her from seeing how truly damaging her relationship is – punching through a glass wall before pastel @-@ colored butterflies appear in representation of her breakthrough . " The video ends with blue @-@ tinged images , where she sheds a single tear . = = = Reception = = = Critics generally praised the clip 's simplicity , the visuals , and the choice of outfits . A reviewer from Rap @-@ Up said , " Kelly Rowland turns her tears into art in the eye @-@ popping video for ' Rose Colored Glasses ' ... " They focused on the choice of visuals , saying that " the clip shows the Destiny 's Child alum struggling with a relationship , while numerous wardrobe changes , vivid colors , doves , and stunning shots of Kelly burst onto the screen . " Liz Goodwin of Gather.com agreed with the visuals , saying , " In the music video , Kelly Rowland 's body is looking fantastic . ( Though she could switch up the weave for another hairstyle . ) The outfits are hot – she ’ s looking fit ! Kudos to Kelly for pulling off the very , very low @-@ cut corset without falling out of it ! She can be grateful to gravity for still being on her side ... and for double @-@ sided tape . " Robbie Daw of Idolator said , " We hope two things happen now that Kelly Rowland ’ s Rankin @-@ directed ' Rose Colored Glasses ' music video has premiered : 1 . ) you like it and show Miss Kelly some love on iTunes , and 2 . ) radio programmers in this fine country open their ears and show Miss Kelly major love on the airwaves ... Kelly looks truly stunning in this video , from the opening shot of her wearing a dress shirt and tie to the couture dresses she vamps in expertly . " Mariel Concepcion of Billboard was also positive of the video , saying that " not only does she walk away from an unhealthy situation in the clip - she looks completely stunning while doing so . " A reviewer from Kayrhythm.com said , " The clip is fairly successful , despite its simplicity and sobriety , which probably result from a lack of budget . In the song , Kelly is very beautiful and very emotional because it gives way to sadness created by the decline of a relationship with her boyfriend . In the absence of a spectacular clip , Kelly still focused on her wardrobe , perfect for the occasion . " The reviewer pointed out that the video works because of Rowland having a good team behind her . " Kelly 's team is really good . Imagine the damage that Kelly could have done with the team of Rihanna ! ... " Julia Guez of Ados.fr was also critical of the clip , saying , " The aesthetic is the rendezvous , the Destiny 's Child alum appears sexier than ever , but why has it increased the costumes ? Something is missing ... coherence , an imprint ? We do not yet see the real Kelly ... " = = Live performance and promotion = = Rowland performed the single live for the first time during the set list of her iheartradio concert at P.C. Richard and Son Theater in New York City on August 25 , 2010 . However , two weeks after the performance , a reporter from the New York Post alleged that Rowland lip @-@ synced both the performance at the iheartradio concert and her appearance at KTU Beatstock . The report stated that Rowland 's record label , Universal Motown , had banned Clear Chanel Suits from using the footage for an online video . A representative for the singer said that Rowland " sang live to a track " and the report was seemingly dismissed after iheartradio uploaded the performance footage to its official YouTube page . Meanwhile , Entertainment Weekly revealed that Rowland had recorded " Rose Colored Glasses " in Simlish for The Sims 3 : Late Night expansion pack . She reprised her performance of the single at her Walmart @-@ Soundcheck mini @-@ concert . = = Track listing = = Digital download " Rose Colored Glasses " – 4 : 01 = = Credits = = Recording Recorded in Los Angeles , California ; at Conway Recording Studios and Dr. Luke 's . Mixed at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia . Mastered at Sterling Sound in New York City , New York . Personnel = = Charts = = = = Radio and release history = =
= Sweet Dreams ( Beyoncé song ) = " Sweet Dreams " is a song by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . Originally titled " Beautiful Nightmare " , it leaked online in March 2008 . The song was written and produced by Knowles , James Scheffer , Wayne Wilkins , and Rico Love . Columbia Records released " Sweet Dreams " , the album 's sixth single , to mainstream radio and rhythmic contemporary radio playlists in the United States on June 2 , 2009 , and elsewhere on July 13 . It is an electropop song whose instrumentation includes synthesizers , a keyboard , and snare drums . Knowles employs slinky vocals to sing the haunting lyrics , which describe a romantic relationship that the female protagonist believes could be a dream . " Sweet Dreams " was critically acclaimed by contemporary music critics , who praised its beats , synthpop sound and Knowles ' vocals . Some critics noted that the sliding bassline gave the song a dark quality and resembles the one used in some of Michael Jackson 's songs on Thriller ( 1982 ) . " Sweet Dreams " gained popularity for its electro music style , which contrasts Knowles ' earlier R & B , urban , and funk @-@ tinged releases . The song was nominated for the Viewers Choice Award at the 2010 BET Awards . It topped the New Zealand Singles Chart , peaked at number ten on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and reached the top five on singles charts in Australia , the Czech Republic , Ireland , Slovakia , and the United Kingdom among others . " Sweet Dreams " was certified platinum in Australia , New Zealand and the US . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Adria Petty , and was filmed in Brooklyn , New York . It mainly uses a green screen and computer @-@ generated effects , making the clip minimal and performance @-@ based . The video sees Knowles wearing a golden robot suit designed by French fashion designer Thierry Mugler . The video received favorable reviews from critics , who described it as high @-@ fashion and noted that Knowles reprised part of the choreography from her 2008 video for " Single Ladies " . Knowles promoted the song by performing it live at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards and occasionally during the I Am ... World Tour ( 2009 – 10 ) . " Sweet Dreams " was recognized as one of the most performed songs of 2009 at the 27th American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) Pop Music Awards . It was used in a Cryster Geyser Water Japanese advertisement that featured Knowles . = = Production and recording = = Initially titled " Beautiful Nightmare " , " Sweet Dreams " became one of the first songs composed for the 2008 double album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Record producer Rico Love regards writing " Sweet Dreams " with Knowles as " the experience of a lifetime " . When Knowles went to the South Beat Studios in Miami Beach , Florida , she was not prepared to record and had to attend the opening concert of her husband Jay @-@ Z 's tour . However , when she heard a demo of " Sweet Dreams " , she was impressed and wanted to record the song immediately . Knowles , Wayne Wilkins and Jim Jonsin did some additional writing and produced the song alongside Love at the same studio . Knowles and Love worked on the vocal arrangements ; Knowles appreciated Love 's background vocals in the hook and retained them . Jim Caruana assisted in recording the music . Love then recorded Knowles ' vocals ; the recording session lasted for an hour . Lastly , Wilkins mixed the track . " Sweet Dreams " appears on the Sasha Fierce disc of I Am ... Sasha Fierce as it allows Knowles to portray her alter ego Sasha Fierce , whom Knowles described as " [ her ] fun , more sensual , more aggressive , more outspoken side and more glamorous side " . = = Leak and release = = " Sweet Dreams " was leaked under its original title the day after it was recorded in March 2008 , eight months before the album 's release . It was the first time that a single by Knowles was leaked before its inclusion on an upcoming album . She responded to the leak on her official website , thanking her fans for the positive response towards the song , before clarifying that it was just a work in progress and that she did not intend to release new material in the near future . About the leak , Love told MTV News : I was more concerned that [ Beyoncé ] would feel that we did it . A lot of times producers or songwriters leak records because they feel if you put the song out there it would go [ on to become a hit ] . Usually a leak that far in advance of an album release puts the song in serious jeopardy of being excluded from the final track list . It was frustrating . I felt like you work hard to get in the studio to work with Beyoncé . [ But ] I was blessed ... that song turned out [ to ] have nine lives . Under the song 's original title " Beautiful Nightmare " , " Sweet Dreams " gained some attention in the United States , where it amassed enough airplay to chart at number forty @-@ five on Hot Dance Club Songs chart and at number fifty @-@ seven on Pop 100 Airplay chart . " Broken @-@ Hearted Girl " was initially intended as the sixth US and fourth international single alongside the stateside @-@ only single " Ego " ( 2009 ) . However , its release was scrapped at the last minute , and replaced by " Sweet Dreams " , which Knowles selected for a summer single release because she wanted an uptempo song that would keep people dancing . She added , " It 's very rare to find an uptempo song that means something ... that 's not just about going to a club or partying or being a sexy girl . " " Sweet Dreams " was added to US contemporary hit radio and rhythmic contemporary radio playlists on June 2 , 2009 . Dance remixes of the song alongside the album version of " Ego " and its remixes were later released on the same digital EP on August 17 , 2009 , in the US . In Germany , the album version of " Sweet Dreams " and a radio edit of a remix produced by Steve Pitron and Max Sanna were made available as a digital download and as a CD single on July 13 , and July 17 , 2009 . A different digital EP containing remixes and the music video of the song was released in the same country on July 31 , 2011 . On July 16 , 2009 , the album version and the radio edit of " Sweet Dreams " was serviced as a two @-@ track digital single in Oceania and Europe , excluding France , where it was made available on the same format the following day . In the UK , the song was released on CD and as a stand @-@ alone digital single on August 10 , 2009 . A different digital EP containing four remixes and the album version of " Sweet Dreams " was also released . On the same date , the song was released as a two @-@ sided digital EP in mainland Europe ; it contained ten remixes of " Sweet Dreams " . = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " Sweet Dreams " is an electropop song that incorporates elements of rock and old school funk music . The song is built on undulating electro rhythms and a thumping beat ; its groove fits into hip hop phrasing . It is essentially driven by a keyboard and also has guitar , piano , synthesizer , snare drum and bass instrumentation . Many music critics noted that several components of " Sweet Dreams " are reminiscent of the songs on Michael Jackson 's 1982 album Thriller . James Montgomery of MTV News said that the " gnarly low end " sounds like Jackson 's song " Beat It " ( 1983 ) . Nick Levine of Digital Spy noted that the electronic bassline is similar to those used in Jackson 's songs " Thriller " ( 1983 ) and " Bad " ( 1987 ) . Arielle Castillo of Miami New Times noted that Jackson could use the beat of " Sweet Dreams " to bring up to date his Thriller @-@ era style . The lyrics of " Sweet Dreams " are about a female protagonist who has some insecurities about her new romantic relationship ; she is confused about whether her relationship with her partner is a " sweet dream or a beautiful nightmare " . The song starts with a bassline , which is occasionally interrupted by spare snare kicks , drum fills and Knowles ' chanting , " Turn the lights on " . She then adopts slinky vocals to begin the first verse . The " expansive @-@ yet @-@ molecular " chorus then starts with the line , " You can be a sweet dream or a beautiful nightmare / Either way , I don 't wanna wake up from you . " The song is written in the key of D ♯ minor with a tempo of 122 beats per minute . Beyoncé 's vocals span from C ♯ 4 to E ♯ 5 in the song . = = Critical reception = = = = = Reviews = = = " Sweet Dreams " was acclaimed by critics , some of whom praised its dark tone and electropop sound that is different from Knowles ' previous work . James Montgomery of MTV News wrote that Knowles ' vocals , which he called , " icy and cool , slippery like mercury [ and ] nothing to scoff at either " , help make the song an " undeniable smash " that is unique compared to the work of other artists . Jennifer Vineyard of the same publication argued that the rock elements and smooth vocals contribute to Knowles ' " fierce " alter ego , who " dares the listener to dream of her , warning that it might be a ' beautiful nightmare ' . " Arielle Castillo of Miami New Times noted that " Sweet Dreams " is another one of Jim Jonsin 's productions with a keyboard @-@ propelled arrangement , but unlike the material Jonsin crafted for Soulja Boy , the song is " swirling , and darker " . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle and Gary Trust of Billboard magazine agreed that the song is one of Knowles ' purest dance songs and is " an irresistible call to the dance floor " . Describing " Sweet Dreams " as a " cool dance track " , Dennis Amith of J ! -ENT complimented its arrangement , calling it " experimental " with " cool transitions " . Adam Mazmanian of The Washington Times described the song as " a gritty slow grind with a salacious bassline " and noted that Knowles " delivers a near parody of a good @-@ girl voice " while singing the chorus . Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media wrote that " Sweet Dreams " sounds like a song Rihanna would sing . Echoing Dombal 's sentiments , Nick Levine of Digital Spy wrote that the best song on the Sasha Fierce disc is a " dark [ ish ] electropop track called ' Sweet Dreams ' , [ which ] actually sounds like the cousin of Rihanna 's ' Disturbia ' " . On a separate review for the single , Levine awarded " Sweet Dreams " a rating of four stars out of five , and commented that the song seduces listeners with its catchy chorus hook , and thereafter keeps them intrigued by " placing a hint of darkness just beneath the shiny , synthy surface " . Spence D. of IGN Music wrote that though " Sweet Dreams " is not a " stellar track " , it is superior to other album tracks , including " Diva " and " Radio " . Similarly , Vicki Lutas of BBC Music wrote that even though " Sweet Dreams " appears to lack something , it is undeniably a good song overall . She added that " Sweet Dreams " may not be Knowles ' finest or most memorable work , but it remains her best offering since her 2003 song " Crazy in Love " . Lutas also commended Knowles ' vocal delivery , which he described as " beautiful and soft , yet strong and powerful " . Talia Kraines of the same publication wrote that " Sweet Dreams " is one of the standout tracks on the Sasha Fierce disc though Knowles does not get as experimental as she did on her 2006 song " Ring the Alarm " . = = = Recognition and accolades = = = " Sweet Dreams " earned Knowles the Best Female Vocal accolade at the 2009 Music MP3 Awards . It was nominated for Best R & B / Urban Dance Track at the 25th Annual International Dance Music Awards , but lost to The Black Eyed Peas 's 2009 song " I Gotta Feeling " . It was also nominated for the Viewers Choice Award at the 2010 BET Awards . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized " Sweet Dreams " as one of the most performed songs of 2009 at the 27th ASCAP Pop Music Awards . On the occasion of Knowles ' thirtieth birthday , Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine ranked the song at number 21 on their list of Knowles ' 30 biggest Billboard hits , and noted that its electropop sound , which was in contrast to Knowles ' previous singles , showcased her range of talent . On The Village Voice 's 2009 Pazz & Jop singles list , " Sweet Dreams " was ranked at number 114 . In 2013 , John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E ! Online placed the song at number five on their list of ten best Knowles ' songs , writing that Knowles " stepped away from R & B roots with this surreal electropop tune , which features these standout lyrics : ' My guilty pleasure , I ain 't going nowhere / As long as you 're here , I 'll be floating on air ' ( which , from Bey 's mouth , sounds like the greatest threat ever ) . " = = Chart performance = = " Sweet Dreams " debuted at number seventy @-@ two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart issue dated August 9 , 2009 . It peaked at number ten for two non @-@ consecutive weeks on the charts issued dated November 7 , and November 21 , 2009 . The song became Knowles ' thirteenth top ten Hot 100 single as a solo artist during 2001 – 10 , and tied her with Ludacris and T @-@ Pain for second @-@ most top tens on the chart since 2000 ; Knowles ' husband Jay @-@ Z leads with fourteen in that period . Knowles ' is the third song titled " Sweet Dreams " to reach the top ten of the Hot 100 chart , following " Sweet Dreams " by Air Supply in 1982 and " Sweet Dreams " by Eurythmics in 1983 . " Sweet Dreams " peaked at number forty @-@ eight on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , making I Am ... Sasha Fierce the first album of the 21st century to have seven entries on that chart . For the week ending September 12 , 2009 , it topped the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart ; it became Knowles ' eleventh number @-@ one song , and was the fourth song from I Am ... Sasha Fierce to top that chart . " Sweet Dreams " tied Knowles with Kristine W for second @-@ most number one songs on the Hot Dance Club Songs during 2001 – 10 . The song peaked at number five for three consecutive weeks on the US Pop Songs chart in November 2009 . " Sweet Dreams " was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting sales of two million digital copies . As of October 2012 , it had sold 2 @,@ 091 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the US . " Sweet Dreams " also performed well outside the US . In the UK , the song initially entered the UK Singles Chart more than a month before its physical release , on July 5 , 2009 , at number one hundred and eighty @-@ nine . The following week , it rose to number fifty @-@ two , and thereafter continuously ascended the chart ; it peaked at number five on August 9 , 2009 , and became Knowles ' sixth top five single in the UK as a solo artist . The song was last seen on the UK Singles Chart on January 17 , 2010 , after spending 26 weeks in the top 100 . On July 16 , 2009 , " Sweet Dreams " debuted at number seventeen on the Irish Singles Chart and climbed to its peak position at number four in its fourth charting week . The single stayed in top ten for eight weeks and left the chart after spending nineteen consecutive weeks on it . For the week ending June 18 , 2009 , " Sweet Dreams " was the most added song on Australian radio stations . On August 9 , 2009 , it peaked at number two on the Australian Singles Chart , and became the highest charting single from I Am ... Sasha Fierce in Australia . The song spent thirty @-@ eight consecutive weeks in the top 100 , where it last charted on March 1 , 2010 ; it was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipping 70 @,@ 000 copies . In New Zealand , " Sweet Dreams " debuted at number thirty @-@ nine , and peaked at number one for three consecutive weeks . It was the most added song on New Zealand radios as from September 21 , 2009 to November 2 , 2009 . The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , representing shipment of 15 @,@ 000 copies . = = Music video = = = = = Background and concept = = = The accompanying music video for " Sweet Dreams " was directed by Adria Petty , whom Knowles chose because of her intelligence and beautiful visual references . After Knowles learned the choreography in Los Angeles , the video was shot in a studio in Brooklyn , New York City . It was the seventh video released from I Am ... Sasha Fierce , and the second to have complete color throughout ; " Halo " was the first . Knowles described it as more " graphic " when compared to the previous six videos ; its motive was to " take Sasha [ Fierce ] to the next level " . In the video , Knowles ' alter ego is symbolized by the golden robot suit she wears ; it was designed by French fashion designer Thierry Mugler . A green @-@ screen and computer @-@ generated effects were used for the video to create a minimal and performance @-@ based clip . The computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) was employed to create a context @-@ less void ; the CGI effects were used to delete the background and setting before creating a void @-@ like digital canvas for the dance routine that is executed by Knowles and her dancers Ebony Williams and Ashley Everett , who all sport numerous flashy and symmetrical costumes throughout the video . Accordingly , there were no concerns of cutting ; the images were easily merged into one another using computers . A high number of camera lens glare effects was used in the video , part of which was inspired by British designer Gareth Pugh 's Autumn / Winter 2009 video presentation . Knowles further explained that the fashion and choreography were the main elements of the music video : The fashion was extremely important in this video because everything was so minimal ... With the choreography , we really focused on hitting all of the accents in the drum beat . What makes this choreography so interesting is that in one instance , it is very staccato and hard ... And the next instance ; the movement is very smooth and there are lots of melts with inter @-@ kit movement in the fingers and hands . On June 12 , 2009 , a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes video , which Knowles ' dance rehearsal , was released ; Knowles was dressed in golden costumes and was performing some robotic movements The music video of " Sweet Dreams " was not included on the remixes and video album Above and Beyoncé – Video Collection & Dance Mixes as it was not finished when the CD / DVD collection was made ; instead , a Making of Sweet Dreams video was included . A 30 @-@ second clip from the video was posted online on July 8 , 2009 ; it showed Knowles alongside her two female back @-@ up dancers in a virtual desert . The following day , the full video was leaked online but was soon deleted after Knowles ' label issued warnings to infringing websites . The video for " Sweet Dreams " premiered on MTV later the same day . = = = Synopsis and analysis = = = The video opens with Knowles tossing and turning in her bed ; her idea was to make the opening shot look like " a dark fairy tale " . As she tries to sleep , Brahms 's Lullaby plays softly in the background . She then levitates off her bed using her stomach muscles to move the top half of her body . Knowles said that the levitation shot was the hardest one as she had difficulties making her neck look straight . She added that the scene represents the nightmare and the white bird flying above her takes her into her dream , which unfolds after the screech of an electric guitar . Knowles is transported to a desert and several clouds are present in the background . She wears a black Roberto Cavalli dress and boots ; as the music begins , her two backup dancers wearing Gareth Pugh pieces appear . The scene changes into a computer @-@ generated sci @-@ fi landscape where Knowles is inscribed with a circle and square in a similar fashion to Leonardo da Vinci 's Vitruvian Man . The first chorus is brought in by a subtle glass @-@ breaking sound effect as the sci @-@ fi special effects disappear and Knowles appears in a silver one @-@ shouldered mini dress on a white background . Accompanied by her backup dancers , she performs sophisticated , street and hip @-@ busting dance moves . The second chorus shows Knowles wearing a silver lined body suit while smashing mirrors . During the bridge , the video fades to black and white and Knowles appears wearing the gold robot suit , and gold and diamond nail rings valued at $ 36 @,@ 000 and designed by Bijules designer Jules Kim . She executes some robotic movements . As the chorus begins to play for the third and final time , digital doubling and mirroring are used to create a collection of dance moves and multiple images Knowles arching her back . The gold outfit is then reused , this time in color . Knowles performs another dance routine with her two backup dancers , then says , " Turn the lights out " , and the video ends . = = = Reception = = = James Montgomery of MTV News wrote that the video is " an eye @-@ popping , herky @-@ jerky , high @-@ fashion " one . He praised the way Knowles " [ pops ] her pelvis in ways never imagined " , and the wardrobe changes in the clip , before concluding : " She expands on her burgeoning robot fetish , flashes the crazy eyes and contorts her body in downright unsettling ways . All of which is to say that ' Sweet Dreams ' is just like every amazingly crazy Beyoncé video from the past three years , which — to extend the point — also means that it 's pretty great . " Olivia Smith of Daily News noted that in the video , Knowles references Jane Fonda in the movie Barbarella ( 1968 ) , Tin Woodman and Pamela Anderson through the different costumes she wears . Smith further compared the video with the one for " Single Ladies " , writing that Knowles reprises some of the moves as she " can only swivel those hips in so many ways " . Brandon Soderberg of Slant Magazine described the introductory part of the video as a David Lynch @-@ like mixture of eroticism and symbolism . He wrote that the video was " one part Victoria 's Secret commercial , another part dream logic anti @-@ narrative , and a CGI @-@ assisted freakout all around " . Soderberg commended the video for being " an excess of body and action , not filmic techniques " , adding that the dancing in the video " blow [ s ] our minds anew " . Rolling Stone found similarities between the video for " Sweet Dreams " , Kanye West 's video for " Paranoid " ( 2009 ) and the cover artworks of English rock band Yes . Canadian magazine Dose also compared the video with " Paranoid " due to their similar dream sequences . Nadia Mendoza of The Sun further compared Knowles ' look in the video with Lady Gaga 's . Vicki Lutas of the BBC did not appreciate the first 30 seconds of the video , writing that " the dark , horror @-@ type music , the pumping heartbeat , the equally spooky lullaby , the screech of an electric guitar " , gave her the impression that she was watching " some [ 19 ] 80s magician , with a Knowles soundtrack " . However , she complimented the rest of the video writing that " things ( thankfully ) move away from the Hallowe 'en cheese and into familiar Beyoncé territory ( right from the fact it 's proper [ 19 ] 80s pop through to the video essentially being ' Single Ladies ' with Beyoncé and 2 dancers ) " . Lutas concluded that the video might not be remembered for long or hailed as Beyoncé 's finest and more memorable work , but it remains one of the best music videos from Knowles she has seen since " Crazy in Love " . Nick Levine of Digital Spy compared the dancing moves in the video with those in " Single Ladies " . The video stayed at number one for several weeks on the UK TV Airplay Chart in August and September 2009 . It was ranked at number 13 on BET 's Notarized : Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown . Tamar Anitai of MTV placed the video at number three on his list of the best five videos of 2009 , wrote that it " isn 't just another high @-@ fashion look at Beyoncé ... " and continued , " It 's the dark yin to the brighter , lighter fare of ' Single Ladies . ' This is a 360 @-@ degree look at Beyoncé 's life : Beyoncé the woman , Sasha Fierce the performer , and the powerful force that occupies the spaces in between . " . In 2013 , John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E ! Online placed the video at number ten on their list of Knowles ' ten best music videos , praising Knowles ' sexy robotic look . = = Promotion = = Knowles was due to perform " Sweet Dreams " at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13 . However , last minute changes were brought to her performance that night ; wearing a leotard and a silver glove , Knowles sang a short drum @-@ led remix of " Sweet Dreams " before switching to " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " , accompanied by two female backup dancers . Wearing a red Agent Provocateur corset , stockings and long satin gloves , Knowles sang " Sweet Dreams " at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 5 . She appeared on stage in a heart @-@ shaped bed with satin sheets and later leapt up and performed a choreography to the song . A Daily Mail reporter wrote that the live performance was " triumphant " and " much to the delight of the audience " . Charly Wilder of Spin magazine commented that Knowles overshadowed American singer Katy Perry 's " tweaked @-@ out pinup shtick with her mesmerizing , sexed @-@ up rendition " of " Sweet Dreams " . Gordon Smart of The Sun commented that Knowles stole the show with the " iconic " performance of the song and " eye @-@ popping " look . " Sweet Dreams " was not regularly performed on the I Am ... World Tour , a 2009 – 10 world tour in support of I Am ... Sasha Fierce , but a video interlude featuring the song was included . Knowles sang an acoustic and downtempo rendition of the song live during the revue I Am ... Yours that was held at the Encore Theater in Las Vegas on August 2 , 2009 . She blended it into a romantic medley that also included her 2003 song " Dangerously in Love " and Anita Baker 's 1986 song " Sweet Love " . The performance was subsequently included on her 2009 CD / DVD live album I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas . Knowles performed " Sweet Dreams " live at the Glastonbury Festival on June 26 , 2011 ; she mixed it with the 1983 song " Sweet Dreams " , originally performed by the British pop music duo Eurythmics . " Sweet Dreams " was used in a commercial for Crystal Geyser bottled water in which Knowles appeared ; she dances and drinks water while the song is played in the background . = = Cover versions = = An unofficial remix , featuring American rappers Lil Wayne and Nicki Minaj , was leaked on some websites on March 9 , 2010 , and was included on Wayne 's 2009 mixtape No Ceilings . The Big Pink , an English electro @-@ rock duo consisting multi @-@ instrumentalists Robbie Furze and Milo Cordell , covered " Sweet Dreams " in a live session for BBC Radio 1 on November 7 , 2009 . They also performed the song live on at the 2010 Isle of Wight Festival on June 13 , 2010 . The cover later became a B @-@ side to their 2010 single " Tonight " . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented that The Big Pink 's version of " Sweet Dreams " had a " disarmingly flat affect , delivering it as the ramble of a neurotic " when compared to the original recording sung by Knowles . Likewise , Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal felt that their cover " obliterates the original 's Hi @-@ NRG pulse , turning it into something a lot moodier and creepier " . British soul and R & B singer Lemar covered " Sweet Dreams " in his Biz Session in January 2011 . On November 1 , 2010 , American professional basketball player , Shaquille O 'Neal , dressed as his female alter ego Shaquita for Halloween , and gave a lip @-@ synching performance of Knowles ' " Sweet Dreams " . In September 2011 , Jade Collins covered " Sweet Dreams " during an episode of the ninth series of The X Factor . On October 27 , 2012 , boy band Union J covered the song during the same season of the show and released the cover through the iTunes Store as a single the same day . = = = Jessica Sanchez cover = = = On March 28 , 2012 , Jessica Sanchez , a contestant of the eleventh season of American Idol , covered " Sweet Dreams " performing a slow @-@ tempo ballad version of the song accompanied at the beginning by harps . Her performance received favorable comments and a standing ovation from the judges of the show . Jennifer Lopez commented , " You did a beautiful job on it ... If I was Beyoncé and I was home and I heard that , I 'd be like ' I got to do that in my next concert , slow that one down . ' " Steven Tyler described Sanchez 's performance as " great " while Randy Jackson noted that it was " unbelievable , sensational " . James Montgomery of MTV News graded her performance with a B , and called the cover " a bit of an odd choice , and yet also a supremely confident one " . He added , " For once , she pulled things back , and maybe suffered a bit for doing so , but there were still plenty of subtly great moments , particularly in the verses . Might not have been her best — it definitely lacked in vocal fireworks ... And really , it was good enough " . Mellisa Locker of Rolling Stone praised Sanchez 's performance , calling it a " brilliant job " and adding that " it 's risky , but Beyoncé has done it , and if anyone can pull off a dazzling repeat performance , it 's Jessica " . She further compared the performance with the dream sequence from the 1945 film Spellbound but noted that it was " slightly weirder " Jim Farber of the Daily News commented that " her take on a song by her clear role model , Beyoncé , showed too much similarity in their timbres and phrasing , making Sanchez 's voice seem redundant ... despite the fact she switched up the arrangement of the bootylicious song she chose , ' Sweet Dreams . ' " Laura Schreffler of the Daily Mail described Sanchez ' performance as " pared @-@ down , show @-@ stopping ... a floaty , dreamy , confection that wows the judges . " Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times wrote , " Sanchez gave yet another perfectly calibrated performance with Beyoncé 's ' Sweet Dreams , ' balancing restraint and power . Everything from her voice to her dress to the red door she walked through seemed polished and tour @-@ ready . " The Arizona Republic 's Randy Cordova praised the performance , saying that the slow @-@ tempo version allowed Sanchez " to really delve into the song 's emotional core " . The Hollywood Reporter 's Erin Carlson praised the tonned @-@ down theatrical stage during the performance and Sanchez 's vibrato voice , further describing the performance as a " near @-@ perfection " . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits are taken from I Am ... Sasha Fierce liner notes . Beyoncé Knowles – lead vocals , music producer , songwriter Rico Love – vocal producer , music producer , songwriter , additional vocals Jim Caruana – recording engineer James Scheffer – music producer , songwriter Wayne Wilkins – songwriter , audio mixer , music producer = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= 2014 – 15 Tranmere Rovers F.C. season = The 2014 – 15 season was the 114th season of competitive association football and the 88th season in the Football League played by Tranmere Rovers Football Club , a professional football club based in Birkenhead , Wirral . The results on the final day of the 2013 – 14 season meant Tranmere were relegated from League One and were to spend this season in League Two for the first time since promotion from it in 1988 – 89 . On 11 August , former Football Association chief executive and ex @-@ Tranmere Rovers player Mark Palios and his wife Nicola took a controlling interest in the club from outgoing chairman Peter Johnson . On 27 May 2014 , Rob Edwards was appointed as the new manager replacing Ronnie Moore , who was suspended in the middle of February 2014 for breaching FA rules . The summer transfer window saw twelve players join the club , including experienced striker Kayode Odejayi while Ryan Lowe left the club shortly after being handed the Player of the Season award . Edwards was sacked after just five months following the home loss to Plymouth Argyle which saw Tranmere Rovers at the bottom of League Two . Three days later Micky Adams was announced as new manager . A brief improvement in results which saw Tranmere reach the Third Round of the FA Cup and move out of the relegation zone was followed by disastrous spring form resulting in Adams leaving Tranmere by mutual consent two games before the end of the season , with the club again bottom of the table . Assistant manager Alan Rogers took charge , but on 25 April Tranmere was defeated at Plymouth Argyle which confirmed Rovers ' relegation to the National League one round prior to the end of the season . Thus , Tranmere Rovers ' ninety @-@ four @-@ year presence in the Football League had ended . The season saw forty @-@ eight players make at least one appearance in nationally organised first @-@ team competition , including 24 players joining on loan . Max Power participated in fifty @-@ three matches missing only one game , and he finished as leading scorer with thirteen goals . = = Background and pre @-@ season = = Tranmere Rovers ended the previous season with John McMahon as caretaker manager after manager Ronnie Moore was suspended by the club in the middle of February 2014 for breaching FA rules against betting on competitions in which his club were involved . On 6 May , 42 @-@ year old Jamaican international Ian Goodison ended his ten @-@ year stay at Prenton Park in which he made 410 appearances and won the Player of the Season accolade three times . Also , experienced forward Jean @-@ Louis Akpa Akpro was released . On the same day , the club offered new contracts to five players , though finally only veteran Jason Koumas agreed to sign a new one @-@ year deal , while goalkeeper Jason Mooney , defender Ash Taylor and midfielders James Wallace and Steve Jennings left the club . Eleven players , including first @-@ choice goalkeeper Owain Fôn Williams and Player of the Season 2013 – 14 Ryan Lowe already had contracts for the upcoming season . Despite that , on 19 May Lowe , whose request to sign a longer contract was refused by the club , was transferred to division rivals Bury for an undisclosed fee . On 27 May , 41 @-@ year old former Welsh international Rob Edwards was appointed new Tranmere Rovers manager with John McMahon staying at the club as assistant manager . It was the first managerial experience for Edwards , who had been an assistant at Exeter City previously . The next day , the first signing was made – 22 @-@ year old Welsh striker Eliot Richards signed a two @-@ year contract . He was followed by his Bristol Rovers teammate midfielder Matthew Gill . Previously Gill had spent three seasons with Exeter , winning back @-@ to @-@ back promotions from the Conference National and League Two together with Edwards . Further Edwards signings were young central defender Michael Ihiekwe from Wolverhampton Wanderers , ex @-@ Rotherham United striker Kayode Odejayi , 24 @-@ year old defender Marcus Holness from Burton Albion , Scottish midfielder Marc Laird released by Southend United and 30 @-@ year old defender Danny Woodards , while Evan Horwood cancelled his contract with Tranmere Rovers by mutual consent to return to Northampton Town , where he had spent end of the previous season on loan . On 4 August , ex @-@ Tranmere Rovers player Joe Thompson had been signed by Bury . The midfielder was sidelined since November 2013 when he was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer . In June he was given the all @-@ clear after completing a course of chemotherapy , but he had not been contacted to negotiate a new contract with Tranmere Rovers . On 30 May , new home kits in the traditional all @-@ white design were revealed for the upcoming season , while the existing away kits were retained . = = = Pre @-@ season matches = = = = = Review = = = = = August = = = Tranmere Rovers started the season at home against the previous season 's play @-@ off semi @-@ finalists York City . A ninety @-@ fourth minute James Rowe goal earned Rovers a draw after Keith Lowe opened the scoring in the middle of the second half . Six players earned their first competitive caps for Rovers , while ex @-@ Tranmere goalkeeper Jason Mooney took his place in York 's starting line @-@ up . On 11 August , former Football Association chief executive and ex @-@ Tranmere Rovers player Mark Palios and his wife Nicola took a controlling interest in the club from outgoing chairman Peter Johnson . Palios become Executive Chairman of the club , with Nicola as Vice @-@ Chairman , and Johnson as Honorary President . This ended Johnson 's 27 @-@ year spell as an owner , which counts the most successful period in the club 's history due to three consecutive First Division play @-@ off finishes in the early 90s and the 2000 Football League Cup Final . The next day assistant manager John McMahon left the club by mutual agreement as Rob Edwards wanted to make a change in his coaching department . Alex Russell , familiar to Edwards from playing at Exeter , joined Tranmere Rovers as the Club 's new first team coach . On 12 August , Tranmere were knocked out of the League Cup after a home defeat to the Championship side Nottingham Forest through a single first half goal . Rovers played with a numerical advantage for almost the whole second half after Michael Mancienne was sent off . In the next two games Tranmere was defeated by Shrewsbury Town 1 – 2 after two late goals and earned their first win and clean sheet at Wycombe Wanderers by scoring a goal either side of half @-@ time . On 18 August , Edwards added to the squad with the first loan signing of the season , bringing young Saint Lucian defender Janoi Donacien over from Aston Villa until January 2015 . Tranmere were defeated at home by Cheltenham Town 2 – 3 despite leading 2 – 0 at half @-@ time . The first month of the season was concluded with a victory against 10 @-@ man Morecambe . Both goals were scored by Cole Stockton who extended his contract with Tranmere earlier that week till the summer of 2017 . = = = September = = = On the final day of the summer transfer window , Tranmere Rovers signed Slovakian goalkeeper Peter Brezovan and bought ex @-@ Rochdale striker George Donnelly for an undisclosed fee . Also , defender Hill signed a permanent deal after a successful contribution on a non @-@ contract basis , though shortly after he suffered an Achilles tendon injury that ruled him out for six months . Tranmere was defeated 2 – 3 at Accrington Stanley , for the third time in the season losing the game after taking the lead . On 8 September , 33 @-@ year old Matthew Gill was named assistant manager . After goalless draws against Hartlepool United and Newport County , Tranmere was defeated by Exeter City and Carlisle United with former Rovers winger David Amoo scoring decisive goal for Carlisle . = = = October = = = Rovers ' losing streak resumed in October with a loss at league leaders Bury . Tranmere finally scored a goal , which was only their second in seven games , in the League Trophy Second Round clash against Carlisle United . The game went to a shoot @-@ out , won by Rovers 5 – 4 after Patrick Brough missed the sixth shot for the guests . On 11 October , after fourth consecutive league defeat at Plymouth Argyle , Tranmere Rovers reached the bottom of the League Two table with only nine points in 12 games . Two days later manager Rob Edwards had been sacked . On 16 November , ex @-@ Port Vale manager Micky Adams was announced as his replacement , though the team was to be prepared for the next game by the assistant managers . Adams took charge after a fifth straight league defeat and announced the return to the club of Chris Shuker as assistant manager while Alex Russell left the club . Also , a double loan signing was made in order to strengthen the attack line : Armand Gnanduillet joined from Chesterfield and Danny Johnson signed from Cardiff City , while midfielder Steve Jennings , who was signed by Adams for Port Vale last summer , rejoined him at Tranmere on loan until January . In the first game under Micky Adams Tranmere ended their losing streak after a goalless draw against Mansfield Town . It was followed by a 2 – 2 draw at Wimbledon , both Rovers goals were scored by Gnanduillet . = = = November = = = November started with a third draw in a row against Stevenage , with Jennings scoring a goal in the first game after his comeback . Ahead of the game , a bronze statue of Tranmere Rovers ' most successful manager Johnny King was unveiled outside Prenton Park near the entrance to the Main Stand . The statue was funded by supporters and sculpted by Liverpool artist Tom Murphy . On 3 November , assistant manager Matthew Gill left the club by mutual consent . Rovers defeated Bristol Rovers in the First Round of FA Cup thanks to a Max Power goal on 54th minute . Three days later Tranmere upheld their good cup form in the Football League Trophy with an away victory at Bury . After narrow defeats against Luton Town and Southend United , Tranmere finally achieved their first league victory under Micky Adams on 29 November against Portsmouth . The win was clouded by the serious injury of young loanee Will Aimson , who fractured both his tibia and fibula in a collision with teammate Danny Holmes . 17 @-@ year old defender Evan Gumbs made his first appearance for the senior team against Luton Town as a second half substitute , following an injury to Josh Thompson who picked up a hamstring injury on his Tranmere debut . = = = December = = = On 6 December , Tranmere earned an FA Cup Second Round home replay after a draw at Oxford United thanks to a late Jason Koumas goal . The League Trophy area semifinal ended in another 2 – 2 draw against League One opponents Walsall . Rovers were one shot off the victory during the penalties but Liam Ridehalgh and Marc Laird misses cost Tranmere a place in Northern section final . A Max Power strike earned Tranmere victory in the next league game at Dagenham & Redbridge to climb out of the relegation zone . FA Cup replay brought Rovers another victory and a place in the Third Round thanks to Kayode Odejayi and Max Power goals . Tranmere almost hit a third consecutive league victory versus Cambridge United , but their 10 @-@ man rivals managed to equalise in the final minutes . The unbeaten run finally came to end with an away defeat to promotion contenders Burton Albion after Liam Ridehalgh was sent off following a foul in the penalty box in the middle of the first half . The game was also notable for the second Chris Shuker debut six months after he officially ended his career . The year was ended with a 2 – 1 home victory against relegation rivals Northampton Town . Good December form resulted in Micky Adams being nominated League Two Manager of the Month . = = = January = = = Tranmere started 2016 with the FA Cup defeat at Premier League team Swansea City in the Third round , conceding six goals . Steve Jennings became the first signing of the winter transfer window , returning to Tranmere on a permanent basis , signing a six @-@ month deal . He was followed by Northern Irish striker Rory Donnelly who joined on loan from Swansea City until the end of the season . At the same time , Adams announced five players as transfer listed – Antonie Boland , Eliot Richards , James Rowe , Abdulai Bell @-@ Baggie and George Donnelly . On the next day former Tranmere defender Alan Rogers joined the Club 's coaching staff . Defender Marcus Holness suffered serious knee ligament damage on 10 January that ruled him out until the end of the season . On 17 January , youth midfielder Mitch Duggan made his senior debut as a late substitute for Shamir Fenelon . Rovers kept good league form at the end of January , defeating Accrington Stanley and Exeter City , hence losing only one league game in last nine . On @-@ loan striker Rory Donnelly was nominated and then named Football League Two Player of the Month after scoring three goals in January . By 31 January , Tranmere climbed to 17th place , their highest since August , though above the relegation zone by only two points . Adams continued refreshing the squad by signing Canadian international striker Iain Hume , who returned to Tranmere after ten years , midfielders Rob Taylor and Lee Molyneux and defender Adam Dugdale . = = = February = = = Tranmere started February with a home loss to Carlisle United after two Charlie Wyke second half goals . Three days later Rory Donnelly scored his fourth goal for Tranmere at Newport County , but the hosts ' late goal denied Rovers victory . Tranmere were defeated by relegation rivals for the second time in three matches , this time at York City after Wes Fletcher scored a goal either side of half @-@ time . On 21 February Tranmere unexpectedly beat league leaders Shrewsbury Town 2 – 1 at Prenton Park as Donnelly scored his fifth goal for Rovers . On the next matchday Tranmere conceded three late goals at Portsmouth to give away a two @-@ goal lead and lose the game . It was followed by another 0 – 2 defeat against close rivals Cheltenham Town . = = = March = = = Tranmere ’ s relegation worries took another turn for the worse as they suffered a fourth straight defeat to sink back into the bottom two after the home encounter against Dagenham & Redbridge that saw Rovers back in the relegation zone . On 14 March Tranmere 's loss at Northampton Town after a single Ryan Cresswell goal became their fifth straight defeat . Three days later Tranmere broke the losing run with an away victory at Cambridge City , thanks to Dan Gardner and Max Power goals . Later , Tranmere was outplayed 1 – 4 by Burton Albion at Prenton Park , in the game that marked the senior debut of 17 @-@ year old midfielder Ben Jago . Young loanee George Green 's goal scored in the ninety @-@ fourth minute cancelled Adebayo Akinfenwa 's first half goal to earn Tranmere Rovers one point against Wimbledon to end March in the relegation zone , one point off survival . = = = April and May = = = Paired Easter games saw the second 2 – 2 draw of the season against Stevenage and a narrow home defeat at Luton Town . Three more back @-@ to @-@ back defeats followed as Rovers failed to score in each of them . Finally , on 19 April , Micky Adams left Tranmere by mutual consent . The team were bottom of the table but still had a chance to avoid relegation with the games against Plymouth Argyle and Bury to be played . Assistant manager Alan Rogers and Academy manager Shaun Garnett took temporary charge of the first team . Max Power conceded a penalty scored by Reuben Reid early in the penultimate game of the season against Plymouth . He himself equalised the score inside the first half , but soon after Plymouth regained the lead through Tareiq Holmes @-@ Dennis . With ten minutes remaining , the hosts doubled the lead and though Kayode Odejayi scored in the final minutes it was another Tranmere defeat . As Hartlepool United , since December led by former Tranmere Rovers manager Ronnie Moore , won their home game against Exeter City , Tranmere lost their last chance to remain in the Football League . In the final game of the season Alan Rogers gave teenager Tolani Omotola an opportunity to make his Football League debut as Bury won the game by a single Tom Soares goal , to win promotion to the League One . = = League Two = = = = = League table = = = Last updated : 3 May 2015 . Source : Football League Official Site = = = Results by matchday = = = Last updated : 3 May 2015 . Source : Statto.comGround : A
= Away ; H = Home . Result : D
= Draw ; L = Loss ; W
= Win ; P = Postponed . = = = Matches = = = = = FA Cup = = = = Football League Cup = = = = Football League Trophy = = = = Players = = Transfers , contract extensions and loans are listed from the last day of the previous season till the final day of this season = = = Transfers = = = = = = Contract extensions = = = = = = Loans = = = = = = Season statistics = = = † Statuses are mentioned for youth academy players without senior contract and players who were signed on non @-@ contract basis or on loan . Dates joined and left are mentioned only for players who changed club between the first and the last matchday of the season . Last updated : 3 May 2015 . Source : 11v11.com
= God of War : Ghost of Sparta = God of War : Ghost of Sparta is a third person action @-@ adventure video game developed by Ready at Dawn and Santa Monica Studio , and published by Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCE ) . It was first released for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) handheld console on November 2 , 2010 . The game is the sixth installment in the God of War series and the fourth chronologically . Loosely based on Greek mythology , Ghost of Sparta is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif . The player controls the protagonist Kratos , the God of War . Kratos is still haunted by the visions of his mortal past and decides to explore his origins . In Atlantis , he finds his mother Callisto , who claims that his brother Deimos is still alive . Kratos then journeys to the Domain of Death to rescue his brother . After initial resentment from Deimos , the brothers team up to battle the God of Death , Thanatos . The gameplay is similar to that of the previous installments , and focuses on combo @-@ based combat , achieved through the player 's main weapon — the Blades of Athena — and a secondary weapon acquired later in the game . It features quick time events that require the player to complete various game controller actions in a timed sequence to defeat stronger enemies and bosses . Up to three magical attacks and a power @-@ enhancing ability can be used as alternative combat options . Ghost of Sparta also features puzzles and platforming elements . The combat system was updated with 25 percent more gameplay than its PSP predecessor , God of War : Chains of Olympus . Ghost of Sparta received praise for its story , gameplay , and graphics . Several critics agree that it is the best @-@ looking game on the PSP . Others have compared the overall game to those on the PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) , and some have said that the graphics are better than those of the PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) . Ghost of Sparta received several awards , including " Best Handheld Game " , " Best PSP Game " , and " PSP Game of Show " at the 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , and " Best Handheld Game " at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards . By June 2012 , it had sold almost 1 @.@ 2 million copies worldwide , making it the fifteenth best @-@ selling PlayStation Portable game of all time . Together with Chains of Olympus , Ghost of Sparta was remastered and released on September 13 , 2011 , as part of the God of War : Origins Collection and the remastered version was re @-@ released on August 28 , 2012 , as part of the God of War Saga , both for the PlayStation 3 . = = Gameplay = = The gameplay of God of War : Ghost of Sparta resembles that of the previous installments . It is a third @-@ person single player video game viewed from a fixed camera perspective . The player controls the character Kratos in combo @-@ based combat , platforming , and puzzle game elements , and battles foes who primarily stem from Greek mythology , including minotaurs , cyclopes , harpies , Gorgons , and satyrs . The undead legionnaires , keres wraiths , geryons , automatons , Boreas beasts , and Triton warriors were influenced by the mythology , but created specifically for the game . Platforming elements require the player to climb walls , jump across chasms , swing on ropes , and balance across beams to proceed through sections of the game . Some puzzles are simple , such as moving a box so that the player can use it to access a pathway unreachable with normal jumping , but others are more complex , such as finding several items across different areas of the game to unlock one door . The game features new weapons , magical powers , and navigational abilities not present in previous games and has been cited as featuring 25 percent more gameplay than God of War : Chains of Olympus . = = = Combat = = = Kratos ' main weapon is the Blades of Athena , a pair of blades attached to chains that are wrapped around the character 's wrists and forearms . In gameplay , the blades can be swung offensively in various maneuvers . Later in the game , Kratos acquires a new weapon , the Arms of Sparta — a spear and shield offering alternative combat options ( e.g. , Kratos can use the shield for defense and the spear for offense , such as throwing it at distant targets ) . Kratos gains a special ability , Thera 's Bane , that infuses his blades with fire , and is similar to the Rage ability in previous games , providing increased attack damage that is strong enough to pierce through enemy armor . As with the Items in God of War III , this ability automatically replenishes itself ( represented by the Fire meter ) , allowing further usage . Both the Arms of Sparta and Thera 's Bane are used to overcome environmental obstacles ( e.g. , certain doors require the use of Thera 's Bane to open ) . Kratos learns to use up to three magical abilities , including the Eye of Atlantis , Scourge of Erinys , and the Horn of Boreas , giving him a variety of ways to attack and kill enemies . The relic Poseidon 's Trident is retained from the prior installment , which allows him to breathe underwater , a necessary ability as parts of the game require long periods of time there . The combat system has been updated to allow Kratos to " pummel enemies to the ground as well as throw them " , and perform air @-@ to @-@ air attacks . An " augmented death system " is also used , featuring specific weapon and magic death animations . This game 's challenge mode is called the Challenge of the Gods , which features five Challenges of Ares , with an additional eight Challenges of Athena that can be unlocked . The challenge mode requires players to complete a series of specific tasks ( e.g. , kill all enemies without being attacked ) . A new mode exclusive to this game has been added called The Temple of Zeus , which allows players to sacrifice collected red orbs ( from both in @-@ game and the challenge mode ) to unlock additional features , such as the Challenges of Athena , bonus costumes for Kratos , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes videos , and concept art of the characters and environments . Completing each difficulty level unlocks additional rewards . A Combat Arena ( similar to the version in God of War III ) allows players to pick adversaries and adjust the level of difficulty to improve their skills . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = As with other games in the God of War franchise , God of War : Ghost of Sparta is set in an alternate version of ancient Greece populated by the Olympian Gods , Titans , and other beings from Greek mythology . With the exception of flashbacks , the events are set between the games God of War ( 2005 ) and Betrayal ( 2007 ) . Several locations are explored , including the fictional city of Atlantis ( and later a sunken version ) . Atlantis is a mythical city erected by the Sea God Poseidon , and houses the Temple of Poseidon . Near the city is real @-@ world location , the Methana Volcano , which is contained by the archimedean screws and is also the prison of the Titan Thera , who is guarded by automatons . On the outskirts of the city is the Temple of the god Thanatos , the location of Death 's Gate and portal to the Domain of Death . Other locations include the Island of Crete and its capital city , Heraklion , the Mounts of Aroania , the ancient city of Sparta ( also home to the Temple of Ares ) , the Mounts of Laconia , and a brief scene above the city of Athens featuring Suicide Bluffs , the highest cliff in the city overlooking the Aegean Sea and a recurring location during Kratos ' adventures . = = = Characters = = = The protagonist of the game is Kratos ( voiced by Terrence C. Carson ) , the God of War after having killed the former , Ares ( who appears in flashbacks and voiced by Steven Blum ) . Other characters include Athena ( Erin Torpey ) , the Goddess of Wisdom who warns Kratos about exploring his past ; Deimos ( Mark Deklin ) , the younger brother of Kratos and imprisoned and tortured in the Domain of Death ; Thanatos ( Arthur Burghardt ) , the God of Death and main antagonist ; Callisto ( Deanna Hurstold ) , the mother of Kratos and Deimos ; Thera ( Dee Dee Rescher ) , a Titan imprisoned beneath the Methana Volcano ; and Erinys ( Erin Torpey and Jennifer Hale ) , Thanatos ' daughter . Minor characters include Lanaeus ( Fred Tatasciore ) ; a servant of Poseidon ; King Midas ( Fred Tatasciore ) , a king whose touch will turn anything to gold ; the gravedigger ( Paul Eiding ) , who warns Kratos to not alienate the gods ; a loyal Spartan soldier ( Gideon Emery ) ; and Poseidon ( Gideon Emery ) , the God of the Sea . Zeus ( Fred Tatasciore ) , the King of the Gods , appears in the " Combat Arena " ( bonus feature ) after the player selects the gravedigger . = = = Plot = = = A series of flashbacks reveals that an oracle had foretold that the demise of Olympus would come not by the revenge of the Titans , who had been imprisoned after the Great War , but by a marked warrior . The Olympians Zeus and Ares believed this warrior to be Deimos , the brother of Kratos , due to his strange birthmarks . Ares interrupted the childhood training of Kratos and Deimos , with Athena on hand , and kidnapped Deimos . Kratos attempted to stop Ares , but was swept aside and subsequently scarred across his right eye by the Olympian . Athena stopped Ares from killing Kratos , knowing his eventual destiny . Taken to Death 's Domain , Deimos was imprisoned and tortured by Thanatos . In honor of his sibling , Kratos marked himself with a red tattoo , identical to his brother 's birthmark . Years later , when the game begins , Kratos has taken Ares ' place as the new God of War on Mount Olympus . Still haunted by visions of his mortal past , Kratos decides against Athena 's advice to explore his past and travels to the Temple of Poseidon , located within the city of Atlantis . The sea monster , Scylla , attacks and destroys Kratos ' vessel off the coast of Atlantis , although the Spartan drives the beast off . After a series of skirmishes across the city , he eventually kills Scylla . Reaching the temple , Kratos locates his mother , Callisto , who attempts to reveal the identity of his father . When Callisto is suddenly transformed into a hideous beast , Kratos is forced to battle her , and before dying , Callisto thanks him and beseeches him to seek out Deimos in Sparta . Prior to departure , Kratos encounters and frees the trapped Titan , Thera , which causes the eruption of the Methana Volcano , and subsequently destroys the city . During his escape , he has another encounter with the enigmatic gravedigger , who warns him of the consequences of alienating the gods . After a battle with Erinys , Kratos arrives in Sparta and witnesses a group of Spartans tearing down a statue of Ares , intent on replacing it with one of Kratos . Kratos then chases a dissenter loyal to Ares into the Spartan Jails , who attempts to kill Kratos by releasing the Piraeus Lion . Defeating both foes , Kratos journeys to the Temple of Ares , where he encounters the spirit of his child self and learns that he must return to the now sunken Atlantis and locate the Domain of Death . Before leaving , a loyal Spartan provides him with his former weapons — used during Kratos ' days as a Captain of the Spartan army — the Arms of Sparta . After returning to the sunken Atlantis , Kratos receives great resentment from Poseidon for sinking his beloved city . Entering the Domain of Death , the Spartan frees his imprisoned brother . Enraged that Kratos had failed to rescue him sooner and stating he will never forgive him , Deimos attacks Kratos , but Thanatos intervenes . The god takes Deimos against his will to Suicide Bluffs ( the site of Kratos ' suicide attempt ) , where Kratos saves Deimos from falling to his death . A grateful Deimos then aids his brother in battling the god with the Arms of Sparta . Thanatos , however , kills Deimos but is destroyed , in turn , by Kratos . Remarking that his brother is finally free , Kratos places Deimos in his grave ( leaving the Arms of Sparta as a grave marker ) , while the gravedigger states that Kratos has become " Death ... the Destroyer of Worlds . " Athena appears , begs for forgiveness , and offers full godhood for not revealing the truth , but Kratos ignores her and returns to Olympus , promising that " the gods will pay for this . " As Kratos is seen leaving , Athena looks apologetically at Kratos and whispers out of his earshot , " Forgive me ... brother . " In a post @-@ credits scene , the gravedigger places Callisto in a grave by Deimos ( with an empty third grave nearby ) and states " Now ... only one remains . " The final scene is a brooding Kratos sitting on his throne on Mount Olympus . = = Development = = God of War : Ghost of Sparta was announced on May 4 , 2010 , on PlayStation.Blog. According to Sony , Ready at Dawn utilized " state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art visual technologies " that allowed " higher quality environments and characters . " Ghost of Sparta apparently offers " over 25 % more gameplay " than its PSP predecessor , Chains of Olympus , while adding more enemies on screen and a greater number of boss encounters . Development of Ghost of Sparta took 23 months to complete . Chains of Olympus Game Director Ru Weerasuriya did not return to direct due to his busy schedule at Ready at Dawn , so Dana Jan , the Lead Level Designer on Chains of Olympus , became director . At Comic @-@ Con 2010 , Jan noted that when development began in 2008 , the goal was to make the game " bigger " than Chains of Olympus , which had apparently " pushed " the PSP to its functional limits . Jan stated that Ghost of Sparta has taken the PSP to its " absolute capacity " , with one additional feature being more on @-@ screen foes . The game concept was originally used as a teaser for players who obtained the platinum trophy from God of War III . The trophy revealed a site called spartansstandtall.com – it initially featured a simple animation of torrential rain falling into a body of water and a Spartan shield encompassed by a meter on the screen . The meter was speculated to have been filled by players achieving the trophy and reaching the site . On May 4 , 2010 , the meter reached maximum and the site was updated for a final time , revealing an image of Kratos standing above a reflection and the logo for God of War : Ghost of Sparta , as the official site . On June 15 , 2010 , Sony displayed a cinematic trailer narrated by Linda Hunt during their 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) Press Conference . Dana Jan stated the reason they chose to have the game take place between God of War and God of War II was because " It seemed to make a lot of sense to fill in that void . " Jan said with some scenes , " the team wasn 't sure how gamers would react " because " God of War usually doesn 't slow ... down " and the team " worried if these scenes would be captivating enough to keep player interested and still feel like God of War . " For puzzles , Jan stated that they tried to make the outcomes unexpected because players assume that they will have to " push something , carry a body or smash something with [ the ] blades . " Hinting at a possible future installment from Ready at Dawn , Jan stated that he is " intrigued " by the flashbacks in God of War and God of War II and that " There 's definitely a back story to Kratos that nobody 's touched on . " For the character Deimos , Jan stated that the first reference was actually in the Chains of Olympus finale . In the game , Helios states " Do you think that they 'll survive ? " and Athena says " They must . " Jan said that this line was " purposefully put " in that game and that there are also references to Deimos in God of War III . He confirmed that Kratos and Deimos are not twins and that while Kratos ' father is Zeus , " Deimos ' father is more of a mystery . " He confirmed that a character named Dominus appears in the game ( Kratos ' original name ) and " the scene featuring a soldier named Dominus was a nod to that . " He also stated that he does not know where God of War : Betrayal fits chronologically in the series . Several voice actors returned to reprise their roles from previous installments , including Terrence C. Carson , Erin Torpey , Gideon Emery , Steven Blum , Paul Eiding , and Linda Hunt , who voiced Kratos , Athena , Poseidon , Ares , the gravedigger , and the narrator , respectively . Actors Mark Deklin and Arthur Burghardt voiced the characters of Deimos and Thanatos , respectively . During flashbacks to Kratos ' childhood , Antony Del Rio , Bridger Zadina , and Jennifer Hale provided the respective voices of Kratos , Deimos , and Callisto . Both Erin Torpey and Jennifer Hale voiced the character Erinys via overdubbed voices . Josh Keaton , who had previously voiced the loyal Spartan soldier ( credited as the Last Spartan ) , did not return to reprise the role , and as such , Gideon Emery voiced the character in addition to Poseidon . Series veteran Fred Tatasciore voiced the characters Lanaeus , King Midas , and the minor role of Zeus . The voice directors were Kris Zimmerman and Gordon Hunt . = = Release = = The demo for God of War : Ghost of Sparta was available for play at Sony 's E3 2010 booth to attendees of the event . The 15 @-@ minute sequence pits Kratos against various sea and land enemies , including the main opponent Scylla , a sea monster . The sequence also features Kratos using a new weapon , " Arms of Sparta " ( a spear and shield ) , and the magical attack , " Eye of Atlantis . " On September 3 , 2010 , Ready at Dawn emailed registrants of GodofWar.com and SpartansStandTall.com a voucher for the demo and on September 7 , PlayStation Plus members received early access to it . On September 28 , the demo was made available to all PlayStation Network ( PSN ) members to download from the PlayStation Store . The game was released in North America on November 2 , 2010 , in mainland Europe on November 3 , in Australia and New Zealand on November 4 , and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 5 . By June 2012 , God of War : Ghost of Sparta had sold almost 1 @.@ 2 million copies worldwide . Together with God of War : Chains of Olympus , the game was released as part of the God of War : Origins Collection on September 13 , 2011 , in North America and September 16 in Europe . The collection is a remastered port of both games to the PlayStation 3 , with features including high @-@ definition resolution , stereoscopic 3D , anti @-@ aliased graphics locked in at 60 frames per second , DualShock 3 vibration function , and Trophies . God of War : Origins Collection was also released to download on the PlayStation Store on September 13 in North America ( including full game trials of both games ) . By June 2012 , God of War : Origins Collection had sold 711 @,@ 737 copies worldwide . On August 28 , 2012 , God of War Collection , God of War III , and Origins Collection were released as part of the God of War Saga under Sony 's line of PlayStation Collections for the PlayStation 3 in North America . = = = Marketing = = = As a pre @-@ order bonus at select retailers , players received exclusive downloadable content ( DLC ) available via the PlayStation Network . The content included the original soundtrack , a Ghost of Sparta PSP XrossMediaBar ( XMB ) theme , a PS3 dynamic XMB theme ( " Palace of Hades " ) , a PSN Avatar , a Legionnaire Skin for use in @-@ game , and an exclusive documentary , God of War – Game Directors Live . PSPgo owners received the pre @-@ order items by purchasing the game between November 2 and 23 , 2010 , on the PlayStation Store . GameStop offered an exclusive Challenge arena , " The Forest of the Forgotten " , in addition to the other bonuses . Ghost of Sparta was also available in a special limited edition PSP bundle pack , which included the game , a voucher to download Chains of Olympus , a UMD of the 2010 film Kick @-@ Ass , a 2 GB Memory Stick Pro Duo , and a special black and red two @-@ toned PSP @-@ 3000 . For a limited time , specially marked packages included a voucher enabling a download of the " Deimos Skin " for use in God of War III . The Deimos Skin was available in the PSP bundle pack , and PSPgo owners received the bonus skin with the pre @-@ order items . In Europe , the Deimos Skin can still be obtained by purchasing Ghost of Sparta from the PlayStation Store . = = Soundtrack = = God of War : Ghost of Sparta – Original Soundtrack from the Video Game — composed by Gerard K. Marino and Mike Reagan — was released on iTunes on October 18 , 2010 , by Sony Computer Entertainment and includes three bonus tracks from Chains of Olympus . It was also included as downloadable content in the Ghost of Sparta pre @-@ order package . Square Enix Music Online ( 8 / 10 ) stated that several tracks were intended for purely contextual purposes , with the remainder of the soundtrack rating well in comparison to the soundtracks of the main installments in the series . = = Reception = = God of War : Ghost of Sparta was received positively by various media outlets . Nicole Tanner of IGN stated that in terms of gameplay , " there 's nothing unique here , but that 's not a bad thing . " 1UP 's Chris Pereira said that the controls are " largely the same " as Chains of Olympus , but it " is still an extremely well @-@ paced action game . " He said that it is put together so well that it is worth playing , " unless you 've become truly tired of the franchise " . Joystiq 's Randy Nelson stated that the scope of the game seems like it " was planned for release on consoles " , but " if you were hoping for something really innovative , you 're out of luck . " Joe Juba of Game Informer stated that " the other core fighting mechanics are familiar , but the tweaks go a long way toward improving gameplay " . PlayStation : The Official Magazine stated " [ Ghost of ] Sparta offers an immersive experience on par with many of the best PS3 games " . Simon Parkin of Eurogamer praised the battle system as strong , however , he stated " There is a sense that Ghost of Sparta is a step back for the series " and claimed that it is " best enjoyed by newcomers " or " those yet to play " God of War III . Praising its story , Pereira claimed that it is " a more personal story than the other GOW games , but one that still features the series ' signature trademarks " , and also said that the sex mini @-@ game is " arguably the most over @-@ the @-@ top of the bunch " . Nelson stated that it is " a game that upholds the standard of quality in gameplay , storytelling and sheer wow factor of the series , while also – like Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker before it – blurring the lines between portable and console experiences with its amazing presentation . " Juba said that it " doesn ’ t have any mind @-@ blowing moments " , but " this isn ’ t an optional side @-@ story ; Ghost of Sparta is a must @-@ play for God of War fans . " GameTrailers said it has a " pretty cool story " that will " definitely feel familiar " . Parkin , however , stated the " game 's primary problem ... is in its in @-@ built focus " and that the series " is principally concerned with endlessly upping the ante . " He also claimed that the developers have " [ taken ] away the sense of wonder " that is expected of a God of War game and stated " the remaining components struggle to carry the experience . " In terms of visuals , Tanner stated that the graphics are " better than a big chunk of PS2 games " and that it is the " best @-@ looking game on the PSP thus far . " Pereira said that it looks as good if not better than other handheld games available . Nelson said the graphics are " the best you 've ever seen on a handheld . " He also said that it makes the first two God of War games on the PlayStation 2 look dated . GameTrailers said " you 'll be treated to the very best visuals the PSP has to offer " . Parkin described the set @-@ pieces as " incredible " for a handheld platform , however , he stated they " seem tired " in comparison to the opening scenes of God of War III . = = = Awards and accolades = = = At E3 2010 , Ghost of Sparta received nine awards , including " Best Handheld Game " , " Best PSP Game " , and " PSP Game of Show " from several media outlets , as well as three nominations . PlayStation : The Official Magazine awarded it the " Gold Award " . Kotaku awarded it " Editor 's Choice " , stating " God of War : Ghost of Sparta is a palm @-@ sized epic video game . " At the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards , it received " Best Handheld Game " . At the 2011 British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) Video Game Awards , Ghost of Sparta was a nominee for the " Handheld " award .
= Akane Tsunemori = Akane Tsunemori ( 常守朱 , Tsunemori Akane ) is a fictional female character in the anime television series Psycho @-@ Pass , which was produced by Production I.G. Akane is a young adult who has just graduated from college ; she is a new member of Unit One of the Public Safety Bureau 's Criminal Investigation Division , which follows several crime investigations . Akane befriends the unit 's Enforcers and becomes involved in several crime scenes , which makes her question her views on society and causes her to become a strong detective . Akane has also appeared in manga and novel adaptations of the series . In the animated series , she is voiced by Kana Hanazawa in Japanese and by Kate Oxley in English . Akane was created to be a relatable character who would question the setting and answer the viewer 's questions . Early in the show 's development , the production staff planned the way Akane would mature throughout the story . Early critical reception to Akane has been mixed . Some critics saw her as typical new cop often seen in dramas ; others criticized her as uninteresting . However , her growth in the story earned praise for becoming a highly appealing protagonist . = = Appearances = = Akane is the 20 @-@ year @-@ old main female protagonist of Psycho @-@ Pass . Akane is the newly assigned Inspector of Unit One of the Public Safety Bureau 's Criminal Investigation Division . She passes the exams with the highest score for employment on several public sectors and private corporations . Of more than 500 students , Akane was the only one to get an " A " ranking for the Public Safety Bureau and decided to join it because she thought she would be able to accomplish something that only she could do and find her purpose in life . She is initially uncomfortable with her job because it involved attacking and subduing potentially violent criminals before they can act . Enforcer Shinya Kogami 's recognizes and is curious by Akane 's views on these criminals . Akane befriends Kogami and Enforcer Tomomi Masaoka , which makes the veteran Inspector Nobuchika Ginoza — with whom Akane often argues — angry . In one case , Akane 's best friend is murdered by criminal mastermind Shogo Makishima . However , her acceptance of society and will to fight to against conflicts prevent her from becoming a latent criminal , despite the trauma of seeing her best friend 's death . Akane then resolves to arrest Makishima . Akane and Kogami arrest Makishima but he escapes . Akane is disappointed when Kogami leaves the police force to hunt him alone . Akane soon discovers that members of the Sibyl System , a private organization that manages the Psycho @-@ Pass technology , want to use her to capture Makishima alive . Akane agrees on the condition they rescind their orders to kill the defecting Kogami . Despite her efforts , Akane fails to stop Kogami from killing Makishima . The Sibyl System members allow her to live on condition she does not reveal the truth about them . In the epilogue , Akane becomes the de facto leader of Unit One ; she is seen briefing a newly recruited Inspector in the finale of season one . Akane returns as the leading character from Psycho @-@ Pass 2 working with Inspector Mika Shimotsuki to arrest a criminal named Kirito Kamui . After a betraying Enforcer Sakuya Tōgane attempts to raise her Crime Coefficient , Kamui calms Akane down before sacrificing himself in order to shoot Togane as he is intent in lowering people 's Crime Coefficients . Akane also appears in the printed adaptations of the series , which include a manga in which she is the titular character . Additionally , a novel expands on the ending and Akane starts having hallucinations of the people who died during the story . In the audio drama After Stories , she contacts Kogami after the events of the series and promises to meet him again as equals . = = Creation and design = = Akane Tsunemori was created by the Production I.G staff to be the most relatable character in the series . She would question the setting from the audience 's point of view and have it explained to them . She was written as the heroine , who would come between Shinya Kogami and Shogo Makishima and see their conflict from her own viewpoint . One of the staff 's main objectives was Akane 's growth . Akane appears at the start of the first season as an innocent rookie who matures through her experiences . This was affirmed by Japanese female actor Kana Hanazawa , who voices Akane in Japanese . Hanazawa said one of the focal points of the series after the third episode was the changes Akane would undergo ; she would be influenced by many unfamiliar , traumatic experience she must endure as part of her policing role . Akane was designed by manga artist Akira Amano . The series is " anti @-@ moe " , so the production team decided to avoid having the Akane remove her clothes during episodes and instead had Kogami remove his . Akane is voiced in the English @-@ dubbed version by Kate Oxley . = = Reception = = Initial reactions to Akane were mixed . Hiroko Yamamura from Japanator liked the way the first episode focused on Akane 's first day as a police officer and her opinions of it . Thomas Zoth from The Fandom Post said Akane 's personality is typical of those in dramas ; he called her a " naive waif who gets over her head with her first case " . Zoth said that in later episodes , he liked the relationship Akane established with Masaoka and Ginoza , which resulted in several interesting scenes . Zoth said he grew to care about Akane during the first half of the series in " a somewhat ironically ' moe ' way , as she 's grown as a character " . In a similar review , Rebecca Silverman from Anime News Network said Akane 's actions in the first episode " [ set ] her up as the clear @-@ eyed , albeit naïve , outsider of the story , willing to look at things differently " . Bamboo Dong from Anime News Network was more critical of the character , calling her " a blank slate " . She said Akane is " uninteresting and forgettable , and her previous role in the show as the moral compass seems to have waned as well " . Chris Beveridge from The Fandom Post was more optimistic ; he said , " Akane provides a good voice for this , since she ’ s new to it all and wants to bring nuance to the numbers and the situations , but we see how experience plays out against her at times , but also that she does have something to offer with it " . Despite mixed reactions to the character , her growth during the series earned praise . Silverman said that ever since her best friend 's death at Shogo Makishima 's hands , Akane underwent major character development as she " further distances herself from the bright @-@ eyed rookie she began as , recognizing the flaws in the system while not being entirely certain that she can be the force for change in it " . Silverman also praised the impact Akane brought to the climax and her relationship with Shinya Kogami . In a later review , Dong said the character 's uninteresting traits stop appearing in the second half of the series . Zoth said episode 20 , in which " Akane finally snaps " , was one of his most expected parts from the story . Zoth also said , " Akane has grown as a character , and a detective , and in a bit of a heavy @-@ handed move , she ’ s shown transforming into Kogami in Ginoza 's eyes " . Similarly , Bamboo Dong said , " No longer the dull and meek woman she was for over half the series , [ Akane 's ] now confident and capable , doling out commands that are instantly followed and respected by her comrades " . Dong said Akane is an appealing main character who is " worth paying attention to , and her presence on screen is the perfect complement to the much more complex side characters that populate the show " . Richard Eisenbeis from Kotaku said he found Akane more interesting than Kogami because her overall development . Akane also won the " Miss Noitamina " award in an official poll involving characters that appeared in noitamina television series . In the 2013 Newtype anime awards , Akane was voted the third @-@ best female character . In 2015 , she once again took that place . The same year , a Charapedia poll , which asked fans to list their favourite " cool " women in anime , had Akane placed 10th with 257 votes .
= Nikita ( character ) = Nikita Mears is the primary protagonist and eponymous character of Nikita , an American action and drama television series , which debuted in September 2010 on The CW Television Network . She is played by American actress Maggie Q. The series follows Nikita 's efforts in bringing down Division , a secret agency that trained her into becoming an agent and assassin , but betrayed her by killing Daniel Monroe , a civilian she fell in love with . She recruits Alexandra Udinov ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) into helping her destroy Division from within . Q was in talks to appear on the series as the title character in February 2010 , and it was her first time working on a television series . She was chosen for the role because series creator Craig Silverstein believed Q had qualities that would fit the character : " beautiful , who could fight , " and be believable with a gun . The actress meanwhile was intrigued by the original Nikita film and Luc Besson 's creation of a flawed female character . The series also deals with Nikita and Michael 's romantic tension , then relationship , described by the fans as " Mikita . " The character and Q 's portrayal garnered mostly positive reactions from critics . Q performs her own stunts of the series . = = Character arc = = Orphaned as a teenager , Nikita turns to drugs and crime . She comes across a halfway house run by Carla Bennett ( Erica Gimpel ) and temporarily gets clean until she relapses and murders a police officer . Nikita is arrested and sentenced to death . She attracts the attention of Division , a secret American agency that recruits young criminals by faking their deaths and then train them to become assassins . For three years , Nikita was trained under Michael ( Shane West ) , and committed assassinations . After she begins a relationship with civilian Daniel Monroe ( Sebastien Roberts ) , Nikita learns that Division has become corrupt under the leadership of Percy ( Xander Berkeley ) . In one mission , Nikita is part of a team to assassinate a family of Russian oligarchs ; the Udinov family . Nikita defies Division by saving the life of the daughter , Alexandra . After Division kills Daniel as it is against their policy for agents have relationships , She becomes a rogue agent intent on stopping Division , tracks down Alexandra ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) , who had since become a drug addict and sex slave , and saves and trains her . Nikita arranges Alex to be arrested for murdering a man Division was targeting . Inside , Alex helps Nikita stop Division 's illegal missions . During the first season , Nikita gains some allies to aid in her fight against Division , including Owen Elliot ( Devon Sawa ) , a guardian to one of Division 's several black boxes ; hard drives contain files of Division 's missions , until Percy tried to have him killed , CIA analyst Ryan Fletcher ( Noah Bean ) who was investigating black operations invisible to the United States government , and eventually her trainer Michael , after he learns Percy was responsible for the deaths of his wife and daughter . The two would be in a relationship for the rest of the series ' run . By the first season finale , Alex learns that Nikita killed her father and leaves her to become a free agent for Amanda ( Melinda Clarke ) , Division 's psychologist who overthrew Percy to lead Division with the help of Oversight , a group of American politicians who ensure that Division 's existence remains secret from the public ( Alex would later return to fight alongside with Nikita again midway through season two ) . Michael is discovered to be working with Nikita and the two end up on the run together with a black box . In the second season , Nikita and Michael team up with Seymour Birkhoff ( Aaron Stanford ) , a Division computer programmer who left the agency to avoid Amanda . In " Looking Glass " , Nikita learns that during an operation , Michael impregnated his asset , Cassandra Ovechkin ( Helena Mattsson ) and eventually tells him he has a son . The couple 's relationship faces some tention due to that development , but they appear to reconcile after Michael decides to put Cassandra and his son Max ( who calls her " The Gun Lady " ) behind him . In the meantime , Nikita learns about the existence of Oversight , and reunites with Carla Bennett , who is revealed to be one of the founders of Division , until her death . " Wrath " explores Nikita 's dark side when she is captured and tortured by Nicholas Brandt , an arms dealer Nikita tortured during her days in Division . Nikita confesses to Michael that " there is evil " in her , but Michael assures her it is only a part of her . After the two are rescued , the ordeal brings Michael and Nikita closer . The two eventually sneak into Division and kill Percy after he has regained control of it . In the third season , Ryan takes charge of Division to clean up its own mess by recalling all the agents at which point President Kathleen Spencer ( Michelle Nolden ) will grant the agents freedom ( as all were recruited against their will ) . However , Nikita later learns the President will have Division terminated should they fail . Nikita and others work to find rogue agents who refused the recall order , nicknamed the " Dirty Thirty " , until her efforts are focused on Amanda , who is also on the run and later working with a company nicknamed " The Shop " , who developed sophisticated technologies , some of which was used by Division . Michael and Nikita become engaged , but their relationship faces further tention after Nikita cuts off his right hand to save his life . An advanced prosthetic is eventually discovered , but it is later revealed to have been laced with nano @-@ cells that would kill Michael unless Nikita assassinates Spencer . When Michael lies to her that a cure has been found , Nikita stands down . However Spencer shoots herself in the head ( she is later revealed to be a double by The Shop ; the real Spencer was captured and imprisoned ) . Framed for her death , Nikita becomes that most wanted person in the United States . She goes on the run , but leaves Michael behind . = = Characterization = = = = = Creation and casting = = = The CW was looking to create a female @-@ driven action series . Creator Craig Silverstein discussed with Warner Bros. about the previous incarnations of Nikita ( the original 1990 film , and La Femme Nikita ) and wished to make the current television series look fresh . Silverstein wanted to follow Nikita after she left the agency , as that chapter was yet to be told in the previous incarnations . He also believed it would have done the original story justice . Also , he wanted to include a highlight of Nikita 's original story in the pilot to earn the title , and then move on from there . Silverstein described Nikita 's transition in a Collider interview ; " It 's a dark fairytale . This girl is taken from one life , her identity is erased , she 's put in another life and she 's transformed . It 's like Alice in Wonderland . She 's told , " Eat this , drink that , steal this , kill that , " and she 's not told why . And , she begins to find her own identity through that . It 's just a great story . " On February 2010 it was announced that Maggie Q was in talks to play the title character of Nikita . Q 's casting would mark the highest @-@ profile series role for an Asian actress on a broadcast drama series . Q was drawn to the series because she was intrigued by the original film and Luc Besson 's creation of an incredibly flawed female . According to the actress the process of her casting took about four to five days . In describing Q 's casting , Silverstein stated ; Appearing on Nikita would be Q 's first television role . During an interview with IGN , Q explained that she had not been on television before " not because I didn 't want to . I just never thought about it , " adding " When this came up , everything just felt right . I knew McG and when Wonderland came on he was like , ' This is you , we 're not doing this without you . ' and I went ' That 's very sweet ! ' So it felt right . " = = = Development = = = Because the CW is a fashion @-@ orientated network , there were times Nikita had to be dressed in a certain way to get her noticed by her targets . Q liked the idea , but at the same time wanted Nikita 's dress sense to be " toned down a bit " because she is an assassin . In one scene in particular Q had to wear a red bikini in the pilot , which " mortified " her . She added " that red bikini was the bane of my existence . You 're not going to see me in a bikini again , that 's for sure . [ ... ] I was like , ' Danny , can you put me in a one @-@ piece ? , ' and he gave me that red bikini . I was like , ' That 's not a one @-@ piece . That 's a two @-@ piece with a string . ' " However , Q did not have to cover her tattoos like she had to in the films , as it was in keeping with who the character is ; a hardcore , street kid . Q performs her own stunts in the series . The actress liked to have her character " be able to do her own thing , " as it is an action series where females play lead roles ; during her film career , she noted " but in movies , alongside big action men , we 've always got to take a step back and let the men shine . And in this , it 's about the women who know what they 're doing . " At some point Q set up a three @-@ week long training period for the rest of the cast to make their fight scenes in the series believable ; she had her partner , an action director , bring his stunt team to train them . In filming the stunts she was already used to working in an environment where filming in television would be faster than in American films , because of her time starring in films in Asia , which usually took two to six weeks . One of the more prominent aspects of Nikita 's character development since the beginning of the series is her relationship with Michael , and has been dubbed by fans as " Mikita " . Unlike other works on film and television , Silverstein did not play the traditional " Will They / Won 't They ? " game between the two characters . Co @-@ star Shane West stated " It 's not hard to bring Michael and Nikita together , " but it is " really hard to keep them apart ... We 're barely into the season yet , so why not keep teasing ? " When the first season started airing , West also expected that their romance would come , citing Michael and Nikita 's past relationship while she was working with Division . Now that the two are together by the end of the first season , in the second season Silverstein wanted something to happen to get in their way , saying that no new tension would make the relationship boring , adding " I don 't think you can just have them happy and in love , kicking ass together forever . " = = Reception = = Nikita and Maggie Q 's portrayal of the character was met with generally positive reactions from television critics . Nikita was included in TV Guide 's lists of " TV 's Sexiest Crime Fighters " and " TV 's Toughest Ladies " . Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times felt that Q was suited for the role , stating " she has a solemn , exotic beauty and hauteur that echo the heroine 's self @-@ possession and cool relentlessness , " adding " Nikita is noticeably more hard @-@ boiled and less girlish than the undercover agent played by Jennifer Garner on Alias , or the C.I.A. rookie that Piper Perabo plays on Covert Affairs . " Troy Patterson of Slate felt that " Ms. Q 's Nikita is only half so crush @-@ worthy as Bionic Woman 's Jaime Sommers or Dollhouse 's what 's @-@ her @-@ name , but her predicament is no less tasty . " Robert Bianco of USA Today believed Q 's performance was " a fairly sizable incentive " to watch the show , adding she " combines stunt @-@ fighting chops and lithe beauty with an unusual @-@ for @-@ the @-@ genre air of somber intelligence . Her Nikita is not above cracking a joke , but it 's clear from Q 's eyes and bearing that she has suffered at the hands of evil men , and she 's not going to take it anymore . " Alan Sepinwall of HitFix believed that Q " carries herself in a way that makes it believable she could be a hard @-@ core killer , and she has the requisite dramatic chops and charisma for the part . " Maureen Ryan of AOL TV said " Maggie Q , has real charisma and presence ; she invests Nikita 's drive to bring down the secretive Division with potent energy . You have to believe that Nikita would devote her life to wreaking vengeance on the people she views as her former captors , and you also have to buy her as a butt @-@ kicking , gun @-@ toting action heroine who also looks great in a cocktail gown . Maggie Q makes all those things look easy . " Some other critics however , did not react so warmly towards Q 's Nikita . Chris Conaton of PopMatters felt that Q " seems to be a good choice for the title role , " but noted that the pilot did not call attention to the character 's background . That said Conaton stated " it 's still something of a novelty to build a TV series around an Asian American lead — though plenty of recent ensemble and reality TV shows have featured prominent cast members of Asian descent . " Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe felt that Q was " too much of a sad sack , " adding " Q doesn 't seem able to layer any other emotions over her cold resolve , " and compares the character to " a little bit like [ Saturday Night Live character ] Debbie Downer . " Mary McNamara of The Los Angeles Times believed that while Nikita " provides some sizzle , " her emotions " run that famous distance from A to B , as do virtually [ every other character ] . " Before the show started airing , Q posed for several billboard posters . However , they were met with some controversy for being revealing , and several locations across the United States , including in areas of Chicago , Los Angeles and New York , refused to allow them to be put up , as they were located near churches and schools . Rick Haskins , the marketing executive for the CW , stated " we 've been down this road a few times with some of our campaigns . "
= Harry McNish = Henry McNish ( 11 September 1874 — 24 September 1930 ) , often referred to as Harry McNeish or by the nickname Chippy , was the carpenter on Sir Ernest Shackleton 's Imperial Trans @-@ Antarctic Expedition of 1914 – 1917 . He was responsible for much of the work that ensured the crew 's survival after their ship , the Endurance , was destroyed when it became trapped in pack ice in the Weddell Sea . He modified the small boat , James Caird , that allowed Shackleton and five men ( including McNish ) to make a voyage of hundreds of miles to fetch help for the rest of the crew . After the expedition he returned to work in the Merchant Navy and eventually emigrated to New Zealand , where he worked on the docks in Wellington until poor health forced his retirement . He died destitute in the Ohiro Benevolent Home in Wellington . = = Early life = = Harry " Chippy " McNish was born in 1874 in the former Lyons Lane near the present site of the library in Port Glasgow , Renfrewshire , Scotland . He was part of a large family , being the third of eleven children born to John and Mary Jane ( née Wade ) McNish . His father was a journeyman shoemaker . McNish held strong socialist views , was a member of the United Free Church of Scotland and detested bad language . He married three times : in 1895 to Jessie Smith , who died in February 1898 ; in 1898 to Ellen Timothy , who died in December 1904 ; and finally to Lizzie Littlejohn in 1907 . There is some confusion as to the correct spelling of his name . He is variously referred to as McNish , McNeish , and in Alexander Macklin 's diary of the expedition , MacNish . The McNeish spelling is common , notably in Shackleton 's and Frank Worsley 's accounts of the expedition and on McNish 's headstone , but McNish is also widely used , and appears to be the correct version . On a signed copy of the expedition photo his signature appears as " H. MacNish " , but his spelling is in general idiosyncratic , as revealed in the diary he kept throughout the expedition . There also is a question regarding McNish 's nickname . " Chippy " was a traditional nickname for a shipwright ; both this and the shorter " Chips " ( as in wood chips from carpentry ) seem to have been used . = = Imperial Trans @-@ Antarctic Expedition = = = = = Endurance = = = The aim of the Imperial Trans @-@ Antarctic Expedition was to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent from one side to the other . McNish was apparently attracted by Shackleton 's advertisement for the expedition ( although there are doubts as to whether the advertisement ever appeared ) : MEN WANTED : FOR HAZARDOUS JOURNEY . SMALL WAGES , BITTER COLD , LONG MONTHS OF COMPLETE DARKNESS , CONSTANT DANGER , SAFE RETURN DOUBTFUL . HONOUR AND RECOGNITION IN CASE OF SUCCESS . SIR ERNEST SHACKLETON McNish , at 40 , was one of the oldest members of the crew of the Endurance ( Shackleton though was seven months older ) . He suffered from piles and rheumatism in his legs . He was regarded as somewhat odd and unrefined , but also highly respected as a carpenter — Frank Worsley , the captain of the Endurance , refers to him as a " splendid shipwright " . The pipe @-@ smoking Scot was , however , the only man of the crew that Shackleton was " not dead certain of " . His Scots accent was described as rasping like " frayed cable wire " . During the initial stage of the voyage to Antarctica from Buenos Aires , he was kept busy with a number of routine tasks . He worked on the pram dinghy Nancy Endurance ; made a small chest of drawers for Shackleton ; specimen shelves for the biologist , Robert Clark ; instrument cases for Leonard Hussey , the meteorologist ; and put up wind screens to protect the helmsman . He constructed a false deck , extending from the poop @-@ deck to the chart @-@ room to cover the extra coal that the ship had taken on board . He also acted as the ship 's barber . As the ship pushed into the pack ice in the Weddell Sea it became increasingly difficult to navigate . McNish constructed a six @-@ foot wooden semaphore on the bridge to enable the navigating officer to give the helmsman directions , and built a small stage over the stern to allow the propeller to be watched in order to keep it clear of the heavy ice . When the ship became trapped in pack ice his duties expanded to constructing makeshift housing , and , once it became clear that the ship was doomed , to altering the sledges for the journey over the ice to open water . He built the quarters where the crew took their meals ( nicknamed The Ritz ) and cubicles where the men could sleep . These were all christened as well ; McNish shared The Sailors ' Rest with Alfred Cheetham , the Third Officer . Assisted by the crew , he constructed kennels for the dogs on the upper deck . Once Endurance became trapped , and the crew were spending the days on the ice , McNish erected goalposts and football became a daily fixture for the men . To pass the time in the evening , McNish joined Frank Wild , Tom Crean , James McIlroy , Worsley and Shackleton playing poker in the wardroom . The pressure from the ice caused Endurance to start to take on water . To prevent the ship from flooding McNish built a cofferdam , caulking it with strips of blankets and nailing strips over the seams , standing for hours up to his waist in freezing water as he worked . He could not prevent the pressure from the ice crushing the ship though and was experienced enough to know when to stop trying . Once the ship had been destroyed he was put in charge of rescuing the stores from what had been The Ritz . With McNish in charge it took only a couple of hours to open the deck far enough to retrieve a good quantity of provisions . = = = On the ice = = = During his watch one night while the crew were camped on the ice , a small part of the ice floe broke away and he was only rescued due to the quick intervention of the men of the next watch who threw him a line allowing him to jump back to safety . Shackleton reported that McNish calmly mentioned his narrow escape the next day after further cracks appeared in the ice . Mrs. Chippy , the cat McNish had brought on board , had to be shot after the loss of the Endurance , as it was obvious he would not survive the harsh conditions . McNish apparently never forgave Shackleton for giving the order . McNish proposed building a smaller craft from the wreckage of the ship , but was overruled , with Shackleton instead deciding to head across the ice to open water pulling the ship 's three lifeboats . McNish had been suffering with piles and homesickness from almost before the voyage had begun , and once the ship was lost his frustration began to grow . He vented his feelings in his diary , targeting his tent @-@ mates ' language : I have been shipmates with all sorts of men both in sail and steam , but never nothing like some of our party - as the most filthy language is used as terms of endearment , and , worse of all , is tolerated . In great pain while pulling sledges across the ice , McNish briefly rebelled , refusing to take his turn in the harness and protesting to Frank Worsley that since the Endurance had been destroyed the crew was no longer under any obligation to follow orders . Accounts vary as to how Shackleton handled this : some report that he threatened to shoot McNish ; others that he read him the ship 's articles , making it clear that the crew were still under obligation until they reached port . McNish 's assertion would have normally been correct : duty to the master ( and pay ) normally stopped when a ship was lost , but the articles the crew had signed for the Endurance had a special clause inserted in which the crew agreed " to perform any duty on board , in the boats , or on the shore as directed by the master and owner " . Aside from this , McNish really had no choice but to comply : he could not survive alone and could not continue with the rest of the party unless he obeyed orders . Eventually , Shackleton decided that the attempt to pull the boats had been a mistake , and decided that the only solution was to wait for the movement of the ice to bring the party to open water . As supplies began to dwindle the party grew hungry . McNish records that he smoked himself sick trying to alleviate the pangs of hunger and although he thought the shooting of the dogs terribly sad , he was happy to eat the meat they provided stating " Their flesh tastes a treat . It is a big treat for us after being so long on seal meat . " When the ice finally brought the camp to the edge of the pack ice , Shackleton decided that the three boats , the James Caird , Stancomb Wills , and Dudley Docker , should make initially for Elephant Island . McNish had prepared the boats as best he could for a long journey in the open ocean , building up their sides to give them a higher clearance from the water . = = = Elephant Island and the James Caird = = = On the sea journey to Elephant Island , McNish was in the James Caird with Shackleton and Frank Wild . As they approached the island , Wild , who had been at the tiller for 24 hours straight , was close to collapse , so Shackleton ordered McNish to relieve him . McNish was not in a much better state himself and , despite the terrible conditions , he fell asleep after half an hour . The boat swung around and a huge wave drenched him . This was enough to wake him , but Shackleton , seeing McNish too was exhausted , ordered him to be relieved . After the crew had made it to Elephant Island , Shackleton decided to take a small crew and make for South Georgia , where there was a possibility that they would find crews from the whaling ships to help effect a rescue for the rest of the men . McNish was called upon by Shackleton to make the James Caird seaworthy for the long voyage and was selected as part of the crew , possibly because Shackleton was afraid of the effect he would have on morale if left behind with the other men . For his part , McNish seemed happy to go ; he was unimpressed by the island and the chances of survival for the men overwintering there : I don 't think there are ever many fine days on this forlorn island ... I dont think there will be many survivers if they have to put in a winter here . [ sic ] McNish used the mast of another of the boats , the Stancomb Wills , to strengthen the keel and build up the small 22 foot ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) long boat , so it would withstand the seas during the 800 mile ( 1480 km ) trip . He caulked it using a mixture of seal blood and flour , and , using wood and nails taken from packing cases and the runners of the sledges , he built a makeshift frame which was then covered with canvas . Shackleton was worried the boat " bore a strong likeness to stage scenery " , only giving the appearance of sturdiness . He later admitted that the crew could not have lived through the voyage without it . When launching the boat McNish and John Vincent were thrown from the deck into the sea . Although soaked , both were unharmed , and managed to exchange some clothes with the Elephant Island party before the James Caird set off . The mood on board was buoyant and McNish recorded in his diary on 24 April 1916 : We took Good bye with our companions . & set sail on our 870 miles to South Georgia for assistance ... we were in the open sea wet through but happy through it all . The mood did not last though : conditions aboard the small craft during the trip were terrible , with the crew constantly soaked and cold . McNish impressed Shackleton with his ability to bear up under the strain ( more so than the younger Vincent , who collapsed from exhaustion and cold ) . The six men split into two watches of four hours : three of the men would handle the boat while the other three lay beneath the canvas decking attempting to sleep . McNish shared a watch with Shackleton and Crean . All the men complained of pains in their legs and , on the fourth day out from Elephant Island , McNish suddenly sat down and removed his boots , revealing his legs and feet were white and puffy with the early signs of trench foot . On seeing the state of McNish 's feet Shackleton ordered all the men to remove their boots . = = = South Georgia = = = The crew of the James Caird reached South Georgia on 10 May 1916 , 15 days after setting out from Elephant Island . They landed in Cave Cove on King Haakon Bay ; it was on the wrong side of the island , but it was a relief for all of them to make land ; McNish wrote in his diary : I went to the top of the hill & had a lay on the grass & it put me in mind of old times at Home sitting on the hillside looking down at the sea . They found albatross chicks and seals to eat , but despite the relative comfort of the island compared to the small boat , they still urgently needed to reach the whaling station at Husvik on the other side of the island to fetch help for the men on Elephant Island . It was clear that McNish and Vincent could not continue , so Shackleton left them in the care of Timothy McCarthy camped in the upturned James Caird , and with Worsley and Crean made the hazardous trip over the mountains . McNish took screws from the James Caird and attached them to the boots of the men making the journey to help them grip the ice . He also fashioned a crude sledge from driftwood he found on the beach , but it proved too clumsy to be practical . When Shackleton 's party set off on 18 May 1916 , McNish accompanied them for a few hundred yards but he was unable to go any further . He shook hands with each of the men , wished them good luck and then Shackleton sent him back . Putting McNish in command of the remaining men , Shackleton charged him to wait for relief and if none had come by the end of winter to attempt to sail to the east coast . Once Shackleton 's party had crossed the mountains and arrived in Husvik , he sent Worsley with one of the whaler 's ships , Samson , to pick up McNish and the other men . After seeing the emaciated and drawn McNish on his arrival at the whaling station , Shackleton recorded that he felt that the rescue had come just in time for him . = = Polar Medal = = Whatever the true story of the rebellion on the ice , neither Worsley nor McNish ever mentioned the incident in writing . Shackleton omitted it entirely from South , his account of the expedition , and referred to it only tangentially in his diary : " Everyone working well except the carpenter . I shall never forget him in this time of strain and stress " . The event was recorded in the ship 's log , but the log entry was struck during the sea voyage in the James Caird , Shackleton being impressed by the carpenter 's show of " grit and spirit " . Nevertheless , McNish 's name appeared on the list of the four men not recommended for the Polar Medal in the letter sent by Shackleton on his return . Macklin thought the denial of the medal unjustified : I was disheartened to learn that McNeish , Vincent , Holness and Stephenson had been denied the Polar Medal ... of all the men in the party no @-@ one more deserved recognition than the old carpenter .... I would regard the withholding of the Polar Medal from McNeish as a grave injustice . Macklin believed that Shackleton may have been influenced in his decision by Worsley who shared a mutual enmity with McNish , and had accompanied Shackleton back from Antarctica . Members of the Scott Polar Research Institute , New Zealand Antarctic Society and Caroline Alexander , the author of Endurance , have criticised Shackleton 's denial of the award to McNish , and there is an ongoing campaign to have him awarded the medal posthumously . = = Later life , memorials and records = = After the expedition McNish returned to the Merchant Navy , working on various ships . He often complained that his bones permanently ached due to the conditions during the journey in the James Caird ; he would reportedly sometimes refuse to shake hands because of the pain . He divorced Lizzie Littlejohn on 2 March 1918 , by which time he had already met his new partner , Agnes Martindale . McNish had a son named Tom and Martindale had a daughter named Nancy . Although she is mentioned frequently in his diary , it appears McNish was not Nancy 's father . He spent 23 years in the Navy in total during his life , but eventually secured a job with the New Zealand Shipping Company . After making five trips to New Zealand he moved there in 1925 , leaving behind his wife and all of his carpentry tools . He worked on the waterfront in Wellington until his career was ended by an injury . Destitute , he would sleep in the wharf sheds under a tarpaulin and relied on monthly collections from the dockworkers . He was found a place in the Ohiro Benevolent Home , but his health continued to deteriorate and he died on 24 September 1930 in Wellington Hospital . He was buried in Karori Cemetery , Wellington , on 26 September 1930 , with full naval honours ; HMS Dunedin ( which happened to be in port at the time ) provided twelve men for the firing party and eight bearers . However , his grave remained unmarked for almost thirty years ; the New Zealand Antarctic Society ( NZAC ) erected a headstone on 10 May 1959 . In 2001 , it was reported that the grave was untended and surrounded by weeds , but in 2004 , the grave was tidied and a life size bronze sculpture of McNish 's beloved cat , Mrs. Chippy , was placed on his grave by NZAC . His grandson , Tom , believes this tribute would have meant more to him than receiving the Polar Medal . In 1958 the British Antarctic Survey named a small island in his honour , " McNeish Island " , which lies in the approaches to King Haakon Bay , South Georgia . The island was renamed " McNish Island " in 1998 after his birth certificate was presented to the United Kingdom Antarctic Place @-@ Names Committee . On 18 October 2006 , a small , oval wall plaque commemorating his achievements was unveiled at the Port Glasgow Library in his home town , and earlier in the same year he was the subject of an exhibition at the McLean Museum and Art Gallery , Greenock . His journals are held in the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington , New Zealand .
= Bat 'leth = The bat 'leth ( Klingon : betleH , pronunciation : [ ˈbɛtʰlɛx ] ) is a double sided scimitar / hook sword / deer horn knives hybrid @-@ edged weapon with a curved blade , four points and handholds on the back . It was designed and created by Star Trek : The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise , where it is the characteristic melee weapon of Klingons . Curry has called the bat 'leth " one of the iconic images associated with the show " . It has spawned a smaller version , which became known as the " mek 'leth " ( Klingon : meqleH ) . Bat 'leths have become an enduring symbol of the franchise among fans and are occasionally referenced in other media . = = Description = = A bat 'leth is a curved blade approximately 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) long , with two spiked protrusions at each end and three handholds along the back which can be used to twist and spin the blade rapidly . Dan Curry created the bat 'leth in 1990 for Worf , a character played by Michael Dorn in Star Trek : The Next Generation after receiving approval from producer Rick Berman . Curry based it on the " Chinese fighting crescent " . Curry — a martial artist — also developed a fighting style similar to t 'ai chi ch 'uan for the use of the weapon . In 1995 , he developed a smaller version of the bat 'leth , the " mek 'leth " — which is based on a Northern Tibetan cavalry sword . He designed the weapon for Dorn to use when Worf joined the crew of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Mek 'leths are intended for one @-@ handed use and shaped like a scimitar ; it is about half the length of the full @-@ size bat 'leth . = = Use in Star Trek = = In Star Trek lore , the Klingon Kahless created the bat 'leth around 625 A.D. According to Klingon mythology , he formed the blade by dropping a length of his hair into some lava from inside the Kri 'stak Volcano , then cooling , shaping , and hardening it in the lake of Lursor . He then united Qo 'noS , the Klingon homeworld by killing a tyrant named Molor with the weapon , which became known as the " Sword of Kahless " . The sword was later stolen by a species called the Hur 'q during their invasion of Qo 'noS . In the Deep Space Nine episode " The Sword of Kahless " , Worf and another Klingon named Kor rediscover the artifact , but it is eventually transported into space to prevent them from using it to attack each other . The Sword of Kahless differs from normal bat 'leths as it has five points and one handhold compared to four points and three handholds . In the Klingon language , the bat 'leth was originally referred to as batlh 'etlh , then was shortened to betleH . The word " bat 'leth " means " Sword of Honor " . Bat 'leths are made of a reinforced metal called baakonite and are normally 116 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 81 ft ) long and weigh 5 @.@ 3 kilograms ( 12 lb ) . The bat 'leth appeared in 29 television episodes across the Star Trek franchise in Star Trek : The Next Generation , Star Trek : Voyager , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Enterprise . The Bat 'leth was also used in the 1994 film Star Trek Generations . The mek 'leth appeared in the television series Deep Space Nine and in the 1996 film Star Trek : First Contact . The Sword of Kahless appeared in the 2000 video game Star Trek : Armada and normal bat 'leths appeared in the 1996 video game Star Trek : Klingon . Some of the bat 'leth 's uses were in the debut episode " Reunion " , where Worf teaches his son Alexander how to use one . Worf used a bat 'leth to kill Duras — a Klingon who killed Worf 's mate K 'Ehleyr . Notable uses of the weapon occurred in the Voyager episode " Barge of the Dead " — in which Tuvok uses a bat 'leth to teach B 'Elanna Torres about her Klingon heritage , and in the Deep Space Nine episode " Tacking into the Wind " — in which Worf kills the leader of the Klingon High Council , Gowron in a bat 'leth duel to give the Klingon Chancellorship to General Martok . = = Cultural legacy = = The bat 'leth is considered an iconic image of the Star Trek universe . Replicas are widespread and are considered collectibles by some and a part of Klingon costume . A number of outlets , including replica merchants , weapons dealers and pawn shops sell them . Ronald D. Moore , who has worked on Star Trek and Battlestar Galactica , displays one in his office . However , due to the dangers of real bat 'leths , no officially licensed replicas of the weapon are available from either Curry or Paramount Pictures . The rise in the popularity of the bat 'leth has led to the formation of martial arts teams aiming to develop a martial art distinct from the one Curry initially developed . Such teams have incorporated moves from ju @-@ jitsu , kendo , kinjitsu and nunchaku . Bat 'leth competitions have been held at conventions such as MileHiCon and StarCon . The bat 'leth has appeared in television programs outside the Star Trek franchise . In 2002 , it was seen in Stargate SG @-@ 1 episode " The Other Guys " . In 2005 , a bat 'leth was in the background of the US detective series Monk episode " Mr. Monk vs. the Cobra " . In 2010 , one was seen in the " Chuck Versus the Beard " episode of American comedy series Chuck . In 2011 , a bat 'leth was used in American situation comedy The Big Bang Theory episode " The Zarnecki Incursion " . = = Legality = = Replicas of the bat 'leth are often made of metal and can be dangerous . A British police spokesman said that stainless steel bat 'leth could " literally , take someone 's head off " . Media reports documenting instances of replica bat 'leths being used in crimes have referred to the weapon as a " double @-@ pointed Klingon crescent @-@ shaped sword " , a " Klingon @-@ type sword " , a " Star Trek Klingon @-@ type sword " or as a " double @-@ pointed scimitar " . = = = United Kingdom = = = In the United Kingdom , it is legal to possess a bat 'leth on private property ; however , they may be seized if they are considered to be " potential evidence of a criminal lifestyle . " They are classed as weapons , which makes it illegal to carry one in a public place . A replica bat 'leth was surrendered to Gloucestershire Constabulary as part of the 2006 knife amnesty in the UK . In 2008 , a miniature bat 'leth was seized in Oxford after a 17 @-@ year @-@ old was caught trying to smuggle it into a College . Police described the weapon as " most horrendous " . The person was arrested and sentenced to six months in a young offenders ' institution . In 2009 , a man from Billingham , County Durham , was arrested for possession of a miniature bat 'leth in a public street . In the court documents , it was referred to as a " multi @-@ bladed sword " , and the judge said " I 've never seen anything like it in my life before . " The accused pleaded guilty at Teesside Crown Court , and he was later sentenced to thirteen weeks in prison . The court ordered that the bat 'leth was to be forfeited and destroyed . A custom @-@ made bat 'leth was seized in 2009 in Accrington , Lancashire . = = = United States = = = The legality of the bat 'leth in the United States differs between states . In 2009 , a replica bat 'leth was used in Colorado Springs , Colorado , in two armed robberies . The Colorado Springs Police Department said that it was a deadly weapon . In New Jersey , bat 'leths are considered weapons and are liable to be seized . The Federal Bureau of Investigation discovered and seized a bat 'leth as part of a cache of weapons in connection with a $ 4 million Medicare fraud investigation in 2010 .
= Syrgiannes Palaiologos = Syrgiannes Palaiologos Philanthropenos ( Greek : Συργιάννης Παλαιολόγος Φιλανθρωπηνός , c . 1290 – 1334 ) was a Byzantine aristocrat and general of mixed Cuman and Greek descent , who was involved in the civil war between Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos ( r . 1282 – 1328 ) and his grandson Andronikos III ( r . 1328 – 1341 ) . Loyal only to himself and his own ambitions , he switched sides several times , and ended up conquering much of Macedonia for the Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan ( r . 1331 – 1346 ) before being assassinated by the Byzantines . = = Biography = = = = = Family origins and early career = = = Syrgiannes was born about 1290 . He was named after his father or possibly grandfather , a Cuman leader who became Megas Domestikos ( Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Army ) under Emperor Andronikos II . At the time there were many Cumans in the Empire , who settled during the reign of John III Doukas Vatatzes ( r . 1221 – 1254 ) . The elder Syrgiannes 's original name was Sytzigan ( from Cuman @-@ Turkic Sïčğan , " mouse " ) ; it was Hellenized to Syrgiannes ( " master John " ) when he was baptized . The elder Syrgiannes rose in the hierarchy of the Byzantine army , eventually reaching the supreme rank of megas domestikos . The younger Syrgiannes 's mother was Eugenia Palaiologina , a member of the ruling Palaiologos family and niece of Emperor Michael VIII ( r . 1259 – 1282 ) . Conscious of the prestige of his mother 's family name , young Syrgiannes chose to use that in order to advance himself in the imperial hierarchy . Syrgiannes also had a sister , Theodora , who married Guy de Lusignan , later King of Armenian Cilicia as Constantine II . Syrgiannes makes his appearance in history in 1315 , when he was placed as military governor of a Macedonian province near the Serbian border . Despite the existing treaties , and against his instructions , he resolved to attack both Serbia and Epirus . Relieved of his post , he rebelled , was captured and imprisoned . Sometime before 1320 , however , he was eventually pardoned and appointed to a command in Thrace . = = = Support of Andronikos III = = = In 1320 , following the death of Michael IX Palaiologos ( eldest son of Andronikos II and co @-@ emperor from 1295 on ) , his son Andronikos III was crowned as co @-@ emperor by Andronikos II . Although initially popular with his grandfather , the younger Andronikos and his entourage of young nobles , to which Syrgiannes belonged , had by that time caused the elder emperor 's displeasure by their extravagance . Their excesses culminated in the mistaken @-@ identity murder of the young emperor 's younger brother , Manuel ; enraged , the elder Andronikos annulled his grandson 's titles , and a deep personal rift was opened between the two . At that time , Syrgiannes and John Kantakouzenos bought for themselves governorships in Thrace , where discontent with the old emperor was rife , and they quickly mobilized support for the younger Andronikos . Together with Alexios Apokaukos and Theodore Synadenos , they prepared to overthrow the aged Andronikos II in favour of his grandson . In Easter 1321 , the younger Andronikos came to Adrianople , and the uprising broke out . Syrgiannes led a large army towards the capital , forcing the old emperor to negotiate . Consequently , on 6 June 1321 , an agreement was reached which partitioned the empire . Young Andronikos III was recognized as co @-@ emperor and given Thrace to govern as a quasi @-@ appanage , setting up his court at Adrianople , while Andronikos II continued to rule from the capital , Constantinople , as senior emperor . Syrgiannes was dissatisfied with the new arrangements , feeling that he had not been sufficiently rewarded for his support of Andronikos III . He also resented the greater favour shown by the young emperor to Kantakouzenos , and developed a fierce rivalry with the latter . Furthermore , chroniclers also report a story whereby Andronikos III attempted to seduce Syrgiannes 's wife . In December 1321 , Syrgiannes switched sides , fleeing to Constantinople . Rewarded with the lofty title of megas doux , he convinced Andronikos II to resume the war against his grandson . In July 1322 , however , another agreement was reached between the two Andronikoi , which left Syrgiannes in an awkward position . His own schemes having failed , he began plotting to murder the aged Andronikos II and seize the throne for himself . The plot was foiled , however , and Syrgiannes was sentenced to life imprisonment . = = = Governorship in Macedonia , defection to the Serbs and death = = = In 1328 , Andronikos III finally overthrew his grandfather and established himself as sole emperor . Syrgiannes was freed , and was able to restore himself to Andronikos 's favour , to the extent that in late 1329 he was entrusted with the important governorship of Thessalonica , the Empire 's second @-@ largest city , and of western Macedonia and Albania . There , he was again suspected of plotting against Kantakouzenos , this time with the emperor 's mother , Empress Maria . She lived in Thessalonica , and was supposed to keep an eye on Syrgiannes ; instead , she became so infatuated with him that she had him adopted . Following the death of the Empress in late 1333 , the plot was uncovered and Syrgiannes was arrested and brought to Constantinople to face charges of treason . Syrgiannes , however , managed to escape and flee to the court of the Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan . Dušan put Syrgiannes at the head of a large Serbian force , with which he invaded Byzantine Macedonia in 1334 . Syrgiannes 's abilities as a general , his knowledge of the Byzantine army 's dispositions and the friendships he had maintained with several local Byzantine officers resulted in the swift capture of many important Byzantine cities , including Ohrid , Prilep , Strumica , and Kastoria . The road was open for an advance towards Thessalonica , and Syrgiannes 's army encamped before the walls of the city , facing a Byzantine relief force . Both sides remained encamped confronting each other for several days , but on 23 August 1334 , Syrgiannes was lured away from his camp with only a few retainers and murdered by Sphrantzes Palaiologos , a Byzantine general who had defected on purpose to the Serbian camp a few days earlier . With the loss of their principal military leader , the Serbs settled for a negotiated peace with the Byzantines , which was very advantageous for them as they were left in possession of most of the cities won by Syrgiannes in northern Macedonia . = = Appraisal = = Syrgiannes 's ambition , inveterate plotting , and multiple betrayals made him one of the darkest figures of the era in the eyes of both contemporary and later historians : the 14th @-@ century historian Nikephoros Gregoras compared his flight to Serbia with Themistocles 's flight to the Persians , while Donald Nicol likened him to Alcibiades and Angeliki Laiou called him " the most evil presence " of the civil war .
= Kataragama temple = Kataragamam temple ( Sinhalese Katharagama ; Tamil Katirkāmam ) in Kataragama , Sri Lanka , is a temple complex dedicated to Kataragama deviyo . It is one of the few religious sites in Sri Lanka that is venerated by the Sinhala Buddhists , Hindu Sri Lankan Tamils , Sri Lankan Moors and the Vedda people . It is a collection of modest shrines , of which the one dedicated to Kataragama deviyo , is the most important . For most of the past millennia , it was a jungle shrine very difficult to access ; today it is accessible by an all @-@ weather road . Almost all the shrines — and the nearby Kiri Vehera — are managed by Buddhists , apart from shrines dedicated to Teyvāṉai and Shiva and mosques . Up until the 1940s a majority of the pilgrims were Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka and South India who undertook an arduous padayatra or " pilgrimage on foot " . Since then most pilgrims tend to be Sinhala Buddhists and the cult of Kataragama deviyo has become the most popular amongst the Sinhalese people . A number of legends and myths are associated with the deity and the location , differing by religion , ethnic affiliation and time . These legends are changing with the deity 's burgeoning popularity with Buddhists , as the Buddhist ritual specialists and clergy try to accommodate the deity within Buddhist ideals of nontheism . With the change in devotees , the mode of worship and festivals has changed from that of Hindu orientation to one that accommodates Buddhist rituals and theology . It is difficult to reconstruct the factual history of the place and the reason for its popularity amongst Sri Lankans and Indians based on legends and available archeological and literary evidence alone , although the place seems to have a venerable history . The lack of clear historic records and resultant legends and myths fuel the conflict between Buddhists and Hindus as to the ownership and the mode of worship at Kataragama . The priests of the temple are known as Kapuralas and are believed to be descended from Vedda people . Veddas , too , have a claim on the temple , a nearby mountain peak and locality through a number of legends . There is a mosque and a few tombs of Muslim pious men buried nearby . The temple complex is also connected to other similar temples in Eastern Province dedicated to Murugan which are along the path of pilgrimage from Jaffna in the north to Kataragama in the south of the island ; Arunagirinathar traversed this pilgrimage route in the 15th century . The vicinity of the temple complex is used for secretive practices of sorcery and cursing peculiar to Sri Lanka . The entire temple complex was declared a holy place by the government of Sri Lanka in the 1950s ; since then political leaders have contributed for its maintenance and upkeep . = = History = = = = = Origin theories = = = There are number of theories as to the origin of the shrine . According to Heinz Bechert and Paul Younger , the mode of veneration and rituals connected with Kataragama deviyo is a survival of indigenous Vedda mode of veneration that preceded the arrival of Buddhist and Indo @-@ Aryan cultural influences from North India in Sri Lanka in the last centuries BCE , although Hindus , Buddhists and even Muslims have tried to co @-@ opt the deity , rituals and the shrine . But according to S. Pathmanathan , the original Kataragama shrine was established as an adjunct guardian deity shrine to Skanda @-@ Kumara within a Buddhist temple complex . This particular shrine then became idealized as the very spot where Valli met Murukan amongst local Tamils and Sinhalese , and Kataragama deviyo subsumed the identity of Skanda @-@ Kumara and became a deity on his own right with rituals and pilgrimage . According to Pathmanathan , it happened after the 13th century CE when Murukan became popular amongst Tamils and before the 15th century CE when the poet Arunagirinathar identified the very location as a sacred spot . = = = Literary evidence = = = The first literary mention of Kataragama in a context of a sacred place to Skanda @-@ Murukan is in its Tamil form Kathirkamam in the 15th @-@ century devotional poems of Arunagirinathar . Tradition claims that he visited the forest shrine when he composed the poems . According to his poems , the deity dwelt on top of a mountain . The first mention of Kataragama deviyo in the form Khattugama , as a guardian deity of Sri Lanka and its Buddhist relics , was in the Pali chronicle of Jinakalamali written during the 16th century in what is today Thailand . ( see Jatukham Rammathep a popular Thai amulet , based on Khattugama , a deity from Sri Lanka ) Kataragama village is first mentioned in the historical annals known as Mahavamsa written down in the 5th century CE . It mentions a town named Kajjaragama from which important dignitaries came to receive the sacred Bo sapling sent from Ashoka ’ s Mauryan Empire on 288 BCE . ( According to Ponnambalam Arunachalam Kajjaragama is derived from Kârttikeya Grâma ( " City of Kartikeya " ) shortened to Kajara @-@ gama ) = = = Archeological evidence = = = The vicinity of the temple has number of ancient ruins and inscriptions . Based on dated inscriptions found , the nearby Kiri Vehera is believed to have been built or renovated around the 1st century BCE . There is an inscription , a votive offering to the Mangala Mahacetiya , apparently the former name of Kiri Vehera on the orders of one Mahadathika Mahanaga , a son of king Tiritara who ruled in 447 CE . There is also an inscription of Dapula I dated to the 7th century CE who built a sanctuary for Buddhist monks , but the inscription does not mention Kataragama by name . Nearby Tissamaharama was a trading town of antiquity by the 2nd century BCE , as indicated by Prakrit and Tamil Brahmi legends in coins and potsherds unearthed on the site . The region was part of the ancient kingdom of Ruhuna which played an important role in the political history of the island . = = = Role of Kalyangiri Swamy = = = The medieval phase of the history of the shrine began with the arrival of Kalyanagiri Swamy from North India sometimes during the 16th or 17th century . He identified the very spot of the shrines and their mythic associations with characters and events as expounded in Skanda Purana . Following his re @-@ establishment of the forest shrine , it again became a place of pilgrimage for Indian and Sri Lankan Hindus . The shrine also attracted local Sinhala Buddhist devotees . The caretakers of the shrines were people of the forest who were of indigenous Vedda or mixed Vedda and Sinhalese lineages . The shrines popularity increased with the veneration of the place by the kings of the Kingdom of Kandy , the last indigenous kingdom before colonial occupation of the island . When Indian indentured workers were brought in after the British occupation in 1815 , they too began to participate in the pilgrimage in droves , thus the popularity of the shrine increased amongst all sections of the people . = = Legends = = = = = Hindu legends = = = According to Hindus and some Buddhist texts , the main shrine is dedicated to Kartikeya , known as Murukan in Tamil sources . Kartikeya , also known as Kumara , Skanda , Saravanabhava , Visakha or Mahasena , is a god of war . The Kushan Empires and the Yaudheyas had his likeness minted in coins that they issued in the last centuries BCE . The deity 's popularity has waned in North India but has survived in South India . In South India , he became known as Subrahmaniya and was eventually fused with another local god of war known as Murukan among Tamils . Murukan is known independently from Sangam literature dated from the 2nd century BCE to the 6th century CE . Along the way , a number of legends were woven about the deity ’ s birth , accomplishments , and marriages , including one to a tribal princess known amongst Tamil and Sinhalese sources as Valli . The Skanda Purana , written in Sanskrit in the 7th or 8th century , is the primary corpus of all literature about him . A Tamil rendition of the Skanda Purana known as the Kandha Puranam written in the 14th century also expands on legends of Valli meeting Murukan . The Kandha Puranam plays an greater role for Sri Lankan Tamils than Tamils from India , who hardly know it . In Sri Lanka the Sinhala Buddhists also worshiped Kartikeya as Kumaradevio or Skanda @-@ Kumara since at least the 4th century , if not earlier . Skanda @-@ Kumara was known as one of the guardian deities until the 14th century , invoked to protect the island ; they are accommodated within the non @-@ theistic Buddhist religion . During the 11th and 12th century CE , the worship of Skanda @-@ Kumara was documented even among the royal family . At some point in the past Skanda @-@ Kumara was identified with the deity in Kataragama shrine , also known as Kataragama deviyo and Kataragama deviyo , became one of the guardian deities of Sri Lanka . Numerous legends have sprung about Kataragama deviyo , some of which try to find an independent origin for Katargamadevio from the Hindu roots of Skanda @-@ Kumara . = = = Buddhist legends = = = One of the Sinhala legends tells that when Skanda @-@ Kumara moved to Sri Lanka , he asked for refuge from Tamils . The Tamils refused , and he came to live with the Sinhalese in Kataragama . As a penance for their refusal , the deity forced Tamils to indulge in body piercing and fire walking in his annual festival . This legend tries to explain the location of the shrine as well as the traditional patterns of worship by Tamils . Another Sinhala legends attests that Kataragama deviyo was the deity worshiped by Dutugamunu in the 1st century BCE , before his war with Ellalan , and that Dutugamunu had the shrine erected to Skanda @-@ Kumara at Kataragama after his victory . This legend has no corroboration in the Mahavamsa , the historic annals about Dutugamunu . Another Sinhala legend makes Kataragama deviyo a deification of a Tamil spy sent by Elara to live amongst the Sinhalese or a Tamil juggler who made the locals deify him after his death . Yet another legend says that Kataragama deviyo is a deification of the legendary king Mahasena , who is born as a bodhisattva or Buddha in waiting . Anthropologists Richard Gombrich and Gananath Obeyesekere were able to identify new strands of these legends and the originators of these legends since the 1970s , with the burgeoning popularity of the shrine and its deity amongst the Sinhala Buddhists . According to the practice of cursing and sorcery peculiar to Sinhala Buddhists , Kataragama deviyo has his dark side represented by Getabaru and Kadavara . The current Getabaru shrine is located in an isolated place near Morawaka . The shrine for Kadavara is in the town of Kataragama . His power to curse is carried out in secret outside the Main Kataragama deviyo shrine at a place at the Menik Ganga , where he receives animal sacrifices . Katagama devio is also directly invoked in sorcery practices . = = = Muslim legends = = = Muslim or Islamic legends about Kataragama are relatively newer . According to Muslims Kataragama is referred to as al @-@ Khidr or land of Khidr . A number of Muslim pious and holy men seems to have migrated from India and settled down in the vicinity . The earliest known one is one Hayathu , whose simple residence became the mosque . Another one called Karima Nabi is supposed to have discovered a source of water that when drunk provides immortality . Historic figures such as Jabbar Ali Sha ( died 1872 ) and Meer Syed Mohhamed Alisha Bawa ( died 1945 ) also have mausoleums built over their tombs . = = = Vedda legends = = = The Veddas who have kept out of the mainstream culture of Sri Lanka do not subscribe to Kataragama deviyo as their deity . Unassimilated Veddas consider Kande Yakka or Gale Yakka ( Lord of the Rock ) as their primarily deity to be propitiated before hunts . They propitiate the deity by building a shrine made out of thatched leaves with a lance or arrow planted in the middle of the structure . They dance around the shrine with the shaman becoming possessed with the spirits of the dead ancestors who guide the hunting party in techniques and places to go hunt . Anthropologist Charles Gabriel Seligman felt that the Kataragama deviyo cult has taken on some aspects of the Kande Yakka rituals and traditions . A clan of Veddas who lived near to the shrine was known as Kovil Vanam ( Temple precincts ) . As a clan they are extinct but were to be found in the eastern province during the 19th century . Local Veddas believed that the nearby mountain peak of Vaedihitti Kande ( The Mountain of Veddas ) was the abode of the deity . The deity after coming over the shore married a local Vedda woman named Valli , a daughter of a Vedda chief and resided in the mountain . Eventually he was coaxed into settling down at the current location . = = Temple layout = = Almost all the shrines are nondescript small rectangular buildings without any ornamentation . There is no representative of deities adorning the outside of the buildings . This is in contrast to any other Hindu temple in Sri Lanka or India . Almost all shrines are built of stone except that one dedicated to Valli which shows timber construction . They have been left as originally constructed and there are not any plans to improve upon them , because people are reluctant to tamper with the original shrine complex . The most important one is known as Maha Devale or Maha Kovil and is dedicated to Skanda @-@ Murugan known amongst the Sinhalese as Kataragama deviyo . It does not have a statute of the deity ; instead it holds a Yantra , a spiritual drawing of the deity 's power . Of all the shrines in the complex , it is the largest and the first that all pilgrims come to visit . Although it does not have a representation of the deity , kept in an adjoining room is a statue of Shiva also known amongst Sinhalese as Karanduva . Within it there is a clay arm chair known as Kalana Mandima that supposedly belonged to Kalyanagiri Swamy . It is covered by a leopard ’ s skin and on it has all the ceremonial instruments . To the left of the main shrine lies a smaller shrine dedicated to Hindu god Ganesha who is known as Ganapatidevio amongst Sinhalese . Tamils refer to him as the Manica Pillaiyar as well . It too is a small rectangular building without any decoration . To the left of Ganesha shrine stands the Vishnu Devale the shrine dedicated to Vishnu within which there is also a Buddha image . Behind this is a large Bo tree that tradition holds as sprung from the sapling of the original Bo tree in Anuradhapura , hence is very much held in high esteem by the visiting Buddhists . Attached to the western wall of the shrine complex are shrines dedicated Kali , Pattini , Managaradevio , Dedimunda and Suniyam . Outside the temple yard and beyond the northern gate lies the shrine to Teyvanai , the consort of Murugan . Teyvanai shrine is managed by the Sankara Mutt from Sringeri in Karnataka , India . The shrine dedicated to Valli , the consort of the main deity lies in front of the mosque . Close to the Valli shrine is a Kadamba tree that is sacred to Murugan . Within the mosque are number of tombs of Muslim holy men . There is also a separate shrine dedicated to the tomb of Kalayangiri swamy known amongst Tamils as Mutuligaswamy kovil . It is also known as the Siva Devale . = = Murukan and Kataragama deviyo cults = = Buddhism doesn ’ t encourage beliefs in gods or their veneration and yet Buddhists in Sri Lanka make an annual pilgrimage to Kataragama . The deity has attained the position of national god amongst the Sinhalese . This reflects the similar position held by Murukan amongst Tamils . = = = Murukan cult = = = Murukan is known from Sangam Tamil literature . The earliest reference to Murukan was as a god who was propitiated to help in good hunting . He was the primary god of hunter @-@ gatherer people from the mountainous region of southern Tamil Nadu very much like the Veddas of Sri Lanka . With the advancement of settled agriculture , Murukan became identified with the tribal chieftains as a god of war , becoming popular among all segments of the society . He was worshiped symbolically as lance and trees such as the Kadamba Neolamarckia cadamba ) were considered to be sacred to him . Birds such as the peafowl or rooster were also identified with the deity . Velans were a special class of priests identified with his worship . With advent of North Indian traditions arriving with the Pallava and Kadamba dynasties , Murukan was infused with the aspects of Kartikeya or Skanda , a god of war from North India . All legends that were attributed to Kartikeya were also attributed to Murukan . The syncretic deity has six major temples in Tamil Nadu and countless many other smaller temples . Legends developed that bound the worship of syncretic Skanda @-@ Murukan to Tamil Nadu as a god of the Tamils . It included his marriage of Valli from Toṇṭaināṭu . = = = Katargamadevio cult = = = Legends in Sri Lanka claimed that Valli was a daughter of a Vedda chief from Kataragama in the south of the island . The town of Kalutara , known in some sources as Velapura , became associated with Murukan worship as well . The cult of Murukan was grafted onto the worship of Skanda @-@ Kumara that was prevalent in Sri Lanka . Amongst the Sinhalese he became known as the god of Kataragama village , thus Kataragamdevio . Shrines of Katargamadevio are found in almost all Sinhala Buddhist villages and towns . He is recognized as one of the guardian deities . Worshipers take an arduous pilgrimage on foot through jungles to fulfill their vows to the deity . The pilgrimage included both Tamils from India and Sri Lanka as well as Sinhalese . Number of temples mostly in the east coast of Sri Lanka became identified with Kataragama temple and synchronized their festivals based on the arrival of pilgrims all the way from the north of the island . These include temples in Verugal , Mandur , Tirukovil and Okanda . In the interior of the island temples such as Embekke were built in the 15 to 17 the century CE to propitiate the Murukan aspect of Kataragamdevio by the Sinhalese elite . Since the 1950s the cult of Kataragama has taken a nationalistic tone amongst the Sinhalese people . People visit the shrine year long , and during the annual festival it looks like a carnival . People get into trance and indulge in ecstatic rituals formerly associated with Hindus such as fire walking , Kavadi and even body piercing or hook swinging . These ecstatic rituals have carried through the island and are widely practiced . Prominent Sinhalese politicians such as Dudley Senanayake and Ranasinghe Premadasa have associated with the temple upkeep by building , renovation and cleaning projects . = = Festivals = = The festivals and daily rituals do not adhere to standard Hindu Agamic or Buddhist rituals . It follows what Paul Younger calls as ancient Vedda traditions of worship . Although since the medieval period Hindus , Buddhists and even Muslims have tried to co @-@ opt the temple , deity and its worship as their own , the rituals maintained by the native priests are still intact . The main festival known in Sinhalese as Esela Perehera . It is celebrated during the months of July and August . About 45 days before the festival begins , the priests go into the forest and find two forked branches of a sacred tree . The branches are then immersed in the local river and kept at the shrines dedicated to Kataragama deviyo and Vali . When the main festival begins , the Yantra representing the deity is retrieved from its storage location , paraded through a street on top of an elephant , and carried to the Valli shrine . After two hours it is returned . On the last day of the festival the Yantra is left overnight at the Valli shrine and brought back to the main shrine . The priests conduct the rituals in silence , covering their mouths with white cloth . Associated with the main festival is fire walking arranged by a master of the ritual . Hundreds of devotees participate in fire walking , yet others participate in ecstatic dance forms called Kavadi and body piercing . Many of the pilgrims exhibit signs of being possessed . = = Hindu and Buddhist conflicts = = Sri Lanka has had a history of conflict between its minority Hindu Tamils and majority Buddhists since its political independence from Great Britain in 1948 . Paul Wirz in the 1930s wrote about tensions between Hindus and Buddhists regarding the ownership and mode of ritual practice in Kataragama . For the past millennia the majority of the pilgrims were Hindus from Sri Lanka and South India who undertook an arduous pilgrimage on foot . By the 1940 roads were constructed and more and more Sinhala Buddhists began to take the pilgrimage . This increased the tensions between the local Hindus and Buddhists about the ownership and type of rituals to be used . The government interceded on behalf of the Buddhists and enabled the complete takeover of the temple complex and in effect the shrines have become an adjunct to the Buddhist Kiri Vehera . Protests occurred upon this development in the 1940s , particularly when restrictions were placed on Tamil worship at the shrine . Typical Tamil Hindu rituals at Kataragama such as fire walking , Kavadi dance and body piercing have been taken over by the Buddhists and have been spread to the rest of the island . The Buddhist takeover of the temple and its rituals has profoundly affected the rationale nature of austere Theravada Buddhism practiced in Sri Lanka to that of the personal Bhakti veneration of deities found amongst the Hindus of Sri Lanka and South India . The loss of Hindu influence within the temple complex has negatively affected the Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu society . According to Paul Younger , the Buddhist takeover was precipitated by the overwhelming participation of Buddhists in what are essentially Hindu rituals that worried the Buddhist establishment . There is a strong political and religious pressure to further modify the temple rituals to conform within an orthodox Theravada Buddhist world view . = = Cited literature = =
= Residente o Visitante = Residente o Visitante ( English : Resident or Visitor ) is the second studio album by Puerto Rican urban / hip hop band Calle 13 , released on April 24 , 2007 , by Sony BMG . Recorded in various countries while on tour in promotion of the duo 's debut album Calle 13 , Residente o Visitante marked an evolution in the band 's musical and lyrical style . While writing the album , the duo took a trip to South America to explore areas populated by Latin America 's indigenous and African @-@ descended minorities , a journey that greatly influenced the music on Residente o Visitante . The album features six guest artists and delves into genres such as tango , bossa nova , cumbia , and electronica . Residente o Visitante debuted at number one on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums chart , selling 12 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . The record was also certified Gold in Argentina by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers ( CAPIF ) . The first single released from the album , " Tango del Pecado " , reached number 14 on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart . The record received positive reviews from critics , who praised the album 's experimental nature and unique lyrical themes . The album also won Best Urban Music Album and Best Urban Song for " Pal ' Norte " at the 8th Annual Latin Grammy Awards . A film entitled Sin Mapa documenting the group 's travel experiences while recording the album was released on July 29 , 2009 . = = Background = = Calle 13 was formed when step @-@ brothers Residente ( real name René Pérez Joglar ) and Visitante ( real name Eduardo José Cabra Martínez ) began creating music together in 2004 . The step @-@ brothers hosted their music on a website , and began searching for a record label in order to release their music commercially . After sending demo tapes to White Lion Records , the duo was offered a record deal . The duo gained recognition for their controversial song " Querido FBI " , which responded to the killing of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos , a key figure for the Puerto Rican independence movement . Soon after " Querido FBI " gained notoriety for Calle 13 , the band 's 2005 eponymously titled debut album was released and became commercially and critically successful in Latin America . The group was subsequently labeled as reggaeton , a genre that the duo wished to distance itself from . Visitante commented on the situation : " The truth is that the first record had only four reggaetons . Those were the cuts used for promotional purposes , and so that ’ s the brand that was put on us . But from the beginning , to me , reggaeton never offered anything musically . My brother liked it , yes , but we always tried to execute it in an organic way , with real instruments and mixing it with other genres . " = = Recording = = While writing Residente o Visitante , the duo took a trip to South America to explore areas populated by Latin America 's indigenous and African @-@ descended minorities . Residente reflected on the journey , stating , " We saw horrible things , but also things that were incredibly beautiful . Some of the contrasts are really intense . " The duo was strongly influenced by the experience ; Visitante discovered and purchased several new musical instruments on the trip including a quijada , a charango and a bombo legüero , all of which were used on the song " Llegale a Mi Guarida " . Residente and Visitante felt that writing on the road was conducive to the group 's creative output . The group 's journeys were documented in a film entitled Sin Mapa , which debuted on July 29 , 2009 at the New York International Latino Film Festival and later was released on DVD . Residente o Visitante was recorded in various countries , as the band was on tour during the making of the album . Residente explained that the group did not feel any pressure to compete with the success of Calle 13 , and felt that the recording of Residente o Visitante was a smoother process than the first : " The main difference for us this time around was that we had more opportunities , more tools and more money . We were also on tour at the same time , unlike the first . I spent my time writing during the travels , while my brother would write the music . " Residente was invited by La Mala Rodriguez to come to Spain to collaborate on a song . He agreed , as he greatly admired La Mala 's work , and the two met for drinks where they discussed the kind of song they wanted to create before going to the studio to record what would later become " Mala Suerta Con el 13 " . = = Composition = = = = = Music = = = On the record , the band wished to experiment more with live instruments and diverse styles of music . Margarita Diaz of NY Daily News referred to Residente o Visitante as " an exhilarating travelogue through the sounds and rhythms of [ South America ] . " Visitante , who composed the music on the album , credits the musical diversity to his past . He began playing classical piano at age six , and at age 17 , he joined a varied array of bands and played saxophone and keyboards . Residente o Visitante features more guest artists than the band 's debut , including collaborations with musicians such as Tego Calderón , La Mala Rodríguez and Orishas . The introduction to the album , as described by Elijah Wald of the Los Angeles Times , " sounds like a lovely Baroque chorale - unless one speaks Spanish , in which case it becomes immediately evident that it 's an ornate canon of the filthiest words in Puerto Rican street slang . " " Tango del Pecado " mixes tango and reggaeton , and has been referred to as " tango @-@ tón " . The song features Argentinian music producer Gustavo Santaolalla and his Bajofondo Tango Club . Puerto Rican rapper Tego Calderón is featured on " Sin Exagerar " , which contains guitar influenced by surf rock . Additionally , the song " Cumbia de los Aburridos " is strongly influenced by Colombian cumbia music , featuring an accordion and a horn section . " Un Beso De Desayuno " mixes electronica , rap and bossa nova . = = = Lyrics = = = Residente described the album as more introspective and autobiographical than its predecessor . With the lyrics on the record , Residente aimed for authenticity , attempting to tackle subjects not typically discussed in conventional reggaeton . He explained that listening to Residente o Visitante is similar to watching a movie , in the sense that the album depicts real life events and uses profanity to evoke emotion in the listener . Leila Cobo of Billboard wrote that the lyrical content of Residente o Visitante ranges from " sophomoric humor to outright perversion " . The song " Mala Suerte Con el 13 " , the group 's collaboration with La Mala Rodriguez , is a satire of the " Latin macho attitude " . He wished to defy and poke fun at traditional gender roles , citing feminist philosopher Judith Butler as an influence ; " I wanted to record a duet between a guy who 's weak and inadequate , and a woman who 's a sexual psychopath and has all the power in the world . A complete mockery of macho stereotypes " . In the same vein , " Sin Exagerar " parodies the misogyny that Residente felt had saturated the reggaeton scene . The album 's lead single , " Tango del Pecado " , is addressed to the parents of Residente 's then @-@ girlfriend , former Miss Universe Denise Quiñones , who did not approve of the couple 's relationship . He explains that the song expresses how he will still date her regardless of their opinions , and author Ed Morales observes that " It 's a calling out of the morality of Latin America . It 's just an invitation to turn everything upside @-@ down by embracing the ugly and profane in life and , you know , asking people to go on that journey . " " Tango del Pecado " also created controversy due to the repeated chanting of " Súbele el volumen a la música satánica " ( turn up the satanic music ) . Residente asserts that he did not add the line to create a reaction , saying , " I never do something expecting something . I do things because I like them . " " El Avión Se Cae " depicts the thoughts of a drunken airplane passenger . In " Pal Norte " , Residente discusses the plight of immigrants in the United States . Commenting on the track 's lyrical themes , he explained " I had wanted to do that theme because I think it is an important topic . And not just for the immigrants in the United States but all over . It is a song that immigrants can identify with , Dominicans as well as Puerto Ricans . All the people leave one country for another for the same reasons . " Although much of the album addresses immigration and moving to different countries , " La Crema " is a celebration of living in Puerto Rico . = = Title and artwork = = The album 's name was inspired by an experience from Residente and Visitante 's childhood . When they were children , Visitante would visit his brother at the Calle 13 ( 13th Street ) of the El Conquistador subsection of Trujillo Alto , Puerto Rico every week . Since the subsection is a gated community , visitors were routinely asked " ¿ Residente o visitante ? " ( " Resident or visitor ? " ) by a security guard when approaching the community 's main gate . Therefore , Visitante would identify himself as a visitor , while Residente would have to insist that he was a resident to clear the gate . The pair named themselves Calle 13 after the street their family 's house was on . The title is also meant to refer to the status of immigrants in the United States , a recurring theme on the record . The album cover depicts a winged virgin with a canteen on her chest resembling the Sacred Heart of Jesus . Residente noted that the image represents Hispanic immigrants coming to the United States , in an attempt to both sanctify the immigrants and humanize the holy images common in Latin America . An image inside the CD booklet features Residente with stigmata in his hands . He noted that the photo is intended to portray Jesus as a " regular guy " who deals with struggles similar to those of people crossing borders . He further commented , " Obviously , [ the art of the CD ] is not made for people who are used to seeing the guy with the chick in a bikini in a car with all her jewelry . We don 't come here to befuddle the people more . " = = Release and reception = = = = = Chart performance = = = Residente o Visitante debuted on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Albums chart at number one , displacing Jennifer Lopez 's Spanish album Como Ama una Mujer , and on the Billboard 200 at number 52 , selling about 12 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . The album remained on the Billboard 200 for a total of four weeks . Additionally , the album debuted on the Billboard Rap Albums chart at number 13 . In Argentina , the album was certified Gold by Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers ( CAPIF ) . " Tango del Pecado " , the first single released from the album , reached number 14 on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart . The second single , " Cumbia de los Aburridos " , peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . " Pa 'l Norte " , the third single from the record , reached number 27 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and number 40 on the Regional Mexican Songs chart . The fourth and final single was " Un Beso de Desayuno " , which failed to chart . = = = Critical reception = = = The album received positive reviews from critics . Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic gave Residente o Visitante 4 out of 5 stars , noting the disc 's diverse musical styles and unique lyricism : " Residente is a gifted rapper who matches Eminem in terms of wit and playfulness while Visitante is a similarly gifted producer who creates multi @-@ layered tracks that rarely sound alike . " Andrew Casillas of Stylus Magazine gave the album an A- grade , calling it a " trailblazing record " . Casillas praised Residente 's rapping on the record , calling his performance " a revelation " and referring to the song " Un Beso de Desayuno " as the band 's " most noble achievement : a fully formed reggaetón love song . " However , Casillas felt that the album was overly long and stated that " Uiyi Guaye " sounds like " Donald Duck on a treadmill " . Olivia Muñoz of The Philadelphia Inquirer referred to the record as " weird , seductive , thought @-@ provoking and hilarious all at once " , and despite noting the unconventional lyrical themes , she deemed many of the songs to be " surprisingly danceable " . Phil Freeman of The Village Voice called the album " more thoughtful and musically broad @-@ minded " than its predecessor , and noted that the album gave Residente " a platform for a more explicit political consciousness than some might have predicted " , referring to the songs " Pal Norte " and " La Cumbia de los Aburridos " . Agustin Gurza of the Los Angeles Times opined that the album is " more mature , though no less outrageous " than the band 's debut , and referred to " Tango del Pecado " and " Pal ' Norte " as " two of the most memorable songs of the year . " Nuria Net of Vibe felt that the " cutting edge appeal " of the debut album was " reduced to vulgar lyrics " on Residente o Visitante , writing , " though this second album shows impressive breadth , swaying from reggaeton to cumbia to tango , Calle 13 's powerful social critiques are but a memory . " = = = Awards = = = At the 8th Annual Latin Grammy Awards on November 8 , 2007 Residente o Visitante received two Latin Grammy Awards : Best Urban Music Album and Best Urban Song for " Pal ' Norte " . It was also nominated for Album of the Year , and Best Short Form Music Video for the video of the first single " Tango del Pecado " . Calle 13 performed at the ceremony in a well @-@ received act featuring Orishas and the Stomp dance troupe . The performance was referred to by Agustin Gurza of the Los Angeles Times as " both a celebratory and seditious moment " . In late @-@ 2009 , the Latin music website Club Fonograma named it the 5th best album of the decade . = = Track listing = = All lyrics written by Residente , all music composed by Visitante . Adapted from Allmusic . = = = Bonus tracks = = = = = Chart positions = = = = Album certification = =
= Hlín = In Norse mythology , Hlín ( Old Norse " protectress " ) is a goddess associated with the goddess Frigg . Hlín appears in a poem in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson , and in kennings found in skaldic poetry . Hlín has been theorized as possibly another name for Frigg . = = Attestations = = In the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá , Hlín receives a mention regarding the foretold death of the god Odin during the immense battle waged at Ragnarök : Then is fulfilled Hlín 's second sorrow , when Óðinn goes to fight with the wolf , and Beli 's slayer , bright , against Surtr . Then shall Frigg 's sweet friend fall . In chapter 35 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , Hlín is cited twelfth among a series of sixteen goddesses . High tells Gangleri ( earlier in the book described as King Gylfi in disguise ) that Hlín " is given the function of protecting people whom Frigg wishes to save from some danger . " High continues that , from this , " someone who escapes finds refuge ( hleinar ) . " In chapter 51 , the above @-@ mentioned Völuspá stanza is quoted . In chapter 75 of the book Skáldskaparmál Hlín appears within a list of 27 ásynjur names . In skaldic poetry , the name Hlín is frequent in kennings for women . Examples include Hlín hringa ( " Hlín of rings " ) , Hlín goðvefjar ( " Hlín of velvet " ) and arm @-@ Hlín ( " arm @-@ Hlín " ) . The name is already used frequently in this way by the 10th @-@ century poet Kormákr Ögmundarson and remains current in skaldic poetry through the following centuries , employed by poets such as Þórðr Kolbeinsson , Gizurr Þorvaldsson and Einarr Gilsson . The name remained frequently used in woman kennings in rímur poetry , sometimes as Lín . In a verse in Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings , the phrase á Hlín fallinn ( " fallen on Hlín " ) occurs . Some editors have emended the line while others have accepted the reading and taken Hlín to refer to the earth . = = Theories = = Andy Orchard says that in Völuspá , Hlín appears to be just another name for Frigg , and adds that " the numerous occurrences of the name in skaldic poetry in poetic periphrases or kennings for women do nothing to dispel the confusion . " Rudolf Simek agrees that Hlín seems to appear as another name for Frigg in Völuspá , and that in skaldic poetry Hlín was a well @-@ known mythological figure by the 10th century . Simek states that Hlín is likely simply another name for Frigg , and that Snorri " misunderstood her to be a goddess in her own right in his reading of the Völuspá stanza . " However , in the same work , Rudolf Simek also says that the goddesses Sága , Hlín , Sjöfn , Snotra , Vár , and Vör should be considered vaguely defined figures who " should be seen as female protective goddesses " that are all responsible for " specific areas of the private sphere , and yet clear differences were made between them so that they are in many ways similar to matrons . " John Lindow observes that if Hlín is indeed Frigg , then this means that Hlín 's " second sorrow " in Völuspá is the death of Odin , the first being the death of Baldr .
= One Sweet Day = " One Sweet Day " is a song by American singer Mariah Carey and R & B group Boyz II Men . The song was written by Carey , Walter Afanasieff and Boyz II Men : Wanya Morris , Shawn Stockman , Nathan Morris , and Michael McCary . " One Sweet Day " was produced by Carey and Afanasieff for her fifth studio album , Daydream , and was released as the album 's second single on November 14 , 1995 ( 1995 @-@ 11 @-@ 14 ) . The song speaks about death of a loved one , how the protagonist took their presence for granted and misses them , and finally about seeing the person in heaven . Both Carey and Boyz II Men wrote the song about specific people in their lives , being inspired by sufferers of AIDS epidemic , which was globally prevalent at that time . " One Sweet Day " received universal acclaim from critics , many of whom praised its lyrical content and vocals , as well as calling it a standout track from Daydream . It was ranked first in Rolling Stone 's reader 's poll for the Best Collaboration of All Time . The song spent 16 weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , becoming the longest running number one song on the chart . Subsequently , " One Sweet Day " became the Billboard 's most successful song of the 1990s , topping the Hot 100 decade @-@ end chart . Internationally , the song topped the charts in Canada and New Zealand , and reached the top @-@ ten in Australia , Belgium , France , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Carey performed " One Sweet Day " live alongside Boyz II Men at the 38th Grammy Awards ceremony , held on February 26 , 1996 . Additionally , the song was performed at Princess Diana 's memorial service in September 1997 . " One Sweet Day " was part of the set list on several of Carey 's succeeding tours , making its debut during the album 's accompanying set of concerts , the Daydream World Tour . It is featured on her compilation albums , # 1 's ( 1998 ) , Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) , The Ballads ( 2008 ) , and # 1 to Infinity ( 2015 ) . The music video for " One Sweet Day " was filmed in February 1995 , and features snippets of Carey and Boyz II Men in and around the studio , and recording the song . The busy schedule of both Carey and Boyz II Men did not allow time to record a proper video . The singer later said that she was content a real music video was never filmed , fearing that no video could truly capture the song 's strong lyrical message . Critics felt the video choice was wise , and agreed that the simple concept paid homage to the song 's selfless message . = = Background = = " One Sweet Day " was a song that Carey wrote with the R & B group Boyz II Men . After Carey 's friend and past collaborator David Cole died , she began writing and developing a song that would pay homage to him and all the friends and family her fans had lost along the life 's journey . Carey had the idea and chorus composed , and after meeting with Boyz II Men , they realized they too had a similar idea in development . Together , using Carey 's chorus and idea , as well as the melody they had produced , they wrote and composed the song . The song was produced by Afanasieff , who built on the song 's melody and added various grooves and beats . Carey expressed how the song was " meant to be " and how all the pieces fit into place : " I wrote the initial idea for ' One Sweet Day ' with Walter , and I had the chorus ... and I stopped and said , ' I really wanna do this with Boyz II Men , ' because ... obviously I 'm a big fan of theirs and I just thought that the work was crying out for them , the vocals that they do , so I put it away and said , ' Who knows if this could ever happen , but I just don 't wanna finish this song because I want it to be our song if we ever do it together . [ The ] whole idea of when you lose people that are close to you , it changes your life and changes your perspective . When they came into the studio , I played them the idea for the song and when [ it ] was finished , they looked at each other , a bit stunned , and told me that Nathan " Nate " Morris had written a song for his road manager who had passed away . It had basically the same lyrics and fitted over the same chord changes . It was really , really weird , we finished the song right then and there . We were all kinda flipped about it ourselves . Fate had a lot to do with that . I know some people won 't believe it , but we wouldn 't make up such a crazy story . " After they began working on the song , Carey began to incorporate other lyrics into the chorus , trying to make the song relatable to the AIDS epidemic that was in full force in the mid @-@ 1990s . Additionally , Mariah 's sister Alison Carey had been diagnosed with HIV in 1988 when she was 27 , an event that ruined their relationship and tore them apart . Carey has stated that she wrote the song hoping that all her fans that have lost someone could relate to " One Sweet Day " and maybe help ease the pain of the loss . Carey described the song as " [ the ] whole idea of when you lose people that are close to you , it changes your life and changes our perspective . " = = Composition = = " One Sweet Day " is a downtempo song that blends R & B and pop music . It incorporates organ instrumentation and different contemporary grooves and beats into its primary arrangement , adding percussion and synthesizers as well . The song is set in the time signature common time and moves at a slow tempo of 64 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A ♭ major and features a basic chord progression of A ♭ – D ♭ maj9 – A ♭ – D ♭ maj9 – G ♭ add9 , while the basic melodic line spans roughly an octave and a half from E ♭ 4 to A ♭ 5 ; the piano in the piece ranges from D ♭ 2 to A ♭ 5 . The song contains choral lyrics written by Carey , who also arranged and co @-@ produced the song alongside Walter Afanasieff . Author Chris Nickson complimented the song 's instrumentation and arrangement , calling its use of synthesizers " wise " and " efficient . " Additionally , he claimed Afanasieff 's production and Carey 's vocal and production arrangement helped the song 's vocals and lyrical content flow together . The song finishes with the last chorus and coda in the key of B major . = = Reception and recognition = = " One Sweet Day " has been lauded with universal acclaim from contemporary music critics . Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the song for its craft and writing , commenting that " [ in ] " One Sweet Day , " a duet with Boyz II Men , Carey appeals to both audiences equally because of the sheer amount of craft and hard work she puts into her albums . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly felt the song truly highlighted the album , " [ One Sweet Day ] radiates a breezy sexiness that Carey , for all the brazen hussiness of her public persona , rarely permits herself to reveal in song . Stephen Holden from The New York Times shared similar sentiments and wrote " On ' One Sweet Day , ' the singer joins forces with Boyz II Men , those masters of pleading post @-@ doo @-@ wop vocal harmonies , for a tender eulogy that suggests that the singers have been personally touched by the AIDS crisis . " People felt the song was a " stand @-@ out track " and called Carey 's vocal performance " bravura belting " . " One Sweet Day " won many prestigious awards throughout 1996 . At the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards , the song won the award for " Favorite Adult Contemporary Single Female ' One Sweet Day ' " . " One Sweet Day " also won the award for " Song of the Year " at the BMI Awards and a " Special Award for 16 weeks at # 1 " at the Billboard Music Awards . Together , Daydream and " One Sweet Day " were nominated for six Grammy Awards at the 38th annual ceremony , however , to Carey 's surprise , and to the shock of many critics , they lost all of the nominations . In a readers ' poll conducted by Rolling Stone , the song was ranked first for the category of the Best Collaboration of All Time . = = Commercial performance = = " One Sweet Day " became Carey 's tenth chart topping single on the Billboard Hot 100 and Boyz II Men 's fourth . The song remained at the peak for a record @-@ breaking , 16 consecutive weeks , from December 2 , 1995 to March 16 , 1996 . Boyz II Men had previously held this record twice , with " End of the Road " ( 1992 ) spending 13 weeks at the top and " I 'll Make Love to You " ( 1994 ) spending 14 . The former song shares this record with Brandy and Monica 's " The Boy Is Mine " , and the latter song shared its record with Whitney Houston 's " I Will Always Love You " . Carey 's 2005 song " We Belong Together " , The Black Eyed Peas 's 2009 " I Gotta Feeling " and Mark Ronson 's 2014 track , " Uptown Funk " , managed to stay at number one for 14 weeks as well . " One Sweet Day " replaced " Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) " by Whitney Houston at number one , and was replaced by Celine Dion 's " Because You Loved Me " . The single also debuted at number one , making Carey the first artist to have more than one number @-@ one debut , and one of the two artists ever to have two consecutive singles debut at the top of the chart , along with Britney Spears , with " 3 " ( 2009 ) and " Hold It Against Me " ( 2011 ) . One Sweet Day was the third best @-@ selling single of 1995 in the US , with sales of over 1 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 , with the second best @-@ selling single being Carey 's " Fantasy " . The song spent 26 weeks in the top 40 , was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and was ranked number one on Billboard 's " Decade @-@ End Charts " . To date the single sold 2 @,@ 334 @,@ 000 physical units . Outside the U.S. , " One Sweet Day " was not as successful but did manage to reach the top @-@ ten in over 13 countries and topped the chart in Canada and New Zealand , where it was certified platinum . In Canada , the song debuted on the RPM Singles Chart at number 89 on the RPM issue dated December 4 , 1995 , and reached the top of the chart on January 22 , 1996 . It was present on the chart for a total of 24 weeks , and ranked 12th on the RPM Year @-@ end chart for 1996 . It reached the top @-@ two in Australia ( platinum ) , The Netherlands ; the top @-@ five in France ( silver ) and Ireland and the top @-@ ten in Belgium , Norway ( platinum ) , Sweden and the United Kingdom ( silver ) . In the UK , it is one of Carey 's best @-@ selling singles , with estimated sales of 255 @,@ 000 . = = Music video = = The song 's music video was directed by Larry Jordan . When Carey and Boyz II Men got together to record " One Sweet Day " , they did not have enough time to re @-@ unite and film a video . Instead , a filming crew was present during the song 's recording , and filmed bits of Carey and Boyz recording the song . Walter Afanasieff later told Fred Bronson that shooting the video was " crazy " , stating " They had film crews and video guys , while I 'm at the board trying to produce . And these guys were running around having a ball , because Mariah and them are laughing and screaming and they 're being interviewed . And I 'm tapping people on the shoulder . ' We 've got to get to the microphone ! ' They 're gone in a couple of hours , so I recorded everything they did , praying that it was enough . " After the song 's release , Carey expressed her content with the video. that she was happy a real music video was never filmed , fearing that no video could truly capture the song 's " precious message " . Critics agreed , feeling that the song was a perfect match for the video and its message . Aside from the recording sessions , the video also shared bits of Carey and Boyz bonding and sharing their ideas in the studio , where Carey felt they " bonded " . = = Live performances = = " One Sweet Day " was performed at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards , held on February 28 , 1996 . During the performance , Carey wore a long black dress and matching sleeveless blouse , while the group wore white jackets and black pants . After the song 's bridge , a choir of male and female vocalists took place on the rafters placed over the stage , all wearing white gowns . The song was also performed at the memorial service for Princess Diana in September 1997 , where other performers included Elton John . During the service and song recital , Carey wore a conservative long black sheer gown , with long golden curls . Boyz II Men all wore similar matching dark suit and garments . The song became part of Carey 's BET Christmas special in 2001 , where she sang the song alongside Boyz II Men . During the special , Carey wore a red gown in honor of the show 's holiday theme , and featured a long golden hairstyle . One of the male vocalists had already been switched , as one of the group members had already resigned . Aside from live television appearances , the song was performed on many of Carey 's tours . " One Sweet Day " was performed at every show on her Daydream World Tour ( 1996 ) , where Boyz II Men were featured on a large projection screen . The footage was taken from Carey 's filmed concert at Madison Square Garden in late @-@ 1995 , and was played in sync with Carey 's verses . A similar concept was used for her Butterfly World Tour ( 1998 ) , with the addition of several live back up vocalists joining on stage . Additionally , the song was performed on select dates on her The Adventures of Mimi tour ( 2006 ) . During the tour 's filmed show in Anaheim California , the group joined Carey live on stage and performed the song together . For the segment of the show , Carey wore a long turquoise gown , with several slits and cuts fashioned into the sides . During the Angels Advocate Tour in 2010 , Carey performed a snippet of the song in Singapore , with Trey Lorenz filling in for the group 's verses . Carey also performed the song as a part of her 2015 Las Vegas residency , Mariah Carey Number 1 's , with Lorenz reprising his role as well as Daniel Moore . = = Cover versions = = " One Sweet Day " was performed by the seven finalists on the seventh season of American Idol . The performance was taped due to the " Mariah Carey " themed week , where all the competitors sang songs from Carey 's repertoire . The song was additionally sung on the fifth season of the UK TV show The X Factor , by the British boy @-@ band JLS . Their performance received praise from all four judges , who commented how it was an " impossibly hard song to sing " because it was a " Mariah song " . The song was also performed by John Adeleye during the seventh season The X Factor . The theme of the night was " # 1 songs " . Shannon Magrane performed the song on the eleventh season of American Idol the week the contestants performed songs from their birth years . Andy Williams released a version in 2007 on his album , I Don 't Remember Ever Growing Up . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the Daydream liner notes . Mariah Carey – co @-@ production , songwriting , vocals Walter Afanasieff – co @-@ production , songwriting Nathan Morris – songwriting , vocals Wanya Morris – songwriting , vocals Shawn Stockman – songwriting , vocals Michael McCary – songwriting , vocals = = Charts and certifications = =
= 2000 – 01 Arsenal F.C. season = The 2000 – 01 season was the 103rd season of competitive football played by Arsenal . The club ended the campaign second in the Premier League , ten points behind reigning champions Manchester United . Arsenal reached the 2001 FA Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff in May 2001 ; in spite of dominating against Liverpool , they conceded two late goals , both scored by Michael Owen . In Europe , Arsenal made it to the quarter @-@ finals of the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1972 , only to be eliminated on the away goals rule by eventual finalists Valencia . In the transfer window , Arsenal sold Marc Overmars and Emmanuel Petit to Barcelona for a combined fee of more than £ 30 million . Defender Lauren was signed as a direct replacement for Nigel Winterburn , who signed on a free transfer to West Ham United . French footballers Robert Pirès and Sylvain Wiltord were purchased from Marseille and Bordeaux respectively ; the latter 's arrival broke the club 's transfer record . Midfielder Patrick Vieira was sent off in Arsenal ’ s first two league games of the season , though the team coped well in his absence and went unbeaten throughout September and October . Arsenal made it past the next phase of the Champions League by November , but continued to perform inconsistently in the Premier League away from home ; they lost at Everton , Leeds United and Liverpool in the space of a month . A 6 – 1 defeat to Manchester United in February prompted Wenger to rule out their chances of winning the league . The team finished in second on 70 points , three fewer than in the previous season . 35 different players represented the club in four competitions and there were 17 different goalscorers . Thierry Henry was Arsenal 's top goalscorer in the 2000 – 01 season ; he scored 22 goals in 53 appearances . = = Background = = In the 1999 – 2000 season , Arsenal participated in the Premier League . Despite the loss of striker Nicolas Anelka to Real Madrid , the club significantly strengthened in the summer , signing defenders Oleg Luzhny and Sylvinho as well as forwards Davor Šuker and Thierry Henry . Inconsistent performances in the league against lowly opposition meant Arsenal never posed a serious title challenge , ending the campaign as runners @-@ up , 18 points behind Manchester United . The club had another poor season in the Champions League , finishing third in their group ; this won them a consolation place in the UEFA Cup and Arsenal managed to go all the way to the final , where they faced Galatasaray in Copenhagen . The match ended in a 0 – 0 draw with few chances for either side to score ; it went to penalties and Arsenal lost after Šuker and Patrick Vieira missed their spot @-@ kicks . = = = Transfers = = = Arsenal 's first signing in the transfer window was Cameroon international Lauren Etame Mayer from Mallorca for an estimated fee of £ 7 million . Robert Pirès moved to Arsenal in July 2000 and was later joined by Brazilian Edu ; both players were transferred from Marseille and Corinthians respectively . Striker Guy Demel signed for Arsenal a month later and after weeks of transfer speculation , Sylvain Wiltord joined on a club @-@ record fee from Bordeaux , believed to be £ 13 million . Defenders Igors Stepanovs and Sebastian Svärd were purchased during the season , as well as forward Tomas Danilevičius , who impressed on a trial spell . After 13 years of building his career at Arsenal , defender Nigel Winterburn moved to West Ham United on a free transfer ; he was described by Wenger as a " consummate professional " , who " has not only shown a remarkable amount of commitment to Arsenal but has also proven that he is an excellent footballer . " Winterburn was joined by Šuker , who also signed for West Ham . Midfielders Marc Overmars and Emmanuel Petit joined Barcelona for a combined fee of £ 30 million . Other notable departures included Christopher Wreh to Saudi club Al @-@ Hilal and teenage striker Jay Bothroyd to Coventry City for £ 1 million . = = = = In = = = = = = = = Out = = = = = = Premier League = = = = = August – October = = = Arsenal opened the league season away to Sunderland on 18 August 2000 . A second @-@ half header from Niall Quinn was enough to earn the home team victory , in a match where Arsenal wasted numerous chances to equalise . Patrick Vieira was sent off for swiping his forearm at defender Darren Williams in injury time and Wenger was involved in an altercation with fourth official Paul Taylor in the stadium tunnel . He was later charged with " alleged threatening behaviour and physical intimidation " and found guilty by a FA disciplinary commission . Right back Lauren scored on his debut for Arsenal against Liverpool two days after ; Vieira was dismissed off the pitch for the second successive game , with Liverpool being reduced to nine men when midfielders Gary McAllister and Dietmar Hamann were also shown red cards . In Vieira 's final match before his five @-@ match suspension , he scored two goals against Charlton Athletic at Highbury in a 5 – 3 win . Arsenal earned a point away to Chelsea in the first week of September and drew 1 – 1 against Bradford City . Although the team beat Coventry City 2 – 1 , they needed a late goal scored by Dennis Bergkamp to draw away against promoted Ipswich Town . An " spectacular " goal by Henry against Manchester United on 1 October 2000 inflicted the champions their first league defeat of the season . The Frenchman scored after receiving a pass from Gilles Grimandi in the 30th minute ; with his back to goal he flicked the ball up before pivoting to strike the ball over goalkeeper Fabian Barthez . Henry scored the winning goal against Aston Villa the following week and a further league victory , away at West Ham United moved Arsenal level on points with Manchester United . The month ended with a 5 – 0 win against Manchester City . = = = November – February = = = A penalty scored by Henry against Middlesbrough ensured a fifth successive league win for Arsenal . They were held to a stalemate against Derby County ; this was followed by defeat at Goodison Park away to Everton in which Wenger called the team performance as " not acceptable " . Arsenal lost their second consecutive league match against Leeds United when a deflected Olivier Dacourt free @-@ kick went past goalkeeper Alex Manninger and into his net . A win against Southampton came before a 5 – 0 victory at home to Newcastle United where Ray Parlour scored a hat @-@ trick . The Christmas period began with a 1 – 1 draw against local rivals Tottenham Hotspur . A 4 – 0 defeat away to Liverpool concerned Wenger , who noted a lack of goals being problematic : “ It has been our problem all season . We so very rarely score two in a match , and that makes life very difficult . " Henry scored a hat @-@ trick in a 6 – 1 win at home to Leicester City on Boxing Day . A draw against Sunderland , having been 2 – 0 up at half time meant Arsenal ended the calendar year in second place , eight points behind Manchester United . Charlton Athletic recorded their first victory over Arsenal in 44 years , on New Years ’ Day ; Jonatan Johansson scored the winning goal in the first half . Back @-@ to @-@ back draws , first at Chelsea and then Leicester City , preceded a 2 – 0 win against Bradford City . Bergkamp scored the winning goal at Coventry City ; it was the club 's first away win since November . A 1 – 0 victory at home to Ipswich Town on 10 February 2001 moved the club five points clear of Liverpool . Arsenal faced Manchester United at Old Trafford , needing a win to realistically have a chance of winning the league . Striker Dwight Yorke scored in the second minute for the home team , before Henry equalised . They conceded within 60 seconds , when Igors Stepanovs played Yorke onside to put the ball past Seaman . He completed his hat @-@ trick , before Roy Keane , Ole Gunnar Solskjær and Teddy Sheringham each scored to compound a 6 – 1 loss – Arsenal 's biggest defeat in the Premier League . Wenger rued the performance , saying " ... we were very naive and gave too much freedom to United . No one communicated . " = = = March – May = = = Wiltord scored a hat @-@ trick in Arsenal 's 3 – 0 win over West Ham United on 3 March 2001 . A scoreless draw at Aston Villa was followed with a 2 – 0 win against Tottenham Hotspur ; both clubs observed a minute 's silence before the game , in honour of former Arsenal midfielder David Rocastle , who died at age 33 . Arsenal rested several first @-@ teamers for the trip to Manchester City and won the match 4 – 0 . However , defeat to Middlesbrough three days after handed the league championship to Manchester United , for the third consecutive season . Wenger refuted criticism over the team 's league performance , and said , " It 's not just Arsenal 's responsibility to push Manchester United . There are 10 to 15 teams with the potential quality of Arsenal . " Following their exit in the Champions League in midweek , Arsenal beat Everton 4 – 1 on 21 April 2001 . They moved four points clear in second with a further win , this time away at Derby County . Wiltord scored the winning goal against Leeds United to secure a Champions League place for Arsenal ; a draw against Newcastle United confirmed the club as runners @-@ up for the third season running . Arsenal ended their league campaign against Southampton , in the final match played at The Dell . With the score 2 – 2 in the 89th minute , striker Matthew Le Tissier volleyed the ball from inside the penalty box and over goalkeeper Alex Manninger , to win the match for the home team . = = = Match details = = = = = = Classification = = = Source : Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) goal difference ; 3 ) number of goals scored ( C )
= Champion ; ( R ) = Relegated ; ( P )
= Promoted ; ( E ) = Eliminated ; ( O )
= Play @-@ off winner ; ( A ) = Advances to a further round . Only applicable when the season is not finished : ( Q )
= Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated ; ( TQ ) = Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ )
= Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) = Disqualified from tournament . = = = = Results summary = = = = Source : = = = = Results by round = = = = Source : Ground : A
= Away ; H = Home . Result : D
= Draw ; L = Loss ; W
= Win ; P = Postponed . = = FA Cup = = Arsenal entered the FA Cup in the third round , receiving a bye as a Premier League club . Their opening match was a 1 – 0 victory against Carlisle United ; Wiltord scored the winning goal in the 22nd minute . At Loftus Road , a 6 – 0 away win at Queens Park Rangers in the fourth round represented Wenger 's " best win as Arsenal manager " and the club 's best away win in the FA Cup for 64 years . Wiltord , who started the match against Chelsea as a substitute , came off the bench to score twice in the second half and sent Arsenal into the quarter @-@ finals , where they enjoyed a comfortable win against Blackburn Rovers of the First Division . Arsenal was drawn against Tottenham Hotspur in the semi @-@ final and it was their rivals who had taken the lead in the 14th minute . Vieira equalised before several players – " Pirès , Parlour and Wiltord continued to squander chances " . With 17 minutes remaining in the match , Pirès scored via a tap @-@ in to secure Arsenal 's passage into the final . = = = Final = = = In the final against Liverpool , played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , Arsenal began the brighter of the two teams , before being denied two penalty shouts – one involving Stéphane Henchoz , who cleared Henry 's shot with his hand . In the 72nd minute , Arsenal took a " deserved " lead , when Pirès played Ljungberg clean through to round goalkeeper Sander Westerveld and shoot . Liverpool equalised nine minutes after , through a Gary McAllister free @-@ kick , which was not cleared properly by Arsenal ; Michael Owen " waited for the loose ball to come down before drilling a rebound into Seaman 's bottom right corner " . Owen scored in the 88th minute , outpacing both Adams and Dixon to shoot the ball into the bottom right corner of the goalnet . The defeat prompted Wenger to admit new players would be brought in during the transfer window . = = Football League Cup = = Together , with the other clubs playing in European football , Arsenal entered the Football League Cup in the third round , where they were drawn at home to fellow Premier League club Ipswich Town . Despite dominating territorial advantage , the Arsenal team were beaten 2 – 1 – the winning goal scored late by substitute James Scowcroft . = = UEFA Champions League = = = = = First group stage = = = Arsenal won their first three matches in Group B , against Sparta Prague , Shakhtar Donetsk and Lazio . The club secured qualification into the second group stage with a 1 – 1 draw away at Lazio , before a win against Sparta Prague and defeat to Shakhtar Donetsk to end the first group stage with 13 points . Arsenal finished top of Group B due to a better head @-@ to @-@ head record . = = = Second group stage = = = Arsenal succumbed to a 4 – 1 defeat in their opening match against Spartak Moscow , which was the biggest loss inflicted on the club in 18 years . The team let slip a two @-@ goal lead against Bayern Munich at Highbury on 5 December 2000 , before winning 1 – 0 at Olympique Lyonnais to keep their aspirations of qualifying for the quarter @-@ finals attainable . In the reverse fixture , an equaliser scored by Edmílson in the last minute of normal time prompted Wenger to rue fatigue and the absence of captain Adams . Arsenal defeated Spartak Moscow by a solitary goal and in spite of losing to Bayern Munich on 14 March 2001 , Lyon 's draw with Spartak Moscow meant Arsenal qualified for the quarter @-@ finals by the head @-@ to @-@ head rule . = = = Knockout stage = = = = = = = Quarter @-@ finals = = = = Arsenal faced Spanish club Valencia and won 2 – 1 at Highbury in the first leg , with goals scored by Henry and Parlour . The team however were beaten 1 – 0 at the Estadio Mestalla , thus being knocked @-@ out on away goals . = = Player statistics = = Numbers in parentheses denote appearances as substitute . Players with name struck through and marked left the club during the playing season . Source :
= Summer of ' 69 = " Summer of ' 69 " is a song recorded by Canadian recording artist Bryan Adams , from his fourth studio album , Reckless ( 1984 ) . The song was written by Adams and Jim Vallance , a long @-@ time writing partner of Adams . " Summer of ' 69 " was produced by Adams and Bob Clearmountain . It was released in June 1985 under A & M Records as the fourth single from Reckless . As with most Adams songs , " Summer of ' 69 " is an up @-@ tempo rock song . The song was released with two B @-@ side tracks ; " Kids Wanna Rock " and " The Best Was Yet to Come " , which had previously appeared on the albums Reckless and Cuts Like a Knife respectively . " Summer of ' 69 " received favourable reviews from music critics . The single had a strong effect on music charts internationally , with its highest peak being number four in the Netherlands , and its least successful charting country being Germany . The track was promoted with a music video , which was filmed by Steve Barron . The video features Adams and his backing band in a variety of settings , including running from the police . = = Conception and themes = = After a tour supporting his album Cuts Like a Knife , he immediately started the recording sessions for the new album , Reckless . " Summer of ' 69 " was finished on January 25 , 1984 , co @-@ written with Jim Vallance in his basement studio . The song went through a number of changes because neither Adams nor Vallance was convinced it was a strong enough song to be featured on the album . In their first draft , the lyric " summer of ' 69 " appeared only once . At that time the two were planning to title it " Best Days of My Life " instead . While the lyric " Best days of my life " appeared seven times in the first draft , on the final draft it had been replaced by " summer of ' 69 " and only appeared two times throughout the song . When writing the lyrics " Jimmy quit , Jody got married " , Vallance suggested using " Woody quit and Gordy got married " , referring to members of his high school band , but Adams liked his version better . Adams mentioned once in an interview that " Jimmy " was one of his early drummers . " Jody " is a reference to Adams ' sound manager , Jody Perpick , who got married during the album 's recording session . On the song 's very first demo , it started with a 12 @-@ string riff , just like the breakdown section in the middle of the song , but they replaced it with a chunky 6 @-@ string intro on the second demo . The song was recorded three to four times , in different ways , with both Adams and Vallance still not convinced that it was finished . When Adams appeared on The Early Show in 2008 , he was asked about " Summer of ' 69 " and its lyrical meaning . Adams said the song was about sex and making love in the summertime . " 69 " is a reference to the sexual position , 69 . On the Reckless 25th anniversary , Adams told In the Studio that the song was built on the theme of nostalgia , such as the " cultural revolution " , the break @-@ up of The Beatles , his discovery of music and the moon landing , but also about a character who plays until his fingers bleed and sexual discovery . Vallance however has gone for the more conventional interpretation of the title being a reference to a year . He notes Jackson Browne 's " Running on Empty " , which contains references to 1965 and 1969 , as his own influence , and recalls Adams citing the film Summer of ' 42 as his . " That song is 25 years old now so it 's had that many years to incubate . A lot of songs , like that one , hit big in America but really not anywhere else . It didn 't chart anywhere in Europe until at least 10 years after it was released . [ ... ] I think songs can have a life of their own regardless of the promotion . " In 1985 the song won the BMI ( Broadcast Music Inc . ) Citation of Achievement for US radio airplay , the following year 1986 - Procan Award ( Performing Rights Organization of Canada ) for Canadian radio airplay and in 2000 it won a Socan Classics Award for more than 100 @,@ 000 Canadian radio performances . In a poll conducted by Decima Research in 2006 , " Summer of ' 69 " was voted the best driving song among Canadians who sing in their cars . The song topped the survey with both sexes , and with French and English @-@ speaking Canadians . In 2010 , the song was voted the " hottest summer song " in Germany . In another poll , this time by Canadian magazine Chart , " Summer of ' 69 " was voted the fourth best song of all @-@ time in 2000 , four years earlier it had been voted the twenty @-@ fourth best song of all @-@ time . The song was ranked # 17 on CBC Radio 's 50 Tracks : The Canadian Version . In 2008 , the song was voted the 87th best @-@ song of all @-@ time by radio listeners in Norway , becoming the second highest Adams song ranked , the highest being " ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You " from 1991 . It was voted the fourth best @-@ song ever on Radio 2 , a Belgian radio station , in 2008 . " Summer of ' 69 " remains popular to this day in many countries around the world . The song has a dedicated following in Nepal and " always gets a warm reception " when played by the bands performing in the country . Bryan Adams sang " Summer of ' 69 " during the 2011 Cricket World Cup opening ceremony in Bangladesh . = = Accolades = = " Summer of ' 69 " has found itself in several " best of " lists compiled by various music publications and critics , including the following : = = Chart performance = = " Summer of ' 69 " was released as a single internationally in June 1985 and charted on the Billboard Hot 100 where it peaked at 5 . Like the previous single released from Reckless , " Heaven " , " Summer of ' 69 " was a commercial success worldwide . " Summer of ' 69 " debuted at number fifty @-@ nine , and managed to climb up the chart , and two weeks later reached its peak position 42 , on August 24 , 1985 , on the UK Singles Chart . The single remained on the country 's chart for four consecutive weeks from August to September 1985 , before falling out of the top 100 . The track debuted at number twenty @-@ two on September 22 , and peaked at number seven in the fifth week on the New Zealand Singles Chart . The song debuted at 95 on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart on June 29 , 1985 , jumping to fifty in its second week and peaking at eleven on September 14 , 1985 after spending seven weeks on the chart . The song debuted at its peak position , number 9 , on August 10 , on the Norwegian Singles Chart and stayed there for another four weeks before falling off the charts . " Summer of ' 69 " charted on the Swedish Singles Chart for five consecutive weeks . Having debuted at number twenty on December 13 , and peaked at number thirteen two weeks later . The single spent another three weeks on the chart before falling off . The track peaked at number seventeen on the Austrian Singles Chart , and remained on the country 's chart for five weeks . The single 's most commercially successful charting territory was the Netherlands , where it peaked at number 4 on September 22 , 1990 . The single 's least successful chart territory was Germany . Having peaked on the country 's singles chart at number sixty @-@ two , the single spent the next five weeks fluctuating down the chart . = = Music video = = The music video , released in 1985 , was directed by Irish director Steve Barron . In 1985 the music video was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the category for Best Male Video . While the song did not win the award , it was one of the four nominated songs from Adams ' fourth studio album Reckless . The video includes appearances by Lysette Anthony and Garwin Sanford . = = Track listings = = All songs written by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance = = Personnel = = Bryan Adams - rhythm guitar , vocals Keith Scott - lead guitar , backing vocals Dave Taylor - bass Pat Steward - drums Tommy Mandel - keyboards Bruce Paulen - backing vocals = = Charts = =
= KevJumba = Kevin Wu ( traditional Chinese : 吳凱文 ; simplified Chinese : 吴凯文 ; pinyin : Wú Kǎiwén ) ( born June 12 , 1990 ) is an American blogger and former comedian and actor . He was a YouTube celebrity best known by his YouTube username of KevJumba . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Jeff Yang has noted that Wu is not a comedian in the conventional sense but that by " just talking [ he ] is , well , pretty hilarious " due to his deadpan vocal delivery , animated facial expressions and tendency toward unexpected digressions . Wu previously appeared on The CW Television Network 's short @-@ lived Online Nation and co @-@ starred with Jessica Lee Rose and Philip DeFranco in Hooking Up from HBOLabs ( the online arm of HBO ) in 2008 . In 2010 , Wu and his father , Michael , competed as a team on the 17th season of The Amazing Race , placing seventh out of eleven teams . In 2014 , Wu starred in crime drama film Revenge of the Green Dragons ( executive produced by Martin Scorsese ) . = = Background = = Kevin Wu was born on June 12 , 1990 in Houston , Texas . His father , Michael Wu , a Taiwanese immigrant , is a computer engineer . Wu graduated from Clements High School in Sugar Land , Texas , in 2008 and attended the University of California , Davis before dropping out . He was living in downtown Los Angeles while in the entertainment business but now has relocated to Culver City , where he has retired . = = Wu 's YouTube videos = = Wu was known for posting humorous videos on YouTube . When Wu 's " I Have to Deal With Stereotypes " video was featured on YouTube 's home page , his number of viewers began to increase . In this video , Wu talks about stereotypes he has to deal with as an Asian @-@ American . He tries to disprove his cheapness by bragging about the recent purchase of a " brand new , top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line , TI @-@ 84 calculator " . He acknowledges that this might make him nerdy but dismisses this stereotype too as he does not " make all A 's ... in school today [ he ] made a B + . " He is then greeted by a voice that was supposed to be his mother calling him a loser and accusing him of dishonoring their family . Wu goes on to say he can prove his predominant social life with the constant ringing of his cell phone . At this point , his phone indeed rings , he answers it , and the voice on the other end to Wu 's disappointment says , " Hey , why did you tell me to call you ? " Wu has collaborated with fellow YouTube comedian Christine Gambito ( HappySlip ) , making five videos with her . In one of Kevin 's older videos , he said he was an only child , which was later proven wrong by his father . Following his video , " Butthash Hero " , Wu introduced his father , PapaJumba , onto his YouTube channel , and his father made several appearances in candid video clips taken by his son . Responding to Wu 's father 's growing popularity among viewers , his father made a debut in " I Love My Dad " , and has been featured alongside his son many times since . As of August 2014 , Wu had more than 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 subscribers and more than 350 million combined views on the videos in his main channel . His combined video views total over 343 @.@ 9 million . On February 26 , 2008 , the Los Angeles Times compared the web series Quarterlife 's viewership to Wu 's . At the time Wu was a " semi @-@ well known YouTube blogger " and had received 450 @,@ 000 views for a video describing how he broke his shin . Quarterlife , which had been picked up by NBC , had received only 100 @,@ 000 views on MySpace and 50 @,@ 000 views on YouTube . By May 29 , 2008 , Wu had become one of three East Asians under the age of 21 to be in the top five of YouTube 's all @-@ time most subscribed users with 187 @,@ 000 subscribers and more than 5 @.@ 9 million views . By June 5 , 2008 , he had become the number one subscribed comedian on YouTube , and third most subscribed uploader overall . Wu 's videos have received replies from Ella Koon , Jessica Alba , and Baron Davis . In 2008 , Davis created a " longest stare " contest for ibeatyou.com , a site that he and Alba 's husband Cash Warren co @-@ founded . The contest began with Davis challenging Wu , who then challenged Alba , who responded to the challenge . As of September 27 , 2013 , KevJumba has remained inactive with no new uploads to the channel . In early 2016 , Wu privatized his videos on the KevJumba account , disabling all content to the public . However , the 35 videos on Wu 's JumbaFund channel are still public . In May 2016 , Wu made 7 private videos on his channel public again , including " Shed a Tear " , " Awkward " , and " Nice Guys " . On May 21 , 2016 , Wu unprivated and reuploaded more of his old videos on his main channel . = = = Funemployed = = = The web series Funemployed , launched in the summer of 2010 , stars Wu and Philip Wang of Wong Fu Productions and includes other notable YouTube stars such as Nigahiga , David Choi , Kina Grannis , and Chester See . With the large number of fans , this series quickly took off and became a hit , reaching 500 @,@ 000 viewers in only a few weeks . The series focuses on two good friends named Kyle ( Wu ) and Jason ( Philip Wang ) , and how they are dealing with unemployment after Jason is laid off at work . Kyle is characterized as the typical laid back guy , who comes off as somewhat of a slacker , while Jason is characterized as the more studious hard worker of the two . The two eventually come up with an idea of how to make money , believing that YouTube is the key , an allusion to Wu 's and Wang 's real life success with YouTube videos . " Funemployed " eventually came to an end on July 27 , 2010 , with their last episode entitled , " Gave it a Shot " . There were a total of eleven episodes and 30 sitcoms . = = After YouTube = = On April 21 , 2016 , Wu resurfaced on social media after an almost three @-@ year absence as he made a blog titled " Monk.College " . Wu said on his blog that he left YouTube so he could meditate and go to college . According to his blog , Wu currently resides in Culver City , California and is attending the University of Houston . Answering fan 's question , he has no plans on coming back to YouTube . = = Other work = = In 2007 , Wu appeared on The CW Television Network 's short @-@ lived Online Nation . Online Nation compiled an hour of web clips , broadcast them during primetime , lasting four episodes . Wu , along with other popular YouTube personalities , is also paid to broadcast a streaming show on BlogTV . He has been a member of BlogTV since March 29 , 2008 , and as of November 2 , 2008 , he had produced 70 live and 23 recorded shows with over 300 @,@ 000 viewers of the live show and 100 @,@ 000 viewers of the recorded shows . As of October 2008 , Wu starred with Jessica Rose and Phillip DeFranco in Hooking Up from HBOLabs ( the online arm of HBO ) , a scripted 10 @-@ episode web @-@ based series . Hooking Up is set at a fictional university where the students spend most of their time emailing and twittering , but still manage to miscommunicate . It is his first work on a scripted production . Guest appearances on Hooking Up will be made by Kevin Nalty , Michael Buckley , and other internet celebrities . The entire cast of Hooking Up is composed of YouTube video bloggers in the hope of attracting a young , internet knowledgeable audience . By the show 's second day on YouTube , it had received more than 450 @,@ 000 views . According to NewTeeVee.com , an evolving consensus is that for an online video to be a hit , somewhere between 100 @,@ 000 and one million views are needed , giving Hooking Up a strong start . Maria Russo of the Los Angeles Times felt that Wu was better looking than star DeFranco and wondered why Wu plays the " tired role of the East Asian friend who helps the white guy get the chicks , " while Bobbie Johnson of The Guardian said that many web surfers had " scoffed at what they see as a cynical attempt to cash in . " On October 2 , 2011 , Wu hosted " Flicks " on Cartoon Network during an airing of Around the World in 80 Days . Wu has also announced he will be starring in the independent film Rock Jocks with Justin Chon , Felicia Day , and Gerry Bedknob , which will be released in 2012 . In 2011 , Wu began performing with Yesterday , Today , Forever ( YTF ) along with other YouTube personalities . The group performed their first concert on October 9 , 2011 in Honolulu , Hawaii . Wu also has another YouTube account going by the username JumbaFund , which donated all of its earnings to a charity that viewers suggested . Wu donated over 5 @,@ 000 dollars to a charity in Kenya , which later built a school after him , to build a new school in a span of 5 months from all of the profits he made through JumbaFund . He recently cited that he would now donate all earnings from this point on to Kenya in order to help finish and pay off the costs of the new secondary school being built there . Wu mentions this in his video and always records himself donating all the profits to the charity in order to show the viewers that his JumbaFund charity is not used for anything but to donate to the needy . On his JumbaFund videos , Wu went to Lenana in Kenya to meet with kids in a campaign by The Supply . In 2011 , a school in Kenya was built called the Jumba Lenana Academy . In 2011 , Wu was a " sponsor " of Brian Wong of the K & N Pro Series West , who raced a car with Wu 's paint scheme in the Casino Arizona 125 at Phoenix International Raceway . In June 2012 , Wu began starring in YouTube videos on a new channel called YOMYOMF . He stars in his own series called , Kevjumba Takes All . = = = The Amazing Race = = = In May and June 2010 , Wu participated with his father in filming for the 17th season of The Amazing Race , an American reality television game show . Upon this announcement , it was also the first time his dad 's name , Michael , was revealed , which was kept anonymous since his debut . Wu officially announced his participation on Facebook on September 1 , and on YouTube a week later . The season premiered on September 26 , 2010 . Michael and Kevin 's best placement was a third @-@ place finish in Leg 2 and Leg 6 . Their worst placement was a last place finish ( 9th ) in Leg 3 , a non @-@ elimination leg . They ended up in seventh place and were eliminated in Leg 7 after being issued two 30 @-@ minute penalties for using a cab to travel between tasks on the leg when they were instructed to walk ; another team had also issued a similar penalty and checked in after them , but only had one half @-@ hour penalty , resulting in Kevin and Michael 's elimination . = = = Hang Loose = = = In December 2012 Wu released Hang Loose , his first full @-@ length feature film . Wu began working on the film in late 2011 with Dante Basco and Kinetic Films LLC . " Hang Loose " is a comedy in which Wu , who stars as himself , goes to Hawaii for his sister 's wedding , but finds himself on a misadventure with his future brother @-@ in @-@ law ( played by Dante Basco ) that changes his life . Other notable actors in the film include Justin Chon as the main antagonist , BJ . = = Filmography = = Revenge of the Green Dragons ( 2014 ) Man Up ( 2015 )
= Hillel Slovak = Hillel Slovak ( Hebrew : הלל סלובק ; April 13 , 1962 – June 25 , 1988 ) was an Israel @-@ born American musician best known as the original guitarist and founding member of the Los Angeles rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers . Prior to his death of a heroin overdose in 1988 , Slovak recorded two albums with the band , Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) . His guitar work was primarily rooted in funk and hard rock , although he often experimented with other genres including reggae and speed metal . He is considered to have been a major influence on the Red Hot Chili Peppers ' early sound . Born in Haifa , Israel , Slovak immigrated with his family to the United States in 1967 when he was five years old . Slovak met future band mates Anthony Kiedis , Flea , and Jack Irons while attending high school in Los Angeles . He joined the group Anthym along with Irons while attending Fairfax High School ; Flea would later join the group , which later changed its name to What Is This ? . Slovak , Flea , Kiedis , and Irons started Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1982 , which became popular in the Los Angeles area , playing various shows around the city . However , Slovak quit the band to focus on What is This ? , which had gotten a record deal , leaving the Red Hot Chili Peppers to record their debut album without him . He rejoined the Chili Peppers in 1985 , and recorded the albums Freaky Styley and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan with the band . During his career , Slovak developed a serious heroin addiction . He attempted to quit the drug many times , but ultimately succumbed to his addiction , dying of an overdose on June 25 , 1988 at age 26 . He was replaced by guitarist John Frusciante , who was greatly influenced by Slovak 's playing style . Several Red Hot Chili Peppers songs have been written as tributes to Slovak , including " Otherside " , " Knock Me Down " , " My Lovely Man " , and Feasting on the Flowers . In 1999 , his brother James Slovak published a book entitled Behind the Sun : The Diary and Art of Hillel Slovak , which features Slovak 's diaries and paintings . Slovak was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers on April 14 , 2012 , with his brother accepting on his behalf . = = Early years = = Hillel Slovak was born in Haifa , Israel , to Jewish parents who were survivors of the Holocaust . The family emigrated to the U.S. when Slovak was five years old . They settled in the Queens borough of New York City , then in 1967 relocated to Southern California . As a child , Slovak developed an interest in art , and would often spend time painting with his mother , Esther . He attended Laurel Elementary School in West Hollywood and Bancroft Jr . High School in Hollywood , where he met future bandmates Jack Irons and Michael " Flea " Balzary . Slovak received his first guitar at age 13 as a bar mitzvah present , and would often play the instrument into the late hours of the night . During this time , he was highly influenced by hard rock music such as Jimi Hendrix , Led Zeppelin , and Kiss . As a freshman at Fairfax High School , Slovak formed a band with Irons on drums and two other high school friends , Alain Johannes and Todd Strassman . They called their band Chain Reaction , then changed the name to Anthem after their first gig . After one of the group 's shows , Slovak met audience member Anthony Kiedis , and invited him to his house for a snack . Kiedis later described the experience in his autobiography Scar Tissue : " Within a few minutes of hanging out with Hillel , I sensed that he was absolutely different from most of the people I 'd spent time with ... He understood a lot about music , he was a great visual artist , and he had a sense of self and a calm about him that were just riveting . " Slovak , Kiedis and Flea became best friends and often used LSD , heroin , cocaine and methamphetamine recreationally . The original bassist for Anthem , which renamed to Anthym , was deemed unsatisfactory , so Slovak began teaching Flea to play bass . Following several months of commitment to the instrument , Flea developed proficiency and a strong musical chemistry with Slovak . When Strassman saw Flea playing Anthym songs on his equipment he quit the band , with Flea quickly replacing him . Shortly afterwards Anthym entered a local Battle of the Bands contest and won second place . Anthym started to play at local nightclubs , despite the fact that the members were all underage . After graduating from high school , the band changed their name to What Is This ? . Flea left Anthym around this time to accept an offer of playing bass in the prominent L.A. punk band Fear . What Is This ? continued on and performed many shows along the California coast . = = Red Hot Chili Peppers = = Slovak , Kiedis , and Flea began to create their own music after finding inspiration in a punk @-@ funk fusion band called Defunkt . The three formed a band with former Anthym @-@ drummer Jack Irons called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem . The band had only one song , entitled " Out in L.A. " , and was formed for the purpose of playing the song once . The song was based on a guitar riff that Slovak wrote while " jamming " with Irons , and was not meant to become a real song until Kiedis decided to rap over the music . Following the group 's first show at The Rhythm Lounge , the owner of the bar asked them to return , but with two songs instead of one . After several more shows , and the addition of several songs to their repertoire , the band 's name was changed to Red Hot Chili Peppers . After the band started to gain popularity amongst the L.A. club scene , Kiedis began writing more lyrics . The lyrics would eventually become songs such as " Green Heaven " and " True Men Don 't Kill Coyotes " , and the band 's concert repertoire quickly grew to nine songs as a result of months of playing local nightclubs and bars . Over the course of the next six months , the Red Hot Chili Peppers played many shows in L.A. clubs and became something of an underground hit . Slovak , Kiedis , and Flea moved into a small house in a high @-@ crime area in Hollywood where they collaborated musically and continued their drug addictions . The threesome traveled to New York City to perform more shows and to " spread Chili Pepperdom " . Shortly after the trip , Slovak moved out of the group 's shared house to live with his girlfriend . The Red Hot Chili Peppers entered Bijou Studios to record a demo tape and subsequently secured a record deal with EMI . Flea left Fear to pursue the Red Hot Chili Peppers . At the same time , What is This ? had also gotten a record deal . Since Slovak considered the Chili Peppers to merely be a side project and not a serious commitment , he left them to concentrate on What is This ? Flea ultimately respected the decision , but felt the band would suffer musically without them . He and Kiedis hired drummer Cliff Martinez and guitarist Jack Sherman to fill Irons ' and Slovak 's places , respectively . During the recording of the second What is This ? album , Slovak became frustrated with the band and contacted Flea about rejoining the Red Hot Chili Peppers . This came at an opportune time , as the group was dissatisfied with Slovak 's replacement , Jack Sherman . Kiedis felt that Sherman 's guitar work " didn 't have the same spirit " that Slovak contributed to the band 's sound . When Flea asked Kiedis how he felt about Slovak rejoining the band , Kiedis responded by saying " I 'd give my firstborn son to get him back in the band . " After the culmination of the promotional tour for their first album , Sherman was fired and Slovak rejoined the band . Slovak returned to the Chili Peppers for their second album , Freaky Styley , which was released on August 16 , 1985 . What is This ? had finally disbanded , and Irons returned to the Chili Peppers in mid 1986 after Martinez was fired . Flea , Slovak and Kiedis especially were involved in heavy drug use and their relationships became strained . Flea recalled that " it began to seem ugly to me and not fun ; our communication was not healthy " . Kiedis became dependent on heroin , leaving the rest of the group to work on much of the album 's material by themselves . The band lived in Detroit for a portion of the recording of the album , where Kiedis and Slovak indulged in heavy cocaine use . When Slovak was under the influence , he would often wear brightly colored clothing and dance in a " shuffling " fashion , which became the inspiration for the song " Skinny Sweaty Man " from the band 's next album . After Kiedis completed a stint in rehab , he rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record their third album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan . Slovak felt a deep connection to the album ; he reflected in his diary " It was so fun . I 'm so extremely proud of everybody 's work — it is at times genius . " Slovak was the subject of the songs " Skinny Sweaty Man " , " Me and My Friends " , & " No Chump Love Sucker " . He was nicknamed " Slim Bob Billy " , " Slim " , or " Huckleberry " , and throughout the albums Kiedis calls him by these nicknames before he starts a guitar solo . On The Uplift Mofo Party Plan , Slovak experimented with different musical styles , playing the sitar on the song " Behind the Sun " . = = Death = = Slovak and Kiedis became addicted to heroin early in their careers , and Slovak often attempted to conceal his addiction from his friends and family . The band was generally more worried about Kiedis 's addiction , which was much more open and noticeable to the other members , while Slovak was " much more subtle and much more cunning in his disguise . " During the tour in support of Freaky Styley , Slovak 's health began to deteriorate . Slovak and Flea would wrestle regularly on tour , but Slovak became too weak to participate . Kiedis commented on the situation : " I could tell that Hillel had no inner core of strength ; he had been robbed by his addiction of the life force that allows you to at least defend yourself . It was a sad moment . " A roadie of the band who was concerned for Slovak 's health contacted his brother , James , who had been unaware that Slovak had ever used heroin . Deciding to give sobriety a chance , both Kiedis and Slovak stopped using drugs prior to their European tour in support of The Uplift Mofo Party Plan , and decided to help each other " steer clear " of heroin . An entry from Slovak 's diary on January 21 , 1988 discusses his attempts to " begin a new drug @-@ free phase of [ his ] life " . During the tour both experienced intense heroin withdrawal , with Slovak much more unstable than Kiedis . His withdrawal symptoms took a toll on his ability to play his instrument ; at one point Slovak had a mental breakdown and was unable to play a show , leaving the rest of the band to play an entire set with no guitar . He recovered a few days later , but was briefly kicked out of the band and replaced by DeWayne McKnight for a few shows . After a few days with McKnight , the band decided to give Slovak another chance , and he rejoined for the European leg of the tour . Kiedis attempted to take Slovak to drug addiction counseling , but Slovak had difficulty admitting that his addiction was serious enough to require medical help . Upon returning home , Slovak isolated himself from the rest of his bandmates , and struggled to resist the drug without the support of his friends , and Kiedis in particular . He stopped painting and writing in his diary during this time , and little is known about his life the weeks following the tour , aside from a phone call to his brother on June 24 , in which Slovak told him that he was having difficulty staying clean despite his desire to stop taking heroin . A few weeks after the band returned from the tour , the members attempted to contact Slovak , but were unable to for several days . Slovak was found dead by police in his Hollywood apartment on June 27 , 1988 . After his autopsy , authorities determined that he had died two days earlier due to a heroin overdose . He is interred at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Hollywood Hills , California . Following Slovak 's death Kiedis fled town and did not attend the funeral , considering the situation to be surreal and dreamlike . Although he found the death to be a shock , he was not initially " scared straight " and continued to use heroin . However , a few weeks later his friend convinced him both to check into rehab and visit Slovak 's grave , which inspired him to get clean for five years . Irons was unable to cope with Slovak 's death and subsequently quit the band , saying that he did not want to be part of something that resulted in the death of his friend . Irons has suffered from severe depression since Slovak 's death . Kiedis and Flea decided to continue making music , hoping to continue what Slovak " helped build " . They hired John Frusciante and Chad Smith as replacements shortly after . = = Musical style and legacy = = Slovak was primarily influenced by hard rock artists such as Jimi Hendrix , Santana , and Led Zeppelin . His playing method was markedly based on improvisation , a style commonly used in funk music . He was also noted for his aggressive playing style ; he would often play with such force that his fingers would " come apart . " Kiedis observed that his playing evolved during his time away from the group in What is This ? , with Slovak adopting a more fluid style featuring " sultry " elements as opposed to his original hard rock techniques . On Uplift , Slovak experimented with genres outside of traditional funk music including reggae and speed metal . His guitar riffs would often serve as the basis of the group 's songs , with the other members writing their parts to complement his guitar work . His melodic riff featured in the song " Behind the Sun " inspired the group to create " pretty " songs with an emphasis on melody . Kiedis describes the song as " pure Hillel inspiration " . Slovak also used a talk box on songs such as " Green Heaven " and " Funky Crime " , in which the sounds of his amplified guitar would be played through a tube into his mouth and then back into a microphone , creating psychedelic voice @-@ like effects . Slovak helped to incorporate new sounds in the group 's work , including adding occasional drum machines . Despite the fact that the group billed itself as " The Organic Anti @-@ Beat Box Band " , Kiedis states that Slovak showed the group that drum machines could be used as artistic instruments . Slovak 's work was one of the major contributing factors to the Red Hot Chili Peppers ' early sound . When Kiedis and Flea were searching for a new guitarist to replace Slovak , Kiedis likened the experience to " shopping for a new Mom and Dad " because of his influence over the band . Flea , who originally listened exclusively to jazz , added that Slovak introduced him to a new genre of music , saying that " it was Hillel who first got me into hard rockin ' " . He was also a huge influence on a young John Frusciante , who would later replace him as guitarist in the band . Frusciante based a lot of his playing style on Slovak 's work , and explained , " I learned everything I needed to know about how to sound good with Flea by studying Hillel 's playing and I just took it sideways from there . " Just like Slovak before him , Frusciante developed a heroin addiction . Unlike Slovak , Frusciante eventually managed to break and defeat the habit . The songs " Knock Me Down " ( from Mother 's Milk ) , " My Lovely Man " ( from Blood Sugar Sex Magik ) , and " Feasting on the Flowers " ( from The Getaway ) were written as tributes to Slovak . In 1999 , a book titled Behind the Sun : The Diary and Art of Hillel Slovak was published . The book was authored by Slovak 's brother , James Slovak , and features writings from his brother 's diaries , paintings , photos and hand written notes from Kiedis and Flea . On December 7 , 2011 , the Red Hot Chili Peppers were announced as 2012 inductees to the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Kiedis expressed his excitement with Slovak 's induction , explaining " He 's a beautiful person that picked up a guitar in the 1970s and didn 't make it out of the 1980s , and he is getting honored for his beauty " . Flea echoed those comments on the same day : " Hillel grew up loving rock and roll so much , he hasn 't been here for some time , but I know how much it would mean to him . It 's a powerful thing . " = = Discography = = With Addie Brik Wattsland - EP – ( 1984 ) With What Is This ? Squeezed - EP – ( 1984 ) What Is This – ( 1985 ) 3 Out Of 5 Live - EP – ( 1985 ) With Red Hot Chili Peppers The Red Hot Chili Peppers – ( 1984 ) Co @-@ wrote " Baby Appeal " , " Get Up and Jump " , " Green Heaven " , " Out In L.A. " , and " Police Helicopter " Freaky Styley – ( 1985 ) The Uplift Mofo Party Plan – ( 1987 ) The Abbey Road E.P. – ( 1988 ) Mother 's Milk – ( 1989 ) Performs on only one track , " Fire " What Hits ! ? – ( 1992 ) Out in L.A. – ( 1994 ) Under the Covers : Essential Red Hot Chili Peppers – ( 1998 ) The Best of Red Hot Chili Peppers – ( 1998 )
= $ pringfield ( or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) = " $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) " , also known as " $ pringfield " , is the tenth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 16 , 1993 . In the episode , Springfield decides to legalize gambling to revitalize its economy . A casino owned by Mr. Burns is created and Homer gets a job as a blackjack dealer . Meanwhile , Marge develops a gambling addiction , Bart starts his own casino , and Burns develops an odd personality in a parody of Howard Hughes . The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves . The episode features cultural references to films such as Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb , The Wizard of Oz , Rain Man , and 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 7 , and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . = = Plot = = The economy of Springfield is in decline , so Mayor Quimby listens to suggestions from citizens on how to improve it . Principal Skinner states that legalized gambling has helped rejuvenate run @-@ down economies , and that it can work for Springfield as well . Everybody , even Marge , likes the idea . Mr. Burns and Mayor Quimby work together to build a casino , where Homer gets a job as a blackjack dealer . The casino is designed by Mr. Burns himself , as the proposals he received were not to his liking . While Marge waits for Homer 's shift to end at the casino , she finds a quarter on the floor and uses it to play a slot machine . She wins and almost immediately becomes addicted to gambling . Meanwhile , since Bart is too young to gamble at Burns ' Casino , he starts his own casino for his friends to play in his treehouse , and intercepts Robert Goulet to perform there . Burns also grows even richer , but in the process becomes a Howard Hughes @-@ type hermit , developing a profound fear of microscopic germs , urinates in jars , and wears tissue boxes instead of shoes . Due to her addiction , Marge spends every waking moment at the casino and neglects her family . For instance , she forgets to help Lisa make a costume for her geography pageant . Enraged , Homer bursts into the casino and barges around searching for Marge . The security cameras capture Homer 's rampage , and when Burns sees him he demotes him back to his old job at the power plant . After realizing how much he misses the plant , Burns decides to return . Homer confronts Marge with her behavior , and she finally realizes that she has a problem . Lisa does win a special prize in the geography pageant , as Homer 's poor costume design gives Lisa the appearance that she did the work all by herself . Ralph Wiggum receives the same prize , as his costume is simply a note taped to his shirt that reads " Idaho " . = = Production = = The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . The story of the episode originated from a newspaper article that Oakley and Weinstein found about a town in Mississippi that was introducing riverboat gambling . Oakley said another inspiration for it was that there had not been many episodes about Springfield as a whole and how " crummy " the town was , so they filled the whole first act with scenes showing how " crummy " and " dismal " Springfield was . Oakley particularly liked the animation of the lights inside the casino on the slot machines and the lamps in the ceiling . The " way they radiate out " had always amazed him . Archer , who directed the animation of the episode , also thought they turned out well . The lights were especially hard for them to animate back then because the show was animated traditionally on cels , so Archer was pleased with the results . A deleted scene from the episode shows Homer dealing cards to James Bond . The staff liked the scene , so they decided to put it in the clip show episode " The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular " . There was a brief period when the episode had a different subplot that revolved around the restaurant chain Planet Hollywood . Groening had been told by a spokesperson that if he put Planet Hollywood in The Simpsons , the creators of the restaurant , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Bruce Willis , and Sylvester Stallone , would agree to make guest appearances on the show . The writers of The Simpsons were excited about this so they wrote a new subplot for the episode that featured Planet Hollywood and the three actors . However , for unknown reasons , they were unable to appear in the episode . Instead , Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves . Executive producer David Mirkin enjoyed directing Goulet because he was " such a good sport " and had " a great sense of humor " . Oakley thought it was nice that Goulet was willing to make fun of himself in the episode , which at the time was rare for guest stars on The Simpsons . This episode features the first appearances of Gunter and Ernst , the Siegfried and Roy @-@ esque casino magicians who are attacked by their white tiger , Anastasia . Ten years after this episode first aired , Roy Horn was attacked by one of the duo 's white tigers . The Simpsons production team dismissed the novelty of the prediction by saying that it was " bound to happen " sooner or later . The Rich Texan also makes his debut appearance in this episode , referred to as " Senator " by Homer . = = Cultural references = = The title is a reference to the 1964 film Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb . Burns ' bed looks similar to the one occupied by Keir Dullea 's character Dave Bowman in the end of the 1968 film , 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise appear at the casino to reprise their roles from the 1988 film Rain Man . Homer is impressed by the card @-@ counting abilities of a man who resembles Raymond Babbitt , Hoffman 's character in the film . Krusty 's show at midnight is similar to Bill Cosby 's 1971 album For Adults Only , which was recorded at a casino at midnight . Marge reminds Homer that his lifelong dream was to be a contestant on the television show The Gong Show . Burns 's paranoid obsession with germs and cleanliness , and his refusal to leave his bedroom once the casino opens , parodies American magnate Howard Hughes , who had obsessive @-@ compulsive disorder , and was involved in the casino business in his later years . The " Spruce Moose " , an absurdly tiny wooden plane Burns makes in the episode , is a parody of Hughes ' impractically enormous wooden plane , derisively nicknamed the " Spruce Goose " . Homer parodies the scene in the 1939 film Wizard of Oz when Scarecrow demonstrates his newly acquired intelligence by ( incorrectly ) reciting the law that governs the lengths of the sides of an isosceles triangle . Unlike in the film , somebody correctly points out that the Pythagorean theorem recited applies only to right triangles , not all isosceles triangles . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " $ pringfield " finished 35th in the ratings for the week of December 13 to December 19 , 1993 , with a Nielsen Rating of 11 @.@ 7 , translating to 11 million households . The episode was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson commented that " this excellent episode includes a surprising number of concurrent plots . Homer also works in the casino and tries to care for the family without Marge . It balances them deftly and provides great laughs along the way . " Adam Suraf of Dunkirkma.net named it the third best episode of the season . He also praised the episode 's cultural references . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote : " There 's a lovely nod to the earlier episodes in which Marge protests the citizenry 's hare @-@ brained ideas at council meetings . A series of bizarre moments rather than a story — we 're especially fond of Homer 's photographic memory and Mr Burns ' descent into insanity — but great fun . " Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A , and Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave it a score of 4 out of 5 . The episode is Sarah Culp of The Quindecim 's eleventh @-@ favorite episode of the show , and one of Les Winan of Box Office Prophets 's favorite episodes . A scene from the episode where former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger meets Burns was included in the 2002 documentary film The Trials of Henry Kissinger .
= The Mask of Zorro = The Mask of Zorro is a 1998 American swashbuckler film based on the character of the masked outlaw Zorro created by Johnston McCulley . It was directed by Martin Campbell and stars Antonio Banderas , Anthony Hopkins , Catherine Zeta @-@ Jones , and Stuart Wilson . The film features the original Zorro , Don Diego de la Vega ( Hopkins ) , escaping from prison to find his long @-@ lost daughter ( Zeta @-@ Jones ) and avenge the death of his wife at the hands of the corrupt governor Rafael Montero ( Wilson ) . He is aided by his successor ( Banderas ) , who is pursuing his own vendetta against the governor 's right @-@ hand man while falling in love with de la Vega 's daughter . Producer Steven Spielberg had initially developed the film for TriStar Pictures with directors Mikael Salomon and Robert Rodriguez , before Campbell signed on in 1996 . Salomon cast Sean Connery as Don Diego de la Vega , while Rodriguez brought Banderas in the lead role . Connery dropped out and was replaced with Hopkins , and The Mask of Zorro began filming in January 1997 at Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City , Mexico . The film was released in the United States on July 17 , 1998 to financial and critical success . The Legend of Zorro , a sequel also starring Banderas and Zeta @-@ Jones and directed by Campbell , was released in 2005 , but did not fare as well as its predecessor . = = Plot = = In 1821 , Don Diego De La Vega ( Anthony Hopkins ) fights against the Spanish in the Mexican War of Independence as Zorro , a mysterious swordsman who defends the Mexican peasants and commoners of Las Californias . Don Rafael Montero ( Stuart Wilson ) , the governor of the region , learns of De La Vega 's alter ego , and attempts to arrest him . De La Vega 's wife is killed during the scuffle . Montero imprisons De La Vega and takes his infant daughter , Eléna , as his own . Twenty years later Montero returns to California as a civilian , alongside Eléna ( Catherine Zeta Jones ) , who has grown into a beautiful woman . Montero 's reappearance coincides with De La Vega 's escape from prison . He encounters a thief , Alejandro Murrieta ( Antonio Banderas ) , who , as a child , once did Zorro a favor . De La Vega decides that fate has brought them together , and agrees to make Alejandro his protégé , grooming him to be the new Zorro . Murrieta agrees to undergo De La Vega 's training regimen in order to be able to take revenge on Captain Harrison Love ( Matt Letscher ) , Montero 's right @-@ hand man , who was responsible for killing Murrieta 's brother , Joaquin . While still being trained , Murrieta steals a black stallion resembling Tornado from the local garrison . De La Vega scolds Murrieta , claiming that Zorro was a servant of the people , not a thief and adventurer . He challenges Alejandro to gain Montero 's trust instead . Murrieta poses as visiting nobleman named Don Alejandro del Castillo y García , with De La Vega as his servant , and attends a party at Montero 's hacienda . At the party he gains Eléna 's admiration and enough of Montero 's trust to be invited to a secret meeting where several other noblemen are present . Montero hints at a plan to retake California for the Dons by buying it from General Santa Anna , who needs money to fund his upcoming war with the United States . Montero takes Murrieta and the noblemen to a secret gold mine known as " El Dorado " , where peasants and prisoners are used for slave labor . Montero plans to buy California from Santa Anna using gold mined from Santa Anna 's own land . De La Vega uses this opportunity to become closer to Eléna , though he identifies himself as " Bernardo " the servant , learning that Montero told Eléna that her mother died in childbirth . While walking in a market , Eléna meets the woman who was her nanny . De La Vega sends Murrieta , dressed as Zorro , to steal Montero 's map leading to the gold mine . Zorro duels Montero , Love , and their guards at the hacienda . When Zorro escapes , Eléna attempts to retrieve Montero 's map from the swordsman , but he seduces her , leading to a passionate kiss before he flees . Terrified of Santa Anna 's retribution if he discovers that he is being paid with his own gold , Montero decides to destroy the mine and kill the workers . De La Vega tells Murrieta to release the workers on his own so that De La Vega can reclaim Eléna . Murrieta sets off , feeling betrayed by Diego 's vendetta . De La Vega corners Montero at the hacienda and reveals his identity , but Montero captures him by threatening Eléna . As he is taken away , De La Vega tells Eléna the name of the flowers she recognized upon her arrival in California , convincing her that he is her father . She releases De La Vega from his cell and they proceed to the mine , where Murrieta and De La Vega defeat Love and Montero . Eléna and Murrieta free the workers before the explosives go off , and then find the mortally wounded De La Vega . He makes peace with Murrieta before dying , passing the mantle of Zorro to him , and gives his blessings for his marriage to Eléna . In a closing sequence they are shown to be living together with a son named Joaquin , in honor of Murrieta 's brother . = = Cast = = Antonio Banderas as Alejandro Murrieta / Zorro : Despite claims made by several media outlets and Antonio Banderas , Banderas was not the first Spanish actor to portray Zorro . Spanish actor José Suárez was cast as Zorro in the 1953 film La montaña sin ley , and in the 1960s @-@ 70s Spanish actor Carlos Quiney ( aka Charles Quiney ) portrayed Zorro in three films : Zorro Il Cavaliere della Vendetta , Zorro Il Dominatore and Zorro la Maschera della Vendetta . Banderas was paid $ 5 million for the role . The character of Alejandro Murrieta was conceived as the fictional brother of the real @-@ life Joaquin Murrieta , making the character either Mexican or Chilean . To prepare for his role , Banderas practiced with the Olympic fencing team in Spain for four months , before studying additional fencing and swordsmanship with Anthony Hopkins and Catherine Zeta @-@ Jones . The three were trained by Bob Anderson during pre @-@ production in Mexico , spending 10 hours a day for two months specifically on fight scenes from the film . During interviews for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , Anderson rated Banderas the best natural talent he worked with . " We used to call him Grumpy Bob on the set , he was such a perfectionist , " director Martin Campbell reflected . " He was incredibly inventive , and also refused to treat any of the actors as stars . They would complain about the intensity of the training , but having worked with him there 's nobody I 'd rather use . " José María de Tavira portrays a young Alejandro Murrieta . Anthony Hopkins as Don Diego de la Vega / Zorro : Hopkins was cast in December 1996 , one month before filming began . Hopkins , known for his dramatic acting , took up the role over his enthusiasm to be in an action film . Catherine Zeta @-@ Jones as Elena Montero : The actress signed on in November 1996 , when Spielberg saw her performance in the Titanic miniseries and recommended her to Campbell . Despite being a Welsh actress portraying a Latina character , Zeta @-@ Jones discovered similarities between her " volatile " Celtic temper and the Latin temperament of Eléna . Izabella Scorupco , who worked with Campbell on GoldenEye , and Judith Godrèche both screen tested for the part . The actress credits The Mask of Zorro as her breakthrough in entering A @-@ list recognition . María and Mónica Fernández Cruz portray Elena de la Vega ( infant ) . Stuart Wilson as Don Rafael Montero : Armand Assante had initially been cast in the role , but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts with The Odyssey . Stuart Wilson , who Campbell previously directed in No Escape , was cast in Assante 's place four months after . Matt Letscher as Captain Harrison Love Tony Amendola as Don Luiz Pedro Armendáriz , Jr. as Don Pedro Victor Rivers as Joaquín Murrieta Diego Sieres as Young Joaquín Murrieta L. Q. Jones as Three @-@ fingered Jack Julieta Rosen as Esperanza De La Vega , Don Diego 's beloved wife and Elena 's mother Maury Chaykin as Prison Warden = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In October 1992 , TriStar Pictures and Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment were planning to start production on Zorro the following year , and hired Joel Gross to rewrite the script after they were impressed with his adaptation of The Three Musketeers . At the time , Spielberg was producing Zorro with the potential to direct . Gross completed his rewrite in March 1993 , and TriStar entered pre @-@ production , creating early promotion for the film that same month at the ShoWest trade show . By December 1993 , Branko Lustig was producing the film with Spielberg , and Mikael Salomon was attached as director . In August 1994 , Sean Connery was cast as Don Diego de la Vega , while Salomon stated that the rest of the major cast would be Hispanic or Latino . Pre @-@ production proceeded even further in August when Salomon compiled test footage for a planned April 1995 start date . Connery and Salomon eventually dropped out , and in September 1995 , Robert Rodriguez , fresh from the success of Desperado , signed to direct with Antonio Banderas , who had also starred in Desperado , playing the title role . TriStar and Amblin had been surprised by Rodriguez 's low @-@ budget filming techniques for his action films , El Mariachi and Desperado , and shifted away from their initial plans with Salomon to make a big @-@ budget version of Zorro . Spielberg had hoped Rodriguez would start filming in January 1996 for a Christmas release date , but the start date was pushed back to July . The release date was later moved to Easter 1997 . Rodriguez pulled out of the film ' in June 1996 over difficulties coming to terms with TriStar on the budget . The studio projected a range of $ 35 million , while Rodriguez wanted $ 45 million . They both attempted to compromise when Rodriguez lowered it to $ 42 million , but the studio refused and set $ 41 million as their highest mark . Banderas remained with the production , and Martin Campbell signed on later that month , turning down the chance to direct Tomorrow Never Dies . The finished screenplay would be written by John Eskow , Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio , based on a story by Elliott , Rossio , and Randall Jahnson . = = = Filming = = = The principal photography for the film began in Mexico on January 27 , 1997 on a $ 60 million budget . The Mask of Zorro was mostly shot at Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City . Production stalled for four days in February when the director , Martin Campbell , was hospitalized for bronchitis . Filming resumed in Tlaxcala , three hours east of Mexico City , where the production crew constructed the Montero hacienda and town set pieces . Sony sent David Foster to join the project as a producer to help fill the void left by Steven Spielberg , Walter F. Parkes , and Laurie MacDonald , who were busy running DreamWorks . Foster and David S. Ward , who went uncredited , re @-@ wrote some scenes ; the troubled production caused The Mask of Zorro to go $ 10 million over its budget . In December , the producers were frustrated by customs agents when some props and other items , including Zorro 's plastic sword , were held for nine days . During the post @-@ production phase , Spielberg and Campbell decided that Diego de la Vega 's death in the arms of his daughter was too depressing . The ending , where Alejandro and Eléna are happily married with their infant son , was added three months after filming had ended . = = = Lawsuit = = = On January 24 , 2001 , Sony Pictures Entertainment filed a lawsuit in United States District Court , Central District of California , Western Division , against Fireworks Entertainment Group , the producers of the syndicated television series Queen of Swords . Sony alleged copyright infringement and other claims , saying the series " copied protectable elements from [ the ] ' Zorro ' character and ' Zorro ' related works " . On April 5 , 2001 , U.S. District Judge Collins denied Sony 's motion for a preliminary injunction , noting " that since the copyrights in [ Johnson McCulley 's 1919 short story ] The Curse of Capistrano and [ the 1920 movie ] The Mark of Zorro lapsed in 1995 or before , the character Zorro has been in the public domain . " As to specific elements of The Mask of Zorro , the judge found that any similarities between the film and the TV series ' secondary characters and plot elements were insufficient to warrant an injunction . = = = Music = = = James Horner was hired to compose the film score in September 1997 . Horner 's work on The Mask of Zorro was influenced by Miklós Rózsa 's score from El Cid . The soundtrack , released by Sony Classical Records and Epic Soundtrax , was commercially successful and propelled by the rising profile of the Latin heartthrobs of Marc Anthony and Australian singer Tina Arena . Their duet , " I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You " , plays in the closing credits of the film and was released as a single in Europe . The song went # 3 on the French singles and # 4 on the Dutch singles charts . = = Historical references = = The Mask of Zorro and its sequel The Legend of Zorro incorporate certain historical events and people into their narrative . Antonio Banderas ' character , Alejandro Murrieta , is a fictional brother of Joaquin Murrieta , a real Mexican outlaw who was killed by the California State Rangers led by Harry Love ( portrayed in the film as Texas Army Captain " Harrison Love " ) in 1853 . The confrontation in the film takes place more than a decade earlier , in 1841 . The capture of Murrieta 's right @-@ hand man Three @-@ Fingered Jack by Love was also historical ; however , the real person was a Mexican named Manuel Garcia rather than an Anglo @-@ American . As he did in the movie , the actual Harry Love preserved both Murrieta 's head and Jack 's hand in large , alcohol @-@ filled glass jars . The opening sequence is set during the aftermath of the Mexican War of Independence , and an original ending on the DVD includes an appearance by Antonio López de Santa Anna , who is only mentioned in the finished film . = = Release = = The Mask of Zorro was initially set for release on December 19 , 1997 before the release date was changed to March 1998 . There was speculation within the media about whether TriStar changed the date in an attempt to avoid competition with Titanic . In reality Zorro had encountered production problems that extended its shooting schedule . In addition , Sony Pictures Entertainment , TriStar 's parent company , wanted an action film for its first quarter releases of 1998 . The release date was once again pushed back , this time to July 1998 , when pick @-@ ups were commissioned . The delay from March to July added $ 3 million in interest costs . To market Zorro , TriStar purchased a 30 @-@ second advertising spot at Super Bowl XXXII for $ 1 @.@ 3 million . Sony , who had been known for their low @-@ key presence at the ShoWest trade show , showed clips from the film , while actors Antonio Banderas and Anthony Hopkins presented a panel at the conference on May 10 , 1998 . The studio also attached Zorro 's trailer to prints of Godzilla . Sony launched an official website in June 1998 . Internet marketing was an emerging concept in the late @-@ 1990s , and Zorro was Sony 's first film to use VRML . The Mask of Zorro caught the attention of European Royalty with the film 's foreign premieres . Spain 's King Juan Carlos I , Queen Sophia , and Princess Elena attended the first Royal premiere in Madrid in seven years . On December 10 , 1998 , a Royal Command Performance for Zorro was toplined by Prince Charles and his sons . = = = Home media = = = The Mask of Zorro was released on DVD on December 1 , 1998 by Columbia TriStar Home Video . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Based on 69 reviews aggregated by Rotten Tomatoes , 83 % of the critics enjoyed The Mask of Zorro , giving it an average score of 7 @.@ 1 / 10 . Metacritic gave the film an average score of 63 / 100 , based on 22 reviews . Richard Schickel of Time magazine praised Zorro as a summer blockbuster which paid tribute to the classical Hollywood swashbuckler films . " The action in this movie , most of which takes the form of spectacular stunt work performed by real , as opposed to digitized , people , " Schickel stated , " is motivated by simple , powerful emotions of an old @-@ fashioned and rather melodramatic nature . " Zorro exceeded Roger Ebert 's expectations , who was surprised by the screenplay 's display of traditional film craftsmanship . " It 's a reminder of the time when stunts and special effects were integrated into stories , rather than the other way around . " Ebert later called The Mask of Zorro " probably the best Zorro movie ever made . " Despite giving credit to Anthony Hopkins for his masculine portrayal of an older Zorro , Mick LaSalle , writing in the San Francisco Chronicle , found that the actor 's " performance presents a slight problem : The film asks us to believe that no one has figured out that Zorro and his real @-@ life persona are the same person , even though they are the only guys in Mexico who talk with a British accent . " Todd McCarthy of Variety found the film 's length to be " somewhat overlong " and lacking " the snap and concision that would have put it over the top as a bang @-@ up entertainment , but it 's closer in spirit to a vintage Errol Flynn or Tyrone Power swashbuckler than anything that 's come out of Hollywood in quite some time . " In his review for Rolling Stone magazine , Peter Travers criticized the casting choices for the Mexican roles , which included Banderas , a Spaniard , as well as Hopkins and Zeta @-@ Jones , who are both Welsh . Disappointed with the film 's entertainment value , Travers also expected the film to be a failure with audiences . Internet reviewer James Berardinelli compared the tone and style of The Mask of Zorro to producer Steven Spielberg 's Raiders of the Lost Ark . " While The Mask of Zorro isn 't on the same level , it 's not an altogether ridiculous comparison . Even though Zorro doesn 't feature the non @-@ stop cliffhanger adventure of Raiders , " Berardinelli continued , " there 's still plenty of action , tumult , and derring @-@ do . " He was undecided whether the film would be a box office success , and that it would depend on the on @-@ screen chemistry between Banderas and Zeta @-@ Jones . In one of the film 's most popular scenes , Alejandro renders Eléna topless with a flurry of sword slashes . One critic placed it on his list of " Erotic [ Film ] Scenes in the 90s " . = = = Box office = = = The Mask of Zorro was released in the United States on July 17 , 1998 in 2 @,@ 515 theaters , earning $ 22 @,@ 525 @,@ 855 in its opening weekend . The film dropped from its number one position in the second week with the releases of Saving Private Ryan and There 's Something About Mary . The Mask of Zorro eventually earned $ 94 @,@ 095 @,@ 523 within the US , and $ 156 @,@ 193 @,@ 000 internationally , coming to a worldwide total of $ 250 @,@ 288 @,@ 523 . With the commercial success of the film , Sony sold the TV rights of Zorro for $ 30 million in a joint deal to CBS and Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) . = = = Accolades = = =
= Geastrum welwitschii = Geastrum welwitschii is a species of fungus in the earthstar family . When young and unopened , the fruit bodies resemble small spheres lying in the soil . As the mushroom matures , the thick leathery outer layer of tissue ( the peridium ) splits star @-@ like to form a number of fleshy arms , which curve downward to reveal the inner spore sac that contains the fertile tissue known as the gleba . The spore sac has a narrow grooved opening at the top where the spores are released . Fully expanded , the fruit bodies are up to 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) wide and 58 mm ( 2 @.@ 3 in ) tall . First collected from Spain in the mid @-@ 19th century , the fungus is distributed in Europe , North America , and Bermuda . = = Taxonomy = = The fungus was first collected in Spain by the Austrian explorer and botanist Friedrich Welwitsch . British mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley obtained the specimens and thought them to be Geastrum fimbriatum . He sent a specimen to the French mycologist Camille Montagne in 1856 , who named it Geaster Welwitschii ( Geaster is an orthographical variant of Geastrum ) . Patricio Ponce de León in his 1968 world monograph of Geastrum , considered the species a fornicate variety of G. javanicum , and described it as Geastrum javanicum var. welwitschii ; this is now a synonym . According to Stanek 's infrageneric ( ranks below the level of genus ) concept of the genus Geastrum , G. welwitschii is classified in the section Basimyceliata , which includes species in which the outer part of the mycelial layer do not incorporate sand and encrusting debris . It is further classified in the subsection Laevistomata because its peristome ( an opening at the top of the spore sac ) is even to fibrillose ( with fibrils ) . = = Description = = The mature fruit body of G. welwitschii is small to medium @-@ sized , with a fornicate spore sac , meaning that the spore sac is raised into the air as the rays press down . Unlike some other earthstar fungi , the mycelial layer does not encrust debris as the fruit body develops . The peristome is even , and has an indistinct boundary . The young fruit bodies just prior to opening are found near the surface of the ground , and are rounded , with or without an umbo , and attached to the substrate with a basal mycelial tuft or cord . The expanded fruit body is small to medium @-@ sized . The fornicate exoperidium ( outer peridium ) has the upper , arched part ( fibrous and pseudoparenchymatous layers ) split to about the half @-@ way point or more into 4 – 7 rays . The mycelial cup is free ( only attached at its base ) , with 4 – 7 more or less well @-@ developed lobes corresponding to the 4 – 7 rays . The width of the fruit body is about 20 – 35 mm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 4 in ) , and in height about 40 – 58 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 3 in ) ( including the 15 – 20 mm high mycelial cup ) . The diameter of the exoperidium is about 39 – 72 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) . The pseudoparenchymatous layer ( a layer of thin @-@ walled , usually angular , randomly arranged cells that are tightly packed ) is initially beige , later brownish , in age dark brown , cracked and if moist reddish @-@ brown . The fibrous layer is beige @-@ colored , with its outer side free from the mycelial layer except at the tips of the rays . The mycelial layer has a beige brown to somewhat yellowish @-@ brown , felted to tufted outer surface , darkening to reddish brown if moist . It is not encrusted with debris , but some debris and sand may adhere . The inner side is smooth , dull to somewhat glossy , and hazelnut brown . The spore sac is stalked , and roughly spherical , with a diameter of about 8 – 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 – 0 @.@ 79 in ) . The stalk is short but distinct , up to 1 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 059 in ) high , light beige in color , and sometimes indistinctly developed . The endoperidium ( inner peridium ) is more or less smooth to the unaided eye , but densely protruding light to grayish @-@ brown hyphal tips are present . The peristome is indistinctly delimited ( without distinct boundaries ) , and the mouth area fibrillose . The columella is not well @-@ developed , and broadly club @-@ shaped to columnar ; in cross @-@ section it is whitish to pale beige . The mature gleba is brown and powdery . The spores of Geastrum welwitschii are roughly spherical , sometimes contain an oil droplet , and measure 4 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 5 μm in diameter . Scanning electron microscopy has revealed that the spore surface is covered with column @-@ like processes , up to 0 @.@ 45 μm high , that may be more or less confluent . = = Similar species = = Geastrum welwitschii is morphologically similar to G. fornicatum in having fornicate , mostly 3 – 6 rays , of exoperidia and a cup @-@ shaped mycelial layer . Geastrum welwitschii is distinguished from G. fornicatum by its epigeal mycelial cup with a felted or tufted outer surface . Geastrum welwitschii also has similar morphological characters to G. minimum in having small fruit bodies , whitish spore sacs , and fibrillose peristomes . However G. welwitschii is differentiated from G. minimum by its fornicate , mostly 3 – 6 , rays of the exoperidia , and the mycelial layer that easily loosens from the fibrous layer to form a mycelial cup . G. welwitschii is distinguished from G. entomophilum by its dark and sessile endoperidium , and smaller spores ( 2 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 5 μm ) . According to mycologists Hemmes and Desjardin , the most common earthstar in the coastal Casuarina forests of Hawaii is a species " closely allied " with G. welwitschii , which they name Geastrum aff. welwitschii . It differs from the main species in its much coarser pyramidal warts on the exoperidial surface , a sessile and sac @-@ shaped endoperidial body , and smaller spores . They likened the roughened outer surface of the exoperidium to lychee fruit . = = Habitat and distribution = = The fungus is saprobic , and grows on the ground , in leaf litter , or on decomposing wood . It has been collected in Spain , South Carolina , Florida , and Bermuda .
= History of Lithuania ( 1219 – 95 ) = The history of Lithuania between 1219 and 1295 concerns the establishment and early history of the first Lithuanian state , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The beginning of the 13th century marks the end of the prehistory of Lithuania . From this point on the history of Lithuania is recorded in chronicles , treaties , and other written documents . In 1219 , 21 Lithuanian dukes signed a peace treaty with Galicia – Volhynia . This event is widely accepted as the first proof that the Baltic tribes were uniting and consolidating . Despite continuous warfare with two Christian orders , the Livonian Order and the Teutonic Knights , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was established and gained some control over the lands of Black Ruthenia , Polatsk , Minsk , and other territories east of modern @-@ day Lithuania that had become weak and vulnerable after the collapse of Kievan Rus ' . The first ruler to hold the title of Grand Duke was Mindaugas . Traditionally he is considered the founder of the state , the one who united the Baltic tribes and established the Duchy . Some scholars , however , challenge this perception , arguing that an organized state existed before Mindaugas , possibly as early as 1183 . After quelling an internal war with his nephews , Mindaugas was baptized in 1251 , and was crowned as King of Lithuania in 1253 . In 1261 , he broke the peace with the Livonian Order , perhaps even renouncing Christianity . His assassination in 1263 by Treniota ended the early Christian kingdom in Lithuania . For another 120 years Lithuania would remain a pagan empire , fighting against the Teutonic and Livonian Orders during the Northern Crusades during their attempts to Christianize the land . After Mindaugas ' death , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania entered times of relative instability , as reflected by the fact that seven Grand Dukes held the title over the course of the next 32 years . Little is known about this period , but the Gediminid dynasty was founded in about 1280 . Despite the instability , the Grand Duchy did not disintegrate . Vytenis assumed power in 1295 , and during the next 20 years laid solid foundations for the Duchy to expand and grow under the leadership of Gediminas and his son Algirdas . While the Grand Duchy was established between 1219 and 1295 , the years after 1295 marked its expansion . = = Establishment of the state = = = = = Baltic unification = = = The Balts were largely driven to unite by external threats from aggressive German religious orders . In 1202 , the Order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword was established by Albert , the Bishop of Riga , to promote the Christianization and conquest of the Livonians , Curonians , Semigallians , and Estonians near the Gulf of Riga . The Order waged a number of successful campaigns and posed a great danger to the Lithuanian territories . The Order 's progress was halted by its defeat at the Battle of Saule in 1236 , after which it almost collapsed . The following year , it merged into the Teutonic Knights . In 1226 , Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to defend his borders and subdue the Prussians , offering the Knights the use of Chełmno ( Kulm ) as a base for their campaign . In 1230 , they settled in Chełmno , built a castle , and began attacking Prussian lands . After 44 years , and despite two Prussian uprisings against them , they had conquered most of the Prussian tribes . Afterwards , the Knights spent nine years conquering the Nadruvians , Skalvians , and Yotvingians , and from 1283 , they were better positioned to threaten the young Lithuanian state from the west . Further unification of the Lithuanian tribes was facilitated by the social changes that took place in Lithuania during this period . Private land ownership was established ( allodiums , Lithuanian : atolai ) , which would later evolve into a feudal system . As attested by many chronicles , it was the principal form of organization governing land ownership in the 13th century . Under this system , known in England as primogeniture , only the eldest son could inherit lands , which allowed dukes to consolidate their holdings . Social classes and divisions of labor also began taking shape . There were classes of experienced soldiers ( bajoras ) , of free peasants ( laukininkas ) , and of " unfree " people ( kaimynas and šeimynykštis ) . In order to enforce this social structure , a united state was needed . Another force behind unification was the desire to take advantage of Ruthenian lands , which were suffering from the Mongol invasion . Temporary alliances among Lithuanian dukes often sufficed for military ventures into , and plundering of , these lands ( including Pskov , plundered in 1213 ) . Altogether , between 1201 and 1236 , Lithuanians launched at least 22 incursions into Livonia , 14 into Rus , and 4 into Poland . The ongoing administration of conquered territories , however , required a strong and unified central power . = = = Galicia – Volhynia Treaty = = = Some evidence suggests that Lithuanians began combining their forces at the dawn of the 13th century . For example , in 1207 , soldiers were recruited across Lithuania to fight the German religious orders , and in 1212 , Daugirutis ' treaty with Novgorod shows that he exerted some degree of influence over a vast area . During the first twenty years of the 13th century , Lithuanians organized some thirty military expeditions to Livonia , Russia , and Poland . Historian Tomas Baranauskas argues that a Lithuanian state could be said to exist as early as 1183 . However , the first conclusive evidence that the Balts were uniting is considered to be the treaty with Galicia – Volhynia signed in 1219 . The treaty 's signatories include 21 Lithuanian dukes ; it specifies that five of those were elder and thus took precedence over the remaining sixteen . Presumably , the eldest Duke was Živinbudas , since his name was mentioned first . Mindaugas , despite his youth , and his brother Dausprungas , are listed among the elder dukes . That would imply that they inherited their titles . The remaining two elder dukes were Daujotas ( mentioned second ) and his brother Vilikaila ( mentioned last of the five ) . The treaty is important for several reasons . It shows that the Lithuanian Dukes were co @-@ operating ; the signatories include Dukes who ruled lands such as Samogitia , which probably had no contact with Galicia – Volhynia . Their participation implies a perception of common interest , an indication of a nascent state . However , the designation of five Dukes as " elder " shows that the process of unification was still in transition . The inclusion of 21 Dukes indicates that the various lands in Lithuania were powerful and semi @-@ independent . Historians consider the treaty an interesting documentation of the long and complex process of a state 's formation . The progress of unification was uneven ; for example , after the deaths of Dukes Daugirutis in 1213 and Stekšys in 1214 , fewer raids were organized by Lithuanians . = = = Rise of Mindaugas = = = Mindaugas , the duke who governed southern Lithuania between the Neman and Neris Rivers , eventually became the founder of the state . Mindaugas is referred to as the ruler of all Lithuania in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle in 1236 . The means by which he managed to acquire this title are not well known . Russian chronicles mention that he murdered or expelled various other dukes , including his relatives . In 1236 , Duke Vykintas led the Samogitian forces to victory in the Battle of Saule , where the Livonian Order suffered a catastrophic defeat . It seems that Vykintas did not receive support from Mindaugas . Vykintas ' personal power grew . The Livonian Order was on the brink of collapse and was forced to become a branch of the Teutonic Knights . The combined Orders focused on the conquest of Samogitia , since only this land prevented them from consolidating their territories . The union of these aggressive powers could not have passed without notice in Lithuanian lands , and might have furthered the unification process . In about 1239 Mindaugas took over the weakened Black Ruthenia and appointed his son Vaišvilkas to govern it . During the early 1240s , Mindaugas strengthened and established his power in various Baltic lands . In 1245 , Mindaugas sent his nephews Tautvilas and Edivydas , the sons of Dausprungas and Vykintas , to conquer Smolensk , but they were unsuccessful . In 1249 , an internal war erupted as Mindaugas sought to seize his nephews ' and Vykintas ' lands . Tautvilas , Edivydas , and Vykintas formed a powerful coalition with the Samogitians , the Livonian Order , Daniel of Galicia ( Tautvilas and Edivydas ' brother @-@ in @-@ law ) , and Vasilko of Volhynia in opposition to Mindaugas . Only Poles , invited by Daniel , declined to take part in the coalition against the Lithuanians . The dukes of Galicia and Volhynia managed to gain control over Black Ruthenia , an area ruled by Mindaugas ' son Vaišvilkas . Tautvilas traveled to Riga , where he was baptized by the Archbishop . In 1250 , the Order organized two major raids , one against Nalša land and the other against the domains of Mindaugas and those parts of Samogitia that still supported him . Attacked from the north and south and facing the possibility of unrest elsewhere , Mindaugas was placed in an extremely difficult position , but managed to use the conflicts between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga in his own interests . He succeeded in bribing Andreas von Stierland , the master of the Order , who was still angry at Vykintas for the defeat in 1236 . In 1251 , Mindaugas agreed to receive baptism and relinquish control over some lands in western Lithuania , for which he was to receive a crown in return . In 1252 , Tautvilas and his remaining allies attacked Mindaugas in Voruta , sometimes considered to be the first capital of Lithuania . The attack failed and Tautvilas ' forces retreated to defend themselves in Tverai Castle , in the present @-@ day Rietavas municipality . Vykintas died in or about 1253 , and Tautvilas was forced to rejoin Daniel of Galicia . Daniel reconciled with Mindaugas in 1254 ; the Black Ruthenian lands were transferred to Roman , the son of Daniel . Vaišvilkas , the son of Mindaugas , decided to join a monastery . Tautvilas recognized Mindaugas ' superiority and received Polatsk as a fiefdom . = = Kingdom of Lithuania = = As promised , Mindaugas and his wife Morta were crowned at some time during the summer of 1253 , and the Kingdom of Lithuania , proclaimed by the pope in 1251 , was soundly established . 6 July is now celebrated as " Statehood Day " ( Lithuanian : Valstybės diena ) ; it is an official holiday in modern Lithuania . However , the exact date of the coronation is not known ; the scholarship of historian Edvardas Gudavičius , who promulgated this date , is sometimes challenged . The location of the coronation also remains unknown . Pope Innocent IV supported Mindaugas , hoping that a new Christian state could stem the inroads being made by the Golden Horde , a state of the Mongol Empire . On 17 July 1251 , the pope signed two crucial papal bulls . One of them ordered the Bishop of Chełmno to crown Mindaugas as King of Lithuania , appoint a bishop for Lithuania , and to build a cathedral . The other bull specified that the new bishop was to be directly subordinate to the pope . This was a welcome development to the Lithuanians , since they were concerned that their long @-@ standing antagonists , the Livonian Order , would exert too much control over the new state . It took some time before a Bishop of Lithuania was appointed because of various conflicts of interest . The Bishop of Gniezno appointed Vito ( Lithuanian : Vitas ) , a monk of the Dominican Order , to this position , but he was not recognized by Mindaugas or accepted by the populace . The activities of Vito in Lithuania are unknown , although he is sometimes associated with Mindaugas ' Cathedral . Finally , in 1254 , Christian ( Lithuanian : Kristijonas ) from the Livonian Order was appointed . Mindaugas endowed him with some lands in Samogitia , but not much is known about his activities . Historical sources do not mention any sponsorship of missionaries , education of priests , or construction of churches during that time , and Bishop Christian went back to Germany in 1259 , where he died in 1271 . The establishment of Mindaugas ' Cathedral remains problematic , but recent archeological research found the remains of a 13th @-@ century brick building on the site of the present @-@ day Vilnius Cathedral . The general assumption is that the remains are those of Mindaugas Cathedral , built to satisfy the agreement with the pope . However , as later events showed , Lithuanians resisted Christianization , and Mindaugas ' baptism had only a temporary impact on further developments . Immediately after his coronation , Mindaugas transferred some western lands to the Livonian Order – portions of Samogitia , Nadruva , and Dainava . There is some discussion as to whether in later years ( 1255 , 1257 , 1259 , 1261 ) Mindaugas gave even more lands to the Order . The deeds might have been falsified by the Order ; the case for this scenario is bolstered by the fact that some of the documents mention lands that were not actually under the control of Mindaugas . Whatever the case , relative peace and stability was established for about eight more years . Mindaugas used this opportunity to concentrate on expansion to the east . He strengthened his influence in Black Ruthenia , in Pinsk , and took advantage of the collapsed Kievan Rus ' by conquering Polatsk , a major center of commerce in the Daugava River basin . He also negotiated a peace with Galicia – Volhynia , and married a daughter to Svarn , the son of Daniel of Galicia , who would later become Grand Duke of Lithuania . Diplomatic relations with western Europe and the Holy See were also reinforced . In 1255 , Mindaugas received permission from Pope Alexander IV to crown his son as King of Lithuania . In the domestic arena , Mindaugas strove to establish state institutions : his own noble court , administrative systems , a diplomatic service , and a monetary system . Silver Lithuanian long currency ( Lithuanian : Lietuvos ilgieji ) circulated , providing an indice of statehood . The Livonian Order used this period to consolidate their control over Samogitian lands . They built three castles along the border : Memelburg ( Klaipėda ) , Georgenburg ( Jurbarkas ) , and Doben ( Durbe in Latvia ) . The Samogitians responded by electing Algminas as their war leader , and attacked Courland , as the Order had limited battlefield successes . In 1259 , the Livonian Order lost the Battle of Skuodas , and in 1260 , it lost the Battle of Durbe . The first loss encouraged a rebellion by the Semigalians , and the later loss spurred the Prussians into an uprising against the Order . The Great Prussian Uprising lasted for 14 years . Encouraged by Treniota , his nephew , Mindaugas broke peace with the Order . Some chronicles hint that he also returned to his former pagan beliefs , but this is disputable . Nevertheless , all the diplomatic achievements made since his coronation were lost . Mindaugas then formed an alliance with Alexander Nevsky of Novgorod and marched against the Order . Treniota led an army to Cēsis and battled Masovia , hoping to encourage all the conquered Baltic tribes to rise up against the Orders and unite under Lithuanian leadership . He waged successful battles , but did not manage to capture the fortified castles or spark a coalition of Baltic forces against the Order . His personal influence grew because Mindaugas was concentrating on the conquest of Russian lands , dispatching a large army to Bryansk . Treniota and Mindaugas began to pursue different priorities . In the midst of these events , Mindaugas ' wife Morta died , and Mindaugas expressed the wish to marry Daumantas ' wife . Daumantas and Treniota responded to this insult by assassinating Mindaugas and two of his sons , Ruklys and Rupeikis , in 1263 . Lithuania lapsed into years of internal instability . = = Years after Mindaugas = = = = = Years of instability = = = After Mindaugas ' death , the state did not disintegrate and Treniota took over the title of Grand Duke . However , his power was fragile ; he was challenged by Tautvilas , who had not forgotten his own claims to power . Tautvilas was also assassinated by Treniota . However , just a year later , in 1264 , Treniota was killed by Mindaugas ' former servants . His son Vaišvilkas and his brother @-@ in @-@ law Shvarn from Volhynia took over the control in Lithuania . Daumantas was forced to flee to Pskov , was baptized Timofei , ruled successfully from 1266 to 1299 and even became a saint . In 1265 Vaišvilkas , as a Christian , reconciled with the Livonian Order and , without support from Lithuania , the rebellions among the Balts that had been fueled by Treniota began to subside . In 1267 he returned to a monastic life and transferred the Grand Duchy to Shvarn . Little is known about Shvarn and his rule , but historians believe he was unable to take control of all Lithuania , and ruled only over its southern portions . He died in 1269 or 1271 in Galicia . = = = Reign of Traidenis = = = The circumstances surrounding the advance to power in 1269 of the next ruler , Traidenis , are not clear . From the outset his relationships with Galicia – Volhynia were tense and eventually resulted in the 1274 – 1276 war . Traidenis was successful in battle , and his control over Black Ruthenia was strengthened . Traidenis , known for his strong anti @-@ German attitude , was also successful in fighting with the Livonian Order . In 1270 he won the Battle of Karuse , fought on ice near Saaremaa . However , in 1272 the Order retaliated , attacking Semigalia and building Dünaburg ( Daugavpils ) Castle in 1273 on lands nominally controlled by Traidenis . Several years later , in 1281 , Traidenis conquered Jersika Castle in the present @-@ day Preiļi District , and was able to exchange it for the Dünaburg Castle . Dünaburg remained a Lithuanian outpost until 1313 . In 1279 the Order attacked Lithuanian lands , reaching as far as Kernavė , but on their way back they suffered a major defeat in the Battle of Aizkraukle . The Order 's master , Ernst von Rassburg , died in the battle , and the conquered Semigallians rebelled . The Semigallians were now willing to acknowledge Lithuania 's superiority and asked Traidenis for assistance . However , Traidenis died soon afterwards , and the rebellion was not successful . Traidenis ' reign was the longest and most stable regime during the period of unrest . After his death the Orders finalized their conquests : the conquered Baltic tribes did not rebel again and the Orders could now concentrate on Lithuania . In 1274 the Great Prussian Rebellion ended , and the Teutonic Knights proceeded to conquer other Baltic tribes : the Nadruvians and Skalvians in 1274 – 1277 , and the Yotvingians in 1283 ; the Livonian Order completed its conquest of Semigalia , the last Baltic ally of Lithuania , in 1291 . The Orders could now turn their full attention to Lithuania . The " buffer zone " composed of other Baltic tribes had disappeared , and Lithuania was left to battle the Orders on its own . = = = Rise of Gediminids = = = There is considerable uncertainty about the identities of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania between Traidenis ' death in 1282 and Vytenis ' assumption of power in 1295 . This is in part because the two main sources for Lithuanian history in the 13th century , the Hypatian Codex and the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle , end in the early 1290s . In 1285 , one chronicle mentions Daumantas as Grand Duke . He attacked the Bishop of Tver and was severely wounded or even killed in the battle . However , that is the only information about him . The Gediminid dynasty began its ascent in Lithuania during this time with the emergence of its first leader , Butigeidis . In 1289 , leading about 8 @,@ 000 troops , he attacked Sambia . In 1289 the Teutonic Knights built a castle in present @-@ day Sovetsk ( Tilsit ) and their raids intensified . Butigeidis was the first to build strong castles along the Neman River . He died in 1290 or 1292 , and his brother Butvydas ( also known as Pukuveras ) inherited the crown . Butvydas was the father of Vytenis and probably of Gediminas . During his short reign Butvydas tried to defend the duchy against the Teutonic Knights ; he also attacked Masovia , an ally of the knights . His son , Vytenis , advanced to power in 1295 and ended the period of relative instability . His reign marks the transition from the state 's establishment to the point at which it was poised for expansion . = = Legacy = = The state united and ruled by Mindaugas constituted the first Lithuanian state . The state effectively protected Lithuanians and Samogitians from assimilation induced by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order , the destiny of Prussians , Skalvians , Curonians , Selonians and other Baltic tribes . Mindaugas ruled about 100 @,@ 000 km2 ( 39 @,@ 000 sq mi ) of Lithuanian ethnic territory , an area with an estimated population of 300 @,@ 000 . The Slavic lands under his control and influence occupied another 100 @,@ 000 km2 ( 39 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . By about 1430 , at its peak during the reign of Vytautas the Great , the Grand Duchy controlled some 930 @,@ 000 km2 ( 360 @,@ 000 sq mi ) and almost 2 @.@ 5 million people . The period from 1219 to 1295 also shaped future conflicts : the pagan Lithuanians were surrounded by the aggressive Roman Catholic Orders to its north and southwest , and by adherents of the Orthodox Church in the east . The Catholic Orders ' raids intensified after they overcame the " buffer zone " created by Prussians , Nadruvians , Skalvians , Yotvingians , and Semigalians by 1283 . The Lithuanian relationships with the Orthodox Church were more peaceful . The people were allowed to practise their religion ; Lithuanian dukes did not hesitate to marry daughters of Orthodox dukes ; at least some of the dukes ' scribes must have been Orthodox as well . Struggles with the Teutonic Knights and expansion to the east were characteristic of the years from 1295 to 1377 . It was inevitable that Lithuania could not endure religious , political , and cultural isolation forever and would have to choose either Roman Catholicism or Eastern Orthodoxy . In 1386 , Grand Duke Jogaila elected baptism in the Catholic rite to marry Jadwiga of Poland and become King of Poland ; the last pagan state in Europe was converted to Christianity .
= Squall Leonhart = Squall Leonhart ( Japanese : スコール・レオンハート , Hepburn : Sukōru Reonhāto ) is a fictional character and the primary protagonist of Final Fantasy VIII , a role @-@ playing video game by Square ( now Square Enix ) . He was designed by Tetsuya Nomura , with input from game director Yoshinori Kitase . Squall has appeared in several other games , including Chocobo Racing , Itadaki Street Special , and the Kingdom Hearts series , as Leon ( レオン , Reon ) . His weapon , a gunblade , also appears in other works . In Final Fantasy VIII , Squall is a 17 @-@ year @-@ old student at Balamb Garden , a prestigious military academy for elite mercenaries ( known as " SeeDs " ) . As the story progresses , Squall befriends Quistis Trepe , Zell Dincht , Selphie Tilmitt and Irvine Kinneas and falls in love with Rinoa Heartilly . These relationships , combined with the game 's plot , gradually change him from a loner to an open , caring person . Squall had a varied reaction from critics , with some judging him poorly compared to other Final Fantasy heroes ( due to his coldness and angst ) and others praising his character development . = = Creation and design = = The first character Nomura designed for Final Fantasy VIII , Squall was inspired by actor River Phoenix , although Nomura said that " [ n ] obody understood it . " Squall is 177 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) tall , initially with longer hair and a more feminine appearance . After objections by game director Yoshinori Kitase , Nomura made the character more masculine . He added the scar across Squall 's brow and the bridge of his nose impulsively ( to make the character more recognizable ) , leaving the description of its origin up to scenario writer Kazushige Nojima . Nomura 's design of Squall included fur lining along his jacket collar as a challenge for the game 's full motion video designers . In Final Fantasy VIII Nojima worked to give players insight into what Squall was thinking , in contrast to Final Fantasy VII ( which encouraged players to speculate ) . Nomura created Squall 's gunblade with silver accessories . The weapon is a sword with components of a revolver , sending vibrations through the blade when triggered ; this inflicts additional damage if the player presses the R1 trigger on the controller as Squall strikes an enemy . Although the weapon was intended as a novel way for players to control weapons in battle , Nomura said he feels ( in retrospect ) that it looks odd . Square 's Hiroki Chiba said that his favorite moment in the Final Fantasy franchise was when Squall and Rinoa embrace in space due to the use of Faye Wong 's " Eyes On Me " music in the background and having to work every frame to make it work . = = Appearances = = = = = Final Fantasy VIII = = = At the beginning of Final Fantasy VIII , Squall is known as a " lone wolf " because he never shows his feelings and seems cold to his associates . His superiors ( such as teacher Quistis Trepe ) consider him difficult to deal with , but respect his talents . Squall is stoic , with his taciturn nature used for comic relief . In the cutscene where he meets Rinoa , she coerces him into dancing with her at the SeeD graduation party . Awkward and confused , he bumps into other party @-@ goers because he is looking at his feet . Rinoa perseveres , and Squall later reveals that he really can dance ( since it was a mandatory part of his training ) . He is dragged into a heroic role when Cid , headmaster of Balamb Garden , appoints him leader of the academy midway through the game . During a late battle against Galbadia Garden , Squall has difficulty exhibiting leadership because of his lingering isolation . Although other characters try to pull him out of his shell and Rinoa Heartilly expends considerable energy pursuing him , it takes time for him to accept the others ' friendship , fall in love with Rinoa and care for her . Squall is more comfortable later in a leadership role , especially when he must fight Ultimecia . Throughout the game , he has a rivalry with Seifer Almasy . The opening sequence features the duel where Squall receives his facial scar ( giving Seifer a mirror image ) , and scenes where Squall and Seifer are supposed to cooperate are characterized by squabbles between the cadets . Although Seifer later allies with the Sorceress ( requiring Squall to fight him several times ) , Squall still feels a camaraderie with him . According to flashbacks during the game , Squall grew up in an orphanage with the other playable characters ( except Rinoa ) and it is implied that Laguna Loire is his father . On the airship Ragnarok late in the game , Kiros and Ward comment on Squall 's resemblance to his mother and dissimilarity to his father ( Nomura designed him to contrast with Laguna ) . The orphans were cared for by Edea ; although Squall remembers little about his past , he becomes an emotionally detached , cynical and introverted boy whose original goal is to go through life without any emotional ties or dependence . He gradually warms , and it is later revealed that his detachment from his companions is a defensive mechanism to protect himself from the emotional pain he suffered when he and his older sister were separated . After Ultimecia is defeated , the time and space that she had absorbed begin to return to normal , pulling Squall 's comrades back into their places in the timeline , while Squall returns to the orphanage and meets a younger Edea . Since she does not want to involve the children , she absorbs the dying Ultimecia 's powers as part of the cycle of sorceresses ( a sorceress must pass her powers to a successor before she can die peacefully ) . Squall plants the ideas for Garden and SeeD in her mind , creating an origin paradox : Squall must become leader of Balamb Garden so he can pass its version of SeeD tradition to Edea , who teaches them to her husband Cid ( who co @-@ founds Balamb Garden , which admits Edea 's orphans — including Squall ) . = = = Other appearances = = = Squall appears as a non @-@ playable character in Kingdom Hearts . He wears a short leather jacket with red wings on the back ( resembling the decorations on Rinoa 's duster ) and his Griever necklace . Squall takes the name Leon as an alias , because he was ashamed of not protecting those he loved from the Heartless when his home world ( the Radiant Garden ) was consumed by darkness . Leon is voiced by David Boreanaz in the English version of the game and Hideo Ishikawa in the Japanese version . His role in Kingdom Hearts is to help guide the protagonist , Sora , in his battle ( with other Final Fantasy characters ) against the Heartless . Although Squall 's appearance and age differ ( he is 25 in Kingdom Hearts and 17 in Final Fantasy VIII ) , his personality remains the same . A memory @-@ based version of Squall ( as Leon ) appears in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories teaching gameplay in a tutorial . He returns in Kingdom Hearts II , voiced in the English version by Doug Erholtz . Erholtz said in an interview that he had a " fun journey " voicing Leon and it was a " really fun role to play " . Leon 's jacket later has a fur lining on its collar , which did not appear in the first Kingdom Hearts game . In this game , he works with his friends to restore their world . Squall also appears as an opponent in Olympus Coliseum tournaments , often paired with other Final Fantasy characters . His virtual replica appears in Kingdom Hearts coded , where it meets Sora 's virtual replica . Squall is a secret character in Chocobo Racing and Itadaki Street Special , and a sprite version occasionally appears on the loading screen of the PlayStation version of Final Fantasy VI ( part of the Final Fantasy Anthology ) . He is the hero representing Final Fantasy VIII in Dissidia : Final Fantasy . Squall appears with the cast of the prequel Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy , where his Kingdom Hearts design is downloadable content . He is a playable character in Itadaki Street Portable and the main character , representing Final Fantasy VIII , in the rhythm games Theatrhythm Final Fantasy and Theatrhythm Final Fantasy : Curtain Call . Squall also appears as a premium character in Pictlogica Final Fantasy and Final Fantasy : All The Bravest both for Android and iOS . = = Reception = = Critical reaction to Squall was mixed . Journalist Jack Patrick Rodgers of PopMatters said that Squall 's cynicism and frustration with those around him made him a strong character , but " coldly inhuman " . GamesRadar called Squall the fifth @-@ best Final Fantasy hero of all time , praising the development of his personality and his improved interactions with other characters . GameZone rated him the fourth @-@ best character in the franchise , saying that while fans " either love or hate this guy " he became the " ultimate anti @-@ hero " ( despite little dialogue ) of an entertaining journey . The website called Squall and Rinoa the best couple created by Square Enix , noting the differences between them and the fact that their relationship was the first in the series to drive the plot of a game . They were on The Inquirer 's list of most @-@ memorable video @-@ game love teams , with comments again focused on the differences between them . GameSpot said that while Squall could be viewed as a " jerk " , he could also be seen as " standoffish because of some repressed Wagnerian broodiness , in which case he was kind of interesting " . Allgame said that they initially hated Squall , but although he originally seemed " cold and uncaring " , his romance changed him for the better . RPGamer called Squall " everyone 's favorite orphan " and said that although he tries to distance himself from others , " he can 't help but draw people to him , be it sorceresses or gun @-@ slinging ladies ' men " . GameDaily ranked him sixth on their list of the " Top 25 Gaming Hunks " , stating that while critics described the character as a " jerk " , his character design , notably his scar , made him visually appealing . Arnold Katayev of PSXextreme praised Squall 's redesign in Kingdom Hearts as the game 's best . In a 2008 Oricon poll , Squall was voted the tenth @-@ most @-@ popular video @-@ game character . He was voted the 29th @-@ best video @-@ game character by Famitsu readers in February 2010 . However , IGN said that " the problem [ with Final Fantasy VIII ] is that the character at the heart of everything , Squall , is basically a pouty jerk ... When your story is character @-@ centered , you 'd better center it on a character the audience can care about . Squall ... just doesn 't fit the bill " . 1UP.com ranked Squall second on its list of the " Top 5 Most Irritating RPG Protagonists " and stated that although he was an attempt to " cater to the fedora @-@ wearing , trench @-@ coat @-@ clad folks " , his lack of social skills alienated players . Edge compared Squall unfavorably with Final Fantasy VII protagonist Cloud Strife , saying that Squall 's angst " didn 't seem to have any context " ( unlike Cloud 's , which developed from one of the pivotal events in Final Fantasy VII ) . His relationship with Rinoa was criticized by Edge : " He [ Squall ] suddenly falls in " love " with [ Rinoa ] at the end [ of Final Fantasy VIII ] . " In GamesRadar 's humorous " RPG Emo @-@ Off " , Squall was defeated in heartbreak by Cloud . Squall was featured in the 1UP.com article " Top 5 Final Fantasy Character Types " in the second category , " The Sullen Asshole " , with Cloud and Cecil from Final Fantasy IV . GameSpy featured him in its comical " Videogame Characters Who Would Suck in Real Life " , saying that in reality he would be a terrible soldier .
= Unknown ( magazine ) = Unknown ( also known as Unknown Worlds ) was an American pulp fantasy fiction magazine , published from 1939 to 1943 by Street & Smith , and edited by John W. Campbell . Unknown was a companion to Street & Smith 's science fiction pulp , Astounding Science Fiction , which was also edited by Campbell at the time ; many authors and illustrators contributed to both magazines . The leading fantasy magazine in the 1930s was Weird Tales , which focused on shock and horror . Campbell wanted to publish a fantasy magazine with more finesse and humor than Weird Tales , and put his plans into action when Eric Frank Russell sent him the manuscript of his novel Sinister Barrier , about aliens who own the human race . Unknown 's first issue appeared in March 1939 ; in addition to Sinister Barrier , it included H. L. Gold 's " Trouble With Water " , a humorous fantasy about a New Yorker who meets a water gnome . Gold 's story was the first of many in Unknown to combine commonplace reality with the fantastic . Campbell required his authors to avoid simplistic horror fiction and insisted that the fantasy elements in a story be developed logically : for example , Jack Williamson 's " Darker Than You Think " describes a world in which there is a scientific explanation for the existence of werewolves . Similarly , L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt 's Harold Shea series , about a modern American who finds himself in the worlds of various mythologies , depicts a system of magic based on mathematical logic . Other notable stories included several well @-@ received novels by L. Ron Hubbard and short stories such as Manly Wade Wellman 's " When It Was Moonlight " and Fritz Leiber 's " Two Sought Adventure " , the first in his Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser series . Unknown was forced to a bimonthly schedule in 1941 by poor sales , and cancelled in 1943 when wartime paper shortages became so acute that Campbell had to choose between turning Astounding into a bimonthly or ending Unknown . The magazine is generally regarded as the finest fantasy fiction magazine ever published , despite the fact that it was not commercially successful , and in the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley it was responsible for the creation of the modern fantasy publishing genre . = = Background and publication history = = In May 1923 , the first issue of Weird Tales appeared , from Rural Publications in Chicago . Weird Tales was a pulp magazine that specialized in fantasy stories and material that no other magazine would accept . It was not initially successful , but by the 1930s had established itself and was regularly publishing science fiction ( sf ) as well as fantasy . Weird Tales was the first magazine to focus solely on fantasy , and it remained the pre @-@ eminent magazine in this field for over a decade . In the meantime , science fiction was starting to form a separately marketed genre , with the appearance in 1926 of Amazing Stories , a pulp magazine edited by Hugo Gernsback . In 1930 pulp publisher Clayton Publications launched Astounding Stories of Super Science , but the company 's bankruptcy in 1933 led to the acquisition of the magazine by Street & Smith . The title was shortened to Astounding Stories , and it became the leading magazine in the science fiction field over the next few years under the editorship of F. Orlin Tremaine . At the end of 1937 John W. Campbell took over as editor . By 1938 , Campbell was planning a fantasy companion to Astounding : Weird Tales was still the leader in the fantasy genre , though competitors such as Strange Stories were also being launched . Campbell began acquiring stories suitable for the new magazine , without a definite launch date in mind . When Eric Frank Russell sent him the manuscript of his novel Sinister Barrier , Campbell decided it was time to put his plans into action . The first issue of Unknown appeared in March 1939 . It was a monthly at first , but poor sales forced a switch to a bimonthly schedule beginning in February 1941 . In December 1940 the subtitle Fantasy Fiction was added , and in October 1941 the main title was changed to Unknown Worlds ; both changes were intended to make the genre of the magazine clearer to potential readers . When wartime paper shortages became severe in late 1943 , Campbell made the choice to keep Astounding monthly and cancel Unknown , rather than switch the former to a bimonthly schedule as well . The last issue was dated October 1943 . = = Contents and reception = = Campbell 's plans for Unknown were laid out in the February 1939 issue of Astounding , in the announcement of the new magazine . He argued that " it has been the quality of the fantasy that you have read in the past that has made the very word anathema ... [ Unknown ] will offer fantasy of a quality so far different from that which has appeared in the past as to change your entire understanding of the term " . The first issue , the following month , led with Russell 's Sinister Barrier , the novel that had persuaded Campbell to set his plans for a fantasy magazine into motion : the plot , involving aliens who own the human race , has been described by sf historian Mike Ashley as " a strange mixture of science fiction and occult fantasy " . Campbell asked Russell for revisions to the story to emphasize the fantastic elements , but still demanded that Russell work out the logical implications of his premises . This became a defining characteristic of the fiction published in Unknown ; in Ashley 's words , Campbell " brought the science fiction rationale to fantasy " . The first issue also contained Horace L. Gold 's " Trouble with Water " , a comic fantasy about a modern New Yorker who offends a water gnome ; in its whimsicality and naturalistic merging of a modern background with a classic fantasy trope , " Trouble with Water " was a better indication than Sinister Barrier of the direction Unknown would take . Campbell commented in a letter at the time that Sinister Barrier , " Trouble with Water " , and " ' Where Angels Fear ... ' " by Manly Wade Wellman were the only stories in the first issue that accurately reflected his goals for the magazine . Under Campbell 's editorial supervision , the fantasy element in Unknown stories had to be treated rigorously . This naturally led to the appearance in Unknown of writers already comfortable with similar rigor in science fiction stories , and Campbell soon established a small group of writers as regular contributors , many of whom were also appearing in the pages of Astounding . L. Ron Hubbard , Theodore Sturgeon , and L. Sprague de Camp were among the most prolific . Hubbard contributed eight lead novels including Typewriter in the Sky , Slaves of Sleep , and Fear , described by Ashley as a " classic psychological thriller " ; sf historian and critic Thomas Clareson describes all eight as " outstanding " . De Camp , in collaboration with Fletcher Pratt , contributed three stories featuring Harold Shea , who finds himself in a world where magic operates by rigorous rules . The title of one of these , " The Mathematics of Magic " , is , according to sf critic John Clute , " perfectly expressive of the terms under which magic found easy mention in Unknown " . Other Astounding writers who wrote for Unknown included Robert A. Heinlein , whose " The Devil Makes the Law " ( reprinted as " Magic , Inc . " ) depicts a world where magic is a part of normal everyday life . Heinlein also contributed " The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag " and " They " , described by Ashley as " perhaps the ultimate solipsist fantasy " . A.E. van Vogt , a frequent Astounding contributor , appeared in the final issue with " The Book of Ptath " ( later expanded into a novel ) . Isaac Asimov , despite multiple attempts to write for Unknown , never appeared in the magazine . On his sixth attempt , he sold " Author ! Author ! " to Campbell , but the magazine was cancelled before it could appear . It eventually appeared in the anthology The Unknown Five . In addition to the overlap between the writers of Unknown and Astounding , there was a good deal of overlap between their readerships : Asimov records that during the war , he read only these two magazines . Sf historian Paul Carter has argued that the spectrum of fantastic fiction from Weird Tales through Unknown to Astounding was far less cleanly separated than is sometimes assumed : many stories in the early science fiction magazines such as Wonder Stories were more like the works of Edgar Allan Poe than they were tales of scientific imagination . Fritz Leiber 's first published story was " Two Sought Adventure " , which appeared in the August 1939 issue of Unknown ; this was the first story in his long @-@ running Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser series about a pair of adventurers in a sword and sorcery setting . Four more Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser stories appeared in Unknown in as many years , and Leiber 's novel Conjure Wife , about a man who discovers that all women are secretly witches , was the lead story in the April 1943 issue . The protagonist , a university professor , " is forced to abandon scepticism and discover the underlying equations of magic , via symbolic logic " , in critic David Langford 's description . Leiber also contributed " Smoke Ghost " in October 1941 , described by Ashley as " arguably the first seriously modern ghost story " . Another writer whose first story appeared in Unknown was James H. Schmitz , whose " Greenface " appeared in the August 1943 issue . Other notable stories that appeared in Unknown include Jack Williamson 's " Darker Than You Think " ( December 1940 ) , which provides a scientific basis for a race of werewolves living undetected alongside human beings . Expanded into a novel in 1948 , it remains Williamson 's best @-@ known fantasy , and sf historian Malcolm Edwards comments that the two protagonists ' relationship is " depicted with a tortured ( and still haunting ) erotic frankness unusual in genre literature of the 1940s " . In addition to the Harold Shea pieces , de Camp published several other well @-@ received stories , including " The Wheels of If " ( October 1940 ) and " Lest Darkness Fall " ( December 1939 ) , an alternate history story about a time @-@ traveler who attempts to save the Roman Empire from the coming Dark Ages ; Edwards and Clute comment that the story is " the most accomplished early excursion into history in magazine sf , and is regarded as a classic " . Also highly regarded is Wellman 's " When It Was Moonlight " ( December 1940 ) , a story about Poe . The first sixteen issues of Unknown had cover paintings , but from July 1940 the cover style was changed to a table of contents , with a small ink drawing usually accompanying the summary of each story , in an attempt to make the magazine appear more dignified . The cover art came almost entirely from artists who did not contribute to many science fiction or fantasy magazines : six of the sixteen paintings were by H. W. Scott ; Manuel Islip , Modest Stein , Graves Gladney , and Edd Cartier provided the others . Cartier was the only one of these who regularly contributed to sf and fantasy periodicals ; he painted four of Unknown 's last six covers before the change to a text @-@ heavy design . = = Influence = = Unknown was , along with Weird Tales , an important early influence on the fantasy genre . In the foreword to From Unknown Worlds , in 1948 , Campbell commented that fantasy before Unknown had been too much infused with " gloom and terror " ; his approach in Unknown had been to assume that the " creatures of mythology and folklore " could be characters in an amusing tale as easily as they could be made part of a horror story . Horror stories , he said , had a place , but " horror injected with a sharp and poisoned needle is just as effective as when applied with the blunt @-@ instrument technique of the so @-@ called Gothic horror tale " . Campbell insisted on the same rational approach to fantasy that he required of his science fiction writers , and in the words of Clareson , this led to the destruction of " not only the prevalent narrative tone but also most of the trappings that had dominated fantasy from The Castle of Otranto and The Monk through the nineteenth century to Weird Tales " . Unknown quickly separated itself from Weird Tales , whose fantasies still primarily aimed to produce fear or shock . The closest predecessor to Unknown was Thorne Smith , whose prohibition @-@ era " Topper " stories also mixed fantasy with humor . Before Unknown , fantasy had received little serious attention , though on occasion writers such as James Branch Cabell had achieved respectability . In Ashley 's opinion , Unknown created the modern genre of fantasy , though commercial success for the genre had to wait until the 1970s . Clareson also suggests that Unknown influenced the science fiction that appeared in Astounding after Unknown folded . According to this view , stories such as Clifford Simak 's City series would not have appeared without the destruction of genre boundaries that Campbell oversaw . Clareson further proposes that Galaxy Science Fiction and The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , two of the most important and successful science fiction and fantasy magazines , were direct descendants of Unknown . Unknown is widely regarded as the finest fantasy magazine ever published : Ashley says , for example , that " Unknown published without doubt the greatest collection of fantasy stories produced in one magazine . " Despite its lack of commercial success , Unknown is the most lamented of all science fiction and fantasy magazines ; Lester del Rey describes it as having gained " a devotion from its readers that no other magazine can match " . Edwards comments that Unknown " appeared during Campbell 's peak years as an editor ; its reputation may stand as high as it does partly because it died while still at its best " . In a conversation with David G. Hartwell in 1962 , Shirley Jackson stated she owned a complete run of Unknown and expressed strong admiration for the publication , stating " It 's the best " . = = Bibliographic details = = Unknown was edited by John W. Campbell and published by Street & Smith Publications throughout its run . It was pulp @-@ sized from its launch through August 1941 , and then bedsheet @-@ sized from October 1941 to April 1943 . The last three issues were pulp @-@ sized again . Street & Smith had planned to switch it to digest size with the December 1943 issue , but it was cancelled before that issue appeared . The price began at 20 cents and rose to 25 cents with the change to bedsheet size ; it remained at 25 cents when the size changed back to pulp . It had 164 pages when pulp @-@ sized and 130 pages while it was bedsheet @-@ sized . It began as a monthly and switched to bimonthly from December 1940 on . The volume numbering was regular , with six volumes of six numbers and a final volume of three numbers . The title began as simply Unknown . In December 1940 " Fantasy Fiction " was added as a subtitle , and with the following issue the title became Unknown Worlds . The first six U.S. issues were available directly in the UK , but thereafter an abridged British reprint edition was issued by Atlas Publications , beginning in September 1939 . It was pulp @-@ sized , and priced at 9d ( nine pence ) throughout . It appeared on a regular monthly schedule until December 1940 , after which the schedule became quite irregular , with two or three issues appearing each year until 1949 . The volume numbering initially followed the corresponding U.S. editions , with some omitted numbers in 1942 and 1943 , and then disappeared for four issues ; from the twenty @-@ eighth issue ( Spring 1945 ) the magazine was numbered as if it had been given volumes of twelve numbers since the start of the run . The title was changed from Unknown to Unknown Worlds with the March 1942 issue . = = = Related publications = = = In 1948 , Street & Smith reprinted several stories from Unknown in a bedsheet @-@ sized magazine format , priced at 25 cents , with the title From Unknown Worlds . This was an attempt to determine if there was a market for a revived Unknown . Street & Smith printed 300 @,@ 000 copies , against the advice of John Campbell , but although it sold better than the original , too many copies were returned for the publisher to be willing to revive the magazine . The issue was reprinted in Britain in 1952 , reduced in size to 7 by 9 @.@ 5 inches ( 180 mm × 240 mm ) and cut from 130 pages to 124 ; it was priced at 2 / 6 ( two shillings and six pence ) . Part of the run was issued in a hardcover binding at a higher price . One story from the U.S. version was omitted : " One Man 's Harp " by Babette Rosmond . Three anthologies of stories from Unknown were published in the early 1960s . The Unknown Five includes four stories reprinted from Unknown and the first print appearance of " Author ! Author ! " , by Isaac Asimov , which was sold to Unknown shortly before Street & Smith shut it down . Two additional Unknown anthologies were published in the late 1980s .
= Khris Middleton = James Khristian " Khris " Middleton ( born August 12 , 1991 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He attended Porter @-@ Gaud School , where he was coached by John Pearson . As a junior and senior , he was named South Carolina Player of the Year , and was a McDonald 's All @-@ American nominee . He went on to play college basketball for Texas A & M University , where he started the majority of the games in his freshman year . In his sophomore season , he earned second @-@ team All @-@ Big 12 honors after leading the Aggies in scoring with 14 @.@ 3 points per game . Middleton was selected by the Detroit Pistons with the 39th overall pick of the 2012 NBA draft . = = Early life and high school = = Middleton was born on August 12 , 1991 in Charleston , South Carolina to James and Nichelle Middleton . He has one older sister named Brittney , and his cousin , Josh Powell , has played in the NBA . Another cousin , Kenny Manigault , plays basketball for Wichita State University and was teammates with Middleton on the Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) team Carolina Celtics . Two other teammates on the Carolina Celtics accepted Division I basketball scholarships , Jamal Curry ( Radford ) and Devin Booker ( Clemson ) . Middleton attended Porter @-@ Gaud School and played basketball for the Cyclones under coach John Pearson . As a sophomore , he averaged 12 points and eight rebounds per game . In his junior season , Middleton posted averages of 21 points and 8 @.@ 6 rebounds per game and was named state player of the year . He repeated as player of the year as a senior , scoring 22 @.@ 4 points per game and grabbing 8 @.@ 6 rebounds per game in leading Porter @-@ Gaud to the state title game . Middleton was named Most Valuable Player of the Porter @-@ Gaud Holiday Classic , scoring 22 points in the championship . He was nominated for the 2009 McDonald 's All @-@ American Boys Game , but was not selected to participate . ESPN ranked him the 64th best prospect in the Class of 2009 , and noted he was the best shooter at his position . Middleton was recruited by Texas A & M , Virginia Tech , South Carolina , Michigan , and Saint Joseph 's . He chose Texas A & M , and signed with the Aggies on May 30 , 2008 . He liked the college town atmosphere , and got along well with the coaching staff . = = College career = = = = = Freshman = = = Coming into his freshman year , Middleton expected to fill the three point shooting void of departed senior Josh Carter . Middleton 's college career started slowly , connecting on 1 @-@ of @-@ 12 field goals in limited action of his first three games . After a season @-@ ending leg injury to Derrick Roland on December 11 , 2009 , Middleton was forced to take a larger role in the offense and started 18 of the last 20 games . On February 3 , 2010 , he scored 16 points to help Texas A & M erase an 11 @-@ point second half deficit to defeat Missouri 77 @-@ 74 . In a 69 @-@ 53 NCAA Tournament Round of 64 victory over Utah State , Middleton scored a season @-@ high 19 points on 7 @-@ of @-@ 10 shooting . Texas A & M 's season ended with a loss in the Round of 32 to Purdue ; the Aggies finished with a record of 24 @-@ 10 . Overall Khris Middleton averaged 7 @.@ 2 points and 3 @.@ 7 rebounds per game and led the team in scoring five times . = = = Sophomore = = = As a sophomore , Middleton led the team and finished ninth in the Big 12 in scoring at 14 @.@ 3 points per game while also contributing 5 @.@ 2 rebounds per game . He hit 45 percent of his shots from the floor and 78 @.@ 4 percent of his free throws . Middleton scored in excess of 10 points in 27 games and led the team in scoring 16 times . He scored a career @-@ high 31 points in a 71 @-@ 62 overtime victory over Arkansas , including 11 of the team 's las 12 points in regulation . This earned him Big 12 Player of the Week and Oscar Robertson National Player of the Week honors for the week of December 13 – 19 , 2010 . On January 15 , 2011 , Middleton tallied 28 points , including 11 in overtime , to defeat Missouri 91 @-@ 89 . Middleton @-@ led Texas A & M went 24 @-@ 9 and lost in the NCAA Tournament Round of 64 to Florida State 57 @-@ 50 , in a contest in which Middleton contributed 16 points . He was selected to the All @-@ Big 12 Second Team at the conclusion of the regular season . The U.S. Basketball Writers Association named Middleton to the 10 @-@ man All @-@ District VII team covering college basketball players in the states of Texas , Arkansas , and Louisiana . He was recognized as an All @-@ Eighth District second @-@ team selection by the National Association of Basketball Coaches making him eligible for the State Farm Division I All ‐ America teams . Since the Big 12 Conference was its own district , this is equivalent to being named second team All @-@ Big 12 by the NABC . = = = Junior = = = Prior to Middleton 's junior season , head coach Mark Turgeon left to take the same position at the University of Maryland and was replaced by Billy Kennedy of Murray State . Middleton was impressed with Kennedy 's coaching acumen and chose to remain an Aggie . He was listed on the preseason watchlist for the Wooden Award . Middleton was a unanimous choice to the preseason All @-@ Big 12 team . Despite being the preseason co @-@ favorite in the league , Texas A & M finished 14 @-@ 18 overall and 4 @-@ 14 in the Big 12 . The team was hampered by a rash of injuries , including a knee injury that forced Middleton to sit for 12 games . He averaged 13 @.@ 2 points and 5 @.@ 0 rebounds per game , down from the previous season . On April 9 , 2012 , Middleton declared for the NBA Draft , forgoing his final season of collegiate eligibility . He thanked Texas A & M in a statement . = = = College statistics = = = = = Professional career = = = = = Detroit Pistons ( 2012 – 2013 ) = = = Middleton was selected by the Detroit Pistons with the 39th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft . On August 15 , 2012 , he signed his rookie scale contract with the Pistons . On December 12 , 2012 , he was assigned to the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League . A week later , he was recalled by the Pistons . He finished his rookie season having managed just 27 games for the Pistons while averaging 6 @.@ 1 points , 1 @.@ 9 rebounds and 1 @.@ 0 assists in 17 @.@ 6 minutes per game . = = = Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 – present ) = = = On July 31 , 2013 , Middleton was traded , along with Brandon Knight and Viacheslav Kravtsov , to the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for guard Brandon Jennings . In contrast to his limited action in 2012 – 13 , Middleton played all 82 games in 2013 – 14 , while starting 64 and averaging 12 @.@ 1 points , 3 @.@ 8 rebounds , 2 @.@ 1 assists and 1 @.@ 0 steals in 30 @.@ 0 minutes per game . On December 6 , 2013 , he scored a then career @-@ high 29 points in a 109 – 105 win over the Washington Wizards . On December 15 , 2014 , the Bucks were down by one to the Phoenix Suns with under four seconds remaining in regulation as Middleton hit a contested game @-@ winning buzzer beater to defeat the Suns , 96 – 94 . In just under 29 minutes of action off the bench , he recorded 14 points , 3 assists , 1 rebound and 1 steal . On March 7 , 2015 , he scored a then career @-@ high 30 points on 11 @-@ of @-@ 20 shooting in a 91 – 85 win over the Washington Wizards . In his second season with the Bucks , Middleton emerged as an important " 3 @-@ and @-@ D " player , shooting 46 @.@ 7 percent from the floor and 40 @.@ 7 percent from behind the three @-@ point arc . He averaged 13 @.@ 4 points , 4 @.@ 4 rebounds and 2 @.@ 3 assists per game . On July 9 , 2015 , Middleton re @-@ signed with the Bucks to a five @-@ year , $ 70 million contract , with a player option for the fifth year . This constituted a significant pay raise for Middleton , as he earned $ 915 @,@ 000 the prior year . On December 29 , 2015 , in a loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder , he scored a career @-@ high 36 points on 13 @-@ of @-@ 22 from the field and 6 @-@ of @-@ 9 from three @-@ point range . On March 4 , 2016 , in a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , he scored 32 points on 11 @-@ of @-@ 16 shooting , including 8 @-@ of @-@ 9 on three @-@ pointers , marking the most three @-@ pointers made by a Bucks player since Carlos Delfino had eight on March 18 , 2011 . He tied his career high of 36 points on April 10 , 2016 in a 109 – 108 overtime win over the Philadelphia 76ers . = = Personal life = = Middleton is a Christian . On July 7 , 2015 , Middleton penned a column in The Players ' Tribune about the 2015 Charleston church shooting . He explained that the shooting affected him deeply because he grew up in Charleston and his grandmother , Juanita Middleton , knew four of the nine people slaughtered . Khris Middleton had personally met one of the victims , Cynthia Hurd , as she dropped her nephew off at a basketball camp not long before the shooting . " In Charleston , we ’ re staying strong , but the wounds are still deep , " he wrote . = = NBA career statistics = = = = = Regular season = = = = = = Playoffs = = =
= Bedminster railway station = Bedminster railway station is on the Bristol to Exeter Line and serves the districts of Bedminster and Windmill Hill in Bristol , England . It is 0 @.@ 9 miles ( 1 @.@ 4 km ) to the west of Bristol Temple Meads , and 119 miles ( 192 km ) from London Paddington . Its three letter station code is BMT . It was opened in 1871 by the Bristol and Exeter Railway , was resited slightly further to the west in 1884 and was rebuilt in 1932 . The station , which has three through @-@ lines and two island platforms , but minimal facilities , is managed by Great Western Railway , the seventh company to be responsible for the station , and the third franchise since privatisation in 1997 . They provide all train services at the station , mainly an hourly service between Bristol Parkway and Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . There is local support for the line to be electrified , as an extension of the planned electrification of the London to Bristol route , and the level of service will be increased by two trains per hour between Portishead and Bristol when the Portishead Branch Line reopens to passengers in 2019 . = = Description = = The station is built on the lower northern slopes of Windmill Hill , on the Bristol to Exeter Line 119 miles 22 chains ( 191 @.@ 95 km ) from London Paddington and 71 chains ( 1 @.@ 43 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads . It the first station along the line from Bristol . To the south of the station is a primarily residential area , with terraced houses and several tower blocks ; while to the north is an industrial estate and shopping area . The railway line serves as the boundary between the Southville and Windmill Hill council wards , although the area is generally considered part of Bedminster , it is not part of the Bedminster council ward . The area is also served by Parson Street railway station , 74 chains ( 1 @.@ 49 km ) further along the line . The station has two island platforms , each 240 yards ( 220 m ) long , but only the first 100 – 110 yards ( 90 – 100 m ) are in use , the rest fenced off . Platform 1 is on the north side of the southern island , on the " Down Main " line serving westbound trains , the other side of the island is not in use , having been converted to a carriage siding . Platforms 2 and 3 are on the northern island . Platform 3 , on the north side " Up Relief " line , is used exclusively for eastbound trains . Platform 2 , on the south side " Up Main " line , is used mostly for eastbound trains , but can be used for westbound services , as the line is signalled for bidirectional running . There is a carriage siding on the south side of the southern island , coming from the east and terminating within the station limits . The speed limit through the station is 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) on the Down Main and eastbound on the Up Main . The Up Relief and westbound Up Main have a speed limit of 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) , the siding has a speed limit of 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) . The line is not electrified . Access between the platforms is via a subway with ramps at the west end of the platforms , although the station is not considered completely accessible as the ramps are steeper than 1 in 12 . The subway exits onto Fraser Street , which is the sole entrance to the station . The subway is decorated with murals painted by local schoolchildren , reflecting the history and culture of Bristol . Facilities at the station are minimal – there is a metal and glass shelter on each of the two islands , and a bench on the eastbound island . The station is completely unstaffed , and there are no facilities for buying tickets . There are customer help points , giving next train information for both platforms . There is no car park or taxi rank , and the nearest bus stop is 200 yards ( 180 m ) away on Malago Road . There is some cycle storage available . = = Services = = The station is managed by Great Western Railway , who also operate all rail services from the station . As of the May 2016 timetable , the basic service from Monday to Friday consists of one train in each direction per hour between Bristol Parkway and Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , calling at all stations . Some trains working between Cardiff and Taunton or Exeter St Davids call at peak hours and in the evening . All weekday trains at Bedminster also stop at Parson Street westbound and Bristol Temple Meads eastbound . On Saturday there is a similar pattern , but with no services beyond Bristol Parkway or Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare except during the early morning and late evening . Sunday sees a reduced service , with no trains eastbound until afternoon , and no trains westbound until 3pm . After that there is approximately one train every two hours , most of which do not call at Parson Street . Services are formed by a mix of Class 150 , 153 and 158 diesel multiple @-@ unit trains . Until 2012 , Class 143 Pacer units were a regular sight , but these have mostly been moved south to work in Devon and Cornwall following a cascade of Class 150 / 1 units from London Midland and London Overground . CrossCountry services between Scotland and the South West pass non @-@ stop throughout the day , with Great Western Railway services between London Paddington and Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare passing through during the morning and evening peaks . The typical journey time to Bristol Temple Meads is 4 minutes , while to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare takes 33 minutes . = = History = = The first section of the Bristol and Exeter Railway 's main line opened on 14 June 1841 between Bristol and Bridgwater . The station at Bedminster , originally known as Ashton , opened in 1871 , on the site of an earlier excursion platform which had closed in about 1870 . Sited approximately 57 chains ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) from the Bristol & Exeter 's northern terminus at Bristol Temple Meads and 119 miles 08 chains ( 191 @.@ 7 km ) from the Great Western Railway 's London terminus at Paddington , there were two tracks , both originally 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) broad @-@ gauge , but the line was reconstructed as a mixed gauge line to accommodate local 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) -gauge traffic by 1 June 1875 . On 1 January 1876 , the Bristol and Exeter was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) , who took over services . The station had been renamed Bedminster by 1884 , when on 27 May the original station closed and a new station was opened some 14 chains ( 280 m ) west . There were two separate platforms , one on each side of the two tracks . Broad @-@ gauge trains ceased operation on 20 May 1892 , and in 1908 the new station was extended , with the addition of ornate station buildings and a footbridge at the west end of the platforms . Until the opening of Parson Street in 1927 , Bedminster had served as the first station for trains heading for the Portishead Branch Line , which served the town of Portishead , the villages of Pill and Portbury , and the south side of the River Avon . The station was rebuilt in 1932 , opening on 30 April . The ornate buildings were demolished to enable the line to be four @-@ tracked , and were replaced by more austere buildings on two island platforms between the tracks , including two waiting rooms , ticket and parcel offices . The new station was accessed , as now , by a subway from Fraser Street . The station employed 15 men in 1938 . There was a 74 lever signal box to the east of the northern platform , and also a small siding to serve local coal merchants . When the railways were nationalised in 1948 , the GWR became the Western Region of British Railways . Goods traffic at Bedminster ceased from 1 June 1964 , traffic to Portishead ended with the closure of that line in September the same year , and the station became unstaffed from September 1968 . The signal box was taken out of service in April 1970 , and by 1979 all the station buildings had been demolished . British Rail was split into business @-@ led sectors in the 1980s , at which time operations at Bedminster passed to Regional Railways . Local services were franchised to Wales & West when the railway was privatised in 1997 , which was in turn succeeded by Wessex Trains , an arm of National Express , in 2001 . The Wessex franchise was amalgamated with the Great Western franchise into the Greater Western franchise from 2006 , and responsibility passed to First Great Western , a subsidiary company of FirstGroup , rebranded in 2015 as Great Western Railway . In 2010 , the Severnside Community Rail Partnership began a comprehensive scheme to improve the station . The work included removing foliage from the platforms , new lighting and artwork for the subway , community display panels and the installation of help points . The subway artwork came third in the arts category at the 2011 Community Rail Awards . = = Future = = First Great Western declined an option to continue the Greater Western passenger franchise , of which services at Bedminster are a part , beyond 2013 , citing a desire for a longer @-@ term contract due to the impending upgrade to the Great Western Main Line . The franchise was put out to tender , but the process was halted and later scrapped due to the fallout from the collapse of the InterCity West Coast franchise competition . A two @-@ year franchise extension until September 2015 was agreed in October 2013 , and subsequently extended until March 2019 . With the coming upgrade to the Great Western Main Line , the main line from London to Bristol is due to be electrified by 2016 . However , the electrification will not extend beyond Bristol to Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare , so Bedminster will continue to be served by diesel trains . The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing to Weston , as does MP for Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare John Penrose . " Sprinter " units , which currently operate the train service , are expected to be replaced by Class 165 and 166 " Turbo " units . Bedminster is on the Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare / Yate corridor , one of the main axes of the Greater Bristol Metro , a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area . As part of this scheme , the Portishead Branch Line , which runs along the south side of the River Avon from a junction just beyond Parson Street railway station , will be reopened . Trains along the line will likely serve Bedminster , with an aspiration of two trains per hour in peak periods . The line was built in the 1860s , but closed to passenger traffic in 1964 , leaving Portishead as one of Britain 's largest towns without a railway station . The line was reopened for freight traffic to serve Royal Portbury Docks in 2001 . The scheme was given the go @-@ ahead in July 2012 as part of the City Deal , whereby local councils would be given greater control over money by the government . A consultation on the plans was held between 22 June and 3 August 2015 to gather views from the community and stakeholders before moving on to detailed designs . The detailed proposals will be subject to a second consultation before the plans are finalised . Trains along the reopened line will operate between Portishead and Bristol Temple Meads , with two trains per hour in each direction . Services would call at Pill and Parson Street , with aspirations to also call at Bedminster and a reopened Ashton Gate . Trains could also be extended on to the Severn Beach Line . The line will be operated as part of the Greater Western passenger franchise , with services due to start in Spring 2019 . The Down Relief line between Bristol Temple Meads and Parson Street is to be partially reinstated as part of the MetroWest scheme in order to ease congestion . According to the Great Western Route Utilisation Strategy , in the December 2007 timetable period , the line through Parson Street was running at over 75 % capacity in the morning peak between 8 and 9am . It was predicted that by 2019 , trains working the line would be completely full during peak hours . While the three tracks could cope with traffic generated by the reopening of the Portishead Line , campaigners note it would leave little room for growth . Parson Street Junction will also be upgraded during the works . = = Incidents = = There have been several railway incidents in the Bedminster area over the years . On 1 May 2001 , a Class 153 unit passed a red signal near Bedminster , but was stopped before it could head on to the Main line from the Relief line in front of a High Speed Train . Three years later , on 23 September 2004 , the 12 : 10 Wessex Trains service from Penzance to Bristol Temple Meads struck and killed a 12 @-@ year @-@ old boy on the Up Relief line , who had been hiding under the platform . The death was ruled accidental . What used to be the westbound relief line at Bedminster was converted into a carriage siding , and is used to stable trains to avoid clogging the platforms at Bristol Temple Meads . However , as the tracks are fairly easily accessible , such trains can be a magnet for vandals , causing First Great Western to offer a reward of £ 1000 in March 2007 to catch vandals who had been damaging and spray @-@ painting the trains . More generally , there were 19 crimes reported at Bedminster railway station in 2007 , and 14 in 2008 . British Transport Police statistics noted a 53 % reduction in reported crime at Bristol area stations between 2007 and 2012 . On 6 January 2009 , the Windmill Hill bridge , just to the west of Bedminster station , was hit by a vehicle , causing some delays to train services while it was assessed for damage . The bridge was struck again on 17 December 2009 , which stopped services for 40 minutes .
= The Tale of Benjamin Bunny = The Tale of Benjamin Bunny is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in September 1904 . The book is a sequel to The Tale of Peter Rabbit ( 1902 ) , and tells of Peter 's return to Mr. McGregor 's garden with his cousin Benjamin to retrieve the clothes he lost there during his previous adventure . In Benjamin Bunny , Potter deepened the rabbit universe she created in Peter Rabbit , and , in doing so , suggested the rabbit world was parallel to the human world but complete and sufficient unto itself . Benjamin Bunny was an instant commercial and popular success , and thousands of copies were in print by the end of 1904 . The Times Literary Supplement thought Potter 's illustrations " pencil perfect " , but suggested that she engage a literary assistant for future productions . Potter created a nursery wallpaper tapping Benjamin 's image , and Benjamin returned as an adult rabbit in the Flopsy Bunnies and Mr. Tod . In 1992 , Benjamin Bunny was adapted as an episode of the BBC animated television series , The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends . = = Plot = = When Mr. McGregor and his wife leave home in their gig , Benjamin Bunny and his cousin Peter Rabbit venture into Mr. McGregor 's garden to retrieve the clothes Peter lost there in The Tale of Peter Rabbit . They find the blue jacket and brown shoes on a scarecrow , but Peter is apprehensive about lingering in the garden because of his previous experience . Benjamin delays their departure by gathering onions , which he wraps in Peter 's handkerchief , hoping to give them to his aunt , Peter 's mother . He then takes a casual stroll around the garden , followed by an increasingly nervous Peter . Rounding a corner , they see a cat and hide under a basket , but the cat then sits on top of the basket for hours , trapping the pair . Benjamin 's father enters the garden looking for his son . He drives the cat from the basket and locks her in the greenhouse , then rescues Benjamin and Peter . But he also punishes them for going to Mr. McGregor 's garden by whipping them with a switch he had brought . Once home , Peter gives the onions to his mother , who forgives his adventure because he has recovered his jacket and shoes . Following his return , Mr. McGregor is puzzled by the scarecrow 's missing clothes and the cat locked in the greenhouse . = = Background = = In 1901 , Potter privately published The Tale of Peter Rabbit , and , in 1902 , Frederick Warne & Co. published a trade edition of the book , which was hugely successful . In 1904 , she followed Peter Rabbit with its sequel , The Tale of Benjamin Bunny , and continued the rabbit saga in 1909 with The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies and in 1912 with The Tale of Mr. Tod . All the tales were in part inspired by Joel Chandler Harris 's Uncle Remus stories , which Potter illustrated as early as 1893 in an attempt to find a career direction . Potter was unable to successfully translate Harris 's characters to the English country garden , but she transformed the American author 's " lippity @-@ clippity , clippity @-@ lippity " to " lippity @-@ lippity " in Peter Rabbit , and used his " rabbit tobacco " ( lavender ) in Benjamin Bunny and Mr. Tod . None of her rabbit characters were based on Br 'er Rabbit ; Harris 's rabbit wins by cunning , but Potter 's Benjamin and Peter win by pure luck . The rabbit universe in Potter is decidedly a more pleasant place than that found in Harris 's stories . = = Composition and publication = = In July 1903 , Potter suggested to her publisher Frederick Warne & Co. that the book to follow The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin and The Tailor of Gloucester ought to be something less complex than the two previous productions . She had several possible stories in mind and outlined them for the firm , but was anxious to settle on a choice as quickly as possible to guide her sketching while on holiday . It was decided between Potter and her publisher that one of the two books for 1904 would be Benjamin Bunny . Benjamin Bunny had been mentioned in the manuscript of the privately printed edition of Peter Rabbit but had been dropped as irrelevant to the tale . A picture of his father was included in the private edition although he has no part in the story . Potter was sensitive to the beginnings and endings of her books and usually avoided the conventional at those key places . The publisher did not like the Benjamin Bunny ending , but she refused to alter it to their suggested " happily ever after " because such an ending in her estimation was " rather trite " and " inexact " . She suggested the last paragraph as it now appears in the book with the comment , " I would like the book to end with the word ' rabbit @-@ tobacco ' , it is a rather fine word . " She rewrote several other passages including twice rewriting the passage depicting Mr. McGregor 's discovery of the cat locked in the greenhouse . Summering at Fawe Park in Keswick , Cumbria with her parents , Potter filled her sketchbook with pictures of the estate 's several gardens including the kitchen garden and its greenhouses , cold frames , potting shed , and espaliered fruit trees . Her father photographed Fawe Park and Potter probably used his photographs ( or her own ) as an aid in her work . The picture of Old Mr. Bunny attacking the cat did not satisfy her publisher , and she redrew it as she did the picture of Benjamin and Peter standing on the garden wall . In Peter Rabbit , Mr. McGregor 's garden was in Perthshire , but in Benjamin Bunny , the rabbit clan and the garden setting were moved to the Lake District , where they remained for The Tale of Mr. Tod , the final book of the Peter Rabbit saga . During her London winter , Potter developed her work , and , by the middle of June 1904 , Benjamin Bunny was almost finished . Many of the sketches from her Fawe Park holiday were little altered in their migration to the book , and , upon completion of the work , Potter declared she was relieved to be finished with the rabbits . The book was dedicated to " the children of Sawrey from old Mr. Bunny " . Beginnings and endings of tales were important to Potter and she specified Benjamin Bunny was to end with the words , " rabbit tobacco " – a term from Uncle Remus she had made her own . Twenty thousand copies were published and released in September 1904 . Within a month , reprints were ordered , and another ten thousand copies were printed at year 's end . Much to her embarrassment , Potter realized " muffettees " ( a muff worn at the wrist ) was misspelled , but the error was not corrected until the third printing . = = Illustrations = = Potter borrowed a cat , and took a pet rabbit to Fawe Park as models . Her meticulous preparation before finalizing an illustration was noted in a letter to Warne : " I think I have done every imaginable rabbit background and miscellaneous sketches as well – about seventy ! I hope you will like them , though rather scribbled . " Scribbled or not , the work is of the highest quality with the sketches of onions and red carnations ( which were dropped as the frontispiece ) being chief examples . The illustrations communicate her obvious appreciation and love for the humble pots , onions , and flowers of the garden . Many of the objects in the illustrations – the gate , the potting shed , the wall – have changed little over the years and are recognizable today from her illustrations . Aware the type of story she was writing was set primarily in colours of fawn , brown , and soft green , Potter wrote that , " the ( red ) handkerchief will make a good bit of colour all through the book . " = = Critical reception = = The tale was well received by the Scotsman , but The Times Literary Supplement was not entirely enthusiastic : Among the little books that have become as much a manifestation of autumn as falling leaves , one looks first for whatever Miss Beatrix Potter gives ... In her new book ... although there is no diminution in the charm and drollery of the drawings , Miss Potter 's fancy is not what it was . The story is inconclusive . Next year we think she must call in a literary assistant . We have no hesitation in calling her pencil perfect . Potter biographer Linda Lear notes that none of the rabbit books subsequent to Peter Rabbit appealed to Potter with the passion she experienced for the original , but , in Benjamin Bunny , she successfully wrote a simple , didactic tale for very young children that was less complicated than The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin and The Tailor of Gloucester . Benjamin Bunny however lacked the vitality of her previous efforts because it was made to order rather than allowed to flower from a picture letter to real children in the manner of Peter Rabbit and Squirrel Nutkin . The weak story line of Benjamin Bunny is evidence of her dwindling interest in continuing the Peter Rabbit saga , but the book displays a delight in place , a deep understanding of rabbit anatomy and behaviour , and beautifully miniaturized illustrations of vegetable gardens . Benjamin Bunny presented demands upon Potter she had not encountered in her previous three tales . She had depleted all her sketchbook backgrounds in the production of the other tales and was forced to create new ones , but the greatest challenge to Potter 's artistry was consciously working to satisfy both her publisher 's demand for another commercial success and her public 's expectation of a tale as delightful as her others while labouring under the pressure to produce a sequel to a work of genius . = = Merchandising and adaptations = = Benjamin became a motif in a nursery wallpaper designed by Potter shortly after the tale 's publication . Benjamin and Peter made a cameo appearance in the artwork of Potter 's The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy @-@ Winkle ( 1905 ) , and returned as adult rabbits in The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies ( 1909 ) and The Tale of Mr. Tod ( 1912 ) . In 1992 , an animated adaptation of the story was integrated with The Tale of Peter Rabbit and telecast on the BBC anthology series , The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends . Benjamin also appeared in the episodes , The Tale of Mr. Tod and The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies and Mrs. Tittlemouse . Also in the BBC adaptation , Peter Rabbit 's mother 's first name is revealed to be Josephine , while in the actual books , her first name is not given .
= Steamer Maxwell = Frederick George " Steamer " Maxwell ( May 19 , 1890 – September 11 , 1975 ) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey player . He played rover in the days of seven @-@ man hockey at the turn of the 20th century , spending six seasons with the Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Hockey League ( MHL ) between 1909 and 1915 . Considered one of the top players of his era , he won two Manitoba provincial championships with the Monarchs and was a member of the team that won the 1915 Allan Cup as Canadian senior amateur champions . Maxwell spurned multiple offers to turn professional and ultimately quit playing hockey when he learned some of his peers at the senior amateur level were getting paid . A long @-@ time coach at the senior level , Maxwell led the Winnipeg Falcons to an Allan Cup championship in 1920 ; the team went on to win an Olympic Gold medal as Canada 's representative in the 1920 Olympic ice hockey tournament . He coached into the 1930s , leading several teams to senior and junior championships . Maxwell is an honoured member of the Manitoba Sports and Hockey Halls of Fame and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962 . = = Playing career = = Quick on his feet , Maxwell 's skating ability at rover earned him the nickname " Steamer " . He began his senior career in 1909 – 10 , appearing in one game with the Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Hockey League ( MHL ) . In 1910 – 11 , he scored six goals for the Monarchs in five games and was named to the league 's second All @-@ Star team . He scored seven goals in seven games for the Monarchs in 1911 – 12 , and by the following season had been named the team 's captain . Maxwell scored three goals and two assists for the Monarchs in the 1913 – 14 season as the team won the city and provincial championships . By virtue of the title , the team was granted possession of the Allan Cup , emblematic of Canada 's national senior @-@ amateur championship . The team initially refused to defend the trophy against a challenge by the Kenora Thistles after the Cup 's trustees ruled Dick Irvin ineligible . Facing the possibility of having to play with only six players against Kenora 's seven , the Monarchs threatened to default . The game , held March 11 , 1914 , was ultimately played – with Irvin in the line @-@ up – and Maxwell 's speed and skating helped lead the Monarchs to a 6 – 2 victory . The team was unable to defend the trophy against a second challenge , played two nights later against the Regina Victorias . Maxwell scored a goal in a 5 – 4 defeat . The Monarchs repeated as Manitoba provincial champions in 1914 – 15 as Maxwell again scored three goals and two assists during regular league play . The team reached the 1915 Allan Cup finals , where they challenged the Saskatchewan champion Melville Millionaires who held the Cup . Unlike the previous year 's single @-@ game contests , the 1915 final was played as a two @-@ game , total @-@ goals series . Melville defeated Winnipeg by a 4 – 3 score in the first game , but the Monarchs overcame a two @-@ goal deficit in the second match to win 4 – 2 and win the series on an aggregate total of six to five . There were no further challenges , and Maxwell and the Monarchs ended the season as Allan Cup champions . Throughout his playing career , Maxwell received several offers to turn professional. the National Hockey Association 's Toronto Blueshirts offered him $ 1 @,@ 500 to join their team , while representatives of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association made an offer of $ 1 @,@ 800 the following season . He turned both offers down , preferring to remain an amateur . His feelings on what constituted an amateur player were so strong that he quit playing hockey following the 1915 Allan Cup as the nature of the senior game at the time failed to meet his expectations : " When I played , I bought my own skates and boots . When I found out some of the others were getting paid , I quit . " = = Coaching career = = Maxwell remained in the game , turning to coaching . He served two seasons as coach of the Winnipeg Monarchs before moving to the cross @-@ town rival Winnipeg Falcons . He led the Falcons to the 1920 Allan Cup , defeating the University of Toronto Varsity Blues by scores of 8 – 3 and 3 – 2 . The victory also earned his team the right to represent Canada at the first Olympic ice hockey tournament at the Summer Games in Antwerp . His business interests outside of hockey prevented Maxwell from travelling to Belgium with his team ; however the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) lists him as the coach for the gold medal winning Canadians , who outscored their opponents 29 – 1 in three games played . Maxwell coached several Winnipeg teams throughout the 1920s and 1930s . He led the Winnipeg Rangers , Winnipeg Winnipegs and Elmwood Millionaires to Manitoba provincial senior championships in 1926 , 1927 and 1930 , respectively . He led the Millionaires ' junior team to a provincial title that same season . Maxwell briefly coached in the professional ranks , with the Winnipeg Maroons of the American Hockey Association in 1927 – 28 . The Toronto Maple Leafs attempted to sign him to coach their National Hockey League club in 1931 , however team owner Conn Smythe chose to hire Dick Irvin instead after Maxwell insisted on a three @-@ year contract . Instead , Maxwell returned to the Winnipeg Monarchs , where he led their junior team to the western Canadian championship in 1931 – 32 . In the Memorial Cup final , Maxwell 's squad lost to the eastern champion Sudbury Cub Wolves . Coaching the senior Monarchs , Maxwell led the team to the Manitoba Championship in 1933 – 34 . Canadian Amateur Hockey Association invited the team to represent Canada at the 1935 World Championship . However , as with 1920 , Maxwell was unable to travel to Europe with his team . The Monarchs went on to win the World Championship . In addition to coaching , Maxwell was a long time referee . He frequently officiated matches in both Allan and Memorial Cup playoffs , as well as professional teams that traveled through Western Canada . He was recognized numerous times for his playing and coaching career . Maxwell is an honoured member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame , and was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 1988 . That honour followed his 1962 induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame . = = Personal life = = Outside of hockey , Maxwell owned a lumber business , F. G. Maxwell Co . Ltd , which he operated until his retirement in 1967 . He was a partner with fellow Hall of Famer Charlie Gardiner until the latter 's death in 1934 . The company , which focused on plywood supply , was successful and ultimately made Maxwell a millionaire . Following his retirement , Maxwell turned to photography and world travel . He and his wife Ann resided in his hometown of Winnipeg . He had two sisters , Genevieve and Beatrice . Genevieve was herself a champion tennis player in Western Canada . An avid baseball fan , Maxwell was among the founders of the Winnipeg Arena baseball club in 1908 , and became the team 's manager in 1912 . At its peak , the team drew as many as 5 @,@ 000 fans per game . As a player , manager or general manager , Maxwell was a member of eight Arena teams that won the Winnipeg city championship between 1908 and 1923 . He was known for his quick , and often barbed , wit ; His friends often told a story of an Arenas baseball game where , after failing to convince the umpire that it was too dark to play , Maxwell sent his players onto the field with lighted candles . In his later years , he served on the advisory board of the Winnipeg Goldeyes professional club . = = Career statistics = =
= Rudolf Hess = Rudolf Walter Richard Heß , also spelled Hess ( 26 April 1894 – 17 August 1987 ) , was a prominent politician in Nazi Germany . Appointed Deputy Führer to Adolf Hitler in 1933 , he served in this position until 1941 , when he flew solo to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace with the United Kingdom during World War II . He was taken prisoner and eventually was convicted of crimes against peace , serving a life sentence . Hess enlisted in the 7th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment as an infantryman at the outbreak of World War I. He was wounded several times over the course of the war , and won the Iron Cross , 2nd class , in 1915 . Shortly before the war ended , Hess enrolled to train as an aviator , but he saw no action in this role . He left the armed forces in December 1918 with the rank of Leutnant der Reserve . In 1919 , Hess enrolled in the University of Munich , where he studied geopolitics under Karl Haushofer , a proponent of the concept of Lebensraum ( " living space " ) , which later became one of the pillars of Nazi Party ( National Socialist German Workers Party ; NSDAP ) ideology . Hess joined the NSDAP on 1 July 1920 , and was at Hitler 's side on 8 November 1923 for the Beer Hall Putsch , a failed Nazi attempt to seize control of the government of Bavaria . Whilst serving time in jail for this attempted coup , Hess helped Hitler write his opus , Mein Kampf , which became a foundation of the political platform of the NSDAP . After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 , Hess was appointed Deputy Führer of the NSDAP and received a post in Hitler 's cabinet . He was the third most powerful man in Germany , behind only Hitler and Hermann Göring . In addition to appearing on Hitler 's behalf at speaking engagements and rallies , Hess signed into law much of the legislation , including the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 , which stripped the Jews of Germany of their rights in the lead @-@ up to the Holocaust . Hess continued to be interested in aviation , learning to fly the more advanced aircraft that were coming into development at the start of World War II . On 10 May 1941 he undertook a solo flight to Scotland , where he hoped to arrange peace talks with the Duke of Hamilton , whom he believed to be prominent in opposition to the British government . Hess was immediately arrested on his arrival and was held in British custody until the end of the war , when he was returned to Germany to stand trial in the Nuremberg Trials of major war criminals in 1946 . Throughout much of the trial , he claimed to be suffering from amnesia , but later admitted this was a ruse . Hess was convicted of crimes against peace and conspiracy with other German leaders to commit crimes and was transferred to Spandau Prison in 1947 , where he served a life sentence . Repeated attempts by family members and prominent politicians to win him early release were blocked by the Soviet Union . Still in custody in Spandau , he died by suicide in 1987 at the age of 93 . After his death the prison was demolished to prevent it from becoming a neo @-@ Nazi shrine . = = Early life = = Hess , the oldest of three children , was born on 26 April 1894 in Alexandria , Egypt , into the ethnic German family of Fritz Hess , a prosperous merchant from Bavaria , and Clara Hess ( née Münch ) . His brother , Alfred , was born in 1897 and his sister , Margarete , was born in 1908 . The family lived in a villa on the Egyptian coast near Alexandria , and visited Germany often from 1900 , staying at their summer home in Reicholdsgrün ( now part of Kirchenlamitz ) in the Fichtel Mountains . Hess attended a German language Protestant school in Alexandria from 1900 to 1908 , when he was sent back to Germany to study at a boarding school in Bad Godesberg . He demonstrated an aptitude for science and mathematics , but his father wished him to join the family business , Hess & Co . , so he sent him in 1911 to study at the École supérieure de commerce in Neuchâtel , Switzerland . After a year there , Hess took an apprenticeship at a trading company in Hamburg . = = World War I = = Within weeks of the outbreak of World War I , Hess enlisted in the 7th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment . His initial posting was against the British on the Somme ; he was present at the First Battle of Ypres . On 9 November 1914 Hess transferred to the 1st Infantry Regiment , stationed near Arras . He was awarded the Iron Cross , second class , and promoted to Gefreiter ( corporal ) in April 1915 . After additional training at the Munster Training Area , he was promoted to Vizefeldwebel ( senior non @-@ commissioned officer ) and received the Bavarian Military Merit Cross . Returning to the front lines in November , he fought in Artois , participating in the battle for the town of Neuville @-@ Saint @-@ Vaast . After two months out of action with a throat infection , Hess served in the Battle of Verdun in May , and was hit by shrapnel in the left hand and arm on 12 June 1916 in fighting near the village of Thiaumont . After a month off to recover , he was sent back to the Verdun area , where he remained until December . Hess was promoted to platoon leader of the 10th Company of the 18th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment , which was serving in Romania . He was wounded on 23 July and again on 8 August 1917 ; the first injury was a shell splinter to the left arm , which was dressed in the field , but the second was a bullet wound that entered the upper chest near the armpit and exited near his spinal column , leaving a pea @-@ sized entry wound and a cherry stone @-@ sized exit wound on his back . By 20 August he was well enough to travel , so he was sent to hospital in Hungary and eventually back to Germany , where he recovered in hospital in Meissen . In October he received promotion to Leutnant der Reserve and was recommended for , but did not receive , the Iron Cross , first class . At his father 's request , Hess was transferred to a hospital closer to home , arriving at Alexandersbad on 25 October . While still convalescing , Hess had requested that he be allowed to enrol to train as a pilot , so after some Christmas leave with his family he reported to Munich , where he passed the required tests and underwent aeronautical training . By 14 October he had been assigned to Jagdstaffel 35b , a Bavarian fighter squadron equipped with Fokker D.VII biplanes . He saw no action with Jagdstaffel 35b , as the war ended on 11 November 1918 , before he had the opportunity . Hess was discharged from the armed forces in December 1918 . The family fortunes had taken a serious downturn , as their business interests in Egypt had been expropriated by the British . Hess joined the Thule Society , an antisemitic right @-@ wing Völkisch group , and a Freikorps , one of many such volunteer paramilitary organisations active in Germany at the time . Bavaria witnessed frequent and often bloody conflicts between right @-@ wing groups such as the Freikorps and left @-@ wing forces as they fought for control of the state during this period . Hess was a participant in street battles in the spring of 1919 and led a group which distributed thousands of antisemitic pamphlets in Munich . In 1919 Hess enrolled in the University of Munich , where he studied history and economics . His geopolitics professor was Karl Haushofer , a proponent of the concept of Lebensraum ( " living space " ) , which Haushofer cited to justify the proposal that Germany should forcefully conquer additional territory in Eastern Europe . Hess later introduced this concept to Adolf Hitler , and it became one of the pillars of Nazi Party ideology . Hess became friends with Haushofer and his son Albrecht , a social theorist and lecturer . Ilse Pröhl , a fellow student at the university , met Hess in April 1920 when they by chance rented rooms in the same boarding house . They married on 20 December 1927 and their son Wolf Rüdiger Hess was born ten years later , in 1937 . = = Relationship with Hitler = = After hearing NSDAP leader Hitler , a powerful orator , speak for the first time in 1920 at a Munich rally , Hess became completely devoted to him . They held a shared belief in the stab @-@ in @-@ the @-@ back myth , the notion that Germany 's loss in World War I was caused by a conspiracy of Jews and Bolsheviks rather than a military defeat . Hess joined the NSDAP on 1 July as member number 16 . As the party continued to grow , holding rallies and meetings in ever larger beer halls in Munich , he focused his attention on fundraising and organisational activities . On 4 November 1921 he was injured while protecting Hitler when a bomb planted by a Marxist group exploded at the Hofbräuhaus during a party event . Hess joined the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) by 1922 and helped organise and recruit its early membership . Meanwhile , problems continued with the economy ; hyperinflation caused personal fortunes to be rendered worthless . When the German government failed to meet their reparations payments and French troops marched in to occupy the industrial areas along the Ruhr in January 1923 , widespread civil unrest was the result . Hitler decided the time was ripe to attempt to seize control of the government with a coup d 'état modelled on Benito Mussolini 's 1922 March on Rome . Hess was with Hitler on the night of 8 November 1923 when he and the SA stormed a public meeting organised by Bavaria 's de facto ruler , Staatskommissar ( state commissioner ) Gustav von Kahr , in the Bürgerbräukeller , a large beer hall in Munich . Brandishing a pistol , Hitler interrupted Kahr 's speech and announced that the national revolution had begun , declaring the formation of a new government with World War I General Erich Ludendorff . The next day , Hitler and several thousand supporters attempted to march to the Ministry of War in the city centre . Gunfire broke out between the Nazis and the police ; fourteen marchers and four police officers were killed . Hitler was arrested on 11 November . Hess and some SA men had taken a few of the dignitaries hostage on the night of the 8th , driving them to a house about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) from Munich . When Hess left briefly to make a phone call the next day , the hostages convinced the driver to help them escape . Hess , stranded , called Ilse Pröhl , who brought him a bicycle so he could return to Munich . He went to stay with the Haushofers and then fled to Austria , but they convinced him to return . He was arrested and sentenced to 18 months in prison for his role in the attempted coup , which later became known as the Beer Hall Putsch . Hitler was sentenced to five years imprisonment , and the NSDAP and SA were both outlawed . Both men were incarcerated in Landsberg Prison , where Hitler soon began work on his memoir , Mein Kampf ( " My Struggle " ) , which he dictated to fellow prisoners Hess and Emil Maurice . Edited by publisher Max Amann , Hess and others , the work was published in two parts in 1925 and 1926 . It was later released in a single volume , which became a best @-@ seller after 1930 . This book , with its message of violent antisemitism , became the foundation of the political platform of the NSDAP . Hitler was released on parole on 20 December 1924 and Hess ten days later . The ban on the NSDAP and SA was lifted in February 1925 , and the party grew to 100 @,@ 000 members in 1928 and 150 @,@ 000 in 1929 . They received only 2 @.@ 6 per cent of the vote in the 1928 election , but support increased steadily up until the seizure of power in 1933 . Hitler named Hess his private secretary in April 1925 at a salary of 500 Reichsmarks per month , and named him as personal adjutant on 20 July 1929 . Hess accompanied Hitler to speaking engagements around the country and became his friend and confidante . In December 1932 Hess was named party Political Central Commissioner . Retaining his interest in flying after the end of his active military career , Hess obtained his private pilot 's licence on 4 April 1929 . His instructor was World War I flying ace Theodor Croneiss . In 1930 Hess became the owner of a BFW M.23b monoplane sponsored by the party newspaper , the Völkischer Beobachter . He acquired two more Messerschmitt aircraft in the early 1930s , logging many flying hours and becoming proficient in the operation of light single @-@ engine aircraft . = = Deputy Führer = = On 30 January 1933 Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor , his first step in gaining dictatorial control of Germany . Hess was named Deputy Führer of the NSDAP on 21 April and was appointed to the cabinet , with the post of Reich Minister without Portfolio , on 1 December . With offices in the Brown House in Munich and another in Berlin , Hess was responsible for several departments , including foreign affairs , finance , health , education and law . All legislation passed through his office for approval , except that concerning the army , the police and foreign policy , and he wrote and co @-@ signed many of Hitler 's decrees . An organiser of the annual Nuremberg Rallies , he usually gave the opening speech and introduced Hitler . Hess also spoke over the radio and at rallies around the country , so frequently that the speeches were collected into book form in 1938 . Hess acted as Hitler 's delegate in negotiations with industrialists and members of the wealthier classes . As Hess had been born abroad , Hitler had him oversee the NSDAP groups such as the NSDAP / AO that were in charge of party members living in other countries . Hitler instructed Hess to review all court decisions that related to persons deemed enemies of the Party . He was authorised to increase the sentences of anyone he felt got off too lightly in these cases , and was also empowered to take " merciless action " if he saw fit to do so . This often entailed sending the person to a concentration camp or simply ordering the person killed . Hess was given the rank of Obergruppenführer in the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) in 1934 , the second @-@ highest SS rank . The Nazi regime began to persecute Jews soon after the seizure of power . Hess 's office was partly responsible for drafting Hitler 's Nuremberg Laws of 1935 , laws that had far @-@ reaching implications for the Jews of Germany , banning marriage between non @-@ Jewish and Jewish Germans and depriving non @-@ Aryans of their German citizenship . Hess 's friend Karl Haushofer and his family were subject to these laws , as Haushofer had married a half @-@ Jewish woman , so Hess issued documents exempting them from this legislation . Hess did not build a power base or develop a coterie of followers . He was motivated by his loyalty to Hitler and a desire to be useful to him ; he did not seek power or prestige or take advantage of his position to accumulate personal wealth . He lived in a modest house in Munich . Although Hess had less influence than other top NSDAP officials , he was popular with the masses . After the Invasion of Poland and the start of World War II in September 1939 , Hitler made Hess second in line to succeed him , after Hermann Göring . Around the same time , Hitler appointed Hess 's chief of staff , Martin Bormann , as his personal secretary , a post formerly held by Hess . Hess was obsessed with his health to the point of hypochondria , consulting many doctors and other practitioners for what he described to his captors in Britain as a long list of ailments involving the kidneys , colon , gall bladder , bowels and heart . Like Hitler , Hess was a vegetarian , and he did not smoke or drink . He brought his own food to the Berghof , claiming it was biologically dynamic , but Hitler did not approve of this practice , so he discontinued taking meals with the Führer . Hess was interested in music , enjoyed reading and loved to spend time hiking and climbing in the mountains with Ilse . He and his friend Albrecht Haushofer shared an interest in astrology , and Hess also was keen on clairvoyance and the occult . Hess continued to be interested in aviation . He won an air race in 1934 , flying a BFW M.35 in a circuit around Zugspitze Mountain and returning to the airfield at Munich with a time of 29 minutes . He placed sixth of 29 participants in a similar race held the following year . With the outbreak of World War II , Hess asked Hitler to be allowed to join the Luftwaffe as a pilot , but Hitler forbade it , and ordered him to stop flying for the duration of the war . Hess convinced him to reduce the ban to one year . = = Attempted peace mission = = As the war progressed , Hitler 's attention became focused on foreign affairs and the conduct of the war , to the exclusion of all else . Hess , not directly engaged in either of these endeavours , though he felt qualified to do so , became increasingly sidelined from the affairs of the nation and from Hitler 's attention ; Bormann had successfully supplanted Hess in many of his duties and usurped his position at Hitler 's side . Also concerned that Germany would face a war on two fronts as plans progressed for Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union scheduled to take place in spring 1941 , Hess decided to boldly attempt to bring Britain to the negotiating table by travelling there himself to seek meetings with the British government . He asked the advice of Albrecht Haushofer , who suggested several potential contacts in Britain . Hess settled on fellow aviator Douglas Douglas @-@ Hamilton , the Duke of Hamilton , whom he had never met . On Hess 's instructions , Haushofer wrote to Hamilton in September 1940 , but the letter was intercepted by MI5 and Hamilton did not see it until March 1941 . Hamilton was chosen in the mistaken belief that he was one of the leaders of an opposition party opposed to war with Germany , and because he was a friend of Haushofer . A letter Hess wrote to his wife dated 4 November 1940 shows that in spite of not receiving a reply from Hamilton , he intended to proceed with his plan . He began training on the Messerschmitt Bf 110 , a two @-@ seater twin @-@ engine aircraft , in October 1940 under instructor Wilhelm Stör , the chief test pilot at Messerschmitt . He continued to practice , including logging many cross @-@ country flights , and found a specific aircraft that handled well — a Bf 110E @-@ 1 / N — which was from then on held in reserve for his personal use . He asked for a radio compass , modifications to the oxygen delivery system , and large long @-@ range fuel tanks to be installed on this plane , and these requests were granted by March 1941 . After a final check of the weather reports for Germany and the North Sea , Hess took off at 17 : 45 on 10 May 1941 from the airfield at Augsburg @-@ Haunstetten in his specially prepared aircraft . It was the last of several attempts to depart on his mission ; previous efforts had to be called off due to mechanical problems or poor weather . Wearing a leather flying suit bearing the rank of captain , he brought along a supply of money and toiletries , a torch , a camera , maps and charts , and a collection of 28 different medicines , as well as dextrose tablets to help ward off fatigue and an assortment of homeopathic remedies . = = = Flight to Scotland = = = Initially setting a course towards Bonn , Hess used landmarks on the ground to orient himself and make minor course corrections . When he reached the coast near the Frisian Islands , he turned and flew in an easterly direction for some twenty minutes to stay out of range of British radar . He then took a heading of 335 degrees for the trip across the North Sea , initially at low altitude , but travelling for most of the journey at 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) . At 20 : 58 he changed his heading to 245 degrees , intending to approach the coast of North East England near the town of Bamburgh , Northumberland . As it was not yet sunset when he initially approached the coast , Hess backtracked , zigzagging back and forth for some 40 minutes until it grew dark . Around this time his auxiliary fuel tanks were exhausted , so he released them into the sea . Also around this time , at 22 : 08 , the British Chain Home station at Ottercops Moss near Newcastle upon Tyne detected his presence and passed along this information to the Filter Room at Bentley Priory . Soon he had been detected by several other stations , and the aircraft was designated as " Raid 42 " . Two Spitfires of No. 72 Squadron RAF , No. 13 Group RAF that were already in the air were sent to attempt an interception , but failed to find the intruder . A third Spitfire sent from Acklington at 22 : 20 also failed to spot the aircraft ; by then it was dark and Hess had dropped to an extremely low altitude , so low that the volunteer on duty at the Royal Observer Corps ( ROC ) station at Chatton was able to correctly identify it as a Bf 110 , and reported its altitude as 50 feet ( 15 m ) . Tracked by additional ROC posts , Hess continued his flight into Scotland at high speed and low altitude , but was unable to spot his destination , Dungavel House , so he headed for the west coast to orient himself and then turned back inland . At 22 : 35 a Boulton Paul Defiant sent from No. 141 Squadron RAF based at Ayr began pursuit . Hess was nearly out of fuel , so he climbed to 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) and parachuted out of the plane at 23 : 06 . He injured his foot , either while exiting the aircraft or when he hit the ground . The aircraft crashed at 23 : 09 , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) west of Dungavel House . He would have been closer to his destination had he not had trouble exiting the aircraft . Hess considered this achievement to be the proudest moment of his life . Before his departure from Germany , Hess had given his adjutant , Karlheinz Pintsch , a letter addressed to Hitler that detailed his intentions to open peace negotiations with the British . Pintsch delivered the letter to Hitler at the Berghof around noon on 11 May . Albert Speer later said Hitler described Hess 's departure as one of the worst personal blows of his life , as he considered it a personal betrayal . Hitler worried that his allies , Italy and Japan , would perceive Hess 's act as an attempt by Hitler to secretly open peace negotiations with the British . For this reason , Hitler ordered that the German press should characterise Hess as a madman who made the decision to fly to Scotland entirely on his own , without Hitler 's knowledge or authority . Some members of the government , including Göring and Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels , believed this only made matters worse , because if Hess truly were mentally ill , he should not have been holding an important government position . Hitler stripped Hess of all of his party and state offices , and secretly ordered him shot on sight if he ever returned to Germany . He abolished the post of Deputy Führer , assigning Hess 's former duties to Bormann , with the title of Head of the Party Chancellery . Hitler initiated Aktion Hess , a flurry of hundreds of arrests of astrologers , faith healers and occultists that took place around 9 June . The campaign was part of a propaganda effort by Goebbels and others to denigrate Hess and to make scapegoats of occult practitioners . American journalist H. R. Knickerbocker , who had met both Hitler and Hess , speculated that Hitler had sent Hess to deliver a message informing Winston Churchill of the forthcoming invasion of the Soviet Union , and offering a negotiated peace or even an anti @-@ Bolshevik partnership . Soviet leader Joseph Stalin believed that Hess 's flight had been engineered by the British . Stalin persisted in this belief as late as 1944 , when he mentioned the matter to Churchill , who insisted that they had no advance knowledge of the flight . Peter Padfield 's Hess , Hitler and Churchill ( 2013 ) explores the mystery of Hess 's flight to Britain . Padfield suggests that Hess was carrying documents with detailed proposals from Hitler which would have meant peace between Germany and Britain , which would stand neutral in a planned German war against the Soviet Union , in return for which Germany was willing to withdraw from Western Europe . = = = Capture = = = Hess landed at Floors Farm , Eaglesham , south of Glasgow , where he was discovered still struggling with his parachute by local ploughman David McLean . Identifying himself as " Hauptmann Alfred Horn " , Hess said he had an important message for the Duke of Hamilton . McLean helped Hess to his nearby cottage and contacted the local Home Guard unit , who escorted the captive to their headquarters in Busby , East Renfrewshire . He was next taken to the police station at Giffnock , arriving sometime after midnight ; he was searched and his possessions confiscated . Hess repeatedly requested to meet with the Duke of Hamilton during questioning undertaken with the aid of an interpreter by Major Graham Donald , the area commandant of Royal Observer Corps . After the interview Hess was taken under guard to Maryhill Barracks in Glasgow , where his injuries were treated . By this time some of his captors suspected Hess 's true identity , though he continued to insist his name was Horn . Hamilton had been on duty as Wing Commander at RAF Turnhouse near Edinburgh when Hess had arrived , and his station had been one of those that had tracked the progress of the flight . He arrived at Maryhill Barracks the next morning , and after examining Hess 's effects , he met alone with the prisoner . Hess immediately admitted his true identity and outlined the reason for his flight . Hamilton told Hess that he hoped to continue the conversation with the aid of an interpreter ; Hess could speak English well , but was having trouble understanding Hamilton . After the meeting , Hamilton examined the remains of the Messerschmitt in the company of an intelligence officer , then returned to Turnhouse , where he made arrangements through the Foreign Office to meet Prime Minister Winston Churchill , who was at Ditchley for the weekend . They had some preliminary talks that night , and Hamilton accompanied Churchill back to London the next day , where they both met with members of the War Cabinet . Churchill sent Hamilton with foreign affairs expert Ivone Kirkpatrick , who had met Hess previously , to positively identify the prisoner , who had been moved to Buchanan Castle overnight . Hess , who had prepared extensive notes to use during this meeting , spoke to them at length about Hitler 's expansionary plans and the need for Britain to let the Nazis have free rein in Europe , in exchange for being allowed to keep its overseas possessions . Kirkpatrick held two more meetings with Hess over the course of the next few days , while Hamilton returned to his duties . Hess , in addition to being disappointed at the apparent failure of his mission , began claiming that his medical treatment was inadequate and that there was a plot afoot to poison him . Hess 's flight , but not his destination or fate , was first announced by Munich Radio in Germany on the evening of 12 May . On 13 May Hitler sent Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to give the news in person to Mussolini , and the British press was permitted to release full information about events that same day . On 14 May Ilse Hess finally learned that her husband had survived the trip when news of his fate was broadcast on German radio . The wreckage of the aircraft was salvaged by 63 Maintenance Unit between 11 and 16 May 1941 and was taken to Oxford to be stored . The aeroplane was armed with four machine guns in the nose but carried no ammunition . Several pieces of the plane are still extant , including the two engines , one of which is at the Royal Air Force Museum London . The other engine and a piece of the fuselage are at the Imperial War Museum in London . = = Trial and imprisonment = = = = = Prisoner of war = = = From Buchanan Castle , Hess was transferred briefly to the Tower of London and then to Mytchett Place in Surrey , a fortified mansion , designated " Camp Z " , where he stayed for the next thirteen months . Churchill issued orders that Hess was to be treated well , though he was not allowed to read newspapers or listen to the radio . Three intelligence officers were stationed onsite and 150 soldiers were placed on guard . By early June , Hess was allowed to write to his family . He also prepared a letter to the Duke of Hamilton , but it was never delivered , and his repeated requests for further meetings were turned down . Major Frank Foley , the leading German expert in MI6 and former British Passport Control Officer in Berlin , took charge of a year @-@ long abortive debriefing of Hess , according to Foreign Office files released to the National Archives . Dr Henry V. Dicks and Dr John Rawlings Rees , psychiatrists who treated Hess during this period , note that while he was not insane , he was mentally unstable , with tendencies toward hypochondria and paranoia . Hess repeated his peace proposal to John Simon , 1st Viscount Simon , then serving as Lord Chancellor , in an interview on 9 June . Lord Simon noted that the prisoner 's mental state was not good ; Hess claimed he was being poisoned and was being prevented from sleeping . He would insist on swapping his dinner with that of one of his guards , and attempted to get them to send samples of the food out for analysis . In the early morning hours of 16 June , Hess rushed his guards and attempted suicide by jumping over the railing of the staircase at Mytchett Place . He fell onto the stone floor below , fracturing the femur of his left leg . The injury required that the leg be kept in traction for twelve weeks , with a further six weeks bed rest before he was permitted to walk with crutches . Captain Munro Johnson of the Royal Army Medical Corps , who assessed Hess , noted that another suicide attempt was likely to occur in the near future . Hess began around this time to complain of amnesia . This symptom and some of his increasingly erratic behaviour may have in part been a ruse , because if he were declared mentally ill , he could be repatriated under the terms of the Geneva Conventions . Hess was moved to Maindiff Court Hospital on 26 June 1942 , where he would remain for the next three years . The facility was chosen for its added security and the need for fewer guards . Hess was allowed walks on the grounds and car trips into the surrounding countryside . He had access to newspapers and other reading materials ; he wrote letters and journals . His mental health remained under the care of Dr Rees . Hess continued to complain on and off of memory loss and made a second suicide attempt on 4 February 1945 , when he stabbed himself with a bread knife . The wound was not serious , requiring two stitches . Despondent that Germany was losing the war , he took no food for the next week , only resuming eating when he was threatened with being force @-@ fed . Germany surrendered unconditionally on 8 May 1945 . Hess , facing charges as a war criminal , was ordered to appear before the International Military Tribunal and was transported to Nuremberg on 10 October 1945 . = = = Nuremberg Trials = = = The Allies of World War II held a series of military tribunals and trials , beginning with a trial of the major war criminals from November 1945 to October 1946 . Hess was tried with this first group of twenty @-@ three defendants , all of whom were charged with four counts — conspiracy to commit crimes , crimes against peace , war crimes and crimes against humanity , in violation of international laws governing warfare . On his arrival in Nuremberg , Hess was reluctant to give up some of his possessions , including samples of food he claimed had been poisoned by the British ; he proposed to use these for his defence during the trial . The commandant of the facility , Colonel Burton C. Andrus of the United States Army , advised him that he would be allowed no special treatment ; the samples were sealed and confiscated . Hess 's diaries indicate that he did not acknowledge the validity of the court and felt the outcome was a foregone conclusion . He was thin when he arrived , weighing 65 kilograms ( 143 lb ) , and had a poor appetite , but was deemed to be in good health . As one defendant , Robert Ley , had managed to hang himself in his cell on 24 October , the remaining prisoners were monitored around the clock . Because of his previous suicide attempts , Hess was handcuffed to a guard whenever he was out of his cell . Almost immediately after his arrival , Hess began exhibiting amnesia , which may have been feigned in the hope of avoiding the death sentence . Medical personnel who examined Hess reported he was not insane and was fit to stand trial . At least two examiners , the British doctor and the Soviet one , noted their belief that Hess 's amnesia might be fake . Efforts were made to trigger his memory , including bringing in his former secretaries and showing old newsreels , but he persisted in showing no response to these stimuli . When Hess was allowed to make a statement to the tribunal on 30 November , he admitted that he had faked memory loss as a tactic . He spoke to the tribunal again on 31 August 1946 , the last day of closing statements . The prosecution 's case against Hess was presented by Mervyn Griffith @-@ Jones beginning on 7 February 1946 . By quoting from Hess 's speeches , he attempted to demonstrate that Hess had been aware of and agreed with Hitler 's plans to conduct a war of aggression in violation of international law . He declared that as Hess had signed important governmental decrees , including the decree requiring mandatory military service , the Nuremberg racial laws , and a decree incorporating the conquered Polish territories into the Reich , he must share responsibility for the acts of the regime . He pointed out that the timing of Hess 's trip to Scotland , only six weeks before the German invasion of the Soviet Union , could only be viewed as an attempt by Hess to keep the British out of the war . Hess resumed showing symptoms of amnesia at the end of February , partway through the prosecution 's case . The case for Hess 's defence was presented from 22 – 26 March by his lawyer , Dr Alfred Seidl . He noted that while Hess accepted responsibility for the many decrees he had signed , he said these matters were part of the internal workings of a sovereign state and thus outside the purview of a war crimes trial . He called to the stand Ernst Wilhelm Bohle , the man who had been head of the NSDAP / AO , to testify on Hess 's behalf . When presented by Griffith @-@ Jones with questions about the organisation 's spying in several countries , Bohle testified that any warlike activities such as espionage had been done without his permission or knowledge . Seidl called two other witnesses , former mayor of Stuttgart Karl Strölin and Hess 's brother Alfred , both of whom refuted the allegations that the NSDAP / AO had been spying and fomenting war . Seidl presented a summation of the defence 's case on 25 July , in which he attempted to refute the charge of conspiracy by pointing out that Hitler alone had made all the important decisions . He noted that Hess could not be held responsible for any events that took place after he left Germany in May 1941 . Meanwhile , Hess mentally detached himself from what was happening , declining visits from his family and refusing to read the newspapers . The court deliberated for nearly two months before passing judgement on 30 September , with the defendants being individually sentenced on 1 October . Hess was found guilty on two counts : crimes against peace ( planning and preparing a war of aggression ) , and conspiracy with other German leaders to commit crimes . He was found not guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity . He was given a life sentence , one of seven Nazis to receive prison sentences at the trial . These seven were transported by aircraft to the Allied military prison at Spandau in Berlin on 18 July 1947 . The Soviet member of the tribunal , Major @-@ General Iona Nikitchenko , filed a document recording his dissent of Hess 's sentence ; he felt the death sentence was warranted . = = = Spandau Prison = = = Spandau was placed under the control of the Allied Control Council , the governing body in charge of the military occupation of Germany . It consisted of representatives from four member states : Britain , France , the United States and the Soviet Union . Each country supplied guards for the prison for a month at a time on a rotating basis . After the inmates were given medical examinations — Hess refused his body search , and had to be held down — they were provided with prison garb and assigned the numbers by which they would be addressed throughout their stay . Hess was Number 7 . The prison had a small library , and inmates were allowed to file special requests for additional reading material . Writing materials were limited ; each inmate would be allowed four pieces of paper per month for letters . The prisoners were not allowed to speak to one another without permission and were expected to work in the facility , helping with cleaning and gardening chores . The inmates were taken for outdoor walks around the prison grounds for an hour each day , separated about 10 yards ( 9 m ) apart . Some of the rules became more relaxed as time went on . Visits to Spandau of half an hour per month were allowed , but Hess forbade his family to visit until December 1969 , when he was a patient at the British Military Hospital in West Berlin for a perforated ulcer . By this time Wolf Rüdiger Hess was 32 years old and Ilse 69 ; they had not seen Hess since his departure from Germany in 1941 . After this illness , he allowed his family to visit regularly . His daughter @-@ in @-@ law Andrea , who often brought photos and films of his grandchildren , became a particularly welcome visitor . Hess 's health problems , both mental and physical , were ongoing during his captivity . He cried out in the night , claiming he had stomach pains . He continued to suspect that his food was being poisoned and complained of amnesia . A psychiatrist who examined him in 1957 deemed he was not ill enough to be transferred to a mental hospital . Another unsuccessful suicide attempt took place in 1977 . Other than his stays in hospital , Hess spent the rest of his life in Spandau Prison . His fellow inmates Konstantin von Neurath , Walther Funk and Erich Raeder were released because of poor health in the 1950s ; Karl Dönitz , Baldur von Schirach and Albert Speer served their time and were released , Dönitz in 1956 , Schirach and Speer in 1966 . The 600 @-@ cell prison continued to be maintained for its lone prisoner from Speer and Schirach 's release until Hess 's death in 1987 , at an estimated cost of DM 800 @,@ 000 . Conditions were far more pleasant in the 1980s than in the early years ; Hess was allowed to move more freely around the cell block , setting his own routine and choosing his own activities , which included television , films , reading and gardening . A lift was installed so he could more readily access the garden , and he was provided with a medical orderly from 1982 onward . Numerous appeals for Hess 's release were launched by his lawyer , Dr Seidl , beginning as early as 1947 . These were denied , mainly because the Soviets repeatedly vetoed the proposal . Spandau was located in West Berlin , and its existence gave the Soviets a foothold in that sector of the city . Additionally , Soviet officials believed Hess must have known in 1941 that an attack on their country was imminent . In 1967 Wolf Rüdiger Hess began a campaign to win his father 's release , garnering support from notable politicians such as Geoffrey Lawrence , 1st Baron Oaksey in Britain and Willy Brandt in Germany , but to no avail , in spite of the prisoner 's advanced age and deteriorating health . = = Death and aftermath = = Hess died on 17 August 1987 at the age of 93 in a summer house that had been set up in the prison garden as a reading room . He took an extension cord from one of the lamps , strung it over a window latch , and hanged himself . Death occurred by asphyxiation . A short note to his family , thanking them for all they had done , was found in his pocket . The Four Powers released a statement on 17 September ruling the death a suicide . Initially buried at a secret location to avoid media attention or demonstrations by Nazi sympathisers , Hess was re @-@ interred in a family plot at Wunsiedel on 17 March 1988 , and his wife was buried beside him when she died in 1995 . Spandau Prison was demolished to prevent it from becoming a neo @-@ Nazi shrine . His lawyer , Dr Seidl , felt Hess was too old and frail to have managed to kill himself . Wolf Rüdiger Hess repeatedly claimed that his father had been murdered by the British Secret Intelligence Service to prevent him from revealing information about British misconduct during the war . Abdallah Melaouhi , who served as Hess 's medical orderly from 1982 to 1987 , was dismissed from his position at his local district parliament 's Immigration and Integration Advisory Council after he wrote a self @-@ published book on a similar theme . According to an investigation by the British government in 1989 , the available evidence did not back up the claim that Hess was murdered , and Solicitor General Sir Nicholas Lyell saw no grounds for further investigation . Moreover , the autopsy results support the conclusion that Hess had killed himself . A report released in 2012 again raised the question of whether Hess was murdered . Historian Peter Padfield claims the suicide note found on the body appears to have been written when Hess was hospitalised in 1969 . After the town of Wunsiedel became the scene of pilgrimages and neo @-@ Nazi demonstrations every August on the date of Hess 's death , the parish council decided not to allow an extension on the grave site 's lease when it expired in 2011 . With the consent of his family , Hess 's grave was re @-@ opened on 20 July 2011 and his remains were exhumed , and then cremated . His ashes were scattered at sea by family members ; the gravestone , which bore the epitaph " Ich hab 's gewagt " ( " I have dared " ) , was destroyed .
= Tropical Storm Alberto ( 2006 ) = Tropical Storm Alberto was the first tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season . Forming on June 10 in the northwestern Caribbean , the storm moved generally to the north , reaching a maximum intensity of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) before weakening and moving ashore in the Big Bend area of Florida on June 13 . Alberto then moved through eastern Georgia , North Carolina , and Virginia as a tropical depression before becoming extratropical on June 14 . Across the Western Caribbean , the storm produced heavy rainfall , causing some minor damage . In Florida , a moderate storm tide caused coastal damage and flooding , while Alberto 's outer rainbands produced several tornadoes . The storm was indirectly responsible for two drownings off the coast of Tampa Bay . In North Carolina , heavy rainfall caused locally severe flooding , and one child drowned in a flooded storm drain near Raleigh . The remnants of Alberto produced strong winds and left four people missing in Atlantic Canada . Overall , damage was minor along Alberto 's path . = = Meteorological history = = In early June 2006 , an area of convection persisted across Central America and the western Caribbean in association with a broad , nearly stationary trough of low pressure . Thunderstorms increased and became more concentrated on June 8 after a tropical wave moved into the western Caribbean , and an upper @-@ level low to its west increased outflow over the system . The disturbance moved slowly north @-@ northwestward , and development was initially inhibited by marginally favorable upper @-@ level winds and land interaction . The system gradually organized , and by June 10 a circulation formed with sufficiently organized convection for the National Hurricane Center to classify it Tropical Depression One . At this point the storm was located about 140 miles ( 225 km ) south of the western tip of Cuba . The depression tracked to the northwest through the Yucatán Channel into an area of increased wind shear , which left the center exposed and elongated . Despite its poor structure , the system maintained strong winds in its eastern semicircle . The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Alberto early on June 11 about 260 miles ( 420 km ) southwest of the Dry Tortugas , based on Hurricane Hunters ' reports of flight level winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) in a few convective bands . Upon becoming a tropical storm , the low @-@ level circulation had become better defined , though forecasts predicted the wind shear would increase , preventing significant strengthening of the storm . One forecaster at the National Hurricane Center remarked the system resembled a subtropical cyclone . However , deep convection developed and built westward against the wind shear as the overall organization improved . At the same time Alberto turned northeastward under the influence of an approaching trough . On June 12 , the circulation abruptly reformed under the area of deepest convection , which coincided with the storm 's passage over the loop current ; consequentially , Alberto quickly strengthened to reach peak winds of 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) about 220 miles ( 350 km ) west @-@ northwest of Tampa , Florida . Though it was projected to track over cooler waters and stay in an area of increased shear , forecasters at the National Hurricane Center predicted Alberto would attain hurricane status and make landfall at that intensity . The storm maintained peak intensity for about 18 hours , and while accelerating northeastward , Alberto 's convection diminished as the cloud pattern became elongated . On June 13 , dry air became entrained in the circulation , leaving the center exposed from the convection and the wind field greatly broadened . A partial eyewall developed in the western semicircle of the center ; however , winds were well below hurricane force . Alberto continued to weaken , and made landfall at about 1630 UTC on June 13 with 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) winds in Taylor County , Florida , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of Tallahassee . The storm maintained a well @-@ organized structure and banding features over land , while continuing to produce winds of tropical storm force as it moved into Georgia . Early on June 14 , the storm weakened to tropical depression status while located near the city of Millen , Georgia . Alberto began to lose tropical characteristics soon thereafter , and about six hours after weakening to a tropical depression it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . Late on June 14 it accelerated northeastward to emerge into the Atlantic Ocean , and on June 15 , it entered the area of responsibility of the Canadian Hurricane Centre . While over open waters , Alberto 's remnants began to re @-@ intensify ; later that day , the extratropical remnant low attained winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) and a pressure of 969 mbar while a short distance south of Nova Scotia . At this time , the low presented a well @-@ defined comma structure . After passing near Sable Island , the remnants of Alberto crossed the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland on June 16 . The extratropical storm turned to the east @-@ northeast and later to the east as it continued its rapid forward motion , and on June 19 the remnants of Alberto merged with an approaching cold front near the British Isles . = = Preparations = = By June 12 , the Cuban government had evacuated over 25 @,@ 000 people in the western portion of the country due to the threat of flooding . The National Hurricane Center recommended tropical storm warnings for the Isle of Youth and the Pinar del Río Province early on June 10 , but they were not issued by the Cuban government . In northwestern Florida , officials issued a mandatory evacuation order a day before the storm moved ashore for about 21 @,@ 000 citizens in Levy County , Citrus County , and Taylor County . Several schools were closed as well , and converted into shelters . In all , about 350 coastal residents took refuge in emergency shelters . Prior to the arrival of the storm , Florida governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency for the state . A tropical storm watch was first issued for portions of the Florida Panhandle about 43 hours prior to landfall . As Alberto was predicted to continue intensifying , the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning from Longboat Key to the mouth of the Ochlockonee River approximately 25 hours before landfall . A tropical storm warning extended southward to Englewood and westward to Indian Pass . A tropical storm warning was also issued from Flagler Beach , Florida to the mouth of the Santee River in South Carolina . As the storm moved inland , local National Weather Service offices issued flood watches for portions of North Carolina , Virginia , and the Delmarva Peninsula . Additionally , flood and flash flood warnings were issued for some portions of the country from South Carolina through Virginia . While Alberto was becoming extratropical over land , the Canadian Hurricane Centre issued gale warnings for offshore waters of Nova Scotia , and later for Newfoundland . In addition , the Atlantic Storm Prediction Center issued inland wind warnings for coastal regions of Nova Scotia . Due to the prediction for precipitation , the Atlantic Storm Prediction Center posted rainfall warnings for all Atlantic coastal regions of Nova Scotia . = = Impact = = = = = Caribbean = = = In its early stages of development , the tropical depression which later became Alberto produced heavy rainfall across the western Caribbean . A station on Grand Cayman reported 22 @.@ 72 inches ( 577 mm ) of rain in one 24 @-@ hour period . In Cuba , rainfall amounted to 17 @.@ 52 inches ( 445 mm ) in Pinar del Río province , where one station recorded 4 @.@ 06 inches ( 103 mm ) in one hour . On the Isle of Youth , precipitation accrued to 15 @.@ 67 inches ( 398 mm ) in Sumidero . Air and marine travel was disrupted between the Cuban mainland and the Isle of Youth . In Havana Province rainfall totaled 8 @.@ 46 inches ( 215 mm ) at Playa Baracoa . Much of the precipitation fell during a fairly short time , and was beneficial , as the area had been suffering from severe drought conditions . In Pinar del Río province , the precipitation flooded 50 sq mi ( 130 km2 ) of crop land . The storm damaged about 50 houses across the country , about half of which in Havana . Alberto dropped light amounts of rainfall across Mexico , with a 24 @-@ hour total peaking at 4 inches ( 100 mm ) in Peto , Yucatán . Light rain was also reported throughout Quintana Roo and in eastern Campeche . = = = Florida = = = The large area of convection associated with Alberto dropped rainfall across Florida for several days . The statewide precipitation maximum reached 7 @.@ 08 inches ( 180 mm ) at a station 5 miles ( 8 km ) east of Tarpon Springs . The highest sustained winds from the storm were officially clocked at 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) in St. Petersburg , which also saw reports of wind gusts of up to 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) . Upon making landfall on the Florida Panhandle , the storm produced a storm tide which unofficially peaked at 7 @.@ 3 feet ( 2 @.@ 2 m ) at Crystal River Power Plant . The combination of high surf and the storm tide caused surge flooding along the Florida Panhandle . Six tornadoes were spawned in the state from the outer rainbands of Alberto , none of which caused serious damage . Across coastal areas , the storm surge flooding caused minor damage to dozens of homes and closed several roads . Near Homosassa , two people who did not evacuate required water rescue . At Egmont Key State Park , a woman fell off of a boat when a band of showers and surging currents made navigation difficult ; her husband and a friend drowned after jumping in to save her without life jackets , though the woman returned safely to the boat . The rainfall caused some temporary road flooding , though precipitation was mostly beneficial in alleviating drought conditions . Moderate wind gusts caused scattered power outages and downed some trees across the northeast portion of the state . Overall , property damage in the state rose to about $ 390 @,@ 000 ( 2006 USD ) in total . = = = Southeast United States = = = While the storm moved through the state of Georgia , moderate winds of up to 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) occurred along the coastline . Rainfall ranged from 3 – 5 inches ( 75 – 125 mm ) across the southeast portion of the state , with isolated higher maxima of up to 7 @.@ 05 inches ( 179 mm ) in Rincon . Alberto produced a storm tide of 8 @.@ 53 feet ( 2 @.@ 6 m ) at Fort Pulaski National Monument , causing some beach erosion along the coastline . Alberto produced winds of tropical storm force along the South Carolina coastline ; the highest official wind gust was 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) at Edisto Beach . The storm dropped precipitation across much of the state , including a state maximum of 4 @.@ 42 inches ( 112 mm ) at Pritchardville . Storm tides reached 7 @.@ 81 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) above the mean low @-@ level water mark along Fripp Island , leading to some beach erosion along portions of the coastline . While in the process of becoming extratropical , the rainbands of Alberto spawned seven confirmed tornadoes in the state , most of which rated F0 ; a National Weather Service report indicated additional tornadoes may have occurred in the state . The tornadoes caused some minor damage , though overall damage in the state was minimal . The remnants of Alberto dropped heavy precipitation across North Carolina , including a nationwide high of 7 @.@ 16 inches ( 182 mm ) at the Raleigh National Weather Service Office . Some totals broke previous rainfall records , including the station at Raleigh @-@ Durham International Airport which broke the all @-@ time daily precipitation record for that station . The rainfall led to flooding across the central portion of the state , with 45 flash flood warnings issued by the Raleigh National Weather Service . Police and firefighters in Wake County performed 47 water rescues . Additionally , the Raleigh @-@ Wake 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 center received more than 1 @,@ 076 calls for help . Flash flooding occurred throughout the area , which caused the Crabtree Creek in Raleigh to crest at 23 @.@ 77 feet ( 7 @.@ 2 m ) ; this was the second highest flood stage on record for the creek . The overflown creek flooded a few cars to their rooftops , and resulted in the closure of the Crabtree Valley Mall . Major flooding was reported elsewhere throughout the region , which closed several roads and damaged some houses . In Franklin County , an eight @-@ year @-@ old boy drowned after getting sucked into a flooded drainage system ; the death is considered indirect because the boy was chasing a ball into the drainage system . Near the coast , the storm produced several waterspouts , some of which moved ashore in Dare and Carteret counties . Isolated reports of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) wind gusts resulted in downed trees and minor damage . Rainfall from the storm extended into Virginia , the Eastern Shore of Maryland , and extreme southeastern Delaware . Precipitation totaled 5 @.@ 8 inches ( 147 mm ) in Virginia Beach , which caused flash flooding in the Hampton Roads area . The flooding closed several roads , though no major damage was reported . = = = Canada = = = The extratropical remnant of Alberto produced strong winds across the Canadian Maritimes , including gusts of 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) in the Barrington district of Nova Scotia . Sustained winds reached 51 mph ( 83 km / h ) . Rainfall from the storm was moderate , with some locations reporting 0 @.@ 4 inches ( 10 mm ) per hour ; totals exceeded 2 inches ( 50 mm ) in numerous areas . Due to wet grounds , the winds knocked down some trees and several tree limbs , and also downed some power lines , causing localized power outages . Moderate winds and rainfall affected Newfoundland , as well . According to a press report , the storm left four sailors missing about 230 miles ( 370 km ) south of Nova Scotia .
= Flagstaff , Arizona = Flagstaff is a city located in northern Arizona , in the southwestern United States . In 2015 , the city 's estimated population was 70 @,@ 320 . The combined metropolitan area of Flagstaff has an estimated population of 139 @,@ 097 . It is the county seat of Coconino County . The city is named after a ponderosa pine flagpole made by a scouting party from Boston ( known as the " Second Boston Party " ) to celebrate the United States Centennial on July 4 , 1876 . Flagstaff lies near the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau , along the western side of the largest contiguous Ponderosa Pine forest in the continental United States . Flagstaff is located adjacent to Mount Elden , just south of the San Francisco Peaks , the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona . Humphreys Peak , the highest point in Arizona at 12 @,@ 633 feet ( 3 @,@ 851 m ) , is located about 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Flagstaff in Kachina Peaks Wilderness . Flagstaff 's early economy was based on the lumber , railroad , and ranching industries . Today , the city remains an important distribution hub for companies such as Nestlé Purina PetCare , and is home to Lowell Observatory , The U.S. Naval Observatory , the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff Station , and Northern Arizona University . Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector , due to its proximity to Grand Canyon National Park , Oak Creek Canyon , the Arizona Snowbowl , Meteor Crater , and historic Route 66 . The city is also a center for medical device manufacturing , since Flagstaff is home to W. L. Gore and Associates . = = History = = In 1855 Samuel Clark Hudson had been a surveyor for building the Santa Fe Railroad through Colorado , New Mexico and Arizona . Out by themselves with a team and a wagon on the 4th of July , he and his partner decided to climb a tall pine tree nearby and tying a flag to the top then trimming off the branches as they came down . A few days later the other crews came along and were surprised to find an American flag flying high . The railroad built a tow nearby , and the name of it is Flagstaff , Arizona . The first permanent settlement was in 1876 , when Thomas F. McMillan built a cabin at the base of Mars Hill on the west side of town . During the 1880s , Flagstaff began to grow , opening its first post office and attracting the railroad industry . The early economy was based on timber , sheep , and cattle . By 1886 , Flagstaff was the largest city on the railroad line between Albuquerque and the west coast of the United States . A circa 1900 diary entry by journalist Sharlot Hall described the houses in the city at the time as a " third rate mining camp " , with unkempt air and high prices of available goods . In 1894 , Massachusetts astronomer Percival Lowell hired A. E. Douglass to scout an ideal site for a new observatory . Douglass , impressed by Flagstaff 's elevation , named it as an ideal location for the now famous Lowell Observatory , saying : " other things being equal , the higher we can get the better " . Two years later , the specially designed 24 @-@ inch ( 610 mm ) Clark telescope that Lowell had ordered was installed . In 1930 , Pluto was discovered using one of the observatory 's telescopes . In 1955 the U.S. Naval Observatory joined the growing astronomical presence , and established the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station , where Pluto 's satellite , Charon , was discovered in 1978 . During the Apollo program in the 1960s , the Clark Telescope was used to map the moon for the lunar expeditions , enabling the mission planners to choose a safe landing site for the lunar modules . In homage to the city 's importance in the field of astronomy , asteroid 2118 Flagstaff is named for the city , and 6582 Flagsymphony for the Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra . The Northern Arizona Normal School was established in 1899 , renamed Northern Arizona University in 1966 . Flagstaff 's cultural history received a significant boost on April 11 , 1899 , when the Flagstaff Symphony made its concert debut at Babbitt 's Opera House . The orchestra continues today as the Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra , with its primary venue at the Ardrey Auditorium on the campus of Northern Arizona University . The city grew rapidly , primarily attributable to its location along the east @-@ west transcontinental railroad line in the United States . In the 1880s , the railroads purchased land in the west from the federal government , which was then sold to individuals to help finance the railroad projects . By the 1890s , Flagstaff found itself located along one of the busiest railroad corridors in the U.S. , with 80 @-@ 100 trains travelling through the city every day , destined for Chicago , Los Angeles , and elsewhere . Route 66 was completed in 1926 and ran through Flagstaff . Flagstaff was incorporated as a city in 1928 , and in 1929 , the city 's first motel , the Motel Du Beau , was built at the intersection of Beaver Street and Phoenix Avenue . The Daily Sun described the motel as " a hotel with garages for the better class of motorists . " The units originally rented for $ 2 @.@ 60 to $ 5 @.@ 00 each , with baths , toilets , double beds , carpets , and furniture . Flagstaff went on to become a popular tourist stop along Route 66 , particularly due to its proximity to the Grand Canyon . Flagstaff grew and prospered through the 1960s . During the 1970s and 1980s , however , many businesses started to move from the city center , and the downtown area entered an economic and social decline . Sears and J.C. Penney left the downtown area in 1979 to open up as anchor stores in the new Flagstaff Mall , joined in 1986 by Dillard 's . By 1987 , the Babbitt Brothers Trading Company , which had been a retail fixture in Flagstaff since 1891 , had closed its doors at Aspen Avenue and San Francisco Street . In 1987 , the city drafted a new master plan , also known as the Growth Management Guide 2000 , which would transform downtown Flagstaff from a shopping and trade center into a regional center for finance , office use , and government . The city built a new city hall , library , and the Coconino County Administrative Building in the downtown district , staking an investment by the local government for years to come . In 1992 , the city hired a new manager , Dave Wilcox , who had previously worked at revitalizing the downtown areas of Beloit , Wisconsin and Missoula , Montana . During the 1990s , the downtown area underwent a revitalization , many of the city sidewalks were repaved with decorative brick facing , and a different mix of shops and restaurants opened up to take advantage of the area 's historical appeal . On October 24 , 2001 , Flagstaff was recognized by the International Dark @-@ Sky Association as the world 's first " International Dark @-@ Sky City . " The Railroad Addition Historic District ( Flagstaff , Arizona ) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . = = Geography = = Flagstaff is located at 35 ° 11 ′ 57 ″ N 111 ° 37 ′ 52 ″ W. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 63 @.@ 9 square miles ( 165 @.@ 5 km2 ) , of which only 0 @.@ 03 square miles ( 0 @.@ 08 km2 ) ( 0 @.@ 08 % ) is water . At 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 130 m ) elevation , located adjacent to the largest contiguous Ponderosa Pine forest in North America , Flagstaff is located on a mountain surrounded by volcanoes , in the heart of the Coconino national forest . Any type of desert climate can be found below its elevation 100 miles from Flagstaff . The city is situated on the Rio de Flag , and is about 130 miles ( 210 km ) north of Phoenix . = = = Cityscape = = = Downtown Flagstaff lies immediately to the east of Mars Hill , the location of Lowell Observatory . Streets in the downtown area are laid out in a grid pattern , parallel to Route 66 and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Rail Line , running east @-@ west through the city . Milton Road branches off from Route 66 west of downtown , and travels south , adjacent to the Northern Arizona University campus , to the junction of Interstate 17 and Interstate 40 . Milton Road becomes I @-@ 17 . A road called Beulah Boulevard , which also runs south , becomes State Route 89A , and travels through Oak Creek Canyon to Sedona . Traveling north from downtown , Fort Valley Road ( U.S. 180 ) connects with the Museum of Northern Arizona , Arizona Snowbowl , and Grand Canyon National Park . Traveling east from downtown , Route 66 and the railroad run in parallel toward East Flagstaff ( and beyond ) , at the base of Mount Elden . Much of Flagstaff 's industry is located east of downtown , adjacent to the railroad tracks , as well as in East Flagstaff . Several towns are located close to Flagstaff along Interstates 40 and 17 . Approximately 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) south are the small urban areas of Kachina Village ( west of I @-@ 17 ) and Mountainaire ( east of I @-@ 17 ; 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) ) . About 35 miles ( 56 km ) to the west is Williams , 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the south is Munds Park , and 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the south on Arizona Highway 89A is Sedona . 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the east of Flagstaff is the town of Winona , mentioned in the famous song , Route 66 . = = = Climate = = = Flagstaff has a rather dry semi @-@ continental climate ( Köppen Dsb / Csb ) . Flagstaff has five distinct seasons : a cold and snowy winter , with extended dry periods punctuated with deep snows about once every 3 – 4 weeks ; a dry and windy spring with occasional snows ; a very dry and hot early summer from May to early July ; a wet and humid monsoon season from July to early September ; and a dry and pleasant fall which lasts until the first snows in November . The combination of high elevation and low humidity provide mild weather conditions throughout most of the year . The predominantly clear air and high elevation radiates daytime heating effectively resulting in overnight temperatures generally much lower than the daytime temperature . This means a 55 degree day in January can drop to 15 at night . Winter nights in fact can be extremely cold , with temperatures dropping below 0 ° F ( − 17 @.@ 8 ° C ) on 5 to 6 nights per year . Winter weather patterns in Flagstaff are cyclonic and frontal in nature , originating in the eastern Pacific Ocean . These deliver periodic , widespread snowfall followed by extended periods of sunny weather . The area 's generally stable weather pattern is broken by brief , but often intense , afternoon downpours and dramatic thunderstorms common during the monsoon of July and August . Summer temperatures are moderate and high temperatures average around 82 ° F ( 27 @.@ 8 ° C ) . Extreme temperatures range from − 30 ° F ( − 34 @.@ 4 ° C ) on January 22 , 1937 up to 97 ° F ( 36 @.@ 1 ° C ) on July 5 , 1973 , respectively . The weather in Flagstaff is generally sunny , with much more sunshine than other snowy cities like New York City , Chicago , Boston and even Denver . Flagstaff is the only city in Arizona never to have reported temperatures of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) or higher . The annual snowfall averages 100 @.@ 3 inches ( 254 @.@ 76 cm ) , placing Flagstaff among the snowiest incorporated cities in the United States . Overall , the city features an average of 277 days without measurable precipitation each year . Despite snowstorms often being spread weeks apart , snow often covers the ground for weeks after major winter storms due to the low night temperatures refreezing the snowpack , even when daytime temperatures are above freezing . The maximum daily snow cover has been 83 inches ( 210 @.@ 82 cm ) on December 20 , 1967 , although the mean maximum for a full winter is only 20 inches ( 50 @.@ 80 cm ) and the lowest maximum only 6 inches ( 15 @.@ 24 cm ) in the dry winter of 1955 – 56 . However , due to the infrequent and scattered nature of the snowstorms , persistent snow pack into spring is rare . One notable exception occurred during the severe winter of 1915 – 16 , when successive Pacific storms buried the city under over 70 inches ( 177 @.@ 80 cm ) of snow , and some residents were snowbound in their homes for several days . = = Demographics = = According to the 2010 census , the population of the city was 65 @,@ 870 . The population density was 831 @.@ 9 people per square mile ( 321 @.@ 2 / km ² ) . There were 26 @,@ 254 housing units at an average density of 336 @.@ 5 per square mile ( 129 @.@ 9 / km ² ) . The racial makeup of the city was 73 @.@ 4 % White , 1 @.@ 9 % Black or African American , 11 @.@ 7 % Native American , 1 @.@ 9 % Asian , 0 @.@ 2 % Pacific Islander , 7 @.@ 3 % from other races , and 3 @.@ 6 % from two or more races . 18 @.@ 4 % of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race . The city 's African American population is considerably lower than the U.S. average ( 1 @.@ 9 % versus 12 @.@ 6 % ) , while the Native American population is markedly higher ( 11 @.@ 7 % vs. 0 @.@ 9 % ) . This is primarily attributable to the city 's proximity to several Native American reservations , including the Navajo , Hopi , Havasupai , and Yavapai . Flagstaff 's Native American community is chiefly Navajo , and there are about 5 @,@ 500 people of Navajo ancestry living in the city . As of 2000 , there were 19 @,@ 306 households out of which 32 @.@ 8 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44 @.@ 0 % were married couples living together , 11 @.@ 6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 39 @.@ 9 % were non @-@ families . 23 @.@ 2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 3 @.@ 8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 59 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 13 . The age distribution was 24 @.@ 3 % under the age of 18 , 21 @.@ 7 % from 18 to 24 , 30 @.@ 5 % from 25 to 44 , 18 @.@ 2 % from 45 to 64 , and 5 @.@ 3 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 27 years . For every 100 females there were 98 @.@ 3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 96 @.@ 4 males . The median income for a household in the city was $ 37 @,@ 146 , and the median income for a family was $ 48 @,@ 427 . Males had a median income of $ 31 @,@ 973 versus $ 24 @,@ 591 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 18 @,@ 637 . About 10 @.@ 6 % of families and 17 @.@ 4 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 17 @.@ 6 % of those under age 18 and 7 @.@ 0 % of those age 65 or over . As a college town , Flagstaff 's population is considerably more educated than the U.S. average . 89 @.@ 8 % of the population has a high school diploma or higher , while the national average is 80 @.@ 4 % . 39 @.@ 4 % of the population has a bachelor 's degree or higher , compared to the national average of 24 @.@ 4 % . = = = Crime = = = For 2012 , the FBI 's Uniform Crime Report indicated for Flagstaff a rate of 262 cases of violent crime per 100 @,@ 000 population and 2 @,@ 834 cases of property crime per 100 @,@ 000 population . A 1988 Arizona state law made it a crime to be " present in a public place to beg . " The Flagstaff Police Department and City Attorney aggressively enforced this law , which resulted in a First Amendment lawsuit filed on June 25 , 2013 . The American Civil Liberties Union filed the lawsuit on behalf of Food Not Bombs , in addition to three people who were arrested , threatened with arrest , or feared being arrested for " loitering to beg . " On October 4 , 2013 , U.S. District Court Judge Neil Wake overturned the law . = = Economy = = In its early days , the city 's economic base comprised the lumber , railroad , and ranching industries . Today , that has largely been replaced by tourism , education , government , and transportation . Some of the larger employers in Flagstaff are Northern Arizona University , the Flagstaff Medical Center , and the Flagstaff Unified School District . Tourism is a large contributor to the economy , as the city receives over 5 million visitors per year . Scientific and high tech research and development operations are located in the city , including the Lowell Observatory , Northern Arizona University , the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station ( NOFS ) and the United States Geological Survey 's ( USGS ) Flagstaff campus . Lowell Observatory continues to be an active astronomical observatory and a popular visitors center which hosts educational displays and tours . It has a distributed network of small telescopes which together create images of celestial bodies with much higher resolutions than any other single telescope can produce . Current research is involved in observations of near @-@ Earth phenomena such as asteroids and comets . The observatory is also involved in a $ 30 million project with the Discovery Channel to build the Discovery Channel Telescope , a sophisticated , ground @-@ based telescope with advanced optical capabilities for future projects . Lowell Observatory and NOFS are also collaborators on the major project , the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer , on nearby Anderson Mesa . NOFS is heavily involved with the science of star catalogs and astrometry , or the positions and distances of stars and celestial objects . There are five industrial parks in the city , situated near I @-@ 40 and I @-@ 17 . Major manufacturers in Flagstaff include W. L. Gore & Associates , widely known as the maker of Gore @-@ Tex ; Nestlé Purina PetCare , manufacturer of pet food ; SCA Tissue , a major tissue paper producer ; and Joy Cone , manufacturer of ice cream cones . Walgreens operated a distribution center in the city until 2014 . In July 2014 , Walgreens announced that their Flagstaff distribution center would be closing within 9 months . With proximity to Grand Canyon National Park , the city also has a thriving travel and tourism industry , with numerous hotel and restaurant chains . The downtown area is home to two historic hotels , the Weatherford Hotel and the Hotel Monte Vista . The first hotel of the Ramada Inn chain opened in 1954 at the intersection of U.S. Route 66 , 89 and 89A adjacent to what was then Arizona State College ( now Northern Arizona University ) . The original building is still intact , operating as a Super 8 Motel . = = Arts and culture = = Flagstaff has an active cultural scene . The city is home to the Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra , which plays concerts from September through April at Ardrey Auditorium on the NAU campus . The city also attracts folk and contemporary acoustic musicians , and offers several annual music festivals during the summer months , such as the Flagstaff Friends of Traditional Music Festival , the Flagstaff Music Festival , and Pickin ' in the Pines , a three @-@ day bluegrass and acoustic music festival held at the Pine Mountain Amphitheater at Fort Tuthill Fairgrounds . Popular bands play throughout the year at the Orpheum Theater , and free concerts are held during the summer months at Heritage Square . Flagstaff is home to an active theater scene , featuring several groups . Northern Arizona University Department of Theatre is an active and successful theatre program that produces quality productions for the community as well as the campus . The department has won many prestigious awards including multiple invitations to the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival . NAU Theatre performs in two facilities including the Clifford E. White Theatre ( named for long @-@ time Theatre professor Clifford E. White ) and the Studio Theatre . Both facilities are housed in the Fine and Performing Arts Building on campus.The season includes 4 mainstage and numerous second stage productions and a summer collaboration with Theatrikos Theatre Company . Theatrikos Theatre Company , the community theater company , was founded in 1972 in the basement of the Weatherford Hotel , and today puts on five major productions per year . The group recently moved into a new venue in 2002 , the Doris @-@ Harper White Community Playhouse , a downtown building which was built in 1923 as an Elks Lodge and later became the Flagstaff library . Since 1995 , the Flagstaff Light Opera Company has performed a variety of musical theatre and light opera productions throughout the year at the Sinagua High School auditorium . There are several dance companies in Flagstaff , including Coconino Community College Dance Program , Northern Arizona Preparatory Company and Canyon Movement , which present periodic concerts and collaborate with the Flagstaff Symphony for free concerts during the summer and holiday seasons . A variety of weekend festivals occur throughout the year . The annual Northern Arizona Book Festival , held in the spring , brings together nationally known authors to read and display their works . The Flagstaff Mountain Film Festival is held every October , and features a variety of independent films and documentaries focusing on extreme sports , environmental issues , and global topics . The festival is four days long and consists of several sessions of films . The screenings are held at the Orpheum Theater in the historic downtown area . The summer months feature several festivals , including Hopi and Navajo Festivals of Arts and Crafts , the Arizona Highland Celtic Festival , Pride in the Pines , and the Made in the Shade Beer Tasting Festival . For more than 20 years Flagstaff has hosted the 10 @-@ day Flagstaff Festival of Science in September . It is a family event which features open houses , lectures , informal talks , and hands @-@ on activities at area museums , observatories , other scientific facilities , and the university . In @-@ school programs also are an important part of the festival . The festival begins with the annual Eugene Shoemaker keynote address . Guest speakers have included famous astronauts , arctic explorers , storm chasers , and scientists from many disciplines . The Coconino County Fair is held every September at the Fort Tuthill County Fairgrounds , featuring a demolition derby , livestock auction , carnival rides , and other activities . On New Year 's Eve , people gather around the Weatherford Hotel as a 70 @-@ pound , 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall , metallic pine cone is dropped from the roof at midnight . The tradition originated in 1999 , when Henry Taylor and Sam Green ( owners of the Weatherford Hotel ) , decorated a garbage can with paint , lights , and pine cones , and dropped it from the roof of their building to mark the new millennium . By 2003 the event had become tradition , and the current metallic pine cone was designed and built by Frank Mayorga of Mayorga Welding in Flagstaff . The Museum of Northern Arizona includes displays of the biology , archeology , photography , anthropology , and native art of the Colorado Plateau . The Arboretum at Flagstaff is a 200 @-@ acre ( 81 ha ) arboretum featuring 2 @,@ 500 species of drought @-@ tolerant native plants representative of the high @-@ desert region . Route 66 , which originally ran between Chicago and Los Angeles , greatly increased the accessibility to the area , and enhanced the culture and tourism in Flagstaff . Route 66 remains a historic route , passing through the city between Barstow , California , and Albuquerque , New Mexico . In early September , the city hosts an annual event , Route 66 Days , to highlight its connection to the famous highway . = = Sports = = There are no major @-@ league professional sports teams based in Flagstaff . However , from 1988 to 2012 ( with the exception of the 2005 season , due to an outbreak of a flu @-@ like virus ) , the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League held their summer training camp at Northern Arizona University The NAU training camp location has been cited as one of the top five training camps in the NFL by Sports Illustrated .. The Cardinals left Flagstaff beginning in Summer 2013 . Northern Arizona University sponsors 15 sports at the Division I level , including a football team that competes at the Division I Football Championship Series level . All sports are members of the Big Sky Conference with the exception of the Women 's Swimming & Diving team , which competes in the Western Athletic Conference . The Men 's Cross Country team has featured four straight top ten finishes at the NCAA Division I Cross Country championships , which are held each year in Terre Haute , Indiana . The track and field team is home to several All @-@ Americans including NCAA Champion / Olympian Lopez Lomong , two time NCAA Champion David McNeill and current All @-@ American / future 2012 Olympian Diego Estrada . = = Parks and outdoor recreation = = Flagstaff has acquired a reputation as a magnet for outdoor enthusiasts , and the region 's varied terrain , high elevation , and amenable weather attract campers , backpackers , climbers , recreation and elite runners , and mountain bikers from throughout the southwestern United States . There are 679 @.@ 2 acres ( 274 @.@ 9 ha ) of city parks in Flagstaff , the largest of which are Thorpe Park and Buffalo Park . Wheeler Park , located adjacent to city hall , is the location of summer concerts and other events . The city maintains an extensive network of trails , the Flagstaff Urban Trails System , or " FUTS " includes more than 50 miles of paved and unpaved trails for hiking , running , and cycling . The trail network extends throughout the city and is widely used for both recreation and transportation . The area is a recreational hub for road cycling and mountain biking clubs , organized triathlon events , and annual cross country ski races . Several major river running operators are headquartered in Flagstaff , and the city serves as a base for Grand Canyon and Colorado River expeditions . Flagstaff 's proximity to Grand Canyon National Park , about 75 miles ( 121 km ) north of the city , has made it a popular tourist destination since the mid @-@ 19th century . Other nearby outdoor attractions include Walnut Canyon National Monument , Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument , Wupatki National Monument , and Barringer Crater . Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Lake Powell are both about 135 mi ( 217 km ) north along U.S. Route 89 . = = Government = = The city government is organized under a council @-@ manager form of government . The current mayor of Flagstaff is Jerry Nabours , who was elected in May 2012 , and the current town council consists of the mayor and six councilmembers : Celia Barotz ( vice mayor ) , Karla Brewster , Coral Evans , Jeff Oravits , Scott Overton and Mark Woodson . The city 's current city manager is Kevin Burke . Regular meetings of the city council are held on the first and third Tuesday of every month . Flagstaff is the county seat of Coconino County . = = Education = = There are 19 public schools , with 11 @,@ 500 students and 800 faculty and staff , in the Flagstaff Unified School District . In 1997 , Mount Elden Middle School was named an A + School , citing an outstanding school climate , progressive use of technology and zero @-@ tolerance approach to discipline . The 1999 National Science Teacher of the Year , David Thompson , teaches physics at Coconino High School . Three Arizona Teachers of the Year from 2001 through 2003 teach at Flagstaff High School . In addition to the numerous public schools , there are several charter schools operating in the Flagstaff area including Flagstaff Junior Academy , Northland Preparatory Academy ( ranked No. 52 in USA News 's America 's Top 100 Best High Schools ) , the Flagstaff Arts and Leadership Academy , Pine Forest Charter School , BASIS Flagstaff and the Montessori Schools of Flagstaff . Flagstaff is home to two institutions of higher education , Northern Arizona University ( one of the three public state universities in Arizona ) and Coconino Community College . = = Infrastructure = = = = = Transportation = = = Flagstaff is at the northern terminus of Interstate 17 , which runs 145 miles ( 233 km ) south to Phoenix . Interstate 40 runs east @-@ west through the city , traveling to Barstow , California in the west and Albuquerque , New Mexico ( and beyond ) in the east . Historic Route 66 also runs east @-@ west through the city , roughly parallel to I @-@ 40 , and is a major thoroughfare for local traffic . Butler Avenue connects I @-@ 40 with downtown Flagstaff , and the major north @-@ south thoroughfare through town is Milton Road . State Route 89A travels through the city ( concurrently as parts of Milton Rd. and Route 66 ) , going south through Oak Creek Canyon to Sedona . The major rail corridor running through Flagstaff is the Southern Transcon , originally built by the Santa Fe Railway and now owned and operated by the BNSF Railway . Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak at the downtown station , connecting on east @-@ west routes to Los Angeles and Albuquerque via the Southwest Chief line . Amtrak also provides connecting Thruway Motorcoach service via Open Road Tours , which has an office inside the Flagstaff depot . Local bus service is provided throughout the city by the Mountain Line . Air travel is available through Flagstaff Pulliam Airport ( IATA : FLG , ICAO : KFLG , FAA LID : FLG ) , located just south of the city . The airport is primarily a small , general aviation airport with a single 6 @,@ 999 feet ( 2 @,@ 133 m ) runway . The airport finished a major expansion project to add 1 @,@ 800 feet ( 550 m ) to the north end of the current runway and lengthen the taxiway in 2007 . The primary purpose of the project was to increase its viability for commercial and regional jets . Service to connecting flights at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport ( IATA : PHX , ICAO : KPHX , FAA LID : PHX ) is provided by US Airways Express operated by Mesa Airlines . Flagstaff is fairly bike @-@ friendly ; there are bike lanes on many major streets , and the Flagstaff Urban Trails System ( FUTS ) includes more than 50 miles of off @-@ street trails that wind throughout the community . In 2006 Flagstaff was designated a Bicycle @-@ Friendly Community by the League of American Bicyclists . About nine percent of trips in Flagstaff are made by bicycle . = = = Utilities = = = Electricity generation in Flagstaff is provided by Arizona Public Service , an electric utility subsidiary operated by parent company Pinnacle West . The primary generating station near Flagstaff is the coal @-@ fired , 995 @-@ MW Cholla Power Plant , near Holbrook , Arizona , which uses coal from the McKinley Mine in New Mexico . Located near Page , Arizona is the coal @-@ fired , 750 @-@ MW Navajo Power Plant , supplied by an electric railroad that delivers coal from a mine on the Navajo and Hopi reservations in northern Arizona . Flagstaff is also home to Arizona 's first commercial solar power generating station , which was built in 1997 and provides 87 kW of electricity . Combined with 16 other solar power locations in Arizona , the system provides over 5 MW of electricity statewide . Drinking water in Flagstaff is produced from conventional surface water treatment at the Lake Mary Water Treatment Plant , located on Upper Lake Mary , as well as from springs at the inner basin of the San Francisco Peaks . Groundwater from several water wells located throughout the city and surrounding area provide additional sources of drinking water . Water and wastewater services are provided by the City of Flagstaff . Natural gas is provided by UniSource Energy Services . CenturyLink QC is the incumbent local exchange carrier . Cable television service is offered by Suddenlink Communications . = = = Health care = = = The city 's primary hospital is the 270 – bed Flagstaff Medical Center , located on the north side of downtown Flagstaff . The hospital was founded in 1936 , and serves as the major regional trauma center for northern Arizona . = = Media and popular culture = = The major daily newspaper in Flagstaff is the Arizona Daily Sun . Northern Arizona University 's weekly newspaper The Lumberjack and " FLAGscanner " an online only publication , also cover Flagstaff news , while the other publications that serve the city include weeklies Flagstaff Live and the Navajo Hopi Observer , and monthlies Mountain Living Magazine and The Noise . Several radio stations operate in the area , some of which operate transmitters in Prescott as well . Flagstaff is included in the Phoenix Designated market area ( DMA ) , the 13th largest in the U.S. Over @-@ the @-@ air television service is provided mostly by low @-@ powered repeaters of the Phoenix stations . There is one local broadcast television station serving the city , KFPH @-@ 13 ( TeleFutura ) . In the early 20th century , the city was considered as a site for the film The Squaw Man by Jesse Lasky and Cecil B. DeMille , but was abandoned in favor of Hollywood . Several recent movies have been filmed , at least in part , in Flagstaff . A small scene in Midnight Run was filmed in Flagstaff at the train depot , the city was also referenced in the film . Several of the running scenes in Forrest Gump were filmed in and around the area , including a memorable scene where Forrest is seen jogging in downtown Flagstaff and gives inspiration to a bumper sticker designer ( " Shit happens " ) . Parts of 2007 Academy Award winner Little Miss Sunshine were filmed at the junction of I @-@ 40 and I @-@ 17 in Flagstaff , and Terminal Velocity was partially filmed in the city . During the 1940s and 1950s , over 100 western movies were filmed in nearby Sedona and Oak Creek Canyon . The Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff hosted many film stars during this era , including Jane Russell , Gary Cooper , Spencer Tracy , John Wayne , and Bing Crosby . A scene from the movie Casablanca was filmed in one of the rooms of the hotel . Scenes from downtown Flagstaff and the Santa Fe railroad freight depot are seen in the 1969 movie " Easy Rider " during the opening credits [ 2 ] starring Peter Fonda , Dennis Hopper ( Director ) and Jack Nicholson . The city has been mentioned in several novels , such as The Monkey Wrench Gang by Edward Abbey , depicting an encounter with a Flagstaff policeman . Frank Poole discusses his childhood growing up in Flagstaff in Arthur C. Clarke 's novel 3001 : The Final Odyssey . In 2005 , Extreme Makeover : Home Edition built a home just outside Flagstaff for slain soldier Lori Piestewa 's two children and parents . Grizzly Peak Films also filmed Sasquatch Mountain , a feature @-@ length film for the Science Fiction Channel about a Yeti , in Flagstaff and nearby Williams . In December 2007 , talk show hostess Ellen DeGeneres selected Flagstaff as the winner of her show 's , " Wish You Were Here " , contest . In the comic series Halo : Escalation , it is noted that Flagstaff and Phoenix agreed to become one city , as the populations and boundaries of both cities grew to intersect . The new city became known as " New Phoenix " . New Phoenix 's population became " composed " by the Forerunner known as the " Didact " in Halo 4 . = = Notable people = = = = Sister cities = = Flagstaff has four sister cities :
= Mary I of England = Mary I ( 18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558 ) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death . Her executions of Protestants led to the posthumous sobriquet " Bloody Mary " . She was the only child of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive to adulthood . Her younger half @-@ brother Edward VI ( son of Henry and Jane Seymour ) succeeded their father in 1547 . When Edward became mortally ill in 1553 , he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because of religious differences . On his death their first cousin once removed , Lady Jane Grey , was proclaimed queen . Mary assembled a force in East Anglia and deposed Jane , who was ultimately beheaded . Mary was — excluding the disputed reigns of Jane and the Empress Matilda — the first queen regnant of England . In 1554 , Mary married Philip of Spain , becoming queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556 . As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty , Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after her half @-@ brother 's short @-@ lived Protestant reign . During her five @-@ year reign , she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian persecutions . After her death in 1558 , her re @-@ establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her younger half @-@ sister and successor Elizabeth I , daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn . = = Birth and family = = Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich , London . She was the only child of King Henry VIII and his first wife , Catherine of Aragon , to survive infancy . Her mother had many miscarriages ; before Mary 's birth , four previous pregnancies had resulted in a stillborn daughter and three short @-@ lived or stillborn sons , including Henry , Duke of Cornwall . She was baptised into the Catholic faith at the Church of the Observant Friars in Greenwich three days after her birth . Her godparents included her great @-@ aunt the Countess of Devon , Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey , and the Duchess of Norfolk . Henry VIII 's cousin once removed , Margaret Pole , Countess of Salisbury , stood sponsor for Mary 's confirmation , which was held immediately after the baptism . The following year , Mary became a godmother herself when she was named as one of the sponsors of her cousin Frances Brandon . In 1520 , the Countess of Salisbury was appointed Mary 's governess . Sir John Hussey , later Lord Hussey , was her chamberlain from 1530 , and his wife , Lady Anne , daughter of George Grey , 2nd Earl of Kent , was one of Mary 's attendants . = = Education and early marriage plans = = Mary was a precocious child . In July 1520 , when scarcely four and a half years old , she entertained a visiting French delegation with a performance on the virginals ( a type of harpsichord ) . A great part of her early education came from her mother , who consulted the Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives for advice and commissioned him to write De Institutione Feminae Christianae , a treatise on the education of girls . By the age of nine , Mary could read and write Latin . She studied French , Spanish , music , dance , and perhaps Greek . Henry VIII doted on his daughter and boasted to the Venetian ambassador Sebastian Giustiniani , " This girl never cries " . Also , as the miniature portrait of her shows , Mary had , like both her parents , a very fair complexion , pale blue eyes and red or reddish @-@ golden hair . She was also ruddy cheeked , a trait she inherited from her father . Despite his affection for Mary , Henry was deeply disappointed that his marriage had produced no sons . By the time Mary was nine years old , it was apparent that Henry and Catherine would have no more children , leaving Henry without a legitimate male heir . In 1525 , Henry sent Mary to the border of Wales to preside , presumably in name only , over the Council of Wales and the Marches . She was given her own court based at Ludlow Castle and many of the royal prerogatives normally reserved for the Prince of Wales . Vives and others called her the Princess of Wales , although she was never technically invested with the title . She appears to have spent three years in the Welsh Marches , making regular visits to her father 's court , before returning permanently to the home counties around London in mid @-@ 1528 . Throughout Mary 's childhood , Henry negotiated potential future marriages for her . When she was only two years old , she was promised to the Dauphin , the infant son of King Francis I of France , but the contract was repudiated after three years . In 1522 , at the age of six , she was instead contracted to marry her 22 @-@ year @-@ old first cousin , Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. However , the engagement was broken off within a few years by Charles with Henry 's agreement . Cardinal Wolsey , Henry 's chief adviser , then resumed marriage negotiations with the French , and Henry suggested that Mary marry the Dauphin 's father , King Francis I himself , who was eager for an alliance with England . A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary marry either Francis I or his second son Henry , Duke of Orleans , but Wolsey secured an alliance with France without the marriage . According to the Venetian Mario Savorgnano , Mary was developing into a pretty , well @-@ proportioned young lady with a fine complexion . = = Adolescence = = Meanwhile , the marriage of Mary 's parents was in jeopardy . Disappointed at the lack of a male heir , and eager to remarry , Henry attempted to have his marriage to Catherine annulled , but Pope Clement VII refused his requests . Henry claimed , citing biblical passages ( Leviticus 20 : 21 ) , that his marriage to Catherine was unclean because she was the widow of his brother ( Mary 's uncle ) Arthur . Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated and so was not a valid marriage . Her first marriage had been annulled by a previous pope , Julius II , on that basis . Clement may have been reluctant to act because he was influenced by Charles V , Catherine 's nephew and Mary 's former betrothed , whose troops had surrounded and occupied Rome in the War of the League of Cognac . From 1531 , Mary was often sick with irregular menstruation and depression , although it is not clear whether this was caused by stress , puberty or a more deep @-@ seated disease . She was not permitted to see her mother , who had been sent to live away from court by Henry . In early 1533 , Henry married Anne Boleyn , who was pregnant with his child , and in May Thomas Cranmer , the Archbishop of Canterbury , formally declared the marriage with Catherine void , and the marriage to Anne valid . Henry broke with the Roman Catholic Church and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England . Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales ( a title she would have held as the widow of Arthur ) , and Mary was deemed illegitimate . She was styled " The Lady Mary " rather than Princess , and her place in the line of succession was transferred to her newborn half @-@ sister , Elizabeth , Anne 's daughter . Mary 's own household was dissolved ; her servants ( including the Countess of Salisbury ) were dismissed and in December 1533 she was sent to join the household of the infant Elizabeth at Hatfield , Hertfordshire . Mary determinedly refused to acknowledge that Anne was the queen or that Elizabeth was a princess , further enraging King Henry . Under strain and with her movements restricted , Mary was frequently ill , which the royal physician attributed to her " ill treatment " . The Imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys became her close adviser , and interceded , unsuccessfully , on her behalf at court . The relationship between Mary and her father worsened ; they did not speak to each other for three years . Although both she and her mother were ill , Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine . When Catherine died in 1536 , Mary was " inconsolable " . Catherine was interred in Peterborough Cathedral , while Mary grieved in semi @-@ seclusion at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire . = = Adulthood = = In 1536 , Queen Anne fell from the king 's favour and was beheaded . Elizabeth , like Mary , was downgraded to the status of Lady and removed from the line of succession . Within two weeks of Anne 's execution , Henry married Jane Seymour , who urged her husband to make peace with Mary . Henry insisted that Mary recognise him as head of the Church of England , repudiate papal authority , acknowledge that the marriage between her parents was unlawful , and accept her own illegitimacy . She attempted to reconcile with him by submitting to his authority as far as " God and my conscience " permitted , but she was eventually bullied into signing a document agreeing to all of Henry 's demands . Reconciled with her father , Mary resumed her place at court . Henry granted her a household ( which included the reinstatement of Mary 's favourite Susan Clarencieux ) . Mary 's privy purse expenses for this period show that Hatfield House , the Palace of Beaulieu ( also called Newhall ) , Richmond and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence , as well as Henry 's palaces at Greenwich , Westminster and Hampton Court . Her expenses included fine clothes and gambling at cards , one of her favourite pastimes . Rebels in the North of England , including Lord Hussey , Mary 's former chamberlain , campaigned against Henry 's religious reforms , and one of their demands was that Mary be made legitimate . The rebellion , known as the Pilgrimage of Grace , was ruthlessly suppressed . Along with other rebels , Hussey was executed , but there was no suggestion that Mary was directly involved . The following year , 1537 , Jane died after giving birth to a son , Edward . Mary was made godmother to her half @-@ brother and acted as chief mourner at the queen 's funeral . Mary was courted by Duke Philip of Bavaria from late 1539 , but Philip was Lutheran and his suit for her hand was unsuccessful . Over 1539 , the king 's chief minister , Thomas Cromwell , negotiated a potential alliance with the Duchy of Cleves . Suggestions that Mary marry the Duke of Cleves , who was the same age , came to nothing , but a match between Henry and the Duke 's sister Anne was agreed . When the king saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539 , a week before the scheduled wedding , he did not find her attractive but was unable , for diplomatic reasons and in the absence of a suitable pretext , to cancel the marriage . Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June 1540 ; one of the unlikely charges against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself . Anne consented to the annulment of the marriage , which had not been consummated , and Cromwell was beheaded . In 1541 , Henry had the Countess of Salisbury , Mary 's old governess and godmother , executed on the pretext of a Catholic plot , in which her son ( Reginald Pole ) was implicated . Her executioner was " a wretched and blundering youth " who " literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces " . In 1542 , following the execution of Henry 's fifth wife , Catherine Howard , the unmarried Henry invited Mary to attend the royal Christmas festivities . At court , while her father was between marriages and without a consort , Mary acted as hostess . In 1543 , Henry married his sixth and last wife , Catherine Parr , who was able to bring the family closer together . Henry returned Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession , through the Act of Succession 1544 , placing them after Edward . However , both remained legally illegitimate . In 1547 , Henry died and Edward succeeded him , as Edward VI . Mary inherited estates in Norfolk , Suffolk and Essex , and was granted Hunsdon and Beaulieu as her own . Since Edward was still a child , rule passed to a regency council dominated by Protestants , who attempted to establish their faith throughout the country . For example , the Act of Uniformity 1549 prescribed Protestant rites for church services , such as the use of Thomas Cranmer 's new Book of Common Prayer . Mary remained faithful to Roman Catholicism and defiantly celebrated the traditional mass in her own chapel . She appealed to her cousin Charles V to apply diplomatic pressure demanding that she be allowed to practice her religion . For most of Edward 's reign , Mary remained on her own estates and rarely attended court . A plan between May and July 1550 to smuggle her out of England to the safety of the European mainland came to nothing . Religious differences between Mary and Edward continued . When Mary was in her thirties , she attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550 , where 13 @-@ year @-@ old Edward embarrassed Mary , and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court , by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship . Mary repeatedly refused Edward 's demands that she abandon Catholicism , and Edward repeatedly refused to drop his demands . = = Accession = = On 6 July 1553 , at the age of 15 , Edward VI died from a lung infection , possibly tuberculosis . He did not want the crown to go to Mary , because he feared she would restore Catholicism and undo his reforms as well as those of Henry VIII , and so he planned to exclude her from the line of succession . His advisers , however , told him that he could not disinherit only one of his sisters , but that he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well , even though she was a Protestant . Guided by John Dudley , 1st Duke of Northumberland , and perhaps others , Edward excluded both of his sisters from the line of succession in his will . Contradicting the Succession Act , which restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession , Edward named Dudley 's daughter @-@ in @-@ law Lady Jane Grey , the granddaughter of Henry VIII 's younger sister Mary , as his successor . Lady Jane 's mother was Frances Brandon , Mary 's cousin and goddaughter . Just before Edward VI 's death , Mary was summoned to London to visit her dying brother . She was warned , however , that the summons was a pretext on which to capture her and thereby facilitate Lady Jane 's accession to the throne . Therefore , instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon , Mary fled into East Anglia , where she owned extensive estates and Dudley had ruthlessly put down Kett 's Rebellion . Many adherents to the Catholic faith , opponents of Dudley 's , lived there . On 9 July , from Kenninghall , Norfolk , she wrote to the privy council with orders for her proclamation as Edward 's successor . On 10 July 1553 , Lady Jane was proclaimed queen by Dudley and his supporters , and on the same day Mary 's letter to the council arrived in London . By 12 July , Mary and her supporters had assembled a military force at Framlingham Castle , Suffolk . Dudley 's support collapsed , and Mary 's grew . Jane was deposed on 19 July . She and Dudley were imprisoned in the Tower of London . Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August 1553 , on a wave of popular support . She was accompanied by her half @-@ sister Elizabeth and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen . One of Mary 's first actions as queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner from imprisonment in the Tower of London , as well as her kinsman Edward Courtenay . Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Dudley 's scheme , and Dudley was the only conspirator of rank executed for high treason in the immediate aftermath of the coup . Lady Jane and her husband , Lord Guildford Dudley , though found guilty , were kept under guard in the Tower rather than immediately executed , while Lady Jane 's father , Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk , was released . Mary was left in a difficult position , as almost all the Privy Counsellors had been implicated in the plot to put Lady Jane on the throne . She appointed Gardiner to the council and made him both Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor , offices he held until his death in November 1555 . Susan Clarencieux became Mistress of the Robes . On 1 October 1553 , Gardiner crowned Mary at Westminster Abbey . = = = Spanish marriage = = = At age 37 , Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir , thus preventing the Protestant Elizabeth ( still next @-@ in @-@ line under the terms of Henry VIII 's will and the Act of Succession of 1544 ) from succeeding to the throne . Edward Courtenay and Reginald Pole were both mentioned as prospective suitors , but her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son , Prince Philip of Spain . Philip had a son from a previous marriage and was heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World . As part of the marriage negotiations , a portrait of Philip , by Titian , was sent to her in September 1553 . Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons unsuccessfully petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman , fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the Habsburgs . The marriage was unpopular with the English ; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism , while Protestants were motivated by a fear of Catholicism . When Mary insisted on marrying Philip , insurrections broke out . Thomas Wyatt the younger led a force from Kent to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth , as part of a wider conspiracy now known as Wyatt 's rebellion , which also involved the Duke of Suffolk , the father of Lady Jane . Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage , and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the advantage of the kingdom , she would refrain from pursuing it . On reaching London , Wyatt was defeated and captured . Wyatt , the Duke of Suffolk , his daughter Lady Jane , and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed . Courtenay , who was implicated in the plot , was imprisoned , and then exiled . Elizabeth , though protesting her innocence in the Wyatt affair , was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months , then was put under house arrest at Woodstock Palace . Mary was — excluding the brief , disputed reigns of the Empress Matilda and Lady Jane Grey — England 's first queen regnant . Further , under the English common law doctrine of jure uxoris , the property and titles belonging to a woman became her husband 's upon marriage , and it was feared that any man she married would thereby become King of England in fact and in name . While Mary 's grandparents , Ferdinand and Isabella , had retained sovereignty of their own realms during their marriage , there was no precedent to follow in England . Under the terms of Queen Mary 's Marriage Act , Philip was to be styled " King of England " , all official documents ( including Acts of Parliament ) were to be dated with both their names , and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple , for Mary 's lifetime only . England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip 's father in any war , and Philip could not act without his wife 's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England . Philip was unhappy at the conditions imposed , but he was ready to agree for the sake of securing the marriage . He had no amorous feelings toward Mary and sought the marriage for its political and strategic gains ; Philip 's aide Ruy Gómez de Silva wrote to a correspondent in Brussels , " the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration , but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries . " To elevate his son to Mary 's rank , Emperor Charles V ceded to Philip the crown of Naples as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Therefore , Mary became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem upon marriage . Their wedding at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting . Philip could not speak English , and so they spoke in a mixture of Spanish , French , and Latin . = = = False pregnancy = = = In September 1554 , Mary stopped menstruating . She gained weight , and felt nauseated in the mornings . For these reasons , almost the entirety of her court , including her doctors , believed her to be pregnant . Parliament passed an act making Philip regent in the event of Mary 's death in childbirth . In the last week of April 1555 , Elizabeth was released from house arrest , and called to court as a witness to the birth , which was expected imminently . According to Giovanni Michieli , the Venetian ambassador , Philip may have planned to marry Elizabeth in the event of Mary 's death in childbirth , but in a letter to his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Maximilian of Austria , Philip expressed uncertainty as to whether his wife was pregnant . Thanksgiving services in the diocese of London were held at the end of April after false rumours that Mary had given birth to a son spread across Europe . Through May and June , the apparent delay in delivery fed gossip that Mary was not pregnant . Susan Clarencieux revealed her doubts to the French ambassador , Antoine de Noailles . Mary continued to exhibit signs of pregnancy until July 1555 , when her abdomen receded . There was no baby . Michieli dismissively ridiculed the pregnancy as more likely to " end in wind rather than anything else " . It was most likely a false pregnancy , perhaps induced by Mary 's overwhelming desire to have a child . In August , soon after the disgrace of the false pregnancy , which Mary considered to be " God 's punishment " for her having " tolerated heretics " in her realm , Philip left England to command his armies against France in Flanders . Mary was heartbroken and fell into a deep depression . Michieli was touched by the queen 's grief ; he wrote she was " extraordinarily in love " with her husband , and was disconsolate at his departure . Elizabeth remained at court until October , apparently restored to favour . In the absence of any children , Philip was concerned that after Mary and Elizabeth , one of the next claimants to the English throne was the Queen of Scots , who was betrothed to the Dauphin of France . Philip persuaded Mary that Elizabeth should marry his cousin , Emmanuel Philibert , Duke of Savoy , to secure the Catholic succession and preserve the Habsburg interest in England , but Elizabeth refused to comply and parliamentary consent was unlikely . = = = Religious policy = = = In the month following her accession , Mary issued a proclamation that she would not compel any of her subjects to follow her religion , but by the end of September leading Protestant churchmen — including John Bradford , John Rogers , John Hooper , Hugh Latimer , and Thomas Cranmer — were imprisoned . Mary 's first Parliament , which assembled in early October 1553 , declared the marriage of her parents valid and abolished Edward 's religious laws . Church doctrine was restored to the form it had taken in the 1539 Six Articles , which ( among other things ) re @-@ affirmed clerical celibacy . Married priests were deprived of their benefices . Mary had always rejected the break with Rome instituted by her father and the establishment of Protestantism by her brother 's regents . Philip persuaded Parliament to repeal Henry 's religious laws , thus returning the English church to Roman jurisdiction . Reaching an agreement took many months and Mary and Pope Julius III had to make a major concession : the monastery lands confiscated under Henry were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of their influential new owners . By the end of 1554 , the pope had approved the deal , and the Heresy Acts were revived . Under the Heresy Acts , numerous Protestants were executed in the Marian persecutions . Around 800 rich Protestants , including John Foxe , chose exile instead . The first executions occurred over a period of five days in early February 1555 : John Rogers on 4 February , Laurence Saunders on 8 February , and Rowland Taylor and John Hooper on 9 February . Thomas Cranmer , the imprisoned archbishop of Canterbury , was forced to watch Bishops Ridley and Latimer being burned at the stake . Cranmer recanted , repudiated Protestant theology , and rejoined the Catholic faith . Under the normal process of the law , he should have been absolved as a repentant . Mary , however , refused to reprieve him . On the day of his burning , he dramatically withdrew his recantation . In total , 283 were executed , most by burning . The burnings proved so unpopular that even Alfonso de Castro , one of Philip 's own ecclesiastical staff , condemned them and another adviser , Simon Renard , warned him that such " cruel enforcement " could " cause a revolt " . Mary persevered with the policy , which continued until her death and exacerbated anti @-@ Catholic and anti @-@ Spanish feeling among the English people . The victims of the persecutions became lauded as martyrs . Reginald Pole , the son of Mary 's executed governess and once considered a suitor , arrived as papal legate in November 1554 . He was ordained a priest and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury immediately after Cranmer 's death in March 1556 . = = = Foreign policy = = = Furthering the Tudor conquest of Ireland , under Mary 's reign English colonists were settled in the Irish Midlands . Queen 's and King 's Counties ( now Counties Laois and Offaly ) were founded , and their plantation began . Their principal towns were respectively named Maryborough ( now Portlaoise ) and Philipstown ( now Daingean ) . In January 1556 , Mary 's father @-@ in @-@ law abdicated and Philip became King of Spain , with Mary as his consort . They were still apart ; Philip was declared king in Brussels , but Mary stayed in England . Philip negotiated an unsteady truce with the French in February 1556 . The following month , the French ambassador in England , Antoine de Noailles , was implicated in a plot against Mary when Sir Henry Dudley , a second cousin of the executed Duke of Northumberland , attempted to assemble an invasion force in France . The plot , known as the Dudley conspiracy , was betrayed , and the conspirators in England were rounded up . Dudley remained in exile in France , and Noailles prudently left Britain . Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to support Spain in a renewed war against France . Mary was in favour of declaring war , but her councillors opposed it because French trade would be jeopardised , it contravened the marriage treaty , and a bad economic legacy from Edward VI 's reign and a series of poor harvests meant England lacked supplies and finances . War was only declared in June 1557 after Reginald Pole 's nephew , Thomas Stafford , invaded England and seized Scarborough Castle with French help in a failed attempt to depose Mary . As a result of the war , relations between England and the Papacy became strained , since Pope Paul IV was allied with Henry II of France . In January 1558 , French forces took Calais , England 's sole remaining possession on the European mainland . Although the territory was financially burdensome , it was an ideological loss that damaged Mary 's prestige . According to Holinshed 's Chronicles , Mary later lamented , " When I am dead and opened , you shall find ' Calais ' lying in my heart " , although this may be apocryphal . = = = Commerce and revenue = = = The years of Mary 's reign were consistently wet . The persistent rain and subsequent flooding led to famine . Another problem was the decline of the Antwerp cloth trade . Despite Mary 's marriage to Philip , England did not benefit from Spain 's enormously lucrative trade with the New World . The Spanish guarded their trade routes jealously , and Mary could not condone illicit trade or piracy against her husband . In an attempt to increase trade and rescue the English economy , Mary 's counsellors continued Northumberland 's policy of seeking out new commercial opportunities . She granted a royal charter to the Muscovy Company , whose first governor was Sebastian Cabot , and commissioned a world atlas from Diogo Homem . Adventurers such as John Lok and William Towerson sailed south in an attempt to develop links with the coast of Africa . Financially , Mary 's regime tried to reconcile a modern form of government — with correspondingly higher spending — with a medieval system of collecting taxation and dues . Mary retained the Edwardian appointee William Paulet , 1st Marquess of Winchester , as Lord High Treasurer and assigned him to oversee the revenue collection system . A failure to apply new tariffs to new forms of imports meant that a key source of revenue was neglected . To solve this problem , Mary 's government published a revised " Book of Rates " ( 1558 ) , which listed the tariffs and duties for every import . This publication was not extensively reviewed until 1604 . English coinage was debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI . Mary drafted plans for currency reform but they were not implemented until after her death . = = Death = = After Philip 's visit in 1557 , Mary thought she was pregnant again , with a baby due in March 1558 . She decreed in her will that her husband would be the regent during the minority of their child . However , no child was born , and Mary was forced to accept that Elizabeth was her lawful successor . Mary was weak and ill from May 1558 . In pain , possibly from ovarian cysts or uterine cancer , she died on 17 November 1558 , aged 42 , at St. James 's Palace , during an influenza epidemic that also claimed the life of Reginald Pole later the same day . She was succeeded by her half @-@ sister . Philip , who was in Brussels , wrote to his sister Joan : " I felt a reasonable regret for her death . " Although Mary 's will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother , she was interred in Westminster Abbey on 14 December , in a tomb she would eventually share with Elizabeth . The Latin inscription on their tomb , Regno consortes et urna , hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores , in spe resurrectionis ( affixed there by James I when he succeeded Elizabeth ) , translates to : " Consorts in realm and tomb , we , sisters Elizabeth and Mary , here lie down to sleep in hope of resurrection . " = = Legacy = = At her funeral service , John White , bishop of Winchester , praised Mary : " She was a king 's daughter ; she was a king 's sister ; she was a king 's wife . She was a queen , and by the same title a king also . " She was the first woman to succeed in claiming the throne of England , despite competing claims and determined opposition , and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign , especially from the Roman Catholics of England . Catholic historians , such as John Lingard , thought Mary 's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control . However , her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects and her religious policies resulted in deep @-@ seated resentment . The military losses in France , poor weather , and failed harvests increased public discontent . Philip spent most of his time abroad , while his wife remained in England , leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children . After Mary 's death , he sought to marry Elizabeth but she refused him . Thirty years later , he sent the Spanish Armada to overthrow her , without success . By the seventeenth century , Mary 's persecution of Protestants had led to her sobriquet Bloody Mary . John Knox attacked her in his First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women ( 1558 ) , and she was prominently featured and vilified in Actes and Monuments ( 1563 ) , published by John Foxe , five years after her death . Subsequent editions of the book remained popular with Protestants throughout the following centuries and helped shape enduring perceptions of Mary as a bloodthirsty tyrant . In the mid @-@ twentieth century , H. F. M. Prescott attempted to redress the tradition that Mary was intolerant and authoritarian by writing more objectively , and scholarship since then has tended to view the older , simpler , partisan assessments of Mary with greater scepticism . Although Mary 's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular , the policies of fiscal reform , naval expansion , and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary 's reign . = = Titles , style , and arms = = When Mary ascended the throne , she was proclaimed under the same official style as Henry VIII and Edward VI : " Mary , by the Grace of God , Queen of England , France and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , and of the Church of England and of Ireland on Earth Supreme Head " . The title Supreme Head of the Church was repugnant to Mary 's Catholicism , and she omitted it from Christmas 1553 . Under Mary 's marriage treaty with Philip , the official joint style reflected not only Mary 's but also Philip 's dominions and claims : " Philip and Mary , by the grace of God , King and Queen of England , France , Naples , Jerusalem , and Ireland , Defenders of the Faith , Princes of Spain and Sicily , Archdukes of Austria , Dukes of Milan , Burgundy and Brabant , Counts of Habsburg , Flanders and Tyrol " . This style , which had been in use since 1554 , was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with " Philip and Mary , by the Grace of God King and Queen of England , Spain , France , both the Sicilies , Jerusalem and Ireland , Defenders of the Faith , Archdukes of Austria , Dukes of Burgundy , Milan and Brabant , Counts of Habsburg , Flanders and Tyrol " . Mary I 's coat of arms was the same as those used by all her predecessors since Henry IV : Quarterly , Azure three fleurs @-@ de @-@ lys Or [ for France ] and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) . Sometimes , her arms were impaled ( depicted side @-@ by @-@ side ) with those of her husband . She adopted " Truth , the Daughter of Time " ( Latin : Veritas Temporis Filia ) as her personal motto . = = Ancestry = = Both Mary and Philip were descended from legitimate children of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster , by his first two wives , a relationship which was used to portray Philip as an English king . Mary descended from the Duke of Lancaster by all three of his wives , Blanche of Lancaster , Constance of Castile , and Katherine Swynford . = = = Family tree = = = = = = Pedigree = = =
= 2000 Sugar Bowl = The 2000 Sugar Bowl was the designated Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) National Championship Game for the United States 1999 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season and was played on January 4 , 2000 , at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Florida State Seminoles , representing the Atlantic Coast Conference , defeated the Virginia Tech Hokies , representing the Big East Conference , by a score of 46 – 29 . With the win , Florida State clinched the 1999 BCS national championship , the team 's second national championship in its history . An estimated total of 79 @,@ 280 people attended the game in person , while approximately 18 @.@ 4 million US viewers watched the game on ABC television . The resulting 17 @.@ 5 television rating was the third @-@ largest ever recorded for a BCS college football game . Tickets were in high demand for the game , withs tens of thousands of fans from both teams attending , many using scalped tickets to gain entry . The game kicked off at 8 p.m. EST , and Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the game . Though Tech advanced down the field , Florida State scored first and took advantage of a blocked punt for a touchdown , giving the Seminoles a 14 – 0 lead in the first quarter . Tech answered with a touchdown drive of its own before the end of the quarter , but Florida State scored two quick touchdowns to begin the second quarter . Virginia Tech scored a touchdown before halftime , but halfway through the game , Florida State held a 28 – 14 lead . In the third quarter , Virginia Tech 's offense gave the Hokies a lead with a field goal and two touchdowns . Tech failed to convert two two @-@ point conversions , but held a 29 – 28 lead at the end of the third quarter . Florida State answered in the fourth quarter , however , taking a 36 – 29 lead with a touchdown and successful two @-@ point conversion early in the quarter . From this point , the Seminoles did not relinquish the lead , extending it to 46 – 29 with another touchdown and a field goal . For his performance in the game , Florida Statewide receiver Peter Warrick was named the game 's most valuable player . Although Tech lost the game , several of its players won postseason awards — most notably Michael Vick , who earned an ESPY for his performance during the Sugar Bowl and the regular season . Several players from each team entered the National Football League after graduation , being selected either in the 2000 NFL Draft or later editions of that selection process . = = Team selection = = By contract , the top two teams in the BCS Poll at the conclusion of the regular season were invited to the BCS national championship game . In 2000 , the BCS Poll was a combination of four different systems : media and coaches ' polls ( Associated Press college football poll and USA Today Coaches ' Poll ) , team records , a collection of eight different computer ranking systems , and a strength @-@ of @-@ schedule component based on opponent records . Under the BCS , the site of the national championship game rotated every year . In 2000 , there were four BCS bowl games : the Rose Bowl , the Sugar Bowl , the Orange Bowl , and the Fiesta Bowl . The national championship game rotated to a different location each year , and the other three games served as bowl games for lower @-@ ranked teams . Later , in 2007 , the BCS National Championship was created , adding a fifth BCS bowl . In 2000 , the Sugar Bowl was scheduled to host the national championship game . = = = Florida State = = = The Florida State Seminoles ended the 1998 college football season with a 23 – 16 loss to the Tennessee Volunteers in the 1999 Fiesta Bowl , which was the national championship game that year . The loss was only the second of the season for Florida State , which had entered the game ranked No. 2 and favored against the No. 1 ranked Volunteers . Florida State players and coaches entered the off @-@ season hoping to improve upon their runner @-@ up finish in the national championship game the year before , and were voted the No. 1 team in the country in the annual Associated Press preseason poll . Florida State lived up to its No. 1 ranking in its first game of the 1999 college football season , routing unranked Louisiana Tech , 41 – 7 . The following week , in their ACC opener , the Seminoles had a closer contest against Georgia Tech , but still earned a 41 – 35 victory . As the weeks went by , the wins continued to accumulate . FSU defeated North Carolina State , 42 – 11 ; North Carolina , 42 – 10 ; and Duke , 51 – 23 . In the seventh week of the college football season , the Seminoles faced off against a traditional rival : the Miami Hurricanes . Heading into the game , the Seminoles were without star wide receiver and potential Heisman Trophy candidate Peter Warrick , who was suspended from the team after being arrested for participating in a scheme to underpay for clothes at a Tallahassee , Florida clothing store . Despite the loss of Warrick , Florida State eked out a 31 – 21 victory over the Hurricanes after being tied , 21 – 21 , at halftime . The week after the Miami game , the Seminoles had an even closer call against the Clemson Tigers — their closest , in fact , of the entire season . Despite the return of Peter Warrick , who was cleared of charges in a Florida courtroom , Florida State fell behind the Tigers in the first half . Trailing in Clemson , South Carolina , 14 – 3 at halftime , Florida State cut the gap to 14 – 6 with a field goal midway through the third quarter , then tied the game at the end of the third quarter with a touchdown and two @-@ point conversion . The Seminoles clinched the victory after a field goal late in the fourth quarter gave them a 17 – 14 lead and cemented the victory when a Clemson attempt to even the score with a field goal fell short . The victory was FSU head coach Bobby Bowden 's 300th win and came against his son , Tommy Bowden , coach of the Tigers . Florida State earned easy wins with a 35 – 10 victory over Virginia and a 49 – 10 win over Maryland before facing the rival Florida Gators in the final game of the Seminoles ' regular season . Florida State led throughout the game , but had to fend off a last @-@ minute Florida drive in order to clinch a 30 – 23 win and just the third perfect regular season in Florida State history . This season later was termed the " Wire to Wire " season as the Seminoles kept their No. 1 ranking the entire season . = = = Virginia Tech = = = Like Florida State , the Virginia Tech Hokies began the 1999 college football season with raised expectations . In 1998 , the Hokies had gone 9 – 3 during the regular season and had posted a 5 – 2 record against fellow Big East Conference teams . The Hokies concluded that 1998 season — which was supposed to be a rebuilding year — in the 1998 Music City Bowl , where the Hokies defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide , 38 – 7 . With the addition of redshirt freshman quarterback Michael Vick to a team that had allowed an average of just 12 @.@ 9 points per game on defense , there was the possibility that Tech could improve upon its previous season 's performance . Sports Illustrated , for example , predicted that the Hokies might challenge Miami for the Big East football championship , and the preseason Coaches ' Poll ranked the Hokies No. 14 prior to the first game of the season . In their first game of the season , the Hokies lived up to expectations , shutting out James Madison University , 47 – 0 . The game was the first time Tech had shut out an opponent in a season opener since 1953 . The game was marred , however , by a leg injury to Michael Vick that caused him to leave the game . The following week , against the University of Alabama Birmingham , Vick did not play . Despite his absence , the Hokies still managed a 31 – 10 win . This was followed by a 31 – 11 Thursday @-@ night victory over Clemson in Virginia Tech 's first game against a Division I @-@ A opponent during the season . Following the win over Clemson , Tech faced traditional rival Virginia in the annual battle for the Commonwealth Cup . Despite the rivalry and the fact that Virginia was ranked the No. 24 team in the country , the Cavaliers put up even less of a struggle than Clemson . Virginia Tech won , 31 – 7 . Now No. 5 in the country , Tech began to distance itself from other highly ranked teams with consecutive wins over Rutgers and Syracuse . The 62 – 0 shutout of No. 16 Syracuse was the largest victory ever recorded against a team ranked in the AP Poll . By this time , the Hokies were being described in media reports as a national championship contender . Following a 30 – 17 victory at Pittsburgh , Virginia Tech traveled to Morgantown , West Virginia , to face the West Virginia Mountaineers in the annual battle for the Black Diamond Trophy . In West Virginia , Virginia Tech eked out a 22 – 20 victory with a last @-@ second field goal from placekicker Shayne Graham . It was Tech 's closest victory of the season and moved the Hokies to the No. 2 ranking in the country . Following the win over West Virginia , Tech defeated Miami , 43 – 10 , and Temple , 62 – 7 , to clinch the Big East championship . In the final game of the regular season , the Hokies beat Boston College , 38 – 14 , cementing the third unbeaten season in Virginia Tech history and the Hokies ' first since 1954 . = = Pregame buildup = = In the month prior to the Sugar Bowl , media attention focused on Virginia Tech 's sudden rise to national prominence and Florida State 's perennial appearance in the national championship game . The Seminoles had the most top @-@ 5 finishes and the most national championship game appearances of any team in the 1990s , including a national championship victory in 1993 . Many media stories focused on the apparent David and Goliath showdown between the two teams , with the Seminoles in the role of the overdog and the Hokies in the role of the underdog . Because of this fact , spread bettors favored Florida State to win the game by 5 @.@ 5 points . Tens of thousands of fans from both teams traveled to the game , often purchasing ticket and travel packages for thousands of dollars . The limited numbers of tickets available for the game were in high demand by fans of both teams . = = = Florida State offense = = = The Seminoles threw for no fewer than 229 passing yards in every game during the regular season and averaged 12 @.@ 7 points per game more than its opponents . On the ground , the Seminoles averaged 122 @.@ 8 rushing yards per game . Leading the Florida State offense was quarterback Chris Weinke , a former baseball player who , at 27 years old , was by far the oldest player on the Seminoles ' team . After suffering a neck injury in the 1998 college football season , Weinke recovered to complete 232 of 377 pass attempts for 3 @,@ 103 yards , 25 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Weinke 's favorite target was wide receiver Peter Warrick , who led all Seminole receivers with 71 receptions and 931 yards in just nine games during the regular season . Five times , Warrick earned more than 100 receiving yards in a game . Warrick 's season was shortened by a two @-@ game suspension following his arrest for underpaying for clothes , but he still was named an All @-@ America selection at wide receiver , signifying his status as one of the best players in the country at the position . Florida State placekicker Sebastian Janikowski , who was born in Poland , also was a key component of the Seminoles ' scoring offense . In his career at Florida State prior to the Sugar Bowl , Janikowski made 65 of 83 field goal attempts , including 33 of his previous 38 kicks of less than 50 yards . Janikowski also handled kickoffs , kicking the ball so hard that 57 of his 83 kickoffs were touchbacks . Janikowski was considered to have the potential to be an early selection in the 2000 NFL Draft by several scouts for professional teams . = = = Virginia Tech offense = = = During the regular season , Virginia Tech 's offense outscored opponents by an average of 31 points per game . Tech averaged 254 yards rushing per game , the eighth @-@ highest average in the nation . Important to that success was running back Shyrone Stith , who had 1 @,@ 119 rushing yards during the regular season . Even more important to the Hokies ' success , however , was quarterback Michael Vick . Vick was recognized by multiple nationwide publications for his performance during the regular season . His passer rating was the highest of any quarterback in the country , and he completed 59 @.@ 2 percent of his 152 passes for 1 @,@ 840 yards , 12 touchdowns , and five interceptions . In addition , He rushed for 585 yards and eight touchdowns on 108 carries . Vick was named Big East Offensive Player of the Year and was the runner @-@ up in voting for the Associated Press Player of the Year . Vick 's average of 242 yards of total offense per game were the most in the country , and his 184 passing yards per game were the second @-@ most . In addition , Vick finished third in the voting for the Heisman Trophy , traditionally given to the best college football player in the country . He was featured in multiple national publications , including on the cover of Sports Illustrated twice .. A handful of days before the Sugar Bowl , Tech wide receiver Ricky Hall broke a bone in his foot during practice and was considered unlikely to play . Hall was Tech 's second @-@ leading receiver , having caught 25 passes for 398 yards and three touchdowns . In addition , Hall was the Hokies ' starting punt returner , and had returned 40 kicks for 510 yards and one touchdown , setting a school record for punt return yardage . Tech placekicker Shayne Graham won Big East Special Teams Player of the Year honors after scoring 107 points during the regular season . That mark set a Big East record , and Graham 's 372 career points during his four years with the Hokies were a NCAA record at the time . Graham 's award ensured Tech won all five of the Big East 's player and coach of the year awards . = = = Florida State defense = = = The Florida State defense was considered key to reining in Tech quarterback Vick . The Seminoles allowed less than 100 rushing yards per game on average , and intercepted 22 passes during the regular season . The Seminoles were ranked 15th nationally in pass defense at the end of the regular season but had allowed increasing amounts of pass yardage in the latter games of the season . Despite that fact , the Florida State defense 's main concern was Michael Vick 's ability to run the football . Said Florida State defensive coordinator Mickey Andrews : " A guy like that usually gives us problems , considering the type of ( 4 – 3 gap ) defense we run . When a quarterback gets out of the pocket , that could hurt us for big yardage . " The Seminole defense was led by nose guard Corey Simon , who accumulated 48 solo tackles , four sacks , and one interception . For his accomplishments during the regular season , Simon earned consensus first @-@ team All @-@ America honors . Despite his accomplishments , Simon was not the Seminoles ' leading tackler . That honor went to linebacker Tommy Polley , who accumulated 67 tackles during the season . Fellow linebacker Brian Allen contributed five quarterback sacks , the most in that statistical category for Florida State . = = = Virginia Tech defense = = = In the important category of scoring defense , the Hokies were the top @-@ ranked defense in the country , allowing only 10 @.@ 5 points per game . The team was ranked No. 3 in the country in both total defense and rushing defense . On average , Tech allowed just 247 @.@ 3 total yards and 75 @.@ 9 rushing yards per game . Tech 's pass defense was No. 7 in the country , allowing an average of 171 @.@ 4 passing yards per game . The Hokies permitted no more than 226 passing yards to any team during the regular season , and no opposing player earned 100 receiving yards . Tech defenders also accumulated 58 sacks during the season . Virginia Tech defensive end Corey Moore was the top performer on the Hokie defense . Moore accumulated 55 tackles and 17 sacks during the regular season , and was named Big East Defensive Player of the Year and to the Associated Press All @-@ America team . In the first week of December , Moore was awarded the Bronko Nagurski Trophy , given to the best defensive college football player in the country . Tech 's other defensive end was John Engelberger , who earned seven sacks , six other tackles for loss and 16 quarterback hurries . Engelberger was projected by pro scouts to be the first Tech player selected in the 2000 NFL Draft . = = Game summary = = The 2000 Sugar Bowl kicked off at 8 p.m. EST on January 4 , 2000 , at the Louisiana Superdome , in New Orleans , Louisiana . A crowd of 79 @,@ 280 people attended the game in person , and an estimated 18 @.@ 4 million people watched the game 's television broadcast on ABC , earning the broadcast a television rating of 17 @.@ 5 , the third @-@ highest rating ever recorded for a BCS game . ABC estimates were higher , speculating that at least 54 million people watched at least a portion of the broadcast . Brent Musburger , Gary Danielson , Lynn Swann , and Jack Arute were the television commentators for the event , and Ron Franklin , Mike Gottfried , and Adrian Karsten provided commentary for the ESPN Radio broadcast of the game . In exchange for their performance at the game , Virginia Tech and Florida State each received more than $ 4 million . The traditional pregame singing of the national anthem was performed by the Zion Harmonizers , a New Orleans gospel quartet . Steve Shaw was the referee . Actor John Goodman performed the ceremonial pre @-@ game coin toss to determine first possession of the ball . Florida State won the coin toss and elected to kick off to Virginia Tech to begin the game . = = = First quarter = = = Virginia Tech received the game 's opening kickoff in their end zone for a touchback , and the Tech offense began at its 20 @-@ yard line . On the game 's first play , Tech committed a five @-@ yard false start penalty . Running back Shyrone Stith was stopped for a loss on the first non @-@ penalty play of the game , but Tech made up both that loss and the penalty when quarterback Michael Vick scrambled for 25 yards and a first down . Vick then ran for another nine yards , pushing the line of scrimmage near midfield . Tech executed an option run to Stith , who ran inside the Florida State 30 @-@ yard line . Tech picked up a few yards with a run up the middle , then Vick completed a pass to Davis , giving the Hokies a first down at the Florida State 13 @-@ yard line . Stith picked up seven yards on a rush to the six @-@ yard line , but the Seminole defense stiffened , and Tech was unable to pick up the remaining three yards needed for a first down . Facing a fourth down and needing less than a yard to pick up another first down inside the Florida State three @-@ yard line , Tech head coach Frank Beamer kept his offense on the field to attempt to gain the first down rather than kick a field goal . On the attempt , however , Vick fumbled the ball forward into the end zone , where Florida State recovered it for a touchback . Virginia Tech was thus denied the first score of the game , and Florida State 's offense entered the game for the first time . Starting at their 20 @-@ yard line after the touchback , Florida State 's first play was a five @-@ yard rush by running back Travis Minor . Quarterback Chris Weinke then completed a three @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Peter Warrick , who was stopped short of the first down . After the next play failed to gain positive yardage , the Seminoles were forced to punt . Virginia Tech 's offense began their second series after a short punt return to the 31 @-@ yard line . After an incomplete pass from Vick , Stith picked up a Tech first down with two running plays . From their 43 @-@ yard line , Tech executed an end @-@ around for a first down . Florida State also committed a five @-@ yard facemask penalty that pushed Tech to the Seminoles ' 40 @-@ yard line . Tech was stopped for losses on subsequent plays and committed a five @-@ yard false start penalty , but Vick completed an 18 @-@ yard pass to Davis for a first down , making up the losses . Tech was unable to make good the losses accumulated on the next three plays , when Vick was sacked after throwing two incomplete passes . Tech punted , the ball rolled into the end zone , and Florida State 's offense began again at its 20 @-@ yard line . Weinke threw two incomplete passes before connecting on a first @-@ down throw to wide receiver Ron Dugans . On the next play , Weinke connected on a 64 @-@ yard throw to Warrick for a Florida State touchdown and the first points of the game . The extra point attempt was successful , and Florida State took a 7 – 0 lead with 3 : 22 remaining in the first quarter . Following Florida State 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff , Virginia Tech 's offense began its third possession of the game at the Tech 24 @-@ yard line after a short kick return . Running back Andre Kendrick ran for a short gain , but on the next play Vick was called for an intentional grounding penalty while attempting to avoid a sack . The Hokies were unable to make up the yardage lost by the penalty and punted after failing to gain a first down . Owing to the penalty , Tech punter Jimmy Kibble was forced to kick from his own end zone . Florida State was able to break through the Tech offensive line during the punt and blocked the kick . The ball was picked up by Florida State defender Jeff Chaney , who dashed into the end zone for Florida State 's second touchdown of the game . The score and extra point gave Florida State a 14 – 0 lead with 2 : 14 remaining in the first quarter . Florida State 's kickoff was downed for a touchback , and Tech began at its 20 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the possession , Florida State committed a 15 @-@ yard pass interference penalty that gave Tech a first down at its 35 @-@ yard line . Tech was further aided by two five @-@ yard penalties against Florida State that gave the Hokies another first down , and Vick completed a short pass across midfield . On the first play in Florida State territory , Vick completed a 49 @-@ yard throw to wide receiver Andre Davis for Tech 's first touchdown of the game . The extra point attempt was good , and with 30 seconds remaining in the quarter , Tech narrowed Florida State 's lead to 14 – 7 . Following Virginia Tech 's kickoff and a touchback , Florida State 's offense started work at its 20 @-@ yard line . Tech committed a five @-@ yard penalty , and as the final seconds of the quarter ticked off , Florida State ran up the middle for five yards and a first down . At the end of the first quarter , the score was 14 – 7 , Florida State leading . = = = Second quarter = = = The second quarter began with Florida State in possession of the ball , facing a first down at its 30 @-@ yard line . After picking up short yardage on two consecutive plays , Weinke completed a 63 @-@ yard pass to Dugans , who ran down the field for a touchdown . The extra point was successful , and with 13 : 45 remaining in the second quarter , Florida State extended its lead to 21 – 7 . Following the Florida State kickoff , Virginia Tech returned the ball to the 33 @-@ yard line , where Tech 's offense began operations . Tech committed an offensive pass interference penalty , and Tech was forced to punt after being unable to gain a first down after the penalty . The Seminoles ' Peter Warrick was assigned to return the punt , and he fielded the ball at the Florida State 41 @-@ yard line . Thanks to several key blocks from other Florida State players , Warrick was able to run 59 unimpeded yards to the end zone for a touchdown . With 11 : 34 still remaining before halftime , the Seminoles extended their lead to 28 – 7 . Following the Florida State kickoff , Virginia Tech attempted to answer Florida State 's kick @-@ return touchdown with one of its own . Kendrick fielded the ball at the Virginia Tech goal line and returned it 63 yards , all the way to the Florida State 37 @-@ yard line , where the Hokie offense began work . Despite the good field position , Tech was unable to gain a first down . Tech kicker Shayne Graham was sent into the game , seemingly to attempt a 51 @-@ yard field goal . Instead of kicking the ball , Graham attempted to run the ball for a first down . Graham fumbled short of the first down , and Florida State took over on offense with 9 : 43 remaining in the first half . On the Seminoles ' first offensive play of the drive , they attempted a flea flicker pass , which was caught by Warrick at the Virginia Tech 33 @-@ yard line for a 33 @-@ yard gain . Following the play , Weinke was sacked for the first time by the Tech defense . This was followed immediately by Tech 's second sack , which pushed Weinke back into the Seminoles ' side of the field . On the third play of the Seminole drive , Weinke attempted to scramble for yardage , but was stopped short of the needed mark . Florida State 's punt was downed at the Virginia Tech one @-@ yard line , which was where the Tech offense began work . Florida State 's defense prevented the Hokies from gaining a first down , and Tech again had to punt from its end zone . Following the kick and a short return , Florida State began a drive at the Tech 34 @-@ yard line , seemingly in excellent field position . But on the first play of the State drive , the Seminoles were stopped for a loss . State was able to pick up a short gain on the second play , but on the third , Weinke was sacked for the third time in the game . After the Seminole punt and a touchback , Tech 's offense started at its 20 @-@ yard line . The Hokies picked up a first down with an option run to Stith , then Vick ran for a long gain and another first down at the Florida State 20 @-@ yard line . Stith picked up seven yards on a rush up the middle of the field , then Vick completed a first @-@ down pass to Derek Carter inside the Seminole 10 @-@ yard line . Kendrick advanced the ball to the Seminole three @-@ yard line , then Vick ran the remaining yardage for a touchdown . Following the extra point , Tech cut Florida State 's lead to 28 – 14 with 37 seconds remaining in the first half . After the Virginia Tech kickoff and a Florida State return to their 17 @-@ yard line , Florida State began running out the clock to bring the half to an end . At halftime , Florida State held a 28 – 14 lead over Virginia Tech . = = = Halftime = = = At halftime , several organizations and groups performed under the overarching theme of a " Gospel Jubilee . " The halftime show was organized by Douglas K. Green and Bowl Games of America , a company founded to provide similar services to bowl games across the United States . Multiple high school bands and dance teams from Kansas to Florida entertained the crowd . = = = Third quarter = = = Because Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the game , Florida State received the ball to begin the second half . The Seminoles returned the kickoff to their 22 @-@ yard line , and on the first play of the second half attempted a lateral pass . Virginia Tech defender Corey Moore knocked the ball down and out of bounds , causing a loss of 16 yards . Despite the loss , Weinke was able to make good the needed yards with a 28 @-@ yard pass to Minor . Minor picked up short yardage on a run up the middle , then Weinke passed for another first down , advancing the ball to the State 45 @-@ yard line . On first down , Weinke fumbled , but managed to recover the ball after a five @-@ yard loss . Unlike before , State was unable to regain the lost yardage and was forced to punt . Virginia Tech returned the kick to their 33 @-@ yard line , where the Tech offense began work . Vick passed for six yards , then ran an option for 12 yards and a first down . Now on State 's side of the field , however , the Tech offense was unable to gain another first down and punted back to Florida State , which returned the kick to its 21 @-@ yard line . State was stopped short on consecutive plays , committed a five @-@ yard false start penalty , then was stopped for no gain on third down . After going three and out , State punted back to the Hokies , who returned the ball to the Seminoles ' 41 @-@ yard line . On the first play of the drive , Vick completed a 26 @-@ yard pass to the Tech fullback , Hawkins . After three rushes failed to pick up the first down at the Florida State five @-@ yard line , Tech coach Frank Beamer sent in Graham to kick a 23 @-@ yard field goal . The kick was successful , and with 7 : 54 remaining in the quarter , Tech cut Florida State 's lead to 28 – 17 . Virginia Tech 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff was downed for a touchback , and Florida State 's offense started a drive at its 20 @-@ yard line . Weinke completed one pass , but two others fell incomplete , and Florida State punted after again going three and out . The Hokies returned the State kick to the Seminoles ' 36 @-@ yard line with a 45 @-@ yard return . Vick threw an incomplete pass , ran for seven yards , then handed it off to Kendrick , who broke through the Florida State defense and ran ahead 29 yards for a touchdown . Rather than attempt an extra point , Beamer ordered a two @-@ point conversion in an attempt to cut Florida State 's lead to just three points . The play , which was Tech 's first two @-@ point attempt that season , failed . Even without an extra point , the touchdown still cut Florida State 's lead to 28 – 23 . After the post @-@ score kickoff and return , Florida State began at its 22 @-@ yard line . Weinke completed a first @-@ down pass to Warrick , but Warrick committed a 15 @-@ yard personal foul penalty in the process . On the next play , Weinke attempted a long pass downfield , but Tech defender Anthony Midget intercepted the ball at the Tech 41 @-@ yard line . Trailing by five , Tech 's offense began a drive to potentially further cut Florida State 's lead or put the Hokies in the lead themselves . After slipping on the field and taking a loss , Vick completed a 20 @-@ yard pass to Hawkins , who picked up a first down and pushed Tech to the Florida State 39 @-@ yard line . After a short rush by Kendrick , Vick scrambled to the State 21 @-@ yard line for another first down . On the next play , Vick was sacked for a seven @-@ yard loss , but recovered the lost ground by running for 22 yards on the next play . With a first down at the Seminoles ' seven @-@ yard line , Vick handed the ball to Kendrick , who ran seven yards straight ahead for a Tech touchdown , giving the Hokies the lead for the first time in the game . Again , Beamer ordered a two @-@ point conversion attempt , but again , Florida State stopped the Hokies short . Despite that failure to pick up the two @-@ point conversion , Tech took a 29 – 28 lead with 2 : 13 remaining in the quarter . The Seminoles returned Tech 's post @-@ score kick to their 15 @-@ yard line , where Florida State 's offense began work again , hoping to regain the lead for State . Weinke completed a seven @-@ yard pass to Warrick , then was sacked by the Virginia Tech defense . Weinke overcame the loss on the next play with a 19 @-@ yard first @-@ down pass . State continued to advance the ball with short passes , as Weinke completed a five @-@ yard throw . Chaney gained three yards on a rush to the right as the final seconds of the third quarter ticked off the clock , setting up an important third @-@ down play . With one quarter remaining , Virginia Tech led Florida State , 29 – 28 . = = = Fourth quarter = = = Florida State began the fourth quarter in possession of the ball and facing a third down , needing three yards for a first down . Weinke completed a pass for just short of the needed three yards . Instead of punting the ball away , Florida State head coach Bobby Bowden ordered the team to attempt to convert the first down . He brought backup quarterback Marcus Outzen into the game as a misdirection move , and instead of running a quarterback sneak as anticipated , Outzen tossed the ball to Minor , who ran for 16 yards and a first down . During the play , Virginia Tech committed a 15 @-@ yard personal foul penalty that advanced the ball further and gave Florida State a first down at the Virginia Tech 23 @-@ yard line . Weinke returned to the game and threw a 10 @-@ yard pass to Chaney for another first down . Weinke threw an incomplete pass , then Tech stopped a rush up the middle for no gain . On third down , Weinke connected on a touchdown pass to Dugans , returning the lead to Florida State . The Seminoles , as had Virginia Tech before them , elected to attempt a two @-@ point conversion . Unlike Virginia Tech 's failed two @-@ point conversions , the Seminoles successfully earned two points with a pass to Warrick , and the scores gave Florida State a 36 – 29 lead with 12 : 59 remaining . Tech received Florida State 's kickoff at its goal line and returned the ball to the 11 @-@ yard line , where Tech 's offense took over . Kendrick ran for 12 yards and a first down , but then Vick fumbled on a rush to the left . Florida State recovered the ball , and the Seminoles ' offense was given the ball at the Virginia Tech 35 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the fumble , Chaney broke free for a long run that gave State a first down inside the Virginia Tech 10 @-@ yard line . The Seminoles were pushed backward on two consecutive plays and committed a chop block before Bowden was forced to send in Janikowski to kick a 32 @-@ yard field goal . The kick gave Florida State a 39 – 29 lead with 10 : 26 remaining in the game . Janikowski 's post @-@ score kickoff was downed for a touchback , and Vick and the Tech offense began at their 20 @-@ yard line . On the Hokies ' first play , Davis ran for 16 yards and a first down on an end @-@ around similar to the one he ran in the first quarter . Despite that success , the Hokies were unable to gain another first down . Appearing to punt the ball away , Tech ran a trick play where the punter attempted to rush for a first down . He was stopped short of the needed mark , however , and Florida State 's offense returned to the field , beginning at the Tech 43 @-@ yard line . On the first play after taking over , Weinke completed a 43 @-@ yard pass to Warrick for a touchdown . The score and extra point gave Florida State a 46 – 29 lead with 7 : 42 remaining in the game . With less than half a quarter remaining and down by three scores , Virginia Tech had a nearly insurmountable deficit to overcome . The Hokies fielded the kickoff for a touchback , and the Tech offense began at its 20 @-@ yard line . On the Hokies ' first and second plays of the drive , Vick was sacked for losses . The third play was an incomplete pass , and the Hokies were forced to punt . After fielding the kick at their 38 @-@ yard line , Florida State began running out the clock by running the ball . After failing to gain a first down on two consecutive rushes and an incomplete pass , Florida State punted . The ball rolled into the end zone , and Tech 's offense began again at its 20 @-@ yard line . Vick threw for short yardage , then Kendrick ran for a first down at the Tech 37 @-@ yard line . Vick completed a 23 @-@ yard first down pass to Emmet Johnson , and the Hokies entered Florida State territory with the clock ticking steadily down . On the first play in Seminoles ' territory , Vick completed another 23 @-@ yard pass , this time to Davis , who picked up a first down at the Florida State 23 @-@ yard line . Thanks to a holding penalty against the Seminoles , Tech was granted a first down at the State eight @-@ yard line . Vick threw an incomplete pass , ran for three yards , and then threw another pass to a player who was stopped short of the goal line . Facing fourth down and needing just two yards for a touchdown , Tech attempted to pass for the touchdown , but Vick was sacked and turned the ball over on downs with 1 : 12 remaining . With almost no time remaining , Florida State continued running down the clock and earned the 46 – 29 victory . = = Scoring summary = = 1st Quarter FSU @-@ Peter Warrick 64 yard pass from Chris Weinke ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 3 : 22 FSU 7 VT 0 FSU @-@ Jeff Chaney 6 yard blocked punt return ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 2 : 14 FSU 14 VT 0 VT @-@ Andre Davis 49 yard pass from Michael Vick ( Shayne Graham kick ) 0 : 30 FSU 14 VT 7 2nd Quarter FSU @-@ Ron Dugans 63 yard pass from Chris Weinke ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 13 : 45 FSU 21 VT 7 FSU @-@ Peter Warrick 59 yard punt return ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 11 : 40 FSU 28 VT 7 VT @-@ Michael Vick 3 yard run ( Shayne Graham kick ) 0 : 37 FSU 28 VT 14 3rd Quarter VT @-@ Shayne Graham 23 yard field goal 7 : 54 FSU 28 VT 17 VT @-@ Andre Kendrick 29 yard run ( 2 @-@ pt pass failed ) 5 : 57 FSU 28 VT 23 VT @-@ Andre Kendrick 6 yard run ( 2 @-@ pt pass failed ) 2 : 13 VT 29 FSU 28 4th Quarter FSU @-@ Ron Dugans 14 yard pass from Chris Weinke ( Peter Warrick pass from Chris Weinke ) 12 : 59 FSU 36 VT 29 FSU @-@ Sebastian Janikowski 32 yard field goal 10 : 26 FSU 39 VT 29 FSU @-@ Peter Warrick 43 yard pass from Chris Weinke ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 7 : 42 FSU 46 VT 29 = = Statistical summary = = In recognition of his performance during the game , Florida Statewide receiver Peter Warrick was named the game 's most valuable player . Warrick caught six passes for 163 yards and two touchdowns , leading all receivers in yardage and scores . Warrick also had a 59 @-@ yard punt return for a touchdown and a two @-@ point conversion , accounting for 20 of the Seminoles ' 46 points . The 20 points scored by Warrick were a Sugar Bowl record for most points scored by an individual player . Despite Warrick 's individual performance , Virginia Tech was more successful in a team effort , compiling 503 total yards compared to Florida State 's 359 yards . Virginia Tech quarterback Michael Vick completed 15 of 29 passes for 225 passing yards and one passing touchdown . Vick also ran the ball 23 times for 97 yards in his performance as the game 's leading rusher . Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke was the game 's best passer , completing 20 of his 34 pass attempts for 329 yards , four touchdowns , and one interception . Weinke 's favorite target was game MVP Peter Warrick , but several other Seminoles also benefited from Weinke 's passing efficiency . Ron Dugans caught five passes for 99 yards and two touchdowns , Minnis caught two passes for 25 yards , and Minor caught two for 23 yards . For Virginia Tech , Davis caught seven passes for 108 yards and a touchdown , Hawkins caught two passes for 49 yards , and Kendrick caught two passes for 27 yards . In terms of rushing offense , the two teams differed wildly . Virginia Tech , led by Vick , ran for 278 rushing yards . Florida State , meanwhile , ran for just 30 yards . The Seminoles were led on the ground by Chaney , who carried the ball four times for 43 yards , and Minor , who carried the ball nine times for 35 yards . Much of these two players ' rushing total was negated by Chris Weinke , who lost 41 yards on seven carries . Virginia Tech , bolstered by Vick 's 97 rushing yards , also saw André Kendrick accumulate 69 yards and two touchdowns with 12 carries and Shyrone Stith pick up 68 yards on 11 carries . = = Postgame effects = = Florida State 's victory earned it the 1999 BCS national championship and brought the Seminoles ' season to an end with an undefeated 12 – 0 record . By beginning the season at No. 1 and ending it in the same position , Florida State became the first college football team to stay ranked No. 1 for every week of the season after being ranked No. 1 in the preseason poll . Virginia Tech 's loss brought it to a final record of 11 – 1 , but the Hokies still completed their first 11 @-@ win season in school history . The 75 total points scored in the 2000 Sugar Bowl were a Sugar Bowl record at that point in the game 's history . = = = Coaching changes = = = Both teams made changes to their respective coaching staffs in the weeks that followed the Sugar Bowl . Chuck Amato resigned from his position as linebackers coach for Florida State to take the head coaching position at North Carolina State . His role as linebackers coach was filled by Joe Kines , whom Bobby Bowden hired from the University of Georgia . Amato 's role as assistant head coach was filled by Jim Gladden , who had been a coach at Florida State for more than 25 years at the time he was named the assistant head coach . At Virginia Tech , head coach Frank Beamer also made some changes to his coaching staff , promoting several position coaches to higher positions in the Tech football hierarchy . = = = Postseason awards = = = In recognition of their achievements during the regular season and during the 2000 Sugar Bowl , multiple players and coaches from each team earned awards and recognition after the conclusion of the game . Tech quarterback Michael Vick , despite leading the losing team in the Sugar Bowl , won an ESPY for college football player of the year on February 14 , more than a month after the Sugar Bowl . In addition , Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer won multiple coach of the year awards , most notably the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award , which was presented to Beamer on March 6 . One of Beamer 's assistant coaches , Bud Foster , was named the top defensive coordinator in Division I @-@ A football by American Football Coach Magazine in its annual award . Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke won the 2000 Heisman Trophy after the conclusion of the 2000 college football season . = = = 2000 NFL Draft = = = Several players from each team were picked by professional teams to play in the National Football League during the 2000 NFL Draft , held April 15 and 16 , in New York City . Florida State had three players selected in the first round of the draft and seven players taken overall . Peter Warrick was the first player picked , selected with the fourth overall selection by the Cincinnati Bengals . Defensive tackle Corey Simon was selected two picks later with the sixth overall selection , and placekicker Sebastian Janikowski was taken 17th . Later rounds saw Ron Dugans ( 66th ) , Laveranues Coles ( 78th ) , Jerry Johnson ( 101st ) , and Mario Edwards ( 180th ) taken in the draft from Florida State . Virginia Tech had no players selected in the first round of the draft but saw five players taken from the second round onward . Defensive end John Engelberger was the first Hokie taken in the 2000 draft , and was picked with the 35th overall selection . He was followed by cornerback Ike Charlton , who was taken with the 52nd pick in the draft . Corey Moore ( 89th ) , Anthony Midget ( 134th ) , and Shyrone Stith ( 243rd ) also were taken . Some players who participated in the 2000 Sugar Bowl elected to delay their entry into the NFL Draft , either because they hoped to finish their education or because they were not three years removed from their high school graduations and thus were not eligible to enter the draft . Examples of these players included Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke , who returned to Florida State to complete his senior year , and Virginia Tech quarterback Michael Vick , who was not eligible to enter the draft in 2000 , but who was taken with the first overall selection in the 2001 NFL Draft . = = = Subsequent seasons = = = Florida State entered the 2000 college football season with hopes of following up its victory in the 2000 Sugar Bowl with another national championship . The Seminoles ' regular @-@ season performance differed slightly from 1999 , as they lost a regular @-@ season game to Miami , yet still appeared in a third consecutive national championship game : the 2001 Orange Bowl . Unlike in 2000 , the Seminoles emerged on the losing side of a 13 – 2 score . Virginia Tech , like Florida State , had hoped to attend the national championship game again , but an injury to star quarterback Michael Vick caused the Hokies to lose a regular @-@ season game at third @-@ ranked Miami , eliminating them from national championship contention . The following season , neither Florida State nor Virginia Tech competed for a national championship , but both teams played in the 2002 Gator Bowl , their first matchup in two years . Following the Gator Bowl , Florida State next met Virginia Tech in the 2005 ACC Championship Game after the Hokies left the Big East for the Atlantic Coast Conference . Florida State won that contest , 27 – 22 . Not until the 2007 college football season did Virginia Tech finally avenge its losses to the Seminoles with a 40 – 21 win en route to an Atlantic Coast Conference championship . It was the first game in fifteen consecutive matchups between the two teams that Virginia Tech had won .
= Preise , Jerusalem , den Herrn , BWV 119 = Preise , Jerusalem , den Herrn ( Praise the Lord , Jerusalem ) , BWV 119 , is a sacred cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in Leipzig for Ratswechsel , the inauguration of a new town council , and first performed it on 30 August 1723 . Bach composed the cantata in his first year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig , about three months after taking office at the end of May 1723 . A festive service at the Nikolaikirche was an annual event , celebrating the inauguration of a new town council , always held on the Monday after St. Bartholomew ( August 24 ) . The text by an anonymous poet includes psalm verses and an excerpt from Martin Luther 's German Te Deum . It is focused on acknowledgement of authority as a gift of God , thanks for past blessings , and prayer for future help . The cantata is structured in nine movements , three of them choral ( 1 , 7 , 9 ) , the others alternating arias and recitatives . The orchestra is large and representative , with four trumpets , timpani , two recorders and three oboes , in addition to strings and basso continuo . Bach led the Thomanerchor in the first performance . In 2015 the cantata was performed by the Thomanerchor at the place of its premiere on 12 June , opening the Bachfest and celebrating both the 1000th anniversary of the first recorded mention of Leipzig and the 850th anniversary of the Nikolaikirche . = = History and words = = As Thomaskantor , Bach served as music director of Leipzig and had to compose not only for music in the four major churches but also for public municipal functions . The Ratswechsel was celebrated with an annual church service at the Nikolaikirche on the Monday after St. Bartholomew , August 24 . It was not a democratic election , but a " ceremonial transfer of office " of council members who were appointed . The service was not part of the liturgical year with cantata texts related to prescribed biblical epistle and gospel readings . For the Ratswechsel service , Bach could count on the entire council ( his employer ) listening , and probably also civil servants and representatives of the Elector 's administration for the region . The musicologist Klaus Hofmann notes : " It was an opportunity for Bach to show how sacred music was flourishing under his direction and to present himself as a composer . " The cantata was Bach 's first for the occasion in Leipzig . Early in his career he had written at least one cantata for the equivalent service at Mühlhausen . There are five surviving cantatas for the Ratswechsel at Leipzig , and librettos of three more , BWV Anh . I 3 , 4 and 193 . The other four extant cantatas are Ihr Tore zu Zion , BWV 193 , composed for the occasion in 1727 but partly lost , Wir danken dir , Gott , wir danken dir , BWV 29 , composed for the occasion in 1731 , Gott , man lobet dich in der Stille , BWV 120 , adapted from earlier cantatas for wedding and homage probably in 1742 , and Lobe den Herrn , meine Seele , BWV 69 , adapted from Lobe den Herrn , meine Seele , BWV 69a , for the occasion in 1748 . The text was written by an unknown librettist who included psalm verses ( 147 , 85 and 126 ) and lines from Martin Luther 's German Te Deum " Herr Gott , dich loben wir " . To suit the event for which it was written , these are all turned into hymns of thanking and praising God for Leipzig 's prosperity and asking him to protect the city in the future . Bach led the Thomanerchor in the performance on 30 August 1723 . = = Scoring and structure = = Bach structured the cantata in nine movements with choral movements as a frame and in movement 7 , otherwise alternating recitatives and arias . He scored it for four vocal soloists ( soprano ( S ) , alto ( A ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ( B ) ) , a four @-@ part choir , and an orchestra of four trumpets ( Tr ) , timpani ( Ti ) , two recorders ( Fl ) , three oboes ( Ob ) , two of them also playing oboes da caccia ( Oc ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , and basso continuo ( Bc ) . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from the Bach scholar Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings , while the continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . = = Music = = Even among other festive music written by Bach , this work 's scoring for four trumpets is unusual . It is characterised by a very solemn character and the attributes of courtly homage music , such as the opening chorus in the form of a French overture or fanfare @-@ like trumpet interjections in the bass recitative . Bach created a work that in musical terms corresponds less to sacred music and more to the type of secular music for a princely court , as had been required of him during his time in office in Köthen . Only in its final two movements does Bach again use simple forms to emphasize the work 's character of a church cantata , implying that earthly powers do not last , but God – the supreme ruler – is entitled to have the last word . = = = 1 = = = The cantata opens with a French overture , unusual in featuring the chorus in the faster middle section . At the time of Louis XIV an overture in this style was played when the king and his entourage entered a performance . Bach 's music expresses a similar respect for the authority of the town councils . The mostly homophonic slow opening is in the typical dotted rhythms , and shows a remarkable concerto of the trumpets versus the rest of the orchestra . The chorus appears only in the middle section , proclaiming verses from Psalm 147 , " Preise , Jerusalem , den Herrn " ( Praise the Lord , Jerusalem ) . It uses both fugal techniques and paired entries . The coda is a recapitulation of the first section . Analysis of corrections show that Bach probably used an instrumental piece composed earlier , and that the characteristic upward run on the first word " Preise " was added later . The text from psalm 147 @,@ 12 – 14a addresses Jerusalem , but the Leipzig congregation understood it as their city . = = = 2 = = = A secco recitative introduces the topic , " Gesegnet Land , glückselge Stadt " ( Blessed land , fortunate city ) : a town is blessed if God reigns in it . = = = 3 = = = The oboes da caccia present a dotted @-@ rhythm ritornello to introduce the tenor aria . The vocal entry is before the ritornello cadence , " Wohl dir , du Volk der Linden " ( Good fortune , you people of the lindens ) , a reference to Leipzig sometimes being called Lindenstadt . = = = 4 = = = The bass recitative , " So herrlich stehst du , liebe Stadt ! " ( So gloriously you stand , dear city ! ) , is introduced and concluded with a fanfare @-@ like trumpet and timpani line , further wind instruments , recorders and oboes da caccia add colour to the middle section , in an unusual movement for the Leipzig congregation . = = = 5 = = = The alto aria , " Die Obrigkeit ist Gottes Gabe " ( Authority is God 's gift ) , is accompanied by two obbligato recorders in unison . It is the only minor @-@ mode movement of the cantata . The obbligato presents high repeated notes beginning midway through the ritornello theme , which recurs as episodes and at the conclusion of the movement . The movement is , in effect , a trio sonata . = = = 6 = = = A soprano recitative , " Nun ! Wir ekennen es und bringen dir " ( Now ! we acknowledge it and bring to You ) , expresses thanks for God 's gift and acknowledgement of the burden on the people serving as town council , those who did it the last year and those who succeed . = = = 7 = = = A choral movement confirms " Der Herr hat Guts an uns getan " ( The Lord has done good things for us ) . The movement is structured like a da capo aria , with a fugue in the opening and repeat , while the contrasting middle section is mostly homophonic . A a long ritornello theme features an " imperious " trumpet melody , which is played four times during the movement . The voices enter from the lowest to the highest , then additional instruments lead to a climax . In the middle section motifs from the ritornello are played " above and between " the voices . One fanfare motif appears also in Bach 's first Brandenburg Concerto and would later be used in the bass aria Großer Herr und starker König in the Christmas Oratorio . The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann assumes , reflecting its secular character as a hunting signal and fanfare , that the movement is derived from an earlier homage cantata . = = = 8 = = = A very short alto recitative , " Zuletzt ! Da du uns , Herr , zu deinem Volk gesetzt " ( Finally ! Since You have established us as Your people ) , is harmonically " adventurous " . = = = 9 = = = The cantata ends with the ninth stanza from Luther 's German Te Deum , " Hilf deinem Volk , Herr Jesu Christ " ( Help Your people , Lord Jesus Christ ) , a prayer for further help and preservation . It is a four @-@ part setting " with the subtlest touches of flamboyance " in a chorale . No performance material for the cantata has survived ; and the score , where the last two movements appear in free space within movement 7 , provides only the four @-@ part setting without mentioning which instruments would play with which voice . Hofmann imagines that there might have been additional parts for trumpets and timpani for an ending to match the opening of the cantata . = = Selected recordings = = The sortable table are excerpt from the selection on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are grouped roughly : Large choirs ( red background ) : Bach ( choir dedicated to Bach 's music , founded in the mid @-@ 20th century ) , Boys ( choir of all male voices ) Medium @-@ size choirs Large orchestras ( red background ) : Bach ( orchestra dedicated to Bach 's music , founded in the mid @-@ 20th century ) , Symphony Orchestra on period instruments ( green background ) = = 2015 = = The cantata was performed in the opening concert of the Bachfest Leipzig on 12 June 2015 , celebrating 1000 years since the first recorded mention of Leipzig and the 850th anniversary of the Nikolaikirche . A line from the libretto was the festival 's motto for the occasion : " So herrlich stehst du , liebe Stadt ! " ( So gloriously you stand , dear city ! ) . The cantata was performed at the Nikolaikirche by Ute Selbig , Britta Schwarz , Patrick Grahl , Jochen Kupfer , the Thomanerchor and the Händelfestspielorchester Halle , conducted by Gotthold Schwarz .
= John Struthers ( anatomist ) = Sir John Struthers FRSE FRCSE LLD ( ( 1823 @-@ 02 @-@ 21 ) 21 February 1823 – 24 February 1899 ( 1899 @-@ 02 @-@ 24 ) ) was the first Regius Professor of Anatomy at the University of Aberdeen . He was a dynamic teacher and administrator , transforming the status of the institutions in which he worked . He was equally passionate about anatomy , enthusiastically seeking out and dissecting the largest and finest specimens , including whales , and troubling his colleagues with his single @-@ minded quest for money and space for his collection . Among scientists , he is perhaps best known for his work on the ligament which bears his name . His work on the rare and vestigial Ligament of Struthers came to the attention of Charles Darwin , who used it in his Descent of Man to help argue the case that man and other mammals shared a common ancestor . Among the public , Struthers was famous for his dissection of the " Tay Whale " , a humpback whale that appeared in the Firth of Tay , was hunted and then dragged ashore to be exhibited across Britain . Struthers took every opportunity he could to dissect it and recover its bones . In the medical profession , he was known for transforming the teaching of anatomy , for the papers and books that he wrote , as well as for his efficient work in his medical school , for which he was successively awarded medicine 's highest honours , including membership of the General Medical Council , fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , the presidency of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh , and finally a knighthood . = = Early life = = John Struthers was the son of Dr Alexander Struthers ( 1767 – 1853 ) and his wife Mary Reid ( 1793 – 1859 ) . They lived in Brucefield , a large stone @-@ built 18th century house with spacious grounds , which was then just outside Dunfermline ; John was born in the house . Alexander was a wealthy mill owner and linen merchant . He bought Brucefield early in the 19th century , along with Brucefield Mill , a linen spinning mill built in 1792 . Linen was threshed at the nearby threshing mill , and bleached in the open air near the house . There were still linen bleachers living in Brucefield House in 1841 , but they had gone by 1851 , leaving the house as the seat of the Struthers family . Mary 's father , Deacon John Reid , was also a linen maker . Alexander and Mary were married in 1818 ; the marriage , though not warmly affectionate , lasted until Alexander 's death despite the large age difference . Both Alexander and Mary are buried at Dunfermline Abbey . Struthers was one of six children , three boys and three girls . The boys were privately tutored in the classics , mathematics and modern languages at home in Brucefield House . They went out boating in summer , skating in winter on the nearby dam ; they rode ponies , went swimming in the nearby Firth of Forth , and went for long walks with wealthy friends . Both his older brother James and his younger brother Alexander studied medicine . James became a doctor at Leith ; Alexander died of cholera while serving as a doctor in the Crimean War . His sisters Janet and Christina provided a simple education at Brucefield for some poor friends , Daniel and James Thomson . Daniel ( 1833 – 1908 ) became a Dunfermline weaver as well as a historian and reformer . = = Medical career = = Struthers studied medicine at Edinburgh , winning prizes as an undergraduate . He completed his M.D. degree in 1845 , becoming a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh at the same time . In 1847 , the college licensed him and his brother James to teach anatomy . The courses that they taught at the medical school in Argyle Square , Edinburgh were recognized by the examining bodies of England , Scotland and Ireland . He worked his way up at the Royal Infirmary from dresser ( surgical assistant ) , to surgical clerk , to house physician , house surgeon and finally full surgeon . His passion was for anatomy ; he told the story of how he had been so concentrated on an anatomy dissection one day in 1843 that he failed to look outside to observe the street procession known as the " Disruption " which launched the Free Church of Scotland . He became Lecturer of Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh . In 1863 , Struthers became the first Regius Professor of Anatomy at the recently formed University of Aberdeen . This was a " Crown Chair " ( a professorship recognized by the government ) , a prestigious position . Struthers ' application for the chair was supported by over 250 letters , many from public figures including well @-@ known doctors such as Joseph Lister and James Paget , and politicians such as Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey , who became Home Secretary , and James Moncreiff , who became the Scottish Lord Advocate . The support of these men was actively solicited by Struthers ' well @-@ connected friends and relatives , including his cousin the Reverend John Struthers of Prestonpans , and his energetic wife Christina . With the success of their campaign , the family moved to Aberdeen . Struthers held the professorship at Aberdeen for 26 years . In that time , he radically transformed anatomy teaching at the university , improved the Aberdeen medical school ; set up the museum of anatomy ; and helped to lead the reconstruction of the Aberdeen Infirmary . He vigorously collected specimens for his museum , " prepared or otherwise provided , mainly by the work of my own hands , and at my own expense " . The specimens were arranged to enable students to compare the anatomy of different animals . He intended the comparative anatomy exhibits to demonstrate evolution through the presence of homologous structures . For example , in mammals , the arm and hand of a human , the wing of a bird , the foreleg of a horse , and the flipper of a whale are all homologous forelimbs . He continually made demands of the University of Aberdeen 's Senate for additional room space and money for the museum , against the wishes of his colleagues in the faculty . Struthers could go to great lengths to obtain specimens he particularly wanted , and on at least one occasion this led to court action . He had long admired a crocodile skeleton at Aberdeen 's Medico @-@ Chirurgical Society . In 1866 he borrowed it , ostensibly to clean and remount it , but despite the society 's urgent requests to have it returned , it stayed in Struthers ' museum at Marischal College for ten years . Struthers still hoped to obtain the specimen , and when in 1885 he was made president of the Medico @-@ Chirurgical Society , he again tried to take the crocodile to his museum . The society then obtained an interdict ( a court order ) restraining him from removing the skeleton . Struthers published about 70 papers on anatomy . He set up a popular series of lectures for the public , held on Saturday evenings . Many of the methods he used remain relevant today . He had a powerful effect on medical education in Britain , in 1890 establishing the format of three years of " pre @-@ clinical " academic teaching and examination in the sciences underlying medicine , including especially anatomy . His system lasted until the reform of medical training in 1993 and 2003 . His 21st century successors at the anatomy school in Aberdeen write that " He would undoubtedly be greatly dismayed at the drastic reduction in the teaching of basic medical sciences , and the subsequent perceived decline in the anatomical knowledge of medical students and practicing clinicians , " and they quote one of Struthers ' sayings to his students : Unless you are well informed in the foundation sciences and principles , you may practise your profession , but you will never understand disease and its treatment ; your practice will be routine , the unintelligent application of the dogmas and directions of your textbook or teacher . = = Awards and honours = = Struthers was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Glasgow in 1885 for his work in medical education . In 1892 he was given honorary membership of the Royal Medical Society ; he also became president of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh . He was appointed to the General Medical Council in 1883 and remained a member until 1891 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1894 . In 1895 he was made president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh ; he held the position for two years . In 1898 , he was knighted ( as Sir John Struthers ) by Queen Victoria for his service to medicine . = = Scientific work = = = = = Evolution and Struthers ' ligament = = = Struthers was one of the first advocates of the theory of evolution , speaking publicly and corresponding with Charles Darwin about observations he made during his comparative anatomy studies . Struthers was interested in abnormal variations in anatomy , such as additional toes , and he collected many specimens which he offered to show Darwin . Among other curiosities , Struthers described the " Ligament of Struthers " , a rare extra band of connective tissue present in 1 % of humans running from a bony projection on the humerus down to the elbow , and showed that its presence was inherited . The significance of Struthers ' ligament , as Darwin and Struthers understood , is that the vestigial organ has no function in humans , but is inherited from a structure , the supra @-@ condyloid foramen , which certainly had a function in other mammals including marsupials and carnivores . In those other mammals , the supra @-@ condyloid foramen is an opening in the bone that important structures , the median nerve and the brachial artery , run through . Struthers observed that when his ligament was present in humans , the nerve and artery did run through it . Darwin took this to mean that humans and other mammals had a common ancestor , and used Struthers ' work as evidence in Chapter 1 of his Descent of Man ( 1871 ) : In some of the lower Quadrumana , in the Lemuridae and Carnivora , as well as in many marsupials , there is a passage near the lower end of the humerus , called the supra @-@ condyloid foramen , through which the great nerve of the fore limb and often the great artery pass . Now in the humerus of man , there is generally a trace of this passage , which is sometimes fairly well developed , being formed by a depending hook @-@ like process of bone , completed by a band of ligament . Dr. Struthers , who has closely attended to the subject , has now shewn that this peculiarity is sometimes inherited , as it has occurred in a father , and in no less than four out of his seven children . When present , the great nerve invariably passes through it ; and this clearly indicates that it is the homologue and rudiment of the supra @-@ condyloid foramen of the lower animals . Prof. Turner estimates , as he informs me , that it occurs in about one per cent of recent skeletons . But if the occasional development of this structure in man is , as seems probable , due to reversion , it is a return to a very ancient state of things , because in the higher Quadrumana it is absent . = = = Whale anatomy = = = Aberdeen , a coastal city , gave Struthers the opportunity to observe the whales which were from time to time washed up on Scotland 's coast . In 1870 he observed , dissected and described a Blue Whale ( which he called a " Great Fin @-@ Whale " ) from Peterhead . He brought the entire skeleton of a Sei Whale back to the anatomy department at Aberdeen , where for a century it was suspended overhead in the hall . He vigorously collected examples of a wide range of species to form a museum of zoology , with the intention of illustrating Darwin 's theories . As an energetic and forceful personality with a strong enthusiasm for zoology , he alarmed his colleagues at the University of Aberdeen by constantly asking for money and space to acquire and house his collection . = = = Dissecting the " Tay Whale " = = = Struthers became known to the general public for his dissection of the " Tay Whale " — one of his largest specimens . At the end of December 1883 , a humpback whale appeared in the Firth of Tay off Dundee , attracting much local interest . It was harpooned , but after an all @-@ night struggle escaped . A week later it was found dead , and was towed on to the beach at Stonehaven , near Aberdeen . Struthers quickly visited the carcass , measuring it as 40 feet long with a tail 11 feet 4 inches wide . Struthers was not able to start dissecting it at once , as a local entrepreneur , John Woods , bought the whale and took it to his yard in Dundee , where on the first Sunday , 12 @,@ 000 people paid to see it . Struthers was not allowed to dissect the famous specimen until it was too badly decomposed for further public exhibition . He was well used to working on stinking carcasses : his dissecting room was reputed to stink " like the deck of a Greenland whaler " . The dissection was disturbed by John Woods , who admitted the public , for a fee , to watch Struthers and his assistants at work , with a military band playing in the background . Progress on the dissection was impeded by snow showers . Struthers was able to remove much of the skeleton before Woods had the flesh embalmed ; the carcass was then stuffed and sewn up to be taken on a profitable tour as far as Edinburgh and London . After months of waiting , on 7 August 1884 , Struthers was able to remove the skull and the rest of the skeleton . Over the next decade , Struthers wrote seven anatomy articles on the whale , with a complete monograph on it in 1889 . = = Life and family = = Struthers ' siblings included James Struthers MD ( 1821 @-@ 1891 ) , a doctor at Leith hospital for 42 years , and his youngest brother Alexander Struthers MB who died at Scutari in the Crimea . Struthers married Christina Margaret Alexander ( born 15 January 1833 ) on 5 August 1857 . Christina was the sister of John Alexander , chief clerk to Bow Street Police Court . She too came from a Scottish medical family ; her parents were Dr James Alexander ( 1795 – 1863 ) and Margaret Finlay ( 1797 @-@ 1865 ) , both of old Dunfermline families ; James practised as a surgeon just across the English border in the small town of Wooler , Northumberland . On James ' death as a " country practitioner " , the city @-@ dweller Struthers wrote The great majority of the profession are and must be country practitioners ; the hardest work of the profession is done by them ; in the winter nights , when the world is asleep , they have many a long and weary drive ; they are far from libraries , from hospitals and museums , and from societies ; and thus in their comparative isolation want that stimulus and guidance which tend to keep the city practitioner up to the mark . Struthers was father @-@ in @-@ law of nitroglycerine chemist David Orme Masson , who married his daughter Mary . He was grandfather of another explosives chemist , Sir James Irvine Orme Masson , and father @-@ in @-@ law of educator Simon Somerville Laurie , who married his daughter Lucy . = = = Retirement = = = On retiring from the University of Aberdeen , Struthers returned to Edinburgh . He was buried in the north @-@ east section of the central roundel of Warriston Cemetery , Edinburgh , in 1899 ; his wife Christina joined him there in 1907 . All three of their sons , Alexander , James and John also worked in the medical profession ; John followed his father by working at Leith Hospital , then at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and finally by also becoming president of the Royal College of Surgeons . = = Publications = = Struthers authored over 70 manuscripts and books , including the following . = = = Books = = = Struthers , John ( 1854 ) . Anatomical and Physiological Observations . Edinburgh : Sutherland and Knox . Struthers , John ( 1867 ) . Historical Sketch of the Edinburgh Anatomical School . Edinburgh : Maclachlan and Stewart . Struthers , John ( 1889 ) . Memoir on the Anatomy of the Humpback Whale , Megaptera Longimana . Edinburgh : Maclachlan . = = = Papers = = = Struthers , John ( 1854 ) . " On some points in the abnormal anatomy of the arm " . Br . Foreign Medico @-@ Chir . Rev. 13 : 523 – 533 . Struthers , John ( 1871 ) . " On some points in the anatomy of a Great Fin Whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) " . Journal of Anatomical Physiology 6 : 107 – 125 . Struthers , John ( 1881 ) . " On the bones , articulations and muscles of the rudimentary hind limbs of the Greenland Right Whale ( Balena mysticetus ) " . Journal of Anatomical Physiology 15 : 141 – 321 . Struthers , John ( October 1893 ) . " The New Five @-@ Year Course of Study : Remarks on the position of Anatomy among the Earlier Studies , and on the relative value of Practical Work and of Lectures in Modern Medical Education " . Edinburgh Medical Journal . Struthers , John ( 1895 ) . " On the external characters and some parts of the anatomy of a Beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) " . Journal of Anatomical Physiology 30 : 124 – 156 .
= Tom Harley = Thomas ' Tom ' Harley ( born 18 July 1978 ) is a former Australian rules footballer for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . A defender at 1 @.@ 93 metres ( 6 ft 4 in ) and 95 kilograms ( 209 lb ) , Harley was a two @-@ time premiership @-@ winning captain at the club . After a successful junior career which culminated with selection in the under @-@ 18 All @-@ Australian team , Harley was drafted to the Port Adelaide Football Club as a zone selection . Although an inaugural member of the club , Harley struggled to force his way into the senior team and spent the majority of his early years playing for Norwood in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . After making just one appearance for Port Adelaide , Harley was traded to the Geelong Football Club in exchange for the 37th draft pick in the 1998 AFL Draft . Harley quickly established himself within the Geelong defence and received a range of accolades and club honours , including multiple Best Clubman awards . Prior to the 2007 AFL season , Harley was appointed club captain and went on to enjoy great individual and team success . He led the club to its first premiership in 44 years during 2007 , and became a dual premiership captain after their victory in 2009 . In between , he achieved All @-@ Australian honours as vice @-@ captain of the team , and won the AFL Players Association ( AFLPA ) Best Captain Award . Harley also participated in the 2008 AFL Hall of Fame all @-@ star game , and was inducted into the Geelong Football Club Hall of Fame . He is noted for being a leading ambassador to various community campaigns , including the anti @-@ violence program ' Just Think ' and Barwon Health . Since his retirement as a player , Harley has undertaken various roles in the sporting industry : he currently holds positions as General Manager - Football Sydney Swans , . = = Early life = = One of three children born to Rick and Trish ( née Rofe ) Harley in Adelaide , South Australia . Tom played most of his junior football for the Walkerville Junior Football Club and St Peter 's College from the under – 11s to under – 15s . Despite being regularly overlooked for a place in the elite South Australian junior state squads , he continued to follow the rest of the squad to training sessions in order to learn alongside them . Harley 's persistent attendance at training was rewarded when he was called up to the under – 18s squad as a late injury replacement a week prior to the National AFL Championships . Playing at centre half @-@ back , Harley 's performance in defence earned him end @-@ of @-@ year All @-@ Australian honours and brought him to the attention of AFL scouts . = = AFL career = = = = = Port Adelaide experience ( 1998 ) = = = Following their entry into the AFL in 1997 , Port Adelaide drafted Harley to the club as part of their zone selections , which entitled them to recruit uncontracted players from the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) prior to the 1996 National Draft . He struggled to break into the Port Adelaide senior team , and often found himself playing in the SANFL reserves for Norwood during the 1997 season , where he helped the team reach the SANFL reserves Grand Final , where they were defeated by the Port Magpies . Harley 's contributions in the reserves team throughout the year saw him promoted to the senior Norwood side , where he featured in two of their SANFL finals before missing selection for the senior SANFL Grand Final . Harley continued to ply his trade in the SANFL reserves during the 1998 season , before being rewarded mid @-@ season with a senior team debut for Port Adelaide in round fourteen against Geelong . The team opted to use Harley sparingly off the bench , with Harley 's only meaningful contribution being a late goal scored with his only kick for the game . Returning to the Norwood reserves team , Harley helped the team reach their second successive Grand Final appearance against the Port Magpies and capture the reserves premiership . However , after struggling to break into the senior side , Harley was traded to Geelong during the off @-@ season for the 37th pick in the 1998 AFL Draft . = = = Mixed success ( 1999 – 2006 ) = = = Harley made his debut for Geelong in round fourteen of the 1999 AFL season against Adelaide , and kept his position in the senior team for the final nine games of the home @-@ and @-@ away campaign . The following season , Harley helped Geelong achieve a 12 @-@ 9 @-@ 1 record to qualify for the finals series . Harley made his finals debut in the First Elimination Final against Hawthorn , where he gathered 7 disposals and took 2 marks in the clubs ' nine @-@ point loss . His consistency throughout the year , during which he played in all club fixture games for the first time in his career , was rewarded when he won the club 's Most Determined and Dedicated Player Award . Harley made his 50th senior appearance for the club the following season , and again featured in all 22 games over the next two seasons . Despite the club 's inability to qualify for the finals series , Harley 's consistency in the backline was recognised with successive top five placings in the club best and fairest award . During this period Harley was also awarded the Coach 's Award and Best Clubman Award respectively . = = = Captaining the Cats ( 2007 – 2009 ) = = = At the beginning of 2007 , Harley was appointed as club captain of Geelong . Harley 's elevation to the captaincy was considered a surprise move to many outside the club . Despite the reaction , Harley was recommended by the club 's board of directors following a review of the football department the previous year . The club noted that Harley " was a player who would dig deep and stand up when it counts " , and was also chosen to help improve communication links between players , coaching staff and the board of directors . Harley endured a difficult start to his first season as captain , as he ruptured a finger tendon during the club 's round one loss to the Western Bulldogs . After undergoing surgery on his finger , Harley made his return through the club 's reserves team in the VFL but failed to earn a recall to the senior team until round ten . After playing the majority of his career at Geelong as a centre half back , Harley struggled to find his niche in the defence following the emergence of the younger Matthew Egan in the key position . He soon adjusted himself as a floating defender capable of playing on small forwards , and retained his position in the side after achieving career @-@ best averages of 14 disposals and 5 marks a game . Harley helped the team compile an 18 @-@ 4 win @-@ loss record at the conclusion of the home and away season , earning them their eighth McClelland Trophy and securing first position on the ladder leading into the finals series . Harley led the defence to the number one defensive record in the league during the season , by letting only 1664 points be scored against them . After wins against North Melbourne and Collingwood in the Qualifying and Preliminary finals respectively , Geelong earned a spot in the Grand Final against Harley 's former team Port Adelaide . Collecting 13 disposals and 7 marks , Harley helped the club to an AFL @-@ record 119 point win and secure its first premiership in 44 years . Harley became the first Geelong captain of a premiership @-@ winning side since Fred Wooller in 1963 , and achieved the rare distinction of becoming a premiership @-@ winning captain in his first year at the helm . Harley 's leadership qualities and influence on the club as captain was commended early on in the season after his handling of teammate Steve Johnson 's off @-@ field discretions . Johnson was banished from the team during the pre @-@ season and demoted to the reserves for the first five games of the season . However , he successfully returned to the team and finished the season as a Norm Smith Medallist and All @-@ Australian . Harley 's leadership influence on the team was reflected in his finishing fourth in the AFLPA Best Captain award during his first year at the helm . He was also awarded life membership of the Geelong Football Club following his 150th team appearance in the round sixteen win against the Western Bulldogs , and named in the end @-@ of @-@ season South Australian State of Origin team . Harley 's achievements at the club were recognised prior to the 2008 AFL season when he was inducted into the Geelong Football Club Hall of Fame . Following the success of 2007 , Harley and the club were expected to feature prominently in the 2008 finals series once more . Harley featured in all 22 home @-@ and @-@ away fixture games and 3 finals games . He set career @-@ highs of 14 marks ( round three ) and 14 handpasses ( Preliminary Final ) in the process , and helped the club achieve the number one defensive record during the season for the second consecutive year . During the season , he was also selected to the initial squad for the AFL Hall of Fame all @-@ star game , although he failed to make the final teams . Geelong compiled a 21 – 1 win @-@ loss record to once again capture the McClelland Trophy and qualify for the finals series in first position on the ladder . After successive wins against St Kilda and the Western Bulldogs , Harley led the team to their second straight Grand Final appearance . During the Grand Final , Harley suffered mild concussion following a collision prior to the half @-@ time break . As a result , he struggled to contribute for the rest of the game as Geelong lost to Hawthorn by 26 points . Despite the club 's Grand Final defeat , Harley collected a range of individual accolades following his performances throughout the season . He earned his first All @-@ Australian honour and was named as vice @-@ captain of the team . Harley was also recognised by the AFLPA , as he was awarded the AFLPA Best Captain award in just his second season at the helm . After setting career @-@ highs of 209 handballs and 378 disposals during the season , Harley was awarded a career @-@ high seven Brownlow Medal votes during the count and named once again in the South Australian State of Origin team . He was also awarded the Geelong Football Club Best Clubman award for a record third time , and named a co @-@ winner of the club ’ s Community Champion award alongside teammates James Kelly and David Wojcinski . Harley was charged with helping the players regroup following the Grand Final loss the previous season , and admitted " losing the grand final was horrific " . Harley missed the first six rounds of the 2009 campaign with a knee injury , before returning to feature in fourteen games for the year . Despite Harley 's injury @-@ riddled campaign , Geelong finished the home @-@ and @-@ away campaign in second place on the ladder with an 18 – 4 win @-@ loss record . Following the failure of 2008 , Harley suggested that the club had learnt that it needed to " just be the best team in September " and that once qualified for the finals , focus had shifted towards rest and recovery . After finals wins against the Western Bulldogs and Collingwood , Harley and Geelong progressed through to the Grand Final against St Kilda for a third successive season . During the final , Harley struggled to stay involved in the game and gathered only 5 disposals , 1 mark , and 3 tackles . However , Geelong prevailed by 12 points to win the 2009 AFL premiership and capture its second premiership cup within three seasons . At the conclusion of the 2009 season , Harley announced his retirement from AFL football . Harley cited his inability to physically meet the demands of AFL football as his reason for departing the game . Harley retired as one of the most successful captains in Geelong 's history : during his three years as captain , Harley led the club to a club @-@ high two premierships — equalling the accomplishments of Fred Flanagan — and compiled a 49 @-@ 7 win @-@ loss record . His legacy at the club was pronounced by Thompson as being " one of the great captains in the history of the Geelong Football Club " . Harley 's achievements during his playing career were recognised when he was nominated for a record four awards during the AFL Player 's Association Madden Medal night : the Madden Medal , the Football Achievement award , the Personal Development award , and the Community Spirit award . = = After retiring as a player = = In the weeks following his retirement , Harley was sounded out by the AFL 's newest team , Western Sydney , to join the club in an off @-@ field role . On 4 December 2009 , it was announced that Harley would join the club as a project consultant , serving on committee board and the football department in a part @-@ time role . Harley later also joined the AIS @-@ AFL Academy as an assistant coach and mentor . Prior to the 2010 AFL season , it was further announced that Harley would join the Channel 7 network football commentary team , replacing Nathan Buckley in the leading special comments role . Harley admitted that his previous experience as a regular panellist on the football program One Week at a Time during his playing days had fuelled an interest in working within the media industry . He is currently the general manager of football at the Sydney Swans . = = Player profile = = During his playing career , Harley was considered as one of the league 's " most respected players " and the " general of the most miserly defence in the league " . Harley began his early career as a key position player at centre half back , where he used his physical size to great effect . However , during his later years he played as a floating defender capable of playing on small forwards . Despite his personal admission to not being " the greatest player " , Harley 's play @-@ reading ability saw him recognised as one of the league 's best at intercepting opposition passes inside his defensive 50m arc . Harley 's leadership skills have been consistently praised during his time in the league . Despite his reputation for not being the team 's greatest player , he was widely regarded as a natural leader whose character " was the heartbeat of Geelong " . Teammate Gary Ablett complimented Harley as being " very approachable ... [ and ] the key to gelling the team together " . Many commentators have attributed his leadership influence as being a key factor in Geelong 's premiership success . Specifically , he was credited with helping transform the culture of the club , in setting standards for on and off @-@ field behaviour . Harley 's legacy as captain of the club was pronounced by Bill McMaster as being one of the great leaders of Geelong alongside Reg Hickey and Fred Flanagan . = = Personal life = = Harley is the second of three children and has two brothers , elder brother Sam and younger brother Ben . He is married to Sydney @-@ based journalist Felicity Harley ( née Percival ) , whom he met while being interviewed for an article in Cosmopolitan . After starting his Bachelor of Commerce degree at an Adelaide institution in 1996 , Harley transferred to Deakin University and graduated 11 years later in 2007 . Harley was one of 21 players from the Geelong Football Club who witnessed the 2002 Bali bombings first @-@ hand during an off @-@ season holiday to the popular tourist destination . Harley and his team mates were preparing to venture to the Sari night club just moments prior to the terrorist attack . In 2008 , Harley was named an ambassador for an anti @-@ booze @-@ fuelled violence campaign run by the Geelong Advertiser newspaper , titled " Just Think " . As part of his ambassadorial role , Harley has appeared in numerous advertisements alongside fellow Geelong teammates and ambassadors James Kelly and David Wojcinski . He is an active health ambassador for Barwon Health . In 2009 , Harley 's position as captain of the Geelong Football Club saw him participate in the inaugural Captains ' Forum . He was selected as one of 24 leaders in Australian sport to discuss and develop a national response at Parliament House , Canberra , for emerging challenges impacting sport and the broader community . = = Statistics = = = = Honours and achievements = = Team AFL Premiership ( Geelong ) : 2007 ( C ) , 2009 ( C ) McClelland Trophy ( Geelong ) : 2007 ( C ) , 2008 ( C ) SANFL Reserves Premiership ( Norwood ) : 1998 Individual All @-@ Australian : 2008 ( VC ) AFLPA Best Captain Award : 2008 Captain of Geelong F.C. : 2007 – 2009 Geelong F.C. Best Clubman Award : 2002 , 2006 , 2008 Geelong F.C. Coach 's Award : 2001 Geelong F.C. Most Determined and Most Dedicated Player Award : 2000 Geelong F.C. Community Champion Award : 2008 South Australian State of Origin representative honours : 2007 , 2008 ( Captain ) Legendary Performers Award : 2009
= Hobart coastal defences = The Hobart coastal defences are a network of now defunct coastal batteries , some of which are inter @-@ linked with tunnels , that were designed and built by British colonial authorities in the nineteenth century to protect the city of Hobart , Tasmania , from attack by enemy warships . During the nineteenth century , the port of Hobart Town was a vital re @-@ supply stop for international shipping and trade , and therefore a major freight hub for the British Empire . As such , it was considered vital that the colony be protected . In all , between 1804 and 1942 there were 12 permanent defensive positions constructed in the Hobart region . Prior to Australian Federation , the island of Tasmania was a colony of the British Empire , and as such was often at war with Britain 's enemies and European rivals , such as France and later Russia . The British had already established the colony of Sydney at Port Jackson in New South Wales in 1788 , but soon began to consider the island of Tasmania as the potential site of a useful second colony . It was an island , cut off from the mainland of Australia and isolated geographically , making it ideal for a penal colony , and was rich in timber , a resource useful to the Royal Navy . In 1803 , the British authorities decided to colonise Tasmania , and to establish a permanent settlement on the island that was at the time known as Van Diemen 's Land , primarily to prevent the French from doing so . During this period tensions between Great Britain and France remained high . The two nations had been fighting the French Revolutionary Wars with each other through much of the 1790s , and would soon be engaging each other again in the Napoleonic Wars . The first British settlement in Van Diemen 's Land had begun on 8 September 1803 , at Risdon Cove on the Derwent River 's eastern shore . However , the arrival of Lieutenant @-@ Governor David Collins on 16 February 1804 , saw him make the decision to relocate the settlement to Sullivan 's Cove on the western shore of the Derwent River . Within days of the settlement 's establishment , Collins had decided the new colony would need protection should the French send warships up the river to threaten the fledgling colony . A crude earthwork redoubt was dug into an elevated position near the centre of Sullivan 's Cove , in the area that is now Franklin Square , and two ships cannons were placed inside . For the next seven years , this muddy emplacement would serve as the only defensive position of what was growing to become Hobart Town . When Governor Lachlan Macquarie toured the Hobart Town settlement in 1811 , he was alarmed at the poor state of the defences and the general disorganisation of the colony . Along with planning for a new grid pattern of streets to be laid out , and new administrative and other buildings to be built , he commissioned the building of Anglesea Barracks , which opened in 1814 , and is now the oldest continually occupied barracks in Australia . Macquarie also suggested the construction of more permanent fortifications . Following his advice , a new location comprising an area of 8 acres ( 32 @,@ 000 m2 ) was selected at the eastern end of Battery Point on the southern side of Sullivan 's Cove , and construction began on what was to become the first of a series of new defensive installations . = = Mulgrave Battery = = By 1818 , the new battery had been completed on a location in Battery Point near the present Castray Esplanade , and was named Mulgrave Battery in honour of Henry Phipps , 1st Earl of Mulgrave , who was at that time Master @-@ General of the Ordnance . The battery had six guns which projected forward through earthwork embrasures . At first , these were ships guns , but in 1824 they were replaced with 32 pounders . Now Hobart Town had two firing positions protecting either side of the entrance to Sullivans Cove . Upon its completion , the Mulgrave Battery soon attracted heavy criticism from those who had to serve there . Members of the Royal Artillery felt it was inadequate , and one critic is even said to have described the battery as " a poor pitiful mud fort . " Engineers reported that the gun carriages were a danger to men firing the guns , and so new timber was sent from Macquarie Harbour in 1829 to make them safer ; however , records showed that only one gun had been upgraded by 1831 . The same year , the galleries were improved with large 15 metre long sections of timber , heavy bolts , braces and bars . As the colony began to grow larger , more British units were sent to serve in the settlement of Hobart Town . Amongst one of these contingents was a commander of the Royal Engineers named Captain Roger Kelsall , who arrived in Hobart in 1835 to take over HM Ordnance Department . When he arrived , he assessed these two fortifications , and wrote in his report that he felt the colony was virtually undefended . He devised an ambitious plan to fortify the whole inner harbour of the Derwent River with a network of heavily armed and fortified batteries located at Macquarie Point , Battery Point and Bellerive Bluff on the eastern shore . He envisaged the forts all having an interlocking firing arc , which would cover the entire approach to Sullivan 's Cove , making it impossible for ships to enter the docks or attack the town unchallenged . The scale of the plan was enormous for such a small colony , the population being approximately 20 @,@ 000 in the 1830s . This meant that the cost was too prohibitive , considering that at that period the British Empire enjoyed relative peace with the exception of border conflicts in India . Nevertheless , despite funding problems , work using convict labour began in 1840 . Mulgrave Battery was enhanced and expanded , and a new site was located slightly further up the hillside on Battery Point , behind the location of the Mulgrave Battery , where construction also commenced in 1840 . A semaphore station , built in 1829 , and signal mast were constructed above Mulgrave Battery , allowing communication with ships entering the mouth of the river , and through a relay system of masts , all the way to Port Arthur penitentiary on the Tasman Peninsula . The modern Hobart suburb of Battery Point takes its name from the Mulgrave Battery . The original guardhouse , built in 1818 which had been located nearby is the oldest building in Battery Point , and one of the oldest buildings still standing in Tasmania . = = Prince of Wales Battery and Albert Battery = = The new battery , named the " Prince of Wales Battery " , was completed in 1842 . That year ten new 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) muzzle loading cannons were lifted into position , enhancing the firepower of the colony 's defences . Despite its significant firepower , the poor location and firing angles of the new fortress soon became obvious . The powder magazine was fitted out in 1845 . The layout of the fortifications continued to have the Mulgrave and Prince of Wales batteries to the south of Sullivan 's Cove and the Queen 's Battery to the north , until the outbreak of the Crimean War with the Russian Empire . Fear of attack or even invasion by Russian warships of the Imperial Russian Navy , which were known to sail in the South Pacific , led to calls for review of Hobart Town 's defences . A commission was called and it found that further strengthening was needed . With the problems of the Prince of Wales Battery , it was decided a third battery , the Albert Battery ( originally called Prince Albert 's Battery after HRH Prince Albert , Queen Victoria 's Prince Consort ) , would be constructed even further up the hill , behind the Prince of Wales Battery . By 1855 , the colony of Van Diemen 's Land was granted responsible self @-@ government by the Colonial Office , and renamed Tasmania . The Colonial Office began to pressure the newly formed local government to take more responsibility for the self @-@ defence of the colony . As a result of these calls , the Tasmanian colonial government began to establish Volunteer Local Militia Forces . One such force , established in 1859 was the Hobart Town Artillery Company under the command of Captain A. F. Smith , formerly of the 99th . ( Wiltshire ) Regiment , who began to assume responsibility for the Hobart fortifications from the Royal Artillery who were increasingly being withdrawn , and had all departed well before the withdrawal of the last British forces from Tasmania in 1870 . Prior to this , in 1868 a Defence Proposals paper had been published which outlined the need for greater defensive fortifications . It also suggested the need for proposed batteries further to the south of Hobart Town on either side of the river . Improvements to ship 's armaments meant that the existing fortifications , which provided covering fire to a range of approximately 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 2 @,@ 000 m ) , would allow enemy ships to ship outside the range of the defenders guns and still be able to bombard the town . This left the colony virtually defenceless . Three Imperial Russian Navy warships , the Africa , Plastun , and Vestnik , arrived in January 1882 . Britain and its empire had fought against the Russians 26 years previously during the Crimean War and the colony was virtually defenceless . The Russians were on a goodwill mission , but had they had hostile intent , the colony would have easily fallen . As a result , the visit caused a great deal of debate about the state of the colony 's defences . It had also highlighted the state of decay the existing fortresses had reached . Another Commission was carried out , and it was decided the Mulgrave , Prince of Wales and Albert Batteries were inadequate for the defence of the town . By 1878 , both had been condemned , and were dismantled by 1880 . In 1882 , the sites were handed over to Hobart City Council for use as public space , although the subterranean Prince of Wales magazine remains . Most of the stonework was removed and reused in the construction of the Alexandra Battery further to the south . Following the closures , the entrance to the old magazine soon became a popular place for children to play , and at night , the underground magazine rooms often became a meeting place for men to drink and play cards , until they were closed and kept permanently locked by the council in 1934 . To this day , the park in which the Mulgrave , Prince of Wales and Albert Batteries had been located remains a popular public park , and is named Princes Park in honour of the men who served in the batteries there , and as a reminder of the heritage of the site . The iron gate at the entrance of the underground magazine rooms can still be seen at the base of the park . = = Queen 's Battery = = As part of Major Roger Kellsall 's recommendations , another site to the north @-@ eastern side of Hobart Town was to be used for an additional fortification . This site , located almost exactly underneath the present site of the Hobart Cenotaph war memorial upon Queens Domain was first constructed in 1838 and opened the same year as Queen 's Battery , named in honour of HRH Queen Victoria , who was on the throne at the time of the fort 's construction . It had been envisaged that this would be the grandest of the forts in Hobart , and would command the prominent point overlooking the entrance to Sullivans Cove ; however , the full plans were never developed . The battery was set back by delays and funding problems , and was not completed until 1864 . With the imminent withdrawal of British forces due in 1870 , a major review of defences had been carried out in 1868 . It was decided the current system was inadequate to cope with advances in naval ordnance , and two new forts would be positioned at One Tree Point and Bellerive Bluff . The Queen 's Battery was to assume the apex position of a triangular coverage of the entrance to Sullivans Cove . As the Royal Artillery were to withdraw within two years , a handbook containing range tables was created by Staff @-@ Sergeant R.H. Eccleston which suggested that to repel a vessel doing 10 knots ( 19 km / h ) up the river would take 226 men approximately 30 minutes to fire 365 rounds from the 20 guns that were available from the existing three forts . Despite this , it became an operational position , and for a time served as an effective defence . The Queen 's Battery remained in operation until the 1920s . The excavation of the site in 1992 revealed the hot shot oven which was uncovered and metal parts for rolling the shot which had been preserved . The oven and archaeological trenches were later filled in at the request of the Returned and Services League ( RSL ) . Hot shot was intended to be fired at wooden ships and to cause ignition of gunpowder . It was never fired in anger . = = Alexandra Battery = = Following the condemnation of the Mulgrave , Prince of Wales , and Albert batteries in 1878 , it was decided to re @-@ institute the plans for the alteration of the defensive strategy around the entrance to Sullivans Cove that were first drawn up in 1868 . A triangle of fortresses with the Queen 's Battery at the Apex , and two new batteries , the Alexandra Battery , named for Princess Alexandra , the Princess of Wales , and the Kangaroo Battery on the eastern shore would be adequate for the task . Construction began on the new fortifications in 1880 , and at the same time , a new permanent field artillery unit , the Southern Tasmanian Volunteer Artillery equipped with two breech @-@ loading 12 @-@ pound howitzers and two 32 @-@ pound guns on field carriages , was raised . Following the dismantling of the Battery Point batteries , much of the stonework was relocated to the Alexandra Battery . The Alexandra Battery site is now a public park with commanding views of the river , and much of the original construction is still accessible . = = Kangaroo Battery = = The presence of the Russian warships in the Derwent River in 1873 , and the condemning of the Battery Point batteries in 1878 had expedited the development of the Alexandra and Kangaroo Batteries . The design of the fort was a pentagon shape that fitted conveniently into the point of the bluff above the cliff . The ditch , tunnels and underground chambers had to be cut out of solid stone and faced with masonry . Several loopholes and firing ports were fitted into the stone encasements to allow rifle fire from every aspect of the fort . In case of an attempted infantry assault , caponiers faced both landward sides of the fort , with firing positions facing each direction . This meant that the only position to safely assault the fort with infantry was up the sheer cliffs of Kangaroo Bluff . Access to the caponiers was through iron hatchways that opened into open passageways three metres deep . These in turn led to tunnels accessing underground magazines , stores , a lamp room , well and the loading galleries . The loading galleries were ingenious and allowed the guns to be muzzle loaded with shells dragged along a conveyor belt directly to the muzzle of the gun , when it was in a downward tilted position . Construction of the Kangaroo Battery was begun when excavations began to be dug in September 1880 , according to the plans of Colonel Peter Scratchley , a Royal Engineer who had been placed in charge of overseeing construction of defences for all of the Australian colonies . Work was intermittent and beset by funding problems and delays , but in May 1883 , Patrick Cronly was placed in charge of the construction on behalf of the Public Works Department , and under the supervision of Staff Officer Boddam , work was completed the following year with the arrival of two massive 14 tonne eight @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) cannons from England . The construction had cost £ 8 @,@ 150 ( A $ 16 @,@ 300 ) at a time when labourers earned an average wage of about 4 shillings ( 50c ) per day . The guns fired shells weighing 81 @.@ 7 kg , and thanks to the barreled rifling , had excellent range and accuracy . In 1888 , two smaller QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt guns were added . Although the projectiles were only 2 @.@ 7 kg , they also had excellent accuracy and range . The same year , a Nordenfelt machine gun was mounted facing the entrance gate of the fort . The first shots were fired on 12 February 1885 . Later that year , a dry mound , and deepened wet moat were added , as was further coarse @-@ work covered in broken bottle glass set in mortar . Fences were constructed around the moat in November 1885 when a local boy fell into the moat and drowned . From 1887 , both the Alexandra and Kangaroo Batteries were being manned by detachments of the Southern Tasmanian Volunteer Artillery , as well as the Tasmanian Permanent Artillery . In 1901 Tasmania joined the new Federation of Australia , and all of the city 's fortifications passed into Commonwealth control . Kangaroo Fort remained operational until the 1920s , but never fired a shot in anger . In 1925 , all of the guns were buried as obsolete , and in 1930 , the Clarence City Council took over the site for use as a public park . In 1961 , the Scenery Preservation Board acquired the site , and in 1970 , the site was turned into a historical site , with the guns being dug up and put on display . The site is now operated by Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service and is a major tourist attraction . = = Fort Direction and Pierson 's Point = = With the outbreak of World War II , the Department of Defence acquired land near South Arm close to the mouth of the Derwent River on the eastern shore , from Courtland Calvert and his sister in September 1939 . At first , the land was used purely as a training ground , with mock battles that were disruptive to locals being fought day and night . But as war preparations evolved , the Commonwealth decided that the port of Hobart would require some degree of defence to protect the state 's vital zinc industry that was crucial to the war effort . Major Mark Pritchard was the first commanding officer of the new defences that became known as Fort Direction . By the end of 1939 , construction of two fortified six @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) Mk VII gun emplacements , and a small four room weatherboard control building had been completed . Soon there was also a flagpole and set of naval signals . Throughout the war , a 24 @-@ hour watch was maintained every day , and the site was usually manned by at least 15 Royal Australian Navy personnel . A record of every ship entering the Derwent River between 1940 and 1945 was kept . Between 1941 and 1944 , both guns were regularly used for training exercises . Although never used in hostile action against enemy vessels , the guns were fired in anger once . A liberty ship entering the mouth of the Derwent River failed to obey instructions issued from the Naval Command on the hill above the fort , and one shell was accurately fired across her bow , which immediately resulted in the liberty ship hoving to . On the opposite western shore of the Derwent River , another emplacement was constructed with one four @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) gun . However , several huts to house men were constructed at that location as well as a complicated underground tunnel and command structure . Local residents recall barbed wire still surrounding the site well after the war and the site ’ s de @-@ commissioning . Nearby Goat Bluff was also the location of further underground tunnel systems . The only enemy action to ever affect Hobart happened on 1 August 1942 , when a submarine @-@ launched Japanese spy plane flew from the submarine ’ s mooring in Great Oyster Bay south along the east coast of Tasmania , before flying northward along the Derwent River surveying Hobart and then returning to its mother submarine . Although both emplacements detected the flight , the plane was at too high an altitude to fire upon , and no aircraft were available to intercept it . After this event , two anti @-@ aircraft guns were positioned on nearby hills , but the Japanese never returned to Tasmania again during the war .
= Cornwallis in Ireland = British General Charles Cornwallis , the 1st Marquess Cornwallis was appointed in June 1798 to serve as both Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Ireland , the highest civil and military posts in the Kingdom of Ireland . He held these offices until 1801 . Cornwallis had specific instructions and authority to deal with the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , which had broken out in May 1798 . He took steps to ensure that justice was consistently applied to captured rebels , personally reviewing a significant number of court cases . He directed military operations when a French Revolutionary force landed at Killala Bay in August 1798 . In the aftermath of the rebellion , the political climate with regard to Ireland became dominated by the idea that the union of the Irish and British kingdoms ( which were in personal union under the sovereignty of King George III ) was necessary to improve conditions in Ireland . Cornwallis favoured union , but believed that it would also require Catholic emancipation ( the granting of basic civil rights to the predominantly Roman Catholic Irish population ) to create a lasting peace . While Cornwallis was instrumental in achieving the passage of the Act of Union in 1800 by the Irish Parliament , he and Prime Minister William Pitt were unable to convince the king of the merits of Catholic emancipation . This difference of opinion led to the fall of Pitt 's government . Cornwallis also resigned , and was replaced in May 1801 by the Earl of Hardwicke . = = Background = = Charles Cornwallis , 1st Marquess Cornwallis , was a British general , civil administrator , and diplomat . His early career was primarily military in nature , including a series of well @-@ known campaigns during the War of American Independence from 1776 to 1781 that culminated in his surrender at Yorktown . This was followed in 1786 by a period of service as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief and Governor @-@ General of India . There he oversaw the consolidation of British power throughout most of southern India , primarily at the expense of the Kingdom of Mysore and its vassals , and introduced administrative reforms that had long @-@ term consequences . In 1794 he returned to England , which was then militarily engaged in the French Revolutionary Wars . After he was sent on an ultimately fruitless diplomatic mission to stop the fighting , he was appointed master of the ordnance , a post he held until 1798 . The Kingdom of Ireland was at this time in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain , and therefore was under the rule of King George III , although it had separate political and administrative institutions . Members of the Parliament of Ireland were only elected by Protestants , as the Roman Catholic property owners had been disenfranchised in 1728 . The majority Catholics had , over the previous century , been progressively stripped of other rights as well . King George was represented in civil affairs by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , who ruled in consultation with a privy council , and in military affairs by a Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief . The demands of the American War of Independence had forced King George to withdraw many troops from Ireland for service in North America . To bolster forces supportive of the king , Protestants raised militia companies called the Irish Volunteers to replace the departing regulars . Protestant leaders in the Irish Parliament , including Henry Flood and Henry Grattan , who had the support of the Volunteers , convinced the British Parliament to pass a series of acts known collectively as the Constitution of 1782 , giving the Irish Parliament significant political independence . Unlike many English , Flood and Grattan were also proponents of Catholic emancipation , and under their leadership the Irish Parliament overturned a number of the restrictions on the rights of Catholics , although they continued to be unable to vote or hold elected offices . When the French Revolution broke out in the early 1790s , Catholics and middle @-@ class Protestants united to form the Society of United Irishmen . They successfully extracted additional rights , although there was some Protestant resistance to the idea of full Catholic suffrage due to their overwhelming numerical majority . The more radical elements favouring Irish independence found a leader in Theobald Wolfe Tone , who went to France for support from the revolutionaries there that led to an aborted attempt to invade Ireland in 1796 . The failed invasion led the government of the Earl of Camden to round up leaders of the United Irishmen and attempt to disarm the Catholic populace . Use of these tactics was made possible in part by the passage of an Insurrection Act , giving the administration broad police powers , and also by the suspension of habeas corpus in October 1796 . By mid @-@ May 1798 the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , General Gerard Lake had organised British troops and the Irish Volunteers to put down elements of the growing rebellion . These actions , sometimes capricious and brutal , fanned the flames of rebellion . While Lake 's actions had been effective in Dublin , rebel leaders successfully orchestrated the simultaneous start of widespread hostilities on 23 May . News of the rebellion reached London a few days later , taking the British cabinet by surprise . Lord Camden had assured the Home Secretary , the Duke of Portland , that rebellion was unlikely in a letter written less than two weeks earlier . Camden , predicting a protracted and bloody struggle , sent his family to safety in England , undermining William Pitt 's confidence in him . = = Appointment = = Lord Camden had suggested Cornwallis for the position of Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief as early as 1797 , since he was unhappy with Lake 's heavy @-@ handed leadership . Cornwallis refused this initial offer because the position was subservient to that of the Lord Lieutenant , which he felt would diminish its effectiveness . In March 1798 , Camden suggested to Pitt that he be replaced as Lord Lieutenant with Cornwallis , and then in May suggested that Cornwallis be offered both posts , an arrangement similar to the position he held in India . Cornwallis was aware of the discussions around these later proposals , and he agreed to the idea in discussions with Pitt in early June . On 13 June , King George 's Privy Council approved his appointment to both posts . On 21 June , Cornwallis arrived in Dublin to take command . While these discussions went on , General Lake directed the response to the rebellion . On the day Cornwallis landed , the back of the rebellion was broken with a British victory over a large rebel force at Vinegar Hill . = = Rebellion = = = = = Irish remnants = = = As the British military and loyal militia mopped up the remnants of the rebellion in Wexford and other counties , the atrocities and sectarian violence left a mark on Cornwallis . He wrote that " the life of a Lord Lieutenant of Ireland comes up to my idea of a perfect misery ; but if I can achieve the great object of consolidating the British Empire , I shall be sufficiently repaid . " In early July he issued a proclamation offering amnesty to rebels who laid down their arms and took an oath to the crown , and he cracked down on the sometimes arbitrary courts martial held in the field by requiring the review of all sentences in Dublin . However , not all of Ireland received this treatment : areas that were still " disturbed " were exempted from the requirement , Lord Castlereagh , Cornwallis ' Chief Secretary , reported that " numbers were tried and executed " without the lord lieutenant 's review . One principal stronghold of the rebels was the Wicklow Mountains , through which the army began construction of a road facilitate its operations . The Wicklow Military Road survives today as the R115 road in Wexford and Dublin . Cornwallis also negotiated with the parliament the passage of a bill offering amnesty to most of the rebels . This idea was vigorously opposed both in the Protestant @-@ controlled Irish Parliament and in London . By the time the bill passed and received the royal signature in October , it contained numerous exceptions , meaning that anyone with a role of significance in the rebellion was likely not eligible . The bill was also enacted too late to be of significant benefit anyway . He offered financial compensation for losses incurred by loyalists , the terms of which were significantly abused , as claims were often made well in excess of actual losses . This policy of lenience was furthermore disliked by politically influential Protestants , which complicated some of Cornwallis 's later activities . To finish putting down the rebellion and create a semblance of peace , Cornwallis needed more troops . Pitt had promised him 5 @,@ 000 regulars and militia prior to his appointment . While regular troops were among the first to arrive , Ireland became a virtual garrison by September as militia companies flooded in . On 27 June , the Irish Parliament passed a bill Cornwallis introduced to regulate the use of English militia companies . The rebel ringleaders were subjected to courts martial dominated by Protestants , something Cornwallis disliked but put up with . A few of the rebel leaders were tried for treason in July , and sentenced by Cornwallis to hang . This prompted a large number of prisoners , who had not yet been tried , to petition Cornwallis for banishment in exchange for their co @-@ operation . Cornwallis agreed in principle , to stem the flow of blood that was still ongoing in the countryside , and out of concern that the rebellion might be renewed if French assistance arrived . The banishments in many cases were not carried out until 1799 . In spite of some opposition , Cornwallis ultimately succeeded in having more than 400 rebels banished , primarily to Scotland . According to Lord Castlereagh , Cornwallis ' Chief Secretary , Cornwallis personally reviewed 400 court cases , sentencing 131 to death . = = = French invasion = = = French support for Irish independence waned after the death of Lazare Hoche , one of its main proponents , and the driving force behind the 1796 invasion attempt . Napoleon considered an invasion of Great Britain in late 1797 and early 1798 , but dropped the idea in February 1798 after seeing the poor condition of the navy . Napoleon instead chose to begin an expedition to Malta and Egypt in May , shortly before the Irish rebellion erupted . However , Wolfe Tone and other Irish dissidents in France managed to extract some assistance from the French Directory . Cornwallis did not directly involve himself in military matters until the unexpected arrival on 22 August of French troops at Killala Bay in County Mayo , an area that had not seen much rebellious activity . A fleet of three ships had sailed from Rochefort in early August , carrying General Jean Humbert and over 1 @,@ 000 French troops , pursuant to a plan that also included 3 @,@ 000 troops to sail from Brest . When they landed , Humbert relatively quickly raised several hundred poorly disciplined recruits to join him , and began moving south . News of Humbert 's landing reached Dublin two days later . Cornwallis , fearing their presence would encourage renewed uprisings , stepped in to direct military matters . He despatched General Lake to oversee the defences at Castlebar , where Humbert appeared to be heading , with orders to avoid a confrontation until he had sufficient strength . On the morning of 27 August , Lake 's force was routed in the " races of Castlebar " . Most of the fleeing defenders ended up at Tuam , some 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Castlebar , where Cornwallis went the next day with reinforcements . To bolster the forces , he reduced the garrisons at Dublin and Wexford significantly . Despite building a sizeable force ( estimated at about 10 @,@ 000 ) , Cornwallis was concerned about the quality of these forces , which included sizeable militia and yeomanry whose reliability in combat was uncertain . He also had to deal with their behaviour : actions of plunder and violence against locals in the early stages of the campaign prompted him to issue orders threatening immediate execution for soldiers caught stealing , and called on officers " to assist him in stopping the licentious behavior of the troops " . General Humbert , who knew he would be significantly outmanned until the arrival of the Brest fleet unless he could reignite the rebellion and raise more men , then led Cornwallis and Lake on a chase . Seeking to gain support in Ulster , Humbert rapidly moved north . Cornwallis detached Lake to follow Humbert , while he monitored Humbert 's movements and kept positions between Humbert and Dublin . Humbert failed to gain significant local support , and was eventually trapped between the two forces at Ballinamuck . After a brief battle there on 8 September , Humbert surrendered . The fleet from Brest , carrying Wolfe Tone among others , sailed late , and attempted to escape British naval ships in an attempt to return to France ; most of the fleet was captured , and Wolfe Tone was brought to Dublin in chains . According to one account , Cornwallis ordered a number of Humbert 's Irish supporters to be killed by lottery . Pieces of paper , some marked " death " , were placed in a hat . Prisoners then drew from the hat , and were immediately led to the gallows if they drew one of the marked papers . Cornwallis was criticised for the slow pace with which he went after Humbert , and the large number of troops used to capture the relatively modest French army . However , supporters pointed out that all of the French force was captured , and there was no subsequent uprising . General John Moore countered some of the criticisms , noting that Cornwallis " always suspected the Shannon and Dublin to be the objects [ of Humbert 's movements ] , and by guarding against them in time he prevented much mischief . He showed much prudence and judgment in the service . " = = = Aftermath = = = In the aftermath of the rebellion , Cornwallis came to believe that British policy toward Ireland was flawed , and that it was his job as Lord Lieutenant to promote measures that would benefit the entire population . This view brought him into conflict with both the Protestant elites in the Irish parliament , and the political establishment in London , even though he was in agreement with the latter that Ireland should be united with Great Britain . In 1799 and 1800 , Ireland was suffering from food shortages that were exacerbated by crop failures in 1799 and a shortage of milling capacity . When Cornwallis offered a bounty to food importers , Portland , the Home Secretary , objected . Cornwallis did take other steps , including the banning of distillation of spirits ; he even considered arranging for imports of grain from America . Attempting to act on a bequest by the recently deceased Bishop of Armagh for the establishment of a " university of Dissenters " there , Cornwallis proposed the establishment of a university for Presbyterians modelled on Trinity College , Dublin . Portland opposed the move , arguing in a manner the Wickwires describe as specious that the dissenters did not require a university , and that Ireland only needed the one university it already had . = = Union = = The Protestant elites in Ireland had previously petitioned for union with Great Britain early in the 18th century , principally to overcome London 's essentially colonial treatment of the country , which included trade restrictions detrimental to Irish merchants and businessmen . The subject arose several times in Irish and British political circles , and William Pitt had decided that it was time to give the matter serious consideration by the time Cornwallis went to Dublin . British politicians saw the immediate aftermath of the rebellion as a particularly opportune moment to press the matter . King George wrote that his officials should use " the present moment of terror " to convince Irish political interests previously opposed to support the idea . The Protestant Ascendancy stood to lose a great deal in union , as seats in parliament , a significant source of power to a relatively small number of families , would necessarily be reduced as a consequence . To counter this assault on their power base , Cornwallis sought to use his power as lord lieutenant to grant government jobs ( patronage ) and peerages to essentially buy off enough votes in the Irish parliament so that it would vote itself out of existence . This task , which the Wickwires describe as " a program of wholesale bribery " , was one that Cornwallis found extremely unpleasant . = = = Early setback = = = Cornwallis believed that the terms of union should include Catholic emancipation . While some rights had been restored in the early 1790s , Catholics were still denied elective offices and other rights . Almost everyone in the establishments of Dublin and London , including the king and much of Pitt 's cabinet , opposed this , leading Cornwallis to write that " some mode must be adopted to soften the hatred of the Catholics to our government " . In a letter to the Home Secretary he wrote , " I trust that your grace and His Majesty 's other ministers will on no account consent to the insertion of any clause which shall unalterably bind the United Parliament to persevere in the exclusion of Catholics . " Protestants , including the Lord Chancellor , Lord Clare , who favoured union , opposed Catholic emancipation . " I trust , and I hope I am not deceived , that they are fairly inclined to give them up , and to bring [ union ] forward unencumbered with the doctrine of emancipation . " King George , after Cornwallis ' appointment , wrote to Pitt that " Cornwallis must clearly understand that no indulgence can be granted to the Catholics farther than has been " . Cornwallis ' efforts to include support for emancipation clearly had negative repercussions . One Protestant wrote , " his silly conduct , his total incapacity , and self conceit and mulishness have alone lost the question [ of union ] " , while another wrote to Castlereagh that Cornwallis had been rendered " not only an object of disgust , but of abhorrence . " None of this prevented Cornwallis , with the assistance of Castlereagh , from forging ahead with the raising of support for union in November 1798 , after the rebellion had died down . Their politicking included firing government officials opposed to union and giving the jobs to supporters , and the offering of a small number of peerages . However , they could not overcome the rumours generated by early drafts of the details of union that appeared to conspire against the Protestant interests . In December 1798 , trade groups representing lawyers , merchants , and bankers all came out against the idea . The principal objection was that there would be fewer seats available for Irish representation in the united parliament , resulting in a loss of power for those whose seats would not be retained . Cornwallis saw the trouble ahead , warning Portland that it was unlikely to pass . On 22 January 1799 , both the Irish and British parliaments met , and each heard a substantially similar address in favour of union delivered in London by the king , and in Dublin by the Lord Lieutenant . The Irish House of Commons , in a clear signal , agreed with the sentiments of the speech by only two votes . Castlereagh , who had been optimistic about the prospects of passage , informed Portland , " I should despair of the success of the measure at any future period , so weighty is the opposition ... , were I not convinced that their repugnance turns more upon points of personal interest , than a fixed aversion to the principle of union . " = = = Building support = = = In the aftermath of the speech 's poor reception , Pitt effectively promised Cornwallis carte blanche to build support for union . Portland wrote to Cornwallis , " I hope it is unnecessary to assure your excellency that whatever your decisions may be you may depend upon their receiving the unreserved sanction and support of His Majesty 's servants . " On the basis of these assurances , Cornwallis and Castlereagh developed a plan to coopt or convince enough of the propertied interests that controlled the parliament to support the union . Cornwallis found this task , which occupied much of the next year , to be extremely distasteful : " My occupation is now of the most unpleasant nature , negotiating and jobbing with the most corrupt people under heaven . I despise and hate myself every hour for engaging in such dirty work , and am supported only by the reflection that without an Union the British Empire must be dissolved . " The task was made somewhat more pleasant by the arrival of his son for a short visit in July 1799 . Some of Cornwallis ' opponents were particularly difficult to deal with . The Marquess of Downshire , who controlled eight seats in the Irish parliament , managed to convince his militia regiment to sign a petition in February 1800 opposing union ; Cornwallis used his military authority to suspend Downshire from his command . When the news reached London , Downshire was stripped of further privileges by King George , and formally stripped of his colonel 's commission . Others were more easily bought off with further promises of patronage and peerages . Cornwallis also worked to get support from Catholics , but was only able to make the vaguest promises concerning their rights due to the high @-@ level resistance to the idea . Debate for union began in the Irish parliament on 15 January 1800 . Peers in the upper house , concerned that Irish peerages would be debased by the union , at first resisted ; Cornwallis promised them that the king would phase out Irish peerages , issuing more British peerages instead . On 28 March the parliament passed resolutions indicating support for union , so Castlereagh formally introduced the Act of Union on 21 May . The bill was passed in June , and Cornwallis gave it the royal assent on 1 August , with the union to take effect on 1 January 1801 . It included no provisions for Catholic rights . Clare , the Lord Chancellor , wrote , " I am now quite satisfied that [ Cornwallis ] has on the whole been the man of all others best selected for the crisis . " Some political opponents declared that the union had been accomplished by corrupt on the part of government officials . Jonah Barrington alleged that Castlereagh corruptly spent £ 1 @.@ 5 million of treasury funds to achieve union , and Henry Grattan 's son wrote that " the union ... was an act of power and corruption . " This accusation was picked up by 19th @-@ century historians , and persisted into 20th century historiography . Historian Patrick Geoghegan observes that the methods the government employed were not unusual for the time , and Donal McCartney observes " it would be old @-@ fashioned , too nationalist , and much too simplistic to hold that the act of union was carried mainly because of the corrupt methods employed by the government . " = = = Delivering on promises = = = After dissolving the Irish parliament , Cornwallis embarked on a goodwill tour of the island , and was generally well @-@ received wherever he went ; " not an unpleasant circumstance to a man who has governed a country above two years by martial law . " Anticipating little trouble delivering on the many promises he had made , Cornwallis had forwarded to London a list of sixteen names to be granted peerages . The Home Secretary hedged , delayed , and refused many of them ; Cornwallis threatened to resign , since he had staked his reputation on the matter . " When the promise was given I thought that I had made a good bargain for the public , and in the progress of the business I have seen no cause to alter my opinion ... I am bound in honor to stand by it ... There was no sacrifice that I should not have been happy to make for the service of my king and country , except that of honor . " Castlereagh supported Cornwallis in his quest , and the pressure on the London cabinet succeeded . Portland informed Cornwallis that the cabinet would respond favourably , and it did . In the following months , many new peerages were issued , over and above those that Cornwallis requested . Cabinet and royal support did not extend to Cornwallis 's persistent requests for Catholic rights ; he gave signs that he would eventually resign if action was not taken . Neither he nor Pitt , who had come to support him , was able to sway the king , who gave an anti @-@ Catholic speech in January 1801 . In response to this , Pitt requested the king 's permission to resign . At an impasse over the issue , King George accepted Pitt 's resignation on 5 February ; Cornwallis also resigned , agreeing to remain in office until a successor arrived to replace him . On 25 May 1801 , his successor , the Earl of Hardwicke , arrived in Dublin . Three days later , Cornwallis , delayed by bad weather , arrived at Holyhead , and returned to London . = = Legacy = = Cornwallis ' work on union and his position on Catholic emancipation , while unsuccessful at the time , were politically influential . Although he was unable to move the king on the issue of emancipation , his views may have played a role in the change of position on the issue by Lord Clare and Edward Cooke , another early critic of emancipation , and rendered its passage , according to one commentator , " only a question of time " . Political movements toward emancipation continued , first under Henry Grattan , and then later under Daniel O 'Connell , whose campaigns for Catholic rights in the 1820s led to the 1829 Catholic Relief Act . Cornwallis next was engaged by the king in diplomatic efforts in Europe . He led the British diplomatic team whose negotiations with Napoleon resulted in the 1802 Treaty of Amiens . He was then offered a second tour of duty in India . After a difficult sea voyage , he died in India not long after arriving there in 1805 . He is buried in Ghazipur , India .
= Max Payne ( character ) = Max Payne is the main character and protagonist from the neo @-@ noir video game series of the same name . Max was introduced in the 2001 third @-@ person shooter Max Payne , which was written by Sam Lake and developed by Remedy Entertainment . The game 's publisher , 3D Realms , intended Max to serve as the " foundation of a new gaming franchise " . In the first game the character was portrayed by Lake , with Timothy Gibbs and James McCaffrey later taking over the role , and consistently voiced by McCaffrey . Mark Wahlberg portrayed Max in the film adaptation . The first game in the series presents the story as retold by Max from his point of view , while the sequel , Max Payne 2 : The Fall of Max Payne , alternates between his and that of the femme fatale character Mona Sax . In the original Max Payne , Max is an NYPD police officer and an undercover special agent for the DEA . Max becomes a vigilante following the murder of his family and later the murder of his police partner , which he was framed for . Later , he returns to the service as a detective , before his life is soon shattered by death and betrayal . At the start of Max Payne 3 by Rockstar Games , he finds himself employed as a bodyguard for Rodrigo Branco , a wealthy man in Brazil . Max Payne has been very well received by media . = = Character development = = In the creation of Max Payne , the publisher 3D Realms " wanted to develop another strong character that would be the foundation for a new gaming franchise , much like we [ 3D Realms ] had done with Duke Nukem . " The titular character of Max Payne was originally named Max Heat , and 3D Realms spent over $ 20 @,@ 000 worldwide trademarking this name before someone at the company suggested the last name Payne , which was immediately adopted . He was modeled after Sam Lake ( Sami Järvi ) , who wrote the game 's story and script for the Finnish company Remedy Entertainment . Lake also dressed up and played this role for the graphic novel @-@ style cutscenes . For Max Payne 2 : The Fall of Max Payne , however , Lake declined the role . Due to having a much larger budget this time , the developers were able to hire professional actors , choosing Timothy Gibbs to be the new model for Max . In both games , Max 's voice actor was James McCaffrey . McCaffrey recalled : " Originally , I ’ d worked on a show called Swift Justice , and there were some similarities between the two characters in terms of them both having experienced some family tragedy and were familiar with the concept of vengeance , but there weren ’ t any specific characters that Max is based on . " In an early announcement from Rockstar Games ( the franchise 's new developer and publisher ) Max 's voice actor was to be recast with an older actor . In the end , however , McCaffrey did return to the role of Max in Max Payne 3 , for which he also provided the motion capture material . McCaffrey said that performing motion capture helped match the dialogue to the scenes and compared it to " having to act in Avatar . " Payne 's look changed significantly for the third game , featuring an older , bald and bearded Max ; this move received an overwhelmingly negative reception . In response , Rockstar Games made changes to the game , as Max 's appearance shifts over the course of the game , including his ' classic ' appearance during flashbacks of his time in New Jersey . According to Rockstar 's Sam Houser , " This is Max as we 've never seen him before , a few years older , more world @-@ weary and cynical than ever . " McCaffrey compared Max in the third game to Charles Bronson 's character Paul Kersey in the film Death Wish . = = = Attributes = = = Max Payne has been put into a fatalist situation against his will , in the style of a classic element of many noir films , the fall guy . Max is an antihero , as he himself states : " I was not one of them , I was no hero . " The character is noted for his complex use of both metaphors and wordplay to describe the world around him within his inner monologues , which often contradict his external responses to characters he speaks with . He is an extreme introvert and his life is largely illustrated through dramatic and often morbidly cynical soliloquies describing his feelings about his actions and situation . It is also hinted through the games that Max has a questionable grip on reality . At the beginning of the first game , Max is seen differently as a smiling , happily married extrovert with a bright personality . However , after his family was murdered , Max loses his meaning of life and blindly works toward his only remaining purpose : vengeance . However , he has not nullified his feelings , as he is taken with the femme fatale contract killer Mona Sax first they meet , and befriends Vladimir Lem . All the while , Max shows signs of survivor 's guilt and self @-@ destructive behaviour , considering his life to have ended " in a New York minute " . At the end of the second game , he finally seems to find peace within himself , saying : " I had a dream of my wife . She was dead . But it was alright . " However , this is not the case in Max Payne 3 as in the opening cinematic the drunk Max angrily throws a portrait of what is implied to be his family against his apartment wall ; he regrets this act and picks up the picture . Rockstar vice @-@ president Dan Houser described Max Payne in the third game as " a drunk , somewhat morose , widowed ex @-@ cop , trying to find some kind of peace with himself . [ ... ] A man who has spent his life killing , even in the service of his idea of what is right or wrong , is going to be extremely damaged . [ ... ] He wants to be a thinker but he 's much better as a doer . When he thinks he gets wrapped up in himself or makes mistakes . When he acts , he is brilliant , almost super @-@ human . That is his character , and the dichotomy between the two is the reality of his life , and at the heart of the game . He cannot seem to move forward emotionally , but physically he is relentless . " Max is shown to be quite aware of his shortcomings and flaws , stating : " I 'm not slipping . I 'm slipped . I 'm a bad joke . " Max Payne 3 has him display not only extreme violence but also more restraint than in the previous games . = = Appearances = = = = = In video games = = = In the original game , spanning the period of three years between 1998 and 2001 , Max Payne ( voiced by James McCaffrey ) is a former New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) homicide detective whose wife Michelle and six @-@ month @-@ old daughter Rose were brutally murdered in a home invasion connected with the investigation of a new street drug known as Valkyr . In response , Max joined the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) as a secret agent and went undercover in the Mafia . Eventually , framed for the murder of his NYPD and DEA partner Alex Balder , and with his identity exposed , Max becomes a fugitive wanted by the Mafia and the police alike while waging his personal war on the crime . Eventually , he discovers and seemingly destroys a powerful conspiracy behind all these events . After solving the Valkyr case and avenging his family , Max is cleared by his contact in the powerful secret society known as the Inner Circle , and returns to the NYPD . In the first sequel , taking place in 2003 , Max begins investigating a series of murders by a shadowy group of professional killers called the Cleaners . Soon , Max reunites with the murder suspect Mona Sax to solve the mysteries of the Inner Circle ; the investigation leads to Mona 's death . Following the events of the second game , Max is dismissed from the force , and is now addicted to alcohol and painkillers . After a violent mob confrontation , he eventually leaves New York City for the unfamiliar streets of São Paulo , Brazil . Max gets a job working in a security detail for Rodrigo Branco , a wealthy businessman along with Raul Passos who went through police training with Max . After Rodrigo 's wife is kidnapped , Max and Raul discover and then destroy a human organ harvesting ring involving local street gangs , right @-@ wing paramilitary mercenaries and a corrupt Brazilian special police force . = = = In film = = = In the film adaptation , loosely based on the plot of the first game in the series , Max Payne , played by Mark Wahlberg , is a NYPD cop seeking revenge against his family 's killers . When Mark Wahlberg first read Beau Thorne 's script he thought it was " awesome " but became wary after finding out it was based on a video game . Describing his role , Wahlberg said : " It 's probably one of the edgier roles I 've played but also the most layered . Here 's a very happy guy who worked a dismal job , had a beautiful family . But the beauty in his life was taken away . He just goes on a rampage . It 's all driven by emotion . " 3D Realms ' Scott Miller , however , said Max Payne was poorly portrayed in the film , falling short of the game 's standards . = = = Other appearances = = = A three @-@ issue Max Payne 3 tie @-@ in digital comic , created and released in partnership between Rockstar Games and Marvel Comics explores Max 's early years and the events prior to the third game in the series . Max was born to Helen and Jack Payne . Max 's father was a PTSD suffering Vietnam veteran who cheated on and sometimes beat his wife . An important influence on the boy was his maternal grandfather ; a college professor who would tell him stories of ancient mythology . Helen died in 1976 , possibly due to her alcoholism ; Jack 's death followed three years later . As a young man , Max graduated from the New York City Police Academy as the top trainee in his class . Several years later , he has first met his future wife Michelle by saving her from two robbers . They married six months later and their daughter was born on February 4 , 1998 . In 2012 , several sets of Max Payne 's Xbox Live Avatar clothes from the original game were released by Rockstar on the Xbox Live Marketplace . Max Payne 3 Special Edition was bundled with a 10 " tall collectible Max Payne statue made by TriForce . According to an Easter egg in Remedy Entertainment 's Alan Wake , Max died 13 years after the events of Max Payne 2 ( in 2016 ) . However , this is not canonical , as the rights to the series have moved to Rockstar Games . In Rockstar 's 2013 Grand Theft Auto V , the player character Michael can be customized to look like Max in Max Payne 3 . = = Reception = = Max Payne was named the year 's best game character by Eurogamer in 2001 . In 2008 , PC Zone ranked him as PC gaming 's seventh @-@ best character , commenting : " He might be a film noir cliché , but Max Payne is a relatively unique specimen in games , with a superb script and suitably smooth voice acting to match . " Game Informer included him on their list of game characters that " shaped the 2000s , " as chosen by the staff and readers alike . In 2011 , readers of Guinness World Records voted Max as the 42nd @-@ top video game character of all time . In 2012 , GamesRadar ranked him as the 23rd " most memorable , influential , and badass " protagonist in video games due to his " series of extraordinary mobster @-@ murdering scenarios . " Gulf News ranked him as second on their 2011 list of top video game characters , adding that " his no @-@ nonsense , take @-@ no @-@ prisoners attitude won him legions of fans . " That same year , Max was ranked sixth on the list of gaming 's top antiheroes by ScrewAttack , and 360 ranked his name as fifth on their list of the top " manliest " character names on Xbox 360 . IGN featured Max prominently in their 2012 article " A History of Badasses , " ranked him as the gaming 's " most notorious " antihero that same year , and called him " one of video games ' most troubled characters . " In 2013 , Complex ranked him as the 42nd " most badass " video game character of all time . He was also ranked as the eighth " most bad @-@ ass " video game character by The Ultimate Gamer that same year . In addition , the sex scene between Max and Mona was ranked as the fifth sexiest moment in gaming by Games.net in 2007 , who called it " actually one of the most fitting [ sex scenes ] ever seen in a video game . " Their affair also ranked as sixth on the list of the most " disastrous game romances " by GamesRadar in 2011 . ScrewAttack , in 2012 , included both the new and the classic versions of the character in Max Payne 3 on their list of top ten " gamer costumes " for Halloween . That same year , GamesRadar included Max among the " 13 unluckiest bastards in gaming , " stating that " it ’ s hard to think of a protagonist who gets shit on more relentlessly than Max Payne " and noting him for having " the most comically overwrought internal monologues ever to appear in a game . " In 2013 , Complex included Max Payne at the number @-@ two spot on their list of " old school " video game characters who were style icons , as " the gritty , hard @-@ boiled NYC cop look was a perfect fit . " The character 's initial design changes during the long development cycle of Max Payne 3 brought severe criticism from the fan community as well as the media ; UGO commented that " his suave , noir look got booted by trailer trash sensibilities " and blamed Obadiah Stane , Bam Bam Bigelow , John McClane and Kerry King for being " most responsible for Max 's new style . " Keith Stuart of The Guardian opined that , with the third game , Rockstar succeeded in turning " its ex @-@ cop anti @-@ hero into a credible character , " even as there is a " slight disconnect between the shambling Max of the cinematic sequences and the athletic psychopath we control in the interactive sections . "
= The Gift ( The X @-@ Files ) = " The Gift " is the eleventh episode of the eighth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on February 4 , 2001 . The episode was written by Frank Spotnitz and directed by Kim Manners . " The Gift " has elements of both a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " episode , and an entry in the series ' mythology . The episode received a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 8 and was viewed by 14 @.@ 6 million viewers . Overall , the episode received largely mixed reviews from television critics ; while many appreciated the return focus on Fox Mulder 's ( David Duchovny ) absence , others felt that the plot revelations were unnaturally forced into the show . The season centers on FBI special agents Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and her new partner John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) — following the alien abduction of her former partner , Mulder — who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Doggett comes upon an old case about a professed " soul @-@ eater " that he hopes will ultimately prove the truth behind Mulder ’ s abduction . In a series of flashbacks , it is revealed that , after his exposure to an alien artifact , Mulder was slowly dying of a brain disease . In an attempt to heal himself , he tracked down the soul eater a year before the events of the episode , but felt pity for the creature . In the present , Doggett is shot and killed by the local sheriff , but the soul eater consumes his death and is finally allowed to die , resurrecting Doggett in the process . " The Gift " featured the first substantial appearance of Duchovny since the season opener ; he had elected not to return to the show as a full @-@ time main character following the season seven finale . The episode was written by Spotnitz and was based on folklore surrounding the soul eater . Gillian Anderson , who did not appear in the episode , save for stock footage , later revealed that she was grateful for the time off because it allowed her to spend more time with her daughter . The episode has been analyzed for its themes of death and resurrection , its use of a medicine wheel as a motif , and it has been compared and contrasted with the fourth season episode " Leonard Betts " . = = Plot = = = = = Background = = = FBI special agent Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) is currently missing , having been abducted by aliens in the seventh season finale , " Requiem . " His partner Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) has been working with Agent John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) in order to locate him . Shortly after Mulder was abducted , Scully and Doggett learned that he had been suffering from a brain tumor and was nearing his demise . After a false lead in the Arizona desert early in the year , Doggett has been assigned to the X @-@ Files division , but he has continued his search for Mulder , despite a lack of definite leads . = = = Events = = = A man — whose face is hidden from the camera — drives up to and enters a house , which has an ominous symbol drawn in blood on the door . When he 's inside , a creature that looks somewhat human @-@ like approaches the woman but the mysterious man shoots the creature three times . As he returns to his car his identity is finally revealed : Agent Fox Mulder . Agent Doggett investigates a possible lead into Mulder 's disappearance in Squamash , Pennsylvania . Apparently , in the spring of 2000 , Mulder visited the small town searching for something to cure his terminal brain disease that he received via exposure to an alien artifact . Doggett is informed by the local sheriff ( Michael McGrady ) that Mulder was there investigating a case involving Marie Hangemuhl ( Natalie Radford ) . Hangemuhl was told by her sister about a Native American legend of some sort of creature that lives in the woods . While interrogating the Hangemuhls in the present , Doggett learns that Hangemuhl is suffering from terminal renal failure . As he is leaving , he also notices plastered @-@ over gunshot holes in their wall . Later , at Mulder 's apartment , Doggett finds a gun Mulder kept hidden under his sink . Meanwhile , in Squamash , a backhoe digs at a stone circle located in the town cemetery . Later that night , the citizens of Squamash show up at a cabin in the woods , demanding to a rustic woman ( Caroline Lagerfelt ) living there that " it " be sent out . A creature attempts to escape , but it is captured . Doggett and Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) return to Squamash , and the two ask the sheriff about the murder of an unidentified transient . Doggett believes that the transient was murdered by Mulder . Doggett and Skinner travel to the cemetery and discover that the grave dug up by the backhoe earlier is that of the transient . The two find the casket empty , but Doggett notices that the transient tunneled out of his own coffin . The sheriff arrives with the creature — revealed to be a soul eater , a creature that subsists off human disease — at the Hangemuhl home , where the symbol in blood is on the door again . The hideous creature opens its jaws wide and bites Hangemuhl . Doggett suggests to Skinner that Mulder shot someone to protect Hangemuhl from the man who was supposed to be in that grave . Meanwhile , deep underground , the creature vomits what appears to be the visceral remains of Marie into a person @-@ shaped mold in the soil . Doggett goes off alone to see the woman who guarded the creature in the woods . The woman implies that Mulder , feeling sorry for the creature , was trying to euthanize the creature , not save Hangemuhl . Doggett hears a noise and finds a trap door leading into the tunnels . Underground , he finds Hangemuhl and takes her to the hospital . Skinner checks in with Doggett who reports that Hangemuhl 's kidneys have healed spontaneously . Doggett returns to the woman in the woods who watches over the creature ; after recoiling at its ugliness , the woman explains that it looks the way it does because it takes the sickness of others into itself , while healing them in the process . Doggett decides to take the creature away from the society , which only uses it . However , Doggett is shot and killed in a scuffle with the sheriff and is promptly buried . Later , Doggett awakens in the tunnels . In the dark corner of the cavern , the woman kneels beside the dead soul eater . She weeps over it , revealing that , by eating Doggett 's death , it has finally been allowed to die . Back at FBI Headquarters , Doggett is struggling to write his report . When Skinner checks in on him , he encourages Doggett to not submit a report , as it would contradict Mulder 's earlier report and damage his , Scully 's , and Doggett 's reputation . Doggett protests that Scully had no knowledge of the events , but Skinner reminds him that it would take months to clear her name , and that it is enough that the two of them know the truth about what happened . = = Production = = = = = Background and writing = = = " The Gift " featured the first substantial appearance from Duchovny as Mulder since the season openers " Within " and " Without " . After settling his contract dispute with Fox , Duchovny quit full @-@ time participation in the show after the seventh season . In order to explain Mulder 's absence , Duchovny 's character was abducted by aliens in the seventh season finale , " Requiem " . After several rounds of contractual discussions , Duchovny agreed to return for a total of 11 season eight episodes . Series creator Chris Carter later argued that Mulder 's absences from the series did not affect the characterization , noting that " there are characters who can be powerful as absent centers , as Mulder was through the eighth and ninth seasons . " The episode was written by executive producer Frank Spotnitz and was intended as a morality tale . Spotnitz made sure that the episode had an explicit purpose and reason , and he noted , " If you 're going to depart from literal reality as most of us know — if you 're going to go into supernatural — as a writer you have to ask yourself ' Why ? ... And if you don 't really have a point or reason , your story 's probably not going to be very good . " Despite largely being concerned with a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " , " The Gift " also fits in the series ' overarching mythology . The Complete X @-@ Files book , released in 2008 , considers the episode part of the overall myth arc , however , it was not included on the 2005 DVD release The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 4 – Super Soldiers . The episode touches upon and explores Mulder 's brain disease , a plot device that was introduced in the season opener " Within " . This was largely a retcon placed in the series after the fact . The series rationalized this revelation with the fact that , due to Mulder 's exposure to the black oil in the fourth season episodes " Tunguska " and " Terma " and his forced brain operation by The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) in the seventh season episode " The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati " , his brain developed an incurable disease that was slowly killing him . In fact , Mulder 's " one @-@ week recovery " from his brain surgery was a point of criticism when " The Sixth Extinction II : Amor Fati " initially aired in 1999 . = = = Filming = = = " The Gift " was directed by Kim Manners , and it marked his third directing credit for the season , after the opening two @-@ parter " Within " and " Without " . Although the episode was the eighth entry aired during the 2000 – 01 season , it was actually the eleventh filmed , as evidenced by its production number . Due to Duchovny 's limited availability , Mulder 's appearances were limited to flashbacks . This technique had previously been used during the filming of the episode " Per Manum " , which — although it was aired after " The Gift " — was filmed before this episode . The majority of the episode — like the rest of seasons six , seven , eight and nine — was filmed in and around the Los Angeles , California area . The scenes taking place at the soul eater 's residence were filmed on Ventura Farms , a California horse establishment and filming location near the town of Thousand Oaks . The filming location had previously been used for the earlier eight season episode " Patience " , for scenes taking place at the undertaker 's residence . The scene featuring The Lone Gunmen talking to Doggett via webcams was actually filmed on the set of their spin @-@ off series , the eponymous The Lone Gunmen . Although the bulk of the episode was filmed by director Manners , the snippet of the Gunmen was directed by Bryan Spicer , who directed several of The Lone Gunmen episodes , as well as the Gunmen @-@ centric sixth season entry " Three of a Kind " . The episode was written to not require Gillian Anderson at all . As a result , the finished episode only features stock footage of Scully from " Within " , and Anderson was not required to film any new scenes . Anderson later revealed that she was extremely grateful for this and other " Doggett @-@ centric " episodes , because they provided her time to spend time with her daughter , Piper Maru , who was attending school in Canada . Anderson insisted that the show both understand her situation and make accommodations : in an interview , she explained , " I was determined that they respect that I would work for three weeks and then have two or three weeks off to go and be with her . So they agreed to that , and that was important to me . I 'd never had that before on the show . " " The Gift " was the first episode that make @-@ up artist Matthew W. Mungle 's company worked on for The X @-@ Files . The soul eater was a combination of actor Jordan Marder in make @-@ up , and a silicone dummy that featured an extendable mouth and movable teeth . = = Themes = = As The X @-@ Files entered into its eighth season , " human resurrection and salvation " as well as " disease , suffering , and healing " became an increasingly central focus of the show . " The Gift " , along with various other episodes during the eighth season of the show , would be the first to explore themes of death and resurrection . These sub @-@ themes emerged in the season premiere " Within " when Scully is shown Mulder 's tombstone . In " The Gift " , the theme is explored further ; not only is Doggett mortally wounded and then resurrected , the story behind Mulder 's inoperable brain tumor is also explored . In " Deadalive " , the theme reappears in full @-@ force : Billy Miles is found dead but resurrects , Mulder is buried for three months , and later , is brought back to life . This sub @-@ theme would continue well into the ninth season , in entries such as " Audrey Pauley " . The episode makes heavy use of a medicine wheel . Doggett first discovers this symbol on the unknown grave that he digs up . The wheel is a Native American symbol common in folklore that is considered sacred ; although the size and shape varies , it usually consists of a central stone or cairn , concentric circles of stones , and at least two lines coming from the center of the middle stone . The stone usage has been " mired in controversy " , but most Native American scholars agree that it represents the " synthesis and wholeness , including concepts of renewal and rebirth " . In the episode , the symbol is similar to the " X " that is " identical to The X @-@ Files program symbol " . Amy Donaldson , in her book We Want to Believe contrasted the soul eater from " The Gift " to Leonard Betts , a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " character from the fourth season episode of the same name . In the episode , Mulder and Scully investigate the supposed death and regeneration of an emergency medical technician ( EMT ) named Leonard Betts , a mutant who subsists on and can detect cancer in others , as well as regenerate severed body parts . Donaldson reasons that Betts ' condition , in which he is " riddled with cancer " but can " see the sickness within people " , is a metaphor for someone who " has let sin or evil become the regular course of life " . Although Betts can detect and consume the illness , his motives are derived from " his own self appetite " . Donaldson argues that the soul eater is the polar opposite of Betts because it takes an illness in order to help a person . This is in contrast to Betts , who takes an illness — and harms his victim in the process — in order to keep himself alive . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " The Gift " first premiered on Fox in the United States on February 4 , 2001 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 8 , meaning that it was seen by 8 @.@ 8 % of the nation 's estimated households . The episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 87 million households and 14 @.@ 6 million viewers overall . The episode ranked as the 35th most @-@ watched episode for the week ending February 4 . The episode subsequently debuted in the United Kingdom on the BBC Two on May 19 , 2002 . Furthermore , because this was Duchovny 's first episode since the season opener , Fox heavily promoted the promo spots on television ; in the clip the announcer noted that " David Duchovny returns to The X @-@ Files " in the episode . In part , the episode was heavily promoted because it occurred during the February Sweeps , a time in which Nielsen processes approximately 2 million paper diaries from households across the country to collect viewing information . On November 4 , 2003 , the episode was released as part of the eighth season DVD box set . = = = Reviews = = = Critical reception to the episode was largely mixed . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " A " and called it " a great monster story , and my favorite of what I 've seen of [ season eight ] so far . " He argued that the episode was " so effective " because it " isn 't just the inversion of the monster / normal personal dichotomy ; the show has pulled that trick before , and while it tries to play coy about the true nature of the soul eater at first , it 's not hard to recognize who the real villain is . " Handlen also wrote that the episode both " forces the audience to identify more strongly with Doggett " and made good use of Anderson 's absence . Meghan Deans of Tor.com felt that , while " the tale of the soul eater may have been a little rushed and a little sloppy " , the episode itself " has a spark to it [ which is the ] spark of the absent , the drive of the missing . The feeling that we ’ re all here for a reason , and that the show wants to live . " Television Without Pity writer Jessica Morgan rated the episode a " B + " and applauded the return of Duchovny , writing , " welcome back , [ ... ] you magnificent bastard . " Tom Kessenich , in his book Examinations wrote a mixed review of the episode . On one hand , he praised the feel of the episode , writing , " in many ways , this was an episode that brought back the intensity , magic , and the power of The X @-@ Files that I have been missing throughout this most mundane of seasons . " In this manner , Kessenich felt that Doggett became " part of The X @-@ Files for the first time . " However , Kessenich also felt that the plot involving Mulder 's terminal brain disease was a mis @-@ step , noting that Mulder would have never kept something so serious and personal from Scully . He wrote , " a year ago , Mulder was not dying [ but ] what we once knew as truth has suddenly been replaced with a lie . " George Avalos and Michael Liedtke of the Contra Costa Times called the entry " one of the season 's more engaging episodes " and wrote positively of the " intriguing possibilities " that it set up for the final part of the season . They were also positive about the manner in which Doggett and Mulder were able to connect in " some mystical way " . However , Avalos and Liedtke were critical of the episode 's placement , noting that it would have worked better had it been the " fourth or fifth episode of the season " , as opposed to the eighth . Furthermore , they negatively wrote about the revelation that Mulder was suffering from a terminal brain disease , calling it a " monumental story " curve that did not bother " to connect all the dots behind " it . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two stars out of five . Despite calling the episode " different " , the two wrote that the story involving Mulder was " not very satisfying " . In addition , the two called the finale " problematic " because it featured Skinner and Doggett suppressing the truth , a thematic choice that goes against the spirit of the series . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a negative review and awarded it one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . Vitaris criticized Doggett 's role , noting that " you would think after this even he would become a raging believer , but no , he 's not changed one bit . " Marisa Guthrie of the Boston Herald derided the fact that Duchovny was given such little amounts of screen time . Furthermore , she was critical that Doggett remained a skeptic at the end of the episode .
= Augustus = Augustus ( Latin : Imperātor Caesar Dīvī Fīlius Augustus ; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD ) was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor , ruling from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 . He was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian Octavii family . His maternal great @-@ uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC , and Octavius was named in Caesar 's will as his adopted son and heir , then known as Octavianus ( Anglicized as Octavian ) . He , Mark Antony , and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar . Following their victory at Philippi , the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators . The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its members . Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position , and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 31 BC . After the demise of the Second Triumvirate , Augustus restored the outward facade of the free Republic , with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate , the executive magistrates , and the legislative assemblies . In reality , however , he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator . By law , Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate , including supreme military command , and those of tribune and censor . It took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule . He rejected monarchical titles , and instead called himself Princeps Civitatis ( " First Citizen of the State " ) . The resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate , the first phase of the Roman Empire . The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana ( The Roman Peace ) . The Roman world was largely free from large @-@ scale conflict for more than two centuries , despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire 's frontiers and one year @-@ long civil war over the imperial succession . Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire , annexing Egypt , Dalmatia , Pannonia , Noricum , and Raetia ; expanding possessions in Africa ; expanding into Germania ; and completing the conquest of Hispania . Beyond the frontiers , he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy . He reformed the Roman system of taxation , developed networks of roads with an official courier system , established a standing army , established the Praetorian Guard , created official police and fire @-@ fighting services for Rome , and rebuilt much of the city during his reign . Augustus died in AD 14 at the age of 75 . He may have died from natural causes , although there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife Livia poisoned him . He was succeeded as Emperor by his adopted son ( also stepson and former son @-@ in @-@ law ) Tiberius . = = Name = = Augustus ( / ɔːˈɡʌstəs / ; Classical Latin : [ awˈɡʊstʊs ] ) was known by many names throughout his life : At birth , he was named Gaius Octavius after his biological father . Historians typically refer to him simply as Octavius ( or Octavian ) between his birth in 63 until his adoption by Julius Caesar in 44 BC ( after Julius Caesar 's death ) . Upon his adoption , he took Caesar 's name and became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus in accordance with Roman adoption naming standards . He quickly dropped " Octavianus " from his name , and his contemporaries typically referred to him as " Caesar " during this period ; historians , however , refer to him as Octavian between 44 BC and 27 BC . In 42 BC , Octavian began the Temple of Divus Iulius or Temple of the Comet Star and added Divi Filius ( Son of the Divine ) to his name in order to strengthen his political ties to Caesar 's former soldiers by following the deification of Caesar , becoming Gaius Julius Caesar Divi Filius . In 38 BC , Octavian replaced his praenomen " Gaius " and nomen " Julius " with Imperator , the title by which troops hailed their leader after military success , officially becoming Imperator Caesar Divi Filius . In 27 BC , following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra , the Roman Senate voted new titles for him , officially becoming Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus . It is the events of 27 BC from which he obtained his traditional name of Augustus , which historians use in reference to him from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 . = = Early life = = While his paternal family was from the town of Velletri , approximately 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from Rome , Augustus was born in the city of Rome on 23 September 63 BC . He was born at Ox Head , a small property on the Palatine Hill , very close to the Roman Forum . He was given the name Gaius Octavius Thurinus , his cognomen possibly commemorating his father 's victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves . Due to the crowded nature of Rome at the time , Octavius was taken to his father 's home village at Velletri to be raised . Octavius only mentions his father 's equestrian family briefly in his memoirs . His paternal great @-@ grandfather Gaius Octavius was a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War . His grandfather had served in several local political offices . His father , also named Gaius Octavius , had been governor of Macedonia . His mother , Atia , was the niece of Julius Caesar . In 59 BC , when he was four years old , his father died . His mother married a former governor of Syria , Lucius Marcius Philippus . Philippus claimed descent from Alexander the Great , and was elected consul in 56 BC . Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavius . Because of this , Octavius was raised by his grandmother ( and Julius Caesar 's sister ) , Julia . Julia died in 52 or 51 BC , and Octavius delivered the funeral oration for his grandmother . From this point , his mother and stepfather took a more active role in raising him . He donned the toga virilis four years later , and was elected to the College of Pontiffs in 47 BC . The following year he was put in charge of the Greek games that were staged in honor of the Temple of Venus Genetrix , built by Julius Caesar . According to Nicolaus of Damascus , Octavius wished to join Caesar 's staff for his campaign in Africa , but gave way when his mother protested . In 46 BC , she consented for him to join Caesar in Hispania , where he planned to fight the forces of Pompey , Caesar 's late enemy , but Octavius fell ill and was unable to travel . When he had recovered , he sailed to the front , but was shipwrecked ; after coming ashore with a handful of companions , he crossed hostile territory to Caesar 's camp , which impressed his great @-@ uncle considerably . Velleius Paterculus reports that after that time , Caesar allowed the young man to share his carriage . When back in Rome , Caesar deposited a new will with the Vestal Virgins , naming Octavius as the prime beneficiary . = = Rise to power = = = = = Heir to Caesar = = = Octavius was studying and undergoing military training in Apollonia , Illyria , when Julius Caesar was killed on the Ides of March ( 15 March ) 44 BC . He rejected the advice of some army officers to take refuge with the troops in Macedonia and sailed to Italy to ascertain whether he had any potential political fortunes or security . Caesar had no living legitimate children under Roman law , and so had adopted Octavius , his grand @-@ nephew , making him his primary heir . Mark Antony later charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favours , though Suetonius describes Antony 's accusation as political slander . After landing at Lupiae near Brundisium , Octavius learned the contents of Caesar 's will , and only then did he decide to become Caesar 's political heir as well as heir to two @-@ thirds of his estate . Upon his adoption , Octavius assumed his great @-@ uncle 's name Gaius Julius Caesar . Roman citizens adopted into a new family usually retained their old nomen in cognomen form ( e.g. , Octavianus for one who had been an Octavius , Aemilianus for one who had been an Aemilius , etc . ) . However , though some of his contemporaries did , there is no evidence that Octavius ever himself officially used the name Octavianus , as it would have made his modest origins too obvious . Historians usually refer to the new Caesar as Octavian during the time between his adoption and his assumption of the name Augustus in 27 BC in order to avoid confusing the dead dictator with his heir . Octavian could not rely on his limited funds to make a successful entry into the upper echelons of the Roman political hierarchy . After a warm welcome by Caesar 's soldiers at Brundisium , Octavian demanded a portion of the funds that were allotted by Caesar for the intended war against Parthia in the Middle East . This amounted to 700 million sesterces stored at Brundisium , the staging ground in Italy for military operations in the east . A later senatorial investigation into the disappearance of the public funds took no action against Octavian , since he subsequently used that money to raise troops against the Senate 's arch enemy Mark Antony . Octavian made another bold move in 44 BC when , without official permission , he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome 's Near Eastern province to Italy . Octavian began to bolster his personal forces with Caesar 's veteran legionaries and with troops designated for the Parthian war , gathering support by emphasizing his status as heir to Caesar . On his march to Rome through Italy , Octavian 's presence and newly acquired funds attracted many , winning over Caesar 's former veterans stationed in Campania . By June , he had gathered an army of 3 @,@ 000 loyal veterans , paying each a salary of 500 denarii . = = = Growing tensions = = = Arriving in Rome on 6 May 44 BC , Octavian found consul Mark Antony , Caesar 's former colleague , in an uneasy truce with the dictator 's assassins . They had been granted a general amnesty on 17 March , yet Antony succeeded in driving most of them out of Rome . This was due to his " inflammatory " eulogy given at Caesar 's funeral , mounting public opinion against the assassins . Mark Antony was amassing political support , but Octavian still had opportunity to rival him as the leading member of the faction supporting Caesar . Mark Antony had lost the support of many Romans and supporters of Caesar when he initially opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status . Octavian failed to persuade Antony to relinquish Caesar 's money to him . During the summer , he managed to win support from Caesarian sympathizers , however , who saw the younger heir as the lesser evil and hoped to manipulate him , or to bear with him during their efforts to get rid of Antony . Octavian began to make common cause with the Optimates , the former enemies of Caesar . In September , the leading Optimate orator Marcus Tullius Cicero began to attack Antony in a series of speeches portraying him as a threat to the Republican order . With opinion in Rome turning against him and his year of consular power nearing its end , Antony attempted to pass laws that would lend him control over Cisalpine Gaul , which had been assigned as part of his province , from Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus , one of Caesar 's assassins . Octavian meanwhile built up a private army in Italy by recruiting Caesarian veterans and , on 28 November , he won over two of Antony 's legions with the enticing offer of monetary gain . In the face of Octavian 's large and capable force , Antony saw the danger of staying in Rome and , to the relief of the Senate , he fled to Cisalpine Gaul , which was to be handed to him on 1 January . = = = First conflict with Antony = = = Decimus Brutus refused to give up Cisalpine Gaul , so Antony besieged him at Mutina . Antony rejected the resolutions passed by the Senate to stop the violence , as the Senate had no army of its own to challenge him . This provided an opportunity for Octavian , who already was known to have armed forces . Cicero also defended Octavian against Antony 's taunts about Octavian 's lack of noble lineage and aping of Julius Caesar 's name , stating " we have no more brilliant example of traditional piety among our youth . " At the urging of Cicero , the Senate inducted Octavian as senator on 1 January 43 BC , yet he also was given the power to vote alongside the former consuls . In addition , Octavian was granted propraetor imperium ( commanding power ) which legalized his command of troops , sending him to relieve the siege along with Hirtius and Pansa ( the consuls for 43 BC ) . In April 43 BC , Antony 's forces were defeated at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina , forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul . Both consuls were killed , however , leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies . The senate heaped many more rewards on Decimus Brutus than on Octavian for defeating Antony , then attempted to give command of the consular legions to Decimus Brutus — yet Octavian decided not to cooperate . Instead , Octavian stayed in the Po Valley and refused to aid any further offensive against Antony . In July , an embassy of centurions sent by Octavian entered Rome and demanded that he receive the consulship left vacant by Hirtius and Pansa . Octavian also demanded that the decree should be rescinded which declared Antony a public enemy . When this was refused , he marched on the city with eight legions . He encountered no military opposition in Rome , and on 19 August 43 BC was elected consul with his relative Quintus Pedius as co @-@ consul . Meanwhile , Antony formed an alliance with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , another leading Caesarian . = = = Second Triumvirate = = = = = = = Proscriptions = = = = In a meeting near Bologna in October 43 BC , Octavian , Antony , and Lepidus formed a junta called the Second Triumvirate . This explicit arrogation of special powers lasting five years was then supported by law passed by the plebs , unlike the unofficial First Triumvirate formed by Pompey , Julius Caesar , and Marcus Licinius Crassus . The triumvirs then set in motion proscriptions in which 300 senators and 2 @,@ 000 equites allegedly were branded as outlaws and deprived of their property and , for those who failed to escape , their lives . The estimation that 300 senators were proscribed was presented by Appian , although his earlier contemporary Livy asserted that only 130 senators had been proscribed . This decree issued by the triumvirate was motivated in part by a need to raise money to pay the salaries of their troops for the upcoming conflict against Caesar 's assassins , Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus . Rewards for their arrest gave incentive for Romans to capture those proscribed , while the assets and properties of those arrested were seized by the triumvirs . Contemporary Roman historians provide conflicting reports as to which triumvir was more responsible for the proscriptions and killing . However , the sources agree that enacting the proscriptions was a means by all three factions to eliminate political enemies . Marcus Velleius Paterculus asserted that Octavian tried to avoid proscribing officials whereas Lepidus and Antony were to blame for initiating them . Cassius Dio defended Octavian as trying to spare as many as possible , whereas Antony and Lepidus , being older and involved in politics longer , had many more enemies to deal with . This claim was rejected by Appian , who maintained that Octavian shared an equal interest with Lepidus and Antony in eradicating his enemies . Suetonius presented the case that Octavian , although reluctant at first to proscribe officials , nonetheless pursued his enemies with more rigor than the other triumvirs . Plutarch described the proscriptions as a ruthless and cutthroat swapping of friends and family among Antony , Lepidus , and Octavian . For example , Octavian allowed the proscription of his ally Cicero , Antony the proscription of his maternal uncle Lucius Julius Caesar ( the consul of 64 BC ) , and Lepidus his brother Paullus . = = = = Battle of Philippi and division of territory = = = = On 1 January 42 BC , the Senate posthumously recognized Julius Caesar as a divinity of the Roman state , Divus Iulius . Octavian was able to further his cause by emphasizing the fact that he was Divi filius , " Son of God " . Antony and Octavian then sent 28 legions by sea to face the armies of Brutus and Cassius , who had built their base of power in Greece . After two battles at Philippi in Macedonia in October 42 , the Caesarian army was victorious and Brutus and Cassius committed suicide . Mark Antony later used the examples of these battles as a means to belittle Octavian , as both battles were decisively won with the use of Antony 's forces . In addition to claiming responsibility for both victories , Antony also branded Octavian as a coward for handing over his direct military control to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa instead . After Philippi , a new territorial arrangement was made among the members of the Second Triumvirate . Gaul and the provinces of Hispania and Italia were placed in the hands of Octavian . Antony traveled east to Egypt where he allied himself with Queen Cleopatra VII , the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of Caesar 's infant son Caesarion . Lepidus was left with the province of Africa , stymied by Antony , who conceded Hispania to Octavian instead . Octavian was left to decide where in Italy to settle the tens of thousands of veterans of the Macedonian campaign , whom the triumvirs had promised to discharge . The tens of thousands who had fought on the republican side with Brutus and Cassius could easily ally with a political opponent of Octavian if not appeased , and they also required land . There was no more government @-@ controlled land to allot as settlements for their soldiers , so Octavian had to choose one of two options : alienating many Roman citizens by confiscating their land , or alienating many Roman soldiers who could mount a considerable opposition against him in the Roman heartland . Octavian chose the former . There were as many as eighteen Roman towns affected by the new settlements , with entire populations driven out or at least given partial evictions . = = = = Rebellion and marriage alliances = = = = There was widespread dissatisfaction with Octavian over these settlements of his soldiers , and this encouraged many to rally at the side of Lucius Antonius , who was brother of Mark Antony and supported by a majority in the Senate . Meanwhile , Octavian asked for a divorce from Clodia Pulchra , the daughter of Fulvia ( Mark Antony 's wife ) and her first husband Publius Clodius Pulcher . He returned Clodia to her mother , claiming that their marriage had never been consummated . Fulvia decided to take action . Together with Lucius Antonius , she raised an army in Italy to fight for Antony 's rights against Octavian . Lucius and Fulvia took a political and martial gamble in opposing Octavian , however , since the Roman army still depended on the triumvirs for their salaries . Lucius and his allies ended up in a defensive siege at Perusia ( modern Perugia ) , where Octavian forced them into surrender in early 40 BC . Lucius and his army were spared , due to his kinship with Antony , the strongman of the East , while Fulvia was exiled to Sicyon . Octavian showed no mercy , however , for the mass of allies loyal to Lucius ; on 15 March , the anniversary of Julius Caesar 's assassination , he had 300 Roman senators and equestrians executed for allying with Lucius . Perusia also was pillaged and burned as a warning for others . This bloody event sullied Octavian 's reputation and was criticized by many , such as Augustan poet Sextus Propertius . Sextus Pompeius was the son of First Triumvir Pompey and still a renegade general following Julius Caesar 's victory over his father . He was established in Sicily and Sardinia as part of an agreement reached with the Second Triumvirate in 39 BC . Both Antony and Octavian were vying for an alliance with Pompeius , who was a member of the republican party , ironically , not the Caesarian faction . Octavian succeeded in a temporary alliance in 40 BC when he married Scribonia , a daughter of Lucius Scribonius Libo who was a follower of Sextus Pompeius as well as his father @-@ in @-@ law . Scribonia gave birth to Octavian 's only natural child , Julia , who was born the same day that he divorced her to marry Livia Drusilla , little more than a year after their marriage . While in Egypt , Antony had been engaged in an affair with Cleopatra and had fathered three children with her . Aware of his deteriorating relationship with Octavian , Antony left Cleopatra ; he sailed to Italy in 40 BC with a large force to oppose Octavian , laying siege to Brundisium . This new conflict proved untenable for both Octavian and Antony , however . Their centurions , who had become important figures politically , refused to fight due to their Caesarian cause , while the legions under their command followed suit . Meanwhile , in Sicyon , Antony 's wife Fulvia died of a sudden illness while Antony was en route to meet her . Fulvia 's death and the mutiny of their centurions allowed the two remaining triumvirs to effect a reconciliation . In the autumn of 40 , Octavian and Antony approved the Treaty of Brundisium , by which Lepidus would remain in Africa , Antony in the East , Octavian in the West . The Italian peninsula was left open to all for the recruitment of soldiers , but in reality , this provision was useless for Antony in the East . To further cement relations of alliance with Mark Antony , Octavian gave his sister , Octavia Minor , in marriage to Antony in late 40 BC . During their marriage , Octavia gave birth to two daughters ( known as Antonia Major and Antonia Minor ) . = = = = War with Pompeius = = = = Sextus Pompeius threatened Octavian in Italy by denying shipments of grain through the Mediterranean to the peninsula . Pompeius ' own son was put in charge as naval commander in the effort to cause widespread famine in Italy . Pompeius ' control over the sea prompted him to take on the name Neptuni filius , " son of Neptune " . A temporary peace agreement was reached in 39 BC with the treaty of Misenum ; the blockade on Italy was lifted once Octavian granted Pompeius Sardinia , Corsica , Sicily , and the Peloponnese , and ensured him a future position as consul for 35 BC . The territorial agreement between the triumvirate and Sextus Pompeius began to crumble once Octavian divorced Scribonia and married Livia on 17 January 38 BC . One of Pompeius ' naval commanders betrayed him and handed over Corsica and Sardinia to Octavian . Octavian lacked the resources to confront Pompeius alone , however , so an agreement was reached with the Second Triumvirate 's extension for another five @-@ year period beginning in 37 BC . In supporting Octavian , Antony expected to gain support for his own campaign against Parthia , desiring to avenge Rome 's defeat at Carrhae in 53 BC . In an agreement reached at Tarentum , Antony provided 120 ships for Octavian to use against Pompeius , while Octavian was to send 20 @,@ 000 legionaries to Antony for use against Parthia . Octavian sent only a tenth of those promised , however , which Antony viewed as an intentional provocation . Octavian and Lepidus launched a joint operation against Sextus in Sicily in 36 BC . Despite setbacks for Octavian , the naval fleet of Sextus Pompeius was almost entirely destroyed on 3 September by general Agrippa at the naval Battle of Naulochus . Sextus fled to the east with his remaining forces , where he was captured and executed in Miletus by one of Antony 's generals the following year . As Lepidus and Octavian accepted the surrender of Pompeius ' troops , Lepidus attempted to claim Sicily for himself , ordering Octavian to leave . Lepidus ' troops deserted him , however , and defected to Octavian since they were weary of fighting and were enticed by Octavian 's promises of money . Lepidus surrendered to Octavian and was permitted to retain the office of pontifex maximus ( head of the college of priests ) , but was ejected from the Triumvirate , his public career at an end , and effectively was exiled to a villa at Cape Circei in Italy . The Roman dominions were now divided between Octavian in the West and Antony in the East . Octavian ensured Rome 's citizens of their rights to property in order to maintain peace and stability in his portion of the Empire . This time , he settled his discharged soldiers outside of Italy , while also returning 30 @,@ 000 slaves to their former Roman owners — slaves who had fled to join Pompeius ' army and navy . Octavian had the Senate grant him , his wife , and his sister tribunal immunity , or sacrosanctitas , in order to ensure his own safety and that of Livia and Octavia once he returned to Rome . = = = = War with Antony = = = = Meanwhile , Antony 's campaign turned disastrous against Parthia , tarnishing his image as a leader , and the mere 2 @,@ 000 legionaries sent by Octavian to Antony were hardly enough to replenish his forces . On the other hand , Cleopatra could restore his army to full strength ; he already was engaged in a romantic affair with her , so he decided to send Octavia back to Rome . Octavian used this to spread propaganda implying that Antony was becoming less than Roman because he rejected a legitimate Roman spouse for an " Oriental paramour " . In 36 BC , Octavian used a political ploy to make himself look less autocratic and Antony more the villain by proclaiming that the civil wars were coming to an end , and that he would step down as triumvir — if only Antony would do the same . Antony refused . Roman troops captured the Kingdom of Armenia in 34 BC , and Antony made his son Alexander Helios the ruler of Armenia . He also awarded the title " Queen of Kings " to Cleopatra , acts that Octavian used to convince the Roman Senate that Antony had ambitions to diminish the preeminence of Rome . Octavian became consul once again on 1 January 33 BC , and he opened the following session in the Senate with a vehement attack on Antony 's grants of titles and territories to his relatives and to his queen . The breach between Antony and Octavian prompted a large portion of the Senators , as well as both of that year 's consuls , to leave Rome and defect to Antony . However , Octavian received two key deserters from Antony in the autumn of 32 BC : Munatius Plancus and Marcus Titius . These defectors gave Octavian the information that he needed to confirm with the Senate all the accusations that he made against Antony . Octavian forcibly entered the temple of the Vestal Virgins and seized Antony 's secret will , which he promptly publicized . The will would have given away Roman @-@ conquered territories as kingdoms for his sons to rule , and designated Alexandria as the site for a tomb for him and his queen . In late 32 BC , the Senate officially revoked Antony 's powers as consul and declared war on Cleopatra 's regime in Egypt . In early 31 BC , Antony and Cleopatra were temporarily stationed in Greece when Octavian gained a preliminary victory : the navy successfully ferried troops across the Adriatic Sea under the command of Agrippa . Agrippa cut off Antony and Cleopatra 's main force from their supply routes at sea , while Octavian landed on the mainland opposite the island of Corcyra ( modern Corfu ) and marched south . Trapped on land and sea , deserters of Antony 's army fled to Octavian 's side daily while Octavian 's forces were comfortable enough to make preparations . Antony 's fleet sailed through the bay of Actium on the western coast of Greece in a desperate attempt to break free of the naval blockade . It was there that Antony 's fleet faced the much larger fleet of smaller , more maneuverable ships under commanders Agrippa and Gaius Sosius in the battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BC . Antony and his remaining forces were spared only due to a last @-@ ditch effort by Cleopatra 's fleet that had been waiting nearby . Octavian pursued them and defeated their forces in Alexandria on 1 August 30 BC — after which Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide . Antony fell on his own sword and was taken by his soldiers back to Alexandria where he died in Cleopatra 's arms . Cleopatra died soon after , reputedly by the venomous bite of an asp or by poison . Octavian had exploited his position as Caesar 's heir to further his own political career , and he was well aware of the dangers in allowing another person to do so the same . He , therefore , followed the advice of Arius Didymus that " two Caesars are one too many " , ordering Caesarion to be killed ( Julius Caesar 's son by Cleopatra ) , while sparing Cleopatra 's children by Antony , with the exception of Antony 's older son . Octavian had previously shown little mercy to surrendered enemies and acted in ways that had proven unpopular with the Roman people , yet he was given credit for pardoning many of his opponents after the Battle of Actium . = = Change to Augustus = = After Actium and the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra , Octavian was in a position to rule the entire Republic under an unofficial principate — but he had to achieve this through incremental power gains . He did so by courting the Senate and the people while upholding the republican traditions of Rome , appearing that he was not aspiring to dictatorship or monarchy . Marching into Rome , Octavian and Marcus Agrippa were elected as dual consuls by the Senate . Years of civil war had left Rome in a state of near lawlessness , but the Republic was not prepared to accept the control of Octavian as a despot . At the same time , Octavian could not simply give up his authority without risking further civil wars among the Roman generals and , even if he desired no position of authority whatsoever , his position demanded that he look to the well @-@ being of the city of Rome and the Roman provinces . Octavian 's aims from this point forward were to return Rome to a state of stability , traditional legality , and civility by lifting the overt political pressure imposed on the courts of law and ensuring free elections — in name at least . = = = First settlement = = = In 27 BC , Octavian made a show of returning full power to the Roman Senate and relinquishing his control of the Roman provinces and their armies . Under his consulship , however , the Senate had little power in initiating legislation by introducing bills for senatorial debate . Octavian was no longer in direct control of the provinces and their armies , but he retained the loyalty of active duty soldiers and veterans alike . The careers of many clients and adherents depended on his patronage , as his financial power was unrivaled in the Roman Republic . Historian Werner Eck states : The sum of his power derived first of all from various powers of office delegated to him by the Senate and people , secondly from his immense private fortune , and thirdly from numerous patron @-@ client relationships he established with individuals and groups throughout the Empire . All of them taken together formed the basis of his auctoritas , which he himself emphasized as the foundation of his political actions . To a large extent , the public were aware of the vast financial resources that Augustus commanded . He failed to encourage enough senators to finance the building and maintenance of networks of roads in Italy in 20 BC , but he undertook direct responsibility for them . This was publicized on the Roman currency issued in 16 BC , after he donated vast amounts of money to the aerarium Saturni , the public treasury . According to H. H. Scullard , however , Augustus 's power was based on the exercise of " a predominant military power and ... the ultimate sanction of his authority was force , however much the fact was disguised . " The Senate proposed to Octavian , the victor of Rome 's civil wars , that he once again assume command of the provinces . The Senate 's proposal was a ratification of Octavian 's extra @-@ constitutional power . Through the Senate , Octavian was able to continue the appearance of a still @-@ functional constitution . Feigning reluctance , he accepted a ten @-@ year responsibility of overseeing provinces that were considered chaotic . The provinces ceded to him for that ten @-@ year period comprised much of the conquered Roman world , including all of Hispania and Gaul , Syria , Cilicia , Cyprus , and Egypt . Moreover , command of these provinces provided Octavian with control over the majority of Rome 's legions . While Octavian acted as consul in Rome , he dispatched senators to the provinces under his command as his representatives to manage provincial affairs and ensure that his orders were carried out . The provinces not under Octavian 's control were overseen by governors chosen by the Roman Senate . Octavian became the most powerful political figure in the city of Rome and in most of its provinces , but he did not have sole monopoly on political and martial power . The Senate still controlled North Africa , an important regional producer of grain , as well as Illyria and Macedonia , two martially strategic regions with several legions . However , the Senate had control of only five or six legions distributed among three senatorial proconsuls , compared to the twenty legions under the control of Augustus , and their control of these regions did not amount to any political or military challenge to Octavian . The Senate 's control over some of the Roman provinces helped maintain a republican façade for the autocratic Principate . Also , Octavian 's control of entire provinces followed Republican @-@ era precedents for the objective of securing peace and creating stability , in which such prominent Romans as Pompey had been granted similar military powers in times of crisis and instability . On 16 January 27 BC the Senate gave Octavian the new titles of Augustus and Princeps . Augustus is from the Latin word Augere ( meaning to increase ) and can be translated as " the illustrious one " . It was a title of religious authority rather than political authority . According to Roman religious beliefs , the title symbolized a stamp of authority over humanity — and in fact nature — that went beyond any constitutional definition of his status . After the harsh methods employed in consolidating his control , the change in name served to demarcate his benign reign as Augustus from his reign of terror as Octavian . His new title of Augustus was also more favorable than Romulus , the previous one which he styled for himself in reference to the story of Romulus and Remus ( founders of Rome ) , which symbolized a second founding of Rome . The title of Romulus was associated too strongly with notions of monarchy and kingship , an image that Octavian tried to avoid . Princeps comes from the Latin phrase primum caput , " the first head " , originally meaning the oldest or most distinguished senator whose name would appear first on the senatorial roster . In the case of Augustus , however , it became an almost regnal title for a leader who was first in charge . Princeps had also been a title under the Republic for those who had served the state well ; for example , Pompey had held the title . Augustus also styled himself as Imperator Caesar divi filius , " Commander Caesar son of the deified one " . With this title , he boasted his familial link to deified Julius Caesar , and the use of Imperator signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory . The word Caesar was merely a cognomen for one branch of the Julian family , yet Augustus transformed Caesar into a new family line that began with him . Augustus was granted the right to hang the corona civica above his door , the " civic crown " made from oak , and to have laurels drape his doorposts . This crown was usually held above the head of a Roman general during a triumph , with the individual holding the crown charged to continually repeat to the general " memento mori " , or " Remember that you are mortal " . Additionally , laurel wreaths were important in several state ceremonies , and crowns of laurel were rewarded to champions of athletic , racing , and dramatic contests . Thus , both the laurel and the oak were integral symbols of Roman religion and statecraft ; placing them on Augustus ' doorposts was tantamount to declaring his home the capital . However , Augustus renounced flaunting insignia of power such as holding a scepter , wearing a diadem , or wearing the golden crown and purple toga of his predecessor Julius Caesar . If he refused to symbolize his power by donning and bearing these items on his person , the Senate nonetheless awarded him with a golden shield displayed in the meeting hall of the Curia , bearing the inscription virtus , pietas , clementia , iustitia — " valor , piety , clemency , and justice . " = = = Second settlement = = = By 23 BC , some of the un @-@ Republican implications were becoming apparent concerning the settlement of 27 BC . Augustus ' policy of holding of an annual consulate drew attention to his dominance over the Roman political system , at the same time cutting in half the opportunities for others to achieve what was still purported to be the head of the Roman state . Further , he was causing political problems by desiring to have his nephew Marcus Claudius Marcellus follow in his footsteps and eventually assume the Principate in his turn , alienating his three biggest supporters – Agrippa , Maecenas , and Livia . Feeling pressure from his own core group of adherents , Augustus turned to the Senate for help . He appointed noted Republican Calpurnius Piso for co @-@ consul in 23 BC , after his choice Aulus Terentius Varro Murena was executed as part of the Marcus Primus Affair , in an attempt to bolster his support there , especially with the Republicans . ( Murena had fought against Julius Caesar and supported Cassius and Brutus . ) In the late spring Augustus suffered a severe illness , and on his supposed deathbed made arrangements that would ensure the continuation of the Principate in some form , while at the same time put into doubt the senators ' suspicions of his anti @-@ republicanism . Augustus prepared to hand down his signet ring to his favored general Agrippa . However , Augustus handed over to his co @-@ consul Piso all of his official documents , an account of public finances , and authority over listed troops in the provinces while Augustus ' supposedly favored nephew Marcellus came away empty @-@ handed . This was a surprise to many who believed Augustus would have named an heir to his position as an unofficial emperor . Augustus bestowed only properties and possessions to his designated heirs , as an obvious system of institutionalized imperial inheritance would have provoked resistance and hostility among the republican @-@ minded Romans fearful of monarchy . With regards to the Principate , it was obvious to Augustus that Marcellus was not ready to take on his position ; nonetheless , by giving his signet ring to Agrippa , it was Augustus ' intent to signal to the legions that Agrippa was to be his successor , and that no matter what the constitutional rules were , they would continue to obey Agrippa . Soon after his bout of illness subsided , Augustus gave up his annual consulship . The only other times Augustus would serve as consul would be in the years 5 and 2 BC , both times to introduce his grandsons into public life . This was a clever ploy by Augustus ; his ceasing to perennially be one of two annual consuls allowed aspiring senators a better chance to fill that position , while at the same time Augustus could exercise wider patronage within the senatorial class . Although Augustus had resigned as consul , he desired to retain his consular imperium not just in his provinces but throughout the empire . This desire , along with the Marcus Primus Affair , led to a second compromise between him and the Senate known as the Second Settlement . = = = Primary reasons for the Second settlement = = = The primary reasons for the Second Settlement were as follows . First , after Augustus relinquished the annual consulship , he was no longer in an official position to rule the state , yet his dominant position remained unchanged over his Roman , ' imperial ' provinces where he was still a proconsul . When he annually held the office of consul , he had the power to intervene with the affairs of the other provincial proconsuls appointed by the Senate throughout the empire , when he deemed necessary . When he relinquished his annual consulship , he legally lost this power because his proconsular powers applied only to his imperial provinces . Augustus wanted to keep this power . A second problem later arose showing the need for the Second Settlement in what became known as the " Marcus Primus Affair " . In late 24 or early 23 BC , charges were brought against Marcus Primus , the former proconsul ( governor ) of Macedonia , for waging a war without prior approval of the Senate on the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace , whose king was a Roman ally . He was defended by Lucius Lucinius Varro Murena , who told the trial that his client had received specific instructions from Augustus , ordering him to attack the client state . Later , Primus testified that the orders came from the recently deceased Marcellus . Such orders , had they been given , would have been considered a breach of the Senate 's prerogative under the Constitutional settlement of 27 BC and its aftermath — i.e. , before Augustus was granted imperium proconsulare maius — as Macedonia was a Senatorial province under the Senate 's jurisdiction , not an imperial province under the authority of Augustus . Such an action would have ripped away the veneer of Republican restoration as promoted by Augustus , and exposed his fraud of merely being the first citizen , a first among equals . Even worse , the involvement of Marcellus provided some measure of proof that Augustus 's policy was to have the youth take his place as Princeps , instituting a form of monarchy – accusations that had already played out . The situation was so serious that Augustus himself appeared at the trial , even though he had not been called as a witness . Under oath , Augustus declared that he gave no such order . Murena disbelieved Augustus 's testimony and resented his attempt to subvert the trial by using his auctoritas . He rudely demanded to know why Augustus had turned up to a trial to which he had not been called ; Augustus replied that he came in the public interest . Although Primus was found guilty , some jurors voted to acquit , meaning that not everybody believed Augustus 's testimony , an insult to the ' August One ' . The Second Constitutional Settlement was completed in part to allay confusion and formalize Augustus ' legal authority to intervene in Senatorial provinces . The Senate granted Augustus a form of general imperium proconsulare , or proconsular imperium ( power ) that applied throughout the empire , not solely to his provinces . Moreover , the Senate augmented Augustus ' proconsular imperium into imperium proconsulare maius , or proconsular imperium applicable throughout the empire that was more ( maius ) or greater than that held by the other proconsuls . This in effect gave Augustus constitutional power superior to all other proconsuls in the empire . Augustus stayed in Rome during the renewal process and provided veterans with lavish donations to gain their support , thereby ensuring that his status of proconsular imperium maius was renewed in 13 BC . = = = Additional powers = = = During the second settlement , Augustus was also granted the power of a tribune ( tribunicia potestas ) for life , though not the official title of tribune . For some years , Augustus had been awarded tribunicia sacrosanctitas , the immunity given to a Tribune of the Plebeians . Now he decided to assume the full powers of the magistracy , renewed annually , in perpetuity . Legally , it was closed to patricians , a status that Augustus had acquired some years earlier when adopted by Julius Caesar . This power allowed him to convene the Senate and people at will and lay business before them , to veto the actions of either the Assembly or the Senate , to preside over elections , and to speak first at any meeting . Also included in Augustus ' tribunician authority were powers usually reserved for the Roman censor ; these included the right to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure that they were in the public interest , as well as the ability to hold a census and determine the membership of the Senate . With the powers of a censor , Augustus appealed to virtues of Roman patriotism by banning all attire but the classic toga while entering the Forum . There was no precedent within the Roman system for combining the powers of the tribune and the censor into a single position , nor was Augustus ever elected to the office of censor . Julius Caesar had been granted similar powers , wherein he was charged with supervising the morals of the state . However , this position did not extend to the censor 's ability to hold a census and determine the Senate 's roster . The office of the tribunus plebis began to lose its prestige due to Augustus ' amassing of tribunal powers , so he revived its importance by making it a mandatory appointment for any plebeian desiring the praetorship . Augustus was granted sole imperium within the city of Rome itself , in addition to being granted proconsular imperium maius and tribunician authority for life . Traditionally , proconsuls ( Roman province governors ) lost their proconsular " imperium " when they crossed the Pomerium – the sacred boundary of Rome – and entered the city . In these situations , Augustus would have power as part of his tribunician authority but his constitutional imperium within the Pomerium would be less than that of a serving consul . That would mean that , when he was in the city , he might not be the constitutional magistrate with the most authority . Thanks to his prestige or auctoritas , his wishes would usually be obeyed , but there might be some difficulty . To fill this power vacuum , the Senate voted that Augustus 's imperium proconsulare maius ( superior proconsular power ) should not lapse when he was inside the city walls . All armed forces in the city had formerly been under the control of the urban praetors and consuls , but this situation now placed them under the sole authority of Augustus . In addition , the credit was given to Augustus for each subsequent Roman military victory after this time , because the majority of Rome 's armies were stationed in imperial provinces commanded by Augustus through the legatus who were deputies of the princeps in the provinces . Moreover , if a battle was fought in a Senatorial province , Augustus ' proconsular imperium maius allowed him to take command of ( or credit for ) any major military victory . This meant that Augustus was the only individual able to receive a triumph , a tradition that began with Romulus , Rome 's first King and first triumphant general . Lucius Cornelius Balbus was the last man outside Augustus ' family to receive this award in 19 BC . ( Balbus was the nephew of Julius Caesar 's great agent , who was governor of Africa and conqueror of the Garamantes . ) Tiberius , Augustus ' eldest son by marriage to Livia , was the only other general to receive a triumph — for victories in Germania in 7 BC . = = = Conspiracy = = = Many of the political subtleties of the Second Settlement seem to have evaded the comprehension of the Plebeian class , who were Augustus ' greatest supporters and clientele . This caused them to insist upon Augustus ' participation in imperial affairs from time to time . Augustus failed to stand for election as consul in 22 BC , and fears arose once again that he was being forced from power by the aristocratic Senate . In 22 , 21 , and 19 BC , the people rioted in response , and only allowed a single consul to be elected for each of those years , ostensibly to leave the other position open for Augustus . Likewise , there was a food shortage in Rome in 22 BC which sparked panic , while many urban plebs called for Augustus to take on dictatorial powers to personally oversee the crisis . After a theatrical display of refusal before the Senate , Augustus finally accepted authority over Rome 's grain supply " by virtue of his proconsular imperium " , and ended the crisis almost immediately . It was not until AD 8 that a food crisis of this sort prompted Augustus to establish a praefectus annonae , a permanent prefect who was in charge of procuring food supplies for Rome . Nevertheless , there were some who were concerned by the expansion of powers granted to Augustus by the Second Settlement , and this came to a head with the apparent conspiracy of Fannius Caepio . Some time prior to 1 September 22 BC , a certain Castricius provided Augustus with information about a conspiracy led by Fannius Caepio . Murena was named among the conspirators , the outspoken Consul who defended Primus in the Marcus Primus Affair . The conspirators were tried in absentia with Tiberius acting as prosecutor ; the jury found them guilty , but it was not a unanimous verdict . All the accused were sentenced to death for treason and executed as soon as they were captured — without ever giving testimony in their defence . Augustus ensured that the facade of Republican government continued with an effective cover @-@ up of the events . In 19 BC , the Senate granted Augustus a form of ' general consular imperium ' , which was probably ' imperium consulare maius ' , like the proconsular powers that he received in 23 BC . Like his tribune authority , the consular powers were another instance of gaining power from offices that he did not actually hold . In addition , Augustus was allowed to wear the consul 's insignia in public and before the Senate , as well as to sit in the symbolic chair between the two consuls and hold the fasces , an emblem of consular authority . This seems to have assuaged the populace ; regardless of whether or not Augustus was a consul , the importance was that he both appeared as one before the people and could exercise consular power if necessary . On 6 March 12 BC , after the death of Lepidus , he additionally took up the position of pontifex maximus , the high priest of the college of the Pontiffs , the most important position in Roman religion . On 5 February 2 BC , Augustus was also given the title pater patriae , or " father of the country " . = = = Stability and staying power = = = A final reason for the Second Settlement was to give the Principate constitutional stability and staying power in case something happened to Princeps Augustus . His illness of early 23 BC and the Caepio conspiracy showed that the regime 's existence hung by the thin thread of the life of one man , Augustus himself , who suffered from several severe and dangerous illnesses throughout his life . If he were to die from natural causes or fall victim to assassination , Rome could be subjected to another round of civil war . The memories of Pharsalus , the Ides of March , the proscriptions , Philippi , and Actium , barely twenty @-@ five years distant , were still vivid in the minds of many citizens . Proconsular imperium was conferred upon Agrippa for five years , similar to Augustus ' power , in order to accomplish this constitutional stability . The exact nature of the grant is uncertain but it probably covered Augustus ' imperial provinces , east and west , perhaps lacking authority over the provinces of the Senate . That came later , as did the jealously guarded tribunicia potestas . Augustus ' powers were now complete . In fact , he dated his ' reign ' from the completion of the Second Settlement , July 1 , 23 BC . Almost as importantly , the Principate now had constitutional stability . Later Roman Emperors were generally limited to the powers and titles originally granted to Augustus , though often newly appointed Emperors would decline one or more of the honorifics given to Augustus in order to display humility . Just as often , as their reign progressed , Emperors would appropriate all of the titles , regardless of whether they had been granted them by the Senate . Later Emperors took to wearing the civic crown , consular insignia , and the purple robes of a Triumphant general ( toga picta ) , which became the imperial insignia well into the Byzantine era . = = War and expansion = = Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus chose Imperator ( " victorious commander " ) to be his first name , since he wanted to make an emphatically clear connection between himself and the notion of victory . By the year 13 , Augustus boasted 21 occasions where his troops proclaimed " imperator " as his title after a successful battle . Almost the entire fourth chapter in his publicly released memoirs of achievements known as the Res Gestae was devoted to his military victories and honors . Augustus also promoted the ideal of a superior Roman civilization with a task of ruling the world ( to the extent to which the Romans knew it ) , a sentiment embodied in words that the contemporary poet Virgil attributes to a legendary ancestor of Augustus : tu regere imperio populos , Romane , memento — " Roman , remember by your strength to rule the Earth 's peoples ! " The impulse for expansionism apparently was prominent among all classes at Rome , and it is accorded divine sanction by Virgil 's Jupiter in Book 1 of the Aeneid , where Jupiter promises Rome imperium sine fine , " sovereignty without end " . By the end of his reign , the armies of Augustus had conquered northern Hispania ( modern Spain and Portugal ) and the Alpine regions of Raetia and Noricum ( modern Switzerland , Bavaria , Austria , Slovenia ) , Illyricum and Pannonia ( modern Albania , Croatia , Hungary , Serbia , etc . ) , and had extended the borders of the Africa Province to the east and south . Judea was added to the province of Syria when Augustus deposed Herod Archelaus , successor to client king Herod the Great ( 73 – 4 BC ) . Syria ( like Egypt after Antony ) was governed by a high prefect of the equestrian class rather than by a proconsul or legate of Augustus . Again , no military effort was needed in 25 BC when Galatia ( modern Turkey ) was converted to a Roman province shortly after Amyntas of Galatia was killed by an avenging widow of a slain prince from Homonada . The rebellious tribes of Asturias and Cantabria in modern @-@ day Spain were finally quelled in 19 BC , and the territory fell under the provinces of Hispania and Lusitania . This region proved to be a major asset in funding Augustus ' future military campaigns , as it was rich in mineral deposits that could be fostered in Roman mining projects , especially the very rich gold deposits at Las Medulas . Conquering the peoples of the Alps in 16 BC was another important victory for Rome , since it provided a large territorial buffer between the Roman citizens of Italy and Rome 's enemies in Germania to the north . Horace dedicated an ode to the victory , while the monument Trophy of Augustus near Monaco was built to honor the occasion . The capture of the Alpine region also served the next offensive in 12 BC , when Tiberius began the offensive against the Pannonian tribes of Illyricum , and his brother Nero Claudius Drusus moved against the Germanic tribes of the eastern Rhineland . Both campaigns were successful , as Drusus ' forces reached the Elbe River by 9 BC — though he died shortly after by falling off his horse . It was recorded that the pious Tiberius walked in front of his brother 's body all the way back to Rome . To protect Rome 's eastern territories from the Parthian Empire , Augustus relied on the client states of the east to act as territorial buffers and areas that could raise their own troops for defense . To ensure security of the Empire 's eastern flank , Augustus stationed a Roman army in Syria , while his skilled stepson Tiberius negotiated with the Parthians as Rome 's diplomat to the East . Tiberius was responsible for restoring Tigranes V to the throne of the Kingdom of Armenia . Yet arguably his greatest diplomatic achievement was negotiating with Phraates IV of Parthia ( 37 – 2 BC ) in 20 BC for the return of the battle standards lost by Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae , a symbolic victory and great boost of morale for Rome . Werner Eck claims that this was a great disappointment for Romans seeking to avenge Crassus ' defeat by military means . However , Maria Brosius explains that Augustus used the return of the standards as propaganda symbolizing the submission of Parthia to Rome . The event was celebrated in art such as the breastplate design on the statue Augustus of Prima Porta and in monuments such as the Temple of Mars Ultor ( ' Mars the Avenger ' ) built to house the standards . Parthia had always posed a threat to Rome in the east , but the real battlefront was along the Rhine and Danube rivers . Before the final fight with Antony , Octavian 's campaigns against the tribes in Dalmatia were the first step in expanding Roman dominions to the Danube . Victory in battle was not always a permanent success , as newly conquered territories were constantly retaken by Rome 's enemies in Germania . A prime example of Roman loss in battle was the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in AD 9 , where three entire legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus were destroyed by Arminius , leader of the Cherusci , an apparent Roman ally . Augustus retaliated by dispatching Tiberius and Drusus to the Rhineland to pacify it , which had some success although the battle of AD 9 brought the end to Roman expansion into Germany . Roman general Germanicus took advantage of a Cherusci civil war between Arminius and Segestes ; they defeated Arminius , who fled that battle but was killed later in 21 due to treachery . = = Death and succession = = The illness of Augustus in 23 BC brought the problem of succession to the forefront of political issues and the public . To ensure stability , he needed to designate an heir to his unique position in Roman society and government . This was to be achieved in small , undramatic , and incremental ways that did not stir senatorial fears of monarchy . If someone was to succeed Augustus ' unofficial position of power , he would have to earn it through his own publicly proven merits . Some Augustan historians argue that indications pointed toward his sister 's son Marcellus , who had been quickly married to Augustus ' daughter Julia the Elder . Other historians dispute this due to Augustus ' will read aloud to the Senate while he was seriously ill in 23 BC , instead indicating a preference for Marcus Agrippa , who was Augustus ' second in charge and arguably the only one of his associates who could have controlled the legions and held the Empire together . After the death of Marcellus in 23 BC , Augustus married his daughter to Agrippa . This union produced five children , three sons and two daughters : Gaius Caesar , Lucius Caesar , Vipsania Julia , Agrippina the Elder , and Postumus Agrippa , so named because he was born after Marcus Agrippa died . Shortly after the Second Settlement , Agrippa was granted a five @-@ year term of administering the eastern half of the Empire with the imperium of a proconsul and the same tribunicia potestas granted to Augustus ( although not trumping Augustus ' authority ) , his seat of governance stationed at Samos in the eastern Aegean . This granting of power showed Augustus ' favor for Agrippa , but it was also a measure to please members of his Caesarian party by allowing one of their members to share a considerable amount of power with him . Augustus ' intent became apparent to make Gaius and Lucius Caesar his heirs when he adopted them as his own children . He took the consulship in 5 and 2 BC so that he could personally usher them into their political careers , and they were nominated for the consulships of AD 1 and 4 . Augustus also showed favor to his stepsons , Livia 's children from her first marriage Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus ( henceforth referred to as Drusus ) and Tiberius Claudius ( henceforth Tiberius ) , granting them military commands and public office , though seeming to favor Drusus . After Agrippa died in 12 BC , Tiberius was ordered to divorce his own wife Vipsania and marry Agrippa 's widow , Augustus ' daughter Julia — as soon as a period of mourning for Agrippa had ended . Drusus ' marriage to Antonia was considered an unbreakable affair , whereas Vipsania was " only " the daughter of the late Agrippa from his first marriage . Tiberius shared in Augustus ' tribune powers as of 6 BC , but shortly thereafter went into retirement , reportedly wanting no further role in politics while he exiled himself to Rhodes . No specific reason is known for his departure , though it could have been a combination of reasons , including a failing marriage with Julia , as well as a sense of envy and exclusion over Augustus ' apparent favouring of his young grandchildren @-@ turned @-@ sons Gaius and Lucius . ( Gaius and Lucius joined the college of priests at an early age , were presented to spectators in a more favorable light , and were introduced to the army in Gaul . ) After the early deaths of both Lucius and Gaius in AD 2 and 4 respectively , and the earlier death of his brother Drusus ( 9 BC ) , Tiberius was recalled to Rome in June AD 4 , where he was adopted by Augustus on the condition that he , in turn , adopt his nephew Germanicus . This continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs . In that year , Tiberius was also granted the powers of a tribune and proconsul , emissaries from foreign kings had to pay their respects to him , and by AD 13 was awarded with his second triumph and equal level of imperium with that of Augustus . The only other possible claimant as heir was Postumus Agrippa , who had been exiled by Augustus in AD 7 , his banishment made permanent by senatorial decree , and Augustus officially disowned him . He certainly fell out of Augustus ' favor as an heir ; the historian Erich S. Gruen notes various contemporary sources that state Postumus Agrippa was a " vulgar young man , brutal and brutish , and of depraved character " . Postumus Agrippa was murdered at his place of exile either shortly before or after the death of Augustus . On 19 August AD 14 , Augustus died while visiting Nola where his father had died . Both Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that Livia was rumored to have brought about Augustus ' death by poisoning fresh figs . This element features in many modern works of historical fiction pertaining to Augustus ' life , but some historians view it as likely to have been a salacious fabrication made by those who had favoured Postumus as heir , or other of Tiberius ' political enemies . Livia had long been the target of similar rumors of poisoning on the behalf of her son , most or all of which are unlikely to have been true . Alternatively , it is possible that Livia did supply a poisoned fig ( she did cultivate a variety of fig named for her that Augustus is said to have enjoyed ) , but did so as a means of assisted suicide rather than murder . Augustus ' health had been in decline in the months immediately before his death , and he had made significant preparations for a smooth transition in power , having at last reluctantly settled on Tiberius as his choice of heir . It is likely that Augustus was not expected to return alive from Nola , but it seems that his health improved once there ; it has therefore been speculated that Augustus and Livia conspired to end his life at the anticipated time , having committed all political process to accepting Tiberius , in order to not endanger that transition . Augustus ' famous last words were , " Have I played the part well ? Then applaud as I exit " — referring to the play @-@ acting and regal authority that he had put on as emperor . Publicly , though , his last words were , " Behold , I found Rome of clay , and leave her to you of marble . " An enormous funerary procession of mourners traveled with Augustus ' body from Nola to Rome , and on the day of his burial all public and private businesses closed for the day . Tiberius and his son Drusus delivered the eulogy while standing atop two rostra . Augustus ' body was coffin @-@ bound and cremated on a pyre close to his mausoleum . It was proclaimed that Augustus joined the company of the gods as a member of the Roman pantheon . The mausoleum was despoiled by the Goths in 410 during the Sack of Rome , and his ashes were scattered . Historian D. C. A. Shotter states that Augustus ' policy of favoring the Julian family line over the Claudian might have afforded Tiberius sufficient cause to show open disdain for Augustus after the latter 's death ; instead , Tiberius was always quick to rebuke those who criticized Augustus . Shotter suggests that Augustus ' deification obliged Tiberius to suppress any open resentment that he might have harbored , coupled with Tiberius ' " extremely conservative " attitude towards religion . Also , historian R. Shaw @-@ Smith points to letters of Augustus to Tiberius which display affection towards Tiberius and high regard for his military merits . Shotter states that Tiberius focused his anger and criticism on Gaius Asinius Gallus ( for marrying Vipsania after Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce her ) , as well as toward the two young Caesars , Gaius and Lucius — instead of Augustus , the real architect of his divorce and imperial demotion . = = Legacy = = Augustus ' reign laid the foundations of a regime that lasted , in one form or another , for nearly fifteen hundred years through the ultimate decline of the Western Roman Empire and until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 . Both his adoptive surname , Caesar , and his title Augustus became the permanent titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire for fourteen centuries after his death , in use both at Old Rome and at New Rome . In many languages , Caesar became the word for Emperor , as in the German Kaiser and in the Bulgarian and subsequently Russian Tsar . The cult of Divus Augustus continued until the state religion of the Empire was changed to Christianity in 391 by Theodosius I. Consequently , there are many excellent statues and busts of the first emperor . He had composed an account of his achievements , the Res Gestae Divi Augusti , to be inscribed in bronze in front of his mausoleum . Copies of the text were inscribed throughout the Empire upon his death . The inscriptions in Latin featured translations in Greek beside it , and were inscribed on many public edifices , such as the temple in Ankara dubbed the Monumentum Ancyranum , called the " queen of inscriptions " by historian Theodor Mommsen . There are a few known written works by Augustus that have survived such as his poems Sicily , Epiphanus , and Ajax , an autobiography of 13 books , a philosophical treatise , and his written rebuttal to Brutus ' Eulogy of Cato . Historians are able to analyze existing letters penned by Augustus to others for additional facts or clues about his personal life . Many consider Augustus to be Rome 's greatest emperor ; his policies certainly extended the Empire 's life span and initiated the celebrated Pax Romana or Pax Augusta . The Roman Senate wished subsequent emperors to " be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan " . Augustus was intelligent , decisive , and a shrewd politician , but he was not perhaps as charismatic as Julius Caesar , and was influenced on occasion by his third wife , Livia ( sometimes for the worse ) . Nevertheless , his legacy proved more enduring . The city of Rome was utterly transformed under Augustus , with Rome 's first institutionalized police force , fire fighting force , and the establishment of the municipal prefect as a permanent office . The police force was divided into cohorts of 500 men each , while the units of firemen ranged from 500 to 1 @,@ 000 men each , with 7 units assigned to 14 divided city sectors . A praefectus vigilum , or " Prefect of the Watch " was put in charge of the vigiles , Rome 's fire brigade and police . With Rome 's civil wars at an end , Augustus was also able to create a standing army for the Roman Empire , fixed at a size of 28 legions of about 170 @,@ 000 soldiers . This was supported by numerous auxiliary units of 500 soldiers each , often recruited from recently conquered areas . With his finances securing the maintenance of roads throughout Italy , Augustus also installed an official courier system of relay stations overseen by a military officer known as the praefectus vehiculorum . Besides the advent of swifter communication among Italian polities , his extensive building of roads throughout Italy also allowed Rome 's armies to march swiftly and at an unprecedented pace across the country . In the year 6 Augustus established the aerarium militare , donating 170 million sesterces to the new military treasury that provided for both active and retired soldiers . One of the most enduring institutions of Augustus was the establishment of the Praetorian Guard in 27 BC , originally a personal bodyguard unit on the battlefield that evolved into an imperial guard as well as an important political force in Rome . They had the power to intimidate the Senate , install new emperors , and depose ones they disliked ; the last emperor they served was Maxentius , as it was Constantine I who disbanded them in the early 4th century and destroyed their barracks , the Castra Praetoria . Although the most powerful individual in the Roman Empire , Augustus wished to embody the spirit of Republican virtue and norms . He also wanted to relate to and connect with the concerns of the plebs and lay people . He achieved this through various means of generosity and a cutting back of lavish excess . In the year 29 BC , Augustus paid 400 sesterces each to 250 @,@ 000 citizens , 1 @,@ 000 sesterces each to 120 @,@ 000 veterans in the colonies , and spent 700 million sesterces in purchasing land for his soldiers to settle upon . He also restored 82 different temples to display his care for the Roman pantheon of deities . In 28 BC , he melted down 80 silver statues erected in his likeness and in honor of him , an attempt of his to appear frugal and modest . The longevity of Augustus ' reign and its legacy to the Roman world should not be overlooked as a key factor in its success . As Tacitus wrote , the younger generations alive in AD 14 had never known any form of government other than the Principate . Had Augustus died earlier ( in 23 BC , for instance ) , matters might have turned out differently . The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican oligarchy and the longevity of Augustus , therefore , must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a de facto monarchy in these years . Augustus ' own experience , his patience , his tact , and his political acumen also played their parts . He directed the future of the Empire down many lasting paths , from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers , to the dynastic principle so often employed in the imperial succession , to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor 's expense . Augustus ' ultimate legacy was the peace and prosperity the Empire enjoyed for the next two centuries under the system he initiated . His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor . Every Emperor of Rome adopted his name , Caesar Augustus , which gradually lost its character as a name and eventually became a title . The Augustan era poets Virgil and Horace praised Augustus as a defender of Rome , an upholder of moral justice , and an individual who bore the brunt of responsibility in maintaining the empire . However , for his rule of Rome and establishing the principate , Augustus has also been subjected to criticism throughout the ages . The contemporary Roman jurist Marcus Antistius Labeo ( d . AD 10 / 11 ) , fond of the days of pre @-@ Augustan republican liberty in which he had been born , openly criticized the Augustan regime . In the beginning of his Annals , the Roman historian Tacitus ( c . 56 – c.117 ) wrote that Augustus had cunningly subverted Republican Rome into a position of slavery . He continued to say that , with Augustus ' death and swearing of loyalty to Tiberius , the people of Rome simply traded one slaveholder for another . Tacitus , however , records two contradictory but common views of Augustus : Intelligent people praised or criticized him in varying ways . One opinion was as follows . Filial duty and a national emergency , in which there was no place for law @-@ abiding conduct , had driven him to civil war — and this can neither be initiated nor maintained by decent methods . He had made many concessions to Anthony and to Lepidus for the sake of vengeance on his father 's murderers . When Lepidus grew old and lazy , and Anthony 's self @-@ indulgence got the better of him , the only possible cure for the distracted country had been government by one man . However , Augustus had put the state in order not by making himself king or dictator , but by creating the Principate . The Empire 's frontiers were on the ocean , or distant rivers . Armies , provinces , fleets , the whole system was interrelated . Roman citizens were protected by the law . Provincials were decently treated . Rome itself had been lavishly beautified . Force had been sparingly used — merely to preserve peace for the majority . According to the second opposing opinion : filial duty and national crisis had been merely pretexts . In actual fact , the motive of Octavian , the future Augustus , was lust for power ... There had certainly been peace , but it was a blood @-@ stained peace of disasters and assassinations . In a recent biography on Augustus , Anthony Everitt asserts that through the centuries , judgments on Augustus ' reign have oscillated between these two extremes but stresses that : " Opposites do not have to be mutually exclusive , and we are not obliged to choose one or the other . The story of his career shows that Augustus was indeed ruthless , cruel , and ambitious for himself . This was only in part a personal trait , for upper @-@ class Romans were educated to compete with one another and to excel . However , he combined an overriding concern for his personal interests with a deep @-@ seated patriotism , based on a nostalgia of Rome 's antique virtues . In his capacity as princeps , selfishness and selflessness coexisted in his mind . While fighting for dominance , he paid little attention to legality or to the normal civilities of political life . He was devious , untrustworthy , and bloodthirsty . But once he had established his authority , he governed efficiently and justly , generally allowed freedom of speech , and promoted the rule of law . He was immensely hardworking and tried as hard as any democratic parliamentarian to treat his senatorial colleagues with respect and sensitivity . He suffered from no delusions of grandeur . " Tacitus was of the belief that Nerva ( r . 96 – 98 ) successfully " mingled two formerly alien ideas , principate and liberty " . The 3rd @-@ century historian Cassius Dio acknowledged Augustus as a benign , moderate ruler , yet like most other historians after the death of Augustus , Dio viewed Augustus as an autocrat . The poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus ( AD 39 – 65 ) was of the opinion that Caesar 's victory over Pompey and the fall of Cato the Younger ( 95 BC – 46 BC ) marked the end of traditional liberty in Rome ; historian Chester G. Starr , Jr. writes of his avoidance of criticizing Augustus , " perhaps Augustus was too sacred a figure to accuse directly . " The Anglo @-@ Irish writer Jonathan Swift ( 1667 – 1745 ) , in his Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome , criticized Augustus for installing tyranny over Rome , and likened what he believed Great Britain 's virtuous constitutional monarchy to Rome 's moral Republic of the 2nd century BC . In his criticism of Augustus , the admiral and historian Thomas Gordon ( 1658 – 1741 ) compared Augustus to the puritanical tyrant Oliver Cromwell ( 1599 – 1658 ) . Thomas Gordon and the French political philosopher Montesquieu ( 1689 – 1755 ) both remarked that Augustus was a coward in battle . In his Memoirs of the Court of Augustus , the Scottish scholar Thomas Blackwell ( 1701 – 1757 ) deemed Augustus a Machiavellian ruler , " a bloodthirsty vindicative usurper " , " wicked and worthless " , " a mean spirit " , and a " tyrant " . = = = Revenue reforms = = = Augustus ' public revenue reforms had a great impact on the subsequent success of the Empire . Augustus brought a far greater portion of the Empire 's expanded land base under consistent , direct taxation from Rome , instead of exacting varying , intermittent , and somewhat arbitrary tributes from each local province as Augustus ' predecessors had done . This reform greatly increased Rome 's net revenue from its territorial acquisitions , stabilized its flow , and regularized the financial relationship between Rome and the provinces , rather than provoking fresh resentments with each new arbitrary exaction of tribute . The measures of taxation in the reign of Augustus were determined by population census , with fixed quotas for each province . Citizens of Rome and Italy paid indirect taxes , while direct taxes were exacted from the provinces . Indirect taxes included a 4 % tax on the price of slaves , a 1 % tax on goods sold at auction , and a 5 % tax on the inheritance of estates valued at over 100 @,@ 000 sesterces by persons other than the next of kin . An equally important reform was the abolition of private tax farming , which was replaced by salaried civil service tax collectors . Private contractors that raised taxes had been the norm in the Republican era , and some had grown powerful enough to influence the amount of votes for politicians in Rome . The tax farmers had gained great infamy for their depredations , as well as great private wealth , by winning the right to tax local areas . Rome 's revenue was the amount of the successful bids , and the tax farmers ' profits consisted of any additional amounts they could forcibly wring from the populace with Rome 's blessing . Lack of effective supervision , combined with tax farmers ' desire to maximize their profits , had produced a system of arbitrary exactions that was often barbarously cruel to taxpayers , widely ( and accurately ) perceived as unfair , and very harmful to investment and the economy . The use of Egypt 's immense land rents to finance the Empire 's operations resulted from Augustus ' conquest of Egypt and the shift to a Roman form of government . As it was effectively considered Augustus ' private property rather than a province of the Empire , it became part of each succeeding emperor 's patrimonium . Instead of a legate or proconsul , Augustus installed a prefect from the equestrian class to administer Egypt and maintain its lucrative seaports ; this position became the highest political achievement for any equestrian besides becoming Prefect of the Praetorian Guard . The highly productive agricultural land of Egypt yielded enormous revenues that were available to Augustus and his successors to pay for public works and military expeditions , as well as bread and circuses for the population of Rome . During his reign the circus games resulted in the murder of 3 @,@ 500 elephants . = = = Month of August = = = The month of August ( Latin : Augustus ) is named after Augustus ; until his time it was called Sextilis ( named so because it had been the sixth month of the original Roman calendar and the Latin word for six is sex ) . Commonly repeated lore has it that August has 31 days because Augustus wanted his month to match the length of Julius Caesar 's July , but this is an invention of the 13th century scholar Johannes de Sacrobosco . Sextilis in fact had 31 days before it was renamed , and it was not chosen for its length ( see Julian calendar ) . According to a senatus consultum quoted by Macrobius , Sextilis was renamed to honor Augustus because several of the most significant events in his rise to power , culminating in the fall of Alexandria , fell in that month . = = = Building projects = = = On his deathbed , Augustus boasted " I found a Rome of bricks ; I leave to you one of marble . " Although there is some truth in the literal meaning of this , Cassius Dio asserts that it was a metaphor for the Empire 's strength . Marble could be found in buildings of Rome before Augustus , but it was not extensively used as a building material until the reign of Augustus . Although this did not apply to the Subura slums , which were still as rickety and fire @-@ prone as ever , he did leave a mark on the monumental topography of the centre and of the Campus Martius , with the Ara Pacis ( Altar of Peace ) and monumental sundial , whose central gnomon was an obelisk taken from Egypt . The relief sculptures decorating the Ara Pacis visually augmented the written record of Augustus ' triumphs in the Res Gestae . Its reliefs depicted the imperial pageants of the praetorians , the Vestals , and the citizenry of Rome . He also built the Temple of Caesar , the Baths of Agrippa , and the Forum of Augustus with its Temple of Mars Ultor . Other projects were either encouraged by him , such as the Theatre of Balbus , and Agrippa 's construction of the Pantheon , or funded by him in the name of others , often relations ( e.g. Portico of Octavia , Theatre of Marcellus ) . Even his Mausoleum of Augustus was built before his death to house members of his family . To celebrate his victory at the Battle of Actium , the Arch of Augustus was built in 29 BC near the entrance of the Temple of Castor and Pollux , and widened in 19 BC to include a triple @-@ arch design . There are also many buildings outside of the city of Rome that bear Augustus ' name and legacy , such as the Theatre of Mérida in modern Spain , the Maison Carrée built at Nîmes in today 's southern France , as well as the Trophy of Augustus at La Turbie , located near Monaco . After the death of Agrippa in 12 BC , a solution had to be found in maintaining Rome 's water supply system . This came about because it was overseen by Agrippa when he served as aedile , and was even funded by him afterwards when he was a private citizen paying at his own expense . In that year , Augustus arranged a system where the Senate designated three of its members as prime commissioners in charge of the water supply and to ensure that Rome 's aqueducts did not fall into disrepair . In the late Augustan era , the commission of five senators called the curatores locorum publicorum iudicandorum ( translated as " Supervisors of Public Property " ) was put in charge of maintaining public buildings and temples of the state cult . Augustus created the senatorial group of the curatores viarum ( translated as " Supervisors for Roads " ) for the upkeep of roads ; this senatorial commission worked with local officials and contractors to organize regular repairs . The Corinthian order of architectural style originating from ancient Greece was the dominant architectural style in the age of Augustus and the imperial phase of Rome . Suetonius once commented that Rome was unworthy of its status as an imperial capital , yet Augustus and Agrippa set out to dismantle this sentiment by transforming the appearance of Rome upon the classical Greek model . = = Physical appearance and official images = = His biographer Suetonius , writing about a century after Augustus ' death , described his appearance as : " ... unusually handsome and exceedingly graceful at all periods of his life , though he cared nothing for personal adornment . He was so far from being particular about the dressing of his hair , that he would have several barbers working in a hurry at the same time , and as for his beard he now had it clipped and now shaved , while at the very same time he would either be reading or writing something ... He had clear , bright eyes ... His teeth were wide apart , small , and ill @-@ kept ; his hair was slightly curly and inclining to golden ; his eyebrows met . His ears were of moderate size , and his nose projected a little at the top and then bent ever so slightly inward . His complexion was between dark and fair . He was short of stature ( although Julius Marathus , his freedman and keeper of his records , says that he was five feet and nine inches , more or less 1 @.@ 75 meter , in height ) , but this was concealed by the fine proportion and symmetry of his figure , and was noticeable only by comparison with some taller person standing beside him . ... " His official images were very tightly controlled and idealized , drawing from a tradition of Hellenistic royal portraiture rather than the tradition of realism in Roman portraiture . He first appeared on coins at the age of 19 , and from about 29 BC " the explosion in the number of Augustan portraits attests a concerted propaganda campaign aimed at dominating all aspects of civil , religious , economic and military life with Augustus ' person . " The early images did indeed depict a young man , but although there were gradual changes his images remained youthful until he died in his seventies , by which time they had " a distanced air of ageless majesty " . Among the best known of many surviving portraits are the Augustus of Prima Porta , the image on the Ara Pacis , and the Via Labicana Augustus , which shows him as a priest . Several cameo portraits include the Blacas Cameo and Gemma Augustea . = = Ancestry = = = = Descendants = = Augustus ' only biological ( non @-@ adopted ) child was his daughter .
= State of the World ( song ) = " State of the World " is a song recorded by American singer Janet Jackson for her fourth studio album , Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 ) . It was written and produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , with additional writing by Jackson . While recording the album , Jackson and the producers watched television , especially news channels , and created the song inspired by that . " State of the World " focuses lyrically on homeless people . It was released as the eighth and final single from the album on February 6 , 1991 , by A & M Records . The song was not released commercially in the United States , making it ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 or the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , but it reached number five on Billboard 's Hot 100 Airplay chart . No music video was made to accompany the song . Jackson has only included " State of the World " on her Rhythm Nation World Tour in 1990 . = = Background and release = = Following the commercial and critical success of her 1986 album , Control , Jackson was motivated to continue songwriting and took a larger role in the creative production of her new album . Executives at A & M requested that she expand on the ideas presented on Control , suggesting a concept album entitled Scandal that would have been about the Jackson family . She wrote a song titled " You Need Me " which was directed at her father Joseph , but was unwilling to devote an entire album to the subject and substituted her own concept for theirs . She commented that " [ a ] lot of people wanted me to do another album like Control and that 's what I didn 't want to do . I wanted to do something that I really believed in and that I really felt strong about . " The concept of Rhythm Nation emerged as Jackson was a TV watcher , " We would watch BET , MTV ... then switched over to CNN , and there 'd always be something messed @-@ up happening . It was never good news , always bad news " , producer James " Jimmy Jam " Harris recalled . " State of the World " was one of these songs , influenced by TV and news . Jam recalled that with the song , they were trying to do something like Marvin Gaye 's song " What 's Going On " although we never could hope to achieve that , but still wanted to make people aware of what was happening in a way they could dance to it . Released on February 6 , 1991 , " State of the World " was the eighth and the final single of Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 . The record label reckoned that they would boost album sales with a radio @-@ only promotion . = = Composition = = " State of the World " focuses lyrically on homeless people . According to Jon Pareles of The New York Times , Jackson tries to stay optimistic with the world 's state : " Let 's weather the storm together " , and compared the song musically to the music by Prince . In the book Born in the U.S.A. : The Myth of America in Popular Music from Colonial Times to the Present by Timothy E. Scheurer , the author noted that she " attempts to deliver a message of hope " . According to him , the song is like a " medical diagnosis in which Jackson proposes education as the key to settling problems " . Pace magazine described the song as an " aggressive dance assault " . Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine noted that the producers " loosened their rigid backbeats in acquiescence with new jack 's standard three @-@ on @-@ one swing " as noted in the song . = = Critical reception = = Jon Pareles of The New York Times considered that " despite its platitudinous message , [ the song ] has stark edges and angles " . Sputnikmusic 's Zachary Powell commented that " ' State of the World ' keeps the upbeat motion that Rhythm Nation begins , but with more of a socially conscious twist . It shares with the preceding track a groovy beat and danceability , but takes it to another direction lyrically and shows the caring side of Janet Jackson " . Dennis Hunt of Los Angeles Times commented positively saying that the move to social commentary was a rocky decision . However , he felt that " State of the World " was not interesting enough musically to carry the messages . On the book Michael Jackson A Life In Music : A Life in Music , by writer Geoff Brown focusing on Jackson 's brother Michael , he noted that like her brother , she can focus on problems as shown on the song , but she offers no solutions to them . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide commented that " heartfelt pleas for racial unity and cloudy musings on the ' State of the World ' don 't obscure the pulsating beat of other songs " from the album . Jonathan Van Meter from Spin was critical of the song , saying that " State of the World " , " Rhythm Nation " and " The Knowledge " formed " a Spike Lee @-@ esque trilogy made even less convincing by a tiresome house music back @-@ beat and that unfortunate , outdated beat on every fourth count " . AllMusic 's editor Alex Henderson called the song " disturbing " . = = Chart performance and live performance = = In the US the song was released as a radio @-@ only single , and was therefore ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . However , it peaked at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and number nine on the Hot Dance Club Songs charts . Author Fred Bronson noted it likely would have been the album 's eighth top ten hit if a commercial product had been distributed . In Australia , the song received a commercial release , and peaked at number 94 on the ARIA Singles Chart in July 1991 . Jackson has only performed the song on her Rhythm Nation World Tour . = = Track listings = = Australian CD single " State of the World " ( LP Version ) – 4 : 49 " State of the World " ( State of the World Suite ) – 14 : 09 Japanese CD maxi single – The Remixes " State of the World " ( United Nations 7 " ) – 4 : 20 " State of the World " ( State of the House 7 " ) – 4 : 32 " State of the World " ( Third World 7 " ) – 4 : 26 " State of the World " ( LP Version ) – 4 : 49 " State of the World " ( State of the House 12 " ) – 4 : 59 " State of the World " ( United Nations 12 " ) – 7 : 50 " State of the World " ( United Nations Dub ) – 6 : 15 " State of the World " ( United Nations Instrumental ) – 4 : 49 " State of the World " ( Third World Dub ) – 3 : 08 " State of the World " ( Third World Instrumental ) – 4 : 47 " State of the World " ( Make a Change Dub ) – 4 : 45 " State of the World " ( World Dance Mix ) – 4 : 52 " State of the World Suite " – 14 : 09 = = Credits and personnel = = Locations Recorded at the Flyte Tyme Studios ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Mixed at the Flyte Tyme Studios ( Edina , Minnesota ) Personnel Janet Jackson – lead vocals , background vocals , songwriter , co @-@ producer , keyboards , rhythm and vocal arranger Jimmy Jam – producer , songwriter , keyboards and drum programming , percussion , rhythm and vocal arranger Terry Lewis – producer , songwriter , percussion , background vocals , rhythm and vocal arranger René Elizondo , Jr . – background vocals Steve Hodge – background vocals , recording and mixing engineer Brian Gardner – mastering Credits adapted from Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 album booklet . = = Charts = =
= Personal relationships of Paul McCartney = Paul McCartney had numerous relationships during his early life in Liverpool , and during his time with the Beatles . He was engaged to Dot Rhone , actress Jane Asher , and married three times : to Linda Eastman , Heather Mills and Nancy Shevell . McCartney had a three year relationship with Dot Rhone in Liverpool , buying her a gold ring in Hamburg . In London , McCartney had a five year relationship with Asher , living in her parents ' house for three years . He wrote several songs at the Ashers ' house , including " Yesterday " . Asher inspired other songs , such as " And I Love Her " , " You Won 't See Me " and " I 'm Looking Through You " . On 25 December 1967 they announced their engagement , but separated in early 1968 . McCartney met American photographer Linda Eastman in a club in London while still with Asher . They met again at the launch party for the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper album . In May 1968 , McCartney met Eastman again in New York , and they were married on 12 March 1969 . They had three children together , and remained married until her death from breast cancer in 1998 . McCartney appeared publicly beside Heather Mills at a party in January 2000 , to celebrate her 32nd birthday . On 11 June 2002 , they were married at Castle Leslie in Glaslough , Ireland . They had one child , Beatrice , in 2003 , but were living apart by May 2006 . In July 2006 , British newspapers announced that McCartney had petitioned for divorce . On 17 March 2008 , the financial terms of the divorce were finalised , which awarded Mills £ 24 @.@ 3 million ( $ 38 @.@ 5 million ) . In November 2007 McCartney started dating Nancy Shevell , who is a member of the board of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority , as well as vice president of a family owned New England Motor Freight . It was announced on 6 May 2011 that the two had become engaged , and they married in London on 9 October 2011 . = = Early relationships = = One of McCartney 's first girlfriends , in 1959 , was called Layla ; a name he remembered as being unusual in Liverpool at the time . She was slightly older than McCartney and used to ask him to baby @-@ sit with her . Julie Arthur , another girlfriend , was Ted Ray 's niece . McCartney 's first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was seventeen year old Dorothy " Dot " Rhone ( a bank clerk or a cashier at a chemist 's , according to varying accounts ) , whom he had met at The Casbah Club in 1959 . McCartney picked out the clothes he liked Rhone to wear and told her which make up to use , also paying for her to have her blonde hair done in the style of Brigitte Bardot , whom both he and John Lennon idolised . He disliked Rhone seeing her friends , and stopped her from smoking , even though he did so himself . When McCartney first went to Hamburg with The Beatles he wrote regular letters to Rhone , and she accompanied Lennon 's girlfriend , Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when the group played there again in 1962 . According to Rhone , McCartney bought her a gold ring in Hamburg , a leather skirt , took her sightseeing , and was very attentive and caring . For the time Rhone was there , the couple lived in a bungalow by the Hamburg docks that belonged to Rosa , a former cleaner at the Indra club . McCartney admitted that he had other girlfriends in Hamburg when Rhone was in Liverpool , admitting that they were usually strippers , who knew a lot more about sex than Liverpool girls . Rhone later rented a room in the same house as Cynthia Lennon was living , with McCartney contributing to the rent . Shortly after McCartney returned from Hamburg in May 1962 , Rhone told him that she was pregnant . They told McCartney 's father , Jim McCartney , whom they expected to be shocked at the news , but found him delighted at the prospect of becoming a grandfather . McCartney took out a marriage licence and set the wedding date for November , shortly before the baby was due . Rhone had a miscarriage in July 1962 , and after a few weeks , McCartney 's feelings towards Rhone " cooled off " , and he finished their relationship . He then had a brief relationship with Thelma Pickles , who had previously dated Lennon . She later married Liverpool poet Roger McGough , but remembered McCartney as growing from a " plump young schoolboy into someone very much his own person " during their time together . McCartney also had a fiery " on @-@ off " relationship with Iris Caldwell , the younger sister of singer Rory Storm , who refused to bow to McCartney 's demands . After one argument , Caldwell poured a bowl of sugar over his head , but when McCartney turned up the next day , she had to phone her new boyfriend , George Harrison , to cancel their date . Rhone later emigrated to Toronto , Canada , and McCartney met her again when the Beatles played there , and then again with Wings . Rhone later said that " Love of the Loved " and " P.S. I Love You " were written about her . Years later , Cynthia Lennon gave back to Rhone the gold ring that McCartney had bought her in Hamburg , having once tried it on while Rhone was washing dishes , and forgotten to take it off . Rhone is now a grandmother and lives in Mississauga , Ontario . = = Asher , Eastman , Schwartz and McGivern = = McCartney first met British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963 , when the Beatles performed at the Royal Albert Hall , in London , after a photographer asked them to pose with her . They were then interviewed by Asher for the BBC , with Asher being photographed screaming at them like a fan . McCartney soon met Asher 's family : Margaret , her mother was a music teacher , and Asher 's father Richard was a physician . Her brother , Peter , was a member of Peter and Gordon , and her younger sister , Clare , was also an actress . McCartney later gave " A World Without Love " to Peter and Gordon , as well as " Nobody I Know " . Both songs were hits for the duo . McCartney took up residence at the Ashers ' house at 57 Wimpole Street , London , and lived there for nearly three years . During his time there McCartney met writers such as Bertrand Russell , Harold Pinter , and Len Deighton . He wrote several songs at the Ashers ' , including " Yesterday " , and worked on songs with Lennon in the basement music room . Asher inspired many songs , such as " And I Love Her " , " You Won 't See Me " , and " I 'm Looking Through You " . On 13 April 1965 , McCartney bought a £ 40 @,@ 000 three storey Regency house at 7 Cavendish Avenue , St. John 's Wood , London , and spent a further £ 20 @,@ 000 renovating it . He thanked the Ashers by paying for the decoration of the front of their house . On 15 May 1967 , McCartney met American photographer Linda Eastman at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O 'Nails in London . Eastman was in the UK on an assignment to take photographs of " swinging sixties " musicians in London . They met again four days later at the launch party for the Sgt. Pepper album at Beatles ' manager Brian Epstein 's house in Belgravia , but after her assignment was completed , she flew back to New York . On 25 December 1967 , McCartney and Asher announced their engagement , and she accompanied McCartney to India in February and March 1968 . Dark haired model Maggie McGivern was dating a photographer when , in 1966 , she embarked on a secret relationship with McCartney . She had just taken on a steady job working for Marianne Faithful and John Dunbar as the nanny to their little boy Nicholas , and it was while taking care of Nicholas in Marianne ’ s third floor Chelsea flat that she first encountered Paul McCartney . He buzzed the intercom to ask if John ( Dunbar ) was around , and when Paul explained who he was , Maggie invited him straight up . “ Paul ran up the stairs and came in . Very casually I told him that John wasn ’ t really in and that sent us both into hysterics . We were laughing and chatting . I made a nice lunch for Marianne and a bunch of her friends but they never showed up . Paul and I sat together and ate it instead . I ’ ll never forget the meal – it was chicken casserole . It was such a funny introduction that it threw us both off guard . It could have been very embarrassing , but there was an immediate rapport and we just couldn ’ t stop talking . ” They began a secret three year affair which ended just before Paul married Linda . Asher broke off the engagement in early 1968 , after coming back from an acting assignment in Bristol to find McCartney in bed with another woman , Francie Schwartz . McCartney and Asher later attempted to mend their relationship , but finally broke up in July 1968 . Asher has consistently refused to publicly discuss that part of her life . Schwartz , a twenty three year old New York scriptwriter , had travelled to London trying to interest Apple Corps in a film script . Schwartz was then asked by McCartney to move into his Cavendish Avenue house , and was given a job working for Derek Taylor at Apple , which was then based in Wigmore Street , London . She attended many sessions during the recording of the White Album , and was living with McCartney when Lennon and Yoko Ono were also invited to live there . Shortly after , Schwartz sold the story of her time at Cavendish Avenue to Rolling Stone magazine . = = Marriage to Linda Eastman = = In May 1968 , McCartney met Eastman again in New York , when Lennon and McCartney were there to announce the formation of Apple Corps . In September , McCartney phoned her and asked her to fly over to London . Six months later they were married at a small civil ceremony — when Eastman was four months pregnant with their child , Mary McCartney — at Marylebone Registry Office on 12 March 1969 . He later said that his wife was the woman who " gave me the strength and courage to work again " , after the break @-@ up of the Beatles . McCartney adopted her daughter from her first marriage , Heather , and had three children together : Mary , Stella , and James McCartney . McCartney taught Linda to play keyboards , and permanently included her in the line @-@ up of Wings . Linda died of breast cancer at age 56 in Tucson , Arizona , on 17 April 1998 ; McCartney denied rumours that her death was an assisted suicide . Along with eight other British composers , he contributed to the choral album A Garland for Linda , and dedicated his classical album , Ecce Cor Meum , to his late wife . McCartney has said that he and Linda spent less than a week apart during their entire marriage , excluding McCartney 's incarceration in Tokyo on drug charges in January 1980 . = = Marriage to Heather Mills = = After having sparked the interest of the tabloids about his appearances with Mills at events , McCartney appeared publicly beside Mills at a party in January 2000 , to celebrate her 32nd birthday . On 11 June 2002 , McCartney married Mills , a former model , amputee , and campaigner against landmines , in an elaborate ceremony at Castle Leslie in Glaslough , County Monaghan , Ireland , where more than 300 guests were invited and the reception included a vegetarian banquet . On 28 October 2003 , Mills gave birth to a daughter , Beatrice Milly McCartney , although the date has also been stated as 30 October . The baby was reportedly named after Mills ' mother Beatrice , and McCartney 's Aunt Milly . On 29 July 2006 , British newspapers announced that McCartney had petitioned for divorce , which sparked a media furore . On 17 March 2008 , the financial terms of the divorce were finalised , with a settlement awarding Mills £ 24 @.@ 3 million ( $ 38 @.@ 5 million ) . The settlement stated that McCartney pay their four @-@ year @-@ old daughter Beatrice 's nanny , school fees , and pay Beatrice £ 35 @,@ 000 ( $ 70 @,@ 000 ) a year until she is 17 , or ends her secondary education . After the divorce ruling , Justice Bennett said that throughout the case Mills was " inconsistent , inaccurate and less than candid " while McCartney was " honest . " On 12 May 2008 , Justice Hugh Bennett issued a decree nisi , which would become final after a period of six months apart . = = Marriage to Nancy Shevell = = McCartney started dating Shevell in November 2007 . She is a member of the board of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority as well as vice president of a family @-@ owned transportation conglomerate that includes New England Motor Freight . It was announced on 6 May 2011 that the two had become engaged . On 9 October 2011 McCartney and Shevell were married at Old Marylebone Town Hall where his first wedding took place in 1969 . The couple attended Yom Kippur synagogue services prior to the wedding , out of respect for Shevell 's Jewish faith , but did not seek a religious blessing for their union . Upon their marriage , Shevell became Lady McCartney . McCartney wrote the song " My Valentine " , from his 2012 album Kisses on the Bottom , about Shevell . She is second cousin to broadcast journalist Barbara Walters .
= My Big Fat Greek Rush Week = " My Big Fat Greek Rush Week " is the second episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the forty @-@ sixth episode overall . Written by executive producer Diane Ruggiero and directed by John T. Kretchmer , the episode premiered on The CW on October 10 , 2006 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Veronica infiltrates the Theta Beta sorority as part of her investigation into Parker 's rape . Meanwhile , the Hearst sociology teacher , Dr. Kinny ( Dan Castellaneta ) , conducts an experiment similar to the Stanford prison experiment . " My Big Fat Greek Rush Week " featured several notable guest stars , including appearances from Dan Castellaneta , Samm Levine , Rider Strong , and Rachelle Lefevre . In addition , David Tom returned as Chip Diller after previously appearing in the second season . The episode was watched by 2 @.@ 96 million people in its initial airing and received mixed to positive reviews from television critics . = = Synopsis = = A police officer interrogates Parker ( Julie Gonzalo ) about her rape , but she does not remember any of it . Veronica tells Sheriff Lamb ( Michael Muhney ) that she ran into the room and heard Parker having sex , and Parker berates her for not checking to see what was happening . Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) hikes through the desert after fleeing from Cormac Fitzpatrick ( Jason Beghe ) ; Cormac later realizes that Keith has disappeared and starts following him . Wallace ( Percy Daggs III ) and Logan 's ( Jason Dohring ) sociology professor recruits volunteers for a Stanford prison experiment @-@ like study . Veronica interviews for a photography position at the college newspaper , but the editor tasks her with writing an exposé of the Theta Beta sorority , where Parker was during the night of her rape . Parker ’ s parents appear at Hearst and announce that they are going to remove her from the college in light of her assault . During her investigation , Veronica poses as a potential recruit , but she does not note any suspicious activity . In the sociology experiment , Logan is assigned to the role of a prisoner , while Wallace acts as a " guard " . While tracking Keith , Cormac gets stuck in a bear trap ; his brother Liam ( Rod Rowland ) appears and shoots him . Veronica is invited to attend a " private party " , which she believes will be the key to her exposé . At the party , Veronica encounters Dick ( Ryan Hansen ) and learns that Parker 's room was easily accessible . Veronica pretends to be drunk in order to ascertain whether or not the sorority members collaborate with the rapist , but they just drive her home . The police search Kendall 's ( Charisma Carpenter ) apartment , but they only find a small amount of blood . In the fake prison during the experiment , the guards use sleep deprivation and verbal abuse to indicate the " prisoners " . Returning home , Keith cries and tells Veronica that he made a mistake . The guard puts one prisoner in solitary confinement . Veronica learns that a student , Moe Flater ( Andrew McClain ) , took Parker home the night of the rape . She confronts him , but upon further investigation , she accepts his alibi . Veronica learns that the main surveillance camera of the sorority was in the den mother 's room . The prisoners in the experiment successfully escape from prison . Veronica breaks into the room that is under surveillance and finds that they are growing marijuana . Veronica types up her exposé and hands it to the newspaper editor , but before it is published , one of the sorority members informs Veronica that they are growing the cannabis in order to aid the den mother 's cancer . Veronica cannot stop the publication of the article , but she warns the sorority about potential repercussions nonetheless . Mac ( Tina Majorino ) convinces Parker to stay at Hearst . The prisoners believe they have won the study , but the guards have tricked them into winning , allowing them to escape . Keith tells the police the story of Kendall and Cormac 's deaths : Kendall gave Keith a valuable painting disguised as money in a case , and Cormac tried to kill Kendall and Keith to get the case 's contents . Cormac killed Liam out of anger that there was no money . The episode concludes with Logan streaking through sociology class , fulfilling a bet made earlier in the episode . = = Production = = The episode was written by Diane Ruggiero and directed by John T. Kretchmer , marking Ruggiero 's thirteenth writing credit and Kretchmer 's eleventh directing credit for the series . The episode features several notable guest appearances . Dan Castellaneta , best known as the voice of Homer Simpson on The Simpsons , appears as Dr. Kinny , a sociology professor . Rider Strong guest stars as a student who participates as a guard in the experiment . The episode features a guest appearance by Samm Levine , best known for his role on Freaks and Geeks . Levine had previously worked with series star Chris Lowell on Life as We Know It , a show that had been cancelled in 2005 . Rachelle Lefevre , known for her later roles as Victoria in The Twilight Saga and in Under the Dome , guest stars as Marjorie , one of the sorority girls who becomes friends with Veronica . On the DVD Commentary , series creator Rob Thomas opined that the relationship between Veronica and Keith was the core of the series and listed the scene in which Keith stays up all night before scaring Veronica in the morning as one of his favorite examples of their chemistry in the season . Thomas highlighted the scene in which a girl shows Veronica around the sorority as indicative of Hansen 's comedic talents ; in addition , it marked the first appearance of David Tom in the season , a guest star in season two who was brought back for a recurring role in this season . The actress who played the girl showing Veronica around , Keri Lynn Pratt , previously appeared in the film Drive Me Crazy , which Thomas co @-@ wrote . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " My Big Fat Greek Rush Week " was watched by 2 @.@ 96 million viewers in its initial airing , marking a decrease from the season premiere and ranking 83rd out of 88 in the weekly rankings . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received mixed to positive reviews . Eric Goldman , writing for IGN , gave the episode an 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 , indicating that it was great . He wrote that it felt " more like a normal episode of the series " compared to the premiere 's " introduction type " tone . He also praised the prison experiment subplot , writing that it " introduced a who 's who of recognizable guest stars , all of whom could clearly rerun on a show that loves to build a large cast of periphery characters . " Price Peterson , writing for TV.com , gave a positive review , writing " Anytime Veronica goes undercover as her polar opposite is just a good time , you know ? [ … ] And as much as the Stanford Experiment thing was low @-@ stakes and standalone , I enjoyed its unpredictable twists and reveals . Perfect early season plotline . " Alan Sepinwall wrote that the prison experiment plotline never getting " out of hand [ … ] made it feel like a wasted opportunity " while writing that " Enrico Colantoni really sold Keith 's despair at the resolution " of his plotline . Writing for The A.V. Club , Rowan Kaiser gave a more mixed review , stating that the show and Veronica were both still discovering their place at the show 's new setting . " The show is still tense , still powerful , still amusing . But it doesn 't know how to apply those things in its new setting . " However , Kaiser concluded that " Veronica Mars is a mess right now . But it ’ s an extremely ambitious mess . I ’ d watch rather ' ambitious and difficult ' than ' boring , ' and ' My Big Fat Greek Rush Week ' was anything but boring . " Television Without Pity gave the episode a " B " .
= Looking Forward ( 1910 film ) = Looking Forward is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . Adapted from James Oliver Curwood 's short story of the same name , the film follows a young chemist named Jack Goodwin . He discovers a chemical compound that puts a person into a state of sleep for a determined period of time and decides to test it upon himself . The first test is a success and Jack makes arrangements for his sleep of a hundred years , in a state similar to suspended animation . When he awakes in 2010 into a world ruled by women , he woos the female mayor . Jack joins a society to campaign for men 's rights . The society ends up before the female mayor who jails all of them , save for Jack who she proposes to . Jack accepts on the condition that men are given back their rights and she accepts . The cast and production credits of the film are not known , but Theodore Marston was not the director . The film was released on December 20 , 1910 . The film is presumed lost . = = Plot = = The film focuses on Jack Goodwin , a young chemistry student who has discovered a novel compound that allows a person to be put in a state of sleep for any length of time . The compound causes an effect similar to suspended animation , with no ill @-@ effects or bodily changes . Jack tests the compound on himself for a period of a week and desires to test it for a century . In preparation for this , he obtains a safety deposit vault and provides instructions to be presented before the mayor in a hundred years . Jack 's experiment works and he awakes in the year 2010 to a very different future . Transportation has been radically changed to pneumatic tubes allowing him to be transported to the mayor . The woman mayor takes an interest in him and invites her over to her home . In the intervening years , the world has become ruled by women and Jack is now out of place , but the two fall in love . Her father is an advocate for men 's rights and Jack joins their society . The group soon appears before the mayor and she sends all of them to jail through the pneumatic tube , except for Jack . She proposes to him , but Jack only consents if the rights of men would be granted . The mayor is true to her word and signs a decree to give the men their liberty . During the ceremony , she attempts to lead Jack to the altar , but Jack shows her that the man must lead . When the bridal veil is placed on Jack , he places it on his new wife . = = Cast = = Frank H. Crane William Russell = = Production = = The scenario is adapted from James Oliver Curwood 's short story of the same name . The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Sometimes the directional credit is given to Theodore Marston . The apparent origin of this error is from the American Film @-@ Index 1908 – 1915 . Film historian Q. David Bowers consulted one of the co @-@ authors of the book , Gunnar Lundquist , and confirmed that the credit of Marston was in error . Theodore Marston worked with Pathé , Kinemacolor , Vitagraph and other companies , but there is no record of Marston working with Thanhouser . This error has persisted in several works including The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . Musical accompaniment for the silent films were not provided by the studios , and the Thanhouser productions were no exception . The musical program for the screenings were decided and played by the individual accompanists . At times , musical accompaniments were shared in trade journals , but for Looking Forward a dispute serves to provide one musical credit provided by Mrs. Buttery of Pennsylvania . In responding to an editorial in The Moving Picture World , Mrs. Buttery stated that " John Took Me Home to See His Mother " was played during film at some unstated point . = = Release and reception = = The single reel comedy , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on December 20 , 1910 . The New York Dramatic Mirror stated , " Here is a rather exaggerated farce with a good many laughs in it . It has for its basis recent cartoons , but has original treatment . The male members of the cast seemed to enjoy their roles , perhaps for the reason that it is a man 's picture ; the laugh seems on the ladies . " A more contemporary analysis of the film was covered in a paper by Eric Dewberry , who credits this film as Thanhouser 's first film portraying suffragists . Dewberry writes that the film presents the idea of a woman mayor , something which was not farfetched for women to find to be humorous . Despite Jack 's lack of power in the new era which he awakes to , he managed to win the heart of a powerful woman and easily restore the rights of men . Taken one way , the film seems to advance the idea that a women of power are controlled by their hearts . Dewing writes , " On the one hand it mocks many female suffrage " fighting tactics , " as suffragists , in an attempt to not appear too extremist and alienable , exploited conservative ideas of feminine virtue in order to assert their citizenship and reform desires . In the film , the man assumes effeminate passions to woo the Mayor . On the other hand , those sympathetic to the cause can see this as proof that these tactics can work in politics . The film also toys with the fears men harbored concerning the loss of power over females in public spaces , a threat to masculinity and manhood . " The film is also believed to have been the first adaptation of Curwood 's work .
= Francis Pegahmagabow = Francis Pegahmagabow MM & Two bars ( March 9 , 1889 – August 5 , 1952 ) was the First Nations soldier most highly decorated for bravery in Canadian military history and the most effective sniper of World War I. Three times awarded the Military Medal and seriously wounded , he was an expert marksman and scout , credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more . Later in life , he served as chief and a councilor for the Wasauksing First Nation , and as an activist and leader in several First Nations organizations . He corresponded with and met other noted aboriginal figures including Fred Loft , Jules Sioui , Andrew Paull and John Tootoosis . = = Early life = = Francis Pegahmagabow was born on March 9 , 1889 , on what is now the Shawanaga First Nation reserve in Nobel , Ontario . In Ojibwe his name was Binaaswi ( " the wind that blows off " ) . His father was a man of the First Nation and his mother of the First Nation , located further up Bay 's north shore . His father Michael had been raised by Noah Nebimanyquod after the deaths of his parents ; Michael died of an unspecified severe illness in April 1891 , and his mother Mary Contin returned to her native Henvey Inlet First Nation after contracting the same illness . Francis was raised by Nebimanyquod and grew up in Shawanaga , where he learned traditional skills such as hunting , fishing , and practised a mix of Catholicism and Anishnaabe spirituality . In January 1912 Pegahmagabow received financial aid for room and board to complete his education with the help of the Parry Sound Crown attorney Walter Lockwood Haight . That summer he worked for the Department of Marine and Fisheries on the Great Lakes as a marine fire fighter . = = Military career = = Following the outbreak of World War I , Pegahmagabow volunteered for service with the Canadian Expeditionary Force in August 1914 , despite Canadian government discrimination that initially excluded minorities . He was posted to the 23rd Canadian Regiment ( Northern Pioneers ) . After joining the Canadian force he was based at CFB Valcartier . While there he decorated his army tent with traditional symbols including a deer , the symbol of his clan . In February 1915 he was deployed overseas with the 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion of the 1st Canadian Division — the first contingent of Canadian troops sent to flight in Europe . His companions there nicknamed him " Peggy " . Shortly after his arrival on the continent , Pegahmagabow fought in the Second Battle of Ypres , where the Germans used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front , and it was during this battle that he began to establish a reputation as a sniper and scout . Following the battle he was promoted to lance corporal . His battalion took part in the Battle of the Somme in 1916 , during which he was wounded in the left leg . He recovered in time to return to the 1st Battalion as they moved to Belgium . He received the Military Medal for carrying messages along the lines during these two battles . Initially , his commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Frank Albert Creighton , had nominated him from the Distinguished Conduct Medal , citing his disregard for danger and " faithfulness to duty " , but it was downgraded . On November 6 / 7 , 1917 , Pegahmagabow earned a Bar to his Military Medal for his actions in the Second Battle of Passchendaele . During the fighting there Pegahmagabow 's battalion was given the task of launching an attack at Passchendaele . By this time , he had been promoted to the rank of corporal and during the battle he was recorded playing an important role as a link between the units on the 1st Battalion 's flank . When the battalion 's reinforcements became lost , Pegahmagabow was instrumental in guiding them and ensuring that they reached their allocated spot in the line . On August 30 , 1918 , during the Battle of the Scarpe , Pegahmagabow was involved in fighting off a German attack at Orix Trench near Upton Wood . His company was almost out of ammunition and in danger of being surrounded . Pegahmagabow braved heavy machine gun and rifle fire by going into no @-@ man 's land and brought back enough ammunition to enable his post to carry on and assist in repulsing heavy enemy counter @-@ attacks . For these efforts he received a second Bar to his Military Medal , becoming one of only 38 Canadians to receive this honour . The war ended in November 1918 and in 1919 Pegahmagabow was invalided back to Canada . He had served for almost the whole war , and had built a reputation as a skilled marksman . Using the much @-@ maligned Ross rifle , he was credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more . By the time of his discharge he had attained the rank of sergeant @-@ major and had been awarded the 1914 – 15 Star , the British War Medal , and the Victory Medal . = = Political life = = Upon his return to Canada he continued to serve in the Algonquin Regiment militia as a non @-@ permanent active member . Following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps , he was elected chief of the Parry Island Band from February 1921 . Once in office he caused a schism in the band after he wrote a letter calling for certain individuals and those of mixed race to be expelled from the reserve . He was re @-@ elected in 1924 and served until he was deposed via an internal power struggle in April 1925 . Before the motion could go through , Pegahmagabow resigned . A decade later , he was appointed councillor from 1933 to 1936 . In 1933 the Department of Indian Affairs ( DIA ) changed its policies and forbade First Nation chiefs from corresponding with the DIA . They directed that all correspondence , as of the spring of 1933 , go through the Indian Agent . This gave huge power to the Agent , something that grated on Pegahmagabow , who did not get along with his Indian Agent , John Daly . First Nation members who served in the army during World War I were particularly active as political activists . They had travelled the world , earned the respect of the comrades in the trenches , and refused to be sidelined by the newly empowered Indian Agent . Historian Paul Williams termed these advocates " returned soldier chiefs " , and singled out a few , including Pegahmagabow , as being especially active . This caused intense disagreements with Daly and eventually led to Pegahmagabow being deposed as chief . Daly and other agents who came in contact with Pegahmagabow were incredibly frustrated by his attempts , in his words , to free his people from " white slavery " . The Indian agents labelled him a " mental case " and strove to sideline him and his supporters . In addition to the power struggle between the Indian council and the DIA with which Pegahmagabow took issue , he was a constant agitator over the islands in Georgian Bay of the Huron . The Regional First Nation governments claimed the islands as their own and Pegahmagabow and other chiefs tried in vain to get recognition of their status . During World War II Pegahmagabow worked as a guard at a munitions plant near Nobel , Ontario , and was a Sergeant @-@ major in the local militia . In 1943 , he became the Supreme Chief of the Native Independent Government , an early First Nations organization . = = Family and legacy = = A married father of six children , Pegahmagabow died on the Parry Island reserve in 1952 at the age of 61 . He is a member of the Indian Hall of Fame at the Woodland Centre in Brantford , Ontario , and his memory is also commemorated on a plaque honouring him and his regiment on the Rotary and Algonquin Regiment Fitness Trail in Parry Sound . Honoured by the Canadian Forces by naming the 3rd Canadian Ranger Patrol Group HQ Building at CFB Borden after him . Canadian journalist Adrian Hayes wrote a biography of Pegahmagabow titled Pegahmagabow : Legendary Warrior , Forgotten Hero , published in 2003 , and another titled Pegahmagabow : Life @-@ Long Warrior , published in 2009 . Canadian novelist Joseph Boyden 's 2005 novel Three Day Road was inspired in part by Pegahmagabow . The novel 's protagonist is a fictional character who , like Pegahmagabow , serves as a military sniper during World War I , although Pegahmagabow also appears as a minor character . A life @-@ sized bronze statue of Pegahmagabow was erected in his honour on National Aboriginal Day , June 21 , 2016 , in Parry Sound , near Georgian Bay . The figure has an eagle on one arm , a Ross rifle slung from its shoulder , and a caribou at its feet , representing the Caribou Clan that Pegahmagabow belonged to . The Eagle was his spirit animal . The artist Tyler Fauvelle spent eight months sculpting the statue , which spent a further year in casting . Fauvelle chose to erect it in Parry Sound rather than Wasauksing to reach a larger public and educate them on the contributions of First Nations people to Canada . = = = Awards = = = He was first awarded the Military Medal while fighting at the second battle of Ypres , Festubert and Givenchy , for courage above fire in getting important messages through to the rear . Earned his first bar to the Military Medal at the bloody Battle of Passchendaele . His second bar to the Military Medal came at the battle of The Scarpe , in 1918 . Only 37 other Canadian men received the honour of two bars . The 1914 – 15 Star The British War Medal The Victory Medal In 2003 the Pegahmagabow family donated his medals and chief head dress to the Canadian War Museum where they can be seen as of 2010 as part of the World War I display . While researching his 2005 novel Three Day Road , Boyden was asked about why he thought that Pegahmagabow had not received a higher award like the Distinguished Conduct Medal or the Victoria Cross . Boyden speculated it was due to Pegahmagabow being a First Nations soldier , and that there may have been jealousy on the part of some officers who he felt might have been suspicious of the number of Germans Pegahmagabow claimed to have shot because he did not use an observer while sniping .
= RMS Magdalena ( 1948 ) = Magdalena was a 17 @,@ 547 GRT passenger and refrigerated cargo ocean liner that Harland and Wolff built in Belfast in 1948 for Royal Mail Lines ( RML ) . Launched on 11 May 1948 , she was the third @-@ largest ship being built in a UK shipyard at that time . Built as a replacement for a ship lost during the Second World War , she was to serve on route between England and the east coast of South America . She was wrecked on her maiden voyage in 1949 , the third ship built by Harland and Wolff to suffer this fate . The insurance payout of £ 2 @,@ 295 @,@ 000 was the largest made at the time for a marine casualty in the United Kingdom . Due to changing trading conditions RML decided not to replace her . = = Description = = Magdalena was 570 feet 1 inch ( 173 @.@ 76 m ) long overall ( 540 feet 0 inches ( 164 @.@ 59 m ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 73 feet 3 inches ( 22 @.@ 33 m ) , and a draught of 28 feet 9 inches ( 8 @.@ 76 m ) ( SLL ) . She was propelled by two Parsons steam turbines , double reduction geared , driving twin screws . Developing 12 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 8 @,@ 900 kW ) , they could propel the ship at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ) . Magdalena had five holds for the carriage of refrigerated cargo , three forward and two aft , for a total of 460 @,@ 000 cubic feet ( 13 @,@ 000 m3 ) . Internally she was divided into nine watertight compartments . She was of part @-@ riveted and part @-@ welded construction , with a double bottom . She was certificated to carry 251 crew and 529 passengers . She was assessed at 17 @,@ 547 GRT , 9 @,@ 885 NRT , 9 @,@ 725 DWT . = = History = = RML ordered Magdalena in 1946 . Her keel had been laid by 8 October when Harland and Wolff applied for a passenger certificate for the ship . In 1947 it was reported that delivery would be delayed until the end of 1948 and that the cost of building her would be considerably higher than the estimated cost when the order was placed . She was built to replace Highland Patriot , which had been sunk in 1940 . Magdalena was the first passenger ship built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast after the end of the war and the third @-@ largest being built in the United Kingdom at that time . The ship was the third in the Royal Mail Lines fleet to carry the name Magdalena , she was built to serve on the Tilbury – Cherbourg – Vigo – Lisbon – Las Palmas – Pernambuco – Bahia – Rio de Janeiro – Santos – Montevideo – Buenos Aires route . She was launched on 11 May 1948 . Her passenger certificate was issued on 18 February 1949 . Her port of registry was London . The Official Number 182955 and Code Letters GFQD were allocated . Magdalena left London on her maiden voyage on 9 March 1949 , bound for Buenos Aires , Argentina . Her captain was on his final voyage before retirement . She called at Las Palmas in the Canary Islands on 15 March , and Rio de Janeiro , Brazil on 24 March . She reached Buenos Aires , where a cargo of 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 048 t ) of meat was loaded , and called at Santos where a cargo of oranges was loaded . Carrying 237 crew and 347 passengers , she left Santos on 24 April , passing south of the Isle of Moela and the Isle of San Sebastian . Magdalena 's course was more northerly than that intended , and adjustments were made twice on the orders of her captain . She passed Boi Point , San Sebastian at 19 : 56 and her course was altered to pass about 0 @.@ 5 nmi ( 0 @.@ 93 km ) north of the Palmas Island Lighthouse , at the entrance to Rio de Janeiro Harbour . The captain retired to bed at about 22 : 45 , leaving written orders to be called when the ship was at a bearing of 315 ° off the Garituba Lighthouse . As Magdalena was not due at Rio de Janeiro until the morning , her speed was reduced to 13 @.@ 5 knots ( 25 @.@ 0 km / h ) . At 02 : 30 on 25 April , she was some 2 to 2 @.@ 5 nmi ( 3 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 6 km ) north of her intended position and another adjustment was made to her heading . By 03 : 30 , she was on course and the bearing of 315 ° to the Guarituba Lighthouse was obtained at 03 : 49 , at which point the captain was called . Having checked that all was well , he left orders to be called at 04 : 30 . At 04 : 00 , the watch changed ; the incoming watch were informed that the ship 's course would mean that it would pass close to the Tijucas Rocks . Shortly before 04 : 30 , a fix was obtained which showed that Magdalena was again 1 ⁄ 2 nautical mile ( 930 m ) north of her intended position . The captain was called as ordered and informed that arrival off Palmas Island would be at about 05 : 07 . The first officer then took another fix as he was unsure of the accuracy of the first fix . He had just returned to the bridge when something was seen in the water ahead of them , which the Third Officer took to be a ship without lights . The order " port , 3 degrees " was given , followed by " hard @-@ a @-@ starboard " immediately before Magdalena struck the Tijucas Rocks , located between the Carragas Islands and the Palmas Islands . The time of the grounding was 04 : 40 . An SOS was broadcast , which was answered by the Brazilian Navy , which sent three submarine chasers and three destroyers to the scene . The passengers were ordered to take to the lifeboats . Tenders and tugs also assisted in the rescue of all passengers from Magdalena without loss of life . The sea conditions at the time were smooth . At 19 : 00 , the steam turbines had to be shut down , and power was then provided by her auxiliary diesel engines . At about 20 : 00 , the submarine chaser Guaporé arrived and started to rescue the passengers . Other ships which assisted in the rescue were the tugs Comandante Triunfo , Dorat , Saturno and Trovão , and also the cargo ship Goiaz . Magdalena was refloated at 23 : 34 . Her No.3 compartment was flooded and she was down by the bows . Tugs were sent to tow her the 15 nautical miles ( 28 km ) into Rio de Janeiro . The tow started at 07 : 00 on 26 April , making slow progress , with the ship being towed stern first and making just 3 knots ( 5 @.@ 6 km / h ) . Her bows were drawing 45 feet ( 14 m ) of water . She was abeam of Sugarloaf Mountain when she began to split in two forward of her aft superstructure . This happened as the ship was passing over a sandbank at the harbour mouth , which lay at a depth of about 45 feet ( 14 m ) . The anchors were then dropped . The remaining passengers and crew abandoned ship , with the last three leaving just before Magdalena broke up . The bow section remained at anchor in the Guanabara Bay , The bow section slowly sank , being noticeably deeper in the water by 29 April . It finally sank on 30 April , with its foremast clear of the water marking its position ( 22 ° 57 ′ 05 ″ S 43 ° 7 ′ 30 ″ W ) . Much of her cargo of oranges washed up on Copacabana Beach . Salvage of the bow section was officially abandoned on 7 June . The wreck now lies in 36 to 44 feet ( 11 to 13 m ) of water . The stern section drifted aground at the opposite side to the bay to where the bow section remained . The passengers ' baggage was salvaged , as well as mail being carried . Of her cargo , 450 long tons ( 457 t ) of frozen meat was salvaged , with hopes that a further 300 long tons ( 305 t ) would also be salvageable , as well as 2 @,@ 000 of the 12 @,@ 000 cases of oranges . They were shipped to the United Kingdom aboard Highland Brigade . Salvage operations were abandoned on 25 May , and it was decided to sell her remains for scrap . Magdalena 's stern section was towed to Imbuí Bay , and was sold for £ 50 @,@ 000 . Her steam turbines were used for many years to generate electricity for Manaus . The ship 's bell and some other small parts , including some portholes are preserved at the Jurujuba Yacht Club , Niterói . The wreck of the bow section was a hazard to shipping until at least the 1970s , but has since been mostly demolished . It is difficult to dive due to strong currents in the area , poor visibility and anchoring in the busy shipping lane being banned . On 4 May , Magdalena was declared to be a total loss , making her the third ship built by Harland and Wolff to be lost on her maiden voyage . [ Note 1 ] Her insurers paid out £ 2 @,@ 295 @,@ 000 to Royal Mail Lines by cheque on 16 May . At the time , this was the biggest payout for a marine casualty in the United Kingdom . It was decided that a replacement ship would not be built . = = Investigation = = A preliminary enquiry into Magdalena 's was held at Rio de Janeiro by the British Consul @-@ General , who sent a report to the Minister of Transport , who ordered that a Court of Formal Investigation be held . The enquiry was held at the Royal Courts of Justice , London on 26 – 28 September 1949 with J. V. Naisby KC in charge , assisted by Captains Grimston and Williamson , and a Mr. Gray . Evidence was heard that the ship was seaworthy , and that the provision of rescue equipment on board either met or exceeded the required standard . The course selected was deemed to be correct , but the navigation of the ship was defective , with insufficient attention being paid to compass errors . Her captain had his master 's certificate suspended for two years . Her first officer had his certificate suspended for a year , being allowed to hold a second mate 's certificate during this time . These suspensions were effective from the date of the report 's release on 3 October 1949 . = = Reunion = = In April 1996 a reunion was held at Belfast of people who had either helped to build or worked on board Magdalena . It was organised by the Lagan Legacy heritage organisation . Four of the seven people contacted attended the reunion , with one coming from Australia .

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