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= Vilna offensive = The Vilna offensive was a campaign of the Polish – Soviet War of 1919 – 1921 . The Polish army launched an offensive on April 16 , 1919 , to take Vilnius ( Polish : Wilno ) from the Red Army . After three days of street fighting from April 19 – 21 , the city was captured by Polish forces , causing the Red Army to retreat . During the offensive , the Poles also succeeded in securing the nearby cities of Lida , Pinsk , Navahrudak , and Baranovichi . The Red Army launched a series of counterattacks in late April , all of which ended in failure . The Soviets briefly recaptured the city a year later , in spring 1920 , when the Polish army was retreating along the entire front . In the aftermath , the Vilna offensive would cause much turmoil on the political scene in Poland and abroad . = = Prelude = = Soviet Russia , while at the time publicly supporting Polish and Lithuanian independence , sponsored communist agitators working against the government of the Second Polish Republic , and considered that its eastern borders should approximate those of the defunct Congress Poland . Poles and Lithuanians , on the other hand , inspired by memories of the greatness of the erstwhile Grand Duchy of Lithuania , part of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth , saw their borders as lying much farther east . The leader of the Polish forces , Józef Piłsudski , discerned an opportunity for regaining territories that were once the part of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth , and since then were part of the Prussian Empire , shaken by the 1917 Revolution and the ongoing Russian Civil War . In the first weeks of 1919 , following the retreat of the German Ober @-@ Ost forces under Max Hoffmann , Vilnius found itself in a power vacuum . It promptly became the scene of struggles among competing political groups and experienced several internal revolutions . On January 1 , Polish officers , led by generals Władysław Wejtko and Stefan Mokrzecki , attempted to take control of the city by establishing a Samoobrona ( " Self @-@ Defense " ) provisional government . Their aim was to defeat the Communist " Workers ' Council " , a rival faction within Vilnius plotting to seize the city . Samoobrona rule of Vilnius did not last long . Four days later January 5 , 1919 , the Polish forces were forced to make a hasty retreat when the Russian Western Army marched in from Smolensk to support the local communists as part of the Soviet westward offensive . Vilnius , the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , became part of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and was soon proclaimed capital of the Lithuanian – Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Lit @-@ Bel ) on February 27 , 1919 . The Lit @-@ Bel became the 8th government to control Vilnius in two years . During the month and a half that the Lit @-@ Bel controlled the city , the new communist government turned Vilnius into a social experiment , testing various applications of left @-@ leaning governmental systems on the city 's inhabitants . Józef Piłsudski , Polish commander @-@ in @-@ chief , determined that regaining control of Vilnius , whose population consisted mostly of Poles and Jews , should be a priority of the renascent Polish state . He had been working on plans to take control of Vilnius since at least March ; he gave preliminary orders to prepare a push in that direction — and counter an expected Soviet westward push — on March 26 . One of Piłsudski 's objectives was to take control of Vilnius before Western diplomats at the Paris Peace Conference could rule on whom the city , demanded by various factions , should be given to . The action was not discussed with Polish politicians or the government , who at that time were more concerned with the situation on the southern Polish – Ukrainian front . By early April , when members of the Kresy Defence Committee ( Komitet Obrony Kresów ) Michał Pius Römer , Aleksander Prystor , Witold Abramowicz , and Kazimierz Świtalski met with Pilsudski , stressing the plight of occupied Vilnius and its inhabitants ' need for self @-@ government , Piłsudski was ready to move . = = The Offensive = = = = = Diversionary attacks = = = Piłsudski arrived at the front near Lida on 15 April , bringing reinforcements from Warsaw . His plan called for exploitation of the gap in the Soviet lines between Vilnius and Lida by an advance towards Vilnius using the road and railway . Amidst diversionary attacks , designed to draw Russian attention away from the main Polish thrust towards Vilnius , the main Polish attack began at dawn on 16 April . The forces moving on Vilnius included the cavalry group of Colonel Wladyslaw Belina @-@ Prazmowski , composed of 800 men in nine cavalry squadrons and a battery of horse artillery ; and infantry under General Edward Rydz @-@ Śmigły , composed of 2 @,@ 500 men in three battalions of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division and two batteries of heavy artillery . Soviet forces in the area were composed of the Western Rifle Division , a unit which had many pro @-@ communist Polish volunteers , and other units of the Western Army . The Soviet garrison of Vilnius numbered about 2 @,@ 000 newly trained troops . Soviet forces in the area around Vilnius are estimated at 7 @,@ 000 infantry , a few hundred cavalry , and 10 artillery pieces . These forces were to be engaged and thus prevented from coming to the aid of the Vilnius garrison . The diversionary attacks went well , with Soviet forces acting under the impression that the Poles had targets other than Vilnius . Despite their diversionary intent , these attacks succeeded in their own right , with Generał Józef Adam Lasocki taking Lida in two days despite unexpectedly strong resistance , and Generał Stefan Mokrzecki taking Nowogrodek in three days and Baranowicze in four . = = = Assault on Vilnius = = = On 18 April , Colonel Belina decided to use the element of surprise and move into Vilnius without waiting for the slower infantry units . Polish forces left the village of Mýto in early morning . At 03 : 30 on 19 April , Maj. Zaruski took Lipówka near Vilnius . Belina 's cavalry bypassed Vilnius and attacked from behind , taking the train station on the night of 18 to 19 April ; on 19 April , cavalry under lieutenant Gustaw Orlicz @-@ Dreszer — future Polish general — charged into the suburbs , spreading panic among the confused garrison . He seized the train station and sent a train down the line to collect infantry . In this surprise raid about 400 prisoners , 13 trains , and various military supplies were captured . Piłsudski would declare Belina 's cavalry action the " most exquisite military action carried out by Polish cavalry in this war " . Cavalrymen fought for control of the center of Vilnius and took Cathedral Square , the castle complex on the hillside , and the enemy quarters on the southern riverbank . They also captured hundreds of Bolshevik soldiers and officials , but their numbers were too small compared to the enemy forces , who had begun to reorganize , particularly in the north and west of the town , and prepare a counterattack . Belina sent a message reporting that " enemy is resisting with extreme strength " and asking for immediate reinforcements . At around 8 : 00 in the evening the train he had sent in the morning returned with the first infantry reinforcements . The Polish troops were also supported by the city 's predominantly Polish population which formed a militia to aid them . By the evening of 19 April half of Vilnius was under Polish control , however , the Red Army troops and supporters were putting up a stubborn and coordinated defence . Only upon the arrival of the main force of Polish infantry under Generał Śmigły on 21 April did the Poles gain the upper hand , attacking those parts of the town still held by the Red Army . The Polish infantry was able to reinforce the cavalry in the city center , and during the night , with help of local guides , Polish forces crossed the river and took one of the bridges . On April 20 , the bridges were in the hands of the Poles , and more of the city fell under their control . During the afternoon of that day , after a three @-@ day @-@ long urban battle , the city was in Polish hands . Piłsudski arrived in Vilnius on the same day . = = = Jewish deaths = = = Reports also have been circulated about pogroms in Vilna . They are absolutely false . Nothing of the sort has happened there . That is a sample of the exaggeration German agents are giving to the situation to poison public opinion against us in America . – Ignacy Jan Paderewski , Prime Minister of Poland , 1919 As the Polish troops entered the city , the first pogrom in modern Vilnius started , as noted by the Timothy D. Snyder , citing Michał Pius Römer . Dozens of people connected with the Lit @-@ Bel were arrested , and some were executed ; Norman Davies cites a death toll for all – Jews and non @-@ Jews , under Polish rule – as 65 . Jews constituted close to one @-@ half of Vilnius 's population , according to the German census of 1916 , and many victims of fighting and subsequent repression in Vilnius were Jews . Henry Morgenthau , Sr. counted 65 , Joseph W. Bendersky counted over a hundred . There was a common belief among the Poles that most Jews were Bolsheviks and Communists , in league with the enemy of the Polish state , Soviet Russia . The Polish army stated that any Jews it killed were militants and collaborators engaged in actions against the Polish army . Having been fired at from Jewish homes , Polish soldiers took this as an excuse to break into many Jewish homes and stores , beating the Jews and robbing them , desecrating synagogues , arresting hundreds , depriving them of food and drink for days and deporting them from the city ; such abuses were , however , not supported by – and even specifically forbidden by – the Polish high command . The US Army representative on the scene , Colonel Wiliam F. Godson , agreed with the version of events presented by the Polish general staff . In his reports , Godson wrote that " Jews constituted at least 80 % of every Bolshevik organization " and that , unlike the " harmless Polish Jews " ( who really " had become Poles " ) , the " Litwaks or Russian Jews " are " extremely dangerous " , making the " Jewish question the most important one [ for the country ] " . Neglecting the plight of the Jews , Godson had only noted in his report the instances of Bolsheviks executing and mutilating civilians and Polish prisoners of war . The Nobel Prize @-@ winning author Władysław Reymont , in an article published by Gazeta Warszawska , the main organ of the openly antisemitic National Democratic Party , also denied that pogroms had taken place . Henry Morgenthau , Sr. of the Anglo @-@ American Investigating Commission in his report acquitted the Polish side of having organized pogroms , noting the wartime confusion and the fact that some Jews had indeed shot at the Polish forces . The report was , however , highly critical of the activities of the Polish Army in Vilnius , noting that 65 Jews with no proven connections to the Bolsheviks had been killed , and that many arrests , robberies and mistreatments had occurred , while soldiers guilty of these acts had not been punished . = = = Soviet counteroffensive = = = The Polish victory infuriated the Soviets , leading to dozens of arrests and several executions among those connected to the Lit @-@ Bel . ; the former Lit @-@ Bel leaders began accusing one another of culpability for the loss of their capital . Lenin considered the city vital to his plans , and ordered its immediate recapture , with the Red Army attempting several counteroffensives in April 1919 . Near the end of the month about 12 @,@ 000 infantry , 3 @,@ 000 cavalry , 210 heavy machine guns and 44 guns were assembled by Soviet forces in the area of Szyrwiany , Podbrodzie , Soly and Ashmyany . Polish forces in the area under general Stanisław Szeptycki numbered 11 @,@ 000 ; Rydz @-@ Śmigly had 8 infantry battalions , 18 cavalry squadrons and 18 guns in Vilnius itself . Rydz @-@ Śmigły decided to engage enemy forces before they combined their strengths . On the night of April 28 – 29 , general Stefan Dąb @-@ Biernacki took Podbrodzie , capturing one of the Soviet formations . Simultaneously , Soviet forces attacked near Deliny – Ogrodniki , south of Vilnius . Polish defenses and counterattacks managed to halt Soviet movements towards Vilnius , pushing them back towards Szkodziszki – Grygajce . In retaliation , Soviet forces launched yet another counterattack , this one from north of Vilnius . The results were significantly better than those of the previous offensive , with Soviet forces breaking through Polish defenses in the area . However , Red Army forces halted their movements short of Vilnius , not wishing to attack a hostile city during the night . Polish forces took advantage of the opportunity to strengthen their defenses . Shortly afterwards , Polish forces counterattacked , pushing the Red Army back towards Mejszagoła and Podberezie . Polish forces pursued and took those two settlements , as well as Giedrojsc and Smorgoń . By mid @-@ May Polish forces had reached the line of Narocz lake – Hoduciszki – Ignalina – Lyngniany , leaving Vilnius well behind the frontline . = = Aftermath = = Because of the successful surprise attack , the Polish army in Vilnius managed to appropriate sizable stocks of supplies and take hundreds of prisoners . When Piłsudski entered the city , a victory parade was held in his honour . The city 's Polish citizens on the whole were delighted ; their politicians envisaged a separate Lithuanian state closely allied with Poland . Representatives from the city were immediately sent to the Paris Peace Conference , and the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius , which had been closed in 1832 following the November 1830 Uprising , was reopened . Acting in accordance with his vision of a Polish @-@ led " Międzymorze " federation of East @-@ Central European states , Piłsudski on April 22 , 1919 , issued a bilingual statement , in Polish and Lithuanian , of his political intentions — the " Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania " , pledging to provide " elections [ which will ] take place on the basis of secret , universal and direct voting , without distinction between the sexes " and to " create an opportunity for settling your nationality problems and religious affairs in a manner that you yourself will determine , without any kind of force or pressure from Poland . " Piłsudski 's proclamation was aimed at showing good will both to Lithuanians and international diplomats ; the latter succeeded as the proclamation dealt a blow to the image of ' Polish conquest ' and replaced it with the image of ' Poland fighting with Bolsheviks dictatorship and liberating other nations ' ; however the Lithuanians who demanded exclusive control over the city were much less convinced . Piłsudski 's words also caused significant controversy on the Polish political scene ; as they had not been discussed with the Sejm and caused much anger among Piłsudski 's National @-@ Democratic opponents ; Polish People 's Party " Piast " deputies demanded incorporation of the Vilnius Region into Poland and even accused Piłsudski of treason . However , Piłsudski 's supporters in the Polish Socialist Party managed to deflect those attacks . The Lithuanian government in Kaunas , which viewed the city as the historic capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , saw the Polish incursion as an occupation . The Lithuanian government demanded Vilnius back . Relations between the Polish and Lithuanian governments , unable to reach a compromise over Vilnius , continued to worsen , destroying the prospects for Piłsudski 's plan of the Międzymorze federation and leading to open hostilities in the ensuing Polish – Lithuanian War . In 1920 , the Soviets recaptured Vilnius , followed by the Poles ' establishment of the short @-@ lived Republic of Central Lithuania . The Polish capture of Vilnius set the stage for further escalation of Polish conflicts with Soviet Russia and Lithuania . In coming months , Polish forces would push steadily eastward , launching Operation Minsk in August .
= Delhi Daredevils in 2012 = The Delhi Daredevils ( DD ) is a franchise cricket team based in Delhi , India , which plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . The team competed in the 2012 IPL and finished at the third place , thus qualified for the 2012 Champions League Twenty20 ( CLT20 ) . It topped the league and the group stage in the IPL and the CLT20 respectively ; however , it failed to win any match in the playoffs . After finishing last in the previous season , the Daredevils added players such as Mahela Jayawardene , Andre Russell , Kevin Pietersen and Ross Taylor to the squad . Eric Simons succeeded Greg Shipperd as the head coach and T. A. Sekhar took the mentorship . The team won 11 of the 16 matches played in the league stage of the IPL and topped the point table . However , it lost both its two matches in the playoffs and finished at the third place . In the CLT20 , they won two of its four group stage matches , while the other two were abandoned due to rain . It topped its group and reached the semi @-@ final , where it lost to the Highveld Lions . Morné Morkel was the highest wicket @-@ taker in the IPL , whereas skipper Virender Sehwag became the first batsman to score five consecutive fifties in the league . After the CLT20 , the team released fourteen of its players , including Robin Bist , Aaron Finch and Venugopal Rao , signing Jesse Ryder , Johan Botha and Jeevan Mendis . = = Background = = The Delhi Daredevils is a franchise cricket team based in Delhi , India which plays in the IPL . It is owned by the GMR Group , which bought it for US $ 84 million . It reached the IPL playoffs in the 2008 and the 2009 seasons , while topping the league stage in 2009 . It had a " shocking performance " in the 2011 season , finishing at the last position . In the 2012 IPL auction , the team purchased Mahela Jayawardene for $ 1 @.@ 4 million , Andre Russell for $ 450 @,@ 000 and Doug Bracewell for $ 50 @,@ 000 . It got Kevin Pietersen and Ross Taylor from the Deccan Chargers and the Rajasthan Royals respectively in a transfer window , and it gave Andrew McDonald to the Royal Challengers Bangalore . It also released Ashok Dinda and James Hopes to the Pune Warriors India . It signed Pawan Negi , Manpreet Juneja and Kuldeep Raval , dropping out Robert Frylinck , Sridharan Sriram , Vivek Yadav , Rajesh Pawar and Matthew Wade . Glenn Maxwell and Gulam Bodi were signed as the replacements for withdrawn players Travis Birt and Colin Ingram . Before the season , Daredevils ' head coach Greg Shipperd was replaced by Eric Simons , who was the previous assistant coach of the team and the then bowling coach of the India . T. A. Sekhar became the team mentor for the second time , after working with the Mumbai Indians in the previous two seasons . The theme song was also changed from Khelo Front Foot pe to Munday Dilli ke . In her preview of the Daredevils for ESPNcricinfo , Sharda Ugra termed the buying of Pietersen and Jayawardene as the " repair work for the new season . " She termed the team 's middle order as a " perfect mixture : batsmen of calibre combining with the game 's leading entertainers , " and identified Virender Sehwag and Jayawardene as the key players . = = Squad = = The following players made at least one appearance for the Daredevils in 2012 . The age given is at the start of the team 's first match of the year ( 5 April 2012 ) . = = Indian Premier League = = The Daredevils finished in third place in the 2012 IPL , which was " another season of dominance at the league stage ended without a win in the playoffs . " After a disappointing season in 2011 , the 2012 IPL saw a return of the Daredevils to being one of the more consistent IPL teams . Ugra said that despite having Virender Sehwag and David Warner as the openers , bowler Morné Morkel was the key player in the tournament , and Umesh Yadav was a nice assistant for him . Shahbaz Nadeem acted as a " tidy option " for a team which lacked spinners . Venugopal Rao , brought for $ 700 @,@ 000 , was termed as a " flop buy " by Ugra . Rao made 122 runs in ten matches , and had a strike @-@ rate lower than 104 . The team was captained by Sehwag , with Jayawardene acting as the stand @-@ in captain in two matches . The Daredevils topped the points table in the league stage , in which they won 11 out of 16 matches . They played its first match against the Kolkata Knight Riders , and won by eight wickets . This was followed by a 20 @-@ run loss against the Royal Challengers Bangalore . It won its next match against the Chennai Super Kings by eight wickets , and then in the " battle of the heavyweights " , aggressive bowling by the Daredevils earned it a win against the Mumbai Indians . In the match against the Deccan Chargers , it got a five @-@ wickets victory , and Pietersen played a 103 @-@ run innings . This was followed by two matches against the Pune Warriors India ; it lost the first by 20 runs , and won the second by eight wickets . Their next match against Mumbai saw a 37 @-@ run victory for the squad . Then in the match against the Rajasthan Royals , Morkel 's " sensational penultimate over " gave the Daredevils a one @-@ run victory , and also saw Sehwag becoming the only player to make four consecutive half @-@ centuries in the IPL . The team 's next fixture was also against the Royals , which was a six @-@ wicket win . Sehwag scored 73 runs from 38 balls , extending his record to five consecutive fifties . In the " clash between the two most impressive teams in the tournament , " the Knight Riders beat the Daredevils by six wickets . This caused the Daredevils to lose the top spot in the points table , a position it had held " virtually from the start of the tournament " . In its next game , a ton by David Warner and a half @-@ century by Naman Ojha led the team to a nine wickets win , and it regained the top spot . Then " came a cropper on a lively pitch " , as the Daredevils lost to the Super Kings by nine wickets . It became the first team to get into the playoffs when it registered a five wickets win against the Kings XI Punjab . Against the Royal Challengers Bangalore , it faced a 204 @-@ runs partnership between Chris Gayle and Virat Kohli , the second best in Twenty20 , and lost the match by 21 runs . It finished its league stage campaign with a six wickets win over the Kings XI . The Daredevils played the first qualifier against the Knight Riders . The winner of this match qualified for the final , whereas the loser got another chance to get to it . The Knight Riders scored 162 runs for four wickets , 56 of which came in the last four overs . Irfan Pathan , Yadav and Negi each got one wicket , whereas Varun Aaron conceded 48 runs in four overs . Chasing the total , the Daredevils lost its openers Warner and Sehwag at seven and ten runs respectively . Ojha made 28 runs , whereas Rao scored 13 runs off 22 balls . Some economical overs and Rao 's struggle forced Jayawardene to attack , which eventually resulted in him getting out at 40 . When the team required 55 runs off 32 balls , Negi was sent in before Taylor . Taylor later hit a six on the third ball he faced from Sunil Narine , " but it was too late by then . " The Daredevils managed to score 144 runs for eight wickets , losing the match by 18 runs . In the second qualifier against the Super Kings , Morkel was benched , a decision which made a " significant difference " . " Virtually unknown offspinner " Sunny Gupta made his IPL debut in the match , and this was " one of the biggest tactical goof @-@ ups in IPL history . " Murali Vijay scored a century for the Super Kings , and it reached to a total of 222 . Gupta conceded 47 runs in his three overs ; Aaron gave 63 in his four overs : the least economical bowling figure in IPL . The match also saw , for the first time in the season , Sehwag not opening for the Daredevils . Warner went for three runs , whereas Sehwag scored one run off six balls . Jayawardene made a half @-@ century , and Taylor made 24 runs . Wickets felt at regular intervals , and the Daredevils eventually got all out at 136 runs , registering the biggest loss of the season . After the match , coach Simons clarified that Morkel was dropped to an allrounder in the form of Russell . Morkel was later awarded the Purple cap for claiming the most number of wickets in the tournament . , for claiming the most wickets in the tournament : 25 . = = = Season standings = = = Key : Pld
= Played , W = Wins , L
= Losses , NR = No result , Pts
= Points , NRR = Net run rate . Notes : Teams marked * progressed to the next stage of the competition . Teams marked † were eliminated from the competition . = = = Match logs and statistics = = = = = Champions League Twenty20 = = By finishing third in the IPL , the Daredevils qualified for the 2012 CLT20 . Before the tournament , Morkel decided to play for the Daredevils and not for his home team the Titans . The franchise changed the team captain to Jayawardene as per the suggestion of Sehwag , who wanted to be " relieved of the responsibility " in order to " bat freely " . Aavishkar Salvi came in as a replacement for Aaron , who was going to go through tonsillectomy . Sehwag strained a ligament during the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 , due to which he was initially doubtful for the CLT20 ; however he recovered from the injury and played in the tournament . In his preview for ESPNcricinfo , Sidharth Monga said that the team had " some of the best names Twenty20 cricket can throw up . " He termed Morkel as the key player and Unmukt Chand as the " surprise package " . However , he said that the team 's failure in big @-@ matches and lack of spinners were its weaknesses . The team had a practice match with the Sydney Sixers , which it lost by 5 wickets . Directly qualifying to the group stage , two of the four group matches of the Daredevils were abandoned due to rain . It played its first match with the Knight Riders , and won it by 52 runs . The Daredevils ' innings ended at 160 runs for eight wickets , and Chand emerged as the top @-@ scorer with 40 runs . In response , the Knight Riders got all out for 108 runs ; Yadav , Ajit Agarkar and Morkel took two wickets each . The match against the Auckland Aces was abandoned due to rain . Playing against the Perth Scorchers , the Daredevils restricted its opponent to 121 runs , " a score which is rarely defended in Twenty20 cricket . " Morkel took three wickets for 19 runs , and the team 's " four @-@ pronged pace attack was at its best . " Chasing the total , only Sehwag , who made 52 runs , could reach the double figures among the top order . However Agarkar 's 11 runs from seven balls helped the team eventually win the match . For the last league match against the Titans , Jayawardene was replaced by Warner and Taylor was appointed as the captain . However the match was abandoned due to rain . In the semi @-@ final , the Daredevils played against the Highveld Lions . It again rested Jayawardene to make space for Warner . The bowlers restricted Lions to 139 runs ; Yadav took two wickets conceding 20 runs . Batting second , the Daredevils lost its openers early , and no other specialist batsman , except Pietersen , was able to reach a double figure . Pietersen scored a half @-@ century , while Morkel remained not out at 18 runs . The team managed to score 117 run for nine wickets and lost the match by 22 runs . After the match , Taylor cited that the team 's fielding was one of the reasons for the loss . = = = Season standings = = = Key : Pld
= Played , W = Wins , L
= Losses , NR = No result , Pts
= Points , NRR = Net run rate . Notes : Teams marked * progressed to the next stage of the competition . Teams marked † were eliminated from the competition . = = = Match logs and statistics = = = = = Reaction = = Daredevils released fourteen of its players for 2013 IPL . This release included Robin Bist , Bodi , Bracewell , Aaron Finch , Sunny Gupta , Maxwell , Salvi and Rao . It signed Kedar Jadhav for ₹ 2 million ( US $ 30 @,@ 000 ) . Later in the year , the franchise also started Fastrax Daredevils School Cup , a Inter @-@ School Twenty20 tournament . The franchise , under its " Dare to Care " campaign , launched the website The Cheer @-@ O @-@ Meter . The campaign , supported by UNICEF India , is meant to protect the right of adolescent girls facing " various forms of discrimination , exploitation and abuse " . In the 2013 auction , the Daredevils signed Jesse Ryder , Johan Botha and Jeevan Mendis . Mushtaq Ahmed and Jeremy Snape were appointed as the bowling consultant and performance coach respectively . The team also signed Muralidharen Gautam and exchanged Taylor for Ashish Nehra , who was a part of the Warriors .
= One Minute = " One Minute " is a song recorded by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson taken from her third studio album , My December ( 2007 ) . The song served as the album 's second single in Australia on September 18 , 2007 through 19 Recordings and RCA Records . Clarkson originally wrote it for her second studio album , Breakaway ( 2004 ) , with songwriters Kara DioGuardi , Chantal Kreviazuk and Raine Maida ; however , it did not make the final track listing . It was then reworked for My December , being produced by David Kahne , and co @-@ produced by Jason Halbert and Jimmy Messer . " One Minute " is an alternative rock song with electropop influences , and consists of " rapid @-@ fire give @-@ and @-@ take verses . " Upon its release , " One Minute " was met with positive reviews from music critics , with one considering it to be the musical highlight of My December , along with " Never Again " and " Don 't Waste Your Time " . Following strong radio airplay , the song debuted at number 41 in Australia , reaching its peak of number 36 a week later . No accompanying music video was recorded for the song ; however , Clarkson promoted it through few live appearances , including at Daytona 500 on February 2007 , and on Take 40 's Live Lounge . = = Release and composition = = In 2004 , Clarkson teamed up with songwriters Kara DioGuardi and Chantal Kreviazuk to work on songs for her second studio album , Breakaway ( 2004 ) . Together they wrote " Where Is Your Heart " , while musician Raine Maida , Kreviazuk 's husband , co @-@ wrote " Walk Away " and " One Minute " with the trio . However , only the first two songs were included on the album . " One Minute " was then reworked for My December , being produced by David Kahne , and co @-@ produced by Jason Halbert and Jimmy Messer . After receiving strong radio airplay in Australia , it was released as the second single from the album in the country , on September 18 , 2007 through 19 Recordings and RCA Records . " One Minute " is an alternative rock song with electropop influences , and begins with Clarkson singing , " You 're going crazy , running on empty / You can 't make up your mind / You try to hide it , but you had to say it / Restless all this time . " It is composed in the key of A major and is set in time signature of common time , with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . Clarkson 's vocal range spans over an octave , from A3 to D5 . Critics have observed the influence of 1980s music on the song , while Talia Kraines of BBC Music compared it to pop rock songs released by singers Ashlee Simpson and Lindsay Lohan . A reviewer for Billboard commented on the song 's structure , writing that " One Minute " consists of " rapid @-@ fire give @-@ and @-@ take verses " . = = Critical response = = " One Minute " received generally positive reviews from music critics . On his review for My December , Josh Love of Stylus Magazine wrote that the song , along with " Don 't Waste Your Time " , " as lyrically sour as they may be , [ ... ] are both fantastically layered pop @-@ rockers . " Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly considered the album to be Clarkson 's " darker , more personal , riskier " release until that point . Willman added that " One Minute " was a " lighter [ pleasure ] that ( take note , Team Clive ! ) would make [ a ] dandy warm @-@ weather [ single ] . " Michael Endelman of Spin considered it a " snarling disco rock " song , while Nick Levine of Digital Spy deemed it " pounding [ and ] insistent . " Penn Live blogger Ashley Z. said that " the anger on this record can be overwhelming at times , " which could be an argument for the " existence " of " One Minute " . Allmusic long @-@ time contributor Stephen Thomas Erlewine considered it the highlight of My December , along with " Never Again " and " Irvine " , writing that the song " give this album some much needed spark . " = = Live performances = = Clarkson first performed " One Minute " at Daytona 500 on February 18 , 2007 , where she premiered the song prior to the album 's release . Later that year , she performed the song during a special titled Nissan Live Sets on Yahoo ! Music , and on Take 40 's Live Lounge . The latter was released as a promotional live video in Australia , as no accompanying music video for the single was filmed . " One Minute " was included on the set list of the album 's supporting concert tour , titled My December Tour ( 2008 ) . = = Formats and track listings = = CD single " One Minute " – 3 : 05 " Never Again " ( live at AOL Sessions ) – 3 : 40 Digital download " One Minute " – 3 : 05 " Never Again " – 3 : 40 = = Charts = = On the week of October 7 , 2007 , " One Minute " debuted at number 41 in Australia , following strong radio airplay . The following week , it peaked at number 36 , before falling out of the top 50 two weeks later . = = Release history = =
= Swami Vivekananda = Swami Vivekananda ( Bengali : স ্ বামী বিবেকানন ্ দ ) Bengali : [ ʃami bibekanɒnɖo ] , Shāmi Bibekānondo ; 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902 ) , born Narendranath Datta ( Bengali : নরেন ্ দ ্ রনাথ দত ্ ত ) ( Bengali : [ nɔrend ̪ ro nat ̪ ʰ d ̪ ɔt ̪ t ̪ o ] ) , was an Indian Hindu monk , a chief disciple of the 19th @-@ century Indian mystic Ramakrishna . He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness , bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century . He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India , and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India . Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission . He is perhaps best known for his speech which began , " Sisters and brothers of America ... , " in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World 's Religions in Chicago in 1893 . Born into an aristocratic Bengali family of Calcutta , Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality . He was influenced by his Guru , Ramakrishna Deva , from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self ; therefore , service to God could be rendered by service to mankind . After Ramakrishna 's death , Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first @-@ hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India . He later travelled to the United States , representing India at the 1893 Parliament of the World Religions . Vivekananda conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes , disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States , England and Europe . In India , Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint and his birthday is celebrated there as National Youth Day . = = Early life ( 1863 – 88 ) = = = = = Birth and childhood = = = Vivekananda was born Narendranath Datta ( shortened to Narendra or Naren ) at his ancestral home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta , the capital of British India , on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival . He belonged to a traditional Bengali Kayastha family and was one of nine siblings . His father , Vishwanath Datta , was an attorney at the Calcutta High Court . Durgacharan Datta , Narendra 's grandfather was a Sanskrit and Persian scholar who left his family and became a monk at age twenty @-@ five . His mother , Bhubaneswari Devi , was a devout housewife . The progressive , rational attitude of Narendra 's father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and personality . Narendranath was interested spiritually from a young age , and used to meditate before the images of deities such as Shiva , Rama , Sita , and Mahavir Hanuman . He was fascinated by wandering ascetics and monks . Naren was naughty and restless as a child , and his parents often had difficulty controlling him . His mother said , " I prayed to Shiva for a son and he has sent me one of his ghosts " . = = Education = = In 1871 , at the age of eight , Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 's Metropolitan Institution , where he went to school until his family moved to Raipur in 1877 . In 1879 , after his family 's return to Calcutta , he was the only student to receive first @-@ division marks in the Presidency College entrance examination . He was an avid reader in a wide range of subjects , including philosophy , religion , history , social science , art and literature . He was also interested in Hindu scriptures , including the Vedas , the Upanishads , the Bhagavad Gita , the Ramayana , the Mahabharata and the Puranas . Narendra was trained in Indian classical music , and regularly participated in physical exercise , sports and organised activities . Narendra studied Western logic , Western philosophy and European history at the General Assembly 's Institution ( now known as the Scottish Church College ) . In 1881 he passed the Fine Arts examination , and completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1884 . Narendra studied the works of David Hume , Immanuel Kant , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Baruch Spinoza , Georg W. F. Hegel , Arthur Schopenhauer , Auguste Comte , John Stuart Mill and Charles Darwin . He became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and corresponded with him , translating Spencer 's book Education ( 1861 ) into Bengali . While studying Western philosophers , he also learned Sanskrit scriptures and Bengali literature . William Hastie ( principal of General Assembly 's Institution ) wrote , " Narendra is really a genius . I have travelled far and wide but I have never come across a lad of his talents and possibilities , even in German universities , among philosophical students ' Some accounts have called Narendra a shrutidhara ( a person with a prodigious memory ) . = = = Spiritual apprenticeship - influence of Brahmo Samaj = = = In 1880 Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen 's Nava Vidhan , which was established by Sen after meeting Ramakrishna and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism . Narendra became a member of a Freemasonry lodge " at some point before 1884 " and of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his twenties , a breakaway faction of the Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore . From 1881 to 1884 he was also active in Sen 's Band of Hope , which tried to discourage youths from smoking and drinking . It was in this cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with western esotericism . His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts , which included belief in a formless God and the deprecation of idolatry , and a " streamlined , rationalized , monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta . " Rammohan Roy , the founder of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by unitarianism , strived toward an universalistic interpretation of Hinduism . His ideas were " altered [ ... ] considerably " by Debendranath Tagore , who had a romantic approach to the development of these new doctrines , and questioned central Hindu beliefs like reincarnation and karma , and rejected the authority of the Vedas . Tagore also brought this " neo @-@ Hinduism " closer in line with western esotericism , a development which was furthered by Keshubchandra Sen. Sen was influenced by transcendentalism , an American philosophical @-@ religious movement strongly connected with unitarianism , which emphasised personal religious experience over mere reasoning and theology . Sen strived to " an accessible , non @-@ renunciatory , everyman type of spirituality " , introducing " lay systems of spiritual practice " which can be regarded as prototypes of the kind of Yoga @-@ exercises which Vivekananda popularised in the west . The same search for direct intuition and understanding can be seen with Vivekananda . Not satisfied with his knowledge of philosophy , Narendra came to " the question which marked the real beginning of his intellectual quest for God . " He asked several prominent Calcutta residents if they had come " face to face with God " , but none of their answers satisfied him . At this time , Narendra met Debendranath Tagore ( the leader of Brahmo Samaj ) and asked if he had seen God . Instead of answering his question , Tagore said " My boy , you have the Yogi 's eyes . " According to Banhatti , it was Ramakrishna who really answered Narendra 's question , by saying " Yes , I see Him as I see you , only in an infinitely intenser sense . " Nevertheless , Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj 's and its new ideas , than by Ramakrishna . It was Sen 's influence who brought Vivekananda fully into contact with western esotericism , and it was also via Sen that he met Ramakrishna . = = = With Ramakrishna = = = In 1881 Narendra first met Ramakrishna , who became his spiritual focus after his own father had died in 1884 . Narendra 's first introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class at General Assembly 's Institution when he heard Professor William Hastie lecturing on William Wordsworth 's poem , The Excursion . While explaining the word " trance " in the poem , Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to understand the true meaning of trance . This prompted some of his students ( including Narendra ) to visit Ramakrishna . They probably first met personally in November 1881 , though Narendra did not consider this their first meeting , and neither man mentioned this meeting later . At this time Narendra was preparing for his upcoming F. A. examination , when Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him to Surendra Nath Mitra 's , house where Ramakrishna was invited to deliver a lecture . According to Paranjape , at this meeting Ramakrishna asked young Narendra to sing . Impressed by his singing talent , he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar . In late 1881 or early 1882 , Narendra went to Dakshineswar with two friends and met Ramakrishna . This meeting proved to be a turning point in his life . Although he did not initially accept Ramakrishna as his teacher and rebelled against his ideas , he was attracted by his personality and began to frequently visit him at Dakshineswar . He initially saw Ramakrishna 's ecstasies and visions as " mere figments of imagination " and " hallucinations " . As a member of Brahmo Samaj , he opposed idol worship , polytheism and Ramakrishna 's worship of Kali . He even rejected the Advaita Vedanta of " identity with the absolute " as blasphemy and madness , and often ridiculed the idea . Narendra tested Ramakrishna , who faced his arguments patiently : " Try to see the truth from all angles " , he replied . Narendra 's father 's sudden death in 1884 left the family bankrupt ; creditors began demanding the repayment of loans , and relatives threatened to evict the family from their ancestral home . Narendra , once a son of a well @-@ to @-@ do family , became one of the poorest students in his college . He unsuccessfully tried to find work and questioned God 's existence , but found solace in Ramakrishna and his visits to Dakshineswar increased . One day Narendra requested Ramakrishna to pray to goddess Kali for their family 's financial welfare . Ramakrishna suggested him to go to the temple himself and pray . Following Ramakrishna 's suggestion , he went to the temple thrice , but failed to pray for any kind of worldly necessities and ultimately prayed for true knowledge and devotion from the goddess . Narendra gradually grew ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God , and accepted Ramakrishna as his Guru . In 1885 , Ramakrishna developed throat cancer , and was transferred to Calcutta and ( later ) to a garden house in Cossipore . Narendra and Ramakrishna 's other disciples took care of him during his last days , and Narendra 's spiritual education continued . At Cossipore , he experienced Nirvikalpa samadhi . Narendra and several other disciples received ochre robes from Ramakrishna , forming his first monastic order . He was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God . Ramakrishna asked him to care for the other monastic disciples , and in turn asked them to see Narendra as their leader . Ramakrishna died in the early @-@ morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore . = = = Founding of first Ramakrishna Math at Baranagar = = = After Ramakrishna 's death , his devotees and admirers stopped supporting his disciples . Unpaid rent accumulated , and Narendra and the other disciples had to find a new place to live . Many returned home , adopting a Grihastha ( family @-@ oriented ) way of life . Narendra decided to convert a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math ( monastery ) for the remaining disciples . Rent for the Baranagar Math was low , raised by " holy begging " ( mādhukarī ) . The math became the first building of the Ramakrishna Math : the monastery of the monastic order of Ramakrishna . Narendra and other disciples used to spend many hours in practising meditation and religious austerities every day . Narendra later reminisced about the early days of the monastery : We underwent a lot of religious practice at the Baranagar Math . We used to get up at 3 : 00 am and become absorbed in japa and meditation . What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days ! We had no thought even as to whether the world existed or not . In 1887 , Narendra compiled a Bengali song anthology named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak . Narendra collected and arranged most of the songs of this compilation , but could not finish the work of the book for unfavourable circumstances . = = = Monastic vows = = = In December 1886 , the mother of Baburam invited Narendra and his other brother monks to Antpur village . Narendra and the other aspiring monks accepted the invitation and went to Antpur to spend few days . In Antpur , in the Christmas Eve of 1886 , Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows . They decided to live their lives as their master lived . Narendranath took the name " Swami Vivekananda " . = = Travels in India ( 1888 – 93 ) = = In 1888 , Narendra left the monastery as a Parivrâjaka — the Hindu religious life of a wandering monk , " without fixed abode , without ties , independent and strangers wherever they go " . His sole possessions were a kamandalu ( water pot ) , staff and his two favourite books : the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation of Christ . Narendra travelled extensively in India for five years , visiting centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious traditions and social patterns . He developed sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the people , and resolved to uplift the nation . Living primarily on bhiksha ( alms ) , Narendra travelled on foot and by railway ( with tickets bought by admirers ) . During his travels he met , and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks of life : scholars , dewans , rajas , Hindus , Muslims , Christians , paraiyars ( low @-@ caste workers ) and government officials . Narendra left Bombay for Chicago on 31 May 1893 with the name " Vivekananda " , as suggested by Ajit Singh of Khetri , which means " the bliss of discerning wisdom " . = = First visit to the West ( 1893 – 97 ) = = Vivekananda started his journey to the West on 31 May 1893 and visited several cities in Japan ( including Nagasaki , Kobe , Yokohama , Osaka , Kyoto and Tokyo ) , China and Canada en route to the United States , reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893 , where the " Parliament of Religions " took place in September 1893 . The Congress was an initiative of the Swedenborgian layman , and judge of the Illinois Supreme Court , Charles C. Bonney , to gather all the religions of the world , and show " the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds of the religious life . " It was one of the more than 200 adjunct gatherings and congresses of the Chicago 's World 's Fair , and was " an avant @-@ garde intellectual manifestation of [ ... ] cultic milieus , East and West , " with the Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society being invited as being representative of Hinduism . Vivekananda wanted to join , but was disappointed to learn that no one without credentials from a bona fide organisation would be accepted as a delegate . Vivekananda contacted Professor John Henry Wright of Harvard University , who invited him to speak at Harvard . Vivekananda wrote of the professor , " He urged upon me the necessity of going to the Parliament of Religions , which he thought would give an introduction to the nation " . Vivekananda submitted an application , " introducing himself as a monk ' of the oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara , ' " supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar , who was also a member of the Parliament 's selection committee , " classifying the Swami as a representative of the Hindu monastic order . " = = = Parliament of the World 's Religions = = = The Parliament of the World 's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the Art Institute of Chicago as part of the World 's Columbian Exposition . On this day , Vivekananda gave a brief speech representing India and Hinduism . He was initially nervous , bowed to Saraswati ( the Hindu goddess of learning ) and began his speech with " Sisters and brothers of America ! " . At these words , Vivekananda received a two @-@ minute standing ovation from the crowd of seven thousand . According to Sailendra Nath Dhar , when silence was restored he began his address , greeting the youngest of the nations on behalf of " the most ancient order of monks in the world , the Vedic order of sannyasins , a religion which has taught the world both tolerance , of and universal acceptance " . Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from the " Shiva mahima strotam " : " As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea , so , O Lord , the different paths which men take , through different tendencies , various though they appear , crooked or straight , all lead to Thee ! " and " Whosoever comes to Me , through whatsoever form , I reach him ; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to Me . " According to Sailendra Nath Dhar , " [ i ] t was only a short speech , but it voiced the spirit of the Parliament . " Parliament President John Henry Barrows said , " India , the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda , the Orange @-@ monk who exercised the most wonderful influence over his auditors " . Vivekananda attracted widespread attention in the press , which called him the " cyclonic monk from India " . The New York Critique wrote , " He is an orator by divine right , and his strong , intelligent face in its picturesque setting of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting than those earnest words , and the rich , rhythmical utterance he gave them " . The New York Herald noted , " Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions . After hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send missionaries to this learned nation " . American newspapers reported Vivekananda as " the greatest figure in the parliament of religions " and " the most popular and influential man in the parliament " . The Boston Evening Transcript reported that Vivekananda was " a great favourite at the parliament ... if he merely crosses the platform , he is applauded " . He spoke several more times " at receptions , the scientific section , and private homes " on topics related to Hinduism , Buddhism and harmony among religions until the parliament ended on 27 September 1893 . Vivekananda 's speeches at the Parliament had the common theme of universality , emphasising religious tolerance . He soon became known as a " handsome oriental " and made a huge impression as an orator . = = = Lecture tours in the UK and US = = = After the Parliament of Religions , he toured many parts of the US as a guest . His popularity opened up new views for expanding on " life and religion to thousands " . During a question @-@ answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Society , he remarked , " I have a message to the West as Buddha had a message to the East . " Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing in the eastern and central United States , primarily in Chicago , Detroit , Boston , and New York . He founded the Vedanta Society of New York in 1894 . By spring 1895 his busy , tiring schedule had affected his health . He ended his lecture tours and began giving free , private classes in Vedanta and yoga . Beginning in June 1895 , Vivekananda gave private lectures to a dozen of his disciples at Thousand Island Park in New York for two months . During his first visit to the West he travelled to the UK twice , in 1895 and 1896 , lecturing successfully there . In November 1895 he met Margaret Elizabeth Noble an Irish woman who would become Sister Nivedita . During his second visit to the UK in May 1896 Vivekananda met Max Müller , a noted Indologist from Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna 's first biography in the West . From the UK , Vivekananda visited other European countries . In Germany he met Paul Deussen , another Indologist . Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities ( one the chair in Eastern Philosophy at Harvard University and a similar position at Columbia University ) ; he declined both , since his duties would conflict with his commitment as a monk . His success led to a change in mission , namely the establishment of Vedanta centres in the West . Vivekananda adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his western audiences , who were especially attracted by and familiar with western esoteric traditions and movements like Transcendentalism and New thought . An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his " four yogas " model , which includes Raja yoga , his interpretation of Patanjali 's Yoga sutras , which offered a practical means to realise the divine force within which is central to modern western esotericism . In 1896 his book Raja Yoga was published , which became an instant success and was highly influential in the western understanding of Yoga . Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Europe , including Josephine MacLeod , William James , Josiah Royce , Robert G. Ingersoll , Nikola Tesla , Lord Kelvin , Harriet Monroe , Ella Wheeler Wilcox , Sarah Bernhardt , Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz . He initiated several followers : Marie Louise ( a French woman ) became Swami Abhayananda , and Leon Landsberg became Swami Kripananda , so that they could continue the work of the mission of the Vedanta Society . This society still is filled with foreign nationals and is also located in Los Angeles . During his stay in America , Vivekananda was given land in the mountains to the southeast of San Jose , California to establish an retreat for Vedanta students . He called it " Peace retreat " , or , Shanti Asrama . The largest American centre is the Vedanta Society of Southern California in Hollywood , ( one of the twelve main centres ) . There is also a Vedanta Press in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts . Christina Greenstidel of Detroit was also initiated by Vivekananda with a mantra and she became Sister Christine , and they established a close father – daughter relationship . From the West , Vivekananda revived his work in India . He regularly corresponded with his followers and brother monks , offering advice and financial support . His letters from this period reflect his campaign of social service , and were strongly worded . He wrote to Akhandananda , " Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion . Also , let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects . No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes , and saying " Ramakrishna , O Lord ! " — unless you can do some good to the poor " . In 1895 , Vivekananda founded the periodical Brahmavadin to teach the Vedanta . Later , Vivekananda 's translation of the first six chapters of The Imitation of Christ was published in Brahmavadin in 1889 . Vivekananda left for India on 16 December 1896 from England with his disciples Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin . On the way they visited France and Italy , and set sail for India from Naples on 30 December 1896 . He was later followed to India by Sister Nivedita , who devoted the rest of her life to the education of Indian women and India 's independence . = = Back in India ( 1897 – 99 ) = = The ship from Europe arrived in Colombo , British Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) on 15 January 1897 , and Vivekananda received a warm welcome . In Colombo he gave his first public speech in the East , India , the Holy Land . From there on , his journey to Calcutta was triumphant . Vivekananda travelled from Colombo to Pamban , Rameswaram , Ramnad , Madurai , Kumbakonam and Madras , delivering lectures . Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception . During his train travels , people often sat on the rails to force the train to stop so they could hear him . From Madras , he continued his journey to Calcutta and Almora . While in the West , Vivekananda spoke about India 's great spiritual heritage ; in India , he repeatedly addressed social issues : uplifting the people , eliminating the caste system , promoting science and industrialisation , addressing widespread poverty and ending colonial rule . These lectures , published as Lectures from Colombo to Almora , demonstrate his nationalistic fervour and spiritual ideology . On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta , Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission for social service . Its ideals are based on Karma Yoga , and its governing body consists of the trustees of the Ramakrishna Math ( which conducts religious work ) . Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at Belur Math . Vivekananda founded two other monasteries : one in Mayavati in the Himalayas ( near Almora ) , the Advaita Ashrama and another in Madras . Two journals were founded : Prabuddha Bharata in English and Udbhodan in Bengali . That year , famine @-@ relief work was begun by Swami Akhandananda in the Murshidabad district . Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamshedji Tata to set up a research and educational institution when they travelled together from Yokohama to Chicago on Vivekananda 's first visit to the West in 1893 . Tata now asked him to head his Research Institute of Science ; Vivekananda declined the offer , citing a conflict with his " spiritual interests " . He visited Punjab , attempting to mediate an ideological conflict between Arya Samaj ( a reformist Hindu movement ) and sanatan ( orthodox Hindus ) . After brief visits to Lahore , Delhi and Khetri , Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January 1898 . He consolidated the work of the math and trained disciples for several months . Vivekananda composed " Khandana Bhava – Bandhana " , a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna , in 1898 . = = Second visit to the West and final years ( 1899 – 1902 ) = = Despite declining health , Vivekananda left for the West for a second time in June 1899 accompanied by Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda . Following a brief stay in England , he went to the United States . During this visit , Vivekananda established Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and New York and founded a shanti ashrama ( peace retreat ) in California . He then went to Paris for the Congress of Religions in 1900 . His lectures in Paris concerned the worship of the lingam and the authenticity of the Bhagavad Gita . Vivekananda then visited Brittany , Vienna , Istanbul , Athens and Egypt . The French philosopher Jules Bois was his host for most of this period , until he returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900 . After a brief visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati Vivekananda settled at Belur Math , where he continued co @-@ ordinating the works of Ramakrishna Mission , the math and the work in England and the US He had many visitors , including royalty and politicians . Although Vivekananda was unable to attend the Congress of Religions in 1901 in Japan due to deteriorating health , he made pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi . Declining health ( including asthma , diabetes and chronic insomnia ) restricted his activity . = = Death = = On 4 July 1902 ( the day of his death ) Vivekananda awoke early , went to the chapel at Belur Math and meditated for three hours . He taught Shukla @-@ Yajur @-@ Veda , Sanskrit grammar and the philosophy of yoga to pupils , later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Math . At 7 : 00 p.m. Vivekananda went to his room , asking not to be disturbed ; he died at 9 : 10 p.m. while meditating . According to his disciples , Vivekananda attained mahasamādhi ; the rupture of a blood vessel in his brain was reported as a possible cause of death . His disciples believed that the rupture was due to his brahmarandhra ( an opening in the crown of his head ) being pierced when he attained mahasamādhi . Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that he would not live forty years . He was cremated on a sandalwood funeral pyre on the bank of the Ganga in Belur , opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier . = = Teachings and philosophy = = Vivekananda propagated that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in Adi Shankara 's Advaita Vedanta philosophy . Nevertheless , following Ramakrishna , and in contrast to Advaita Vedanta , Vivekananda believed that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent . According to Anil Sooklal , Vivekananda 's neo @-@ Advaita " reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non @-@ dualism " . Vivekananda summarised the Vedanta as follows , giving it a modern and Universalistic interpretation : Each soul is potentially divine . The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature , external and internal . Do this either by work , or worship , or mental discipline , or philosophy — by one , or more , or all of these — and be free . This is the whole of religion . Doctrines , or dogmas , or rituals , or books , or temples , or forms , are but secondary details . Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda 's thought . He believed that a country 's future depends on its people , and his teachings focused on human development . He wanted " to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest " . Vivekananda linked morality with control of the mind , seeing truth , purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it . He advised his followers to be holy , unselfish and to have śraddhā ( faith ) . Vivekananda supported brahmacharya ( celibacy ) , believing it the source of his physical and mental stamina and eloquence . He emphasised that success was an outcome of focused thought and action ; in his lectures on Raja Yoga he said , " Take up one idea . Make that one idea your life – think of it , dream of it , live on that idea . Let the brain , muscles , nerves , every part of your body , be full of that idea , and just leave every other idea alone . This is the way to success , that is the way great spiritual giants are produced " . = = Influence and legacy = = Vivekananda was one of the main representatives of Neo @-@ Vedanta , a modern interpretation of selected aspects of Hinduism in line with western esoteric traditions , especially Transcendentalism , New Thought and Theosophy . His reinterpretation was , and is , very successful , creating a new understanding and appreciation of Hinduism within and outside India , and was the principal reason for the enthusiastic reception of yoga , transcendental meditation and other forms of Indian spiritual self @-@ improvement in the West . Agehananda Bharati explained , " ... modern Hindus derive their knowledge of Hinduism from Vivekananda , directly or indirectly " . Vivekananda espoused the idea that all sects within Hinduism ( and all religions ) are different paths to the same goal . However , this view has been criticised as an oversimplification of Hinduism . In the background of emerging nationalism in British @-@ ruled India , Vivekananda crystallised the nationalistic ideal . In the words of social reformer Charles Freer Andrews , " The Swami 's intrepid patriotism gave a new colour to the national movement throughout India . More than any other single individual of that period Vivekananda had made his contribution to the new awakening of India " . Vivekananda drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country , and maintained that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening . His nationalistic ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders . Sri Aurobindo regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually . Mahatma Gandhi counted him among the few Hindu reformers " who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition " . The first governor @-@ general of independent India , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , said " Vivekananda saved Hinduism , saved India " . According to Subhas Chandra Bose , a proponent of armed struggle for Indian independence , Vivekananda was " the maker of modern India " ; for Gandhi , Vivekananda 's influence increased Gandhi 's " love for his country a thousandfold " . Vivekananda influenced India 's independence movement ; his writings inspired independence activists such as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose , Aurobindo Ghose , Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bagha Jatin and intellectuals such as Aldous Huxley , Christopher Isherwood , Romain Rolland . Many years after Vivekananda 's death Rabindranath Tagore told French Nobel laureate Romain Rolland , " If you want to know India , study Vivekananda . In him everything is positive and nothing negative " . Rolland wrote , " His words are great music , phrases in the style of Beethoven , stirring rhythms like the march of Händel choruses . I cannot touch these sayings of his , scattered as they are through the pages of books , at thirty years ' distance , without receiving a thrill through my body like an electric shock . And what shocks , what transports , must have been produced when in burning words they issued from the lips of the hero ! " Jamshedji Tata was inspired by Vivekananda to establish the Indian Institute of Science , one of India 's best @-@ known research universities . Abroad , Vivekananda communicated with orientalist Max Müller , and scientist Nikola Tesla was one of those influenced by his Vedic teachings . While National Youth Day in India is observed on his birthday , 12 January , the day he delivered his masterful speech at the Parliament of Religions , 11 September 1893 is " World Brotherhood Day " . In September 2010 , India 's Finance Ministry highlighted the relevance of Vivekananda 's teachings and values to the modern economic environment . The then Union Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee , the current President of India , approved in principle the Swami Vivekananda Values Education Project at a cost of ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) , with objectives including involving youth with competitions , essays , discussions and study circles and publishing Vivekananda 's works in a number of languages . In 2011 , the West Bengal Police Training College was renamed the Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy , West Bengal . The state technical university in Chhattisgarh has been named the Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University . In 2012 , the Raipur airport was renamed Swami Vivekananda Airport . The 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda was celebrated in India and abroad . The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India officially observed 2013 as the occasion in a declaration . Year @-@ long events and programs were organised by branches of the Ramakrishna Math , the Ramakrishna Mission , the central and state governments in India , educational institutions and youth groups . Bengali film director Tutu ( Utpal ) Sinha made a film , The Light : Swami Vivekananda as a tribute for his 150th birth anniversary . = = Works = = = = = Lectures = = = Although Vivekananda was a powerful orator and writer in English and Bengali , he was not a thorough scholar , and most of his published works were compiled from lectures given around the world which were " mainly delivered [ ... ] impromptu and with little preparation " . His main work , Raja Yoga , consists of talks he delivered in New York . = = = Literary works = = = According to Banhatti , " [ a ] singer , a painter , a wonderful master of language and a poet , Vivekananda was a complete artist " , composing many songs and poems , including his favourite , " Kali the Mother " . Vivekananda blended humour with his teachings , and his language was lucid . His Bengali writings testify to his belief that words ( spoken or written ) should clarify ideas , rather than demonstrating the speaker ( or writer 's ) knowledge . Bartaman Bharat meaning " Present Day India " is an erudite Bengali language essay written by him , which was first published in the March 1899 issue of Udbodhan , the only Bengali language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission . The essay was reprinted as a book in 1905 and later compiled into the fourth volume of The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda . In this essay his refrain to the readers was to honour and treat every Indian as a brother irrespective of whether he was born poor or in lower caste . = = = Publications = = = = = = Printed sources = = = = = = Web @-@ sources = = =
= SM U @-@ 27 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) = SM U @-@ 27 or U @-@ XXVII was the lead boat of the U @-@ 27 class of U @-@ boats or submarines for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . U @-@ 27 was built by the Austrian firm of Cantiere Navale Triestino ( CNT ) at the Pola Navy Yard and launched on 19 October 1916 . She was commissioned on 24 February 1917 . She had a single hull and was just over 121 feet ( 37 m ) in length . She displaced nearly 265 metric tons ( 261 long tons ) when surfaced and over 300 metric tons ( 295 long tons ) when submerged . Her two diesel engines moved her at up to 9 knots ( 17 km / h ) on the surface , while her twin electric motors propeller her at up to 7 @.@ 5 knots ( 13 @.@ 9 km / h ) while underwater . She was armed with two bow torpedo tubes and could carry a load of up to four torpedoes . She was also equipped with a 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) deck gun and a machine gun . During her service career , U @-@ 27 sank the British destroyer Phoenix , damaged the Japanese destroyer Sakaki , and sank or captured 34 other ships totaling 14 @,@ 386 GRT . U @-@ 27 was surrendered at Pola at war 's end and handed over to Italy as a war reparation in 1919 . She was broken up the following year . Conway 's All the World 's Fighting Ships , 1906 – 1921 calls U @-@ 27 Austria @-@ Hungary 's " most successful submarine " . = = Design and construction = = Austria @-@ Hungary 's U @-@ boat fleet was largely obsolete at the outbreak of World War I. The Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy satisfied its most urgent needs by purchasing five Type UB I submarines that comprised the U @-@ 10 class from Germany , by raising and recommissioning the sunken French submarine Curie as U @-@ 14 , and by building four submarines of the U @-@ 20 class that were based on the 1911 Danish Havmanden class . After these steps alleviated their most urgent needs , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy selected the German Type UB II design for its newest submarines in mid 1915 . The Germans were reluctant to allocate any of their wartime resources to Austro @-@ Hungarian construction , but were willing to sell plans for up to six of the UB II boats to be constructed under license in Austria @-@ Hungary . The Navy agreed to the proposal and purchased the plans from AG Weser of Bremen . U @-@ 27 displaced 264 metric tons ( 260 long tons ) surfaced and 301 metric tons ( 296 long tons ) submerged . She had a single hull with saddle tanks , and was 121 feet 1 inch ( 36 @.@ 91 m ) long with a beam of 14 feet 4 inches ( 4 @.@ 37 m ) and a draft of 12 feet 2 inches ( 3 @.@ 71 m ) . For propulsion , she had two shafts , twin diesel engines of 270 bhp ( 200 kW ) for surface running , and twin electric motors of 280 shp ( 210 kW ) for submerged travel . She was capable of 9 knots ( 16 @.@ 7 km / h ) while surfaced and 7 @.@ 5 knots ( 13 @.@ 9 km / h ) while submerged . Although there is no specific notation of a range for U @-@ 27 , the German UB II boats , upon which the U @-@ 27 class was based , had a range of over 6 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 000 km ) at 5 knots ( 9 @.@ 3 km / h ) surfaced , and 45 nautical miles ( 83 km ) at 4 knots ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ) submerged . U @-@ 27 class boats were designed for a crew of 23 – 24 . U @-@ 27 was armed with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) bow torpedo tubes and carried a complement of four torpedoes . She was also equipped with a 75 mm / 26 ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) deck gun and an 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine gun . After intricate political negotiations to allocate production of the class between Austrian and Hungarian firms , U @-@ 27 was ordered from Cantiere Navale Triestino ( CNT ) on 12 October 1915 . She was laid down by early 1916 at the Pola Navy Yard , and launched on 19 October . = = Service career = = After her completion , U @-@ 27 was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy on 24 February 1917 under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Robert Teufl von Fernland . Previously in command of U @-@ 11 , von Fernland was 31 @-@ year @-@ old native of Vienna . In April , von Fernland and U @-@ 27 both achieved their first kills . On 12 April , U @-@ 27 encountered the 3 @,@ 756 @-@ ton Greek steamship Niritos sailing from Genoa for Port Said . About 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ; 5 @.@ 8 mi ) off Augusta , Sicily , U @-@ 27 shelled and sank the 11 @-@ year @-@ old Greek ship . Four days later , von Fernland torpedoed another Greek steamer , the 2 @,@ 976 @-@ ton Zinovia . Carrying coal from Barry for Taranto , Zinovia was sent to the bottom 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ) from Cape Rizzuto . In mid @-@ May 1917 , U @-@ 27 participated in a support role in a raid on the Otranto Barrage that precipitated the Battle of Otranto Straits . On the night of 14 / 15 May , the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers Helgoland , Saida , and Novara attacked the drifters that deployed the anti @-@ submarine nets that formed part of the Barrage , sinking 14 , damaging 5 , and taking 72 prisoners . Destroyers Csepel and Balaton were sent to simultaneously attack Italian transports shuttling between Italy and Valona , and sank an Italian destroyer and a munitions ship . U @-@ 27 , which was assigned to patrol between Brindisi and Cattaro , was a part of a force of three U @-@ boats intended to intercept British and Italian ships responding to the attacks ; the other two were the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 4 ( which was posted near Valona ) and the German UC @-@ 25 ( assigned to mine Brindisi ) . A squadron of British cruisers and Italian and French destroyers joined the battle against the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruisers on 15 May . Several ships on each side were damaged by the time the engagement was broken off . As a result of the attacks the drifter line of the Barrage was moved farther south and maintained only during the day , a success for the Central Powers . U @-@ 27 did not take any offensive action during the raid and ensuing battle . On 9 June , U @-@ 27 sank Roland , a French sailing ship , off the Greek island of Cerigo . Two days later , von Fernland torpedoed the Japanese destroyer Sakaki between Cerigotto and Meles . Sakaki was one of eight Kaba @-@ class destroyers that were part of the Japanese contribution to the Allied effort in the Mediterranean . Although the Japanese ships often performed escort service for British troop convoys , Helgason does not report whether Sakaki was engaged in that duty when she was attacked . Even though 68 Japanese sailors perished in the attack , nearly two @-@ thirds the complement of a typical Kaba class ship , Sakaki remained afloat , was repaired , and remained in service . On 29 December , Linienschiffsleutnant Josef Holub replaced von Fernland as commander of U @-@ 27 . Holub , a 32 @-@ year @-@ old native of Galicia , had previously been in command of U @-@ 21 and U @-@ 22 . Holub recorded his first victory with U @-@ 27 in January 1918 . While near Marca , Sirocco , the U @-@ boat torpedoed and sank the Italian steamer Andrea Costa on 22 January . The 3 @,@ 991 @-@ ton Andrea Costa had sailed from Rangoon , but was sunk just short of her destination of Malta . A little more than four months would pass before Holub and U @-@ 27 would score their next success . From late April to early May , U @-@ 27 sank six small ships — five Greek and one Italian — including three on one day , 6 May . All of the ships with reported tonnages were under 50 tons . U @-@ 27 torpedoed the British destroyer Phoenix at 09 : 18 on 14 May with the loss of one stoker and one artificer . Phoenix had been attached to the group of ships patrolling the Otranto Barrage when she was torpedoed amidships on the starboard side . Although she survived the initial attack , Phoenix was listing badly and taking on large quantities of water . An attempt was made by Australian destroyer Warrego to tow Phoenix to safety but by 12 : 45 she was in danger of capsizing and her crew were removed . Phoenix eventually sank at 13 : 10 in position 40 ° 23 ′ 30 ″ N 19 ° 14 ′ 00 ″ E. From 3 to 11 July , U @-@ 27 sank another ten ships , the largest reported being the 67 @-@ ton sailing vessel Giuseppino Padre . U @-@ 27 dispatched three of the ships on 3 July , and sank two each on 10 and 11 July . On 13 August , U @-@ 27 attacked the 2 @,@ 209 @-@ ton British steamer Anhui . The 15 @-@ year @-@ old ship was en route from Famagusta to Port Said , when U @-@ 27 torpedoed her 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) off Crete . Four persons on Anhui died when the ship with her general cargo went down . U @-@ 27 's next victims were all encountered in mid @-@ September . On 11 September , the French sailing ship Antoinette was seized as a prize and towed into the port of Beyrouth . Starting three days later , Holub and U @-@ 27 sent an additional ten small ships to the bottom , including the final six all on 20 September . Except for the two largest ships — the 113 @-@ ton Agios Nicolas and the 103 @-@ ton Theologos — none were over 60 tons . At the war 's end , U @-@ 27 was in port at Pola . The U @-@ boat was surrendered to Italy as a war reparation in 1919 and was scrapped at Fiume in 1920 . In addition to the sinking and damaging of two destroyers , she sank or captured 34 merchant ships totaling 14 @,@ 386 GRT . Conway 's All the World 's Fighting Ships , 1906 – 1921 calls U @-@ 27 Austria @-@ Hungary 's " most successful submarine " . = = Ships sunk or damaged = = * damaged but not sunk * * captured as a prize
= Gateway of India = The Gateway of India is a monument built during the 20th century in Mumbai City of Maharashtra state in Western India . It is located on the waterfront in the Apollo Bunder area in South Mumbai and overlooks the Arabian Sea . The structure is a basalt arch , 26 metres ( 85 feet ) high . It lies at the end of Chhatrapati Shivaji Marg at the water 's edge in Mumbai Harbour . It was a crude jetty used by the fishing community which was later renovated and used as a landing place for British governors and other prominent people . In earlier times , it would have been the first structure that visitors arriving by boat in Mumbai would have seen . The Gateway has also been referred to as the Taj Mahal of Mumbai , and is the city 's top tourist attraction . The India Gate in New Delhi is similar to the Gateway of India in Mumbai . The structure was erected to commemorate the landing of King George V and Queen Mary at Apollo Bunder , when they visited India in 1911 . Built in Indo @-@ Saracenic style , the foundation stone for the Gateway of India was laid on 31 March 1911 . The final design of George Wittet was sanctioned in 1914 and the construction of the monument was completed in 1924 . The Gateway was later the ceremonial entrance to India for Viceroys and the new Governors of Bombay . It served to allow entry and access to India . The monument has witnessed three terror attacks from the beginning of the 21st century ; twice in 2003 and it was also the disembarkation point in 2008 when four gunmen attacked the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower . = = History = = The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to Mumbai , prior to the Delhi Durbar , in December 1911 . However , they only got to see a cardboard model of the structure since the construction did not begin till 1915 . The foundation stone was laid on March 31 , 1911 , by the governor of Bombay Sir George Sydenham Clarke , with the final design of George Wittet sanctioned on March 31 , 1914 . The gateway was built from yellow basalt and concrete . Between 1915 and 1919 , work proceeded at Apollo Bundar ( Port ) to reclaim the land on which the gateway and the new sea wall would be built . The foundations were completed in 1920 , and construction was finished in 1924 . The gateway was opened on December 4 , 1924 , by the Viceroy , the Earl of Reading . The last British troops to leave India following the country 's independence , the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry , passed through the Gateway on their way out in a ceremony on February 28 , 1948 , signalling the end of British rule . = = Design and structure = = The Scottish architect George Wittet combined the elements of the Roman triumphal arch and the 16th @-@ century architecture of Gujarat . Its design is a combination of Hindu and Muslim architectural styles ; the arch is of Muslim style while the decorations are of Hindu style . The gateway is built from yellow basalt and reinforced concrete . The stone was locally obtained , and the perforated screens were brought from Gwalior . The gateway faces out to Mumbai Harbour from the tip of Apollo Bunder . The central dome is 48 feet ( 15 metres ) in diameter and 83 feet ( 25 metres ) above the ground at its highest point . The whole harbour front was realigned in order to come in line with a planned esplanade which would sweep down to the centre of the town . On each side of the arch , there are large halls that can hold 600 people . The cost of the construction was ₹ 2 million ( US $ 30 @,@ 000 ) , borne mainly by the Imperial Government of India . Due to a paucity of funds , the approach road was never built , and so the gateway stands at an angle to the road leading up to it . = = Significance = = It is the place where the viceroys and governors used to land upon their arrival in India . Though built as a welcome to King George V for his visit of 1911 , then an event of grand significance for British India and the British empire , today serves as a " monumental memento " of British colonial rule over India . Built right next to the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower hotel , for British arriving for the first time to India , the gateway was a symbol of the " power and majesty " of the British empire . Opposite the gateway stands the statue of Shivaji , the king who used guerilla warfare to establish the Maratha empire in the Sahyadri mountain range in the 17th century , as a symbol of Maratha " pride and courage " . The statue was unveiled on 26 January 1961 on the occasion of India 's Republic Day . The other statue in the area is that of Swami Vivekananda , by renowned sculptor Sitaram S. Arte . There are five jetties at the gateway . The first jetty is exclusive to the Atomic Research Centre , the second and third are used for commercial ferry operations , the fourth is closed and the fifth is exclusive to the Royal Bombay Yacht Club . After the 2008 Mumbai attacks , there has been a proposal to close all these jetties and replace them with two newer ones to be built near the Bombay Presidency Radio Club nearby . The second and third jetties are the starting point for tours of Elephanta Caves , which is a 50 @-@ minute boat ride away by ferry . Other routes from the Gateway include ferry rides to Alibaug and Mandwa ; these ferries are said to carry passengers above their certified capacity due to their popularity . The Gateway of India is a major tourist destination and a popular gathering spot for locals , street vendors and photographers . In 2012 , Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation moved the " Elephanta Festival of music and dance " from its original location at Elephanta Caves ( where it had been celebrated for 23 years ) to the Gateway due to the increased capacity offered by the venue . The Gateway can host 2 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 500 people , whereas Elephanta Caves could host only 700 to 800 people . A bomb planted in a taxi exploded near the gateway in the 2003 . The gateway was also the site of a major bomb @-@ blast in August 2003 and was the disembarkation point of the terrorists participating in the November 2008 terror attacks when four gunmen attacked the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower . Public movement in certain areas was restricted after the 2008 attacks .
= Henry III of England = Henry III ( 1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272 ) , also known as Henry of Winchester , was King of England , Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death . The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême , Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons ' War . Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry 's forces , led by William Marshal , defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217 . Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225 , which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons . His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches , who re @-@ established royal authority after the war . In 1230 the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father , but the invasion was a debacle . A revolt led by William Marshal 's son , Richard , broke out in 1232 , ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church . Following the revolt , Henry ruled England personally , rather than governing through senior ministers . He travelled less than previous monarchs , investing heavily in a handful of his favourite palaces and castles . He married Eleanor of Provence , with whom he had five children . Henry was known for his piety , holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities ; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor , whom he adopted as his patron saint . He extracted huge sums of money from the Jews in England , ultimately crippling their ability to do business , and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened , he introduced the Statute of Jewry , attempting to segregate the community . In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family 's lands in France , he invaded Poitou in 1242 , leading to the disastrous Battle of Taillebourg . After this , Henry relied on diplomacy , cultivating an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II . Henry supported his brother Richard in his bid to become King of the Romans in 1256 , but was unable to place his own son Edmund on the throne of Sicily , despite investing large amounts of money . He planned to go on crusade to the Levant , but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in Gascony . By 1258 , Henry 's rule was increasingly unpopular , the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his Poitevin half @-@ brothers , the Lusignans , as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts . A coalition of his barons , initially probably backed by Eleanor , seized power in a coup d 'état and expelled the Poitevins from England , reforming the royal government through a process called the Provisions of Oxford . Henry and the baronial government enacted a peace with France in 1259 , under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for King Louis IX of France recognising him as the rightful ruler of Gascony . The baronial regime collapsed but Henry was unable to reform a stable government and instability across England continued . In 1263 one of the more radical barons , Simon de Montfort , seized power , resulting in the Second Barons ' War . Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilised an army . The Battle of Lewes occurred in 1264 , where Henry was defeated and taken prisoner . Henry 's eldest son , Edward , escaped from captivity to defeat de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham the following year and freed his father . Henry initially enacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels , but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the Dictum of Kenilworth . Reconstruction was slow and Henry had to acquiesce to various measures , including further suppression of the Jews , to maintain baronial and popular support . Henry died in 1272 , leaving Edward as his successor . He was buried in Westminster Abbey , which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign , and was moved to his current tomb in 1290 . Some miracles were declared after his death but he was not canonised . = = Background and childhood = = Henry was born in Winchester Castle on 1 October 1207 . He was the eldest son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême . Little is known of Henry 's early life . He was initially looked after by a wet nurse called Ellen in the south of England , away from John 's itinerant court , and probably had close ties to his mother . Henry had four legitimate younger brothers and sisters – Richard , Joan , Isabella and Eleanor – and various older illegitimate siblings . In 1212 his education was entrusted to Peter des Roches , the Bishop of Winchester ; under his direction , Henry was given military training by Philip D 'Aubigny and taught to ride , probably by Ralph of St Samson . Little is known about Henry 's appearance ; he was probably around 168 centimetres ( 66 in ) tall , and accounts recorded after his death suggested that he had a strong build , with a drooping eyelid . Henry grew up to occasionally show flashes of a fierce temper , but mostly , as historian David Carpenter describes , he had an " amiable , easy @-@ going , and sympathetic " personality . He was unaffected and honest , and showed his emotions readily , easily being moved to tears by religious sermons . At the start of the 13th century , the Kingdom of England formed part of an empire spreading across Western Europe . Henry was named after his grandfather , Henry II , who had built up this vast network of lands stretching from Scotland and Wales , through England , across the English Channel to the territories of Normandy , Brittany , Maine and Anjou in north @-@ west France , onto Poitou and Gascony in the south @-@ west . For many years the French Crown was relatively weak , enabling first Henry II , and then his sons Richard and John , to dominate France . In 1204 , John lost Normandy , Brittany , Maine and Anjou to Philip II of France , leaving English power on the continent limited to Gascony and Poitou . John raised taxes to pay for military campaigns to regain his lands , but unrest grew among many of the English barons ; John sought new allies by declaring England a Papal fiefdom , owing allegiance to the Pope . In 1215 , John and the rebel barons negotiated a potential peace treaty , the Magna Carta . The treaty would have limited potential abuses of royal power , demobilised the rebel armies and set up a power @-@ sharing arrangement , but in practice neither side complied with its conditions . John and the loyalist barons firmly repudiated the Magna Carta and the First Barons ' War erupted , with the rebel barons aided by Philip 's son , the future Louis VIII , who claimed the English throne for himself . The war soon settled into a stalemate , with neither side able to claim victory . The King became ill and died on the night of 18 October , leaving the nine @-@ year @-@ old Henry as his heir . = = Minority ( 1216 – 26 ) = = = = = Coronation = = = Henry was staying safely at Corfe Castle in Dorset with his mother when King John died . On his deathbed , John appointed a council of thirteen executors to help Henry reclaim the kingdom , and requested that his son be placed into the guardianship of William Marshal , one of the most famous knights in England . The loyalist leaders decided to crown Henry immediately to reinforce his claim to the throne . William knighted the boy , and Cardinal Guala Bicchieri , the papal legate to England , then oversaw his coronation at Gloucester Cathedral on 28 October . In the absence of the archbishops of Canterbury or York , he was anointed by the bishops of Worcester and Exeter , and crowned by Peter des Roches . The royal crown had been either lost or sold during the civil war , so instead the ceremony used a simple gold corolla belonging to Queen Isabella . The young King inherited a difficult situation , with over half of England occupied by the rebels and most of his father 's continental possessions still in French hands . He had substantial support , however , from Guala who intended to win the civil war for Henry and punish the rebels . Guala set about strengthening the ties between England and the Papacy , starting with the coronation itself , where Henry gave homage to the Papacy , recognising the Pope as his feudal lord . Pope Honorius declared that Henry was the Pope 's vassal and ward , and that the legate had complete authority to protect Henry and his kingdom . As an additional measure , Henry took the cross , declaring himself a crusader and so entitled to special protection from Rome . Two senior nobles stood out as candidates to head Henry 's regency government . The first was William , who , although elderly , was renowned for his personal loyalty and could help support the war with his own men and material . The second was Ranulf de Blondeville , the Earl of Chester and one of the most powerful loyalist barons . William diplomatically waited until both Guala and Ranulf had requested him to take up the post before assuming power . William then appointed des Roches to be Henry 's guardian , freeing himself up to lead the military effort . = = = End of the Barons ' War = = = The war was not going well for the loyalists and the new regency government considered retreating to Ireland . Prince Louis and the rebel barons , however , were also finding it difficult to make further progress . Despite Louis controlling Westminster Abbey , he could not be crowned king because the English Church and the Papacy backed Henry . John 's death had defused some of the rebel concerns , and the royal castles were still holding out in the occupied parts of the country . In a bid to take advantage of this , Henry encouraged the rebel barons to come back to his cause in exchange for the return of their lands , and reissued a version of the Magna Carta , albeit having first removed some of the clauses , including those unfavourable to the Papacy . The move was not successful and opposition to Henry 's new government hardened . In February , Louis set sail for France to gather reinforcements . In his absence , arguments broke out between Louis 's French and English followers , and Cardinal Guala declared that Henry 's war against the rebels was a religious crusade . This resulted in a series of defections from the rebel movement , and the tide of the conflict swung in Henry 's favour . Louis returned at the end of April and reinvigorated his campaign , splitting his forces into two groups , sending one north to besiege Lincoln Castle and keeping one in the south to capture Dover Castle . When he learnt that Louis had divided his army , William Marshal gambled on defeating the rebels in a single battle . William marched north and attacked Lincoln on 20 May ; entering through a side gate , he took the city in a sequence of fierce street battles and sacked the buildings . Large numbers of senior rebels were captured , and historian David Carpenter considers the battle to be " one of the most decisive in English history " . In the aftermath of Lincoln , the loyalist campaign stalled and only recommenced in late June when the victors had arranged the ransoming of their prisoners . Meanwhile , support for Louis 's campaign was diminishing in France and he concluded that the war in England was lost . The French prince negotiated terms with Cardinal Guala , under which he would renounce his claim to the English throne ; in return , his followers would be given back their lands , any sentences of excommunication would be lifted and Henry 's government would promise to enforce the Magna Carta . The proposed agreement soon began to unravel amid claims from some loyalists that it was too generous towards the rebels , particularly the clergy who had joined the rebellion . In the absence of a settlement , Louis remained in London with his remaining forces . On 24 August 1217 , a French fleet arrived off the coast of Sandwich , bringing Louis soldiers , siege engines and fresh supplies . Hubert de Burgh , Henry 's justiciar , set sail to intercept it , resulting in the Battle of Sandwich . De Burgh 's fleet scattered the French and captured their flagship , commanded by Eustace the Monk , who was promptly executed . When the news reached Louis , he entered into fresh peace negotiations . Henry , Isabella , Louis , Guala and William came to agreement on the final Treaty of Lambeth , also known as the Treaty of Kingston , on the 12 and 13 September . The treaty was similar to the first peace offer , but excluded the rebel clergy , whose lands and appointments remained forfeit . Louis accepted a gift of £ 6 @,@ 666 to speed his departure from England , and promised to try to persuade King Philip to return Henry 's lands in France . Louis left England as agreed and joined the Albigensian Crusade in the south of France . = = = Restoring royal authority = = = With the end of the civil war , Henry 's government faced the task of rebuilding royal authority across large parts of the country . By the end of 1217 many former rebels were routinely ignoring instructions from the centre , and even Henry 's loyalist supporters jealously maintained their independent control over royal castles . Illegally constructed fortifications , called adulterine castles , had sprung up across much of the country . The network of county sheriffs had collapsed , and with it the ability to raise taxes and collect royal revenues . The powerful Welsh Prince Llywelyn posed a major threat in Wales and along the Welsh Marches . Despite his success in winning the war , William had far less success in restoring royal power following the peace . In part , this was because William was unable to offer significant patronage , despite the expectations from the loyalist barons that they would be rewarded . William attempted to enforce the traditional rights of the Crown to approve marriages and wardships , but with little success . Nonetheless , William was able to reconstitute the royal bench of judges and reopen the royal exchequer . The government issued the Charter of the Forest , which attempted to reform the royal governance of the forests . The regency and Llywelyn came to agreement on the Treaty of Worcester in 1218 , but its generous terms – Llywelyn became effectively Henry 's justiciar across Wales – underlined the weakness of the English Crown . Henry 's mother was unable to establish a role for herself in the regency government and she returned to France in 1217 , marrying Hugh de Lusignan , a powerful Poitevin noble . William Marshal fell ill and died in April 1219 . The replacement government was formed around a grouping of three senior ministers : Pandulf , the replacement Papal legate ; Peter des Roches ; and Hubert de Burgh , a former justiciar . The three were appointed by a great council of the nobility at Oxford , and their government came to depend on these councils for authority . Hubert and des Roches were political rivals , with Hubert supported by a network of English barons , and des Roches backed by nobles from the royal territories in Poitou and Touraine . Hubert moved decisively against des Roches in 1221 , accusing him of treason and removing him as the King 's guardian ; the Bishop left England for the crusades . Pandulf was recalled by Rome the same year , leaving Hubert as the dominant force in Henry 's government . Initially the new government had little success , but in 1220 the fortunes of Henry 's government began to improve . The Pope allowed Henry to be crowned for a second time , using a new set of royal regalia . The fresh coronation was intended to affirm the authority of the King ; Henry promised to restore the powers of the Crown , and the barons swore that they would give back the royal castles and pay their debts to the Crown , on the threat of excommunication . Hubert , accompanied by Henry , moved into Wales to suppress Llywelyn in 1223 , and in England his forces steadily reclaimed Henry 's castles . The effort against the remaining recalcitrant barons came to a head in 1224 with the siege of Bedford Castle , which Henry and Hubert besieged for eight weeks ; when it finally fell , almost all of the garrison were executed . Meanwhile , Louis VIII of France allied himself with Hugh de Lusignan and invaded first Poitou and then Gascony . Henry 's army in Poitou was under @-@ resourced and lacked support from the Poitevin barons , many of whom had felt abandoned during the years of Henry 's minority ; as a result , the province quickly fell . It became clear that Gascony would also fall unless reinforcements were sent from England . In early 1225 a great council approved a tax of £ 40 @,@ 000 to dispatch an army , which quickly retook Gascony . In exchange for agreeing to support Henry , the barons demanded that the King reissue the Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest . This time the King declared that the charters were issued of his own " spontaneous and free will " and confirmed them with the royal seal , giving the new Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest of 1225 much more authority than any previous versions . The barons anticipated that the King would act in accordance with these definitive charters , subject to the law and moderated by the advice of the nobility . = = Early rule ( 1227 – 34 ) = = = = = Invasion of France = = = Henry assumed formal control of his government in January 1227 , although some contemporaries argued that he was legally still a minor until his 21st birthday the following year . The King richly rewarded Hubert de Burgh for his service during his minority years , making him the Earl of Kent and giving him extensive lands across England and Wales . Despite coming of age , Henry remained heavily influenced by his advisers for the first few years of his rule and retained Hubert as his justiciar to run the government , granting him the position for life . The fate of Henry 's family lands in France still remained uncertain . Reclaiming these lands was extremely important to Henry , who used terms such as " reclaiming his inheritance " , " restoring his rights " and " defending his legal claims " to the territories in diplomatic correspondence . The French kings , however , had an increasing financial , and thus military , advantage over Henry . Even under John , the French Crown had enjoyed a considerable , although not overwhelming , advantage in resources , but since then , the balance had shifted further , with the ordinary annual income of the French kings almost doubling between 1204 and 1221 . Louis VIII died in 1226 , leaving his 12 @-@ year @-@ old son , Louis IX , to inherit the throne , supported by a regency government . The young French King was in a much weaker position than his father , and faced opposition from many of the French nobility who still maintained their ties to England , leading to a sequence of revolts across the country . Against this background , in late 1228 a group of potential Norman and Angevin rebels called upon Henry to invade and reclaim his inheritance , and Peter de Dreux , the Duke of Brittany , openly revolted against Louis and gave his homage to Henry . Henry 's preparations for an invasion progressed slowly , and when he finally arrived in Brittany with an army in May 1230 , the campaign did not go well . Possibly on the advice of Hubert , the King decided to avoid battle with the French by not invading Normandy and instead marching south into Poitou , where he campaigned ineffectually over the summer , before finally progressing safely onto Gascony . He made a truce with Louis until 1234 and returned to England having achieved nothing ; historian Huw Ridgeway describes the expedition as a " costly fiasco " . = = = Richard Marshal 's revolt = = = Henry 's chief minister , Hubert de Burgh fell from power in 1232 . His old rival , Peter des Roches , returned to England from the crusades in August 1231 , and allied himself with Hubert 's growing number of political opponents . He put the case to Henry that the Justiciar had squandered royal money and lands , and was responsible for a series of riots against foreign clerics . Hubert took sanctuary in Merton College Chapel , but Henry had him arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London . Des Roches took over the King 's government , backed by the Poitevin baronial faction in England , who saw this as a chance to take back the lands which they had lost to Hubert 's followers in the previous decades . Des Roches used his new authority to begin stripping his opponents of their estates , circumventing the courts and legal process . Complaints from powerful barons such as William Marshal 's son Richard grew , and they argued that Henry was failing to protect their legal rights as described in the 1225 charters . A fresh civil war broke out between des Roches and Richard 's followers . Des Roches sent armies into Richard 's lands in Ireland and South Wales . In response , Richard allied himself with Prince Llywelyn , and his own supporters rose up in rebellion in England . Henry was unable to gain a clear military advantage and became concerned that Louis of France might seize the opportunity to invade Brittany – where the truce was about to expire – while he was distracted at home . Edmund Rich , the Archbishop of Canterbury , intervened in 1234 and held several great councils , advising Henry to accept the dismissal of des Roches . Henry agreed to make peace , but , before the negotiations were completed , Richard died of wounds suffered in battle , leaving his younger brother Gilbert to inherit his lands . The final settlement was confirmed in May , and Henry was widely praised for his humility in submitting to the slightly embarrassing peace . Meanwhile , the truce with France in Brittany finally expired , and Henry 's ally Duke Peter came under fresh military pressure . Henry could only send a small force of soldiers to assist , and Brittany fell to Louis in November . For the next 24 years , Henry ruled the kingdom personally , rather than through senior ministers . = = Henry as king = = = = = Kingship , government and law = = = Royal government in England had traditionally centred on several great offices of state , filled by powerful , independent members of the baronage . Henry abandoned this policy , leaving the post of justiciar vacant and turning the position of chancellor into a more junior role . A small royal council was formed but its role was ill @-@ defined ; appointments , patronage and policy were decided personally by Henry and his immediate advisers , rather than through the larger councils that had marked his early years . The changes made it much harder for those outside Henry 's inner circle to influence policy or to pursue legitimate grievances , particularly against the King 's friends . Henry believed that kings should rule England in a dignified manner , surrounded by ceremony and ecclesiastical ritual . He thought that his predecessors had allowed the status of the Crown to decline , and sought to correct this during his reign . The events of the civil war in Henry 's youth deeply affected the King , and he adopted Edward the Confessor as his patron saint , hoping to emulate the way in which the Anglo @-@ Saxon King had brought peace to England and reunited his people in order and harmony . Henry tried to use his royal authority leniently , hoping to appease the more hostile barons and maintain peace in England . As a result , despite a symbolic emphasis on royal power , Henry 's rule was relatively circumscribed and constitutional . He generally acted within the terms of the charters , which prevented the Crown from taking extrajudicial action against the barons , including the fines and expropriations that had been common under John . The charters , however , did not address the sensitive issues of the appointment of royal advisers and the distribution of patronage , and they lacked any means of enforcement if the King chose to ignore them . Henry 's rule became lax and careless , resulting in a reduction in royal authority in the provinces and , ultimately , the collapse of his authority at court . The inconsistency with which he applied the charters over the course of his rule alienated many barons , even those within his own faction . The term " parliament " first appeared in the 1230s and 1240s to describe large gatherings of the royal court , and parliamentary gatherings were held periodically throughout Henry 's reign . They were used to agree the raising of taxes which , in the 13th century , were single , one @-@ off levies , typically on movable property , intended to support the King 's normal revenues for particular projects . During Henry 's reign , the counties began to send regular delegations to these parliaments , and came to represent a broader cross @-@ section of the community than simply the major barons . Despite the various charters , the provision of royal justice was inconsistent and driven by the needs of immediate politics : sometimes action would be taken to address a legitimate baronial complaint , on other occasions the problem would simply be ignored . The royal eyres , courts which toured the country to provide justice at the local level , typically for those lesser barons and the gentry claiming grievances against the major lords , had little power , allowing the major barons to dominate the local justice system . The power of royal sheriffs also declined during Henry 's reign . They were now often lesser men appointed by the exchequer , rather than coming from important local families , and they focused on generating revenue for the King . Their robust attempts to enforce fines and collect debts generated much unpopularity among the lower classes . Unlike his father , Henry did not exploit the large debts that the barons frequently owed to the Crown , and was slow to collect any sums of money due to him . = = = Court = = = The royal court was formed round Henry 's trusted friends , such as Richard de Clare , the brothers Hugh and Roger Bigod and Humphrey de Bohun and Henry 's brother , Richard . Henry wanted to use his court to unite his English and continental subjects , and it included Simon de Montfort , originally a French knight who had married Henry 's sister Eleanor and become the Earl of Leicester , in addition to the later influxes of Henry 's Savoyard and Lusignan relatives . The court followed European styles and traditions , and was heavily influenced by Henry 's Angevin family traditions : French was the spoken language , it had close links to the royal courts of France , Castile , the Holy Roman Empire and Sicily , and Henry sponsored the same writers as the other European rulers . Henry travelled less than previous kings , seeking a tranquil , more sedate life and staying at each of his palaces for prolonged periods before moving on . Possibly as a result , he focused more attention on his palaces and houses ; Henry was , according to architectural historian John Goodall , " the most obsessive patron of art and architecture ever to have occupied the throne of England " . Henry extended the royal complex at Westminster in London , one of his favourite homes , rebuilding the palace and the abbey at a cost of almost £ 55 @,@ 000 . He spent more time in Westminster than any of his predecessors , shaping the formation of England 's capital city . He spent £ 58 @,@ 000 on his royal castles , carrying out major works at the Tower of London , Lincoln and Dover . Both the military defences and the internal accommodation of these castles were significantly improved . At Windsor , a huge overhaul of the castle produced a lavish palace complex , whose style and detail inspired many subsequent designs in England and Wales . The Tower of London was extended to form a concentric fortress with extensive living quarters , although Henry primarily used the castle as a secure retreat in the event of war or civil strife . Henry also kept a menagerie at the Tower , a tradition begun by his father , and his exotic specimens included an elephant , a leopard and a camel . Henry reformed the system of silver coins in England in 1247 , replacing the older Short Cross silver pennies with a new Long Cross design . Due to the initial costs of the transition , Henry required the financial help of his brother Richard to undertake this reform , but the recoinage occurred quickly and efficiently . Between 1243 and 1258 , the King assembled two great hoards , or stockpiles , of gold . In 1257 , Henry needed to spend the second of these hoards urgently and , rather than selling the gold quickly and depressing its value , Henry decided to introduce gold pennies into England , following the popular trend in Italy . The gold pennies resembled the gold coins issued by Edward the Confessor , but the overvalued currency attracted complaints from the City of London and was ultimately abandoned . = = = Religion = = = Henry was known for his public demonstrations of piety , and appears to have been genuinely devout . He promoted rich , luxurious Church services , and , unusually for the period , attended mass at least once a day . He gave generously to religious causes , paid for the feeding of 500 paupers each day and helped orphans . He fasted before commemorating Edward the Confessor 's feasts , and may have washed the feet of lepers . Henry regularly went on pilgrimages , particularly to the abbeys of Bromholm , St Albans and Walsingham Priory , although he appears to have sometimes used pilgrimages as an excuse to avoid dealing with pressing political problems . Henry shared many of his religious views with Louis of France , and the two men appear to have been slightly competitive in their piety . Towards the end of his reign , Henry may have taken up the practice of curing sufferers of scrofula , often called " the King 's evil " , by touching them , possibly emulating Louis , who also took up the practice . Louis had a famous collection of Passion Relics which he stored at Sainte @-@ Chapelle , and paraded the Holy Cross through Paris in 1241 ; Henry took possession of the relic of the Holy Blood in 1247 , marching it through Westminster to be installed in Westminster Abbey , which he promoted as an alternative to the Sainte @-@ Chapelle . Henry was particularly supportive of the mendicant orders ; his confessors were drawn from the Dominican Friars , and he built mendicant houses in Canterbury , Norwich , Oxford , Reading and York , helping to find valuable space for new buildings in what were already crowded towns and cities . He supported the military crusading orders , and became a patron of the Teutonic Order in 1235 . The emerging universities of Oxford and Cambridge also received royal attention : Henry reinforced and regulated their powers , and encouraged scholars to migrate from Paris to teach at them . A rival institution at Northampton was declared by the King to be a mere school and not a true university . The support given to Henry by the Papacy during his early years had a lasting influence on his attitude towards Rome , and he defended the mother church diligently throughout his reign . Rome in the 13th century was at once both the centre of the Europe @-@ wide Church , and a political power in central Italy , threatened militarily by the Holy Roman Empire . During Henry 's reign , the Papacy developed a strong , central bureaucracy , supported by benefices granted to absent churchmen working in Rome . Tensions grew between this practice and the needs of local parishioners , exemplified by the dispute between Robert Grosseteste , the Bishop of Lincoln , and the Papacy in 1250 . Although the Scottish Church became more independent of England during the period , the Papal Legates helped Henry continue to apply influence over its activities at a distance . Pope Innocent IV 's attempts to raise funds began to face opposition from within the English Church during Henry 's reign . In 1240 , the Papal emissary 's collection of taxes to pay for the Papacy 's war with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II resulted in protests , ultimately overcome with the help of Henry and the Pope , and in the 1250s Henry 's crusading tithes faced similar resistance . = = = Jewish policies = = = The Jews of England were considered the property of the Crown , and they had traditionally been used as a source of cheap loans and easy taxation , in exchange for royal protection against antisemitism . The Jews had suffered considerable oppression during the First Barons ' War , but during Henry 's early years the community had flourished and became one of the most prosperous in Europe . This was primarily the result of the stance taken by the regency government , which took a range of measures to protect the Jews and encourage lending . This was driven by financial self @-@ interest , as they stood to profit considerably from a strong Jewish community in England . Their policy ran counter to the instructions being sent from the Pope , however , who had laid out strong anti @-@ Jewish measures at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 ; William Marshal continued with his policy despite complaints from the Church . In 1239 Henry introduced different policies , possibly trying to imitate those of Louis of France : Jewish leaders across England were imprisoned and forced to pay fines equivalent to a third of their goods , and any outstanding loans were to be released . Further huge demands for cash followed – £ 40 @,@ 000 was demanded in 1244 , for example , of which around two @-@ thirds was collected within five years – destroying the ability of the Jewish community to lend money commercially . Henry had built the Domus Conversorum in London in 1232 to help convert Jews to Christianity , and efforts intensified after 1239 ; as many as 10 percent of the Jews in England had been converted by the late 1250s . Anti @-@ Jewish stories involving tales of child sacrifice flourished in the 1250s and , in response , Henry passed the Statute of Jewry in 1253 , which attempted to segregate Jews and enforce the wearing of Jewish badges ; it remains unclear to what extent this statute was actually implemented by Henry . = = Personal rule ( 1234 – 58 ) = = = = = Marriage = = = Henry investigated a range of potential marriage partners in his youth , but they all proved unsuitable for reasons of European and domestic politics . In 1236 he finally married Eleanor of Provence , the daughter of Raymond @-@ Berengar , the Count of Provence , and Beatrice of Savoy . Eleanor was well @-@ mannered , cultured and articulate , but the primary reason for the marriage was political , as Henry stood to create a valuable set of alliances with the rulers of the south and south @-@ east of France . Over the coming years , Eleanor emerged as a hard @-@ headed , firm politician . Historians Margaret Howell and David Carpenter describe her as being " more combative " and " far tougher and more determined " than her husband . The marriage contract was confirmed in 1235 and Eleanor travelled to England to meet Henry for the first time . The pair were married at Canterbury Cathedral in January 1236 , and Eleanor was crowned queen at Westminster shortly afterwards in a lavish ceremony planned by Henry . There was a substantial age gap between the couple – Henry was 28 , Eleanor only 12 – but historian Margaret Howell observes that the King " was generous and warm @-@ hearted and prepared to lavish care and affection on his wife " . Henry gave Eleanor extensive gifts and paid personal attention to establishing and equipping her household . He also brought her fully into his religious life , including involving her in his devotion to Edward the Confessor . Despite initial concerns that the Queen might be barren , Henry and Eleanor had five children together . In 1239 Eleanor gave birth to their first child , Edward , named after the Confessor . Henry was overjoyed and held huge celebrations , giving lavishly to the Church and to the poor to encourage God to protect his young son . Their first daughter , Margaret , named after Eleanor 's sister , followed in 1240 , her birth also accompanied by celebrations and donations to the poor . Henry 's third child , Beatrice , was named after his mother @-@ in @-@ law , and born in 1242 during a campaign in Poitou . Their fourth child , Edmund , arrived in 1245 and was named after the 9th @-@ century saint : concerned about Eleanor 's health , Henry donated large amounts of money to the Church throughout the pregnancy . A third daughter , Katherine , was born in 1253 but soon fell ill , possibly the result of a degenerative disorder such as Rett syndrome , and was unable to speak . She died in 1257 and Henry was distraught . Henry 's children spent most of their childhood at Windsor Castle and he appears to have been extremely attached to them , rarely spending extended periods of time apart from his family . After Eleanor 's marriage , many of her Savoyard relatives joined her in England . At least 170 Savoyards arrived in England after 1236 , coming from Savoy , Burgundy and Flanders , including Eleanor 's uncles : Boniface became the Archbishop of Canterbury , and William became Henry 's chief adviser for a short period . Henry arranged marriages for many of them into the English nobility , a practice that initially caused friction with the English barons , who resisted landed estates passing into the hands of foreigners . The Savoyards were careful not to exacerbate the situation and became increasingly integrated into English baronial society , forming an important power base for Eleanor in England . = = = Poitou and the Lusignans = = = In 1241 , the barons in Poitou , including Henry 's step @-@ father Hugh de Lusignan , rebelled against the rule of Louis of France . The rebels had counted on aid from Henry , but he lacked domestic support and was slow to mobilise an army , not arriving in France until the next summer . Henry 's campaign was hesitant and was further undermined by Hugh switching sides and returning to support Louis . On 20 May Henry 's army was surrounded by the French at Taillebourg ; Henry 's brother Richard persuaded the French to delay their attack and the King took the opportunity to escape to Bordeaux . Simon de Montfort , who fought a successful rearguard action during the withdrawal , was furious with the King 's incompetence and told Henry that he should be locked up like the 10th @-@ century Carolingian king Charles the Simple . The Poitou rebellion collapsed and Henry entered into a fresh five @-@ year truce ; his campaign had been a disastrous failure and had cost over £ 80 @,@ 000 . In the aftermath of the revolt , French power extended throughout Poitou , threatening the interests of the Lusignan family . In 1247 Henry encouraged his relatives to travel to England , where they were rewarded with large estates , largely at the expense of the English barons . More Poitevins followed , until around 100 had settled in England , around two @-@ thirds of them being granted substantial incomes worth £ 66 or more by Henry . Henry encouraged some to help him on the continent ; others acted as mercenaries and diplomatic agents , or fought on Henry 's behalf in European campaigns . Many were given estates along the contested Welsh Marches , or in Ireland , where they protected the frontiers . For Henry , the community was an important symbol of his hopes to one day reconquer Poitou and the rest of his French lands , and many of the Lusignans became close friends with his son Edward . The presence of Henry 's extended family in England proved controversial . Concerns were raised by contemporary chroniclers – especially in works of Roger de Wendover and Matthew Paris – about the number of foreigners in England and historian Martin Aurell notes the xenophobic overtones of their commentary . The term " Poitevins " became loosely applied to this grouping , although many came from Anjou and other parts of France , and by the 1250s there was a fierce rivalry between the relatively well established Savoyards and the newly arrived Poitevins . The Lusignans began to break the law with impunity , pursuing personal grievances against other barons and the Savoyards , and Henry took little or no action to restrain them . By 1258 , the general dislike of the Poitevins had turned into hatred , with Simon de Montfort one of their strongest critics . = = = Scotland , Wales and Ireland = = = Henry 's position in Wales was strengthened during the first two decades of his personal rule . Following the death of Llywelyn the Great in 1240 , Henry 's power in Wales expanded . Three military campaigns were carried out in the 1240s , new castles were constructed and the royal lands in the County of Chester were expanded , increasing Henry 's dominance over the Welsh princes . Dafydd , Llywelyn 's son , resisted the incursions , but died in 1246 , and Henry confirmed the Treaty of Woodstock the following year with Owain and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , Llywelyn the Great 's grandsons , under which they ceded land to the King but retained the heart of their princedom in Gwynedd . In South Wales , Henry gradually extended his authority across the region , but the campaigns were not pursued with vigour and the King did little to stop the Marcher territories along the border becoming increasingly independent of the Crown . In 1256 , however , Llywelyn ap Gruffudd rebelled against Henry and widespread violence spread across Wales ; Henry promised a swift military response but did not carry through on his threats . Ireland was important to Henry , both as a source of royal revenue – an average of £ 1 @,@ 150 was sent from Ireland to the Crown each year during the middle of his reign – and as a source of estates that could be granted to his supporters . The major landowners looked eastwards towards Henry 's court for political leadership , and many also possessed estates in Wales and England . The 1240s saw major upheavals in land ownership due to deaths among the barons , enabling Henry to redistribute Irish lands to his supporters . In the 1250s , the King gave out numerous grants of land along the frontier in Ireland to his supporters , creating a buffer zone against the native Irish ; the local Irish kings began to suffer increased harassment as English power increased across the region . These lands were in many cases unprofitable for the barons to hold and English power reached its zenith under Henry for the medieval period . In 1254 , Henry granted Ireland to his son , Edward , on condition that it would never be separated from the Crown . Henry maintained peace with Scotland during his reign , where he was the feudal lord of Alexander II . Henry assumed that he had the right to interfere in Scottish affairs and brought up the issue of his authority with the Scottish kings at key moments , but he lacked the inclination or the resources to do much more . Alexander had occupied parts of northern England during the First Barons ' War but had been excommunicated and forced to retreat . Alexander married Henry 's sister Joan in 1221 , and after he and Henry signed the Treaty of York in 1237 , Henry had a secure northern frontier . Henry knighted Alexander III before the young King married Henry 's daughter Margaret in 1251 and , despite Alexander 's refusal to give homage to Henry for Scotland , the two enjoyed a good relationship . Henry had Alexander and Margaret rescued from Edinburgh Castle when they were imprisoned there by a rebellious Scottish baron in 1255 and took additional measures to manage Alexander 's government during the rest of his minority years . = = = European strategy = = = Henry had no further opportunities to reconquer his possessions in France after the collapse of his military campaign at Taillebourg . Henry 's resources were quite inadequate in comparison to those of the French Crown , and by the end of the 1240s it was clear that King Louis had become the preeminent power across France . Henry instead adopted what historian Michael Clanchy has described as a " European strategy " , attempting to regain his lands in France through diplomacy rather than force , building alliances with other states prepared to put military pressure on the French King . In particular , Henry cultivated Frederick II , hoping he would turn against Louis or allow his nobility to join Henry 's campaigns . In the process , Henry 's attention became increasingly focused on European politics and events rather than domestic affairs . Crusading was a popular cause in the 13th century , and in 1248 Louis joined the ill @-@ fated Seventh Crusade , having first made a fresh truce with England and received assurances from the Pope that he would protect his lands against any attack by Henry . Henry might have joined this crusade himself , but the rivalry between the two kings made this impossible and , after Louis 's defeat at the Battle of Al Mansurah in 1250 , Henry instead announced that he would be undertaking his own crusade to the Levant . The King began to make arrangements for passage with friendly rulers around the Levant , imposing efficiency savings on the royal household and arranging for ships and transport : he appeared almost over @-@ eager to take part . Henry 's plans reflected his strong religious beliefs , but they also stood to give him additional international credibility when arguing for the return of his possessions in France . Henry 's crusade never departed , as he was forced to deal with problems in Gascony , where the harsh policies of the King 's lieutenant , Simon de Montfort , had provoked a violent uprising in 1252 , which was supported by King Alfonso X of neighbouring Castile . The English court was split over the problem : Simon and Eleanor argued that the Gascons were to blame for the crisis , while Henry , backed by the Lusignans , blamed Simon 's misjudgment . Henry and Eleanor quarrelled over the issue and were not reconciled until the following year . Forced to intervene personally , Henry carried out an effective , if expensive , campaign with the help of the Lusignans and stabilised the province . Alfonso signed a treaty of alliance in 1254 , and Gascony was given to Henry 's son Edward , who married Alfonso 's half @-@ sister Eleanor , delivering a long @-@ lasting peace with Castile . On the way back from Gascony , Henry met with Louis for the first time in an arrangement brokered by their wives , and the two kings became close friends . The Gascon campaign cost more than £ 200 @,@ 000 and used up all the money intended for Henry 's crusade , leaving him heavily in debt and reliant on loans from his brother Richard and the Lusignans . = = = The Sicilian business = = = Henry did not give up on his hopes for a crusade , but became increasingly absorbed in a bid to acquire the wealthy Kingdom of Sicily for his son Edmund . Sicily had been controlled by Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire , for many years a rival of Pope Innocent IV . On Frederick 's death in 1250 , Innocent started to look for a new ruler , one more amenable to the Papacy . Henry saw Sicily as both a valuable prize for his son and as an excellent base for his crusading plans in the east . With minimal consultation within his court , Henry came to an agreement with the Pope in 1254 that Edmund should be the next king . Innocent urged Henry to send Edmund with an army to reclaim Sicily from Frederick 's son Manfred , offering to contribute to the expenses of the campaign . Innocent was succeeded by Alexander IV , who was facing increasingly military pressure from the Empire . He could no longer afford to pay Henry 's expenses , instead demanding that Henry compensate the Papacy for the £ 90 @,@ 000 spent on the war so far . This was a huge sum , and Henry turned to parliament for help in 1255 , only to be rebuffed ; further attempts followed , but by 1257 only partial parliamentary assistance had been offered . Alexander grew increasingly unhappy about Henry 's prevarication and in 1258 sent an envoy to England , threatening to excommunicate Henry if he did not first pay his debts to the Papacy and then send the promised army to Sicily . Parliament again refused to assist the King in raising this money . Instead Henry turned to extorting money from the senior clergy , who were forced to sign blank charters , promising to pay effectively unlimited sums of money in support of the King 's efforts , raising around £ 40 @,@ 000 . The English Church felt the money was wasted , vanishing into the long @-@ running war in Italy . Meanwhile , Henry attempted to influence the outcomes of the elections in the Holy Roman Empire , which would appoint a new King of the Romans . When the more prominent German candidates failed to gain traction , Henry began to back his brother Richard 's candidature , giving donations to his potential supporters in the Empire . Richard was elected in 1256 with expectations of possibly being crowned the Holy Roman Emperor , but continued to play a major role in English politics . His election faced a mixed response in England ; Richard was believed to provide moderate , sensible counsel and his presence was missed by the English barons , but he also faced criticism , probably incorrectly , for funding his German campaign at England 's expense . Although Henry now had increased support in the Empire for a potential alliance against Louis of France , the two kings were now moving towards potentially settling their disputes peacefully ; for Henry , a peace treaty could allow him to focus on Sicily and his crusade . = = Later reign ( 1258 – 72 ) = = = = = Revolution = = = In 1258 , Henry faced a revolt among the English barons . Anger had grown about the way the King 's officials were raising funds , the influence of the Poitevins at court and his unpopular Sicilian policy ; even the English Church had grievances over its treatment by the King . The Welsh were still in open revolt , and now allied themselves with Scotland . Henry was also critically short of money ; although he still had some reserves of gold and silver , they were totally insufficient to cover his potential expenditures , including the campaign for Sicily and his debts to the Papacy . Critics suggested darkly that he had never really intended to join the crusades , and was simply intending to profit from the crusading tithes . To compound the situation , the harvests in England failed . Within Henry 's court there was a strong feeling that the King would be unable to lead the country through these problems . The discontent finally erupted in April , when seven of the major English and Savoyard barons – Simon de Montfort , Roger and Hugh Bigod , John Fitzgeoffrey , Peter de Montfort , Peter de Savoy and Richard de Clare – secretly formed an alliance to expel the Lusignans from court , a move probably quietly supported by the Queen . On 30 April , Roger Bigod marched into Westminster in the middle of the King 's parliament , backed by his co @-@ conspirators , and carried out a coup d 'état . Henry , fearful that he was about to be arrested and imprisoned , agreed to abandon his policy of personal rule and instead govern through a council of 24 barons and churchmen , half chosen by the King and half by the barons . His own nominees to the council , however , drew heavily on the hated Lusignans . The pressure for reform continued to grow unabated and a fresh parliament met in June , passing a set of measures known as the Provisions of Oxford , which Henry swore to uphold . These provisions created a smaller council of 15 members , elected solely by the barons , which then had the power to appoint England 's justiciar , chancellor and treasurer , and which would be monitored through triannual parliaments . Pressure from the lesser barons and the gentry present at Oxford also helped to push through wider reform , intended to limit the abuse of power by both the King 's officials and the major barons . The elected council included representatives of the Savoyard faction but no Poitevins , and the new government immediately took steps to exile the leading Lusignans and to seize key castles across the country . The disagreements between the leading barons involved in the revolt soon became evident . De Montfort championed radical reforms that would place further limitations on the authority and power of the major barons as well as the Crown ; others , such as Hugh Bigod , promoted only moderate change , while the conservative barons , such as de Clare , expressed concerns about the existing limitations on the King 's powers . Henry 's son , Edward , initially opposed the revolution , but then allied himself with de Montfort , helping him to pass the radical Provisions of Westminster in 1259 , which introduced further limits on the major barons and local royal officials . = = = Crisis = = = Over the next four years , neither Henry nor the barons were able to restore stability in England , and power swung back and forth between the different factions . One of the priorities for the new regime , however , was to settle the long @-@ running dispute with France and , at the end of 1259 , Henry and Eleanor left for Paris to negotiate the final details of a peace treaty with King Louis , escorted by Simon de Montfort and much of the baronial government . Under the treaty , Henry gave up any claim to his family 's lands in the north of France , but was confirmed as the legitimate ruler of Gascony and various neighbouring territories in the south , giving homage and recognising Louis as his feudal lord for these possessions . When de Montfort returned to England , Henry , supported by Eleanor , remained in Paris where he seized the opportunity to reassert royal authority and began to issue royal orders independently of the barons . Henry finally returned to retake power in England in April 1260 , where conflict was brewing between de Clare 's forces and those of de Montfort and Edward . Henry 's brother Richard mediated between the parties and averted a military confrontation ; Edward was reconciled with his father and de Montfort was put on trial for his actions against the King . Henry was unable to maintain his grip on power , however , and in October a coalition headed by de Montfort , de Clare and Edward briefly seized back control , but within months their baronial council had collapsed into chaos as well . Henry continued to publicly support the Provisions of Oxford , but he secretly opened discussions with Pope Urban IV , hoping to be absolved from the oath he had made at Oxford . In June 1261 , the King announced that Rome had released him from his promises and he promptly held a counter @-@ coup with the support of Edward . He purged the ranks of the sheriffs of his enemies and seized back control of many of the royal castles . The baronial opposition , led by de Montfort and de Clare , were temporarily reunited in their opposition to Henry 's actions , convening their own parliament , independent of the King , and establishing a rival system of local government across England . Henry and Eleanor mobilised their own supporters and raised a foreign mercenary army . Facing the threat of open civil war , the barons backed down : de Clare switched sides once again , de Montfort left for exile in France and the baronial resistance collapsed . Henry 's government relied primarily on Eleanor and her Savoyard supporters , and it proved short @-@ lived . He attempted to settle the crisis permanently by forcing the barons to agree to the Treaty of Kingston . This treaty introduced a system of arbitration to settle outstanding disputes between the King and the barons , using Richard as an initial adjudicator , backed up by Louis of France should Richard fail to generate a compromise . Henry softened some of his policies in response to the concerns of the barons , but he soon began to target his political enemies and recommence his unpopular Sicilian policy . Henry 's government was weakened by the death of de Clare , as his heir , Gilbert , sided with the radicals ; the King 's position was further undermined by major Welsh incursions along the Marches and the Pope 's decision to reverse his judgement on the Provisions , this time confirming them as legitimate . By early 1263 , Henry 's authority had disintegrated and the country slipped back towards open civil war . = = = Second Barons ' War = = = De Montfort returned to England in April 1263 and convened a council of rebel barons in Oxford to pursue a renewed anti @-@ Poitevin agenda . Revolt broke out shortly afterwards in the Welsh Marches and , by October , England faced a likely civil war between Henry , backed by Edward , Bigod and the conservative barons , and de Montfort , de Clare and the radicals . De Montfort marched east with an army and London rose up in revolt . Henry and Eleanor were trapped in the Tower of London by the rebels ; the Queen attempted to escape up the River Thames to join Edward 's army at Windsor , but was forced to retreat by the London crowds . De Montfort took the pair prisoner , and although he maintained a fiction of ruling in Henry 's name , the rebels completely replaced the royal government and household with their own , trusted men . De Montfort 's coalition began to quickly fragment , Henry regained his freedom of movement and renewed chaos spread across England . Henry appealed to Louis of France for arbitration in the dispute , as had been laid out in the Treaty of Kingston ; de Montfort was initially hostile to this idea , but , as war became more likely again , he decided to agree to French arbitration as well . Henry went to Paris in person , accompanied by de Montfort 's representatives . Initially de Montfort 's legal arguments held sway , but in January 1264 , Louis announced the Mise of Amiens , condemning the rebels , upholding the King 's rights and annulling the Provisions of Oxford . Louis had strong views of his own on the rights of kings over those of barons , but was also influenced by his wife , Margaret , who was Eleanor 's sister , and by the Pope . Leaving Eleanor in Paris to assemble mercenary reinforcements , Henry returned to England in February 1264 , where violence was brewing in response to the unpopular French decision . The Second Barons ' War finally broke out in April 1264 , when Henry led an army into de Montfort 's territories in the Midlands , and then advanced south @-@ east to re @-@ occupy the important route to France . Becoming desperate , de Montfort marched in pursuit of Henry and the two armies met at the Battle of Lewes on 14 May . Despite their numerical superiority , Henry 's forces were overwhelmed . His brother Richard was captured , and Henry and Edward retreated to the local priory and surrendered the following day . Henry was forced to pardon the rebel barons and reinstate the Provisions of Oxford , leaving him , as historian Adrian Jobson describes , " little more than a figurehead " . De Montfort was unable to consolidate his victory and widespread disorder persisted across the country . In France , Eleanor made plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis , while Edward escaped his captors in May and formed a new army . Edward pursued de Monfort 's forces through the Marches , before striking east to attack his fortress at Kenilworth and then turning once more on the rebel leader himself . De Montfort , accompanied by the captive Henry , was unable to retreat and the Battle of Evesham ensued . Edward was triumphant and de Montfort 's corpse was mutilated by the victors ; Henry , who was wearing borrowed armour , was almost killed by Edward 's forces during the fighting before they recognised the King and escorted him to safety . In places the now leaderless rebellion dragged on , with some rebels gathering at Kenilworth , which Henry and Edward took after a long siege in 1266 . The remaining pockets of resistance were mopped up , and the final rebels , holed up in the Isle of Ely , surrendered in July 1267 , marking the end of the war . = = = Reconciliation and reconstruction = = = Henry quickly took revenge on his enemies after the Battle of Evesham . He immediately ordered the sequestration of all the rebel lands , triggering a wave of chaotic looting across the country . Henry initially rejected any calls for moderation , but in October 1266 he was persuaded by the Papal Legate , Ottobuono de ' Fieschi , to issue a less draconian policy , called the Dictum of Kenilworth , which allowed for the return of the rebels ' lands , in exchange for the payment of harsh fines . The Statute of Marlborough followed in November 1267 , which effectively reissued much of the Provisions of Westminster , placing limitations on the powers of local royal officials and the major barons , but without restricting central royal authority . Most of the exiled Poitevins began to return to England after the war . In September 1267 Henry made the Treaty of Montgomery with Llywelyn , recognising him as the Prince of Wales and giving substantial land concessions . In the final years of his reign , Henry was increasingly infirm and focused on securing peace within the kingdom and his own religious devotions . Edward became the Steward of England and began to play a more prominent role in government . Henry 's finances were in a precarious state as a result of the war , and when Edward decided to join the crusades in 1268 it became clear that fresh taxes were necessary . Henry was concerned that Edward 's absence might encourage further revolts , but was swayed by his son to negotiate with multiple parliaments over the next two years to raise the money . De Montfort had exacted harsh penalties on the Jews which Henry initially reversed , but he reintroduced a range of anti @-@ Jewish measures under pressure from parliament in the final years of his reign . Henry continued to invest in Westminster Abbey , which became a replacement for the Angevin mausoleum at Fontevraud Abbey , and in 1269 he oversaw a grand ceremony to rebury Edward the Confessor in a lavish new shrine , personally helping to carry the body to its new resting place . = = Death ( 1272 ) = = Edward left for the Eighth Crusade , led by Louis of France , in 1270 , but Henry became increasingly ill ; concerns about a fresh rebellion grew and the next year the King wrote to his son asking him to return to England , but Edward did not turn back . Henry recovered slightly and announced his renewed intention to join the crusades himself , but he never regained his full health and on the evening of 16 November 1272 , Henry died in Westminster , probably with Eleanor in attendance . He was succeeded by Edward , who slowly made his way back to England via Gascony , finally arriving in August 1274 . At his request , Henry was buried in Westminster Abbey in front of the church 's high altar , in the former resting place of Edward the Confessor . A few years later , work began on a grander tomb for the King and in 1290 Edward moved his father 's body to its current location in Westminster Abbey . His gilt @-@ brass funeral effigy was designed and forged within the abbey grounds by William Torell ; unlike other effigies of the period , it is particularly naturalistic in style , but it is probably not a close likeness of Henry himself . Eleanor probably hoped that Henry would be recognised as a saint , as his contemporary Louis IX of France had been ; indeed , Henry 's final tomb resembled the shrine of a saint , complete with niches possibly intended to hold relics . When the King 's body was exhumed in 1290 , contemporaries noted that the body was in perfect condition and that Henry 's long beard remained well preserved , which at the time was considered to be an indication of saintly purity . Miracles began to be reported at the tomb , but Edward was sceptical about these stories . The reports ceased , and Henry was never canonised . In 1292 Henry 's heart was removed from his tomb and reburied at Fontevraud Abbey with the bodies of his Angevin family . = = Legacy = = = = = Historiography = = = The first histories of Henry 's reign emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries , relying primarily on the accounts of medieval chroniclers , in particular writings of Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris . These early historians , including Archbishop Matthew Parker , were influenced by contemporary concerns about the roles of the Church and state , and examined the changing nature of kingship under Henry , the emergence of English nationalism during the period and what they perceived to be the malign influence of the Papacy . During the English Civil War , historians also drew parallels between Henry 's experiences and those of the deposed Charles I. By the 19th century , Victorian scholars such as William Stubbs , James Ramsay , and William Hunt sought to understand how the English political system had evolved under Henry . They explored the emergence of Parliamentary institutions during his reign , and sympathized with the concerns of the chroniclers over the role of the Poitevins in England . This focus carried on into early 20th @-@ century research into Henry , such as Kate Norgate 's 1913 volume , which continued to make heavy use of the chronicler accounts and focused primarily on constitutional issues , with a distinctive nationalistic bias . After 1900 , the financial and official records from Henry 's reign began to become accessible to historians , including the pipe rolls , court records , correspondence and records of administration of the royal forests . Thomas Tout made extensive use of these new sources in the 1920s , and post @-@ war historians brought a particular focus on the finances of Henry 's government , highlighting his fiscal difficulties . This wave of research culminated in Sir Maurice Powicke 's two major biographical works on Henry , published in 1948 and 1953 , which formed the established history of the King for the next three decades . Henry 's reign did not receive much attention from historians for many years after the 1950s : no substantial biographies of Henry were written after Powicke 's , and the historian John Beeler observed in the 1970s that the coverage of Henry 's reign by military historians remained particularly thin . At the end of the 20th century , however , there was a renewed interest in 13th @-@ century English history , resulting in the publication of various specialist works on aspects of Henry 's reign , including government finance and the period of Henry 's minority . Current historiography notes both Henry 's positive and negative qualities : historian David Carpenter judges Henry to have been a decent man , who failed as a ruler due to his naivety and inability to produce realistic plans for reform , a theme echoed by Huw Ridgeway , who also notes his unworldliness and inability to manage his court , but who considers him to have been " essentially a man of peace , kind and merciful " . = = = Popular culture = = = Henry 's life was depicted in a series of contemporary illustrations sketched and water @-@ coloured by the chronicler Matthew Paris , mostly drawn in the margins of the Chronica majora . Paris first met Henry in 1236 and enjoyed an extended relationship with the King , although Paris disliked many of Henry 's actions and the illustrations are frequently unflattering . Henry was also shown in the poetry of his Italian contemporary Dante , who depicted Henry in the Divine Comedy as an example of a negligent ruler , sitting alone in Purgatory to one side of the other failed kings . It is unclear why he is shown separately from his contemporaries ; possible explanations include that this is a code by Dante to show that England was not part of the Holy Roman Empire , or that it is a favourable comment on Henry himself , highlighting his unusual piety . Unlike many other medieval kings , Henry did not feature significantly in the works of William Shakespeare , and in the modern period he has not been a prominent subject for films , theatre or television , having only a minimal role in modern popular culture . = = Children = = Henry and Eleanor had five children : Edward I ( b . 17 / 18 June 1239 – d . 7 July 1307 ) Margaret ( b . 29 September 1240 – d . 26 February 1275 ) Beatrice ( b . 25 June 1242 – d . 24 March 1275 ) Edmund ( 16 January 1245 – d . 5 June 1296 ) Katherine ( b . 25 November 1253 – d . 3 May 1257 ) Henry had no illegitimate children . = = Ancestors = =
= Operation Alfa = Operation Alfa ( Italian : Operazione Alfa ; Serbo @-@ Croatian : Operacija Alfa , Операција Алфа ) was an offensive carried out in early October 1942 by Italian , Croatian and Chetnik forces against the communist Partisans in the Prozor region ( today in Bosnia and Herzegovina ) , then a part of the Croatian puppet state , the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) . The operation was arranged between Generale designato d 'armata ( acting General ) Mario Roatta , commander of the Italian Second Army , and Chetnik commander ( vojvoda ) Ilija Trifunović @-@ Birčanin with approval of Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović . It was carried out in coordination with the Germans and included elements of the Croatian Home Guard and the Croatian Air Force . Faced with heavy weaponry and heavily outnumbered , the Partisans retreated and left Prozor . Chetniks under the command of Dobroslav Jevđević and Petar Baćović then massacred between 543 and 2 @,@ 500 Croats and Muslims , and destroyed numerous villages in the area . Following protests from both the Italians and the Croatian authorities , the Chetniks were discharged or relocated . Italian and NDH forces followed up Operation Alfa with Operation Beta , which was focused on capturing Livno and surrounding localities . Baćović was killed by NDH forces near the end of the war , while Jevđević escaped to Italy and avoided prosecution by the new Yugoslav government . Mihailović was captured by the communists following the war , tried and found guilty for the Chetnik actions at Prozor ( among other charges ) , and was sentenced to death and executed . = = Background = = On 6 April 1941 , the Axis powers invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , resulting in the capitulation of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April . Yugoslavia was broken up , and one of the fragments was the puppet state , the Independent State of Croatia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , Независна Држава Хрватска , NDH ) , which consisted of modern @-@ day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina . The NDH was divided by a German – Italian demarcation line , known as the " Vienna Line " with the Germans occupying the northern and northeastern parts of the NDH , and the Italians the southern and southwestern parts . The NDH immediately implemented genocidal policies against the Serb , Jewish and Romani population within its borders . Initial armed resistance consisted of two loosely cooperating factions , the communist @-@ led Partisans , and the Chetniks who were mostly led by Serb @-@ chauvinist officers of the defeated Royal Yugoslav Army . However , the Chetniks , in their pursuit of an ethnically pure Greater Serbia , adopted a policy of collaboration and cooperated " extensively and systematically " with Italian forces . In July and August 1942 , under the protection provided by the Italians , the Chetniks thoroughly ethnically cleansed eastern Herzegovina of its Croats and Muslims . In September 1942 , the Chetniks , knowing that they could not defeat the Partisans alone , attempted to persuade the Italians into carrying out a significant operation within their occupation zone . On 10 and 21 September , Chetnik vojvoda Ilija Trifunović @-@ Birčanin met with Generale designato d 'armata ( acting General ) Mario Roatta , commander of the Italian Second Army . He informed Roatta that he was not under the command of Draža Mihailović , but that he had seen Mihailović in Avtovac on 21 July and that he had his approval in collaborating with the Italians . Trifunović @-@ Birčanin urged Roatta to take action " as soon as possible " in a major operation against the Partisans in the Prozor – Livno area . In return Trifunović @-@ Birčanin offered support in the form of 7 @,@ 500 Chetniks , on the condition that they be provided the necessary arms and supplies . Roatta provided " some arms and promises of action " in response to Trifunović @-@ Birčanin 's demands . Mihailović later congratulated Trifunović @-@ Birčanin on his conduct and " high comprehension of the [ Serbian ] national line " in these arrangements . = = Timeline = = = = = Prelude = = = In early October , the operation was launched by the Italians targeting Partisans located northwest of the middle part of the Neretva River . Elements of the 18th Infantry Division Messina , commanded by maggior generale ( major general ) Guglielmo Spicacci took part , consisting of the 29th Battalion of the 4th Bersaglieri Regiment and the 2nd Battalion of the 94th Regiment . Between 3 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 500 Chetniks took part in the operation under the command of Dobroslav Jevđević and Petar Baćović . Partisan sources reported 4 @,@ 000 soldiers of the Italian 6th Army Corps and 5 @,@ 000 Chetniks of the Trebinje , Nevesinje , and Romanija Corps as being involved . NDH units involved included the 7th Infantry Regiment , under the command of Colonel Sulejman beg Filipović , and the 15th Infantry Regiment , under the command of Colonel Josip Kopačin , as well as the Croatian Air Force . The operation was coordinated with Germans and NDH armed forces located near northern Partisan territory in the direction of Banja Luka . The Chetniks arrived by trains from Dubrovnik and Metković and by Italian trucks from Nevesinje . On 2 – 3 October they arrived in Mostar and left on 3 October . The same day , they killed one villager and committed mass looting in the village of Raška Gora , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) north of Mostar . In the village of Gorani , 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) southwest of Mostar , three villagers were killed and , as elsewhere , they carried out looting and burning . The next day they were in Drežnica where Jevđević gave a speech that " the chief enemy of Serbs are the Partisans , then the Ustaše . They need to be ruthlessly destroyed and the other left alone " . Subsequently the Chetniks killed between 62 and 142 people , looted , and carried out burnings in the town . = = = Operation = = = On 4 – 5 October the Chetniks crossed the Neretva River in Konjic and headed , as did the Italians , towards Prozor , Šćit , Gornji Vakuf , Donji Vakuf , and on to Bugojno , Komar , and Travnik where the headquarters of the 5th Montenegrin and the 10th Herzegovinian Partisan brigades were situated . The offensive took place from three directions with light and heavy artillery and a large number of tanks and trucks converging . Three battalions of the 10th Herzegovinian Brigade intended to assemble near Prozor , but withdrew and escaped on 6 October before the arrival of the Italian – Chetnik forces . The Partisan battalions estimated that 1 @,@ 200 – 1 @,@ 500 soldiers of the Italian army and about 3 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 500 Chetniks were approaching , while they had a little over 300 men , a ratio of approximately 1 : 15 . On 7 – 8 October the Italians heavily bombed Prozor with artillery and airplanes and entered the town on 8 October . On the same day , Mihailović informed his commanders in Herzegovina that " now is the definite time to wipe out the communists " and to be as tactical as possible with the Muslims and Croats . The nature of these tactics required the Muslims to " only be organized under the command of our [ Chetnik ] military leaders and in our struggle against the Ustaše and the communists with complete loyalty to the Serb population to repair the shameful role they 've played since the capitulation of Yugoslavia up to today " . He also called for the Muslims to " take part in the liquidation of those Muslims who still today work against the Serb people " . As for the Croats : " what will become of the borders of the Croatian unit and what rights the Croats will have in the new state of the future will depend solely on them " . He explained that " if they continue to be inactive , there will be no force that will be able to protect them from the retribution of the Serb people , so let them guide themselves in accordance with that " and announced that after the " liquidation of communists , they will be able to liquidate the Ustaša " . On 14 – 15 October , the Chetniks , acting on their own , massacred over five hundred Croats and Muslims and burnt numerous villages in the process of the operation on the suspicion that they " harbored and aided the Partisans " . According to the historian Jozo Tomasevich , incomplete data shows 543 civilians were massacred . At least 656 victims are known by name while another source says about 848 people , mainly " children , women , and the elderly " , were killed . Historian Ivo Goldstein estimates 1 @,@ 500 were massacred in total and attributes the discrepancy " due to the fact that the estimates refer to different territories " . Historian Antun Miletić and Vladimir Dedijer place the figure killed at 2 @,@ 500 . In the following days , around 2 @,@ 000 Chetniks were in the district of Prozor . According to Partisan sources , they moved southeast to the Neretva River and Mostar at the request of Italian officers . Partisan sources claim that this was done because Chetnik and Italian atrocities caused great resentment in the local population , especially the Croatian Home Guard , which felt obliged to intervene militarily in such instances . Chetnik commanders argued that this move was initiated by Germans to prevent the Chetniks from heading west towards Mount Dinara . After the killings , Muslim Chetnik leader Ismet Popovac arrived in the town to console the local population and to advise the Chetniks there against committing further atrocities . He also attempted to convince local Muslims to join the Chetnik ranks but was unsuccessful due to the extent of Chetnik atrocities against the Muslim population . On 23 October , Baćović reported to Mihailović that " in the operation of Prozor we slaughtered more than 2 @,@ 000 Croats and Muslims . Our soldiers returned enthusiastic . " Borba , a Partisan newspaper , also reported that " about 2 @,@ 000 souls " were " killed by the Chetniks in Croatian and Muslim villages of Prozor , Konjic , and Vakuf " . The report also mentions that " the districts of Prozor and Konjic have hundreds of slaughtered and murdered women and children as well as burnt houses " . = = Aftermath = = Roatta objected to the mass slaughters and said Italian support would come to a halt if they did not cease . He requested that " commander Trifunović be apprised that if the Chetnik violence against the Croatian and Muslim population is not immediately stopped , we will stop supplying food and daily wages to those formations whose members are perpetrators of the violence . If this criminal situation continues , more severe measures will be undertaken " . The massacre upset the NDH government which compelled the Italians to force the Chetniks to withdraw . Some forces were discharged while some were relocated to join Momčilo Đujić 's forces in northern Dalmatia . Operation Beta later followed in the same month in which the Italians and NDH forces captured Livno and surrounding localities . After the war an indictment was issued against Jevđević in Sarajevo . It charged that under his command in " the first half of October 1942 in and around Prozor they [ Italians and Chetniks ] butchered and killed 1 @,@ 716 persons of both sexes , Croatian and Muslim nations , and plundered and burnt about 500 households " . A month after the massacre , Jevđević and Baćović wrote a self @-@ critical report on Prozor to Mihailović in order to distance their responsibility . Jevđević fled to Italy at the end of the war where Allied military authorities arrested and detained him at a camp . They ignored Yugoslavia 's request for extradition and set him free . He avoided trial and died in Rome in 1962 . Baćović was killed by the Ustaše in 1945 and also did not come to trial . Mihailović was indicted and in 1946 the Supreme Court of Yugoslavia judged him guilty of leading a movement " which committed numerous war crimes against people " that , among other things , in " October 1942 , under the leadership of Petar Baćović together with the Italians , killed in the vicinity of Prozor about 2 @,@ 500 Muslims and Croats , among whom were women , children , and the elderly , and burnt a large number of villages " . He was sentenced to death and executed . = = = Books = = = = = = Websites = = =
= Blackbeard = Edward Teach or Edward Thatch ( c . 1680 – 22 November 1718 ) , better known as Blackbeard , was a notorious English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of the American colonies . Although little is known about his early life , he was probably born in Bristol , England . Recent genealogical research indicates his family moved to Jamaica where Edward Thatch , Jr. is listed as being a mariner in the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Windsor in 1706 . He may have been a sailor on privateer ships during Queen Anne 's War before settling on the Bahamian island of New Providence , a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold , whose crew Teach joined sometime around 1716 . Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop he had captured , and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy . Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships , one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet , but toward the end of 1717 Hornigold retired from piracy , taking two vessels with him . Teach captured a French merchant vessel , renamed her Queen Anne 's Revenge , and equipped her with 40 guns . He became a renowned pirate , his cognomen derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance ; he was reported to have tied lit fuses under his hat to frighten his enemies . He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charleston , South Carolina . After successfully ransoming its inhabitants , he ran Queen Anne 's Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort , North Carolina . He parted company with Bonnet and settled in Bath Town , where he accepted a royal pardon . But he was soon back at sea , where he attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood , the Governor of Virginia . Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to try to capture the pirate , which they did on 22 November 1718 . During a ferocious battle , Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard . A shrewd and calculating leader , Teach spurned the use of force , relying instead on his fearsome image to elicit the response he desired from those he robbed . Contrary to the modern @-@ day picture of the traditional tyrannical pirate , he commanded his vessels with the permission of their crews and there is no known account of his ever having harmed or murdered those he held captive . He was romanticised after his death and became the inspiration for pirate @-@ themed works of fiction across a range of genres . = = Early life = = Little is known about Blackbeard 's early life . It is commonly believed that at the time of his death he was between 35 and 40 years old and thus born in about 1680 . In contemporary records his name is most often given as Blackbeard , Edward Thatch or Edward Teach ; the latter is most often used today . However , several spellings of his surname exist — Thatch , Thach , Thache , Thack , Tack , Thatche and Theach . One early source claims that his surname was Drummond , but the lack of any supporting documentation makes this unlikely . Pirates habitually used fictitious surnames while engaged in the business of piracy , so as not to tarnish the family name , and this makes it unlikely that Teach 's real name will ever be known . The 17th @-@ century rise of Britain 's American colonies and the rapid 18th @-@ century expansion of the Atlantic slave trade had made Bristol an important international sea port , and Teach was most likely raised in what was the second @-@ largest city in England . He could almost certainly read and write ; he communicated with merchants and when killed had in his possession a letter addressed to him by the Chief Justice and Secretary of the Province of Carolina , Tobias Knight . The author Robert Lee speculated that Teach may therefore have been born into a respectable , wealthy family . He may have arrived in the Caribbean in the last years of the 17th century , on a merchant vessel ( possibly a slave ship ) . The 18th @-@ century author Charles Johnson claimed that Teach was for some time a sailor operating from Jamaica on privateer ships during Queen Anne 's War , and that " he had often distinguished himself for his uncommon boldness and personal courage " . At what point during the war Teach joined the fighting is , in keeping with the record of most of his life before he became a pirate , unknown . = = New Providence = = With its history of colonialism , trade and piracy , the West Indies was the setting for many 17th and 18th @-@ century maritime incidents . The privateer @-@ turned @-@ pirate Henry Jennings and his followers decided , early in the 18th century , to use the then uninhabited island of New Providence as a base for their operations ; it was within easy reach of the Florida Strait and its busy shipping lanes , which were filled with European vessels crossing the Atlantic . New Providence 's harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships , and was too shallow for the Royal Navy 's larger vessels to navigate . The island then was not the popular tourist destination it later became ; the author George Woodbury described it as " no city of homes ; it was a place of temporary sojourn and refreshment for a literally floating population , " continuing , " The only permanent residents were the piratical camp followers , the traders , and the hangers @-@ on ; all others were transient . " Law and order were unheard of ; in New Providence , pirates found a welcome respite . Teach was one of those who came to enjoy the island 's benefits . Probably shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht , he moved there from Jamaica , and with most privateers once involved in the war , became involved in piracy . Possibly about 1716 , he joined the crew of Captain Benjamin Hornigold , a renowned pirate who operated from New Providence 's safe waters . In 1716 Hornigold placed Teach in charge of a sloop he had taken as a prize . In early 1717 , Hornigold and Teach , each captaining a sloop , set out for the mainland . They captured a boat carrying 120 barrels of flour out of Havana , and shortly thereafter took 100 barrels of wine from a sloop out of Bermuda . A few days later they stopped a vessel sailing from Madeira to Charleston , South Carolina . Teach and his quartermaster , William Howard , may at this time have struggled to control their crews . By then they had probably developed a taste for Madeira wine , and on 29 September near Cape Charles all they took from the Betty of Virginia was her cargo of Madeira , before they scuttled her with the remaining cargo . It was during this cruise with Hornigold that the earliest known report of Teach was made , in which he is recorded as a pirate in his own right , in command of a large crew . In a report made by a Captain Mathew Munthe on an anti @-@ piracy patrol for North Carolina , " Thatch " was described as operating " a sloop 6 gunns [ sic ] and about 70 men " . In September Teach and Hornigold encountered Stede Bonnet , a landowner and military officer from a wealthy family who had turned to piracy earlier that year . Bonnet 's crew of about 70 were reportedly dissatisfied with his command , so with Bonnet 's permission , Teach took control of his ship Revenge . The pirates ' flotilla now consisted of three ships ; Teach on Revenge , Teach 's old sloop and Hornigold 's Ranger . By October , another vessel had been captured and added to the small fleet . The sloops Robert of Philadelphia and Good Intent of Dublin were stopped on 22 October 1717 , and their cargo holds emptied . As a former British privateer , Hornigold attacked only his old enemies , but for his crew , the sight of British vessels filled with valuable cargo passing by unharmed became too much , and at some point toward the end of 1717 he was demoted . Whether Teach had any involvement in this decision is unknown , but Hornigold quickly retired from piracy . He took Ranger and one of the sloops , leaving Teach with Revenge and the remaining sloop . The two never met again , and with many other occupants of New Providence , Hornigold accepted the King 's pardon from Woodes Rogers in June the following year . = = = Blackbeard = = = On 28 November Teach 's two ships attacked a French merchant vessel off the coast of Saint Vincent . They each fired a broadside across its bulwarks , killing several of its crew , and forcing its captain to surrender . The ship was La Concorde of Saint @-@ Malo , a large French guineaman carrying a cargo of slaves . Teach and his crews sailed the vessel south along Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to Bequia , where they disembarked her crew and cargo , and converted the ship for their own use . The crew of La Concorde were given the smaller of Teach 's two sloops , which they renamed Mauvaise Rencontre ( Bad Meeting ) , and sailed for Martinique . Teach may have recruited some of their slaves , but the remainder were left on the island and were later recaptured by the returning crew of Mauvaise Rencontre . Teach immediately renamed La Concorde as Queen Anne 's Revenge and equipped her with 40 guns . In late November , near Saint Vincent , he attacked the Great Allen . After a lengthy engagement , he forced the large and well @-@ armed merchant ship to surrender . He ordered her to move closer to the shore , disembarked her crew and emptied her cargo holds , and then burned and sank the vessel . The incident was chronicled in the Boston News @-@ Letter , which called Teach the commander of a " French ship of 32 Guns , a Briganteen of 10 guns and a Sloop of 12 guns . " When or where Teach collected the ten gun Briganteen is unknown , but by that time he may have been in command of at least 150 men split between three vessels . On 5 December 1717 Teach stopped the merchant sloop Margaret off the coast of Crab Island , near Anguilla . Her captain , Henry Bostock , and crew , remained Teach 's prisoners for about eight hours , and were forced to watch as their sloop was ransacked . Bostock , who had been held aboard Queen Anne 's Revenge , was returned unharmed to Margaret and was allowed to leave with his crew . He returned to his base of operations on Saint Christopher Island and reported the matter to Governor Walter Hamilton , who requested that he sign an affidavit about the encounter . Bostock 's deposition details Teach 's command of two vessels : a sloop and a large French guineaman , Dutch @-@ built , with 36 cannon and a crew of 300 men . The captain believed that the larger ship carried valuable gold dust , silver plate , and " a very fine cup " supposedly taken from the commander of Great Allen . Teach 's crew had apparently informed Bostock that they had destroyed several other vessels , and that they intended to sail to Hispaniola and lie in wait for an expected Spanish armada , supposedly laden with money to pay the garrisons . Bostock also claimed that Teach had questioned him about the movements of local ships , but also that he had seemed unsurprised when Bostock told him of an expected royal pardon from London for all pirates . Bostock 's deposition describes Teach as a " tall spare man with a very black beard which he wore very long " . It is the first recorded account of Teach 's appearance and is the source of his cognomen , Blackbeard . Later descriptions mention that his thick black beard was braided into pigtails , sometimes tied in with small coloured ribbons . Johnson ( 1724 ) described him as " such a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a fury from hell to look more frightful . " Whether Johnson 's description was entirely truthful or embellished is unclear , but it seems likely that Teach understood the value of appearances ; better to strike fear into the heart of one 's enemies , than rely on bluster alone . Teach was tall , with broad shoulders . He wore knee @-@ length boots and dark clothing , topped with a wide hat and sometimes a long coat of brightly coloured silk or velvet . Johnson also described Teach in times of battle as wearing " a sling over his shoulders , with three brace of pistols , hanging in holsters like bandoliers ; and stuck lighted matches under his hat " , the latter apparently to emphasise the fearsome appearance he wished to present to his enemies . Despite his ferocious reputation though , there are no verified accounts of his ever having murdered or harmed those he held captive . Teach may have used other aliases ; on 30 November , the Monserrat Merchant encountered two ships and a sloop , commanded by a Captain Kentish and Captain Edwards ( the latter a known alias of Stede Bonnet ) . = = = Enlargement of Teach 's fleet = = = Teach 's movements between late 1717 and early 1718 are not known . He and Bonnet were probably responsible for an attack off Sint Eustatius in December 1717 . Henry Bostock claimed to have heard the pirates say they would head toward the Spanish @-@ controlled Samaná Bay in Hispaniola , but a cursory search revealed no pirate activity . Captain Hume of HMS Scarborough reported on 6 February that a " Pyrate Ship of 36 Guns and 250 men , and a Sloop of 10 Guns and 100 men were Said to be Cruizing amongst the Leeward Islands " . Hume reinforced his crew with musket @-@ armed soldiers and joined up with HMS Seaford to track the two ships , to no avail , though they discerned that the two ships had sunk a French vessel off St Christopher Island , and reported also that they had last been seen " gone down the North side of Hispaniola " . Although no confirmation exists that these two ships were controlled by Teach and Bonnet , author Angus Konstam believes it very likely they were . In March 1718 , while taking on water at Turneffe Island east of Belize , both ships spotted the Jamaican logwood cutting sloop Adventure making for the harbour . She was stopped and her captain , David Harriot , invited to join the pirates . Harriot and his crew accepted the invitation , and Teach sent over a crew to sail Adventure making Israel Hands the captain . They sailed for the Bay of Honduras , where they added another ship and four sloops to their flotilla . On 9 April Teach 's enlarged fleet of ships looted and burnt Protestant Caesar . His fleet then sailed to Grand Cayman where they captured a " small turtler " . Teach probably sailed toward Havana , where he may have captured a small Spanish vessel that had left the Cuban port . They then sailed to the wrecks of the 1715 Spanish fleet , off the eastern coast of Florida . There Teach disembarked the crew of the captured Spanish sloop , before proceeding north to the port of Charleston , South Carolina , attacking three vessels along the way . = = = Blockade of Charleston = = = By May 1718 Teach had awarded himself the rank of Commodore and was at the height of his power . Late that month his flotilla blockaded the port of Charleston ( then known as Charles Town ) in South Carolina . All vessels entering or leaving the port were stopped , and as the town had no guard ship , its pilot boat was the first to be captured . Over the next five or six days about nine vessels were stopped and ransacked as they attempted to sail past Charleston Bar , where Teach 's fleet was anchored . One such ship , headed for London with a group of prominent Charleston citizens which included Samuel Wragg ( a member of the Council of the Province of Carolina ) , was the Crowley . Her passengers were questioned about the vessels still in port and then locked below decks for about half a day . Teach informed the prisoners that his fleet required medical supplies from the colonial government of South Carolina , and that if none were forthcoming , all prisoners would be executed , their heads sent to the Governor and all captured ships burnt . Wragg agreed to Teach 's demands , and a Mr Marks and two pirates were given two days to collect the drugs . Teach moved his fleet , and the captured ships , to within about five or six leagues from land . Three days later a messenger , sent by Marks , returned to the fleet ; Marks 's boat had capsized and delayed their arrival in Charleston . Teach granted a reprieve of two days , but still the party did not return . He then called a meeting of his fellow sailors and moved eight ships into the harbour , causing panic within the town . When Marks finally returned to the fleet , he explained what had happened . On his arrival he had presented the pirates ' demands to the Governor and the drugs had been quickly gathered , but the two pirates sent to escort him had proved difficult to find ; they had been busy drinking with friends and were finally discovered , drunk . Teach kept to his side of the bargain and released the captured ships and his prisoners — albeit relieved of their valuables , including the fine clothing some had worn . = = = Beaufort Inlet = = = Whilst at Charleston , Teach learned that Woodes Rogers had left England with several men @-@ of @-@ war , with orders to purge the West Indies of pirates . Teach 's flotilla sailed northward along the Atlantic coast and into Topsail Inlet ( commonly known as Beaufort Inlet ) , off the coast of North Carolina . There they intended to careen their ships to scrape their hulls , but Queen Anne 's Revenge ran aground on a sandbar , cracking her main @-@ mast and severely damaging many of her timbers . Teach ordered several sloops to throw ropes across the flagship in an attempt to free her . A sloop commanded by Israel Hands of Adventure also ran aground , and both vessels appeared to be damaged beyond repair , leaving only Revenge and the captured Spanish sloop . Teach had at some stage learnt of the offer of a royal pardon and probably confided in Bonnet his willingness to accept it . The pardon was open to all pirates who surrendered on or before 5 September 1718 , but contained a caveat stipulating that immunity was offered only against crimes committed before 5 January . Although in theory this left Bonnet and Teach at risk of being hanged for their actions at Charleston Bar , most authorities could waive such conditions . Teach thought that Governor Charles Eden was a man he could trust , but to make sure , he waited to see what would happen to another captain . Bonnet left immediately on a small sailing boat for Bath Town , where he surrendered to Governor Eden , and received his pardon . He then travelled back to Beaufort Inlet to collect the Revenge and the remainder of his crew , intending to sail to Saint Thomas Island to receive a commission . Unfortunately for him , Teach had stripped the vessel of its valuables and provisions , and had marooned its crew ; Bonnet set out for revenge , but was unable to find him . He and his crew returned to piracy and were captured on 27 September 1718 at the mouth of the Cape Fear River . All but four were tried and hanged in Charleston . The author Robert Lee surmised that Teach and Hands intentionally ran the ships aground to reduce the fleet 's crew complement , increasing their share of the spoils . During the trial of Bonnet 's crew , Revenge 's boatswain Ignatius Pell testified that " the ship was run ashore and lost , which Thatch [ Teach ] caused to be done . " Lee considers it plausible that Teach let Bonnet in on his plan to accept a pardon from Governor Eden . He suggested that Bonnet do the same , and as war between the Quadruple Alliance of 1718 and Spain was threatening , to consider taking a privateer 's commission from England . Lee suggests that Teach also offered Bonnet the return of his ship Revenge . Konstam ( 2007 ) proposes a similar idea , explaining that Teach began to see Queen Anne 's Revenge as something of a liability ; while a pirate fleet was anchored , news of this was sent to neighbouring towns and colonies , and any vessels nearby would delay sailing . It was prudent therefore for Teach not to linger for too long , although wrecking the ship was a somewhat extreme measure . = = = Pardon = = = Before sailing northward on his remaining sloop to Ocracoke Inlet , Teach marooned about 25 men on a small sandy island about a league from the mainland . He may have done this to stifle any protest they made , if they guessed their captain 's plans . Bonnet rescued them two days later . Teach continued on to Bath , where in June 1718 — only days after Bonnet had departed with his pardon — he and his much @-@ reduced crew received their pardon from Governor Eden . He settled in Bath , on the eastern side of Bath Creek at Plum Point , near Eden 's home . During July and August he travelled between his base in the town and his sloop off Ocracoke . Johnson 's account states that he married the daughter of a local plantation owner , although there is no supporting evidence for this . Eden gave Teach permission to sail to St Thomas to seek a commission as a privateer ( a useful way of removing bored and troublesome pirates from the small settlement ) , and Teach was given official title to his remaining sloop , which he renamed Adventure . By the end of August he had returned to piracy , and in the same month the Governor of Pennsylvania issued a warrant for his arrest , but by then Teach was probably operating in Delaware Bay , some distance away . He took two French ships leaving the Caribbean , moved one crew across to the other , and sailed the remaining ship back to Ocracoke . In September he told Eden that he had found the French ship at sea , deserted . A Vice Admiralty Court was quickly convened , presided over by Tobias Knight and the Collector of Customs . The ship was judged as a derelict found at sea , and of its cargo 20 hogsheads of sugar were awarded to Knight and sixty to Eden ; Teach and his crew were given what remained in the vessel 's hold . Ocracoke Inlet was Teach 's favourite anchorage . It was a perfect vantage point from which to view ships travelling between the various settlements of northeast Carolina , and it was from there that Teach first spotted the approaching ship of Charles Vane , another English pirate . Several months earlier Vane had rejected the pardon brought by Woodes Rogers and escaped the men @-@ of @-@ war the English captain brought with him to Nassau . He had also been pursued by Teach 's old commander , Benjamin Hornigold , who was by then a pirate hunter . Teach and Vane spent several nights on the southern tip of Ocracoke Island , accompanied by such notorious figures as Israel Hands , Robert Deal and Calico Jack . = = = Alexander Spotswood = = = As it spread throughout the neighbouring colonies , the news of Teach and Vane 's impromptu party worried the Governor of Pennsylvania enough to send out two sloops to capture the pirates . They were unsuccessful , but Governor of Virginia Alexander Spotswood was also concerned that the supposedly retired freebooter and his crew were living in nearby North Carolina . Some of Teach 's former crew had already moved into several Virginian seaport towns , prompting Spotswood to issue a proclamation on 10 July , requiring all former pirates to make themselves known to the authorities , to give up their arms and to not travel in groups larger than three . As head of a Crown colony , Spotswood viewed the proprietary colony of North Carolina with contempt ; he had little faith in the ability of the Carolinians to control the pirates , who he suspected would be back to their old ways , disrupting Virginian commerce , as soon as their money ran out . Spotswood learnt that William Howard , the former quartermaster of Queen Anne 's Revenge , was in the area , and believing that he might know of Teach 's whereabouts had the pirate and his two slaves arrested . Spotswood had no legal authority to have pirates tried , and as a result , Howard 's attorney , John Holloway , brought charges against Captain Brand of HMS Lyme , where Howard was imprisoned . He also sued on Howard 's behalf for damages of £ 500 , claiming wrongful arrest . Spotswood 's council claimed that Teach 's presence was a crisis and that under a statute of William III , the governor was entitled to try Howard without a jury . The charges referred to several acts of piracy supposedly committed after the pardon 's cut @-@ off date , in " a sloop belonging to ye subjects of the King of Spain " , but ignored the fact that they took place outside Spotswood 's jurisdiction and in a vessel then legally owned . Another charge cited two attacks , one of which was the capture of a slave ship off Charleston Bar , from which one of Howard 's slaves was presumed to have come . Howard was sent to await trial before a Court of Vice @-@ Admiralty , on the charge of piracy , but Brand and his colleague , Captain Gordon ( of HMS Pearl ) refused to serve with Holloway present . Incensed , Holloway had no option but to stand down , and was replaced by the Attorney General of Virginia , John Clayton , whom Spotswood described as " an honester man [ than Holloway ] " . Howard was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged , but was saved by a commission from London , which directed Spotswood to pardon all acts of piracy committed by surrendering pirates before 23 July 1718 . Meanwhile , Spotswood had obtained from Howard valuable information on Teach 's whereabouts , and he planned to send his forces across the border into North Carolina to capture him . He gained the support of two men keen to discredit North Carolina 's Governor — Edward Moseley and Colonel Maurice Moore . He also wrote to the Lords of Trade , suggesting that the Crown might benefit financially from Teach 's capture . Spotswood personally financed the operation , possibly believing that Teach had fabulous treasures hidden away . He ordered Captains Gordon and Brand of HMS Pearl and HMS Lyme to travel overland to Bath . Lieutenant Robert Maynard of HMS Pearl was given command of two commandeered sloops , to approach the town from the sea . An extra incentive for Teach 's capture was the offer of a reward from the Assembly of Virginia , over and above any that might be received from the Crown . Maynard took command of the two armed sloops on 17 November . He was given 57 men — 33 from HMS Pearl and 24 from HMS Lyme . Maynard and the detachment from HMS Pearl took the larger of the two vessels and named her Jane ; the rest took Ranger , commanded by one of Maynard 's officers , a Mister Hyde . Some from the two ships ' civilian crews remained aboard . They sailed from Kecoughtan , along the James River , on 17 November . The two sloops moved slowly , giving Brand 's force time to reach Bath . Brand set out for North Carolina six days later , arriving within three miles of Bath on 23 November . Included in Brand 's force were several North Carolinians , including Colonel Moore and Captain Jeremiah Vail , sent to put down any local objection to the presence of foreign soldiers . Moore went into the town to see if Teach was there , reporting back that he was not , but that the pirate was expected at " every minute . " Brand then went to Governor Eden 's home and informed him of his purpose . The next day , Brand sent two canoes down Pamlico River to Ocracoke Inlet , to see if Teach could be seen . They returned two days later and reported on what eventually transpired . = = = Last battle = = = Maynard found the pirates anchored on the inner side of Ocracoke Island , on the evening of 21 November . He had ascertained their position from ships he had stopped along his journey , but unfamiliar with the local channels and shoals he decided to wait until the following morning to make his attack . He stopped all traffic from entering the inlet — preventing any warning of his presence — and posted a lookout on both sloops to ensure that Teach could not escape to sea . On the other side of the island , Teach was busy entertaining guests and had not set a lookout . With Israel Hands ashore in Bath with about 24 of Adventure 's sailors , he also had a much @-@ reduced crew . Johnson ( 1724 ) reported that the pirate had " no more than twenty @-@ five men on board " and that he " gave out to all the vessels that he spoke with that he had forty " . " Thirteen white and six Negroes " , was the number later reported by Brand to the Admiralty . At daybreak , preceded by a small boat taking soundings , Maynard 's two sloops entered the channel . The small craft was quickly spotted by Adventure and fired at as soon as it was within range of her guns . While the boat made a quick retreat to the Jane , Teach cut the Adventure 's anchor cable . His crew hoisted the sails and the Adventure manoeuvred to point her starboard guns toward Maynard 's sloops , which were slowly closing the gap . Hyde moved Ranger to the port side of Jane and the Union flag was unfurled on each ship . Adventure then turned toward the beach of Ocracoke Island , heading for a narrow channel . What happened next is uncertain . Johnson claimed that there was an exchange of small @-@ arms fire following which Adventure ran aground on a sandbar , while Maynard anchored and then lightened his ship to pass over the obstacle . Another version claimed that Jane and Ranger ran aground , although Maynard made no mention of this in his log . What is certain though is that Adventure turned her guns on the two ships and fired . The broadside was devastating ; in an instant , Maynard had lost as much as a third of his forces . About 20 on Jane were either wounded or killed and 9 on Ranger . Hyde was dead and his second and third officers either dead or seriously injured . His sloop was so badly damaged that it played no further role in the attack . Again , contemporary accounts of what happened next are confused , but small @-@ arms fire from Jane may have cut Adventure 's jib sheet , causing her to lose control and run onto the sandbar . In the aftermath of Teach 's overwhelming attack , Jane and Ranger may also have been grounded ; the battle thenceforth would have become a race to see who could float their ship first . The lieutenant had kept many of his men below deck and in anticipation of being boarded told them to prepare for close fighting . Teach watched as the gap between the vessels closed , and ordered his men to be ready . The two vessels contacted one another as the Adventure 's grappling hooks hit their target and several grenades , made from powder and shot @-@ filled bottles and ignited by fuses , broke across the sloop 's deck . As the smoke cleared , Teach led his men aboard , buoyant at the sight of Maynard 's apparently empty ship , his men firing at the small group formed by the lieutenant and his men at the stern . The rest of Maynard 's men then burst from the hold , shouting and firing . The plan to surprise Teach and his crew worked ; the pirates were apparently taken aback at the assault . Teach rallied his men and the two groups fought across the deck , which was already slick with blood from those killed or injured by Teach 's broadside . Maynard and Teach fired their flintlocks at each other , then threw them away . Teach drew his cutlass and managed to break Maynard 's sword . Against superior training and a slight advantage in numbers , the pirates were pushed back toward the bow , allowing the Jane 's crew to surround Maynard and Teach , who was by then completely isolated . As Maynard drew back to fire once again , Teach moved in to attack him , but was slashed across the neck by one of Maynard 's men . Badly wounded , he was then attacked and killed by several more of Maynard 's crew . The remaining pirates quickly surrendered . Those left on the Adventure were captured by the Ranger 's crew , including one who planned to set fire to the powder room and blow up the ship . Varying accounts exist of the battle 's list of casualties ; Maynard reported that 8 of his men and 12 pirates were killed . Brand reported that 10 pirates and 11 of Maynard 's men were killed . Spotswood claimed ten pirates and ten of the King 's men dead . Maynard later examined Teach 's body , noting that it had been shot no fewer than five times and cut about twenty . He also found several items of correspondence , including a letter to the pirate from Tobias Knight . Teach 's corpse was thrown into the inlet while his head was suspended from the bowsprit of Maynard 's sloop so that the reward could be collected . = = Legacy = = Lieutenant Maynard remained at Ocracoke for several more days , making repairs and burying the dead . Teach 's loot — sugar , cocoa , indigo and cotton — found " in pirate sloops and ashore in a tent where the sloops lay " , was sold at auction along with sugar and cotton found in Tobias Knight 's barn , for £ 2 @,@ 238 . Governor Spotswood used a portion of this to pay for the entire operation . The prize money for capturing Teach was to have been about £ 400 , but it was split between the crews of HMS Lyme and HMS Pearl . As Captain Brand and his troops had not been the ones fighting for their lives , Maynard thought this extremely unfair . He lost much of any support he may have had though when it was discovered that he and his crew had helped themselves to about £ 90 of Teach 's booty . The two companies did not receive their prize money for another four years , and despite his bravery Maynard was not promoted ; instead , he faded into obscurity . The remainder of Teach 's crew and former associates were found by Brand , in Bath , and were transported to Williamsburg , Virginia , where they were jailed on charges of piracy . Several were black , prompting Spotswood to ask his council what could be done about " the Circumstances of these Negroes to exempt them from undergoing the same Tryal as other pirates . " Regardless , the men were tried with their comrades in Williamsburg 's Capitol building , under admiralty law , on 12 March 1719 . No records of the day 's proceedings remain , but 14 of the 16 accused were found guilty . Of the remaining two , one proved that he had partaken of the fight out of necessity , having been on Teach 's ship only as a guest at a drinking party the night before , and not as a pirate . The other , Israel Hands , was not present at the fight . He claimed that during a drinking session Teach had shot him in the knee , and that he was still covered by the royal pardon . The remaining pirates were hanged , then left to rot in gibbets along Williamsburg 's Capitol Landing Road ( known for some time after as " Gallows Road " ) . Governor Eden was certainly embarrassed by Spotswood 's invasion of North Carolina , while Spotswood disavowed himself of any part of the seizure . He defended his actions , writing to Lord Carteret , a shareholder of the Province of Carolina , that he might benefit from the sale of the seized property and reminding the Earl of the number of Virginians who had died to protect his interests . He argued for the secrecy of the operation by suggesting that Eden " could contribute nothing to the Success of the Design " , and told Eden that his authority to capture the pirates came from the king . Eden was heavily criticised for his involvement with Teach and was accused of being his accomplice . By criticising Eden , Spotswood intended to bolster the legitimacy of his invasion . Lee ( 1974 ) concludes that although Spotswood may have thought that the ends justified the means , he had no legal authority to invade North Carolina , to capture the pirates and to seize and auction their goods . Eden doubtless shared the same view . As Spotswood had also accused Tobias Knight of being in league with Teach , on 4 April 1719 , Eden had Knight brought in for questioning . Israel Hands had , weeks earlier , testified that Knight had been on board the Adventure in August 1718 , shortly after Teach had brought a French ship to North Carolina as a prize . Four pirates had testified that with Teach , they had visited Knight 's home to give him presents . This testimony and the letter found on Teach 's body by Maynard appeared compelling , but Knight conducted his defence with competence . Despite being very sick and close to death , he questioned the reliability of Spotswood 's witnesses . He claimed that Israel Hands had talked under duress , and that under North Carolinian law , the other witness , an African , was unable to testify . The sugar , he argued , was stored at his house legally , and Teach had visited him only on business , in his official capacity . The board found Knight innocent of all charges . He died later that year . Eden was annoyed that the accusations against Knight arose during a trial in which he played no part . The goods which Brand seized were officially North Carolinian property and Eden considered him a thief . The argument raged back and forth between the colonies until Eden 's death on 17 March 1722 . His will named one of Spotswood 's opponents , John Holloway , a beneficiary . In the same year , Spotswood , who for years had fought his enemies in the House of Burgesses and the Council , was replaced by Hugh Drysdale , once Robert Walpole was convinced to act . = = Modern view = = Official views on pirates were sometimes quite different from those held by contemporary authors , who often described their subjects as despicable rogues of the sea . Privateers who became pirates were generally considered by the English government to be reserve naval forces , and were sometimes given active encouragement ; as far back as 1581 Francis Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth , when he returned to England from a round @-@ the @-@ world expedition with plunder worth an estimated £ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 . Royal pardons were regularly issued , usually when England was on the verge of war , and the public 's opinion of pirates was often favourable , some considering them akin to patrons . Economist Peter Leeson believes that pirates were generally shrewd businessmen , far removed from the modern , romanticised view of them as murderous tyrants . After Woodes Rogers ' 1718 landing at New Providence and his ending of the pirate republic , however , piracy in the West Indies fell into terminal decline . With no easily accessible outlet to fence their stolen goods , pirates were reduced to a subsistence livelihood , and following almost a century of naval warfare between the British , French and Spanish — during which sailors could find easy employment — lone privateers found themselves outnumbered by the powerful ships employed by the British Empire to defend its merchant fleets . The popularity of the slave trade helped bring to an end the frontier condition of the West Indies and in these circumstances , piracy was no longer able to flourish as it once did . Since the end of this so @-@ called golden age of piracy , Teach and his exploits have become the stuff of lore , inspiring books , films and even amusement park rides . Much of what is known about him can be sourced to Charles Johnson 's A General Historie of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates , published in Britain in 1724 . A recognised authority on the pirates of his time , Johnson 's descriptions of such figures as Anne Bonny and Mary Read were for years required reading for those interested in the subject . Readers were titillated by his stories and a second edition was quickly published , though author Angus Konstam suspects that Johnson 's entry on Blackbeard was " coloured a little to make a more sensational story . " A General Historie , though , is generally considered to be a reliable source . Johnson may have been an assumed alias . As Johnson 's accounts have been corroborated in personal and official dispatches , Lee ( 1974 ) considers that whoever he was , he had some access to official correspondence . Konstam speculates further , suggesting that Johnson may have been the English playwright Charles Johnson , the British publisher Charles Rivington , or the writer Daniel Defoe . In his 1951 work The Great Days of Piracy , author George Woodbury wrote that Johnson is " obviously a pseudonym " , continuing " one cannot help suspecting that he may have been a pirate himself . " Despite his infamy , Teach was not the most successful of pirates . Henry Every retired a rich man , and Bartholomew Roberts took an estimated five times the amount Teach stole . Treasure hunters have long busied themselves searching for any trace of his rumoured hoard of gold and silver , but nothing found in the numerous sites explored along the east coast of the US has ever been connected to him . Some tales suggest that pirates often killed a prisoner on the spot where they buried their loot , and Teach is no exception in these stories , but that no finds have come to light is not exceptional ; buried pirate treasure is often considered a modern myth for which almost no supporting evidence exists . The available records include nothing to suggest that the burial of treasure was a common practice , except in the imaginations of the writers of fictional accounts such as Treasure Island . Such hoards would necessitate a wealthy owner , and their supposed existence ignores the command structure of a pirate vessel , in which the crew often served by free suffrage . The only pirate ever known to bury treasure was William Kidd ; the only treasure so far recovered from Teach 's exploits is that taken from the wreckage of what is presumed to be the Queen Anne 's Revenge , which was found in 1996 . As of 2009 more than 250 @,@ 000 artifacts have been recovered . A selection is on public display at the North Carolina Maritime Museum . Various superstitious tales exist of Teach 's ghost . Unexplained lights at sea are often referred to as " Teach 's light " , and some recitals claim that the notorious pirate now roams the afterlife searching for his head , for fear that his friends , and the Devil , will not recognise him . A North Carolinian tale holds that Teach 's skull was used as the basis for a silver drinking chalice ; a local judge even claimed to have drunk from it one night in the 1930s . The name of Blackbeard has been attached to many local attractions , such as Charleston 's Blackbeard 's Cove . His name and persona have also featured heavily in literature . He is the main subject of Matilda Douglas 's fictional 1835 work Blackbeard : A page from the colonial history of Philadelphia . Gregory Keyes ' fictional The Age of Unreason has him appearing as the governor of a colony , and Tim Powers ' 1988 novel On Stranger Tides tells of his forming an alliance of pirates . Film renditions of his life include Blackbeard the Pirate ( 1952 ) , Blackbeard 's Ghost ( 1968 ) , Blackbeard : Terror at Sea ( 2005 ) , and the 2006 Hallmark Channel miniseries Blackbeard . Parallels have also been drawn between Johnson 's Blackbeard and the character of Captain Jack Sparrow in the 2003 adventure film , Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl .
= Almirante Latorre @-@ class battleship = The Almirante Latorre class consisted of two super @-@ dreadnought battleships designed by the British company Armstrong Whitworth for the Chilean Navy . They were intended to be Chile 's entries to the South American dreadnought race , but both were purchased by the Royal Navy prior to completion for use in the First World War . Only one , Almirante Latorre ( HMS Canada ) , was finished as a battleship ; Almirante Cochrane ( HMS Eagle ) , was converted to an aircraft carrier . Under their Chilean names , they honored Admirals ( Almirantes ) Juan José Latorre and Thomas Cochrane ; they took their British names from the dominion and a traditional ship name in the Royal Navy . At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries , Chile was engaged in an intense naval competition with its neighbor Argentina . This ended peacefully in 1902 , but less than a decade later Argentina responded to Brazil 's order for two dreadnoughts with two of its own . The Chilean congress responded by allocating money for its own dreadnoughts , which were ordered from the United Kingdom despite a strong push from the American government for the contracts , probably due to Chile 's traditionally strong ties with the British . Almirante Latorre , which was closer to completion than its sister , was bought in 1914 and commissioned into British service as HMS Canada in October 1915 . The ship spent its wartime service with the Grand Fleet , seeing action in the Battle of Jutland . After the war , HMS Canada was put into reserve before being sold back to Chile in 1920 as Almirante Latorre . The crew of the battleship instigated a naval mutiny in 1931 . After several years of inactivity , the ship underwent a major refit in the United Kingdom in 1937 , later allowing it to patrol Chile 's coast during the Second World War . After a boiler room fire and a short stint as a prison ship , Almirante Latorre was scrapped in 1959 . After Almirante Cochrane was purchased by the British in 1918 , it was decided to convert the ship into an aircraft carrier . After numerous delays , Almirante Cochrane was commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Eagle in February 1924 . It served in the Mediterranean Fleet and on the China Station in the inter @-@ war period , and operated in the Atlantic and Mediterranean during the Second World War before being sunk in August 1942 during Operation Pedestal . = = Background = = = = = Argentine – Chilean boundary dispute = = = Conflicting Argentine and Chilean claims to Patagonia , a geographic region in the southernmost portion of South America , went back to the 1840s . In 1872 and again in 1878 , Chilean warships seized merchant ships which had been licensed to operate in the disputed area by Argentina . An Argentine warship did the same to an American ship in 1877 . These actions nearly led to war in November 1878 , when Argentina dispatched a squadron of warships to the Santa Cruz River . Chile responded with the same , and war was only avoided when the Fierro – Sarratea treaty was hastily signed . Both countries were distracted in the next few years by Argentina 's internal military operations against the indigenous population and Chile 's War of the Pacific ( Guerra del Pacífico ) against Bolivia and Peru , but by 1890 a full @-@ fledged naval arms race was underway between the two . Both sides began ordering warships from the United Kingdom . Chile added £ 3 @,@ 129 @,@ 500 in 1887 to the budget for its fleet , which was centered on two 1870s central battery ironclads , Almirante Cochrane and Blanco Encalada , and a protected cruiser . The battleship Capitán Prat , two protected cruisers , and two torpedo boats were ordered , and their keels were laid in 1890 . Argentina responded soon after with an order for two battleships , Independencia and Libertad . The race continued through the 1890s , even after the Chilean Civil War of 1891 . The two countries alternated cruiser orders between 1890 and 1895 , each ship marking a small increase in capabilities from the ship previous . The Argentines upped the ante in July 1895 by buying an armored cruiser , Garibaldi , from Italy . Chile responded by ordering its own armored cruiser , O 'Higgins , and six torpedo boats ; Argentina quickly ordered another cruiser from Italy and later bought two more . The race abated somewhat after a boundary dispute in the Puna de Atacama region was successfully mediated by the American ambassador to Argentina , William Paine Lord , in 1899 , but more ships were ordered by Argentina and Chile in 1901 . Argentina ordered two Garibaldi @-@ class armored cruisers from Italy , and Chile replied with orders for two Constitución @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships . Argentina continued by signing letters of intent with Italian engineering company Ansaldo in May 1901 to buy two larger battleships . The growing dispute disturbed the British government , who had extensive commercial interests in the area . Through their minister to Chile , they mediated negotiations between the two countries . These were successfully concluded on 28 May 1902 with three pacts , Pactos de Mayo . The third limited the naval armaments of both countries ; both were barred from acquiring any further warships for five years without giving the other an eighteen months ' advance notice . The United Kingdom purchased the two Chilean battleships , while Japan took over the order for the two Argentine armored cruisers ; the two Argentine battleships were never ordered . Two Argentine cruisers and Chile 's Capitán Prat were demilitarized . Meanwhile , beginning in the late 1880s , Brazil 's navy fell into obsolescence after an 1889 revolution , which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II , and an 1893 civil war . By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage , despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile . = = = Dreadnought arms race = = = By 1904 , Brazil — the largest country in South America in both size and population — began to seriously consider upgrading its navy , which had fallen to third in total tonnage . Soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought an influx of tax revenue , used to begin a large naval building plan . The centerpiece of the new navy would be two Minas Geraes @-@ class dreadnoughts built by the United Kingdom . The order for these powerful ships , designed to carry the heaviest armament in the world at the time , shocked Argentina and Chile , causing them to cancel the 1902 armament @-@ limiting pact with immediate effect . Alarmed , the American ambassador to Brazil sent a cablegram to his Department of State , warning them of the destabilizing effects that would occur if the situation devolved into a full naval arms race . Argentina and other countries attempted to avert a full @-@ scale naval arms race by offering to purchase one of the two dreadnoughts . Brazil refused Argentina 's offer . After further tensions over the River Plate ( Río de la Plata , literally " Silver River " ) area and inflammatory newspaper editorials favoring dreadnoughts , Argentina went ahead with a massive naval building plan . After a drawn @-@ out bidding process among fifteen shipyards from the United States , Great Britain , Germany , France , and Italy , Argentina ordered two Rivadavia @-@ class dreadnoughts with an option for a third from the United States . They also ordered twelve destroyers from three nations in Europe . With its major rival acquiring so many modern vessels , Chile wanted to respond as early as February 1906 , but the country 's naval plans were delayed by a major earthquake in 1906 and a financial depression in 1907 brought on by a drastic fall in the nitrate market . = = Bidding , construction , and sale to the British = = On 6 July 1910 , the National Congress of Chile passed a bill allocating £ 400 @,@ 000 pounds sterling to the navy for six destroyers , two submarines , and two large battleships , later named Almirante Latorre and Almirante Cochrane . Even before the decision was officially announced , the United Kingdom was widely viewed as the only country with a chance of landing the contract . The Chilean Navy had enjoyed a long @-@ standing close relationship with its British counterpart , the Royal Navy , since the 1830s , when Chilean naval officers were given places on British ships to receive training and experience they could bring back to their country . This relationship had recently been cemented when a British naval mission was requested by Chile and sent in 1911 . Still , the United States made a push to have the orders placed in an American shipyard . The American government sent Henry Prather Fletcher to be the new minister to Chile in September 1910 . Fletcher had successfully implemented President William Howard Taft 's " Dollar Diplomacy " policy in China . He met with resistance , which he attributed to lingering sentiment from the 1891 Baltimore Crisis : " My advances in the matter have not been met with frankness or encouragement and I feel a spirit of covert opposition . Under a very polite and courteous exterior there still exists a feeling of soreness towards us . " The US naval attaché opined that , barring anything short of a revolution , the contracts would be given to the British . Indeed , the bidding process specified ships very close to the armament and armor mounted on recent British warships . Fletcher asked for an extension to the bidding process so that American shipbuilding firms could tailor proposals to these requirements , and this was granted . During this time , Germany announced plans to send the battlecruiser Von der Tann on a South American cruise . As the ship was " widely advertised as the fastest and most powerful warship then afloat , " the United States and United Kingdom felt its presence might give German companies an advantage in potential armament contracts , so they sent ships of their own . The United States sent the new battleship Delaware on a ten @-@ week excursion to Brazil and Chile , carrying the body of the recently deceased Chilean minister , Anibal Cruz , to the United States ; the British responded with an armored cruiser squadron . Delaware 's captain was ordered to give the Chileans full access to the vessel — the only exception being that he should not give full particulars of the new fire @-@ control system — in an attempt by the Navy Department " to aid the shipbuilding interests of the country [ United States ] to make contracts for the building of men @-@ of @-@ war for foreign countries . " As a further incentive , the US indicated its willingness to provide a $ 25 million loan to support the purchase of the ship . In the event , the efforts made by the United States came to little . The final decision came down to a choice between the American and British tenders , and with a loan from the Rothchilds , Chile awarded one battleship contract to the latter 's Armstrong Whitworth on 25 July 1911 . The design was drawn up by J.R. Perret , who had also designed Brazil 's Rio de Janeiro . The United States still hoped that Chile would order American 14 @-@ inch / 50 caliber guns for the battleship 's main battery armament , but orders came only for coastal artillery . The second dreadnought was awarded to Armstrong in June 1912 . Six Almirante Lynch @-@ class destroyers were ordered in 1911 from J. Samuel White to accompany the new dreadnoughts . Before construction began , the Almirante Latorre design was enlarged to mount sixteen 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) rather than twenty @-@ two 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 119 mm ) guns . This increased the displacement by 600 long tons ( 610 t ) , to 28 @,@ 000 long tons ( 28 @,@ 449 t ) , the draft by 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 170 mm ) , to 33 feet ( 10 m ) , and made the ship a quarter @-@ knot slower , to 22 @.@ 75 knots . Officially ordered on 2 November 1911 and laid down less than a month later on 27 November , the first dreadnought became the largest ship that Armstrong had built . The second dreadnought was ordered on 29 July 1912 and laid down on 22 January 1913 , delayed by Rio de Janeiro occupying the slipway in which it would be built . The New York Tribune ( 2 November 1913 ) and Proceedings ( May and June 1914 ) reported that Greece had reached an accord to purchase the first battleship counterbalance the Ottoman Empire 's acquisition of Rio de Janeiro from Brazil , but despite a developing sentiment within Chile to sell one or both of the dreadnoughts , no deal was made . Almirante Latorre was launched first , on 27 November 1913 , in an elaborate ceremony that was attended by various dignitaries and presided over by Chile 's ambassador to the United Kingdom , Agustín Edwards Mac Clure . The battleship was christened by the ambassador 's wife , Olga Budge de Edwards , and weighed 10 @,@ 700 long tons ( 10 @,@ 900 t ) at the time . After the First World War broke out in Europe , work on Almirante Latorre was halted in August 1914 , and it was formally purchased on 9 September after the British Cabinet recommended it four days earlier . Almirante Latorre was not forcibly seized like the Ottoman Reşadiye and Sultân Osmân @-@ ı Evvel ( ex @-@ Rio de Janeiro ) , two other ships being built for a foreign navy , because of Chile 's " friendly neutral " status with the United Kingdom . The former Chilean ship was completed on 30 September 1915 , and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 15 October . Work on the other ship , Almirante Cochrane , was halted after the outbreak of war . The British purchased it on 28 February 1918 to be converted to an aircraft carrier , as the partially completed ship was the only available large and fast hull capable of being modified into a full flush @-@ deck carrier . Low priority and quarrels with shipyard workers slowed completion of the ship . = = Service histories = = Almirante Latorre was renamed HMS Canada and slightly modified for British service . The ship completed fitting @-@ out on 20 September 1915 , and was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 15 October . It initially served with the 4th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet , and saw action in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916 . It fired 42 rounds from its 14 @-@ inch guns and 109 6 @-@ inch shells during the battle , and suffered no hits or casualties . Canada was transferred to the 1st Battle Squadron on 12 June 1916 , received further modifications in 1917 and 1918 , and was put into reserve in March 1919 . After the end of the war in Europe , Chile began to seek additional ships to bolster its fleet , and the United Kingdom eagerly offered many of its surplus warships . This action worried the nations of South America , who feared that a Chilean attempt to regain the title of " the first naval power in South America " would destabilize the region and start another naval arms race . Chile asked for Almirante Cochrane in addition to Canada , but would not purchase the ship unless it was reconstructed into the original battleship configuration . The British halted work on the incomplete ship while seriously considering the offer in October 1919 . But because of the increased cost of reconverting her — £ 2 @.@ 5 million , compared to a potential profit of £ 1 @.@ 5 million from selling her — and a desire to test the aircraft carrier concept and especially the viability of island superstructures , the British kept and completed the ship , as HMS Eagle . In April 1920 , Chile only bought Canada and four destroyers , all of which had been ordered by Chile prior to the war 's outbreak and requisitioned by the British for the war . Planned replacements for Almirante Cochrane included the two remaining Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers , but a leak to the press of the secret negotiations to acquire them caused an uproar . The most visible dissension came from a block of officers in the navy who publicly opposed any possible purchase and instead promoted a " New Navy " which would acquire submarines and airplanes . They argued that these weapons would cost less and give the country , and its lengthy coastline , better protection from external threats . The ships were not bought for reasons of cost , but neither were the airplanes its supporters had been hoping for . = = = Almirante Latorre in Chilean service = = = Canada was renamed Almirante Latorre once again and formally handed over to the Chilean government on 27 November 1920 . It departed Plymouth the same day with two of the destroyers , and they arrived in Chile on 20 February 1921 , where they were welcomed by Chile 's president , Arturo Alessandri . Almirante Latorre was made the flagship of the navy . The dreadnought was frequently used by Alessandri for various functions , including as transport to Vallenar after a 1922 earthquake , and to Talcahuano for the grand opening of a new naval drydock in 1924 . In 1925 , with the fall of the January Junta , the ship hosted Alessandri after his return from exile . In September , the last month of his term , Alessandri received the United Kingdom 's Edward , Prince of Wales , on board the battleship . Almirante Latorre was sent to the United Kingdom for a modernization at the Devonport Dockyard in 1929 . It lasted for quite some time , but finally left for Valparaíso nearly two years later , on 5 March 1931 , and arrived on 12 April . Not long after it returned , crewmembers aboard Almirante Latorre instigated a major mutiny . The revolt was a result of the country 's economic woes in the midst of the Great Depression and a recent pay cut . Most of the navy 's ships joined Almirante Latorre in the mutiny , but they surrendered five days after it began when an air strike was mounted by government forces . Almirante Latorre ended up in the Bay of Tongoy with Blanco Encalada . With Chile still in the midst of the depression , Almirante Latorre was deactivated at Talcahuano in 1933 to lessen government expenditures , and only a caretaker crew was assigned to tend to the mothballed ship into the mid @-@ 1930s . Soon after Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States approached Chile with the aim of purchasing Almirante Latorre , two destroyers , and a submarine tender to bolster the United States Navy , but the offer was declined . Almirante Latorre was used during the Second World War for Chilean neutrality patrols . The ship remained active until 1951 , when an accident in its engine room killed three crewmen . Moored at Talcahuano , the battleship became a storage facility for fuel oil . It was decommissioned in October 1958 , and was sold in February 1959 to be broken up for scrap in Japan . Almirante Latorre was taken under tow by the tug Cambrian Salvos on 29 May 1959 , and reached Yokohama , Japan , at the end of August , though the scrapping process did not begin immediately on arrival . = = = Almirante Cochrane / Eagle in British service = = = Eagle was used for trials throughout 1920 . As the concept of aircraft carriers was still very new , the lessons learned were incorporated in a 1921 – 23 refit . Its official sea trials were conducted in September 1923 , and it was commissioned on 26 February 1924 . The new ship was sent to the Mediterranean Fleet in June , and alternated between refits in the United Kingdom ( 1926 , 1929 ) and the Mediterranean until 1931 , when Eagle was sent to show the flag on a South American cruise . Between its major refits in 1931 – 32 and 1936 , Eagle was sent to the China Station before rotating back to the Mediterranean . After 1936 , it was sent back to the Far East , and was there when the Second World War broke out in September 1939 . For the next seven months , Eagle was used for anti @-@ raider patrols , but when one of its own aircraft bombs exploded on board in March 1940 , the carrier was forced to sail to Singapore for repairs . Soon after , Eagle was again moved to the Mediterranean , where it protected convoys until May 1941 , when it was sent to Gibraltar . The ship spent the next several months in the South Atlantic , on guard against German raiders . In September , a major fire severely damaged Eagle , so it was sent back to the United Kingdom . The refit lasted from October 1941 to February 1942 , and it was quickly sent to reinforce Force H. It was employed to ferry fighters to Malta in attempts to keep the besieged island under British control . As part of this duty , it was used to cover a convoy in August 1942 ( Operation Pedestal ) ; during the voyage , Eagle was sunk in four minutes by four torpedoes from the German submarine U @-@ 73 . = = Specifications = = For specifications of Almirante Cochrane , see HMS Eagle ( 1918 ) Almirante Latorre closely resembled the British Iron Duke class , the major difference being that the Chilean ship was longer , had less forecastle but more quarterdeck , and had larger funnels along with an aft mast . The ship was 28 @,@ 100 long tons ( 28 @,@ 600 t ) standard and 31 @,@ 610 long tons ( 32 @,@ 120 t ) at full load . At 661 feet ( 201 m ) overall , it was 39 feet ( 12 m ) longer than the Iron Duke @-@ class ; it had a beam of 92 feet ( 28 m ) and a mean draft of 29 feet ( 8 @.@ 8 m ) . The ship 's main battery was composed of ten 14 @-@ inch / 45 caliber guns mounted in five dual turrets . The arrangement was the same as for the Iron Duke class , with two turrets superfiring forward and a single turret amidships separated from the aft superfiring pair by superstructure and a mast . Built by the Elswick Ordnance Company , the guns were able to fire a 1 @,@ 586 @-@ pound ( 719 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1507 ft / s ( 764 m / s ) to a maximum range of 24 @,@ 400 yards ( 22 @,@ 300 m ) . They were able to depress to − 5 ° and elevate to 20 ° . Fourteen of these guns were manufactured , ten mounted on Almirante Latorre and four kept for use as spares . The latter were kept by the United Kingdom after the sale to Chile and scrapped in 1922 , while those built for Almirante Cochrane were at least originally kept for potential later use on Almirante Latorre . The secondary battery was originally composed of sixteen 6 @-@ inch Mark XI , two 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt anti @-@ aircraft guns , four 3 @-@ pounders , and four submerged 21 @-@ inch torpedo tubes . The two 6 @-@ inch guns located farthest aft were removed in 1916 , as they were affected by blast damage from the amidships 14 @-@ inch turret . During the 1929 refit in the United Kingdom , four additional anti @-@ aircraft guns were placed in the aft superstructure . Almirante Latorre was powered by steam turbines manufactured by Brown – Curtis and Parsons , which put out 37 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower , and 21 Yarrow boilers . Together , these turned four propellers which drove the ship through the water at a maximum speed of 22 @.@ 75 knots ( 26 @.@ 18 mph ; 42 @.@ 13 km / h ) . 3 @,@ 300 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 200 long tons ) of coal and 520 metric tons ( 510 long tons ) of oil could be carried , giving the ship a maximum theoretical range of 4 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 100 mi ; 8 @,@ 100 km ) at 10 knots ( 12 mph ; 19 km / h ) . The battleship 's armor was composed of a 9 @-@ to @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 230 to 100 mm ) belt , 4 @.@ 5 @-@ to @-@ 3 @-@ inch ( 114 to 76 mm ) bulkheads , 10 @-@ to @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 250 to 100 mm ) barbettes , 10 @-@ inch ( 250 mm ) turret faces , a 4 @-@ to @-@ 3 @-@ inch ( 102 to 76 mm ) turret roof , a 11 @-@ inch ( 280 mm ) conning tower , and 4 @-@ to @-@ 1 @-@ inch ( 102 to 25 mm ) armoured decks . = = Endnotes = =
= Daniel Faraday = Dr. Daniel Faraday is a fictional character on the ABC television series Lost played by Jeremy Davies . Faraday is introduced in the Season 4 premiere as a physicist from the Queen 's College , University of Oxford . He suffers from short @-@ term memory loss , possibly due to his experiments with radioactivity . He is part of the team aboard the freighter Kahana that is offshore the island . Throughout his time on the series , Faraday plays an important role by sharing his knowledge of time travel . After time traveling to 1977 , Faraday is shot and killed by Eloise Hawking ( Alice Evans ) who is unaware that he is her son . Jeremy Davies was cast in the role because of the " tremendous intelligence that seems to emanate from him " and was one of the writer @-@ producers ' favorite character actors . Davies was critically praised for his performance and critics were generally disappointed by the character 's death in season five . UGO.com named him one of the best TV nerds . = = Arc = = = = = Background = = = Daniel was born to Eloise Hawking ( Fionnula Flanagan ) and Charles Widmore ( Alan Dale ) , both of whom were Others . Eloise raised Daniel on her own , hiding the identity of his father from him and pushing him to develop a scientific mind , much to the detriment of his social life and casual pursuits . After graduating from the University of Oxford with his girlfriend Theresa Spencer , Daniel was offered a £ 1 @.@ 5 million grant by industrialist Charles Widmore . In the 1990s , Daniel started working as a physicist at The Queen 's College , Oxford , with controversial experiments including sending a subject 's consciousness through time . His initial tests on lab rats resulted in their deaths , which led to the abandonment of his studies . During his tenure , Daniel encountered Desmond Hume ( Henry Ian Cusick ) , who was suffering from temporal displacement trapping him between 1996 and 2004 . Daniel helped to ground Desmond 's consciousness by telling him to find a constant in both time frames , which Desmond decided was to be Penny ( Sonya Walger ) . This encounter had a profound effect on Daniel , reaffirming the legitimacy of his time @-@ displacement theories and prompted him to resume his abandoned experiments . Daniel eventually performed similar experiments on Theresa , but she ended up suffering from temporal displacement as Desmond had and eventually fell into a coma , with temporary periods of lucidity . The funds for her continuing care were provided by Charles Widmore . As a result of Theresa 's fate , Oxford fired Daniel and quietly removed all references to him ever having been at the university . At some point , Daniel also performed an experiment upon himself , resulting in long @-@ term memory damage . While in Essex , Massachusetts , Daniel saw a news report covering the discovery of the apparent wreckage of Oceanic Flight 815 in the depths of the Sunda Trench . Widmore approached Daniel and after informing him that the Sunda Trench wreckage was a hoax , urged him to go to the island , which he said would heal him of his plight . At first , Daniel was reluctant , but Eloise convinced him to go . Daniel is then recruited into a covert team alongside Charlotte Lewis ( Rebecca Mader ) , Miles Straume ( Ken Leung ) and Frank Lapidus ( Jeff Fahey ) , which is organized by Matthew Abaddon ( Lance Reddick ) and led by Naomi Dorrit ( Marsha Thomason ) . Their mission was to travel to the island , find Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) , the then current leader of the Others , and disable the Dharma Initiative station called the Tempest , which contained poisonous gases . = = = Season 4 = = = Faraday first arrives on the island by parachuting out of a helicopter on December 23 , 2004 . After setting foot on the island , Faraday 's memory problem slowly diminishes . He then encounters the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 , who are believed to be dead by the world at large . On the island , Faraday starts conducting an experiment regarding the island 's unique passage of time . After reuniting with Charlotte , Faraday sneaks off with her to the Tempest Dharma Initiative station , where they neutralize a potential source of poison gas . Later , the corpse of the freighter 's doctor washes ashore . Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) confronts Faraday and he is forced to confess that the freighter upon which they arrived was not sent to the island to rescue the survivors . Around this time , Daniel realizes the Secondary Protocol , detailing the whereabouts of Ben Linus , has been activated by Widmore , necessitating their immediate departure from the island . Faraday begins to ferry survivors to the freighter , but Charlotte and Miles choose to remain on the island . Daniel and five survivors are caught midway , between the Kahana and the island , when the Kahana blows up and the island is " moved " by Ben Linus . = = = Season 5 = = = When Ben causes the island to vanish , Charlotte , Faraday and the remaining survivors begin to travel through time . After the survivors are sent to the past , Faraday lures Desmond out of the Swan Dharma Initiative station , telling him to find Daniel 's mother once Desmond is off the island . Upon jumping further to the past , Faraday and the group are captured by the Others in 1954 . The Others mistake them for military personnel and Faraday is forced to disable a hydrogen bomb labelled " Jughead " . During this time period , he confesses his love for Charlotte . After telling the Others that they must bury the bomb , the survivors experience another time jump . The time jumps cause Charlotte to experience nosebleeds , headaches , and double vision , and she eventually collapses . As she dies , Charlotte tells Faraday she remembers living on the island as a child , and recognizes him as the man who told her not to return once she left the island . After John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) stops the time jumps , the remaining survivors are stranded in 1974 . Faraday and his group move into the Barracks and under false pretenses , join the DHARMA Initiative . Despite the option to board the DHARMA submarine and " go back to the real world " , the survivors from 2004 stay on the island together in the hope that they can somehow return to the time that they knew and Faraday becomes a scientist for DHARMA . Faraday then leaves the island and joins the DHARMA headquarters in Ann Arbor , Michigan . In 1977 , Daniel arrives back on the island and sets out to stop the construction of the Swan Station before drilling hits the electromagnetic " energy pocket " , which ultimately results in the crash of Flight 815 . Faraday plans to detonate the hydrogen bomb " Jughead " and destroy the unstable electromagnetic energy so no one would have to be pushing a button to save the world and Flight 815 would not crash . Before putting his plan into action , Daniel visits a young Charlotte , telling her never to return to the island once she leaves . Daniel then travels to the Others ' camp with Jack and Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lily ) to obtain the bomb . He breaks into their camp and threatens to shoot Richard Alpert ( Nestor Carbonell ) . However , he is shot by his mother , Eloise Hawking . Before Daniel dies , he tells Eloise he is her son and she sent him to the island despite knowing he would die . = = = Afterlife = = = In the afterlife , in which Oceanic Flight 815 does not crash on the Island , Faraday has a different background . Daniel was allowed to pursue his passion for music , and never trained in physics . After overhearing Eloise trying to persuade Desmond to stop pursuing Penelope ( Sonya Walger ) , Faraday approaches Desmond and shares his theory of the timeline being altered . He tells Desmond that he recently saw a red @-@ haired woman he strongly felt he already knew and loved . Daniel states after the encounter , he made a series of notes in his journal which a mathematician has identified as advanced quantum mechanics , a topic he knows nothing about . Daniel shows his notes , and hypothesises that the world as he and Desmond are experiencing is not their correct path . Faraday then tells him Penelope is his half @-@ sister and where Desmond can find her . Later , Faraday meets Charlotte at his benefit concert , but they do not yet realize they are in the afterlife . Daniel then takes the stage with DriveShaft to play as Charlotte watches from the crowd . It is later implied that both Eloise and Desmond are both aware that they are living in the afterlife . Eloise convinces Desmond to let Faraday live out the rest of his afterlife , since Faraday was never allowed to live the life he wanted in his past , and Eloise was never allowed to spend time with her son . = = Development = = After Naomi Dorrit ( Marsha Thomason ) landed on the island in season three , the producers began to plan who else would be on the boat she came from . They wanted these new characters to be interested in finding the island for their own personal reasons . During the casting of the " freighter folk " — the nickname that Lost 's producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse use to refer to Daniel , Charlotte , Miles and Frank — fake names , occupations and scenes were temporarily assigned , to limit the leak of spoilers . In the initial casting call , Daniel was referred as " brilliant mathematician " " Russell " . Jeremy Davies was cast as Daniel because he was one of the writer @-@ producers ' favorite character actors , and they think that his " transformative quality [ and ] the tremendous intelligence that seems to emanate from him … seemed perfect for [ the part ] . " The producers constructed the role around Davies based on his performances in Rescue Dawn and Solaris . When Davies met costume designer Roland Sanchez , he was wearing a thin black tie . Sanchez merged this " cool , edgy look " with his idea for the character 's clothes : a " nerdy " loosely woven dress shirt from J.Crew. Davies reportedly took a " crash course " on physics to understand the character better . Showrunners Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse called Daniel Faraday " an obvious shout @-@ out to Michael Faraday , scientist and physicist " . Faraday was originally planned to be a recurring role . = = Reception = = Producers Lindelof and Cuse were worried about how the new characters would be received by fans , after the unhappy reaction to new characters Nikki ( Kiele Sanchez ) and Paulo ( Rodrigo Santoro ) , introduced in season three . However , following their introduction in " Confirmed Dead " , the four characters were well received , with Paige Albiniak of the New York Post citing them as a reason behind the show 's improved ratings . IGN 's Chris Carabott described Daniel , as well as the other new characters from the freighter , as " great " and " exciting " . James Poniewozik of Time liked the introduction of the new characters from the freighter because " Each got just one flashback and a little time on the island , and yet by the end of the episode , [ he ] felt [ he ] had a true handle on what they were like as individuals " . Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV called it the " perfect introduction " . Michael Ausiello of TV Guide also liked their introduction , and praised the actors ' performances . Jeff Jensen from Entertainment Weekly liked that the " fascinating " new characters brought " mind @-@ blowing new possibilities , and exciting new theory fodder " . Many critics praised Davies ’ s performance and appearance . Tom Iacuzio of The Daytona Beach News @-@ Journal deemed Jeremy Davies 's performance deserving of a Primetime Emmy Award . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger claimed Davies 's performance to be " outstanding " . Jay Glatfelter of The Huffington Post said that Daniel " more and more becoming one of [ his ] favorite characters " . Chris Carabott wrote that Davies presents Faraday 's awkward mannerisms well . In a later review , Carabott commented , " I 've become a huge fan of Davies over the course of the last couple of years thanks to his performance on this show . " Rachel Dovey of Paste said " The Variable " revealed " a whole different " side of Daniel : " We 've oscillated before about the true nature of the physicist , whether it 's good or evil [ ... ] We decided he 's mostly a decent guy , barring the whole experimenting @-@ on @-@ his @-@ girlfriend @-@ then @-@ running @-@ away @-@ when @-@ her @-@ brain @-@ turned @-@ to @-@ mush thing . In the past , he 's just seemed lost and confused , and , since he has those big , earnest puppy eyes , we decided to forgive him . But the episode showed us the dynamic at the heart of Daniel 's stuttering vulnerability . Like all broken superheroes and Freudian beings , the man has mommy issues . This week we dove inside the dynamic between Daniel and his mother growing up . " Also , Adam Sweeney believed Davies 's acting was the " high point " of the episode . A reviewer for TVoholic claimed he would have " loved any sort of explanation as to why [ Daniel ] changed his mind about changing the past or how he thought this could work . There must have been something that made Daniel think this was possible , but he was in such a rush that he never took care to explain . " Critics expressed shock regarding Daniel ’ s death . David Oliver of CHUD.com felt " bummed " to see Daniel go . Dan Compora of Airlock Alpha also said the shooting of Daniel at the end was “ stunning . ” Jon Lachonis of TVOvermind claimed that as an internal character piece , " The Variable " was " not so much a great ending for Daniel . Jeremy Davies submitted the episode " The Constant " on his behalf for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series .
= Blackadder Goes Forth = Blackadder Goes Forth is the fourth and final series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder , written by Richard Curtis and Ben Elton , which aired from 28 September to 2 November 1989 on BBC One . The series placed the recurring characters of Blackadder , Baldrick and George in a trench in Flanders during World War I , and followed their various doomed attempts to escape from the trenches to avoid certain death under the misguided command of General Melchett . The series is particularly noted for its criticism of the British Army leadership during the campaign , and also refers to a number of famous figures of the age . In addition , the series is remembered for the poignant ending of the final episode . Despite initial concerns that the comedy series might trivialise the events of 1914 – 1918 , the series won widespread acclaim on its release , and won the British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy Series in 1989 . It has since become regarded as a classic television sitcom , and in 2000 was placed 16th by industry professionals in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute . However , some historians have criticized it for presenting an oversimplified view of the war , reinforcing the popular notion of " lions led by donkeys " . = = Scenario = = Blackadder Goes Forth is set in 1917 on the Western Front in the trenches of World War I. Captain Edmund Blackadder ( Rowan Atkinson ) is a professional soldier in the British Army who , until the outbreak of the Great War , has enjoyed a relatively action @-@ free existence fighting natives who were usually " two feet tall and armed with dried grass " . Finding himself trapped in the trenches with another " big push " planned , his concern is to avoid being sent over the top to certain death . The series thus chronicles Blackadder 's attempts to escape the trenches through various schemes , most of which fail due to bad fortune , misunderstandings and the general incompetence of his comrades . The aforementioned comrades are his second @-@ in @-@ command , idealistic upper @-@ class Edwardian twit Lieutenant George ( Hugh Laurie ) and their profoundly stupid but dogged batman Private S. Baldrick ( Tony Robinson ) . Rather than the Germans , who remain generally unseen ( with the exception of " Private Plane " , where they are a means to escape the trenches ) , Blackadder 's nemeses come in the form of his superior , the eccentric General Melchett ( Stephen Fry ) who rallies his troops from a French château 35 miles ( 56 km ) from the front , and Melchett 's bureaucratic assistant , Captain Kevin Darling ( Tim McInnerny ) . Despite the two being of equal rank , Blackadder treats Darling with contempt — while the former is on the front line , the latter is " folding the general 's pyjamas " . Their animosity is mutual , largely as a result of Blackadder exploiting the comic potential of Darling 's surname at every opportunity . = = = Themes = = = Blackadder Goes Forth is more satirical in tone than the previous three Blackadder series and most sitcoms , taking the opportunity to present an anti @-@ war message . The dialogue is marked throughout by satirical musings about the nature of the war , its origins and the effects on the soldiers who suffered over its course . The fact that the soldiers suffered whilst their commanders remained safely distant from the action was also referenced on many occasions , such as when Melchett says to Baldrick , " Don 't you worry my boy , if you should falter , remember that Captain Darling and I are behind you ! " , to which Blackadder responds , " Yes , about 35 miles behind ! " . In the episode " Corporal Punishment " , Blackadder justifies the shooting for food of a carrier pigeon ( which turns out to be Melchett 's pet ) by saying , " With 50 @,@ 000 men killed a week , who 's going to miss a pigeon ? " This episode sees Blackadder being sentenced to death by firing squad for the act , reflecting on the harsh punishments dealt to deserters under the laws of war , and the dictatorship of higher ranking officers over those of lower ranking . In " Private Plane " , after receiving word that Blackadder and Baldrick may have been killed when shot down over German lines , Melchett tries to cheer George up by showing him a life @-@ size model ( measuring seventeen square feet ) of land recaptured by the British , a commentary on the high human cost and small physical gains achieved by attacks in the middle years of the war . Later in the same episode , Blackadder describes the Great War as : " a war which would be a damn sight simpler if we just stayed in England and shot fifty thousand of our men a week . " Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig , whose orders are alleged to have resulted in hundreds of thousands of British deaths at Passchendaele and the Somme , is continually referenced . Blackadder himself describes Haig 's attempts at an advance as no more than " another gargantuan effort to move his drinks cabinet six inches closer to Berlin " . In " Goodbyeee " , a scene parodies Haig 's professional abilities by depicting the Field Marshal playing with toy soldiers , which he sweeps nonchalantly from trench to trench and then into a rubbish bin , while listening to Blackadder 's plea to get out of the big push on the telephone . The series recalls a number of famous historical events of the war , such as the Christmas truce of 1914 . Blackadder recalls the event : " Both sides advanced further during one Christmas piss @-@ up than they did in the next two and a half years of war . " References are also made to the popular culture of the era , as well as the previous series . The episode " Private Plane " , sees the return of the characters of Lord Flashheart and Bob from the second series episode " Bells " and also an appearance of the famous flying ace Baron von Richthofen . A plot thread in the third episode " Major Star " involves Blackadder 's dislike of the silent film star Charlie Chaplin , whom he finds " as funny as getting an arrow through the neck , and then finding there 's a gas bill tied to it " . In the fifth episode , the anti @-@ German sentiment in Britain during the war is repeatedly referenced . General Melchett orders Blackadder to find out what is behind the leak in top @-@ secret battle plans and immediately , though erroneously , pins it on a " German spy " ( who is later discovered to be inadvertently one of their own ) . Blackadder takes the chance to " interrogate " Captain Darling , who vehemently denies being a spy and says that he is " as British as Queen Victoria " , to which Blackadder sarcastically replies " So your father is German , you 're half German and you married a German ? " . Blackadder 's retort references the fact that Victoria was a member of the House of Hanover and that her husband was a prince from the House of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha . In 1917 , Victoria 's grandson King George V changed the royal house name from Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha to Windsor in an effort to appease British nationalist feelings . The final episode of this series , " Goodbyeee " , although true to the series ' usual comedy style through most of the preceding scenes , is known for featuring a highly dramatic and extraordinarily poignant final scene , where the main characters ( except General Melchett himself ) are finally sent over the top . To the sound of a slow , minimal and downbeat piano version of the title theme , the four are seen in slow @-@ motion , charging into the fog and smoke of no man 's land , with gunfire and explosions all around , before the scene fades into footage of a sunny poppy field and the sound of birdsong . The fate of the four is left ambiguous . Blackadder 's final line before the charge is also underpinned with an unusually reflective and sentimental tone , offered after Baldrick claims to have one last cunning plan to save them from the impending doom : = = Episodes = = The series aired for six episodes broadcast on BBC One on Thursdays at 9.30pm between 28 September and 2 November 1989 , ending nine days before Remembrance Day . The titles of the first five episodes , " Captain Cook " , " Corporal Punishment " , " Major Star " , " Private Plane " and " General Hospital " are puns based on the pairing of a military rank and another word related to the episode 's content . The final episode , " Goodbyeee " , was the title of a period song . = = Production = = = = = Writing and rehearsals = = = Writers Ben Elton and Richard Curtis wrote the scripts for Blackadder episodes separately using word processors and then swapped the disks containing the scripts for each other to add or remove jokes and dialogue . Curtis recalls that they stuck to a policy whereby if one removed a line for not being funny , then it was never put back . During rehearsals , the script was exhaustively discussed and redrafted by the cast , with Richard Curtis having the final say on the content . Fry , Laurie and Atkinson were comic writers and performers themselves , and having worked together on previous series were not afraid to question the script and make suggestions . For example , Captain Darling was originally called " Captain Cartwright " and was renamed when Stephen Fry recalled a boy at his school with the surname " Darling " , who had found the name a constant embarrassment . Curtis recalls that he was initially reluctant to change the name , as he considered it a one @-@ off joke . Speaking to The Times about the ending of the show in 1989 , Curtis hinted that the collaborative writing process caused tensions amongst the cast : " Everybody on the show thinks they can put in good jokes , despite the fact that Ben Elton and I think there are already quite a few good ones in there to start with . It does usually end up funnier , but it 's time to do something over which I have more control . " Twenty years on , Curtis recalled in the documentary Blackadder Rides Again that : " They would literally sit around for the entire time discussing the script ... sometimes we would just say to them " if you stood up and tried to act this script out , you would find out things about it . " Ben Elton stated that by opening it up , they allowed the cast to question every aspect of the script . During Blackadder Rides Again , Tony Robinson likewise recalls that these script meetings could be uncomfortable , and has been less reserved speaking about the script rehearsals since . In an interview with The Daily Telegraph he suggests that although relations between the actors were generally cordial " There was bad feeling between the writers and the performers — the writers felt we were unilaterally altering the script and altering it for the worse . At end of the first day of rehearsals the writers would go away and by the time they came back we would have changed an awful lot of it . By the end , they felt we had run away with it . There were quite a lot of emotions flashing around about that . " Producer John Lloyd , speaking to The Times in 1989 hinted that it was the draining scripting and rehearsal process that led to the writers deciding not to make another series : " Things do get very tense by the end of a series , because everyone involved in the thing is very clever , and very funny , and they all want to push the scripts along . It 's a very exhausting process , and by the end of it we all swear we 'll never , ever , do another one . But then you start to think how rare it is to get so many good people in the same room and you talk yourself into doing another series . " = = = Casting = = = Rowan Atkinson and Tony Robinson reprised their roles as Edmund Blackadder and Baldrick respectively . Hugh Laurie also returned to play Lieutenant George . The fourth series enlarged the principal cast from the third series to include Stephen Fry as General Melchett and Tim McInnerny as Captain Kevin Darling , who had both appeared in guest roles in Blackadder the Third and had appeared regularly in Blackadder II . This cast appeared together in every episode of the fourth series , although the only episode to feature no guest appearances was " Captain Cook " . Miranda Richardson , who had played Elizabeth I in the second series , appeared in a guest role in one episode ( as she had in the third series ) . In their guest performances , actors such as Rik Mayall and Gabrielle Glaister reprised characters they had played in earlier series . Other performers , such as Bill Wallis and Lee Cornes , who had played minor roles in prior series , appeared briefly again in the fourth series as well . = = = Taping = = = This series of Blackadder was one of the first television programmes in Britain to be made and transmitted with stereo sound , using the NICAM digital system , even though most viewers could only afford , or were only able to receive due to their location , the standard FM mono audio carrier signal . The series was directed by Richard Boden and all interior scenes were shot at BBC Television Centre in front of a live studio audience . Rowan Atkinson recalls that the studio shooting could present him with problems : That sitcom tradition is very strange when you 're performing to both a camera and an audience at the same time ... The thing that sometimes held us up is my stammer . Some words and some phrases did catch me out ... " B " s in particular . I remember one episode in which Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie were going " woof " a lot , and my line was " it 's like Battersea Dogs Home in here " . The B of Battersea was a problem for me . The floor manager suggested that I say " Crufts " instead . Atkinson has said that in the buildup to the final episode , he began to psychologically experience something of his character 's apprehension . Speaking to Michael Parkinson in 2003 , he recalled " I remember ... in the weeks leading up to the one day recording of that final episode when we went over the top , for the first time in my acting career ... knowing that even though the rest of the episode was its usual standard funny sitcom self , there was this deep twist in my stomach throughout that week thinking along with your character that you were doomed . It was most peculiar . I 'm sure serious character actors feel this all the time ... Obviously if you 're trying to feel the character and his dilemma then you 're going to experience some of the fictional feelings for real . You felt swept along by it . " Other than the title sequence , the series used little external shooting . To achieve the flying sequences in the episode " Private Plane " , footage from the 1976 film Aces High was re @-@ edited and dubbed over with the actors ' voices . The most challenging scene to shoot was the final " over the top " sequence , which was recorded in a separate studio set away from the audience which had been rigged with special effects to simulate a battlefield . On viewing the original studio rushes for the 20th anniversary documentary Blackadder Rides Again , John Lloyd recalls that originally the final scene was " all very embarrassing " , as the actors only had 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) to run before they reached the barbed wire in front of the camera , where they had to pretend to die , an effect described by Atkinson as " somewhat unconvincing " . It was only in post @-@ production that the final effect was achieved by running the video and audio in slow motion and fading another video of the empty set over the top to make it appear as if the characters had disappeared . This image of a barren landscape was then faded into a still image of a poppy field found in the BBC Picture Library . = = = Titles and music = = = The theme melody was a variation on the Blackadder theme by Howard Goodall over opening title images of Blackadder and George parading their men past Melchett and Darling , while Baldrick plays the triangle . The title music starts with the opening bars of " The British Grenadiers " before segueing into the familiar Blackadder theme . In the closing credits , the full Blackadder theme plays over visuals of armed men marching on a parade ground . The sequences were filmed and recorded on location at the former Colchester Cavalry Barracks , with the production using fifty members of the 3rd Battalion , the Royal Anglian Regiment to represent Blackadder 's men , attired in reproduction First World War uniforms , with the battalion 's band providing the music . The titles are presented as static captions instead of being rolled as in the previous three series . The crew credits are presented in pseudo @-@ military fashion : for example , the designer is credited thus : " Dgr – 404371 Hull , C " . The opening sequence is filmed in colour , while the closing sequence was treated in post production to appear grainy , streaky , and sepia toned in imitation of newsreels of the era . " Goodbyeee " has no closing titles , simply fading from the protagonists charging across no man 's land under fire , to a field of poppies in the sunlight , a reference to the poem " In Flanders Fields " and the flower 's symbolic significance . The music was also changed to a slow , echoey solo piano arrangement , finishing with three strong bass @-@ drum notes , interposed with sound effects of gunshot , and later birdsong . In the 25th anniversary special interview , Richard Curtis stated that the production team had not intended for such an ending and the idea of the scene fading to the poppy field was only conceived after some of the cast stated their reluctance in doing a second take . = = Reception = = = = = Subject = = = Emma Hanna , in her book The Great War on the Small Screen , has noted that some contemporary reviewers felt the topic of the First World War to be inappropriate for a comedy series , with one newspaper critic uncertain of the writers ' motives : " is [ the series ] justified in using tragic situations as a springboard for comedy merely for entertainment value ? " . Ben Elton 's uncle , the historian Geoffrey Elton , " was at first most unhappy at what he considered to be an insulting portrayal of the army " , although it is worth noting " he later took the view that the satire was drawn with great respect " . Certainly , the issue of the series ' subject matter was of concern to the producers . Atkinson recalled in an interview with Michael Parkinson that the poignant ending of the final episode was in part written to counter the possibility of criticism that the subject was inappropriate for a comedy , although noted that the public accepted the series for what it was . Speaking during filming in 1989 , he remarked that despite the 20th century setting , the trenches were particularly apt for the Blackadder series : We wanted a place and a time that could reproduce to a certain extent the claustrophobia and the sordidness of medieval England , and the best way to do that is to set it in the middle of a war . Co @-@ writer Richard Curtis has said that before writing the series , the writers read a number of books about the war and decided that the First World War was a particularly apt subject for a situation comedy , finding that " actually , all the lead up to the first world war was very funny , all the people coming from communities where they 'd never bumped into posh people ... and all being so gung ho and optimistic ... the first hundred pages of any book about the world war are hilarious ; then of course everybody dies . " Michael Brooke , assessing the series for the British Film Institute , suggests that the characterisation and pervading sense of danger prevented the sitcom from trivialising its subject matter : " The prospect of its characters suddenly dying a violent death provided a constant source of tension and gags , though when they really were killed off at the end of the final episode ... the result was so unexpectedly moving that the programme was later repeated as part of an otherwise wholly serious BBC2 Armistice Day programme without anyone batting an eyelid . " = = = Awards = = = The series won the British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy Series in 1989 . In addition , for his performance as Captain Blackadder , Rowan Atkinson won Best Light Entertainment Performance . In 2000 , the series was placed 16th by industry professionals in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute . In 2004 , championed by John Sergeant , the whole Blackadder series came second in the BBC poll to find Britain 's Best Sitcom with 282 @,@ 106 votes . = = = Legacy = = = Academics have noted that the television series has become a pervasive view of the war in the public 's perception of World War I , with Max Hastings calling the common British view of the war " the Blackadder take on history . " Military historian Richard Holmes commented in his book The Western Front : " Blackadder 's aphorisms have become fact ... A well turned line of script can sometimes carry more weight than all the scholarly footnotes in the world . " Stephen Badsey , analysing trends in television programmes about the war remarked that Blackadder Goes Forth as a popular comedy series was subject to particular criticism from historians , remarking that the series " consciously traded on every cliche and misremembered piece of history about the Western Front , and was influential enough to draw a surprising degree of angry criticism from professional historians as a result . " Esther MacCallum @-@ Stewart of Sussex University noted in her essay " Television Docu @-@ Drama and The First World War " that " Blackadder Goes Forth is used as a teaching aid in schools ; not as a secondary text that should be analysed and discussed for its own reliability , but as a truthful parody of the conditions of the First World War . " = = Media releases = = Blackadder Goes Forth is available on a variety of BBC Worldwide @-@ distributed DVD and VHS video releases , either as an individual series or as part of a boxset with the other series of Blackadder . In addition , a BBC Radio Collection audio version created from the TV soundtrack is available on Cassette and CD . All 4 seasons and the Christmas special are also available for download on iTunes . The complete scripts of the four television series were released in 1998 as Blackadder : The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485 – 1917 , and later reissued by Penguin Books in 2009 . = = = VHS releases = = = = = = DVD releases = = =
= M @-@ 146 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 146 was a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that initially served as a bypass for traffic going around Port Huron and as a short cut for traffic between U.S. Highway 25 ( US 25 ) and M @-@ 21 . Later it connected to the Blue Water Bridge before it was truncated to its final form . Segments of M @-@ 146 still exist today as state highways as part of Interstate 94 ( I @-@ 94 ) and I @-@ 69 and the Lapeer Connector . = = Route description = = As the highway last existed , its southern end was at an intersection with M @-@ 21 ( Lapeer Road ) in a residential area of Port Huron west of the Black River . Following what is today named the Lapeer Connector , M @-@ 146 ran northward for about 0 @.@ 9 miles ( 1 @.@ 4 km ) to an interchange with I @-@ 94 / US 25 where it terminated . = = History = = When the route debuted in 1933 it served as a connector between US 25 in southwest Port Huron and M @-@ 21 along the west side of the side . In 1954 a new approach was built from M @-@ 21 to the foot of the Blue Water Bridge , and M @-@ 146 was extended northward and easterly , designated along this new route . By 1958 , this newer segment was converted to freeway specifications , and in 1964 , with the completion of the I @-@ 94 / US 25 freeway , M @-@ 146 was removed from that portion of the route . By the next year , the M @-@ 146 designation only remained along the stretch of freeway which now serves as the exit 274 interchange on I @-@ 94 , and was removed from 24th Street through town . In 1966 , with the completion of a new freeway alignment for M @-@ 21 between Wadhams and downtown Port Huron , the M @-@ 146 designation was removed from the state trunkline system , and has not been used since . The connector between Lapeer Street and present @-@ day I @-@ 94 is now known as the Lapeer Connector and Connector 69 . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway was in St. Clair County .
= David Bridges = David Stephen Bridges ( born 22 September 1982 ) is an English footballer who plays for King 's Lynn Town as a midfielder . Bridges started his career with local side Cambridge United , progressing through the club 's youth system and eventually breaking into the first @-@ team in 2001 . He spent three seasons at Cambridge , but was released at the end of the 2003 – 04 season after failing to agree terms on a new contract . Bridges had a brief spell in Latvia playing for FK Rīga , before returning to England to play four games for Braintree Town in January 2005 . He joined Histon in March 2005 , playing for the club until the end of the season . He left Histon at the end of the season , and subsequently earned himself a one @-@ year contract to rejoin Cambridge United in July 2005 . He played regularly for the club for two seasons , but was released again in 2007 . Bridges then joined Kettering Town ahead of the 2007 – 08 season , playing an important part in the club achieving promotion from the Conference North to the Conference National in his first season at the club . At the end of the season he rejected a contract offer from Kettering and joined Stevenage on a free transfer . In his first season at the Hertfordshire club , he helped the side to FA Trophy success , as well as helping the club earn promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club 's history the following season . He was also part of the squad that helped Stevenage earn back @-@ to @-@ back promotions during the 2010 – 11 season . Ahead of the 2011 – 12 campaign , Bridges re @-@ joined Conference National side Kettering Town . He left the club after one season , and spent a year at Chelmsford City , before signing for Bury Town in May 2013 . Bridges has also earned one cap for the England C team , playing in a game against Italy C in January 2006 . = = Club career = = = = = Cambridge United = = = Born in Huntingdon , Cambridgeshire , Bridges began his career with local side Cambridge United , whom he joined at the age of 8 , he progressed through the club 's youth system before signing his first professional contract in February 2002 . He broke into the first @-@ team towards the end of the 2001 – 02 season , making his debut as a substitute in a 1 – 0 defeat against Huddersfield Town at the Abbey Stadium . He played six further games in the same season , scoring his first goal for Cambridge in a 2 – 1 home win against Tranmere Rovers . Bridges featured regularly in the opening half of the 2002 – 03 season , playing a total of 25 times and scoring once in a 3 – 0 victory against York City . However , a " persistent " ankle injury cut his run in the first @-@ team short , and he did not feature from February onwards . He returned to first @-@ team action in a 1 – 0 defeat to Wycombe Wanderers in October 2003 , and played a further 22 times for the club throughout the 2003 – 04 campaign . However , Bridges left Cambridge at the end of the season after failing to agree a contract with manager Hervé Renard . On leaving Cambridge , Bridges said " I was offered a contract that was almost a kick in the teeth after the time I had been at the club when players were coming in from all over the place who did not care about the club . They were getting paid five or six times what I was offered , and I thought it was probably time to move on " . During his three seasons with the club , Bridges made a total of 55 appearances in all competitions , scoring four times . = = = Journeyman = = = Bridges trialled at a number of clubs before the start of the 2004 – 05 season , most notably Chesterfield and Northampton Town , without successfully securing a deal . He also spent the majority of the close season in America training with two professional American football clubs , before realising it was not financially viable to move to America on a permanent basis . Bridges struggled to find a club ahead of the 2004 – 05 campaign , and took up an offer to play for FK Rīga in Latvia . However , Bridges suffered a fractured foot just ten days after signing for the club , and failed to feature for the Latvian side . Despite the injury , he spent three months in Latvia before returning to England to " assess his options " . After returning to England in November 2004 for rehabilitation at Lilleshall , he began part @-@ time training with Cambridgeshire side Histon in January 2005 . However , he signed for Braintree Town on a short @-@ term contract shortly after training with Histon , making his debut for the club in a 2 – 1 home victory against Slough Town a day after joining the club . In the following game , Bridges assisted two of Braintree 's goals in the club 's 4 – 2 win away at Wealdstone , as well as making another assist a week later in a 5 – 0 win against Billericay Town . He played in the club 's next league fixture , a 3 – 1 away win at Hendon , but was taken off at half @-@ time after suffering another foot injury . It proved to be his last game for the club , he played four times for Braintree , all of which were victories . A month later , Bridges joined Histon on a short @-@ term basis , making his debut for the club in March 2005 – playing the whole match in a 3 – 1 home win against Tiverton Town . He scored once for Histon in a 3 – 0 home win against Solihull Borough . Bridges made eleven appearances for Histon and helped the club achieve promotion to the Conference South in his two months at the club . He left Histon at the end of the season , and subsequently earned himself a one @-@ year contract to re @-@ join his former employers , Cambridge United , following a successful trial at the club . Bridges said he " did not hesitate in joining Cambridge for a second time " when he was eventually offered a full @-@ time contract in June 2005 . = = = Return to Cambridge = = = During the 2005 – 06 season , Bridges was a regular in the centre of Cambridge 's midfield . He made his second debut for Cambridge in a 1 – 0 defeat at Forest Green Rovers , and scored in the following two games against both Hereford United and Accrington Stanley respectively . He also scored in the club 's 3 – 0 win in the Football League Trophy against Chester City , scoring the first goal of the game . Bridges scored the only goal of the game as Cambridge secured their first away victory of the season in November 2005 – winning 1 – 0 against Morecambe at Christie Park . His fifth goal of the campaign came in Cambridge 's 4 – 2 away defeat to Macclesfield Town in the Football League Trophy , before scoring a " glancing header " in the next game as Cambridge beat Stevenage 1 – 0 at the Abbey Stadium . His last goal of the season came in February 2006 in a 2 – 1 defeat to Altrincham . Bridges played 40 times during the season , scoring seven goals from midfield . Consequently , he won the ' Player of the Season ' award at Cambridge in the same season , and more importantly earned a one @-@ year contract extension in May 2006 . He continued playing regularly under new manager Jimmy Quinn in the 2006 – 07 season . He scored his first goal of the season in a 3 – 0 home win against Gravesend & Northfleet in November 2006 , and scored again two weeks later in the club 's 2 – 1 away win at Southport at Haig Avenue . However , after Cambridge 's 2 – 0 home defeat to St Albans City in December , Bridges did not feature in the first – team for two months . He returned to first @-@ team action in Cambridge 's 3 – 0 win against Woking , and scored his third of the campaign in a 2 – 1 away victory against Stafford Rangers . He played 31 games during the season , scoring three times – playing his last game for the club in a 1 – 0 home win against Tamworth . He was released by Quinn in May 2007 as he re @-@ vamped the entire squad . During his second spell at Cambridge , Bridges made 71 appearances in all competitions over two seasons , scoring ten times . = = = Kettering Town = = = Two months later , Bridges joined Conference North side Kettering Town on a one @-@ year deal . Bridges made his debut for Kettering in late August 2007 , starting in the club 's 3 – 2 away win against Worcester City . He scored his first goal for the club in the following game , scoring in the 60th minute to double Kettering 's lead in a victory against Tamworth , and followed this up with another goal in the club 's 4 – 1 win against Leigh RMI . Bridges made it four goals in as many games by scoring against both Boston United and Workington respectively . However , he suffered an injury in Kettering 's 2 – 0 home loss to Hyde United in October 2007 , ruling him out for two months . He returned to first @-@ team action in December , coming on as a second @-@ half substitute in the club 's 3 – 2 loss against Cambridge City , and scored twice the following week in Kettering 's 3 – 0 home win against Leigh RMI . He started 2008 by scoring Kettering 's fifth in a 6 – 1 victory against Solihull Moors , as well as scoring in the next game – heading in Kettering 's second in a 3 – 1 win against Harrogate Town . Bridges scored his ninth goal of the campaign shortly after , doubling the club 's lead in a 2 – 0 away win at Hucknall Town . Bridges featured regularly during the club 's second half of the season , getting on the scoresheet in a 3 – 0 away victory at Hyde United , before scoring Kettering 's third in another 3 – 0 win , this time against AFC Telford United – his last appearance for the club . He was instrumental for the Northamptonshire club throughout Kettering 's 2007 – 08 league campaign , scoring a total of 11 goals in 27 appearances to help guide Kettering to promotion to the Conference National . = = = Stevenage = = = He was offered a new contract by manager Mark Cooper , which was rejected , as he opted to join Craig Westcarr and Gary Mills at Stevenage . However , Bridges suffered a knee injury during pre @-@ season and subsequently missed the first half of the 2008 – 09 season . He eventually made his debut for the Hertfordshire club in a 1 – 1 draw against Oxford United in December 2008 , scoring Stevenage 's goal with an " unstoppable drive from outside the area " . In the following match , Bridges set up two of Stevenage 's goals in the club 's 3 – 1 home win against Rushden & Diamonds , as well as hitting the crossbar with a " looping header " in the second @-@ half . Two days later , he won Stevenage 's penalty in the 93rd minute against one of his former employers , Cambridge United , as Stevenage salvaged a 1 – 1 draw at the Abbey Stadium . Bridges ' return to the first – team coincided with an upturn in form for the club , and he continued his goalscoring form from midfield with another goal in a 3 – 0 home win against Barrow in January 2009 . He also scored three goals in the club 's successful FA Trophy campaign , scoring in 4 – 0 victories against both Burton Albion and Forest Green Rovers , as well as scoring the winner in Stevenage 's 3 – 2 home win against Ebbsfleet United in the first leg of the semi – final . However , his season was cut short when he suffered an injury in a 1 – 1 draw against Oxford United at Broadhall Way , a game in which he scored Stevenage 's goal , but ultimately missed the rest of the season . In total , Bridges made 19 appearances during the club 's 2008 – 09 campaign , scoring six times . Bridges returned from injury at the start of the 2009 – 10 season , starting in a 0 – 0 draw against Barrow at Holker Street . However , he sustained an injury shortly after the match and did not feature again until October 2009 , starting in a 1 – 1 draw away at Kettering Town . He scored his first goal of the season in a 2 – 0 win over Ebbsfleet United , and followed this up by scoring twice against Vauxhall Motors in the FA Trophy . The following month , Bridges scored the winner in a 1 – 0 victory away at Wrexham . He followed this up with another headed goal the following week in a 6 – 0 victory away at Eastbourne Borough . Bridges scored a further two goals for Stevenage in the club 's 5 – 1 victory over Kidderminster Harriers at Aggborough in the FA Trophy . He also provided two assists for Yemi Odubade 's brace in Stevenage 's 3 – 0 win against Crawley Town in March 2010 . He scored his eighth goal of the club 's 2009 – 10 campaign in a 1 – 0 win over York City as Stevenage bowed out of the Conference National as league champions . Bridges played a total of 38 times during the season , scoring eight goals from midfield . Bridges missed the first three games of the 2010 – 11 season as a result of the red card he received in the FA Trophy Final . He made his first appearance of the 2010 – 11 campaign in Stevenage 's 1 – 1 draw away to Aldershot Town , coming on as a 38th @-@ minute substitute . However , shortly after he suffered an ankle injury in training that ruled him out of first @-@ team action for a month . He returned to the first @-@ team as a second @-@ half substitute in Stevenage 's 2 – 0 home loss to Wycombe Wanderers , but admitted he was " not fully fit " . The following week , Bridges played a key role in Stevenage 's 1 – 1 draw with Rotherham United , assisting John Mousinho 's goal in the 82nd minute . He scored his only goal of the 2010 – 11 season in Stevenage 's 3 – 1 away win at Port Vale on 22 February 2011 , scoring Stevenage 's third goal . Bridges played 24 games in all competitions , helping Stevenage earn promotion to League One in their first Football League season . = = = Return to non @-@ league = = = Bridges re @-@ joined Conference National side Kettering Town on 1 August 2011 , signing a two @-@ year deal with the club . He joined Kettering on a free transfer , having been out of contract at Stevenage — " I got injured at the back end of last season and I was out of contract and because of all the deals that needed to be sorted at Stevenage , I wasn 't a priority and I had to wait . There comes a time when you can 't wait any longer and I needed to sort my future out so here we are " . Bridges made his Kettering Town debut in a 2 – 0 away win at Lincoln City on 10 September 2011 , the club 's first away victory of the season . After making just five appearances for Kettering , Bridges was transfer @-@ listed by new manager Mark Stimson on 29 September . Despite being transfer @-@ listed due to Kettering 's financial problems , Bridges continued to play in the first @-@ team , and he scored his first goal for the club in a 2 – 2 draw against Ebbsfleet United , scoring from close range to give the club an initial one @-@ goal lead . Bridges scored once again in a 2 – 1 home defeat to Grimsby Town on 26 November 2011 , scoring in injury @-@ time to half the deficit . Bridges was forced to take training following the departure of Stimson , with only six other Kettering players turning up to train due to unpaid wages . Despite the off @-@ field problems , he remained ever @-@ present for the remainder of the season , playing 38 times in all competitions , and scoring his third and final goal of the campaign in a 1 – 1 home draw with Barrow in April 2012 . Kettering were relegated , finishing bottom of the league , and faced a further relegation due to entering a Company Voluntary Arrangement . Bridges had one year remaining on his contract at Kettering , but left in July 2012 , calling the campaign the " worst of his career " . In August 2012 , Bridges signed for Conference South side Chelmsford City on a free transfer . He made his debut for the club in a 3 – 2 home win over Bromley on 25 August . Bridges scored his first goal for Chelmsford in the club 's 2 – 2 draw with East Thurrock United in the FA Cup in October 2012 , sweeping the ball through a crowded penalty area after East Thurrock had failed to clear a corner . It took Bridges seven months to open his goalscoring account for the league season , netting on the hour mark in a 6 – 0 home victory over Farnborough on 18 March 2013 , a game in which he also assisted two other goals . It proved to be his only league goal of the campaign , in a season where Chelmsford would once again make the Conference South play @-@ offs , but ultimately fall short . They lost 2 – 1 on aggregate in the semi @-@ finals to Salisbury City , with Bridges playing in both games . He made 36 appearances in all competitions during the season , scoring two goals . Shortly after the end of the 2012 – 13 season , Bridges signed for Isthmian League Premier Division side Bury Town on a free transfer . On joining Bury Town , Bridges said — " I 'm good friends with Adam Tann and Craig Parker and they couldn 't say enough good things about the club . They told me that the players are really well looked after and the club is full of good honest people " . He left Bury Town in December 2013 due to the club 's financial problems , and subsequently joined Brackley Town . Bridges was signed by Northern Premier League side King 's Lynn Town in July 2014 . In February 2015 he was promoted into a coaching role at the club whilst continuing to play regularly for the First Team . King 's Lynn were moved into the Southern Premier League for the 2015 / 16 season and Bridges continued to feature regularly in the Linnets midfield during the campaign , making 39 appearances . = = International career = = Bridges was named in the England C team , who represent England at non @-@ League level , in January 2006 , for a friendly against Italy C , staged at Cambridge 's Abbey Stadium , his home ground at the time . He came on as a 73rd @-@ minute substitute as England C won the match 3 – 1 in front of a crowd of 2 @,@ 711 . = = Style of play = = Bridges is generally deployed as a central midfielder , and has played their since turning professional . He has also played across all of the midfield areas . Manager Graham Westley said that Bridges is a player with " a lot of off @-@ the @-@ ball intelligence " and that he " reads the game well " . = = Personal life = = Bridges grew up in Cambridgeshire , and attended St Peter 's School in Huntingdon . He supports Manchester United . = = Honours = = Histon Southern Premier League ( 1 ) : 2004 – 05 Kettering Town Conference North ( 1 ) : 2007 – 08 Stevenage FA Trophy ( 1 ) : 2008 – 09 Conference National ( 1 ) : 2009 – 10 League Two play @-@ offs ( 1 ) : 2010 – 11 = = Career statistics = = As of 28 May 2013 . = = = International = = =
= Going , Going , Gone ( Grey 's Anatomy ) = " Going , Going , Gone " is the first episode of the ninth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 173rd episode overall . Written by Stacy McKee and directed by Rob Corn , the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on September 27 , 2012 . The initial airing was viewed by 11 @.@ 73 million people and garnered a 4 @.@ 4 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , registering the show as the week 's highest rated television drama . Grey 's Anatomy centers around a group of physicians struggling to balance their professional lives with their personal lives . In this episode , the doctors of Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital cope with the physical and emotional reverberations of the aviation accident that took place in the season eight finale , while several surgical residents are promoted . Further storylines include Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) relocating to a different hospital , and a group of new interns being intimidated by Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . The episode saw the death of Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) ; the actor was let go due to budget cuts by the producers . Excessive spoilers were not released , in order to keep the fates of select characters unknown . However , multiple cast members leaked pictures from the set . Jason George returned in guest capacity , along with newcomers William Daniels , Steven Culp , Philip Casnoff , Gaius Charles , Camilla Luddington , Tina Majorino , and Jerrika Hinton . Critics generally regarded " Going , Going , Gone " as disconsolate . = = Plot = = In the season eight finale , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , and Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) are caught in an aviation accident , leaving Lexie Grey dead , and the rest of the doctors stranded . " Going , Going , Gone " picks up about one month after the crash , and throughout the episode , features home videos of Sloan . The episode begins with Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital 's new interns , Dr. Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , Dr. Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , Dr. Heather Brookes ( Tina Majorino ) , and Dr. Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , expressing fear of Meredith Grey , who is now an attending general surgeon . It is revealed that former resident Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) will be pursuing a pediatric surgical fellowship at Johns Hopkins Hospital . The scene switches to Minnesota , where Yang is now a cardiothoracic surgical fellow . Back in Seattle , Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) surprises his fiancée Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) with a visit . The couple reunites with constant sexual activity , for which the interns tease Bailey . Meanwhile , Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) allows Shepherd to operate on a spinal cord , despite his hand being broken from the plane crash . Thereafter , it is revealed that Sloan is in a comatose state , and will be taken off of life support that evening . In the hospital cafeteria , Meredith Grey announces that Wilson will be given the honor of performing a supervised appendectomy , a procedure historically used as a reward for interns . The hospital 's chief of surgery , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , introduces the new pediatric surgery attending , Dr. Mel Barnett ( Philip Casnoff ) , to Torres and Karev . Barnett informs Karev that he will not be continuing with the African orphan charity program ( a function to treat ill children from Third World countries ) , something that was initially finalized by the latter and former chief of pediatric surgery , Robbins . Karev becomes upset about this , and asks Torres to prevent Barnett from discontinuing the program , though Torres shows no interest in helping Karev . During Shepherd 's surgery , his hand becomes numb , and he frustratedly exits the operating room . In the intern appendectomy , Wilson makes a mistake and freezes , leading to a scolding from Meredith Grey . Back in Minnesota , Yang is annoyed by the peppy attitudes of her superiors at Mayo Clinic , Dr. Craig Thomas ( William Daniels ) and Dr. Parker ( Steven Culp ) , so she decides to take a trip to Seattle for Sloan 's death . However , her PTSD hinders her from boarding the plane , and she ultimately remains in Minnesota . Meanwhile , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , now a plastic surgical fellow , sits by Sloan 's bedside and talks of medical cases to him . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) enters Sloan 's hospital room and removes him from life support . Unable to cope with Sloan 's death , Meredith Grey boards a plane to visit Yang , but panics before it takes off . Shortly thereafter , Meredith Grey finds Karev at the airport bar , where he reveals that he will be staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital . The next morning , Hunt visits Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) at her family 's farm , and asks her to begin working in Seattle again . At the conclusion of the episode , Torres returns home to Robbins , who is revealed to have had her lower left leg amputated as a result of the crash . = = Production = = Running for approximately 43 minutes , the episode was written by Stacy McKee and directed by Rob Corn . The episode featured the songs " Body of Work " , " My Heart Goes Boom Boom " , " My Oh My " , " Feels Like the End " , " Portions for Foxes " , " Without You " , and " Into You " . George returned to the episode as Warren , while Daniels , Culp , Casnoff , Charles , Luddington , Majorino , and Hinton made their first appearances as Thomas , Parker , Barnett , Ross , Wilson , Brookes , and Edwards , respectively . The episode 's initial script read @-@ through took place on July 16 , 2012 . Scenes in the operating room were filmed at the Prospect Studios in Los Feliz , Los Angeles . While creating the visual of Robbins ' amputated leg , the special effects crew digitally removed Capshaw 's real leg , and replaced it with a graphically created limb . Prior to broadcast , series creator Shonda Rhimes did not release much information about the season premiere . However , it was revealed prior to broadcast that there would be a time jump in the episode . After it was announced that Dane would be departing shortly after the commencement of the ninth season , Dempsey uploaded a set picture on Twitter of Sloan in bad condition . Due to the unwanted release of spoilers , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) requested that he delete the photo , and it was subsequently removed . The cast and crew of Grey 's Anatomy were being particularly quiet about the fate of Capshaw 's character . This secrecy was compromised when McKidd posted a picture on his Twitter account of the editing room , in which there was a picture of Robbins alive on the screen . The picture has since been taken down . Discussing Robbins ' storyline in " Going , Going , Gone " , Capshaw revealed that she was " shocked " when it was made known to her that the character 's leg would be amputated . The actress additionally noted that it was difficult to keep the fate of her character a secret . Following the premiere , E ! Online reported that Dane 's death and departure in the premiere were results of budgetary cuts , mandated by ABC . Speaking of Sloan 's death , Rhimes said it was the " most tragic " , adding that " he 's part of the fabric of the show " . Rhimes wrote that anything other than the character dying would entail him leaving his daughter behind , something the writers did not want . However , she noted that the writing team considered having him move to Los Angeles to be with Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) after her departure from Private Practice , but they feared it would have given the impression that his love confession for Lexie Grey was forgotten . = = Reception = = = = = Broadcast and ratings = = = " Going , Going , Gone " was originally broadcast on Thursday , September 27 , 2012 in the United States on ABC . The episode 's total viewership of 11 @.@ 73 million ranked the show second in its 9 : 00 EST time slot , trailing CBS 's Person of Interest ( 14 @.@ 28 million ) , and fifth for the night , behind CBS 's Two and a Half Men ( 12 @.@ 54 million ) , Elementary ( 13 @.@ 41 million ) , and The Big Bang Theory ( 15 @.@ 66 million ) . The installment 's 4 @.@ 4 Nielsen rating in the target 18 – 49 demographic ranked the series first in its time slot and second for the night , trailing only CBS 's The Big Bang Theory ( 5 @.@ 0 ) . In the key 18 – 34 demographic , the episode earned a 3 @.@ 9 Nielsen rating , qualifying Grey 's Anatomy as the top television program of the night in that demographic . " Going , Going , Gone " ' s total viewership and 18 – 49 rating tallied the show 's highest numbers since " Suddenly " on Thursday , January 5 , 2012 ( 4 @.@ 5 18 – 49 rating , 12 @.@ 12 million viewers ) . The 11 @.@ 73 million people tuned into the episode marked a 3 percent viewership increase from the season eight finale ( 11 @.@ 44 million ) , and a 13 percent increase from the previous season premiere ( 10 @.@ 38 million ) . The episode 's 4 @.@ 4 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic was a 7 percent increase from the season eight finale and previous season premiere , which both received 4 @.@ 1 18 – 49 ratings . The Nielsen score additionally registered the show as the week 's highest rated drama and third @-@ highest rated scripted series in the 18 – 49 demographic , placing behind CBS 's The Big Bang Theory ( 5 @.@ 0 ) and ABC 's Modern Family ( 5 @.@ 5 ) . Seven days of time @-@ shifted viewing added on an additional 1 @.@ 5 rating points in the 18 – 49 demographic and 3 @.@ 28 million viewers , bringing the total viewership for the episode to 15 @.@ 01 million viewers with a 5 @.@ 9 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . = = = Critical reviews = = = The majority of critics concluded that the episode was disconsolate . E ! Online 's Kristin dos Santos called the installment " gut @-@ wrenching " , saying it was the type of episode that " rips out your heart and feeds it to you with a spoon " . Ann Oldenburg of USA Today summarized that the episode required viewers to " reach for the Kleenex " . TV Guide 's Natalie Abrams called the episode " heartbreaking " , and praised the performances by Dempsey and Ramirez for their realism . Writing for Newsday , Verne Gay called Sloan 's death scene " touching " , and opined that the show will be different without the character 's presence . Kelly Schremph of Hollywood.com said the installment was " emotionally exhausting " , adding that it foreshadowed a " drama @-@ packed season " . Schremph commented that all of the changes made it feel like an alternative reality episode , such as was featured in season eight . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Tanner Stransky expressed similar viewpoints with Schremph , commenting that the installment paved the way for a great season , and that it resembled season eight 's alternative reality episode . Stransky appreciated the " dignity " provided in Sloan 's death scene , noting that the song played during the scene was " killer " and " so fitting " . Jason Hughes of The Huffington Post called Sloan 's death day " fateful " . TV Fanatic gave a largely positive review to the season , " Grey 's Anatomy always knows how to bring the drama and they did not fail in the Season 9 Premiere . " The International Business Times ' Arlene Paredes concluded that the episode " raised the bar for deeply emotional yet again " , and noted that it was " one of the most high @-@ anticipated TV [ returns ] this fall " . TVLine 's Michael Ausiello opined that the attempt to hide Robbins ' fate was the " worst kept secret in TV land " . Writing for AfterEllen , Bridget McManus threatened to boycott the show if Capshaw 's character was killed , but thought the FaceTime calls between Yang and Meredith Grey were humorous . Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald was critical of the time it took to rescue the doctors , and deemed the flashbacks featuring Sloan " unconvincing " . Zap2it 's Carina Adly MacKenzie opined that it " became increasingly clear " that Sloan would die as the episode progressed , and praised Capshaw 's performance , noting that it was " brief but truly striking " .
= Halloween II ( 2009 film ) = Halloween II is a 2009 American slasher film written , directed , and produced by Rob Zombie . The film is a sequel to Zombie 's 2007 remake of 1978 's Halloween , and the tenth installment of the franchise . Picking up where the 2007 film ended , and then jumping ahead one year , Halloween II follows Laurie Strode as she deals with the aftermath of the previous film 's events , Dr. Loomis who is trying to capitalize on those events by publishing a new book that chronicles everything that happened , and Michael Myers as he continues his search for Laurie so that he can reunite with his sister . The film sees the return of lead cast members Malcolm McDowell , Scout Taylor @-@ Compton , and Tyler Mane , who portray Dr. Loomis , Laurie Strode , and Michael Myers in the 2007 film , respectively . For Halloween II , Zombie decided to focus more on the connection between Laurie and Michael , and the idea they share similar psychological problems . Zombie wanted the sequel to be more realistic and violent than its 2007 predecessor . For the characters of Halloween II , it is about change . Zombie wanted to look at how the events of the first film affected the characters . Zombie also wanted to show the connection between Laurie and Michael , and provide a glimpse into each character 's psyche . Filming primarily took place in Georgia , which provided Zombie with a tax incentive as well as the visual look the director was going for with the film . When it came time to provide a musical score , Zombie had trouble finding a place to include John Carpenter 's original Halloween theme music . Although Carpenter 's theme was used throughout Zombie 's remake , the theme was only included in the final shot of this film . Halloween II was officially released on August 28 , 2009 in North America , and was met with a negative reception from critics . On October 30 , 2009 it was re @-@ released in North America to coincide with the Halloween holiday weekend . The original opening of the film grossed less than the 2007 remake , with approximately $ 7 million . The film would go on to earn $ 33 @.@ 4 million in North America , and $ 5 @.@ 9 million in foreign countries giving the film a worldwide total of $ 39 @.@ 3 million . = = Plot = = In a flashback , Deborah Myers ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) visits her son , a young Michael Myers ( Chase Wright Vanek ) , at Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . She gives him a white horse statuette as a gift . Michael says that the horse reminds him of a dream he had of Deborah 's ghost , dressed in a white gown and leading a horse down the sanitarium halls toward Michael , telling him she was going to bring him home . Fifteen years later , after having shot an adult Michael ( Tyler Mane ) , Laurie Strode ( Scout Taylor @-@ Compton ) is found wandering around in a state of shock by Sheriff Brackett ( Brad Dourif ) , who takes Laurie to the emergency room . Meanwhile , the paramedics pick up the Sheriff 's daughter and Laurie 's friend Annie ( Danielle Harris ) and Michael 's psychiatrist Dr. Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) , who are still alive after having been attacked by Michael , and take them to the hospital . Presumed dead , Michael 's body is loaded into a separate ambulance . When the driver has a traffic accident , Michael awakens and escapes the ambulance , walking toward a vision of his mother dressed in white and leading a white horse . Michael appears at the hospital , and begins murdering everyone he comes across on his way to Laurie . Trapped in a security outpost at the gate , Laurie watches as Michael tears through the walls with an axe , but just as he tries to kill her , Laurie wakes up from the dream . It is actually one year later and Laurie is now living with the Brackets . Michael has been missing since last Halloween — still presumed dead — and Laurie has been having recurring nightmares about the event . While Laurie deals with her trauma through therapy , Dr. Loomis has chosen to turn the event into an opportunity to write another book . Meanwhile , Michael has been having visions of Deborah 's ghost and a younger version of himself , who instructs him that with Halloween approaching it is time to bring Laurie home ; so he sets off for Haddonfield . As Michael travels to Haddonfield , Laurie begins having hallucinations that mirror Michael 's , which involve a ghostly image of Deborah and a young Michael in a clown costume . In addition , her hallucinations also begin to include her acting out Michael 's murders , like envisioning herself taping Annie to a chair and slitting her throat while dressed in a clown outfit — similar to how a young Michael murdered Ronnie White . While Laurie struggles with her dreams , Loomis has been going on tour to promote his new book , only to be greeted with criticism from people who blame him for Michael 's actions and for exploiting the deaths of Michael 's victims . When his book is released , Laurie discovers that she is really Angel Myers , Michael 's long lost sister . With the truth out , she decides to go to a party with Mya ( Brea Grant ) and Harley ( Angela Trimbur ) to escape how she is feeling . Michael appears at the party and kills Harley , then makes his way over to the Brackett house and stabs Annie repeatedly . When Laurie and Mya arrive they find Annie bloodied and dying . Michael kills Mya and then comes after Laurie , who manages to escape the house . While Laurie manages to flag down a passing motorist , Sheriff Brackett arrives home and finds his daughter dead . Laurie gets into the motorist 's car , but before they can escape Michael kills the driver and flips the car over with Laurie still in it . Michael takes the unconscious Laurie to an abandoned shed he has been camping out in . Laurie awakens to a vision of Deborah , and a young Michael , ordering her to say " I love you , mommy " . The police discover Michael 's location and surround the shed . Loomis arrives and goes into the shed to try to reason Michael into letting Laurie go . Inside , he has to inform Laurie , who believes that the younger Michael is holding her down , that no one is restraining her and that she must maintain her sanity . Just then , Deborah instructs the older Michael that it is time to go home , and Michael grabs Loomis and kills him by slashing his face and stabbing him in the chest . Stepping in front of a window while holding Loomis 's body , Michael is shot twice by Sheriff Brackett and falls into the spikes of some farming equipment . Apparently released from the visions , Laurie walks over and tells Michael she loves him , then stabs him repeatedly in the chest and finally in the face . The shed door opens and Laurie walks out , wearing Michael 's mask . As she pulls the mask off , the scene transitions to Laurie in isolation in a psychiatric ward , grinning as a vision of Deborah dressed in white stands with a white horse at the end of her room . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In 2008 , at the 30 Years of Terror Convention , Halloween producer Malek Akkad confirmed that a sequel to Rob Zombie 's 2007 film was in the works . French filmmakers Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo were in negotiations to direct the sequel in November 2008 , but on December 15 , 2008 Variety reported that Rob Zombie had officially signed on to write and direct the Halloween sequel . In an interview , Zombie expressed how the exhaustion of creating the first Halloween made him not want to come back for a sequel , but after a year of cooling down he was more open to the idea . The writer / director explained that with the sequel he was no longer bound by a sense of needing to retain any " John Carpenter @-@ ness " , as he " felt free to do whatever " . Producer Malek Akkad said the original intention , when they believed Zombie was not returning , was to create a " normal sequel " . Akkad and his Trancus producing company hired various writers to come up with drafts for a new film , but none worked . Akkad and the Weinstein brothers then turned to Bustillo and Muary , whose film Inside had recently been bought for distribution by the Weinstein Company . According to Akkad , the producers really wanted Zombie to return , as Akkad felt that there was something " lost in the translation " when the French filmmakers took over the project . After his work on the 2007 remake , Zombie had earned the trust of Akkad , who told him to ignore any rules they had set for him on the previous film . Akkad said that he wanted Zombie to move the franchise away from some of its established rules . = = = Characters = = = For the sequel , Mane , McDowell , Taylor @-@ Compton , Harris , Moon Zombie , and Dourif returned to the roles of Michael Myers , Dr. Loomis , Laurie Strode , Annie Brackett , Deborah Myers , and Sheriff Brackett , respectively . Daeg Faerch , who portrayed a young Michael Myers in the 2007 remake , was set to reprise his role for Halloween II . By the time production was getting started for the sequel Faerch had grown too big for the part . Zombie had to recast the role , much to his own dismay , because Faerch 's physical maturity did not fit what was in the script . Although Faerch is not in the sequel , the first trailer for Halloween II contained images of Faerch . Zombie pointed out that those images were test shots done and were not intended to be in either the trailer or the film . Taylor @-@ Compton described her character as having " these bipolar moments " , where her emotions are spontaneously changing from points of happiness to agitation . The actress stated that Zombie wanted to see Laurie Strode travel into " these really dark places " . Taylor @-@ Compton clarified that when the film starts Laurie is still not aware that Michael is her older brother , and as the film progresses more and more pieces of information are given to her and she does not know how to deal with them . The actress explained that the darkness brewing inside Laurie is manifested externally , generally through her physical appearance and the clothes she chooses to wear — Zombie characterized the look as " grungy " . Zombie further described Laurie as a " wreck " , who continually sinks lower as the film moves forward . Even Sheriff Brackett goes through changes . Brackett , who receives more screen time in this film , allows Laurie to move in with him and his daughter after the events of the first film . Zombie explained , " He 's old , he 's worn out , he 's just this beat @-@ down guy with these two girls he can 't deal with . " Zombie characterized Loomis in the sequel as more of a " sellout " , who exploits the memories of those who were killed by Michael in the 2007 film . Zombie explained that he tried to channel Vincent Bugliosi , a lawyer who prosecuted Charles Manson and then wrote a book about it , into Loomis 's character for the sequel ; noting that he wanted Loomis to seem more " ridiculous " this time . As for Michael Myers , the character is given almost an entirely new look for the film , which is being used , according to Taylor @-@ Compton , to illustrate a new emotion for the character as he spends much of his time trying to hide himself . Zombie said that of all of the characters that return in the sequel , Michael is the only one that does not change : " All the other characters are very different . Laurie ; Loomis ; they 're having all kinds of problems in their life , but Michael just moves along . Michael is no different ; he 's exactly the same as he was ten years old and he killed everybody [ ... ] He has no concept of the world around him , so he can never be affected by it . " = = = Filming = = = With a $ 15 million budget , production began on February 23 , 2009 in Atlanta , Georgia . Zombie acknowledged that filming in Georgia provided certain tax breaks for the company , but the real reason he chose that location was because the other locations he was planning to use were still experiencing snowy weather . For him , Georgia 's landscapes and locations provided the look that he wanted for his film . During production , Zombie described the sequel as being " Ultra gritty , ultra intense and very real " and said that he was trying to create almost the exact opposite of what people would expect . Known for filming multiple sequences during production of his films , Zombie filmed an alternate ending to Halloween II . In the alternate ending , Loomis and Michael crash through the shed the police have surrounded , and out into the open air . As Loomis grasps at Michael 's mask , and pleads for him to stop , Michael stabs him in the stomach , telling him to " Die ! " . = = = Music = = = For the sequel , Zombie only used Carpenter 's original theme music in the final scene of the film , though the director admits that he and music composer Tyler Bates tried to find other places to include it . According to Zombie , Carpenter 's music did not fit with what was happening in the film ; whenever he or Bates would insert it into a scene it " just wouldn 't feel right " to the director . Zombie also used popular culture songs throughout the film , with " Nights in White Satin " appearing the most prominently . Zombie chose songs that he liked , and that would enhance a given scene within the film . An official soundtrack for the film was released on August 25 , 2009 . In addition , an album featuring the music of psychobilly band Captain Clegg and the Night Creatures was released in conjunction with Halloween II on August 28 , 2009 . Captain Clegg and the Night Creatures is a fictional band that appears in Halloween II . Nan Vernon , who recorded a new version of the song " Mr. Sandman " for the end credits of the 2007 remake , recorded a cover of " Love Hurts " for Halloween II . = = Release = = Dimension Films released Halloween II in North America on August 28 , 2009 to 3 @,@ 025 theaters . Following that , the film was released in the United Kingdom on October 9 , 2009 . Dimension re @-@ released Halloween II in North America on October 30 , 2009 to coincide with the Halloween holiday , across 1 @,@ 083 theaters . The film was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on January 12 , 2010 ; the theatrical cut and an unrated director 's cut , which Zombie says is " very different from the theatrical version , " are available . = = = Box office = = = On its opening day , the film grossed an estimated $ 7 @,@ 640 @,@ 000 , which is less than the $ 10 @,@ 896 @,@ 610 Zombie 's 2007 remake pulled in during the same weekend of August . By the end of its opening weekend , Halloween II had grossed $ 16 @,@ 349 @,@ 565 . That weekend earned more than the entire box office performances of Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( $ 11 @,@ 642 @,@ 254 ) , Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( $ 14 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 ) , and Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( $ 15 @,@ 116 @,@ 634 ) , in unadjusted dollars . The film dropped 64 @.@ 9 % in its second weekend , only grossing $ 5 @,@ 745 @,@ 206 and slipping from third to sixth place . Grossing just $ 2 @,@ 114 @,@ 486 in its third weekend , Halloween II dropped out of the box office top ten to fourteenth place . The re @-@ release of the film was intended to take advantage of the Halloween holiday , but the film only brought in approximately $ 475 @,@ 000 . By the end of his theatrical run , Halloween II grossed a total of $ 33 @,@ 392 @,@ 973 in North America , and an additional $ 5 @,@ 925 @,@ 616 overseas for a worldwide total of $ 39 @,@ 318 @,@ 589 . Compared to the other Halloween films , the 2009 sequel sits in fourth place , just behind the original Halloween . = = = Critical reception = = = Based on 73 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , Halloween II has an overall 19 % approval rating from critics , with an average score of 3 @.@ 7 out of 10 , with the general consensus reading " Zombie shows flashes of vision in the follow @-@ up to his Halloween reboot , but they 're smothered by mountains of gore and hackneyed , brutal violence . " Rob Nelson , of Variety , felt the use of Deborah and the white horse was nothing more than " silly " , and he disagreed with Zombie 's choice to film Halloween II in 16mm film , as opposed to wider format of 35mm that he used on his 2007 remake . Nelson also stated that the hospital scene was nothing more than a " butcher " -version of Carpenter 's 1981 sequel , with the rest of the film feeling like it was rushed and " slapped together " at the last minute . In contrast , Time Out believed the hospital scene at the start of the film " [ bested the 1981 sequel ] in just about every respect " . Time Out stated that Compton 's portrayal of Laurie Strode showed an " intense , nontrivializing dedication to the role " that kept interest , while the storyline of Dr. Loomis 's egocentricity hinders the overall storyline . Time Out also said that Zombie hurt the film by trying to show how " violence lingers with , and perverts , all who are touched by it " , but then undercutting himself with " carnivalesque " violence . Although the New York Post 's Kyle Smith did not believe the character of Laurie Strode was a balance for Michael Myers or Dr. Loomis , he agreed the ghostly images of Deborah Myers were a " relief from the blood @-@ streaked brutality " of Michael 's murders . The Boston Globe 's Tom Russo had varied reactions to the film . Russo pointed out that Zombie attempted to be more inventive with Halloween II , but only achieved mixed results for his efforts . Russo referred to the dream sequences of Deborah Myers and the white horse as " pretentiously silly " , but agreed that the scenes did help to break up the standard genre violence and even went so far as to compare the sensation created by those scenes to " Tim Burton doing straight horror " . In the end , Russo claimed that " only the most hardcore fans " would want the film series to continue . Joe Neumaier , of the Daily News , stated that Zombie has found himself with Halloween II . Neumaier describes the film as a successful " ' character @-@ based ' monster @-@ flick " . Zombie 's use of music from the 1970s , like The Moody Blues ' " Nights in White Satin " and 10cc 's " The Things We Do for Love " , is " terrifically odd " throughout the film . Neumaier also said that the imagery of Deborah Myers and the " ethereal white horse " were a " nice visual relief " from Michael 's violent attacks .
= 2014 National League Wild Card Game = The 2014 National League Wild Card Game was a play @-@ in game during Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2014 postseason played between the National League 's ( NL ) two wild card teams , the San Francisco Giants and the Pittsburgh Pirates . It was held at PNC Park in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , on October 1 , 2014 , starting at 8 : 07 p.m. EDT . After both teams finished the regular season with identical records of 88 – 74 , the Pirates were awarded home field for the game , as they won the season series against the Giants , four games to two . Despite this advantage , the Giants won by a score of 8 – 0 and advanced to play the Washington Nationals in the NL Division Series ( NLDS ) . In addition to being the third NL Wild Card Game played , it is notable for the first postseason grand slam hit by a shortstop . The game was televised on ESPN , and was also broadcast on ESPN Radio . = = Background = = In Major League Baseball , the two teams with the best record in each league who do not win a division play against each other in the Wild Card Game . This was the second postseason meeting between the Giants and Pirates – the two teams first met in the 1971 NL Championship Series , with the Pirates coming from behind to win three games to one after dropping Game 1 . The Giants ' most recent postseason appearance was in 2012 , when they swept the Detroit Tigers to win the World Series that year . On the other hand , the Pirates were able to advance to the playoffs in the previous season , marking the team 's first postseason appearance in 21 years . They lost three games to two in that year 's NLDS to the St. Louis Cardinals . The first half of the 2014 season ended with both teams having three players on the NL squad for the 2014 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game . Madison Bumgarner , Tim Hudson , and Hunter Pence represented the Giants , while Josh Harrison , Andrew McCutchen , and Tony Watson represented the Pirates . During the second half of the season , there were several teams that were in contention for the two Wild Card spots , along with their divisional competition . These included the Atlanta Braves , Cincinnati Reds , and Miami Marlins , in addition to San Francisco and Pittsburgh . The Pirates performed poorly in August , and they lost seven consecutive games at one point . However , the team made a resurgence by winning 17 of the last 23 games of the regular season , surpassing San Francisco in the process for first place in the wild card standings . The Pirates secured their spot in the postseason on September 23 , while the Giants made it to the playoffs two days later . Both were the result of separate Brewers ' losses to Cincinnati . With Pittsburgh 's postseason place secured , manager Clint Hurdle chose to start Gerrit Cole – the team 's ace – in the final game of the season against the Cincinnati Reds on September 28 , instead of skipping his turn in the rotation and saving his start for the Wild Card Game . This was done in an effort to beat the Cardinals to the NL Central division title , rather than settling for the wild card spot . The Pirates also needed to rely on the Arizona Diamondbacks – which finished with the worst record in the MLB at 64 – 98 ( .395 ) – to defeat St. Louis in order to force a tiebreaker . However , this did not come to fruition as the Cardinals narrowly won 1 – 0 over the D @-@ backs , while the Pirates lost 4 – 1 to Cincinnati . As a result of Cole starting in Sunday 's season finale , he was unable to pitch in the Wild Card Game on Wednesday . = = The game = = For the Wild Card Game , the Pirates started Edinson Volquez , who had a 13 – 7 win – loss record and 3 @.@ 04 earned run average ( ERA ) in 31 games started during the 2014 season . Hurdle picked him over the team 's other available starters – Francisco Liriano ( who would have been pitching on only three days ' rest ) and Jeff Locke , who pitched erratically throughout the year . The Giants selected left @-@ hander Madison Bumgarner , who had an 18 – 10 win – loss record and 2 @.@ 98 ERA during the season , as their starting pitcher . He was chosen over Jake Peavy , given the southpaw 's superior record on the road during the season ; Bumgarner compiled an 11 – 4 win – loss record with a 2 @.@ 22 ERA on the road , compared to a 7 – 6 record and 4 @.@ 03 ERA at AT & T Park . The first third of the game was a tight scoreless pitcher 's duel between Volquez and Bumgarner , with the latter needing to throw just 28 pitches – the fewest number of pitches he has ever tossed in three consecutive innings of any game in his career . Only one batter – Giants ' third baseman Pablo Sandoval – was able to advance as far as second base during this time . The game remained tied until the fourth inning , when Volquez allowed two singles and a walk to load the bases . The subsequent batter , Brandon Crawford , hit a grand slam . This was the first grand slam hit by a shortstop in postseason history . Up until this point , players from all other positions in baseball – including pitcher – had hit postseason grand slams . Volquez pitched until the top of the sixth inning , when he gave up a walk and was replaced by Justin Wilson , who promptly threw a wild pitch . Wilson then allowed the inherited runner to score on a run batted in ( RBI ) single by Brandon Belt , who ended up driving in two more runs in the seventh inning with another single . The Giants added their final run of the game with an RBI single by Buster Posey in the top of the eighth . The Pirates , who had struggled to score a run off Bumgarner throughout the entire game , came closest in the bottom of the eighth inning . With one out , they had runners at the corners after two errors and a single . He extinguished the threat by striking out Jordy Mercer and having reigning NL MVP Andrew McCutchen ground into a force out . Although Giants manager Bruce Bochy instructed closer Sergio Romo to warm up in the bullpen – in preparation of removing Bumgarner from the game – the starter insisted on continuing into the bottom of the ninth . He proceeded to pitch a perfect inning to finish the shutout , giving up four singles and one walk while striking out 10 during the complete game . In contrast , the entire Pirates ' lineup batted .125 that night ; excluding Josh Harrison 's 2 @-@ for @-@ 4 performance , the rest of the team hit 2 @-@ for @-@ 28 ( .071 ) . = = Line score = = = = Aftermath = = By winning the game , San Francisco secured the team 's seventh NLDS appearance in franchise history since the permanent implementation of the Division Series after the 1994 season . They also extended their record for most consecutive victories in postseason elimination games to seven . This tied the Kansas City Royals , who had just extended their record the night before . Bumgarner became just the third pitcher – after Sandy Koufax ( in the 1965 World Series ) and Justin Verlander ( in the 2012 American League Division Series ) – to pitch a shutout with at least 10 strikeouts in a deciding postseason game . The Giants played the Washington Nationals in the NLDS . The second game of that series saw San Francisco win 2 – 1 after 18 innings . Lasting 6 hours and 23 minutes , it was the longest postseason game in history in terms of time elapsed , and was the joint @-@ longest in terms of innings ( tied with the 2005 NLDS game between the Houston Astros and the Braves ) . Although the Nationals won the next game against Bumgarner – ending the Giants ' NL record of 10 consecutive postseason games won – San Francisco triumphed in Game 4 to clinch the series 3 – 1 and advance to the NL Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The NLCS was played between Giants and the St. Louis Cardinals in a rematch of the NLCS two years before . The Giants won the series 4 – 1 , attaining the NL pennant and advancing to the World Series for the third time in five years . They faced the Kansas City Royals in only the second Fall Classic played between two wild card teams , and the first since the 2002 World Series when San Francisco lost to the Anaheim Angels in seven games . The Giants won the series in seven games , becoming the second Wild Card team to win the World Series after being on the losing end in the first such series in 2002 .
= Fraizer Campbell = Fraizer Lee Campbell ( born 13 September 1987 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Crystal Palace . He has previously played for Manchester United , Royal Antwerp , Hull City , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland and Cardiff City . A product of Manchester United 's youth academy , Campbell progressed to their first @-@ team in the 2006 – 07 season . He made four appearances without scoring in his tenure at the club . He had a loan spell at Belgian club Royal Antwerp , where he scored 24 goals in 38 games . He also had loan periods with Hull City and Tottenham Hotspur , where he scored 15 goals in 37 matches and three goals in 22 games respectively . He signed for Sunderland at the beginning of the 2009 – 10 season for £ 3 @.@ 5 million . His involvement at Sunderland was limited due to an anterior cruciate ligament injury he sustained in his second season at the club , as well as a recurrence of the same problem later in the season . He moved to Cardiff in January 2013 on a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year deal , and then Crystal Palace 18 months later . Having previously represented England from Under @-@ 16 to Under @-@ 21 level , Campbell earned his first cap for the senior team in 2012 . = = Early and personal life = = Born in Huddersfield , West Yorkshire , Campbell grew up in a Manchester United @-@ supporting household and studied at Huddersfield Grammar School . As a child Campbell had a short spell at Huddersfield Town 's Centre of Excellence , but he was scouted by Manchester United at the age of 10 . He also played for Stile Common . His younger brother Ashford was a contestant on The X Factor 2011 as part of boy band The Risk until they were voted out in Week 5 . = = Career = = = = = Early career = = = Having been in their youth schemes since the age of 10 , Campbell signed for the Manchester United Academy on 1 July 2004 . He made an immediate impact , scoring 14 goals in 22 starts for the Under @-@ 18s in the 2004 – 05 season . His performances for the youth team also led to him playing five times for the reserves , for whom he scored once . He signed his first professional contract with Manchester United on 22 March 2006 , and he was named as a substitute for Roy Keane 's testimonial match at Old Trafford on 9 May 2006 , in which he was a 75th minute replacement for Kieran Richardson . Later that summer , he scored his first goal for the club after coming on as a substitute for Wayne Rooney in a friendly against Macclesfield Town . = = = Royal Antwerp = = = Campbell joined Manchester United 's Belgian partner club Royal Antwerp for the duration of the 2006 – 07 season , where his goal @-@ scoring exploits resulted in the fans giving him the nickname " Super Campbell " . His 21 goals in 31 starts helped Antwerp to a place in the Belgian Second Division play @-@ offs . After returning to Manchester United from his loan deal , Campbell scored a volley against Glentoran on 8 August 2007 in a pre @-@ season friendly . He made his senior debut for United on 19 August 2007 in the Manchester derby , after coming on in the 73rd minute for Michael Carrick . = = = Hull City = = = Campbell was sent out on loan again in the 2007 – 08 season , this time at Hull City in the Championship . He initially joined Hull in October 2007 on loan until January 2008 , and scored twice on his home debut in a 3 – 0 victory over Barnsley . Following his match @-@ winning display against Wolverhampton Wanderers on Boxing Day 2007 , in which he scored one goal and assisted another , Hull expressed their interest in extending Campbell 's loan until the end of the season . The loan extension was completed on 28 December 2007 . Campbell finished the season as Hull 's top scorer , with 15 goals in 32 appearances . On 24 May 2008 , he played in the Hull City team that achieved promotion to the top flight for the first time in their 104 @-@ year history . Campbell provided the assist for Dean Windass ' goal in a 1 – 0 win over Bristol City in the Championship play @-@ off Final at Wembley Stadium . Hull expressed a strong desire to retain Campbell 's services for the 2008 – 09 season , with Hull chairman , Paul Duffen , describing Campbell as " too good for the Championship " . Following his successes leading to their promotion , Hull were hoping to secure either a permanent move or another season @-@ long loan , depending on Manchester United 's willingness to let him go . However , Campbell repeatedly expressed the desire to return to Old Trafford and try to break into the first team , saying " Now I ’ m back at United , the plan is to try to force my way into the first team . " He added , " I ’ m going to continue to work hard and try to do enough to stay here and go on from there . " = = = Return to Manchester United = = = In July 2008 , Campbell was selected for the pre @-@ season tour of South Africa with the Manchester United first team , and scored the team 's fourth goal in a 4 – 0 win over Kaizer Chiefs in the final of the 2008 Vodacom Challenge . He also scored the winning goal in Ole Gunnar Solskjær 's testimonial match against Espanyol on 2 August 2008 . After the game , United manager Alex Ferguson indicated that Campbell would remain at the club for the duration of the season , stating " Fraizer 's future is here " . Campbell earned his first winner 's medal when he came on as a substitute in United 's penalty shootout win over Portsmouth in the FA Community Shield . On 17 August 2008 , Campbell started alongside Wayne Rooney for the opening game of the season in a 1 – 1 draw against Newcastle United . = = = Tottenham Hotspur = = = On 1 September 2008 , transfer deadline day , Hull City bid a club record fee of £ 7 million for Campbell . However , he instead signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a season @-@ long loan , as part of the transfer of Dimitar Berbatov to Manchester United for £ 30 @.@ 75 million . This was contradictory to Ferguson 's earlier claim that Campbell would be staying at United for the season . He explained the deal saying ; " Tottenham insisted that he be part of the deal and Fraizer 's signed his own agreement to go there for the year so we 're happy with that . " He made his Tottenham debut on 18 September 2008 , coming on as a 56th @-@ minute substitute for Aaron Lennon in a UEFA Cup first @-@ round first @-@ leg match against Wisła Kraków . Within 15 minutes of coming on , Campbell provided Darren Bent with the assist for the winning goal . Campbell scored his first two goals for Tottenham in a 4 – 2 victory over Liverpool in the League Cup fourth round , as well as setting up his strike partner Roman Pavlyuchenko for the game 's opening goal . On 15 November 2008 , Campbell scored his first ever Premier League goal late in a 2 – 1 defeat to Fulham . Hull City refused to give up on Campbell and in June 2009 they returned with a £ 6 million bid for Campbell , which was accepted by Manchester United . However , the striker said he would not decide on his future until completion of England 's participation in the 2009 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Championship . = = = Sunderland = = = On 11 July 2009 , Campbell signed a four @-@ year contract with Sunderland after Manchester United had accepted a £ 3 @.@ 5 million bid ( potentially rising to £ 6 million ) after successfully passing a medical earlier that same day . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2 – 0 League Cup victory over Birmingham City . On 28 December 2009 , Campbell partnered Darren Bent in attack against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park in the 2 – 2 draw . Campbell scored twice in the FA Cup against non @-@ league side Barrow on 2 January 2010 . On 9 March 2010 , Campbell scored his first Premier League goal for Sunderland , scoring against Bolton after just 41 seconds in a 4 – 0 win . The striker also scored in league games against Aston Villa , Burnley and Birmingham . Campbell began the 2010 – 11 season in goalscoring form in pre @-@ season , scoring four goals in a friendly against Hull , and goals against Leicester City and Brighton & Hove Albion . Having forced his way into manager Steve Bruce 's plans , he started the opening game of the new Premier League season , playing the full 90 minutes against Birmingham at the Stadium of Light in a 2 – 2 draw . He also played the full 90 minutes in Sunderland 's next league outing against West Bromwich Albion at the Hawthorns . However , he sustained an anterior cruciate ligament injury in Sunderland 's 1 – 0 win against Manchester City on 29 August 2010 , which sidelined him for an expected six months . Steve Bruce said " It 's a tragedy . But Fraizer will be back . He ’ s a larger @-@ than @-@ life character . He was just starting to show what he was about . But make no mistake he 'll be back and he 'll be firing again . " regarding the injury . Campbell made his return to training in March 2011 . Despite having seemingly recovered from the injury , Campbell suffered a recurrence of the ligament injury in the same knee in preparation for a match against Manchester City on 3 April 2011 . After undergoing surgery on 20 April 2011 , it was learned that Campbell would be out of action for 12 months . This injury ruled Campbell out of action for the remainder of the 2010 – 11 season and much of the 2011 – 12 season . Though he was proposed to return in March 2012 , Steve Bruce revealed that Campbell was in the frame to return to action around Christmas time — three months ahead of schedule . Campbell scored on his return for Sunderland on 29 January 2012 , coming on at half time for Connor Wickham against Middlesbrough in an FA Cup 4th Round tie where he scored the equaliser in a 1 – 1 draw at the Stadium of Light . Campbell made his Premier League return on 1 February 2012 against Norwich City , opening the scoring and providing an assist in a 3 – 0 home win . = = = Cardiff City = = = On 21 January 2013 , Campbell signed for Cardiff City on a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year deal for a fee believed to be in the region of £ 650 @,@ 000 . He made his debut on 2 February 2013 against Leeds United , where he scored the only goal of the game in the 64th minute after coming on as a substitute just two minutes before . On 16 February , Campbell scored two goals on his home debut against Bristol City in the Severnside derby , which was then followed by another two against Wolverhampton Wanderers the following week . Campbell was named as the Championship 's Player of the Month for February 2013 after scoring all of Cardiff 's five goals during the month . On the last day of the Championship title @-@ winning season Campbell scored in a 2 – 2 draw with his former club Hull , taking his final season tally for the Cardiff to seven goals in twelve appearances . In the second match of the 2013 – 14 season on 25 August 2013 , Campbell scored twice in a famous 3 – 2 victory at Cardiff against Manchester City , with both goals coming from headers off corner kicks . = = = Crystal Palace = = = Cardiff accepted two bids for Campbell , one from Leicester City and one from Crystal Palace . On 24 July 2014 , Crystal Palace completed the signing of Campbell on a three @-@ year deal after matching the release clause in his contract , believed to be in the region of £ 900 @,@ 000 . = = International career = = Campbell was capped at various youth levels for England , playing three times for the under @-@ 16s , six times for the under @-@ 17s and once for the under @-@ 18s . During his loan spell at Hull City , Campbell received his first call @-@ up to the England Under @-@ 21 team , coming on as a substitute in a match against Poland on 25 March 2008 . He scored his first international goal on 18 November 2008 in a 2 – 0 victory over the Czech Republic Under @-@ 21s . He also scored in the second group game of the 2009 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Championship against Spain , in a 2 – 0 victory on 18 June 2009 . He was sent off in the semi @-@ final of the championship against Sweden . Following his under @-@ 21 experience , Campbell 's Sunderland manager Steve Bruce urged Fabio Capello to consider Campbell for promotion to the senior squad saying , " the England manager should have a look at him " , also saying " As for England , why not ? Why not go with up @-@ and @-@ coming young talent ? " On 23 February 2012 , despite only scoring six league goals in four years , Campbell received his first call @-@ up to the England squad for the friendly versus the Netherlands . Interim England manager Stuart Pearce had stated his ambitions to select untried young players for the friendly which would take place on 29 February . Pearce had given Campbell all 14 of his Under @-@ 21 caps . Campbell made his debut as a substitute for Danny Welbeck in the 80th minute as England lost 3 – 2 due to an injury @-@ time game @-@ winning goal by Arjen Robben . = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = As of match played 2 April 2016 . = = = International = = = As of match played 29 February 2012 . = = Honours = = Manchester United FA Community Shield : 2008 Hull City Football League Championship play @-@ offs : 2007 – 08 Cardiff City Football League Championship : 2012 – 13
= You Are the One ( Argentine TV series ) = You Are the One ( Spanish : Sos mi vida , lit . : " You Are My Life " ) is a 2006 Argentine romantic comedy television series , directed by Rodolfo Antúnez and Jorge Bechara and broadcast by El Trece between January 16 , 2006 and January 9 , 2007 . It is the second telenovela starring Facundo Arana and Natalia Oreiro as lead actors . The production included many location shootings , even during the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany , and many guest stars . The plot follows the love story of Martín Quesada , an affluent businessman , and Esperanza Muñoz , a struggling female boxer who becomes his personal assistant . During its broadcast its overall rating averaged 26 @.@ 9 points . It was critically acclaimed , and won four Martín Fierro Awards and three Clarín Awards . It was sold to more than 40 countries and had remakes in Mexico , Poland and Portugal . = = Premise = = The telenovela was produced by Pol @-@ ka based on a premise by Adrián Suar , which he formulated nearly six months before the show 's premiere , after discussion with his partner Javier Blanco y Tevah . The premise involves a rich businessman and former Formula 1 racing driver who falls in love with a poor woman looking for work in his emporium . Suar requested scripts from Ernesto Korovsky and Sebastian Parrotta , the authors of Gasoleros and El sodero de mi vida , and Hombres de honor and Padre Coraje respectively . The program was directed by Daniel De Felippo and Rodolfo Antúnez and produced by César Markus González . Most of the filming was done in the Pol @-@ ka studio at the Colegiales neighborhood , using outdoor scenes unconventional for the genre . The telenovela features Facundo Arana and Natalia Oreiro , who both appeared in the successful telenovela Muñeca Brava , as lead actors . The relationship between the two was more than professional ; Facundo Arana had spontaneously been offered a guest appearance on the Russian series A ritmo de tango starring Oreiro . Both actors agreed to appear in You Are the One on the condition that they worked together . As a result , the program design was decided only after both were confirmed in the leading roles . Oreiro delayed filming proposals in Israel , Spain , and Uruguay , and the recording of her fourth music album to join the project . As in Muñeca Brava , the narrative of You Are the One revolves around a wealthy suitor and a poor woman , but unlike the former program it does not concentrate all the characters on a single narrative context . You Are the One organizes two contexts for both the rich and the poor , each one with its own characteristic locations and supporting characters . Natalia Oreiro plays Esperanza Muñoz , a female boxer nicknamed " La Monita " . Oreiro was inspired by the singer Gilda to outline the character 's personality . The main location is a tenement in the neighborhood of La Boca where Esperanza lives with other characters . Her adoptive mother Nieves lives with Enrique " Quique " Ferreti , her natural son and Esperanza 's childhood boyfriend . The writers drafted Quique 's general outlines ; Belloso defined most of his personality , including the relationship with Esperanza — which is halfway between engagement and brotherhood — and his Oedipus complex with his mother . Esperanza trains as a boxer in a neighbourhood gymnasium with Quique , who has a wrestling gimmick as " Commander Ray " . Other main characters in the series are actress Nilda Yadhur , known as " The Turk " , and Paraguayan janitor Kimberly . The character of Martín Quesada establishes a context of wealthy characters . Quesada is a businessman and Formula 1 driver , but is not presented as selfish or greedy as is the archetype of entrepreneurs in soap operas . The two locations associated with him are the Quesada Group office , presided over by him , and his home . The office has the characters of Quesada 's chief adviser Alfredo Uribe , the secretary Mercedes , and his cousin Miguel Quesada , who serves as vice @-@ president , and the lawyer Felix Perez Garmendia . His girlfriend Constanza Insua and his cousin Debbie are also included . Martín lives with his housekeeper Rosa , Rosa 's grandson Tony , and three adopted orphan siblings , José , Laura , and Coqui . Another recurring site is the apartment of Miguel and Debbie , which would be also used as the house of Constanza or Garmendia if needed . = = Plot = = The story begins during a boxing match of Esperanza Muñoz — nicknamed " Monita " — who has sustained a hand injury . Her manager , Enrique " Quique " Ferreti , is pressuring her to continue fighting , despite her pain . This injury complicates her economic situation , as her boxing provides the only income for her adoptive family , namely Quique and his mother , Maria de las Nieves . Nieves loves Esperanza like her own daughter , and pressures her to marry Quique . Her neighbor Kimberly suggests that Esperanza apply for a job in the Quesada Group , where she works as a janitress . The secretary Mercedes rejects Esperanza due to her violent manners and her dressing style . Martín Quesada , the president of the company , sees Esperanza crying in the street and hires her as his personal assistant . Martín also meets three orphan siblings , José , Laura , and Coqui , who resisted being adopted by different families . He takes them to his home , and starts the legal proceedings to adopt them . Martín begins to like Esperanza , but his girlfriend Constanza , a cold , manipulative , and malicious woman , is wary of her . Esperanza does not tell Martín about her relations with Quique , instead pretending to be his sister . She also does not tell Martín that she is a boxer . Quique and Constanza begin their own relationship , unknown by most other characters . Martín breaks off his relationship with Esperanza when he sees her goodbye kiss with Quique , as he realizes that she was lying to him . After the breakup with Esperanza , Martín resumes his romance with Constanza and eventually proposes marriage to her , in order to improve his chances of winning custody of the three siblings . The judge , who thought that Esperanza was a bad influence on the children , gives the adoption to Constanza instead of Martín , forcing him to marry her . Their marriage proves difficult ; Constanza is demanding and possessive , and despises the adopted siblings , who hate her as well . Martín finally breaks with Constanza when she pretends to be blind to keep him with her . The children 's custody battle delays the divorce , as Martín wants to keep them . Due to the efforts of Martín 's cousin Miguel , the unscrupulous lawyer " Falucho " , and Constanza , Martin gradually loses his fortune , his business , and his house . He moves to the Conventillo and works as a taxi driver . Eventually , he recovers everything . A new character , Bárbara , temporarily joins the love triangle of Martín , Esperanza , and Constanza . Constanza gets pregnant by Quique and tries to pass off her son as Martín 's , but fails . Martín finally marries Esperanza and has a family with her and the adopted children . Constanza moves in with Quique . = = Production = = The program was directed by Daniel De Felippo and Rodolfo Antúnez , and produced by César Markus González . Most of the filming occurred at the headquarters of Pol @-@ ka in the Colegiales neighborhood . The telenovela took several risks in the creative and production fields , which were mostly successful . The choice of Martín Quesada 's background as a Formula 1 driver required an area with a large infrastructure to represent realistic races . For realism , plot scenes set outside Buenos Aires were actually filmed outside the city . There was significant press coverage during the location shooting in Germany , which took place during the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Facundo Arana and Natalia Oreiro played their characters in the Veltins @-@ Arena stadium during the Argentina @-@ Serbia and Montenegro match . The result of the match — a 6 – 0 Argentine victory — benefited the filming , and the episode received 31 @.@ 5 rating points . Location shooting also occurred in the tourist ski resort Las Leñas in the Andes . A simulated aircraft crash that left the characters in a jungle was filmed at the Pereyra Iraola park and an Argentine Air Force park in Morón . To make her performances as a female boxer look realistic , Oreiro trained regularly with the renowned boxer Marcela Acuña and her coach Ramón Chaparro . They taught Oreiro how to stand and move in the ring and how to make various types of strokes , and she underwent cardiovascular and weight training . Acuña commented that Oreiro mastered the basic techniques more quickly than most beginner boxers . For this training , Oreiro temporarily gave up her vegetarian diet . Another plot required the characters to fly a Piper Tomahawk airplane and make an emergency landing . This was risky filming , and Arana and Oreiro did not use stunt doubles for it . The scene , which was the first of its kind in a daily Argentine telenovela , required four professional pilots , five special effects experts , and two additional aircraft used for filming the main aircraft from the outside . Arana was advised by the pilot Alberto Di Giorgio . The program 's opening theme is Gilda 's " Corazón Valiente " ( Spanish : Braveheart ) , sung by Oreiro . It was produced by Toti Gimenez , widower and producer of the late Gilda . Oreiro is a fan of Gilda and chose this song as a homage to mark the 10th anniversary of her death . She considered including it in her next music CD , but did not record anything afterwards . = = = Guest actors = = = The program featured several guest stars , who appeared in secondary or support roles in several episodes . Some guest stars — such as the singers Chayanne , Ricky Martin and Julieta Venegas — played themselves within the fiction of the program . Venegas ' song " Tu Nombre " is used as a background song in romantic settings . Marcela Acuña appeared twice , playing herself in a match against Oreiro 's character . The appearance of actress Leticia Brédice was nominated for the " best cameo in fiction " category at the Martín Fierro Awards ; the prize was given to Nora Cárpena . Actress Reina Reech delayed other projects to take part in the program . = = = Narration = = = The program expanded the usual conventions of the genre by using several types of metafiction , referencing the actors themselves or the nature of the program . An example within the plot is Sos mi muqui , a program within the program whose characters were based on the show 's main characters . The actors ' former characters are occasionally referenced in plots that place them in similar contexts than those of older fictions . Martín infiltrated a convent using a habit similar to the one Arana 's character in Padre Coraje wore , and Esperanza wore clothes similar to those Oreiro 's character in Muñeca Brava wore when they had to get into a slum . Many actors played minor characters as well as their main roles . Pablo Cedrón played a Paraguayan brother of his character Falucho ; both characters were involved in a love triangle with Kimberly . Carlos Belloso was cast as Quique 's lost sister , dressed as a woman . Natalia Oreiro , who speaks Russian fluently , took the role of a Russian princess . Facundo Arana played a criminal , a role unlike Martín . Those scenes did not use special effects ; each character was filmed separately without the two characters sharing the screen . The hero of the telenovela marries the villain , contrary to the genre 's usual convention in which such a wedding is interrupted or canceled at the last moment . = = Cast = = = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = The program was first broadcast in January , a month of low television activity in Argentina because of the summer vacations . Nevertheless , it was highly successful . The competitor channel Telefe aired the teen comedy Alma Pirata , which was rescheduled because of its low ratings , and replaced it with the second season of Casados con Hijos . Both programs had similar ratings until the end of Casados con Hijos in August . With an average rating of 26 @.@ 8 points , Sos mi vida ended as the most watched Argentine television fiction so far ; it was displaced by the 2009 telenovela Valientes , which received 27 @.@ 3 rating points . = = = Awards = = = The program was awarded the best TV comedy at the 2006 ceremony of the Martín Fierro Awards , prevailing over Casados con hijos and ¿ Quién es el Jefe ? . Facundo Arana received the award for best lead actor in comedy , prevailing over Guillermo Francella , Humberto Tortonese , and Nicolás Vázquez . Natalia Oreiro won the award for the best lead actress in comedy , prevailing over Florencia Peña , Nancy Duplaá , Carmen Barbieri , and Andrea Bonelli . Alejandro Awada , Marcelo Mazzarello , and Carlos Belloso received nominations for supporting comedy actor awards , which was won by Belloso . Similarly , three of five nominations for supporting comedy actress went to Carla Peterson , Mónica Ayos and Claudia Fontán , but the award went to Érika Rivas of Casados con hijos . The program was unsuccessfully nominated for best theme song and best guest appearance for Leticia Brédice . Facundo Arana and Natalia Oreiro were nominated again at the 2007 Martín Fierro Awards . These nominations proved controversial because the program only lasted for a week in 2007 and had no second season , and both actors took a recess from work after it . Neither of them received an award for those nominations . Oreiro won the newly created award for the best dressed actress of the night , which is not part of the official awards . At the Clarín Awards ceremony in late 2006 , the program was awarded for the best comedy , prevailing over Casados con hijos and Alma Pirata . Elías Viñoles won the award for best actor , Ornella Fazio was nominated for best female actor ; the award was given to María Abadi of Montecristo . Unlike the Martín Fierro , the Clarín awards do not distinguish between lead and supporting actors . Belloso was awarded as best comedy actor ; Oreiro was nominated and the award was given to Érika Rivas . = = = Critical reception = = = The Clarín newspaper attributes the success of the program to the actors ' performances , the subplots , production initiatives , and the original treatment of stories . The work of the supporting cast was also praised , including Carla Peterson , Fabiana Garcia Lago , and Marcelo Mazzarello . The newspaper La Nación praised the show 's mix of sitcom humor and telenovela drama , and equated the dramatic episodes to the works of renowned telenovela authors Abel Santa Cruz , Alberto Migré , and Delia Fiallo . The program was criticized for the length of time — nearly three months — before the lead couple 's first kiss . Clarín also criticized a badly @-@ performed striptease act by Facundo Arana . As Carlos Belloso could not go with Arana and Oreiro to the filming at the World Cup , he was filmed in the Plaza San Martín , pretending that he was in Germany as well . The program 's scheduled broadcast time was 21 : 00 , but the channel often delayed its broadcast by up to 40 minutes . This led to conflicts with other channels and COMFER , the institution that regulates Argentine television . The last episode lasted for half an hour and was followed by the premiere of the new telenovela Son de Fierro ; La Nación said that the final episode should have lasted a full hour . = = Airings and remakes = = The program was initially aired in Argentina in 2006 on El Trece at prime time . Following the success of the initial run , El Trece and Volver reran the show . It is sold internationally by the Dori Media Group under the English name " You Are The One " to more than 40 countries . The concept of the program was sold as well , and some countries remade the telenovela with local actors . The Mexican version , Un gancho al corazón , starred Danna Garcia , Sebastián Rulli , Laisha Wilkins , and Raul Araiza . The characters were renamed , but Garcia 's character retained the sobriquet " La Monita " . The Polish version , Prosto w serce , starred Anna Mucha , Filip Bobek , and Małgorzata Socha . The Portuguese version , Deixa @-@ me amar , starred Paulo Pires and Paula Lobo Antunes .
= Devourment = Devourment is an American death metal band from Dallas , Texas . Formed in 1995 , the band has split up and reformed three times and Brad Fincher is the only original member . The current lineup is Ruben Rosas , Chris Andrews , Dave Spencer and Brad Fincher . The band is currently signed to Relapse Records , and was previously signed to Brutal Bands , United Guttural and Corpse Gristle Records . Devourment has also had albums re @-@ released by other labels . Since the band 's foundation , Devourment released a demo , Impaled , and an album , Molesting the Decapitated , before disbanding due to the jailing of vocalist Ruben Rosas . There was a brief reformation of the band during his incarceration , which saw the initial release of the compilation album 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 8 . , and a brief reformation upon his release in 2002 . The band reformed for a third time in 2005 , and has since released two reissues of 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 8 . , two DVDs , and three full @-@ length albums : Butcher the Weak , Unleash the Carnivore , and Conceived in Sewage . = = History = = = = = Formation and early history ( 1995 – 1999 ) = = = Devourment was formed in 1995 following the breakup of Dallas death metal band Necrocide . Necrocide 's drummer , Brad Fincher , and guitarist , Braxton Henry , met up with former Meatus vocalist Wayne Knupp to play brutal death metal . However , the newly formed band achieved little — Knupp moved back to his hometown of Chicago , and Fincher moved to San Antonio for educational reasons . Months later , when the two of them had moved back to Dallas , Henry had formed his own band — Dead Industry . Knupp got in contact with someone he had known years earlier , Brian " Brain " Wynn , and they reformed the band . This lineup is often cited as the " original " . The band then developed its first promo , featuring two songs , " Shroud of Encryption " and " Festering Vomitous Mass " , which was produced by former and future guitarist Braxton Henry . Over the next few months , Kevin Clark ( formerly of Sintury ) joined the band as a secondary guitarist , and Mike Majewski joined on bass . Majewski had previously worked publicizing the band and providing artwork . He had first seen Devourment when the band 's only song was " Shroud of Encryption " . The band recorded " Choking on Bile " which they added to their original demo . This was released in 1997 by Corpse Gristle Records under the name of Impaled . Knupp later left the band " due to some internal problems " . He was replaced by Ruben Rosas , who played guitars and provided vocals in a local band called Detrimental . = = = Molesting the Decapitated ( 1999 – 2002 ) = = = In 1999 , Devourment signed a record deal with United Guttural and started developing its first album , Molesting the Decapitated , again produced by Braxton . The album was released later that year . Reviews were positive , with Blas , of Global Domination , who praised the album for being so brutal , claiming that " if you look up the word ' Brutal ' in the dictionary right now , you 'd see Devourment 's logo right next to the definition " . He praised the vocals , but said that the drums , in places , let the album down due to them being too fast . Dan Staige , of Metal Review , said that the instruments were " remarkably balanced and crisp " , and his only criticism was that the " ultra heavy breakdowns " " may sound a little monotonous " , but that " you will still bang your head " . The band had a release show for the album in Colorado . Although Majewski claimed that this was in 1998 , the album was apparently released in 1999 , so he was probably mistaken . This show was alongside Macabre and Cephalic Carnage , among others . Shortly afterwards , Rosas was arrested and jailed for two and a half years , meaning the members of the band went their separate ways . Rosas 's arrest was described by Majewski as the " last straw " , as the band was becoming more and more business @-@ like , with Wynn and his wife arranging concerts without consulting the rest of the band . Devourment reformed during Rosas 's incarceration , with Knupp taking Rosas 's place on vocals , and Braxton Henry rejoining the band in the place of Brian Wynn . The band recorded a single song , named " Babykiller " , which was featured on a compilation album named Southern Uprising . The song was also featured on the band 's own compilation album , 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 8 . , the title of which represents the one song , " Babykiller " , with the three songs from Impaled , and the eight songs from Molesting the Decapitated . The compilation was released four times — once on Corpse Gristle Records while Rosas was in jail , once on Unmatched Brutality in 2004 , once after Rosas 's release while the band was working on new material , including the band 's first DVD , on Displeased Records , and finally as a limited edition record by the label Night of the Vinyl Dead . Upon Rosas 's release in 2002 , he reformed the band with new members , featuring himself on vocals , guitarists Robert Moore and Kevin Clark , Jeremy Peterson on drums and Joseph Fontenot ( later of Jacknife ) on bass . Clark was then replaced by Chris Hutto of Ingurgitate . Rosas 's new lineup played a few shows , but then split up again . Majewski later referred to the time between the band 's two full @-@ length albums , explaining that " Ruben and I both made attempts to get the band going again but both failed " . = = = Butcher the Weak ( 2005 – 2007 ) = = = A few years later , Knupp , Rosas , and Majewski finally properly reformed Devourment . Eric Park , formerly of Suture , filled out the lineup which would record the second Devourment album . The band entered the studio in August 2005 to begin recording Butcher the Weak , and the completed album was released in November 2005 . For this album , Majewski performed vocals , Rosas provided guitars and bass , and Park was on drums . According to Josh Thorne of fourteen g , the " production is a lot better " than it was on Molesting the Decapitated , but Majewski explained that both albums had been recorded in the same studio . The album contained artwork by Majewski , who works for a special effects company . Felix Schoonen of Vampire Magazine said it was odd that the album was self @-@ released by the band , asking , " why should a band like Devourment release their own album ... every week countless useless releases are thrown on the market by bands that nobody will ever care for and Devourment is somehow forced to release its own album . " In 2006 , the band signed a two album deal with label Brutal Bands , and proceeded to re @-@ record and re @-@ release Butcher the Weak . The new release 's cover was yellow , while the self @-@ released version sported a green cover , though they bore the same design . On September 15 , 2007 , Wayne Knupp died of multiple organ failure due to alcohol abuse . Despite no longer being with Devourment , his links with the band were widely reported , including his guest appearance with Devourment at the Central Illinois Metalfest earlier in the year . Knupp 's girlfriend posted a message on his Myspace profile confirming his death and thanking people for their support and messages . In an interview with SMNnews.com , Majewski spoke of the impact of the death on the band , saying , It had a big impact . He was a founding member and really created the vocal style we are known for . Just felt like part of the band died too . Like when he died , it was just weird to think about doing shows or recording without him around , even if he was no longer in the band . He was a good person and definitely deserves to be remembered . Since Butcher the Weak , Devourment recorded new material for compilation albums and continued to tour . The band appeared at various festivals , including Central Illinois Metalfest , The Goregrowler 's Ball and Germany 's Fuck the Commerce . Devourment also released its second DVD in January 2007 . In an interview with SMNnews.com in October 2007 , Majewski said that the band aimed to complete a third studio album by mid @-@ 2008 , performing less in 2008 . = = = Unleash the Carnivore ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = = Devourment 's third full @-@ length studio album , Unleash the Carnivore , was released in 2009 through Brutal Bands . The cover features artwork by acclaimed death metal artists Dan Seagrave and Pär Olofsson . Unleash the Carnivore was followed in 2010 with the " Unleash the Carnivore tour " . On July 14 , 2010 , Devourment announced that the band had signed with Relapse . = = = Conceived in Sewage ( 2011 – present ) = = = Devourment began writing new material in 2011 , and travelled to St. Petersburg , Florida in June 2012 to record its fourth album . In January 2013 , Devourment released a single for the song " Fifty Ton War Machine " . The new album , titled Conceived in Sewage , was recorded with Erik Rutan , and was released on February 19 , 2013 . The band intended to play a 2013 fall US tour headlined by Dying Fetus and supported by Exhumed , Waking the Cadaver and Abiotic , but dropped off the tour roughly three months in advance . This caused speculation that the band had broken up or would be breaking up due to it being Devourment 's second planned line of concert appearances that year that went abandoned . The rumors that the band had broke up were later dispelled by Majewski , with the statement , " Just to squash rumors , Your ol pals Devo are not broken up ! " On May 19 , 2014 , Devourment announced that vocalist Mike Majewski and drummer Eric Park quit the band . Ruben Rosas moved from his position from guitar to vocals while bassist Chris Andrews moved to playing guitar . Brad Fincher ( who quit Devourment in 2001 ) rejoined the band on drums , and Meshiha bass player Dave Spencer joined on bass . = = Members = = Ruben Rosas – vocals ( 1999 – 2004 , 2014 – present ) , guitars ( 2005 – 2013 ) Chris Andrews – guitars ( 2014 – present ) , bass ( 2005 – 2014 ) Brad Fincher – drums ( 1995 – 2001 , 2014 – present ) Dave Spencer – bass ( 2014 – present ) = = Discography = = = = = Studio albums = = = = = = Demos = = = Impaled – Corpse Gristle Records ( 1997 ) Promo 1997 ( 1997 ) Promo 1999 ( 1999 ) = = = Singles = = = " Kill That Fucking Bitch " ( 2002 ) " Fifty Ton War Machine " ( 2012 ) = = = Compilations = = = 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 8 . – Corpse Gristle Records ( 2000 ) , Unmatched Brutality ( 2004 ) , Displeased Records ( 2004 ) , Night of the Vinyl Dead ( 2006 )
= James Walker ( Royal Navy officer ) = James Walker CB , CavTe ( 1764 – 13 July 1831 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy . He served during the American War of Independence , and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , rising to the rank of Rear @-@ Admiral . Walker spent his early years in the navy at first in British waters during the invasion scares of 1779 , and then in North American waters where he saw action at most of the decisive naval battles of the war , particularly at the Chesapeake , St. Kitts and the Saintes . He reached the rank of lieutenant before the end of hostilities and spent the interwar years travelling on the continent . Returning to service with the outbreak of war with the French , he again participated in many of the key naval actions of the period , with his service at the Glorious First of June securing his promotion to his own commands . His career was almost ended with an accusation of disobeying orders , which led to his dismissal from the navy , but he was reinstated in time to develop a plan to subdue the mutinies at Spithead and the Nore . He commanded a ship at the Battle of Camperdown , and another at the Battle of Copenhagen , earning Nelson 's praise for his actions . The early part of the Napoleonic Wars were spent in the Caribbean , where Walker played an important role in the Haitian Revolution , and took the surrender of a French garrison . After time spent escorting convoys , Walker joined the ships covering the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil , and struck up a friendship with the Prince Regent . His association with royalty continued with his services in transporting the Duke of Clarence , Tsar Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia , and he was duly invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and a Knight of the Order of the Tower and Sword . His later years were spent managing a fleet off the American coast during the War of 1812 , and he commanded several ships after the end of the wars , retiring with the rank of rear @-@ admiral . = = Family and early life = = James Walker was born in 1764 , the son of James Walker of Innerdovat , Fife and his wife the novelist , Mary Leslie , the third daughter of Alexander Melville , 5th Earl of Leven . He entered the navy as a midshipman aboard the 32 @-@ gun HMS Southampton on 18 December 1776 , serving under Captain William Garnier . He went out to Jamaica in January 1777 , but returned to British waters for service in the North Sea and then the English Channel with Sir Charles Hardy 's fleet during the invasion crisis in 1779 . While serving in the Channel in 1780 , Southampton captured an 18 @-@ gun French privateer off Portland , with 80 men aboard her . Walker was sent to assist in removing the prisoners , and after doing so remained on board to help with the baling and pumping , as the privateer was in danger of sinking . Despite his efforts the privateer suddenly sank , nearly taking Walker down with her . He was in the water for ten minutes before being rescued . William Garnier was succeeded by Philip Affleck in command of Southampton in August , and the ship returned to Jamaica . Walker continued to serve on her until June 1781 , when he was transferred to the 98 @-@ gun HMS Princess Royal , the flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral Joshua Rowley . Walker was appointed to act as lieutenant on 18 June 1781 and was assigned to HMS Torbay , part of Sir Samuel Hood 's squadron despatched to North America . Under Hood Walker saw action at the Battle of the Chesapeake on 5 September 1781 , the Battle of St. Kitts on 26 July 1782 , and the Battle of the Saintes on 12 April 1782 . During the Battle of the Saintes Torbay had ten men killed and 25 wounded . Walker was then on the verge of being promoted again , due to the intimate friendship between his father and Admiral Sir George Rodney , but before this could be carried out Rodney was superseded by Admiral Hugh Pigot , and Walker remained at his previous rank . He continued on aboard Torbay , and was present at the Action of 18 October 1782 , when Torbay and HMS London encountered the French 74 @-@ gun Scipion . The British ships chased her into Samana Bay , Haiti , where she ran aground and was wrecked . Walker received his lieutenant 's commission on 8 May 1783 . = = Years of peace = = After the end of the American War of Independence in 1783 Walker visited the continent , touring through France , Germany and Italy . While in Vienna in 1787 , news reached him of political troubles with the Dutch , and he began to journey back to England in hope of a commission . While travelling through the forest near Aschaffenburg , the diligence he was in was attacked by ten armed men , who fired into the coach and demanded the passengers ' money . Walker attempted to resist them , but was left unsupported by his fellow passengers , and was knocked down , robbed , and thrown into a ditch . The robbers took 800l of money and rode off , believing Walker to be dead . He came to , suffering from a sabre cut to the head , and was carried into Aschaffenburg . There his wounds were treated free of charge by the local surgeons and authorities , and on recovering sufficiently he was brought to Frankfurt . There the local lodge of freemasons offered him financial assistance , and on his arrival at Mainz he was presented to the Prince @-@ Bishop , Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal . The Archbishop gave him a letter detailing his adventure in the forest near Aschaffenburg , and commending his bravery . Despite this assistance Walker was unable to reach England until after the Dutch crisis had abated , and so returned to his travels in Germany . The outbreak of the Russo @-@ Turkish War created a new opportunity for Walker , when in 1788 the Russians offered him command of a ship . The Admiralty refused to grant him permission to accept however , and Walker was obliged to turn it down . Despite this , Walker returned to service in the Royal Navy in 1789 , with an appointment on 11 September to the 24 @-@ gun HMS Champion , based at Leith under Captain Sampson Edwards . He transferred to the 32 @-@ gun HMS Winchelsea on 24 January 1790 , serving in the English Channel under Captain Richard Fisher . He left the ship in February 1792 and spent nearly a year at home . He was back on active service from 2 December with an appointment to the 98 @-@ gun HMS Boyne , intended as the flagship of Walker 's old commander , now Rear @-@ Admiral Philip Affleck . Boyne escorted a convoy of ships of the East India Company to the Tropic of Capricorn , and Walker remained with her until shortly after the outbreak of war with Revolutionary France . On 24 June 1793 he transferred to the 32 @-@ gun HMS Niger , which was then under Captain the Honourable Arthur Kaye Legge , as first @-@ lieutenant . = = French Revolutionary Wars = = = = = Promotion and temporary commands = = = Niger was attached to the Channel Fleet , and took part of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794 with Lord Howe . She was one of the repeating ships at the Glorious First of June , though she did not take part in the fighting herself . Walker 's role as signal lieutenant secured him promotion to commander on 6 July 1794 . He went as a volunteer with Legge to HMS Latona , had a stint as acting commander of HMS Gibraltar and in April 1795 he was in temporary command of the bomb vessel HMS Terror . He received an appointment on 15 July 1795 to the temporary command of the 50 @-@ gun HMS Trusty , and was ordered to escort five East Indiamen to a safe latitude , and then to return to Spithead . Having escorted the merchants to the designated point he received news that a fleet of 36 English merchants were assembled at Cadiz , in need of an escort . = = = Dismissal and reinstatement = = = Disobeying his orders to return to Spithead , Walker made for Cadiz , gathered the convoy , and escorted them to Britain . It was a controversial action . The merchants claimed the cargoes were worth £ 1 million , and would have been at considerable risk from enemy vessels were it not for Walker 's escort . However the Spanish authorities were greatly incensed , arresting five of Trusty 's officers while she was at Cadiz on charges of having smuggled the merchant 's money out of the port , and demanding Walker be court @-@ martialled . Walker justified himself by pointing to the imminent alliance between France and Spain , but despite the Lords of the Admiralty being sympathetic to his cause , he was found guilty of disobeying orders , and was dismissed from the navy . The Lords advised him to join the fleet despatched to the West Indies under Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian , but it was dispersed by gales and the ship Walker was travelling on returned to port . There it was suggested that he wait in Britain , and with the Spanish declaration of war , Walker was reinstated on the navy list in March 1797 by an order in council . = = = Mutiny and Camperdown = = = Shortly afterwards mutiny broke out at Spithead and at the Nore . Walker proposed an attack on the mutinous ships at the Nore using heavily armed gunboats , fitted with carronades , and was commissioned by the Admiralty on 10 June to carry this out . Walker set out down the Thames but only got as far as Gravesend before news reached him that the mutineers had submitted and his operation was no longer necessary . He was appointed acting @-@ captain of HMS Garland on 16 July 1797 and conveyed a Baltic @-@ bound convoy of merchants as far as Elsinore . On his return he was appointed captain of the 64 @-@ gun HMS Monmouth on 20 August , still in an acting capacity . Monmouth had been one of the most mutinous ships of the whole fleet , and was heavily involved in the Nore mutiny . Walker took her to join Admiral Adam Duncan 's fleet in the North Sea . Within a short time he was able to restore good order aboard her , and was able to play a significant role in the Battle of Camperdown on 11 October . As she approached the Dutch fleet Walker gathered the crew and addressed them saying ' My lads , you see your enemy ; I shall lay you close aboard and give you an opportunity of washing the stain off your characters in the blood of your foes . Now , go to your quarters and do your duty . ' During the battle Monmouth engaged the Dutch ships Delft and Alkmaar for an hour and a half , forcing both of them to surrender . Monmouth , which had lost five men killed and 22 wounded , took Alkmaar in tow , and despite sailing through a strong gale , reached the shelter of Yarmouth roads five days later . The battle was a decisive victory for the British over the Dutch , and Walker was among those captains rewarded , having his post rank confirmed on 17 October , and receiving the Naval Gold Medal and the thanks of parliament . He attended the service of thanksgiving at St Paul 's Cathedral on 19 December , and assisted in depositing the captured enemy colours . = = = Later commands and Copenhagen = = = Walker took command of the 64 @-@ gun HMS Veteran on 8 February 1798 , before transferring in quick succession to the 56 @-@ gun HMS Brakel , the 98 @-@ gun HMS Prince George , the 90 @-@ gun HMS Prince and lastly the 50 @-@ gun HMS Isis on 7 October 1800 . He commanded Isis in the North Sea , the Skagerrak and in the Baltic Sea , as well as with the Channel Fleet . Isis was assigned to the Baltic expedition under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker , and joined Rear @-@ Admiral Horatio Nelson 's squadron for the Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801 . The plan of attack had to be improvised at the last minute , after several ships ran aground while trying to enter the harbour , including Nelson 's flagship , HMS Elephant . Walker took Isis in to engage both his own target as well as Elephant 's , and ended up fighting two Danish blockships and a 14 @-@ gun battery . When eventually Nelson was able to work his way down the line he left Walker at his task and took another position . As he passed , Nelson took off his hat , waved it , and cried , ' Well done , brave Walker ! Go on as you have begun ; nothing can be better ' . After four and a half hours of intense fighting Isis silenced her opponents , at the heavy cost of nine officers and 103 men killed or wounded . Nelson came aboard Isis the following morning and thanked Walker and his men for their brave efforts . = = Peace , and Napoleonic Wars = = = = = Caribbean and Haiti = = = Walker received an appointment to command the new 32 @-@ gun HMS Tartar on 1 July 1801 and took a convoy of merchants to Jamaica . He continued to be employed , despite the drawdown of the navy following the Peace of Amiens , and received command of the 74 @-@ gun HMS Vanguard on 27 January 1802 . With the resumption of hostilities in 1803 he was assigned to the Blockade of Saint @-@ Domingue , and captured the 44 @-@ gun French frigate Créole , bound for Port au Prince with 530 troops under General Morgan . On 25 July he captured the French 74 @-@ gun Duquesne . After taking his prize to Jamaica Walker returned to his station and on 1 October demanded the surrender of the French garrison at Saint @-@ Marc . The garrison of 1100 men was besieged by the forces of generals Jean @-@ Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe , and were short of food . They agreed to surrender to Walker and were taken off in order to save them from the vengeance of the besieging forces . In doing so he saved their lives , but as his provisions were rapidly exhausted he was forced to return to port to resupply at the point at which Cape François was about to fall , and so missed out on a considerable sum of prize money . = = = Convoys = = = Walker was then given command of his prize , the Duquesne , on 2 March 1804 , and sailed her from Jamaica to Chatham with only 160 men . Also embarked on the Duquesne were an almost equal number of French prisoners , which had to be closely watched during the passage , in case they made an attempt to take the ship . Duquesne arrived in England without incident , and Walker paid her off for repairs . He then received command of the 36 @-@ gun HMS Thalia on 1 March 1805 and escorted convoys to the East Indies and Quebec . The voyage to the East Indies was made with two ships laden with treasure was made safely and quickly , with Walker arriving back at Spithead ten months to the day of his departure . The voyage to Quebec was made in company with two frigates , which delivered the convoy , but were delayed in port by gales until 1 December 1806 . After setting sail Thalia became caught in a gale off the Newfoundland Banks and ran for 1250 miles for five days under bare poles . After returning to Spithead Walker was assigned to the Guernsey station under Sir Edmund Nagle , where he was given command of a squadron of three frigates and a brig to watch the enemy at St Malo . = = = Portuguese service = = = In October 1807 Walker was transferred to the 74 @-@ gun HMS Bedford and was sent to Lisbon with Sir Sidney Smith . While there the decision was made to evacuate the Portuguese Royal Family to Brazil , just prior to the capture of the Portuguese capital , Lisbon , by Napoleonic forces . HMS Bedford joined HMS Monarch , HMS London and HMS Marlborough as an escort for the Portuguese ships , with the British squadron being commanded by Commodore Graham Moore . The fleet was dispersed by heavy gales off Madeira , though Bedford was able to rejoin the ships carrying the royals two days later , and was the only British ship to escort them for the rest of the thirteen week voyage . Walker struck up a friendship with the Prince Regent , who wanted to create him a member of the Order of Aviz , but owing to Walker 's religion , he instead recreated the military Order of the Tower and Sword . The Prince Regent invested himself with the honour , and then immediately created Walker a Knight Commander of the order on 30 April 1816 , making him the senior Knight Commander of the order . Walker spent two years with the court at Rio de Janeiro , and in addition to the honour , received the Prince Regent 's portrait set in brilliants , a valuable diamond ring , and several letters testifying to Walker 's good service . = = = Royalty , and the Americas = = = On Walker 's return to Britain he asked for , and received , orders to join the fleet in the North Sea . Still in command of Bedford , he took part in the blockade of Flushing under Admiral John Ferrier , narrowly avoiding being wrecked in a gale on 14 January 1814 . After being repaired she joined Admiral William Young , and then Admiral Scott to go into Flushing . In the summer of 1814 Walker was selected to accompany the Duke of Clarence on his journey to Boulogne to collect Tsar Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia . Bedford then formed part of the fleet assembled for a Royal review . He then made two trips to bring army units back from the continent . In September 1814 he took command of a squadron carrying the advance guard of an invasion force to occupy New Orleans under Major @-@ General John Keane . During the campaign the senior naval officers , Sir Alexander Cochrane and Rear @-@ Admirals Pulteney Malcolm and Edward Codrington , went ashore , leaving Walker to manage the fleet , which owing to the shoal water , had to be kept a hundred miles offshore . = = Later years = = Walker continued to receive employment despite the end of the wars with France and America , commanding in turn the 74 @-@ gun ships HMS Albion , HMS Queen and HMS Northumberland , paying off Northumberland on 10 September 1818 . He was nominated a Companion of the Bath on 4 June 1815 , and was promoted to rear @-@ admiral on 19 July 1821 . Walker was reportedly a cheerful and friendly officer , who won respect through his leniency and good nature . His commanding officer , William Young , once complimented him for keeping Bedford in a state of high discipline without once resorting to a flogging over a period of five months and three weeks . While in command of the Northumberland he was praised for his actions when he and his crew fought a fire that had broken out in Sheerness Dockyard , and which had threatened to destroy the entire yard . James Walker was twice married , at first to a daughter of General Sir John Irwin , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , Ireland . The marriage did not produce any children and after her death Walker married Priscilla Sarah , the fourth daughter of the MP Arnoldus Jones @-@ Skelton . The couple had three sons ; the eldest , Melville , entered the army , while the two younger sons , Leven Charles Frederick and Thomas , followed their father into the navy . Rear @-@ Admiral James Walker died at Blatchington , near Seaford , Sussex on 13 July 1831 at the age of 67 , after a short illness .
= As I Lay Dying ( band ) = As I Lay Dying is an American metalcore band from San Diego , California . Founded in 2000 by vocalist Tim Lambesis , the establishment of the band 's first full lineup , which included drummer Jordan Mancino , occurred in 2001 . As I Lay Dying has released six albums , one split album , and two compilation albums . As I Lay Dying 's fourth studio album An Ocean Between Us peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 , and No. 1 on the Top Rock chart . The band has performed at events such as Wacken Open Air , With Full Force , Soundwave Festival , Sounds of the Underground , Warped Tour , Bloodstock Open Air and Taste of Chaos . In 2007 , As I Lay Dying won the " Ultimate Metal God " award from MTV2 at the first annual " All That Rocks " special ; was named " Artist of the Year " at the San Diego Music Awards in 2005 , 2007 and 2008 ; and was nominated for a 2008 Grammy Award for the song " Nothing Left . " Their fifth studio album The Powerless Rise was written over a three @-@ year period , and was released in May 2010 to widespread critical acclaim . Their most recent album , Awakened , was released on September 25 , 2012 . The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2014 when Lambesis was incarcerated and sentenced to six years in prison . The remaining members formed Wovenwar with Oh , Sleeper vocalist and guitarist Shane Blay . = = History = = = = = Formation and first releases ( 2000 – 04 ) = = = After leaving the band Society 's Finest , in which he played guitar , vocalist Lambesis formed As I Lay Dying in 2000 . Starting out as a duet with drummer Mancino , they first met as a band in February 2001 . They both were in the hardcore punk band Point of Recognition . The band 's name came from the novel of the same name by William Faulkner that was published in 1930 ; although the band 's lyrics and music are not directly inspired by the novel . Shortly after the band 's formation , Pluto Records offered As I Lay Dying a recording contract and , after accepting the offer , the band entered the studio one month later to record their first album Beneath the Encasing of Ashes , released in June 2001 . The band then recorded five songs for a split album , again through Pluto Records , with San Diego post @-@ hardcore band American Tragedy . As I Lay Dying realized it needed to expand to a five @-@ piece band to include another guitarist and a bassist . Mancino commented " we started going on tour and we needed obviously more people than that . " As Lambesis and Mancino were the only permanent members , the band recruited friends to perform with them and subsequently underwent several lineup changes : bassist Noah Chase departed in 2001 , while Brandon Hays , and his subsequent replacement Aaron Kennedy , departed in 2003 . During early 2003 , when As I Lay Dying 's Pluto Records contract expired , the band pursued deals with other record labels . After extensive touring and an increase in popularity , As I Lay Dying was offered a record deal with Metal Blade Records in March 2003 . In July 2003 , the band 's second studio album Frail Words Collapse was released . Produced by Lambesis , the album peaked at No. 30 on Billboard 's Independent Albums chart and No. 41 on the Top Heatseekers chart . William York of Allmusic thought the band " doesn 't really add anything new to the mix from a musical standpoint " with the release , while also praising it for being " solid enough and well executed " with " adequate " production . Sherwin Frias of Jesus Freak Hideout had similar sentiments and commented " As I Lay Dying didn 't exactly break many boundaries in making this record " , but praised that each song is " executed so well ( and with such precision ) that nary a song misses its target . " Touring then occurred to promote the album , with support from bands Himsa , Shadows Fall , The Black Dahlia Murder , Killswitch Engage , In Flames , Sworn Enemy , and Hatebreed . Music videos for the songs " 94 Hours " and " Forever " received rotation on networks such as Fuse and MTV2 's Headbanger 's Ball . = = = Mainstream success ( 2005 – 09 ) = = = As I Lay Dying entered Big Fish recording studio in Encinitas , California , US in January 2005 to record their third studio album . Shadows Are Security was released in June of the same year and debuted at No. 1 on the Independent Albums chart . It was also the band 's first release to enter the Billboard 200 — at No. 35 — and sold about 275 @,@ 000 copies . Wade Kergan of Allmusic called it " one of the strongest releases of 2005 , " and commented that new guitarists Phil Sgrosso and Nick Hipa make the band " stronger . " Rod Smith of Decibel Magazine commented : " Tim Lambesis 's finely honed roar in bittersweet instrumental matrices augmented by occasional clean vocals by bassist Clint Norris . Guitarists Phil Sgrosso and Nick Hipa whip up a melodic cyclone on ' The Darkest Nights ' . " By this time , guitarist Evan White had quit the band for personal reasons after his mother died . All the singing was done by Dave Arthur of Kings to You , because it sounded more powerful in the studio in comparison to Clint Norris 's singing . As I Lay Dying began touring to promote the new record by making appearances at Hell on Earth , Winter Headline Tour , and Ozzfest , as well as a tour with Slipknot and Unearth . The band was on the second stage alongside Rob Zombie , Killswitch Engage , Mastodon , The Haunted , and It Dies Today . The band raised its profile in 2006 through its support slot on the Taste of Chaos tour in the US , alongside bands such as Deftones , Thrice , Dredg , Funeral for a Friend , and Story of the Year . In May 2006 , Beneath the Encasing of Ashes and the songs from the split album were re @-@ released through Metal Blade Records as A Long March : The First Recordings . The album contained the original and re @-@ recorded versions of the songs from the split album — the band preferred to re @-@ release the material , as they didn 't want their fans paying large sums of money to listen to early releases . The re @-@ release peaked at No. 3 on the Independent Albums chart and No. 129 on the Billboard 200 chart . In mid @-@ 2006 , As I Lay Dying was the headline act at the Sounds of the Underground Festival . Norris left the band on good terms in November 2006 with a desire to focus on his marriage . The band auditioned ten bassists , but none proved successful . Lambesis received demo tapes from a band called This Endearing , of which bassist Josh Gilbert was a member ; however , Lambesis chose to " sit on it " and waited for the band to record more material . This Endearing subsequently disbanded and Gilbert was recruited as As I Lay Dying 's new bassist . In 2007 As I Lay Dying started recording a new album titled An Ocean Between Us , which was released on August 21 , 2007 . Debuting at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 and No. 1 on the Top Rock chart , with first @-@ week sales of 39 @,@ 000 units , the album was the highest charting release for the band . Co @-@ produced by Killswitch Engage guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz and As I Lay Dying , and mixed by Colin Richardson , the album received generally positive reviews . Christa L. Titus of Billboard commented : " Whatever the differences between As I Lay Dying 's personal desires and what its fans demand , this album surely acts as a bridge , " praising the song " Comfort Betrays " for its guitar solo . Scott Alisoglu of Blabbermouth.net described the album as " a well @-@ rounded and often thrashy metalcore album , as the band has struck an effective balance between aggression and accessible melodies . " Thom Jurek of Allmusic praised the band for expanding its musical range by including melodic singing and choruses , as they had previously done on " Confined " from Shadows Are Security . It was the first time that bassist Gilbert recorded a studio album with the band . To promote the album , As I Lay Dying performed at the Warped Tour 2007 in August , and toured through Europe in September with Darkest Hour , Himsa , and Maroon . The band was awarded the title " Ultimate Metal God " by MTV2 's " All That Rocks " special , and was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of " Best Metal Performance " for the song " Nothing Left " . The other Grammy Award nominees included winner Slayer , King Diamond , Machine Head , and Shadows Fall . The band played a portion of the 2008 Warped Tour , as well as the Taste of Chaos UK 2008 Tour with headliners Atreyu . On April 9 , 2009 , the DVD This Is Who We Are was released in Europe , and was released in the US on April 14 , 2009 . The DVD was certified Gold in the US almost a month after its release . = = = The Powerless Rise and Decas ( 2010 – 11 ) = = = After recording through 2009 , the band 's fifth record The Powerless Rise was streamed on the MySpace Music website on May 7 , 2010 up until May 10 , 2010 . The album was officially released on May 11 , 2010 and received generally positive critical acclaim , with one critic saying : " Fans of metalcore in general , and As I Lay Dying in particular , will be more than satisfied with The Powerless Rise , as the band 's gradual progression and consistency makes this their best album . " In 2010 the band toured in support of The Powerless Rise , headlining the majority of their shows . In the first half of the year , the band embarked on a US tour with Demon Hunter , blessthefall , and War of Ages . This was followed by a mid @-@ 2010 headlining tour titled " The Cool Tour " across the US , and a headlining tour across US / Canada that also featured All That Remains , Unearth , and Carnifex . The band 's final headline tour of the year was in Europe , with Heaven Shall Burn , Suicide Silence , and Sylosis . In February 2011 , the band headlined a US tour with support from Winds of Plague and After the Burial . The band then toured in late April / early May with Trivium , in support of Disturbed , on the " Music as a Weapon " tour in Australia and New Zealand . Then at the end of May and beginning of June , the band headlined a few performances with Heaven Shall Burn . On November 8 , 2011 , As I Lay Dying released a compilation , Decas , in honor of the band 's ten @-@ year anniversary . The album featured three new , original songs ; four cover versions of songs by bands such as Slayer , Judas Priest and Descendents ; a re @-@ recorded medley that uses parts of several songs taken from Beneath the Encasing of Ashes ; and four remixes , consisting of one song from each of their albums since Frail Words Collapse . The album 's first track " Paralyzed " was released as a lyric video on September 13 , 2011 , and as a free download on iTunes on November 7 , the day before the album 's release . The band embarked on the " A Decade of Destruction " tour , coinciding with the release of the album , from November to December 2011 . = = = Awakened , Tim Lambesis ' trial ( 2012 – 14 ) = = = On January 25 , 2012 , an announcement revealed that the band would be playing the Mayhem Festival 2012 with Slipknot , Slayer , Motörhead , Anthrax , The Devil Wears Prada , Asking Alexandria , Whitechapel , Upon A Burning Body , I , the Breather , Betraying the Martyrs , and Dirtfedd . The band announced in April 2012 that Bill Stevenson , who had previously worked with NOFX and Rise Against , would be the producer for their sixth album . On June 22 , 2012 , the band announced that their sixth album would be titled Awakened and the first single " Cauterize " was released on June 25 , 2012 . On September 12 , 2012 , As I Lay Dying released their second single " A Greater Foundation " with a corresponding music video . The album was released on September 25 , 2012 and " Cauterize " was available on the band 's website as a free download for a 24 @-@ hour period . As I Lay Dying won the " Metal Band of the Year " award from Loudwire in 2012 , beating other well @-@ known bands , including Anthrax and Lamb of God . Subsequently , prior to his criminal charges , Lambesis started a new band entitled Pyrithion with guitarist Ryan Glisan , formerly of Allegaeon . They released one EP as a band . On May 7 , 2013 , Lambesis was arrested in Oceanside , California , US after allegedly hiring an undercover detective to kill his estranged wife . The report was made by the San Diego County Sheriff 's Department , leaving the future of the band uncertain . On the following day , the band released a statement in which they said : " The legal process is taking its course and we have no more information than you do . There are many unanswered questions , and the situation will become clearer in the coming days and weeks . We 'll keep you informed as best we can . " They also stated that their thoughts were " with Tim , his family , and with everyone else affected by this terrible situation . " Eight days later , the band cancelled their mid @-@ 2013 tour with Killswitch Engage , stating that " we feel that it is best for the band to be off the road while the current situation gets sorted " . During the month of his initial arrest , Lambesis pleaded " not guilty " and his lawyer stated : " His thought processes were devastatingly affected by his steroid use . " On February 25 , 2014 Lambesis changed his plea from " not guilty " to " guilty " and consequently faced a potential sentence of nine years in prison . Rather than continue on without Lambesis , Mancino , along with ex @-@ members Phil Sgrosso , Nick Hipa , and Josh Gilbert , decided to focus on a different style of music under a different band name , Wovenwar , with Shane Blay as the vocalist , This project took shape long before Lambesis ' plea. although Mancino still remains a member of As I Lay Dying . During this period of time Lambesis was also working on music and found time to release the third full length from Austrian Death Machine called Triple Brutal . On May 16 , 2014 , Lambesis was sentenced to six years in prison , with 48 days credit for time served . = = Musical style = = As I lay Dying 's musical style is primarily described as metalcore and melodic metalcore . The band also has been referred to as thrash metal . Their music often mixes melodic death metal and hardcore punk together . In a review of Beneath the Encasing of Ashes , Bradley Torreano of Allmusic described the band 's sound as a blend of heavy metal , hardcore , and grindcore . RoughEdge described An Ocean Between Us and The Powerless Rise as incorporating classic metal into the AILD sound . Heavy metal writer Garry Sharpe @-@ Young described the band as a " Christian Hardcore act employing the Grind edged vocals of singer Tim Lambesis and a distinct hint of Scandinavian guitar chug . " = = Christianity = = Although As I Lay Dying has stated on numerous occasions that all of the members of the group are practicing Christians , the band is usually described by media as being in the metalcore genre , not Christian metal . This is largely because the band 's lyrics do not directly focus on pro @-@ Christian themes the way many praise music bands do nor do they treat their music as a direct extension of their private Christian worship or proselytizing efforts . For example , not once do the names God or Jesus appear in any As I Lay Dying song , nor do any of their songs explicitly invoke Christian doctrine or quote the Bible . Most songs tend to address broader spiritual concepts like existential angst or the struggle between reason and spirituality . Lyricist and lead singer Tim Lambesis has given mixed commentary on the subject : when asked in 2008 if the members were " a Christian band " or " Christians in a band " , Lambesis stated on the band 's FAQ , " I 'm not sure what the difference is between five Christians playing in a band and a Christian band , If you truly believe something , then it should affect every area of your life . All five of us are Christians . I believe that change should start with me first , and as a result , our lyrics do not come across very ' preachy . ' Many of our songs are about life , struggles , mistakes , relationships and other issues that don 't fit entirely in the spiritual category . However , all of these topics are written about through my perspective as a Christian . " Furthermore , during an August 2010 radio interview on the Christian metal radio show The Full Armor of God Broadcast , Lambesis stated " I can only really write about what I 'm passionate about in life , so naturally my faith , my belief in the teachings of Jesus and His resurrection come across in our lyrics . " However , in later years , Lambesis showed an increasing philosophical skepticism towards Christianity and religion in general : Court documents stated Lambesis emailed his wife Meggan in August 2012 , while on tour with As I Lay Dying , asking for a divorce and stating he " no longer believed in God " . In explaining some of the lyrics from Awakened , Lambesis stated that his studies of theology had led him to the conclusion that " tradition and truth are often at odds with each other " , and while he " didn 't hate all religious belief " , he was finding it " very difficult for to outline exactly who it is that 's worth siding with . " He also quoted the book Pagan Christianity by George Barna and Frank Viola , noting that both " Protestant and Catholic denominations have poisonous roots " . While on house arrest in July 2013 , after being charged with soliciting his wife 's murder , Lambesis published a blog post in which he obliquely confirmed his previous loss of faith in Christianity . However , since his arrest it has been reported that Lambesis " has spent much of the last year reevaluating what originally convinced him to abandon belief in God . After much brokenness and repentance he sees things differently , considers himself a follower of Jesus , someone submitted to the will of God . " In 2014 , Lambesis said that although they were marketed as a Christian band , the members privately considered themselves atheists . Former guitarist Nick Hipa calls these claims slanderous and defamatory . = = Members = = Timeline = = Discography = = Studio albums Beneath the Encasing of Ashes ( 2001 ) Frail Words Collapse ( 2003 ) Shadows Are Security ( 2005 ) An Ocean Between Us ( 2007 ) The Powerless Rise ( 2010 ) Awakened ( 2012 ) = = Awards and nominations = = San Diego Music Awards Artist of the Year ( 2005 ) Artist of the Year ( 2007 ) Artist of the Year ( 2008 ) Best Hard Rock ( 2011 ) Grammy Awards Nominated for 2008 Best Metal Performance for the song " Nothing Left " MTV2 Music Awards Ultimate Metal God ( 2007 ) Hollywood Film Fest awards Best Music Video for " The Sound of Truth " music video Loudwire Music Awards Metal Band of the Year ( 2012 )
= Unbroken ( Stan Walker song ) = " Unbroken " is a song performed by Australian @-@ New Zealand recording artist Stan Walker . Written and produced by OneRepublic frontman Ryan Tedder , the song was released by Sony Music Australia on 12 April 2010 as the lead single from Walker 's second album , From the Inside Out . Walker felt privileged to record a song written by Tedder and complimented him , " He 's the man , one of the best songwriters and producers in the world . I am so blessed . " The piano @-@ based pop ballad received a mixed response from critics . " Unbroken " was promoted by performances on Sunrise and Hey Hey It 's Saturday and a Matthew Chuang @-@ directed music video , filmed in Melbourne . The single peaked at number nine on the New Zealand Singles Chart and number twenty @-@ three on the ARIA Singles Chart , and lasted thirteen and seventeen weeks on the charts , respectively . = = Background and composition = = " Unbroken " was written and produced by OneRepublic leader Ryan Tedder , who was behind singles such as Beyoncé Knowles ' " Halo " ( 2009 ) and Leona Lewis ' " Bleeding Love " ( 2007 ) . " Unbroken " was recorded at Artisan Studios in Birmingham , England , and Phil Tan mixed the record at Soapbox Studios , Atlanta , Georgia . Walker was honoured by the opportunity to record a piece of Tedder 's work . Walker told the Daily Telegraph , " It is a privilege for me to record a song by the guy who wrote ' Halo ' for Beyoncé and ' Bleeding Love ' for Leona . He 's the man , one of the best songwriters and producers in the world . I am so blessed . " In an interview with MTV Australia he said , " The song is so amazing . When I first heard the song I was like this is a beat song and then I read the lyrics and that 's what won me over because it talks about my life , being nothing and being in pieces , but then becoming unbroken . " " Unbroken " is a piano @-@ driven pop music ballad , and features a repetitive chorus . = = Release and reception = = " Unbroken " was released as a one @-@ track digital download on 12 April 2010 in New Zealand , and was sent to Australian contemporary hit radio the same day . A digital extended play ( EP ) was released in several countries on 20 April 2010 ; it also contains an acoustic version of " Black Box " and an a capella version of " Unbroken " . The Compact Disc single for " Unbroken " was released in Australia on 24 April 2010 ; it features an Israel remix and the a cappella version of the song . " Unbroken " received mixed reviews from music critics . Scott Kara of The New Zealand Herald called it " chest @-@ beating and uplifting " , while Allmusic 's Jon O 'Brien saw the song as very similar to Tedder 's previous writings . " Unbroken " debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number twenty @-@ nine on 19 April 2010 . The following week it jumped to number twelve , and moved into its peak position of number nine on 31 May 2010 . " Unbroken " spent a total of thirteen weeks on the New Zealand Singles Chart , including two weeks in the top ten and nine weeks in the top twenty . On 1 August 2010 the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) certified " Unbroken " gold , marking the sale of 7 @,@ 500 copies in New Zealand . " Unbroken " entered the Australian ARIA Singles Chart at number twenty @-@ seven , before reaching its peak of number twenty @-@ three in its fifth week . On 6 September 2010 the song fell out of the ARIA Singles Chart , having spent seventeen non @-@ consecutive weeks on the chart . " Unbroken " was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , which denotes the shipment of 35 @,@ 000 units . It also spent twenty @-@ four weeks on the ARIA Urban Singles Chart , and peaked at number three . = = Music video and live performances = = The music video for " Unbroken " was shot in Melbourne and Sydney , Australia on 8 April 2010 and was directed by Matthew Chuang . It features Walker singing in various locations in Melbourne including Degraves Street and Flinders Lane . Walker said to MTV 's Clippin ' that shooting the video in public made him feel embarrassed and he found it difficult not to laugh during its filming . The video opens with the camera rotating around Walker at an intersection as he slowly raises his head , before he is shown walking down a shop @-@ lined street . As the song begins , Walker starts singing in an empty narrow alleyway . Examples of broken people are shown , such as a girl being pushed around and teased before she plugs headphones into her ears , a man watching over a hospital patient , and individuals waiting for others to show up . Walker passes a bench of people reading newspapers with the respective headlines , " Attacked " , " War " , " When Will It End ? " and " Act of Hate " , while the final newspaper headline reads " Hope " . At the end of the video the now " unbroken " characters shot in Martin Place are shown to be content , and Walker makes his way down a darkened alley . Walker performed " Unbroken " on Hey Hey It 's Saturday on 5 May 2010 . He also performed the song on Sunrise on 13 May 2010 . = = Charts and certifications = = = = Track listing = = CD single " Unbroken " – 4 : 34 " Unbroken " ( Israel remix ) – 3 : 46 " Unbroken " ( Acapella ) – 4 : 18 Digital EP " Unbroken " – 4 : 34 " Black Box " ( acoustic ) – 3 : 28 " Unbroken " ( Acapella ) – 4 : 18 = = Personnel = = Marcus Byrne – assistant engineering Stuart Crichton – vocal production Damien Lewis – assistant mixing Phil Tan – mixing Ryan Tedder – writing , production , engineering , programming and arrangement , piano , drum programming , backing vocals Source : = = Release history = =
= To the Stars ( novel ) = To the Stars is a science fiction novel by L. Ron Hubbard . The novel 's story is set in a dystopian future , and chronicles the experiences of protagonist Alan Corday aboard a starship called the Hound of Heaven as he copes with the travails of time dilation from traveling at near light speed . Corday is kidnapped by the ship 's captain and forced to become a member of their crew , and when he next returns to Earth his fiancee has aged and barely remembers him . He becomes accustomed to life aboard the ship , and when the captain dies Corday assumes command . Hubbard 's story was first published by John W. Campbell in two parts in a serialized format in 1950 in Astounding Science Fiction . It was first published in book format in 1954 under the title Return to Tomorrow , and was published in hardcover in 1975 under the same title . In 1997 , film producers were in the process of developing the work as a movie for Touchstone Pictures . Jazz musician Chick Corea released a 2004 album of the same name with music inspired by the story , and Galaxy Press reissued a hardcover edition of Hubbard 's novel the same year as a form of cross marketing . The book was generally positively received , and garnered a 2001 nomination for a " Retro " Hugo Award for Best Novella . Publishers Weekly gave the book a positive review , calling it one of Hubbard 's " finest works " , and Alan Cheuse highlighted the work on National Public Radio 's program All Things Considered as a top literature holiday pick . = = Plot = = Protagonist Alan Corday is a young engineer , and is kidnapped from a spaceport called " New Chicago " and taken aboard the interstellar trading starship Hound of Heaven . The ship is commanded by a charismatic leader named Captain Jocelyn , who tells Corday to use his skills to help the Hound of Heaven in its travels between Earth and space colonies in other star systems . On the first page of the book 's prologue Hubbard cites " the basic equation of mass and time .... AS MASS APPROACHES INFINITY , TIME APPROACHES ZERO " , meaning that interstellar travelers at near light speed experience time relative to their environment , and when they return to their home star will find that decades or centuries may have passed . Six weeks of time aboard the ship amounts to roughly nine years experienced by those on Earth . Corday resists mingling with the culture aboard the starship , but when he returns home after travels with the Hound of Heaven he finds that his fiancee has aged and has trouble with her memory . Corday realizes his only home has become that of the starship . Captain Jocelyn is killed in an ambush on a dystopian Earth , and Corday takes command of the ship . = = Publication history = = To the Stars was first published in two parts in February and March 1950 in a serialized format by John W. Campbell in Astounding Science Fiction . Hubbard had previously written the story Ole Doc Methuselah for Astounding Science Fiction in 1947 , later published as a book in 1992 . In 1954 the story was published in book format by Ace Books in a paperback first edition , under the title Return to Tomorrow . Garland Publishing released a hardcover edition of Return to Tomorrow in 1975 . In 1997 Hollywood producers were working on developing a film version of To the Stars . Producers Barbara Boyle and Michael Taylor were preparing to bring the book to the film screen for Touchstone Pictures , a division of Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group . Boyle and Taylor had previously worked with actor John Travolta on the film Phenomenon , and the project was planned to be part of Travolta 's vision to make films out of L. Ron Hubbard 's science fiction novels . Hubbard 's novel Battlefield Earth was first on his list , and Travolta starred in and helped fund the film version of the book which was released in 2000 . A film version of To the Stars had not yet begun production as of 2008 . The jazz musician Chick Corea released a CD of the same name with music inspired by the story in 2004 , and Galaxy Press reissued a hardcover edition of Hubbard 's novel the same year as a form of cross marketing . According to Publishers Weekly , Corea 's soundtrack to the novel was issued by Galaxy Press to give the company 's " enormous marketing muscle " the ability to " tap into the vast Hubbard fan base " . Corea explains at his website how he was motivated to work on music inspired by the book . He comments that he was inspired by a scene from the book where Hubbard describes the Captain of the Hound of Heaven spaceship playing a melody on a piano . = = Reception = = To the Stars was nominated by the World Science Fiction Society for a " Retro " Hugo Award for Best Novella in 2001 , losing to The Man Who Sold the Moon by Robert A. Heinlein . The " To the Stars " science @-@ fiction magazine was published by Bridge Publications . The book generally received positive reception from literature critics . Publishers Weekly described it as " golden SF from the Golden Age " , and The Harvard Crimson called it " one of the great classics " of the Golden Age of Science Fiction . A reviewer writing in Publishers Weekly commented : " Hubbard brilliantly evokes the vastness of space and the tragedy of those who would conquer it " , and called the book " one of his [ Hubbard 's ] finest works " . Alan Cheuse reviewed the book in the San Francisco Chronicle , writing : " As in a number of groundbreaking -- or time @-@ breaking , I suppose we ought to say -- works of science fiction , the science behind the story is more interesting than the fiction itself . Hubbard is a thinker who writes , rather than a writer who thinks , as most masters are . " Cheuse highlighted the book among his 2004 literature holiday picks in a piece for National Public Radio 's program All Things Considered : " Before he began founding new religions , Hubbard was one of the country 's most prolific pulp science fiction writers , and this book is one of his best . " Georges T. Dodds , columnist for WARP , newsletter / fanzine of the Montreal Science Fiction and Fantasy association writes " besides being among the earliest hard science fiction works to consider time @-@ dilation effects in long distance near @-@ light @-@ speed space travel , ( To The Stars ) is a pretty entertaining story . " Barnes & Noble 's Explorations editor , Paul Goat Allen , put the book at number eight on his list of the top ten science fiction / fantasy novels for 2004 , writing : " After more than half a century , ' To the Stars ' is just as timely , just as awe @-@ inspiring , just as profoundly moving as it was in 1950 . " In a review of the book for the website SF Site , Georges T. Dodds writes : " To the Stars , besides being among the earliest hard science fiction works to consider time @-@ dilation effects in long @-@ distance near @-@ light @-@ speed space travel , is a pretty entertaining story . " Writing in the Marburg Journal of Religion , Marco Frenschkowski of the University of Mainz described the book as a " melancholy tale about interplanetary travel and the effects of time dilation " . University of California , Irvine physics professor and science fiction author Gregory Benford wrote positively of the book in an article for the science fiction website " Crows Nest " : " Writers had used Einstein 's special relativity theory before in stories , but Hubbard brought to his novel the compressed story telling and pulp skills that had stood him in over a decade of professional writing . " Galaxy reviewer Groff Conklin described the 1954 edition as " a fast @-@ paced and grim adventure . . . just short of absurdity , but interesting nevertheless . " Anthony Boucher panned the novel , calling it " a surprisingly routine and plotless space opera . " In addition to Chick Corea 's album , which is directly based on the novel , it was also referenced in the 1996 album Fantastic Planet by the band Failure , the cover art of which is based on the book cover of the first edition of Return to Tomorrow .
= Gregory of Nyssa = Gregory of Nyssa , also known as Gregory Nyssen ( Greek : Γρηγόριος Νύσσης ; c . 335 – c . 395 ) , was bishop of Nyssa from 372 to 376 and from 378 until his death . He is venerated as a saint in Roman Catholicism , Eastern Orthodoxy , Oriental Orthodoxy , Lutheranism , and Anglicanism . Gregory , his elder brother Basil of Caesarea , and their friend Gregory of Nazianzus are collectively known as the Cappadocian Fathers . Gregory lacked the administrative ability of his brother Basil or the contemporary influence of Gregory of Nazianzus , but he was an erudite theologian who made significant contributions to the doctrine of the Trinity and the Nicene Creed . Gregory 's philosophical writings were influenced by Origen . Since the mid @-@ twentieth century , there has been a significant increase in interest in Gregory 's works from the academic community , particularly involving universal salvation , which has resulted in challenges to many traditional interpretations of his theology . = = Background = = In the book of Acts , it depicts that at on the Day of Pentecost , that there were visiting Jews who were " residents of ... Cappadocia " in attendance . In the First Epistle of Peter , written after AD 65 , the author greets Christians who are " exiles scattered throughout … Cappodicia . " There is no further reference to Cappadocia in the rest of the New Testament . Christianity arose in Cappadocia relatively late with no evidence of a Christian community before the late second century AD . Alexander of Jerusalem was the first bishop of the province in the early to mid third century , a period in which Christians suffered persecution from the local Roman authorities . The community remained very small throughout the third century : when Gregory Thaumaturgus acceded to the bishopric in c . 250 , according to his namesake , the Nyssen , there were only seventeen members of the Church in Caesarea . Cappadocian bishops were among those at the Council of Nicaea . Because of the broad distribution of the population , rural bishops [ χωρεπισκοποι ] were appointed to support the Bishop of Caesarea . During the late fourth century there were around fifty of them . In Gregory 's lifetime , the Christians of Cappadocia were devout , with the cults of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste and Saint George being particularly significant and represented by a considerable monastic presence . There were some adherents of heretical branches of Christianity , most notably Arians , Encratites and Messalians . = = Biography = = = = = Early life and education = = = Gregory was born around 335 , probably in or near the city of Neocaesarea , Pontus . His family was aristocratic and Christian - according to Gregory of Nazianzus , his mother was Emmelia of Caesarea , and his father , a rhetorician , has been identified either as Basil the Elder or as a Gregory . Among his eight siblings were St. Macrina the Younger , St. Naucratius , St. Peter of Sebaste and St. Basil of Caesarea . The precise number of children in the family was historically contentious : the commentary on 30 May in the Acta Sanctorum , for example , initially states that they were nine , before describing Peter as the tenth child . It has been established that this confusion occurred due to the death of one son in infancy , leading to ambiguities in Gregory 's own writings . Gregory 's parents had suffered persecution for their faith : he writes that they " had their goods confiscated for confessing Christ . " Gregory 's maternal grandmother , Macrina the Elder is also revered as a saint and his maternal grandfather was a martyr as Gregory put it " killed by Imperial wrath " under the persecution of the Roman Emperor Maximinus II . Between the 320 's to the early 340 's the family rebuilt its fortunes , with Gregory 's father working in the city of Neocaeaseria as an advocate and rhetorician . Gregory 's temperament is said to be quiet and meek , in contrast to his brother Basil who was known to be much more outspoken . Gregory was first educated at home , by his mother Emmelia and sister Macrina . Little is known of what further education he received . Apocryphal hagiographies depict him studying at Athens , but this is speculation probably based on the life of his brother Basil . It seems more likely that he continued his studies in Caesarea , where he read classical literature , philosophy and perhaps medicine . Gregory himself claimed that his only teachers were Basil , " Paul , John and the rest of the Apostles and prophets " . While his brothers Basil and Naucratius lived as hermits from c . 355 , Gregory initially pursued a non @-@ ecclesiastical career as a rhetorician . He did however , act as a lector . He is known to have married a woman named Theosebia during this period , who is sometimes identified with Theosebia the Deaconess , venerated as a saint by Orthodox Christianity . This is controversial , however , and other commentators suggest that Theosebia the Deaconess was one of Gregory 's sisters . = = = Episcopate = = = In 371 , the Emperor Valens split Cappadocia into two new provinces , Cappadocia Prima and Cappadocia Secunda . This resulted in complex changes in ecclesiastical boundaries , during which several new bishoprics were created . Gregory was elected bishop of the new see of Nyssa in 372 , presumably with the support of his brother Basil , who was metropolitan of Caesarea . Gregory 's early policies as bishop often went against those of Basil : for instance , while his brother condemned the Sabellianist followers of Marcellus of Ancyra as heretics , Gregory may have tried to reconcile them with the church . Gregory faced opposition to his reign in Nyssa , and , in 373 Amphilochius , bishop of Iconium had to visit the city to quell discontent . In 375 Desmothenes of Pontus convened a synod at Ancyra to try Gregory on charges of embezzlement of church funds and irregular ordination of bishops . He was arrested by imperial troops in the winter of the same year , but escaped to an unknown location . The synod of Nyssa , which was convened in the spring of 376 , deposed him . However , Gregory regained his see in 378 , perhaps due to an amnesty promulgated by the new emperor Gratian . In the same year Basil died , and despite the relative unimportance of Nyssa , Gregory took over many of his brother 's former responsibilities in Pontus . He was present at the Synod of Antioch in April 379 , where he unsuccessfully attempted to reconcile the followers of Meletius of Antioch with those of Paulinus . After visiting the village of Annisa to see his dying sister Macrina , he returned to Nyssa in August . In 380 he travelled to Sebaste , in the province of Armenia Prima , to support a pro @-@ Nicene candidate for the election to the bishopric . To his surprise , he himself was elected to the seat , perhaps due to the population 's association of him with his brother . However , Gregory deeply disliked the relatively unhellenized society of Armenia , and he was confronted by an investigation into his orthodoxy by local opponents of the Nicene theology . After a stay of several months , a substitute was found - possibly Gregory 's brother Peter , who was bishop of Sebaste from 381 - and Gregory returned home to Nyssa to write books I and II of Against Eunomius . Gregory participated in the First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) , and perhaps gave there his famous sermon In suam ordinationem . He was chosen to eulogise at the funeral of Melitus , which occurred during the council . The council sent Gregory on a mission to Arabia , perhaps to ameliorate the situation in Bostra , where two men , Agapius and Badagius , claimed to be bishop . If this is the case , Gregory was unsuccessful , as the see was still contested in 394 . He then travelled to Jerusalem , where Cyril of Jerusalem faced opposition from local clergy due to the fact that he had been ordained by Acacius of Caesarea , an Arian heretic . Gregory 's attempted mediation of the dispute was unsuccessful , and he himself was accused of holding unorthodox views on the nature of Christ . His later reign in Nyssa was marked by conflict with his Metropolitan , Helladius . Gregory was present at a 394 synod convened at Constantinople to discuss the continued problems in Bostra . The year of his death is unknown . = = Theology = = The traditional view of Gregory is that he was an orthodox Trinitarian theologian , who was influenced by the neoplatonism of Plotinus and believed in universal salvation following Origen . However , as a highly original and sophisticated thinker , Gregory is difficult to classify , and many aspects of his theology are contentious among both conservative Eastern Orthodox theologians and Western academic scholarship . This is often due to the lack of systematic structure and the presence of terminological inconsistencies in Gregory 's work . = = = Conception of the Trinity = = = Gregory , following Basil , defined the Trinity as " one essence [ οὐσία ] in three persons [ ὑποστάσεις ] " , the formula adopted by the Council of Constantinople in 381 . Like the other Cappadocian Fathers , he was a homoousian , and Against Eunomius affirms the truth of the consubstantiality of the trinity over Eunomius ' Aristotelian belief that the Father 's substance is unengendered , whereas the Son 's is engendered . According to Gregory , the differences between the three persons of the Trinity reside in their relationships with each other , and the triune nature of God is revealed through divine action ( despite the unity of God in His action ) . The Son is therefore defined as begotten of the Father , the Holy Spirit as proceeding from the Father and the Son , and the Father by his role as progenitor . However , this doctrine would seem to subordinate the Son to the Father , and the Holy Spirit to the Son . Robert Jenson suggests that Gregory implies that each member of the Godhead has an individual priority : the Son has epistemological priority , the Father has ontic priority and the Spirit has metaphysical priority . Other commentators disagree : Morwenna Ludlow , for instance , argues that epistemic priority resides primarily in the Spirit in Gregory 's theology . Modern proponents of social Trinitarianism often claim to have been influenced by the Cappadocians ' dynamic picture of the Trinity . However , it would be fundamentally incorrect to identify Gregory as a social Trinitarian , as his theology emphasises the unity of God 's will , and he clearly believes that the identities of the Trinity are the three persons , not the relations between them . = = = Infinitude of God = = = Gregory was one of the first theologians to argue , in opposition to Origen , that God is infinite . His main argument for the infinity of God , which can be found in Against Eunomius , is that God 's goodness is limitless , and as God 's goodness is essential , God is also limitless . An important consequence of Gregory 's belief in the infinity of God is his belief that God , as limitless , is essentially incomprehensible to the limited minds of created beings . In Life of Moses , Gregory writes : " ... every concept that comes from some comprehensible image , by an approximate understanding and by guessing at the Divine nature , constitutes a idol of God and does not proclaim God . " Gregory 's theology was thus apophatic : he proposed that God should be defined in terms of what we know He is not rather than what we might speculate Him to be . Accordingly , the Nyssen taught that due to God 's infinitude , a created being can never reach an understanding of God , and thus for man in both life and the afterlife there is a constant progression [ ἐπέκτασις ] towards the unreachable knowledge of God , as the individual continually transcends all which has been reached before . In the Life of Moses , Gregory speaks of three stages of this spiritual growth : initial darkness of ignorance , then spiritual illumination , and finally a darkness of the mind in mystic contemplation of the God who cannot be comprehended . = = = Universalism = = = Gregory seems to have believed in the universal salvation of all human beings . Gregory argues that when Paul says that God will be " all in all " ( 1 Cor . 15 : 28 ) , this means that though some may need long time of purification , eventually " no being will remain outside the number of the saved " and that " no being created by God will fall outside the Kingdom of God " . Gregory also described God 's work this way : " His [ God 's ] end is one , and one only ; it is this : when the complete whole of our race shall have been perfected from the first man to the last — some having at once in this life been cleansed from evil , others having afterwards in the necessary periods been healed by the Fire , others having in their life here been unconscious equally of good and of evil — to offer to every one of us participation in the blessings which are in Him , which , the Scripture tells us , ' eye hath not seen , nor ear heard , ' nor thought ever reached . " That this is what Gregory believed and taught is affirmed by most scholars . A minority of scholars have argued that Gregory only affirmed the universal resurrection . In the Life of Moses , Gregory writes that just as the darkness left the Egyptians after three days , perhaps redemption [ ἀποκατάστασις ] will be extended to those suffering in hell [ γέεννα ] . This salvation may not only extend to humans ; following Origen , there are passages where he seems to suggest ( albeit through the voice of Macrina ) that even the demons will have a place in Christ 's " world of goodness " . Gregory 's interpretations of 1 Corinthians 15 : 28 ( " And when all things shall be subdued unto him ... " ) and Philippians 2 : 10 ( " That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow , of things in heaven , and things in earth , and things under the earth " ) support this understanding of his theology . However , in the Great Catechism , Gregory suggests that while every human will be resurrected , salvation will only be accorded to the baptised , although he also states that others driven by their passions can be saved after being purified by fire . While he believes that there will be no more evil in the hereafter , it is arguable that this does not preclude a belief that God might justly damn sinners for eternity . Thus , the main difference between Gregory 's conception of ἀποκατάστασις and that of Origen would be that Gregory believes that mankind will be collectively returned to sinlessness , whereas Origen believes that personal salvation will be universal . This interpretation of Gregory has been criticized recently , however . Attempting to reconcile these disparate positions , Orthodox theologian Mario Baghos notes that " when taken at face value the saint seems to be contradicting himself in these passages ; on the one hand he asserted the salvation of all and the complete eradication of evil , and , on the other , that the fire needed to purge evil is ‘ sleepless ’ , i.e. everlasting . The only solution to this inconsistency is to view any allusion to universal salvation in St Gregory as an expression of God ’ s intention for humanity , which is in fact attested to when his holy sister states that God has “ one goal [ … ] some straightway even in this life purified from evil , others healed hereafter through fire for the appropriate length of time . ” That we can choose either to accept or ignore this purification is confirmed by the saint ’ s many exhortations that we freely undertake the virtuous path . " Dr. Ilaria Ramelli has made the observation that for Gregory free will was compatible with universal salvation , since every person would eventually accept the good having gone through purification . = = = Anthropology = = = Gregory 's anthropology is founded on the ontological distinction between the created and uncreated . Man is a material creation , and thus limited , but infinite in that his immortal soul has an indefinite capacity to grow closer to the divine . Gregory believed that the soul is created simultaneous to the creation of the body ( in opposition to Origen , who believed in preexistence ) , and that embryos were thus persons . To Gregory , the human being is exceptional , being created in the image of God . Humanity is theomorphic both in having self @-@ awareness and free will , the latter which gives each individual existential power , because to Gregory , in disregarding God one negates one 's own existence . In the Song of Songs , Gregory metaphorically describes human lives as paintings created by apprentices to a master : the apprentices ( the human wills ) imitate their master 's work ( the life of Christ ) with beautiful colors ( virtues ) , and thus man strives to be a reflection of Christ . Gregory , in stark contrast to most thinkers of his age , saw great beauty in the Fall : from Adam 's sin from two perfect humans would eventually arise myriad . Gregory was also one of the first Christian voices to say that slavery as an institution was inherently sinful . He believed that slavery violated mankind 's inherent worth , and the nature of humanity to be free ; a departure from classical , and Judeo @-@ Christian precedent which he rooted in Genesis , arguing that man was given mastery of animals but not of mankind . Although aspects of the slave system had been criticized by Stoics such as Seneca , this was the first and only sustained critique of the institution of slavery itself made in the ancient world . In Homilies on Ecclesiastes , he wrote : " ' I got me slave @-@ girls and slaves . ' For what price , tell me ? What did you find in existence worth as much as this human nature ? What price did you put on rationality ? How many obols did you reckon the equivalent of the likeness of God ? How many staters did you get for selling that being shaped by God ? God said , Let us make man in our own image and likeness . If he is in the likeness of God , and rules the whole earth , and has been granted authority over everything on earth from God , who is his buyer , tell me ? Who is his seller ? To God alone belongs this power ; or , rather , not even to God himself . For his gracious gifts , it says , are irrevocable . God would not therefore reduce the human race to slavery , since he himself , when we had been enslaved to sin , spontaneously recalled us to freedom . But if God does not enslave what is free , who is he that sets his own power above God 's ? " = = = Neoplatonism = = = There are many similarities between Gregory 's theology and neoplatonist philosophy , especially that of Plotinus . Specifically , they share the idea that the reality of God is completely inaccessible to human beings and that man can only come to see God through a spiritual journey in which knowledge [ γνῶσις ] is rejected in favour of meditation . Gregory does not refer to any neoplatonist philosophers in his work , and there is only one disputed passage which may directly quote Plotinus . Considering this , it seems possible that Gregory was familiar with Plotinus and perhaps other figures in neoplatonism . However , some significant differences between neoplatonism and Gregory 's thought exist , such as Gregory 's statement that beauty and goodness are equivalent , which contrasts with Plotinus ' view that they are two different qualities . Eastern Orthodox theologians are generally critical of the theory that Gregory was influenced by neoplatonism . For example , Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos argues in Life After Death that Gregory opposed all philosophical ( as opposed to theological ) endeavour as tainted with worldliness . This view is supported by Against Euthonius , where Gregory denounces Euthonius for placing the results of his systematic Aristotelean philosophy above the traditional teachings of the Church . = = Feast Day = = = = = Eastern Christianity = = = 10 January = = = Roman Catholicism = = = 10 January The Roman Martyrology commemorates the demise of St. Gregory Nyssa on 9 March . In modern calendars which include the feast of St. Gregory such as the Benedictines , his feast day is observed on 10 January . = = = Lutheran Church Missouri Synod = = = 10 January with Basil the Great and Gregory Nazianzus . = = = ELCA = = = Feast day for Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) : 14 June , with Macrina , Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil the Great . = = = Anglican Communion = = = 19 July , with Macrina = = Legacy = = Gregory is revered as a saint . However , unlike the other Cappadocian fathers , he is not a Doctor of the Church . He is venerated chiefly in the East . His relics were held by the Vatican until 2000 , when they were translated to the Greek Orthodox church of St. Gregory of Nyssa , San Diego , California . Gregory 's work received little scholarly attention in the West until the mid @-@ twentieth century , and he was historically treated as a minor figure in comparison to Basil the Great or Gregory of Nazianzus . As late as 1942 , Hans Urs von Balthasar wrote that his work was virtually unknown . In part due to the scholarship of Balthasar and Jean Daniélou , by the 1950s Gregory became the subject of much serious theological research , with a critical edition of his work published ( Gregorii Nysseni Opera ) , and the founding of the International Colloquium on Gregory of Nyssa . This attention has continued to the present day . Modern studies have mainly focused on Gregory 's eschatology rather than his more dogmatic writings , and he has gained a reputation as an unconventional thinker whose thought arguably prefigures postmodernism . Major figures in contemporary research include Sarah Coakley , John Zizioulas and Robert Jenson . = = Commentary on Gregory = = In 787 AD , the Seventh Ecumenical Council of the Church , ( also known as the Second Council of Nicea ) honored Gregory of Nyssa : " Let us then , consider who were the venerable doctors and indomitable champions of the Church ... [ including ] Gregory Primate of Nyssa , who all have called the father of fathers . " Henry Fairfield Osborn wrote in his work on the history of evolutionary thought , From the Greeks to Darwin ( 1894 ) : Among the Christian Fathers the movement towards a partly naturalistic interpretation of the order of Creation was made by Gregory of Nyssa in the fourth century , and was completed by Augustine in the fourth and fifth centuries . ... [ Gregory ] taught that Creation was potential . God imparted to matter its fundamental properties and laws . The objects and completed forms of the Universe developed gradually out of chaotic material . Anthony Meredith writes of Gregory 's mystical and apophatic writings in his book Gregory of Nyssa ( The Early Church Fathers ) ( 1999 ) : " Gregory has often been credited with the discovery of mystical theology , or rather with the perception that darkness is an appropriate symbol under which God can be discussed . There is much truth in this .... Gregory seems to have been the first Christian writer to have made this important point ... " J. Kameron Carter writes about Gregory 's stance on slavery , in the book Race a Theological Account ( 2008 ) : " What interests me is the defining features of Gregory 's vision of the just society : his unequivocal stance against ' the peculiar institution of slavery ' and his call for the manumission of all slaves . I am interested in reading Gregory as a fourth century abolitionist intellectual .... His outlook surpassed not only St. Paul 's more moderate ( but to be fair to Paul , in his moment , revolutionary ) stance on the subject but also those of all ancient intellectuals -- Pagan , Jewish and Christian - from Aristotle to Cicero and from Augustine in the Christian West to his contemporary , the golden mouthed preacher himself , John Crysotom in the East . Indeed , the world would have to wait another fifteen centuries -- until the nineteenth century , late into the modern abolitionist movement -- before such an unequivocal stance against slavery would appear again . "
= Odwalla = Odwalla Inc . / oʊˈdwɔːlə / is an American food product company that sells fruit juice , smoothies and food bars . It was founded in Santa Cruz , California , in 1980 and is headquartered in Half Moon Bay , California . The company experienced strong growth after its incorporation in 1985 , expanding its distribution network from California to most of North America , and went public in 1993 . A period of decline occurred as a result of a fatal outbreak of E.coli @-@ H7 in 1996 that was caused by using bruised fruit that had been contaminated . Odwalla originally sold unpasteurized juices , claiming that the process of pasteurization altered the flavor of the juice . Following the E.coli outbreak , Odwalla adopted flash pasteurization and other sanitization procedures . Odwalla recalled its juices and experienced a ninety @-@ percent reduction in sales following the event . The company gradually recovered and the following year became profitable again . In 2001 , Odwalla was acquired by The Coca @-@ Cola Company for US $ 181 million and became a wholly owned subsidiary . Odwalla 's range of products includes juices , smoothies , soy milk , bottled water , organic beverages , and several types of energy bars , known as " food bars " . = = History = = = = = Origin = = = Odwalla was founded in Santa Cruz , California , in 1980 by Greg Steltenpohl , Gerry Percy , and Bonnie Bassett . Odwalla 's production facility is in Dinuba , California . The trio took the idea of selling fruit juices from a business guidebook , and they began by squeezing orange juice with a secondhand juicer in a shed in Steltenpohl 's backyard . They sold their product from the back of a Volkswagen van to local restaurants , employing slogans such as " soil to soul , people to planet and nourishing the body whole " . The name for their start @-@ up , " Odwalla " , was taken from that of a character who guided " the people of the sun " out of the " gray haze " in the song @-@ poem " Illistrum " , a favorite of the founders , which was composed by Roscoe Mitchell and performed by the Art Ensemble of Chicago jazz group , of which Mitchell was a member . Steltenpohl , Percy , and Bassett related this to their products , which they believe " help humans break free from the dull mass of over @-@ processed foods so prevalent today " . = = = Incorporation – 1996 = = = Odwalla was incorporated in September 1985 after five years of growth and expanded to sell products in San Francisco in 1988 . Hambrecht & Quist Inc . , a venture capital firm in San Francisco , was one of Odwalla 's main investors at the time , investing several million dollars in the company . By 1992 , the company employed 80 people at its company headquarters in Davenport , California , and sold around 20 different flavors of juice for between $ 1 @.@ 50 and $ 2 @.@ 00 a pint . Odwalla went public in December 1993 ( NASDAQ : ODWA ) ; the company had 35 delivery trucks , almost 200 employees , and made about $ 13 million a year . Soon afterwards , Odwalla expanded into new markets when it bought two companies in the Pacific Northwest and Colorado . Odwalla built a new production facility located in Dinuba , California , in 1994 in order to better meet production demands . The following year , the company moved its headquarters to Half Moon Bay , California . Continual growth and outside investments during these years allowed the company to expand and grow : Odwalla 's revenue tripled from 1994 to 1995 , and in 1996 they made more than $ 59 million in sales , their highest ever . This constant growth made Odwalla one of the largest fresh @-@ juice companies in America by 1996 , when the company was selling its products to stores in seven states and parts of Canada . It was estimated that they would reach $ 100 million in sales by 1999 . Much of this growth resulted from the perception that Odwalla 's products were healthier than regular juice because of unpasteurization . = = = From 1996 = = = On October 7 , 1996 , Odwalla made a batch of apple juice using blemished fruit , resulting in one death and 66 sickened customers . Odwalla made and marketed unpasteurized fruit juices for the health segment of the juice market . This batch was contaminated with E. coli . Despite a net loss for most of 1997 , Odwalla worked to rehabilitate its brand name . In addition to advertising its new safety procedures , Odwalla released its line of food bars ( its first solid food product line ) and entered the $ 900 million fruit bar market . Another new product was the Future Shake , a " liquid lunch " aimed at younger consumers . Because of these efforts , Odwalla was again profitable by the end of 1997 , reporting a profit of $ 140 @,@ 000 for the third quarter . Having recovered , the company worked to expand geographically into markets like Philadelphia and Washington , D.C. , and by the end of 1998 reported that revenue had surpassed pre @-@ crisis levels . Growth continued over subsequent years , in part through the $ 29 million acquisition of Fresh Samantha , a large juice company based in Saco , Maine , in 2000 . This allowed Odwalla to expand into additional East Coast markets , but incurred high transportation costs as products had to be shipped across the United States from California . To address this problem the company announced plans to build a second production facility in Palm Beach County , Florida . However , facing difficulties in obtaining building permits and allocating sufficient funds , the project was first delayed and eventually cancelled . Odwalla produced and sold products under both its own and the Fresh Samantha brand names for a few years ; however , in 2003 , the company decided to stop selling juice under the Fresh Samantha name and to only sell Odwalla @-@ brand juice . Odwalla was purchased by The Coca @-@ Cola Company in 2001 for $ 15 @.@ 25 a share , a deal which totalled $ 181 million and was unanimously approved by the Odwalla board of directors . Under the terms of the merger , Odwalla 's management stayed on as heads of the company , and it was " folded " into Coca @-@ Cola 's Minute Maid department . The acquisition was one of several similar mergers which were aimed at expanding Coca @-@ Cola 's product line to include non @-@ carbonated drinks . Odwalla benefited by obtaining up to a 124 @.@ 3 percent premium on shares of the company , as well as from the stability and strength that ownership by The Coca @-@ Cola Company offered . Odwalla also was able to expand into new markets because of Coca @-@ Cola 's well @-@ established distribution network . Odwalla continued to grow following the acquisition . This growth resulted in part from new product releases , which included a line of PomaGrand pomegranate juice ( released at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival ) , two flavors of energy drinks , and three flavors of " Soy Smart " drinks , which contain soy protein , omega @-@ 3 fatty acids , and calcium . Coca @-@ Cola promoted Odwalla products in 2006 when the company aimed at removing carbonated soda products in schools . Odwalla continued to have good growth in 2007 , when Coca @-@ Cola , squeezed by poor growth in its North American markets , issued a company @-@ wide hiring freeze ; Odwalla , because of its good performance , was one of the few exceptions to the rule . = = Production = = Odwalla uses what it characterizes as " fresh @-@ sourced " produce ( fruits and vegetables that have recently been harvested ) to make many of its products , as well as organic oats for food bars and certain tropical fruits in a frozen purée form , purchased from an outside source and blended with fruit juice . Because Odwalla uses fresh produce , some juices are seasonal . Fruit availability and price is also affected by adverse weather , disease , and natural disasters . Throughout the year , Odwalla juice colors and flavors change slightly because different types of fruit are used . After the E. coli outbreak , Odwalla improved the safety of several of its production processes . Before the fruit enters the factory , it is washed , sorted and sanitized . Once it has reached the plant , the apples , carrots , and citrus fruits are separated and washed again . The fruit is pressed to get the juice , which is then flash pasteurized and bottled . A sample undergoes quality testing , and , if it passes , the batch is shipped in refrigerated trucks to various distribution centers in the United States . Odwalla juice has a relatively short shelf life compared to other beverages and thus must be refrigerated . However , after the introduction of flash pasteurization in 1996 and a new plastic bottle in 2001 , the shelf life has been considerably extended . Generally , Odwalla products are sold in special Odwalla @-@ brand displays at grocery and convenience stores , instead of being intermixed with other products . = = Products = = = = = Drinks = = = Odwalla Inc. produces many flavors of fruit and vegetable drinks , as well as dairy @-@ free soy milk ( marketed under the " Soy Smart " name ) , " PomaGrand " pomegranate juice , " Serious Energy " caffeinated fruit juice , bottled spring water , and Odwalla 's Superfood smoothie line of products ( see green smoothie ) , which are viewed as the core products of the company and are made of various fruit purées , wheat grass , and barley grass . These products accounted for roughly 95 percent of Odwalla 's revenue in 2001 . Odwalla juice is sold in individual 12 fl oz ( formerly 450 millilitre or 15 @.@ 4 US fl oz ) bottles made of plant @-@ based recyclable HDPE plastic , as well as larger 64 US fluid ounce ( 1 @.@ 9 litre ) containers . Odwalla 's juice , because of production costs , is " typically sold at prices higher than most other juice products " , and the price of the juice can vary over time because of weather or disease affecting the supply of fruit and vegetables . Throughout its history , Odwalla has produced and subsequently withdrawn various juice flavors due to their lower popularity , including the Odwalla Superfood Amazing Purple , Soy Vanilla , and Pomegranate Mango drinks . = = = Food bars = = = In September 1998 , Odwalla began to sell energy bars made with fruit and grains , named food bars , as an alternative to its drinks in an attempt to raise revenue following the 1996 E. coli outbreak . The first three flavors released were Cranberry Citrus , Organic Carrot & Raisin , and Peach Crunch , all three of which are now discontinued . Within eight weeks of their release , the Odwalla Bar was one of the top @-@ selling energy bar brands in the market . The bars come in a variety of flavors , and weigh 2 ounces ( 56 grams ) per bar . As of 2001 , before Odwalla was acquired by Coca @-@ Cola , food bars accounted for less than five percent of Odwalla 's revenue .
= Thou Shalt Not Kill ( Spooks ) = " Thou Shalt Not Kill " is the premiere episode of the British television series Spooks . It first aired on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 13 May 2002 . The episode was written by series creator David Wolstencroft and directed by Bharat Nalluri . " Thou Shalt Not Kill " focuses on MI5 's activities in stopping a pro @-@ life movement who have smuggled 20 explosive devices to be used against family planning doctors . The episode title is a reference to the sixth Commandment . The pilot went through 30 rewrites and four separate story changes before the BBC were satisfied with the plot . It would be rewritten again following the September 11 attacks , with the purpose of acknowledging the series premise as battling terrorism . Filming took place mostly in London , England using a long lens camera . The idea of using split screen , regularly used by the series , came from Nalluri after filming wrapped up for the episode , and was not inspired by the American television series 24 . Following its broadcast , the pilot was seen by over nine million viewers , easily winning its time slot , having nearly doubled viewership from ITV1 at the same time ; the ratings went beyond the producers ' expectations . However , critics gave varied responses towards the episode . = = Plot = = When a car bomb detonates in Liverpool , killing family planning doctor Karen Lynott ( Karen Westwood ) and severely injuring her young daughter Sarah , Section D of MI5 is on the case . Danny Hunter ( David Oyelowo ) learns from one of his assets , " Osprey " ( Kelly Rolfe ) , that the group responsible have smuggled 20 bombs into the country . After following her , the team learn that the terrorist responsible for smuggling the bombs and killing Lynott is Mary Kane ( Lisa Eichhorn ) , an American pro @-@ life extremist ; she smuggled herself into the country under an assumed name and has been setting up cells across the UK . Section D also learn that Kane may be setting up the attacks in tribute of her husband , who is on death row in Florida following a series of attacks in abortion clinics . Upon tracking the movements of one cell , the Central Intelligence Agency pressure MI5 to extradite Kane back to the United States ; such an action will seriously hinder their efforts to find the cells and a put a stop to them . By the time Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) signs the extradition forms , Kane evades MI5 . In the meantime , Zoe Reynolds ( Keeley Hawes ) goes undercover to pose as a sympathizer to the cell . She lures a member , Rachel ( Rachel Power ) to the same hospital Sarah Lynott is being treated ; Sarah would later die from the extent of her injuries . Senior case officer and team leader Tom Quinn ( Matthew Macfadyen ) attempts to persuade her to stop Kane , believing she has little regard for any life . Rachel leaves in haste , but unbeknownst to her , MI5 bug her mobile phone , and record a phone conversation she makes to the cell regarding their next target , Diane Sullivan , a doctor living in London . Tom 's team are able to take Sullivan to safety whilst Zoe poses as the target . The team see Kane deliver a bomb to Zoe 's car , and prepares to detonate it via mobile phone . To counter the attack , a Bomb Squad jams the signal long enough for Tom to arrest her . During the interrogation , Tom promises to send her to a state in the US where the death penalty does not apply in exchange for the locations of every cell she runs in the UK . After she cooperates , Tom goes back on the deal and delivers Kane to CIA liaison Christine Dale ( Megan Dodds ) , who returns her to Florida to be executed . Meanwhile , over the course of the episode , Tom enters a relationship with civilian Ellie Simm ( Esther Hall ) following an unrelated operation before the events of the episode , going by the pseudonym of civil servant in IT " Matthew Archer " . = = Production = = The script for the episode went through 30 drafts , and four separate stories before the BBC were satisfied and ordered the series . Writing the pilot was completed before the September 11 terrorist attacks ; after the attacks took place , the producers decided to add mention of the events into the episode in order to acknowledge the fact that the series is about fighting terrorism . Writer David Wolstencroft decided that Tom Quinn would use IT as his cover story for Ellie Simm , because IT has , according to Wolstencroft , " something that has an enormous amount of thought and technical fact behind it that nobody would really understand , " and according to series producer Jane Featherstone , has people reluctant to be asking questions about . A scene where a cat escaped during Zoe 's operation to bug Kane 's cottage , and the ensuing search in the rain mirrored an experience during Wolstencroft 's early career . It was also intended that the episode established that although spies plan heavily before operations , things can go wrong . Among the main cast , Peter Firth was attracted to appearing on Spooks after hearing of Howard Brenton 's involvement in the series . The cast were advised by ex @-@ MI5 officers in order to help give insight into how the characters operate in the spy world and how their personal lives would be affected by it . The character Maisie Simm ( Heather Cave ) , Ellie 's daughter , was created because Featherstone believed that " children are the best spies of all " ; Maisie is often seen " spying " on Tom throughout the episode and first series . Megan Dodds guest starred as Christine Dale ; the producers were sufficiently impressed with her performance that she would later return as Dale in the second series . Principal photography took place in November and December 2001 . The majority of filming was done with a long lens , which proved difficult as many filming location were short on space . 40 to 50 cuts were made in the first 10 minutes of the episode to quickly introduce the main characters . Filming took part almost entirely in London ; some London locations doubled as Liverpool locations , including the hospital , which was filmed in Covent Garden . The hospital scenes were first in the episode to be shot . The scenes set in a cottage in The Wirral were filmed in Surrey ; the cottage was dubbed the " cottage from hell " according to director Bharat Nalluri because of its small size . The Freemasons ' Hall in London served as the filming location for Thames House , the headquarters for MI5 . The Hall was chosen as the producers felt that both buildings were similar in architecture . The Grid set was filmed in a Kensington medical school . Borough Market was located to film the scenes where Kane is arrested ; filming proved to be difficult as they had to reset the scene several times . The idea for split screening came to Nalluri after visiting a pub one night after filming wrapped up . In the audio commentary for the episode , Nalluri stated he was not inspired by the American series 24 , which also uses split screen , as he was not yet aware of the show . The news report covering Mary and Paul Kane 's past activities were snippets of real @-@ life news from the United States , which were edited together . The music was composed by Jennie Muskett , who spent just two to three hours putting several pieces of background music together . One part of the episode centred on Zoe posing as target Diane Sullivan . Some publicity shots of Keeley Hawes in the series were shots of her with long brunette hair , though in fact she has short blonde hair . = = Broadcast and reception = = The pilot was first broadcast on Monday 13 May 2002 , during the 9 to 10 pm time slot . The Spooks producers were hoping the ratings for the pilot would achieve at least six million viewers , with a 30 per cent audience share ; at the time this would be considered acceptable ratings by the BBC , as it would allow them to further consider Spooks ' future . The episode ended up with an overnight rating of 9 @.@ 2 million viewers , with a 41 per cent audience share , easily winning its time slot , and nearly doubling the numbers of ITV1 's Helen West , which was viewed by 4 @.@ 8 million with 22 per cent share in the same slot . The final numbers posted on the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board website was up slightly to 9 @.@ 6 million viewers , making the Spooks pilot the seventh most viewed BBC One broadcast , and the tenth most viewed broadcast in total the week it aired . Nancy Banks @-@ Smith of The Guardian called it " one of those shiny and insubtantial series , " adding that " all that leaping out of bed at dawn on the pretext that you have to go and sell a house tends to wear thin . " Banks @-@ Smith also called the story " slightly unexpected . " She also stated " Spooks appears to plume itself on its authenticity , and there are moments , well one moment , so stupid it has to be true . " Thomas Sudcliff of The Independent felt it was a " different kind of spy drama " with " a literal description , derived from the sort of rueful story you could imagine being told at an MI5 staff social , " and " a lot of bullshit too , naturally . This is one of those dramas where colleagues never make small talk but instead launch straight into an urgent purposive shorthand . " Joe Joseph of The Times stated that it " bears a closer resemblance [ ... ] 24 , " which " shaded the pleasure of this opening episode , " but felt that by the end of the episode , Spooks had " established a voice of its own . " Gerard O 'Donovan of The Telegraph thought that the episode " proved thoroughly entertaining , " and praised Wolstencroft 's writing , which O 'Donovan felt was " confident enough to be playful with its subject - especially regarding Britain 's poor @-@ relation relationship with America . " Alison Graham of the Radio Times said that after the episode , the series " looks like it 's going to be great fun , " but " it 's presumably not meant to be taken too seriously , because surely life in MI5 can 't be this exciting ? "
= Battle of Lipantitlán = The Battle of Lipantitlán , also known as the Battle of Nueces Crossing , was fought along the Nueces River on November 4 , 1835 between the Mexican Army and Texian insurgents , as part of the Texas Revolution . After the Texian victory at the Battle of Goliad , only two Mexican garrisons remained in Texas , Fort Lipantitlán near San Patricio and the Alamo Mission at San Antonio de Béxar ( modern @-@ day San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas ) . Fearing that Lipantitlán could be used as a base for the Mexican army to retake Goliad and angry that two of his men were imprisoned there , Texian commander Philip Dimmitt ordered his adjutant , Captain Ira Westover , to capture the fort . The commander of Fort Lipantitlán , Nicolás Rodríguez , had been ordered to harass the Texian troops at Goliad . Rodríguez took the bulk of his men on an expedition ; while they were gone , Westover 's force arrived in San Patricio . On November 3 , a local man persuaded the Mexican garrison to surrender , and the following day the Texians dismantled the fort . Rodríguez returned as the Texians were crossing the swollen Nueces River to return to Goliad . The Mexican soldiers attacked , but the longer range of the Texians rifles soon forced them to retreat . One Texian was injured , 3 – 5 Mexican soldiers were killed , and 14 – 17 were wounded . The injured Mexican troops were allowed to seek medical treatment in San Patricio , and the remaining Mexican soldiers retreated to Matamoros . The Texians now had full control of the Texas Gulf Coast , which meant that the troops stationed at San Antonio de Béxar could only receive reinforcements and supplies overland . Historian Bill Groneman believes that this contributed to the eventual Mexican defeat at the siege of Béxar , which expelled all Mexican troops from Texas . The former site of the fort is now a Texas historic site . = = Background = = Fort Lipantitlán was built on the grounds of an old campsite along the west bank of the Nueces River on the Gulf coast of Texas . The site was first occupied by a nomadic Lipan Apache tribe during their periodic visits . After the Apaches abandoned the area , the campground was often used by missionaries , military units , and traders making their way between Mexico and the Texas settlements . In 1825 or 1826 , Mexican officials constructed a makeshift fort , named Lipantitlán after the Lipan Apaches , at the campsite . According to Texian John J. Linn , the fort " was a single embankment of earth , lined within by fence rails to hold the dirt in place , and would have answered tolerably well , perhaps , for a second @-@ rate hog pen " . The embankment was surrounded by a large ditch ; just outside the ditch lay adobe and wooden huts for the officers and their families . Between 80 and 125 soldiers from the 2nd Active ( Cavalry ) Company of Tamaulipas were garrisoned at the fort . They collected customs duties and provided protection to San Patricio , a small settlement of Irish and Mexican colonists approximately 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south . Smaller garrisons were located at Copano Bay and Refugio , with a larger force stationed at Presidio La Bahía in Goliad . In 1835 , federalists in several interior Mexican states revolted against the increasingly centralist reign of Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna . The Texians staged a minor revolt against customs duties in June , and wary colonists soon began forming militias , ostensibly to protect themselves . Fearing that strong measures were needed to quell the unrest , Santa Anna ordered General Martín Perfecto de Cos to lead a large force into Texas ; Cos arrived in Texas on September 20 . The Texas Revolution officially began on October 2 at the Battle of Gonzales . Within days , Texian insurgents seized Presidio La Bahía , located at Goliad . Twenty Mexican soldiers escaped and briefly took refuge at Copano and Refugio ; those garrisons soon abandoned their posts and joined the larger force at Fort Lipantitlán . The Mexican soldiers at Lipantitlán began improving the defenses of their small fort . As the only remaining garrison on the Texas coast , Fort Lipantitlán was a vital link between the Mexican interior and Béxar , the political center of Texas which housed Cos and the only other force of Mexican troops in Texas . Captain Philip Dimmitt assumed command of the Texians at Presidio La Bahía . In a letter to General Stephen F. Austin dated October 15 , Dimmitt proposed an attack on Fort Lipantitlán , whose capture would " secure the frontier , provide a vital station for defense , create instability among the centralists , and encourage Mexican federalists " . Most of the federalists in San Patricio were afraid of retaliation if they openly defied Santa Anna 's centralist policies . They were also reluctant to hold elections for delegates to the Consultation , which would decide whether Texians were fighting for reinstatement of the Constitution of 1824 or for independence from Mexico . Soldiers at Lipantitlán had also imprisoned two of Dimmitt 's men , John Williams and John Toole , as they tried to deliver missives to the federalist leaders in San Patricio on October 10 and 11 . Dimmitt hoped to free the men after capturing Fort Lipantitlán . On October 20 , James Power , one of the Irish empresarios who had helped to found San Patricio , learned that the Lipantitlán soldiers had been ordered to retake Presidio La Bahia . Two hundred cavalry were expected to reinforce the Lipantitlán garrison before the attack , with an additional 200 – 300 soldiers expected later . Although Dimmitt forwarded the intelligence to Austin , he was not given authorization to attack . The delay proved costly to Williams and Toole , who were marched to the Mexican interior , beyond the reach of the Texians . According to Dimmitt 's angry letter to Austin , Toole begged his captors to kill him outright rather than send him on the march , which he believed would still result in his death . Dimmitt concluded , " this news , after the leniency shown to the prisoners taken here , could not fail to create a lively , and a strong excitement . The men under my command are clamorous for retaliation " . = = Prelude = = The furor over the removal of Williams and Toole likely led Dimmitt to take matters into his own hands . On October 31 he sent a member of his staff , Adjutant Ira Westover , to take 35 men to attack Fort Lipantitlán . A self @-@ appointed advisory committee — John J. Linn , Major James Kerr and Power — rode along . The three advisors had been elected to the Consultation but delayed their departure so that they could participate in the fighting . Rather than riding directly southwest to the fort , Westover travelled southeast to Refugio . This alternative route was likely intended to suggest that the expedition was headed for Copano Bay . An unknown number of men joined the expedition in Refugio ; historian Craig Roell believes that the expedition grew by at least 20 men , and historian Bill Groneman estimated that Westover 's force numbered 60 – 70 men when it reached San Patricio . Meanwhile , the commander of the garrison at Fort Lipantitlán , Captain Nicolás Rodríguez , received orders to harass the Texians at Presidio La Bahía . On October 31 , as Rodríguez and his men neared Goliad , they learned that a Texian force had left the fort earlier that day . The Mexican soldiers immediately retraced their route . They did not encounter any Texian soldiers during their march and arrived on November 1 to find the fort unmolested . Uncertain as to what the Texians intended to do , Rodríguez and the bulk of his garrison ( almost 80 men ) turned back towards Goliad to attempt to intercept the Texians . Between 21 and 27 soldiers , armed with two cannon , remained to defend the fort . = = Battle = = Rodríguez expected the Texians to take a direct route. his men patrolled the northern approaches to the fort . Westover 's men instead approached from the east , eluding the Mexican patrols . Five miles ( 8 km ) from San Patricio , Westover received word that Rodríguez was searching for the Texians . He forced the men to increase their pace , and they arrived at San Patricio 30 minutes after sundown on November 3 . Westover positioned two small groups of men to guard the Nueces River crossings , about 70 yards ( 64 m ) from the fort . As the rest of the Texians prepared for a dawn assault , two San Patricio residents wandered into their camp . Westover arrested one of them , James O 'Riley , for " aiding and assisting the enemy " . In exchange for his liberty , O 'Riley offered to persuade the Mexican garrison to surrender . Historians have no records of what methods O 'Riley used , but by 11 pm the Mexican soldiers had surrendered , without a shot fired . They were released immediately as long as they promised not to fight again during the Texas Revolution . The Texians captured the two 4 @-@ lb ( 1 @.@ 8 @-@ kg ) cannons , 18 muskets , and 3 – 4 pounds ( 1 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 8 kg ) of powder . They also released several Texians who had been held prisoner in the fort . The following day , Texians burned the wooden huts adjacent to the fort and dismantled the embankments . By 3 pm they had rounded up 14 horses and were preparing to bring the cannons back to Goliad . In the meantime , Rodriguez had travelled almost all the way to Goliad . Before he reached Presidio La Bahía , one of his spies arrived with news that the Texians had taken Fort Lipantitlán . Rodriguez and his men — including 10 colonists from San Patricio — marched back toward the fort , arriving at about 4 pm . The Texians used a small canoe to transport men across the Nueces River , and when the Mexican soldiers were sighted only half of the Texian force had crossed to the east bank of the river . As the Mexican soldiers attacked , the Texians took cover in a grove of trees . The trees prevented the cavalry from approaching , so Rodriguez 's men dismounted and attempted to attack from both sides . The Texian rifles had a much longer range than the Mexican Brown Bess muskets — 200 yards ( 180 m ) compared to 70 yards ( 64 m ) . After 30 minutes of fighting , the Mexicans withdrew , leaving behind 8 horses and several wounded men . The only Texian injured was Lieutenant William Bracken , who lost three fingers . Texian rifleman A. J. Jones later wrote to Fannin that 3 Mexicans had died with 14 wounded , though historian Stephen Hardin believes that 5 Mexicans died with 17 wounded . Jones 's letter mentioned that three of the wounded were the alcalde , judge , and sheriff of San Patricio . = = Aftermath = = Without draft animals , the Texians had no easy way to transport the artillery . As night approached , a cold rain began to fall , and the men became discouraged . Westover , Kerr , Linn , and Power agreed to throw the artillery in the river rather than continue to struggle with it . The Texians also deposited their cache of captured ammunition and muskets in the river ; in their opinion , the supplies were useless . Most Texians spent the night in San Patricio , housed by sympathetic locals . The Mexican troops camped outdoors near the battle site . At dawn , Westover agreed to allow the wounded Mexican soldiers to be transported to San Patricio for treatment . The following day one of the wounded soldiers , Mexican Lieutenant Marcellino Garcia , died . Garcia was a personal friend of Linn , and the Texians gave him a full burial with honors . Westover sent a messenger to Rodríguez to request " another pleasant meeting " . Rodríguez declined the offer and retreated with his remaining men to Matamoros . Their departure left only one remaining group of Mexican soldiers in Texas , those under General Cos at Béxar . The Texians now controlled the Gulf Coast , and so all communication between Cos and the Mexican interior must be transferred overland . The long distance involved severely slowed the delivery of messages and receipt of supplies and reinforcements . According to Groneman , this likely contributed to Cos 's defeat in the siege of Béxar , which expelled the remaining Mexican soldiers from Texas . On their return to Goliad , Westover 's group encountered Agustín Viesca , the recently deposed governor of Coahuila y Tejas . Several months before , Viesca had been imprisoned by the Mexican army for defying attempts by Santa Anna to disband the state legislature . He and members of his cabinet had been liberated by sympathetic soldiers and immediately travelled to Texas to recreate the state government . Westover and his men provided a military escort to Goliad , arriving on November 12 . Dimmitt welcomed Viesca but refused to recognize his authority as governor . This caused an uproar in the garrison ; many supported the governor , while others believed that Texas should be an independent country and should therefore not recognize the Mexican governor . Dimmitt later chastised Westover for not following orders during the expedition . Westover refused to make an official report to Dimmitt . Instead , he sent a written report to Sam Houston , the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the regular army . In Westover 's opinion , " The men all fought bravely and those on the opposite bank of the river were enabled to operate on the flanks of the enemy above and below the crossing which they did with fine effect . " Houston lauded " the conduct and bravery of the officers and men who have so handsomely acquitted themselves in the affair and so deservedly won [ a ] reputation for themselves and Glory for their Country " . This was the first armed skirmish fought since the Battle of Goliad , according to historian Hobart Huson , the victory " renewed the morale of the people " . News of the battle spread throughout the United States , and the Texians were widely praised in American newspapers . The removal of Mexican army oversight encouraged federalists in San Patricio . These men soon gained control of the municipal government , formed a militia , and elected delegates to represent them at the Consultation . However , the town remained divided ; many still supported the centralist Mexican government . After reaching Matamoros , Rodríguez sent a letter to the town leaders . The letter warned that the Mexican army would return and encouraged the people of San Patricio to repudiate the rebellion . One of the San Patricio federalists later wrote Dimmitt , " We have neither men nor means to withstand any force that may be sent against us . " The Texians chose not to garrison men in or near San Patricio . In 1836 , as part of Santa Anna 's invasion of Texas , General José de Urrea led Mexican forces along the Texas coastline and retook San Patricio on February 27 . In 1937 , the land comprising the former site of Fort Lipantitlán was donated to the state of Texas . The Texas State Parks Board gained control over the site in 1949 . Now named the Lipantitlan State Historic Site , the park covers 5 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) in Nueces County . A stone marker indicates the location of the former fort .
= Elizabeth Needham = Elizabeth Needham ( died 3 May 1731 ) , also known as Mother Needham , was an English procuress and brothel @-@ keeper of 18th @-@ century London , who has been identified as the bawd greeting Moll Hackabout in the first plate of William Hogarth 's series of satirical etchings , A Harlot 's Progress . Although Needham was notorious in London at the time , little is recorded of her life , and no genuine portraits of her survive . Her house was the most exclusive in London and her customers came from the highest strata of fashionable society , but she eventually ran afoul of the moral reformers of the day and died as a result of the severe treatment she received after being sentenced to stand in the pillory . = = Character = = Nothing is known of Needham 's early life , but by the time she was middle @-@ aged she was renowned in London as the keeper of a brothel in Park Place , St. James . Her house was regarded as the most exclusive in London , superior to those of Covent Garden , even to that of the other notorious bawd of the time , Mother Wisebourne . She was said to still be attractive in middle @-@ age ; Hogarth described her as a " handsome old Procuress ... well dressed in silk " , but mentions " patches on her face " and in his picture her face is seen to be pock @-@ marked . She went by a number of aliases : Bird , Howard , Blewitt and Trent are among those ascribed to her , although Mother Bird was also the name of another brothel @-@ keeper who was committed to Newgate Prison with Needham in 1724 . Needham was apparently ruthless with the girls and women who worked for her . They were forced to hire their dresses from her , and , if they were unable to pay the exorbitant rentals , she would force them to take more customers or have them committed to debtors ' prison until they met her demands ( a scheme John Cleland 's heroine falls prey to in Fanny Hill ( 1748 ) ) . Once they were too old or too ill to attract customers , she would throw them out . Needham procured her prostitutes from many sources including the houses of other brothel @-@ keepers , the " Bails " in Covent Garden where homeless girls would sleep rough , Tom King 's Coffee House , and , it appears , from auctions , but , as depicted in Hogarth 's picture , she particularly targeted girls and women fresh from the country . The essayist Richard Steele found her pitching to a newly arrived girl when he went to meet a wagon bringing him items from the countryside . He described her as " artful " , and it seems that she was friendly and engaging with her potential employees , revealing her vicious character only when they were under her roof ; in The Dunciad , Alexander Pope warns not to " ... lard your words with Mother Needham 's style " . Pope mentions her once more at the end of The Dunciad ( 1728 ) , making reference to her foul mouth , and again , alongside other notorious madams of the day , in the last verses of his Coronation Epistle ( which were suppressed in editions of the poem from 1769 until 1954 ) : For Want of you , we spend our random Wit on The first we find with Needham , Brooks , or Briton . Henry Fielding refers to her in his Pasquin ( 1736 ) and used Hogarth 's representation of her as the model for Mother Punchbowl in The Covent Garden Tragedy ( 1732 ) . Mary Davys 's bawd in the Accomplish 'd Rake of 1727 is called " Mother N @-@ d @-@ m " and targets young girls fresh from the countryside , just as Needham did . = = Customers = = Chief among her customers were Colonel Francis Charteris and his cousin the Duke of Wharton — Charteris is lounging in the doorway behind Needham in Hogarth 's picture . Ronald Paulson suggests that the model for Moll Hackabout in Hogarth 's first scene is Ann Bond , who was lured by Needham and raped by Charteris . Charteris , already known as the " Rape @-@ Master General " , was convicted and sentenced to death as a result of the Bond rape , although he was later pardoned . Needham 's name was not mentioned during the legal proceedings . Needham may have introduced Charteris to Sally Salisbury around 1708 . Salisbury was the pre @-@ eminent prostitute of the day and was kept by Charteris for a short time as mistress at the beginning of her career . When her previous bawd , Mother Wisebourne , died in 1719 , she became a member of Needham 's household and brought with her a clientele from the highest ranks of society . Salisbury brought further fame to Needham 's house by involving another of her girls in the theft of the Earl of Cardigan 's clothes . The two women accompanied him to Newmarket where he became drunk , and after putting him to bed at an inn they stole his clothes and jewellery and returned to London . The Earl treated the matter as a joke . Some idea of the reputation of Needham 's house can be gathered from one of Joe Miller 's Jests , which involves her asking her landlord to wait for his money until Parliament and the Convocation sit , at which point she will be able to pay him ten times over , and by a satirical premature obituary , which appeared in the London Journal . The latter describes a will in which she distributes appropriate gifts to her famous clients : " a picture of Sodom and Gomorrah to indorsing D ― n ; an ounce of Mercuris Dulcis to Beau C ― e , of St. Martin 's Lane ; her estate to the Duke of Wharton ; her library to Ned C ― ; and a receipt to cure a clap to little Quibus " . At the time , the figures mentioned would not have been spared their blushes by the omission of their full names , but identifying them now is guesswork . Her well @-@ connected clientele may have allowed her to escape arrest . Despite the popular notion that Sally Salisbury 's 1723 stabbing of John Finch , the son of the Duchess of Winchelsea , had taken place in her house ( it had actually occurred at the Three Tuns Tavern in Covent Garden ) , the first time Needham was raided was in 1724 : Yesterday morning the celebrated Mother Needham and Mother Bird , two eminent conservators of the Game of the Kingdom , were committed to Newgate ; their houses being disturb 'd the night before by the Constables , who disengaged the Gentlemen and Ladies to a great number , and carried them to the Round @-@ House . This being the first time Mrs Needham ever received publick correction , since her being at the head of venal affairs in this town , ' tis thought will be the ruin of her household . Daily Journal , Tuesday 21 July 1724 . The constables had found " two women in bed with two men of distinction " . The men were bound over , but the women were sent to Tothill Fields Bridewell to do hard labour . Needham 's punishment on this occasion is not recorded , but it appears that she was still incarcerated in September when her house burned down , killing one of the inhabitants , Captain Barbute , a French officer . In 1728 , several of her girls were arrested , but she appears to have escaped punishment . = = Arrest , conviction and death = = In late 1730 , Sir John Gonson , a Justice of the Peace and fervent supporter of the Society for the Reformation of Manners , spurred on by the furore surrounding the Charteris rape case , began conducting raids on brothels all over London . By early 1731 he had arrived at St James , where some residents of Park Place reported " a Notorious Disorderly House in that Neighbourhood " . In truth , Needham 's house was hardly unknown , having served the upper echelons of society for years , but she was arrested by Gonson and committed to the Gatehouse by Justice Railton . On 29 April 1731 , Needham was convicted of keeping a disorderly house , fined one shilling , and sentenced to stand twice in the pillory , and " to find sureties for her good behaviour for 3 years " . On 30 April she was taken to the pillory near Park Place to stand for the first time . Perhaps because of her connections , she was allowed to lie face down in front of the pillory and a number of guards were paid to protect her . Despite this she received such a pelting that it was thought likely she would die before her punishment was completed . The crowds that had gathered to see her pilloried were so large that one boy fell on an iron fencing rail while trying to get a better look and was killed . Needham was taken from the pillory alive , but died on 3 May 1731 , the day before she was due to stand in the pillory ( this time at New Palace Yard ) for the second time . With her last words she apparently expressed great fear at having to stand in the pillory again after the severe punishment she had received the first time . The Grub Street Journal , the satirical journal allied with Alexander Pope and others of Hogarth 's friends , sardonically reported that the populace " acted very ungratefully , considering how much she had done to oblige them " . Her demise was celebrated in a mocking rhyme : Ye Ladies of Drury , now weep Your voices in howling now raise For Old Mother Needham 's laid deep And bitter will be all your Days . She who drest you in Sattins so fine Who trained you up for the Game Who Bail , on occasion would find And keep you from Dolly and Shame Now is laid low in her Grave ... Hogarth was still at work on A Harlot 's Progress when she died , so she never saw herself immortalised . There were other madams ready to step into her shoes , but it was not until Mother Douglas took over the King 's Head in Covent Garden in 1741 that a brothel reappeared with a reputation to match that of Needham .
= Maurice Clemmons = Maurice Clemmons ( February 6 , 1972 – December 1 , 2009 ) was an American who was responsible for the November 29 , 2009 , murder of four police officers in Parkland , Washington . After evading police for two days following the shooting , Clemmons was shot and killed by a police officer in Seattle . Prior to his involvement in the shooting , Clemmons had at least five felony convictions in Arkansas and at least eight felony charges in Washington . His first incarceration began in 1989 , at age 17 . Facing sentences totaling 108 years in prison , the burglary sentences were reduced in 2000 by Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee to 47 years , which made him immediately eligible for parole . The Arkansas Parole Board unanimously moved to release him in 2000 . Clemmons was subsequently arrested on other charges and was jailed several times . In the months prior to the Parkland shooting , he was in jail on charges of assaulting a police officer and raping a child . One week prior to the Parkland shooting , he was released from jail after posting a $ 150 @,@ 000 bail bond . Clemmons ' murder of four police officers represented the largest number of law enforcement officers killed by one man in a single incident in U.S. history until July 7 , 2016 . The Dallas , Texas shootings resulted in the deaths of five police officers . = = Early life and crimes = = Maurice Clemmons 's father made frames for automobile seats at a Chrysler factory , and his mother , Dorothy Mae Clemmons , worked in a nursing home . He had five siblings . Clemmons lived in Marianna , Arkansas in his early youth , and moved to Little Rock as a teen . He was arrested when he was a junior at Hall High School for carrying a .25 @-@ caliber pistol on school property . He claimed to be carrying the gun because he was " beaten by dopers " , and said he had " something for them " if they attacked him again . Clemmons did not return to school , and finished his education at eleventh grade . In 1989 , a 17 @-@ year @-@ old Clemmons and two other accomplices robbed a woman at midnight in the parking lot of a Little Rock hotel bar . Clemmons pretended to have a gun in his pocket and threatened to shoot her if she did not give him her purse . When she responded , " Well , why don 't you just shoot ? " , he punched her in the head and ran off with the purse , which contained $ 16 and a credit card . Clemmons was accused multiple times of displaying violent behavior during court appearances . In one incident , he dismantled a metal door stop and hid it in his sock to use as a weapon . It was discovered and confiscated by a court bailiff . In another incident , he took a lock from his holding cell and threw it at a bailiff , but missed and accidentally hit his mother instead . Clemmons was once accused of reaching for a guard 's pistol while being transported to court . During one trial , he was shackled in leg irons and seated next to a uniformed officer because the presiding judge ordered extra security , claiming Clemmons had threatened him . At age 16 , Clemmons ' charges were committed from juvenile court to adult court due to the extremely violent nature of his crimes and demeanor . By 1990 , Clemmons was sentenced to 108 years in prison for eight felony charges from his teenage years in Arkansas . The total prison term stemmed from multiple sentences , some of which were concurrent to others and some were consecutive . The largest sentencing came in 1990 , when he was given a 60 @-@ year prison term for breaking into an Arkansas state trooper 's home and stealing about $ 6 @,@ 700 @-@ worth of items , including a gun . During his sentencing on the charges , a circuit judge told Clemmons that he had broken his mother 's heart , to which he responded , " I have broken my own heart . " Clemmons was sentenced in 1989 to 35 years in prison for robbing the woman in front of the Little Rock hotel bar . Among his other sentences were six years for weapon possession based on his high school arrest ; and eight years for burglary , theft and probation in Pulaski County on September 9 , 1989 . He was ineligible for parole until 2015 or later . He was originally held at the Tucker Correctional Facility in Tucker , Arkansas , but was eventually transferred to the Cummins Unit near Grady . = = Clemency = = In 1999 , after having served 10 years of his sentence , Clemmons filed a clemency appeal with Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee . In his petition to Huckabee , Clemmons wrote he came from " a very good Christian family " and was " raised much better than my actions speak " . Clemmons claimed he had just moved from Seattle , Washington , to Arkansas as a teenager , and because he had no friends he gave in to peer pressure and " fell in with the wrong crowd " to be accepted by his young peers , which led him to commit his crimes . Although he apologized for his actions , Clemmons also complained that he received overly harsh sentences . He also claimed to have changed and expressed regret that his mother had recently died without seeing him turn his life around . Clemmons ' clemency application was supported by Pulaski County Circuit Court Judge Marion Humphrey , who argued the cumulative sentence was excessive and cited Clemmons ' young age at the time he committed the crimes . The decision was made over the objections of some victims and prosecutors involved in Clemmons ' previous cases but was supported by the bipartisan parole board and the trial court judge in Clemmons ' case . Mark Fraiser , an attorney who prosecuted early cases against Clemmons in Pulaski County , argued Clemmons was extremely likely to commit further acts of violence in the future , and said for a teen to receive such a lengthy prison sentence without committing a murder , " you 've got to be a bad little dude " . On May 3 , 2000 , Huckabee commuted Clemmons ' 108 @-@ year sentence to 47 years , 5 months and 19 days , which made him eligible for parole that day . As a factor in his decision , Huckabee cited the unusually long sentence for Clemmons ' age at the time the crimes were committed . The Arkansas Parole Board unanimously approved Clemmons ' release on July 13 , 2000 , and he was set free on August 1 , 2000 . = = Later crimes = = In March 2001 , Clemmons violated parole by committing aggravated robbery and theft again in Ouachita County . He was convicted on July 13 , 2001 and sentenced to 10 years in prison . He faced charges of parole violations , but due to problems with the case , he was not served with the charges until 2004 . His attorney argued the parole violation charges should be dropped because so much time had passed , and they were subsequently dismissed . Clemmons was granted parole on the robbery charges in 2004 . He told the parole board he was " not ready " the first time he was released , but that he " doesn 't want to die in prison " and will " try to do the right thing " . Clemmons moved to Washington in 2004 while still on parole , which was approved by Arkansas authorities . That year , he married a woman named Nicole Smith , although The Seattle Times later reported the relationship had " been tumultuous " . He was placed under the supervision of the Washington State Department of Corrections and classified as " high risk to reoffend " . His supervision was to continue until October 2015 . He lived in Tacoma , where he ran a landscaping and power @-@ washing business out of his house . Over the next five years , Clemmons bought six houses , including one in Arkansas and five in Washington . Following his parole in 2004 , Clemmons had no arrests or problems with the law until May 2009 . The Seattle Times referred to four days in May 2009 as the time when " Maurice Clemmons ' behavior and mental state deteriorated " . On May 9 , a Pierce County sheriff 's deputy responded to Clemmons ' home after reports he was throwing rocks at houses , cars and people . When the deputy tried to enter the house , one of Clemmons ' cousins grabbed his wrist . After a struggle , Clemmons emerged from the house and punched the deputy in the face , and assaulted a second deputy who arrived to help . Clemmons was placed under arrest and taken to Pierce County Jail , where he continued to struggle and told jail workers , " I 'll kill all you bitches . " He was charged with two felony assault charges and two felony malicious mischief charges , and released from jail the next day after posting a $ 40 @,@ 000 bail bond without seeing a judge . On May 11 , around 1 a.m. , Clemmons appeared naked in his living room and ordered two female relatives , ages 11 and 12 , to fondle him . The two reportedly complied out of fear , and the 11 @-@ year @-@ old fled the house afterward . Clemmons took the 12 @-@ year @-@ old into his bedroom along with Clemmons ' wife . Clemmons repeatedly referred to himself as Jesus , and said his wife was Eve . He released the 12 @-@ year @-@ old girl after his wife begged him to let her go . However , around 4 a.m. that same morning , he gathered his family back into the living room and demanded they strip naked together . He later left the house , claiming the world was coming to an end and that he was " going to fly to heaven " . A family member called 911 and police found Clemmons at a nearby second house he was building , but Clemmons fled on foot and escaped . He failed to appear the next day for an arraignment on his May 9 charges . Child Protective Services investigated and substantiated the sexual abuse complaint . Latanya Clemmons , Clemmons 's sister , told authorities he had undergone a change and was " not in his right mind " . Clemmons was arrested on July 1 , 2009 , after he appeared in a Pierce County court trying to have his bench warrant thrown out . He was charged with second @-@ degree rape of a child , as well as being a fugitive from Arkansas . At the time of his arrest , Clemmons made religiously themed comments and referred to himself as " the beast " . He also told a police officer that President Barack Obama and LeBron James were his brothers , and Oprah Winfrey was his sister . Pierce County prosecutors asserted that Clemmons ' recent crimes amounted to a violation of Clemmons ' parole in Arkansas , and that he faced years in prison if he was returned to the state . However , the Arkansas Department of Community Correction notified Pierce County on July 22 that they did not intend to ask for his extradition and that he should be adjudicated on his Washington charges . Stephen Penner , a deputy prosecuting attorney in Pierce County , said of the Arkansas decision , " There 's a built @-@ in incentive to not following through . In a way , the more violent they are , the less you want them in your community . " During a court @-@ ordered mental health evaluation , Clemmons told psychologists he had experienced hallucinations in May 2009 of " people drinking blood and people eating babies , and lawless on the streets , like people were cannibals " . He claimed the visions had since passed . He also claimed to have no faith in the American justice system and thought he was being " maliciously persecuted because I 'm black and they believe the police " . The evaluation , completed by two psychologists from the Western State Hospital on October 19 , concluded Clemmons was dangerous and presented an increased risk of future criminal acts . Pierce County Judge John McCarthy set bail for Clemmons ' assault charges at $ 40 @,@ 000 , considerably below the $ 100 @,@ 000 prosecutors sought based on Clemmons ' history of violence . Pierce County Judge Thomas Felnagle set bail for the child @-@ rape charges at $ 150 @,@ 000 , lower than the $ 200 @,@ 000 sought by prosecutors , but higher than usual for the charges . After a mental evaluation , a psychologist concluded Clemmons was competent to stand trial on the charges , which eliminated him as a candidate for involuntary commitment . An attorney for Clemmons notified the court he planned to pursue an insanity or diminished @-@ capacity defense . On November 23 , 2009 , Clemmons paid $ 15 @,@ 000 for a $ 190 @,@ 000 bail bond from Jail Sucks Bail Bonds , a Chehalis @-@ based company , to secure his release . Two other bail bond agencies had rejected Clemmons based on his history of failing to appear in court . = = 2009 police officer shooting = = Clemmons failed to check in with his community corrections officer within 24 hours of his release as required , but nothing was done in response . On November 26 , 2009 , less than one week after Clemmons posted his bail bond , during a Thanksgiving gathering at the home of Clemmons ' aunt , Clemmons told several people he was angry about his Pierce County legal problems and that he planned to use a gun to murder police officers and others , including school children . He showed a gun to the people in the room and told them he had two others in his car and home . Clemmons said he planned to activate an alarm by removing a court @-@ ordered ankle monitor , then he would shoot the police officers who responded to his house . In describing the planned murder , Clemmons said , " Knock , knock , knock , boom ! " Darcus Allen , a convicted murderer who previously served in a Arkansas prison with Clemmons , was allegedly present for the conversation . Also on Thanksgiving , Clemmons cut off a GPS monitor Jail Sucks Bail Bonds had secured onto his ankle . On November 28 , Clemmons showed two handguns to friends Eddie and Douglas Davis and told them he planned to shoot police officers with them ; the exchange was witnessed by Clemmons ' half @-@ brother Rickey Hinton , with whom he shared a house . During the exchange , Clemmons danced around with the guns in his hands , claiming to be Lucifer . He told the men he had twice tried to go to a Tacoma police station , where he planned to walk in and start shooting . The first time the station was closed , and the second time he got a flat tire on the way there , Clemmons claimed . He talked about stopping at a crowded intersection or a school and shooting people there . On the morning of November 29 , Clemmons drove a white pickup truck to Allen 's home , then Allen drove him past the Forza Coffee Co. coffee shop in Parkland , Washington , a suburb of Tacoma . After they saw marked police patrol cars in the parking lot , Allen drove back past the coffee shop and parked nearby . Some reports from witnesses said Clemmons parked his truck in a car wash north of the coffee shop and pretended to clean the vehicle , but never turned the hose on . Around 8 a.m , Clemmons walked into the Forza Coffee Co. coffee shop , where four police officers were working on laptops before their shift . Clemmons opened fire on the officers , shooting them to death . Investigators said the murders were a targeted , execution @-@ style attack and not associated with a robbery ; Clemmons did not aim at any other customers or the two baristas working at the time . The four slain officers were Mark Renninger , 39 ( killed with a shot to the head ) ; Ronald Owens , 37 ( shot in the neck ) ; Tina Griswold , 40 ( shot in the head ) ; and Greg Richards , 42 ( shot in the head ) . As Clemmons fled , Officer Richards struggled with him in the restaurant 's doorway , then shot Clemmons in the back before the officer succumbed to a bullet wound to his head . The shooter stole Richards ' Glock pistols before escaping . Clemmons returned to the truck and Allen drove him away . Allen later told detectives he stopped at an intersection and abandoned Clemmons and the truck , claiming he " wants of no part of this " . Authorities however , later disputed this claim and said there was no evidence Allen abandoned the vehicle . Clemmons was identified later that day as a " person of interest " in the murders , but soon after was identified as a wanted suspect . Police identified no motive for the murders , and Detective Ed Troyer , Pierce County Sheriff ’ s Office spokesman , said , " We 're going to be surprised if there is a motive worth mentioning . " Police initially believed the suspect might have died from his injuries shortly after the shooting . Clemmons went back to his house and told Hinton he had been shot by police , and Hinton allegedly gave Eddie and Douglas Davis a car to " get Clemmons out of here " . As they drove , Clemmons told the brothers he " had taken care of his business " . The Davis brothers took Clemmons to other friends , who bandaged his wounds . Later that day , police received a tip that Clemmons was seeking shelter from friends in Seattle . Police pulled over a white car they believed to have been transporting him , and the female driver admitted Clemmons was a friend and she had brought him to Seattle after he told her " he had killed a police officer or officers " . Coffee shop employees who witnessed the shooting identified Clemmons as the shooter from a series of photos . Authorities sought him in what was considered one of the biggest manhunts the Seattle @-@ Tacoma area had ever seen , and Clemmons was considered the most wanted man in the Pacific Northwest . Authorities also surrounded the homes of Clemmons ' friends and family in order to prevent him from finding shelter , and to determine who was helping him . A Clemmons relative learned that Clemmons was coming to her home in the Leschi neighborhood in Seattle , informed the police and fled . Police locked down the house for 11 hours in the early morning of November 30 , believing Clemmons to be holed up inside . After several attempts to coax or force him out of the house , including use of a robot and flashbang grenades , police entered and discovered Clemmons was not inside . Later that day , police searched multiple locations in the Seattle and Tacoma areas , including a park where they found a handgun carried by Clemmons and his pickup truck , which had blood stains inside . = = Death = = On December 1 , 2009 , Clemmons was shot and killed by Seattle police officer Benjamin L. Kelly . Around 2 : 45 a.m. , Kelly was on patrol and stopped to investigate a broken @-@ down car on the side of the road , which was idling with its hood up . Kelly recognized the vehicle as having been reported stolen . While sitting in his patrol car and writing a report , Kelly noticed Clemmons approaching him and recognized him as the suspect in the Lakewood shooting . Kelly ordered him to stop and show his hands , but he instead began to flee around the disabled vehicle . Police claim that Clemmons reached into his waist area for a gun . Kelly fired several rounds at Clemmons and hit him at least twice , killing him . Clemmons was carrying a handgun that had belonged to Lakewood Officer Greg Richards . Kelly was placed on routine administrative leave following the shooting . Police later said Clemmons would have eventually died from the gunshot wound he sustained at the Lakewood shooting . Since his death , multiple people have been arrested for helping Clemmons during and after the Lakewood shooting . Authorities claim the accomplices misled police about his whereabouts , gave him cell phones and money , applied first aid to his gunshot wounds and tried to help him leave the state . Among those arrested were Clemmons ' sister , who bandaged his wounds and provided him transportation . Authorities arrested five other people for assisting Clemmons : Letricia Nelson , Quiana Williams , Douglas Davis , Eddie Davis , and Ricky Hinton . Darcus Allen was arrested and charged with aggravated first @-@ degree murder for his alleged role as Clemmons ' getaway driver . Allen claims he did not know Clemmons ' plans when he drove him to the coffee shop , but authorities argued he had known for days that Clemmons planned to murder police officers . A cell phone photograph taken of Clemmons ' shirtless dead body quickly spread among city residents and government employees , prompting questions over who took it and how it became circulated . If the photo was leaked by an employee of the city or emergency responder , the action may possibly violate their employment contract . Funeral arrangements were kept private by the family due to the circumstances of his crime .
= Hurricane Juan ( 1985 ) = Hurricane Juan was a large and erratic tropical cyclone that looped twice near the Louisiana coast , causing widespread flooding . It was the tenth named storm of the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season , forming in the central Gulf of Mexico in late October . Juan moved northward after its formation , and was subtropical in nature with its large size . On October 27 , the storm became a hurricane , reaching maximum sustained winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Due to the influence of an upper @-@ level low , Juan looped just off southern Louisiana before making landfall near Morgan City on October 29 . Weakening to tropical storm status over land , Juan turned back to the southeast over open waters , crossing the Mississippi River Delta . After turning to the northeast , the storm made its final landfall just west of Pensacola , Florida , late on October 31 . Juan continued quickly to the north and was absorbed by an approaching cold front , although its moisture contributed to a deadly flood event in the Mid @-@ Atlantic states . Juan was the last of three hurricanes to move over Louisiana during the season , after Danny in August and Elena in early September . It formed rapidly in the northern Gulf of Mexico , allowing little time for thorough preparations or the evacuation of offshore oil rigs . As a result , nine people died in maritime accidents off Louisiana . Onshore , the hurricane dropped torrential rain totaling 17 @.@ 78 in ( 452 mm ) in Galliano , Louisiana . The combination of the rainfall and a high storm surge flooded 50 @,@ 000 houses and many communities in southern Louisiana , causing extensive agriculture losses . Damage in Louisiana alone approached $ 1 billion ( 1985 USD ) . Elsewhere , flooding in Texas forced the closure of roadways , while heavy rains damaged crops and houses in southern Mississippi . The outer rainbands of Juan spawned 15 tornadoes along the Florida Panhandle , causing over $ 1 million in damage . Overall , Juan directly inflicted about $ 1 @.@ 5 billion in damage , making it among the costliest United States hurricanes , and there were 12 deaths . This excludes the effects from the subsequent flooding in the Mid @-@ Atlantic . = = Meteorological history = = The interaction between a tropical wave and a upper @-@ level low moving southeastward from Texas spawned a broad trough over the central Gulf of Mexico on October 24 . That day , there was a marked increase in convection , or thunderstorms . At the same time , the pressure gradient between the trough and a high pressure area over the southeastern United States produced winds of near gale force across the northern Gulf of Mexico . Early on October 26 , a tropical depression developed about 380 mi ( 610 km ) south @-@ southwest of New Orleans . Within 12 hours , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Juan , based on satellite imagery and reports from the Hurricane Hunters . Initially , the structure was akin to that of a subtropical cyclone , with light winds near the center . Juan moved erratically at first , eventually tracking more steadily to the north @-@ northeast on October 27 . After turning to the northwest late on October 27 , Juan intensified into a hurricane , with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters . Under the effects of a larger upper @-@ level low , Juan slowed on October 28 while approaching the Louisiana coastline . At 1200 UTC that day , the hurricane attained peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . After executing a loop just offshore southern Louisiana , Juan turned back to the east , making landfall at peak intensity near Morgan City at 1100 UTC on October 29 . Subsequently , Juan turned sharply to the northwest , executing another loop over southern Louisiana near Lafayette . Late on October 29 , the hurricane weakened to tropical storm status , emerging into Vermilion Bay early the next day with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Juan turned to the east , moving along the southern Louisiana coast and re @-@ organizing slightly . On October 31 , the storm moved across the Mississippi Delta near Burrwood , Louisiana , and accelerated to the northeast , influenced by an approaching upper @-@ level trough . At 1200 UTC that day , Juan attained a secondary peak of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . In the subsequent six hours , the storm weakened slightly , making its final landfall just west of Pensacola , Florida with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) late on October 31 . After striking Florida , Juan turned to the north and weakened over land . After moving through Alabama , the storm became extratropical over Tennessee on November 1 . Although the Atlantic hurricane best track ceased tracking the circulation at 1800 UTC that day , Juan continued generally northward through the Ohio Valley , and the center eventually crossed into Canada . The energy from Juan helped spawn an occluded low in the Tennessee Valley , which produced more rainfall throughout the region . An approaching cold front absorbed the remnants of Juan on November 3 . = = Preparations = = Before Juan made landfall , about 100 people evacuated around Port Arthur , Texas . In Louisiana , about 6 @,@ 550 people evacuated , including only 700 of the 1 @,@ 900 residents on Grand Isle ; many of those who stayed behind there were trapped after the onslaught of the storm surge . About 6 @,@ 000 people evacuated in Mississippi due to the threat for flooding . Many schools were closed along the coast in Louisiana and Mississippi , and two beaches were closed both sides of the Brownsville , Texas shipping channel . On October 28 , governor Edwin Edwards declared a state of emergency for 13 Louisiana parishes , while officials issued flash flood watches for 42 of Louisiana 's 64 parishes . Governor George Wallace also declared a state of emergency for Alabama , and shelters were opened along the coast . Due to the erratic motion and large size of Juan , tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued for large portions of the northern Gulf Coast . Around the time of landfall , hurricane warnings were issued from Port Arthur , Texas to Mobile , Alabama , with gale warnings farther to the east to Apalachicola , Florida and extending to the west to Port O 'Connor , Texas . The storm 's quick development left people generally unprepared . National Hurricane Center forecaster Neil Frank likened Juan to " a spinning top [ that ] will spin around unpredictably and do whatever it wants . " = = Impact = = While on its erratic path off the northern Gulf Coast , Juan killed 12 people , nine of whom offshore due to overturned oil rigs or boats . The hurricane directly caused about $ 1 @.@ 5 billion in damage , making it the fourth costliest United States hurricane at the time without adjusting for inflation ; it was behind only Hurricane Frederic of 1979 , Hurricane Agnes of 1972 , and Hurricane Alicia of 1983 . The damage total included losses to the oil industry , wrecked crops , and overall flooding damage , mostly in Louisiana . According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) , Juan injured 1 @,@ 357 people , mostly to a minor extent . Juan struck less than two months after Hurricane Elena hit the northern Gulf Coast , resulting in further damage to already ravaged areas . For about five days , Juan and its precursor produced gale force winds along the northern Gulf of Mexico . The strongest winds in relation to Juan were on offshore oil rigs , with one rig recording peak sustained winds of 92 mph ( 148 km / h ) and gusts to 110 mph ( 176 km / h ) . Juan also produced high waves waves that damaged several rigs , of which two were overturned . One of the rigs collapsed and fell onto an adjacent rig about 35 mi ( 56 km ) south of Leesville , Louisiana amid hurricane @-@ force winds and high seas . The collapsed rigs , built in 1956 and 1961 , were designed to withstand 45 ft ( 14 m ) waves that would accompany a 25 year storm at the time , though Juan produced waves approaching 70 ft ( 21 m ) . The combination of the waves and strong winds in advance of the storm prevented early evacuation of the oil rigs . A boat of evacuees overturned in the midst of the storm , killing one and hospitalizing two others ; the remaining workers were rescued by the United States Coast Guard , and overall the agency rescued at least 160 people . While conducting a search and rescue mission , a boat named Miss Agnes capsized about 60 mi ( 97 km ) south of Grand Isle , Louisiana ; two members of the crew went missing and were presumed killed , and two other occupants were rescued . A jackup rig capsized near the mouth of the Mississippi River , killing three . A rescue helicopter off the coast of Louisiana caused three severe injuries when the rescue basket blew onto the evacuated oil rig amid strong winds . Because it looped twice near the coastline , Hurricane Juan brought extensive rainfall from eastern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle . In Texas , the highest precipitation total was 12 @.@ 84 in ( 326 mm ) at a station southwest of Alto . The highest rainfall related to Juan in the United States was 17 @.@ 78 in ( 452 mm ) , recorded in Galliano , Louisiana . Farther east , there were more reports of high rainfall , measured at 10 @.@ 52 in ( 267 mm ) and 12 @.@ 23 in ( 311 mm ) in Biloxi , Mississippi and Fairhope , Alabama , respectively . In Florida , the highest rainfall was 11 @.@ 71 in ( 297 mm ) near Pensacola . As well as the heavy rainfall , Juan produced heightened tides along the Gulf Coast , peaking at 8 @.@ 2 ft ( 2 @.@ 5 m ) in Bayou Bienvenue in Louisiana . Tides peaked at around 3 @.@ 3 ft ( 1 m ) in the other coastal states , although offshore winds caused below @-@ normal tides in western Louisiana and Texas after Juan exited the area . The storm also spawned a few tornadoes , most of them weak . Two were in Mississippi , each damaging a mobile home and downing several trees , and at least three occurred in Alabama , causing isolated building and tree damage . Hurricane Juan was one of the latest tropical cyclones in the year to affect Texas . The heavy rainfall from the storm caused flooding in the southeastern portion of the state , primarily in low @-@ lying areas and along bayous . The flooding forced several roads to close , but there was minimal housing damage . Tides reached about 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) above normal near Galveston , causing coastal flooding and closing a portion of Texas State Highway 87 , but little beach erosion . Due to Juan 's structure being closer to a subtropical cyclone than a typical hurricane , it produced strong winds well away from its center , with gusts of 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) reported along the Texas coast . The winds were strong enough to knock down trees and power lines , causing power outages . One person drowned in a boating accident off the Texas coast . In Mississippi , heavy rain from Juan flooded about 340 homes and businesses , mainly in the southern portion of the state . High winds and waves damaged ports in Pass Christian and Long Beach . Several boats were damaged along the coast , and the seafood industry suffered losses . Beach erosion damaged coastal roads , leaving debris and marsh grass behind when the storm passed . The total storm cost in the state was estimated at $ 776 @,@ 000 . In neighboring Alabama , Juan only produced wind gusts of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) , which caused little damage , but the storm 's rainfall contributed to Mobile recording its wettest October on record . The rains caused flooding along streets and low @-@ lying areas , but property generally escaped unscathed . The flooding did cause locally heavy crop damage ; some farmers lost 50 % of their soybean crop , and the pecan crop was damaged after earlier being affected by Hurricane Elena . Damage in the state was minor , estimated at over $ 65 @,@ 000 . Farther east in Florida , high waves caused flooding , beach erosion , and the loss of seawalls previously damaged by Elena . The rough surf washed away a house on Captiva Island . The outskirts of Juan also spawned 15 tornadoes along the Florida Panhandle , causing $ 1 million in damage . The tornadoes injured six people , destroyed 19 buildings , and damaged about 40 others . One of the tornadoes struck Okaloosa Island and Fort Walton Beach , killing a dog and damaging two hotels along U.S. Route 98 . = = = Louisiana = = = Due to the cyclone 's slow movement over Louisiana , it dropped over 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rainfall across much of the southern portion of the state . The intense rainfall increased levels along rivers in southwestern Louisiana . High waves and a storm surge of 5 to 8 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 to 2 @.@ 4 m ) flooded low @-@ lying and coastal areas of southeastern Louisiana . The hurricane 's erratic path prevented farmers from harvesting crops for three days . The combination of flooding from rainfall and storm surge covered widespread areas of crop fields , mostly affecting soybean and sugar . Other crops in the state had previously been harvested . About 200 cattle drowned in Terrebonne Parish , and thousands were stranded . Crop damage was estimated at over $ 304 million , including $ 100 million to the soybean industry , with overall damage near $ 1 billion across the state . As well as its impact on crops , Juan severely affected the shrimp industry by washing many shrimp offshore and killing others . The storm left about $ 2 @.@ 9 million in damage to oil facilities in the state , including the cost of damaged pipelines . Overall , Juan flooded about 50 @,@ 000 houses in Louisiana , causing $ 250 million in property damage . Near Port Fourchon in Lafourche Parish , the storm surge damaged portions of Louisiana Highways 1 and 3090 and flooded about 1 @,@ 200 homes , some to their roofs . Two levees in the parish were washed out and one was overtopped , inundating 100 houses near Lockport . In Terrebonne Parish , the powerful storm surge swept away parked cars , knocked a home off its foundation , and damaged a 300 ft ( 91 m ) portion of a levee . In the parish , 800 homes were flooded , and 15 @,@ 000 people were left homeless . The storm surge also washed out a 6 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) portion of the levee protecting Grand Isle , and damaged another 14 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 300 m ) . The levee , built in 1984 , sustained $ 500 @,@ 000 in damages , which flooded the island with 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of ocean water . Most of the island lost power , and the city hall and high school , set up as shelters , utilized generators during the storm . In Jefferson Parish , which contains Grand Isle , the storm surge entered 2 @,@ 233 homes and inundated about 3 @,@ 100 cars . In Violet , a man drowned when he fell from his boat into a flooded canal , and another fisherman drowned in Atchafalaya Bay . The surge flooded a 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) section of Louisiana Route 23 in Plaquemines Parish , entering several homes , as well as a portion of Route 22 . Between Livingston and Ascension parishes , about 800 homes were flooded , and another 53 homes were flooded in Tangipahoa Parish . Waters from Lake Pontchartrain swept over Airline Highway and portions of a 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) high levee , flooding 250 nearby homes . The storm surge washed out three bridges and flooded 800 homes in St. Tammany Paris , while high waters killed a man in Slidell . One man was electrocuted and killed in Arnaudville when stepping on a downed wire . While approaching its final landfall as a weak tropical storm , Juan created a storm surge of 6 @.@ 5 ft ( 2 @.@ 0 m ) along the Chandeleur Islands to its west , resulting in extensive beach erosion . The island chain is an important buffer to parts of mainland Louisiana against storms , but is frequently physically manipulated by intense hurricanes . Hurricanes Danny and Elena also impacted the islands in 1985 . Large portions of the Louisiana coastline lost 40 to 100 ft ( 12 to 30 m ) of beach due to the storm , with several new temporary inlets created along barrier islands . = = = Inland and Mid @-@ Atlantic = = = In the states inland from the Gulf Coast , Juan produced lighter rainfall than where its track moved across , but there were totals as high as 6 @.@ 65 in ( 169 mm ) in Arkansas . Rains directly from Juan extended into the southeastern United States , reaching 11 @.@ 17 in ( 284 mm ) on Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina , and through the Mid @-@ Atlantic with totals as high as 2 @.@ 82 in ( 72 mm ) in Bakerstown , Pennsylvania . Through the Midwestern United States , Juan dropped over 4 in ( 100 mm ) of rainfall in portions of Kentucky , Michigan , and Wisconsin . The rains from Juan and the low it spawned in the Mid @-@ Atlantic moistened grounds across the region . The hurricane 's track helped bring a plume of moisture into the Mid @-@ Atlantic , which set the stage for a major flooding event when a low pressure area stalled on November 5 west of Washington , D.C. Major flooding occurred in Virginia and West Virginia , causing $ 1 @.@ 4 billion in damage and 62 deaths . = = Aftermath = = On October 29 , Louisiana Governor Edwin Edwards requested that the state 's congressional delegation ask President Ronald Reagan for a disaster declaration . President Reagan responded and issued a disaster declaration on November 1 , which included the parishes of Ascension , Jefferson , Lafourche , Livingston , Plaquemines , Saint Bernard , Saint Charles , Saint John the Baptist , Saint Tammany , Tangipahoa , and Terrebonne , as well as the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans . The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development estimated that highways in the state would require $ 3 million in repairs from damage wrought by the hurricane . Oil companies lost two to three days of production due to being closed by the hurricane . The Louisiana National Guard assisted farmers by dropping hay to stranded cattle over a two @-@ week period . The American Red Cross ran out of funds while responding to the effects of Juan and the mid @-@ Atlantic flooding , following the previous responses to hurricanes Elena and Gloria , as well as flooding in Puerto Rico ; this prompted an emergency fundraising appeal . The agency had provided about $ 8 million worth of assistance to families in southern Louisiana . Along the Apalachicola Bay , the series of hurricane strikes severely damaged the local oyster industry , leaving hundreds of oystermen out of work . The high waves caused by Juan prompted the United States Minerals Management Service to recommend increased inspections on older rigs and improve evacuation plans . Hurricane Juan was one in a series of hurricanes that struck Louisiana coast over many years that contributed to the loss of the coastal wetlands .
= LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3 = The London and North Eastern Railway LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3 locomotives represented two distinct stages in the history of the British 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 2 " Pacific " steam locomotives designed by Nigel Gresley . They were designed for main line passenger services , initially on the Great Northern Railway ( GNR ) , a constituent company of the London and North Eastern Railway after the amalgamation of 1923 , for which they became a standard design . The change in class designation to A3 reflected the fitting to the same chassis of a higher pressure boiler with a greater superheating surface and a small reduction in cylinder diameter , leading to an increase in locomotive weight . Eventually all of the A1 locomotives were rebuilt , most to A3 specifications , but no . 4470 was completely rebuilt as Class A1 / 1 . The names for the locomotives came from a variety of sources . The first , Great Northern , was named after its parent company . Others were given the names of high @-@ ranking railway officials , but most were given the names of famous racehorses . One was named after the company 's most famous long @-@ distance passenger train , the Flying Scotsman . Flying Scotsman is the sole survivor of the class to be preserved . = = Class A1 : Great Northern genesis = = The new Pacific locomotives were built at the Doncaster " Plant " in 1922 to the design of Nigel Gresley , who had become Chief Mechanical Engineer of the GNR in 1911 . The intention was to produce an engine able to handle , without assistance , mainline express services that were reaching the limits of the capacity of the Ivatt large @-@ boilered Atlantics . Gresley 's initial Pacific project of 1915 was for an elongated version of the Ivatt Atlantic design with four cylinders . Finally realising that he was in a design impasse , he took as a model the new American Pennsylvania Railroad class K4 Pacific of 1914 . This in turn had been updated from a series of prototypes scientifically developed in 1910 under Francis J. Cole , Alco 's Chief Consulting Engineer at Schenectady and the Pennsylvania 's K29 Alco prototype of 1911 , also designed by Cole . Descriptions of those locomotives appeared in the British technical press at the time and gave Gresley the elements necessary to design a thoroughly up @-@ to @-@ date locomotive . = = Design features and construction history = = The first two GNR Pacifics , 1470 Great Northern and 1471 Sir Frederick Banbury were introduced in 1922 . The Great Northern board ordered a further ten ' 1470 @-@ class ' locomotives , which were under construction at Doncaster at the time of the formation of the LNER in 1923 . In line with the philosophy behind Cole 's Alco prototypes , the Gresley Pacifics were built to the maximum limits of the LNER loading gauge with a large boiler and wide firebox giving a large grate area . The firebox was set low and rested on the trailing carrying axle . However , unlike the Pennsylvania K4 , the firebox was not of the flat @-@ topped Belpaire variety , but a round @-@ topped one that was in line with Great Northern tradition . Features in common with the American types were the downward profile towards the back of the firebox and the boiler tapering towards the front . Heat transfer and the flow of gases were helped by use of a combustion chamber extending forward from the firebox space into the boiler barrel , along with a boiler tube length limited to 19 feet ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) , features inherited from the K4 type but not present on the earlier Cole Prototypes . The boiler pressure was rated at 180 pounds per square inch ( 1 @.@ 24 MPa ) . The 1470 @-@ class Pacific was the third Great Northern locomotive type to incorporate Gresley 's universal 3 @-@ cylinder layout . All three cylinders drove the middle coupled axle . The outside cranks were set at 120 ° , with the inside crank displaced by about 7 degrees to allow for the 1 : 8 inclination of the inside cylinder . Gresley conjugated valve gear derived the motion of the inside valve spindle from the two outside valve spindles : this eliminated an inaccessible middle set of valve gear between the frames . A feature of the K4 that had soon been abandoned by the Pennsylvania Railroad was an unusual three @-@ bar version of the Laird slide @-@ bar . However , Gresley adopted this type of slide @-@ bar for all his locomotives and it was later taken up by Bulleid for his Pacifics and by Riddles for the British Railways standard designs . = = = LNER period = = = The Great Northern Railway was incorporated into the newly formed LNER as a result of the 1923 Grouping . Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the new company , which was the second largest of the " Big Four " railway companies in Britain . Realising the need for standardisation , Gresley adopted his GNR Pacific design as the standard express passenger locomotive for the LNER main line , designating it ' A1 ' within the LNER locomotive classification system . The choice was made after comparative trials with an equivalent North Eastern Railway Pacific , classified ' A2 ' . Between 1923 and 1925 , 51 A1 locomotives were built ; twenty by the North British Locomotive Company , and the remainder by Doncaster Works . However , Gresley 's Pacifics had been designed to work within the bounds of the Great Northern Railway , meaning maximum distances of less than 200 miles ( 322 km ) . After the grouping , the locomotives were required to have a far greater operating range . = = = Early improvements = = = In 1924 , number 4472 Flying Scotsman , renumbered and named for the occasion , was displayed at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley along with the first member of the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) Castle Class , number 4073 Caerphilly Castle . The latter weighed 19 @.@ 6 long tons ( 19 @.@ 9 t ; 22 @.@ 0 short tons ) less than the Pacific , but was claimed to be the most powerful locomotive in Britain with a tractive effort rated at 31 @,@ 825 lbf ( 141 @.@ 56 kN ) . In the following months , the two railway companies ran comparative exchange trials between the two types from which the Great Western emerged triumphant with 4079 Pendennis Castle . The LNER learned valuable lessons from the trials which resulted in a series of modifications carried out from 1926 on number 4477 Gay Crusader . Changes to the valve gear included increased lap and longer travel , in accordance with Great Western practice ; this allowed fuller exploitation of the expansive properties of steam and reduced back pressure from the exhaust , transforming performance and economy ; the economies in coal and water consumption achieved were such that the 180 psi Pacifics could undertake long @-@ distance non @-@ stop runs that had previously been impossible . There followed a complete redesign of the valve gear , which was applied to 2555 Centenary in 1927 , with the rest of the class being modified in due course . Locomotives with modified valve gear had a slightly raised running plate over the cylinders in order to give room for the longer combination lever necessary for the longer valve travel . Another modification was made in 1927 when number 4480 Enterprise was fitted with a 220 psi ( 1 @.@ 52 MPa ) boiler . This was closely followed by two other locomotives which also incorporated variations in the cylinder diameter and superheater size for comparative purposes . This led Gresley to make a radical departure from Churchward practice by increasing the number of large tubes containing superheating elements , hence increasing the superheater surface area in contact with the hot gases , thus raising steam temperature . The presence of the larger superheater could be recognised from the square covers on either side of the smokebox , a feature that the locomotives retained throughout the rest of their existence . At the 1925 British Empire Exhibition , Flying Scotsman was again exhibited ; but this time , the GWR sent Pendennis Castle . = = Class A3 = = The outcome of the various experiments and modifications made to the A1s in the late 1920s was a new Class A3 " Super Pacific " , the first example of which was number 2743 Felstead . This locomotive appeared in August 1928 with 220 psi ( 1 @.@ 52 MPa ) boiler , 19 @-@ inch ( 483 mm ) cylinders , increased superheat , long @-@ travel valves , improved lubrication and modified weight distribution . Another new development was the changeover from right- to left @-@ hand drive , less convenient for a right @-@ handed fireman , but more so for sighting signals , resulting in the modification of all earlier locomotives . Twenty @-@ seven A3s were built from new , until 1935 , with little variation except for a new type of boiler with a " banjo dome " , an oval steam collector that was placed on top of the rear boiler ring . The first banjo dome was hidden beneath the casing of Cock o ' the North of 1934 ; it was subsequently used in the A4 streamliners . The last nine A3 Pacifics were constructed with the device in 1935 , and it became a standard fitting on all LNER large , wide @-@ firebox boilers that were applied to new locomotives until 1949 . It was also applied to replacement boilers on the A3s . Although all of the original Class A1 locomotives were eventually rebuilt to Class A3 specifications , it was a drawn @-@ out process that lasted until 1949 ; 60068 Sir Visto was the last locomotive to be converted . The changeover to left @-@ hand drive took longer , and continued into the Fifties . = = = Further experiments = = = Despite having settled on a new standard type , Gresley continued to experiment on individual locomotives , in one of which experiments ACFI feedwater heaters were installed in A1 2576 The White Knight and A3 2580 Shotover . However , on the Pacifics the increase in efficiency was deemed insufficient and the apparatus was eventually removed . In 1935 , number 2544 Lemberg received Trofimoff piston valves of an ingenious design with automatically varying steam passages . A3s 2747 Coronach and 2751 Humorist were subjected to smoke deflection trials following an accident on the London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) due to poor visibility ; this included the modification of the upper smokebox area surrounding the chimney . Originally the whole smokebox wrapper was retained in order to form an air duct , with the exit behind the chimney , but this was found ineffective . The next stage , at least with 2751 , was to cut off the top part of the wrapper , but retaining the sloping plate that directed air flow upwards , and therefore lifting the smoke above the locomotive . The original chimney was replaced by a double stove @-@ pipe variety , and miniature deflector plates were added on either side , angled to concentrate the air flow when the locomotive was on the move . Smoke @-@ lifting devices were not a priority with the normal single @-@ chimney Pacifics . However , with its double chimney and subsequent fitting of a double Kylchap exhaust in 1937 , Humorist continued to pose a problem in this regard and always had small wings on either side of the chimney . Finally , in the 1950s , it acquired the Peppercorn @-@ type of deflector plates . = = = Tenders = = = The original A1s were coupled to a traditional Great Northern type of tender with coal rails of a design that can be traced back to Stirling days . The A1 @-@ variant was a much @-@ enlarged eight @-@ wheel version carrying 8 long tons ( 8 @.@ 13 t ; 8 @.@ 96 short tons ) of coal and 5 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 23 @,@ 000 l ; 6 @,@ 000 US gal ) of water . In 1928 , a new special type of tender body was built for the new non @-@ stop Flying Scotsman train . This tender had a corridor connection and an access tunnel through the water tank . It was of a more modern design with high side sheets curved in at the top and had a coal capacity of 9 long tons ( 9 @.@ 14 t ; 10 @.@ 08 short tons ) . In order to be able to pack an extra ton of coal , a single coal rail was provided on this particular series , but was later deemed unnecessary . Ten of these corridor tenders were built , and a non @-@ corridor version of similar design followed with 8 @-@ ton coal capacity and no coal rail . Further series of both types had disc wheels instead of the previous spoked variety . = = Operational details = = = = = Pre @-@ war performance = = = The early A1 Pacifics were a match for the performances demanded of them in the early 1920s . They were certainly able to take loads single @-@ handed that were beyond the capacity of their Atlantic predecessors as was shown in a test run made by 1471 when it took a 20 @-@ coach train weighing 600 long tons ( 610 t ; 670 short tons ) over the 105 miles ( 169 km ) from London to Grantham at an average speed of 51 @.@ 8 miles per hour ( 83 @.@ 4 km / h ) . However this was at the cost of heavy coal consumption , and general performance was well below the ultimate potential of the design . This was largely due to a regression from the earlier 3 @-@ cylinder 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 design , which was the first to have the standard Gresley conjugated motion combined with long valve travel . However , practical problems were experienced with components quickly suffering from premature wear , especially in the main bearing of the large 2 : 1 lever which had not yet been fitted with the very necessary ball race ; excessive ' play ' led to so much over @-@ travel of the middle valve , that it began to hit the end @-@ covers . In order to prevent this , when applying the gear to the Pacifics , Gresley fell back on the expedient of shortening valve travel even though that choked the exhaust at speed , was responsible for the heavy coal consumption , and negated most of the advantages gained by the locomotive 's revolutionary design . However , by incorporating the Great Western @-@ inspired valve modifications , the economies in coal and water consumption achieved were such that the 180 psi Pacifics could undertake long @-@ distance non @-@ stop runs that were previously impossible . The first and most spectacular outcome occurred in 1928 , when the Pacifics were called upon daily to work the Flying Scotsman train non @-@ stop over the 392 miles ( 631 km ) between London and Edinburgh . Initially three A1s and two A3s took turns on this service . The modifications also gave the A1 locomotives greater speed potential , and the proof of this came in 1933 when a high @-@ speed 3 @-@ car diesel railcar service had been mooted . As this would have provided limited accommodation for passengers , it was proposed to use steam traction at similar service speeds with six carriages . A trial return run between London and Leeds was made with modified A1 locomotive number 4472 , Flying Scotsman ; on the return trip with 6 coaches weighing 208 long tons ( 211 @.@ 3 t ; 233 @.@ 0 short tons ) it attained 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) ( 160 km / h ) just outside Little Bytham in Lincolnshire for just over 600 yards ( 549 m ) . There were earlier claims to this speed , notably by the Great Western locomotive 3440 City of Truro , but this 1933 run is generally considered to be the first reliably recorded instance . On a later trial run to Newcastle upon Tyne and back in 1935 , A3 number 2750 Papyrus reached 108 miles per hour ( 174 km / h ) hauling 217 long tons ( 220 t ; 243 short tons ) at the same spot , maintaining a speed above 100 mph ( 161 km / h ) for 12 @.@ 5 consecutive miles ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) , the world record for a non @-@ streamlined locomotive , shared with a French Chapelon Pacific . = = = Wartime service = = = Along with all the Gresley 3 @-@ cylinder types , the Pacifics suffered from low wartime maintenance standards , conditions for which they had not been designed . Gresley 's sudden death in 1941 and an unsympathetic successor , Edward Thompson , did not help matters in this respect . In 1945 Thompson took the opportunity to rebuild the first of Gresley 's A1 Pacifics , Great Northern , to the LNER Class A1 / 1 specification with divided drive and separate valve gear for the inside cylinder . Thompson intended to rebuild to this configuration all the Gresley A1s that had not been converted to A3 standard ; in the meantime the remaining Gresley A1s were reclassified as A10s . The rebuilding of these locomotives as A1 / 1 never happened . Instead , the conversion to A3 standard continued . The A1 / 1 was at first classified as A1 , and reclassified as A1 / 1 when Arthur Peppercorn designed and constructed his own Class A1s in 1947 . = = = Post @-@ war recovery and nationalisation = = = The Gresley 3 @-@ cylinder drive arrangement continued to bring a number of practical problems , the root of which was probably the need for the inside cylinder to be steeply inclined in order to give space for the inside connecting rod to clear the leading coupled axle ; at the same time , the inside valve spindle had to be parallel with the outside ones from which it derived its motion . This problem had been overcome by what Holcroft called a " twist in the ports " ( the passages that carried steam in and out of the cylinders ) . A consequence was that the length of these passages was greater than that generally recommended , increasing " dead space " , and this was combined with a shorter exhaust passage . The net result would be rather different working conditions in the middle cylinder from those on the outside . A contributing problem was that any elongation of the outside valve spindles was multiplied by the conjugated valve gear . Although this had been anticipated at the design stage , the overall consequence was that the inside cylinder had a tendency to give more power than the other two as speed increased , leading to the overloading of the inside connecting rod bearings , especially the big @-@ end which was liable to overheat and fail . Various experiments were tried over the years to cure this chronic ailment , and it was only towards the end of the steam era that a real solution was found in Great Western methods of lubrication and manufacture for the big @-@ end bearing . Other problems persisted , such as a stiff , insensitive regulator and overall design flaws that hampered maintenance . In spite of all this and the introduction of more recent Pacifics , in the middle of the 1950s Gresley types continued to have a quasi @-@ monopoly of East Coast Main Line express passenger services , and as the Sixties approached they went through yet another series of improvements comparable to those of the 1920s . The most significant of these was the fitting of the French double Kylchap exhaust system , which was entirely due to the persistence from 1956 of P. N. Townend , Assistant District Motive Power Superintendent at King 's Cross locomotive shed . These modifications greatly reduced exhaust back pressure , making the locomotives more economical and free @-@ running , and also kept the firetubes clean , reducing turn @-@ around time , so much so that they were able to fit into the more intensive diesel locomotive workings . The Kylchap arrangement was already being universally applied to the A4 streamlined Pacifics , though with the non @-@ streamlined A3 locomotives , the soft exhaust gave rise to smoke drift obscuring the driver 's forward vision . The solution came in the form of narrow German @-@ style smoke deflectors , which somewhat changed the appearance of the A3 locomotives in their latter days . The prototype locomotive , number 60113 Great Northern , had been rebuilt by Edward Thompson into a virtually new design . The first to be withdrawn was 60104 Solario in 1959 , followed by 60095 Flamingo and 60055 Woolwinder in 1961 . Otherwise , the class remained intact until 1962 , and was still operating on express passenger work . The last class member to be withdrawn by British Railways was number 60052 , Prince Palatine in January 1966 . = = Accidents and incidents = = On 26 May 1926 , during the General Strike , locomotive No. 2565 Merry Hampton was hauling an express passenger train which was deliberately derailed south of Cramlington , Northumberland . On 10 December 1937 , no . 2744 Grand Parade was destroyed in the Castlecary rail accident when it ran into the rear of a standing train in snowy conditions . The driver and fireman survived with minor injuries although the locomotive and tender were buried under the four following coaches . 35 other passengers and railway crew were killed in the accident . As Class A3 locomotives were still in production at the time , a replacement was built with the same name and number . On 9 August 1947 , locomotive No. 60 Persimmon was hauling a passenger train that was run into by another at Darlington , County Durham due to a signalman 's error . Twenty @-@ one people were killed and 188 were injured . On 26 October 1947 , locomotive No. 66 Merry Hampton was hauling an express passenger train which was derailed at Goswick , Northumberland due to excessive speed through a crossover . Twenty @-@ eight people were killed and 65 were injured . On 19 February 1949 , a freight train became divided at New Southgate , London . The rear portion was able to run back and cross from the down slow line to the down fast line due to a signalman 's error . Locomotive No. 60107 Royal Lancer was hauling a parcels passenger train that collided with the wagons . On 5 August 1957 , locomotive No. 60036 Colombo was hauling a passenger train when it crashed into the buffers at York station . On 15 December 1961 , an empty coaching stock train was in a rear @-@ end collision with a freight train at Conington , Huntingdonshire . Locomotive No. 60078 Night Hawk was hauling a freight train that ran into the wreckage . A third freight train then ran into the wreckage . = = Preservation = = The sole surviving member of the A3s and A1s is 4472 ( 60103 ) Flying Scotsman . The locomotive was withdrawn from service with British Railways in 1963 and was sold for preservation to Alan Pegler . After overhaul , Scotsman worked a number of railtours , including a non @-@ stop London – Edinburgh run in 1968 , the final year of steam traction on British Railways . After a much @-@ publicised appeal in 2004 , Flying Scotsman was purchased by the National Railway Museum in York and is now part of the National Collection . = = In fiction = = In The Railway Series children 's books by the Rev. W. Awdry , the character Gordon the Big Engine is loosely based on an A1 . According to the Rev. Awdry , in The Island of Sodor : Its People , History and Railways , Gordon was a " hush @-@ hush " experimental prototype for Gresley 's Pacific locomotives for the GNR ( the so @-@ called A0 ) . Built in 1922 , Gordon was sold to the Fat Controller in 1923 , once testing was complete . Following problems with the conjugated valve gear , Gordon was substantially rebuilt in 1939 on a two @-@ cylinder chassis designed by the Fat Controller ( which explains why Gordon did not look exactly like an A1 in the books ) . = = Models = = Tri @-@ ang , and later Hornby , have produced ' OO ' -scale models of Flying Scotsman almost continuously since the 1960s . In the 2000s , Hornby also produced live steam examples , re @-@ using the chassis from the initial LNER Class A4 models . Other manufacturers have produced models in other scales , such as Minitrix ( N @-@ gauge ) and Bassett @-@ Lowke ( O @-@ gauge ) .
= Don Black ( baseball ) = Donald Paul Black ( July 20 , 1917 – April 21 , 1959 ) was an American right @-@ handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for six seasons in the American League with the Philadelphia Athletics and Cleveland Indians . In 154 career games , Black pitched 797 innings and posted a win @-@ loss record of 34 – 55 , with 37 complete games , four shutouts , and a 4 @.@ 35 earned run average ( ERA ) . Born in Salix , Iowa , he played minor league baseball in Fairbury , Nebraska , and Petersburg , Virginia , before signing with the Philadelphia Athletics . He played with them for three seasons before being released . Black signed with the Cleveland Indians at the end of 1945 , and after a season with them joined Alcoholics Anonymous . After completing the program , he played two more seasons with Cleveland , pitching a no @-@ hitter on July 10 , 1947 . On September 13 , 1948 , Black suffered a cerebral hemorrhage on the field , which marked the end of his professional career . After a comeback attempt , Black went on to become a sports announcer and salesman . He died in 1959 . = = Early life and minor leagues = = Black was born in Salix , Iowa . He had his first taste of professional baseball in 1937 , when he was signed by the Fairbury Jeffs of the Nebraska State League . The Jeffs were the rookie @-@ level minor league team of the St. Louis Browns farm system . He played alongside two others who would later make the major leagues , George Bradley and Johnny Lucadello . Black pitched in 26 games for the Jeffs , posting a 5 @-@ 11 record , 154 innings pitched , and a 4 @.@ 85 ERA . He spent the next three years out of professional baseball , then signed a contract with the Petersburg Rebels of the Virginia League . Black spent the 1941 and 1942 seasons with the Rebels . In 1941 , he pitched in 19 games , starting 16 of them . He won 11 games , lost five , and had an ERA of 2 @.@ 35 . He also threw the first no @-@ hitter of his career that season . The following season , Black pitched in 34 games for the rebels , tying for the team lead with Lou Knerr . He pitched 235 innings , winning 18 games , losing 11 , and finishing with an ERA of 2 @.@ 49 . Black was selected for the 1942 Virginia League all @-@ star game , but did not attend . Instead , he was at the hospital where his wife gave birth to his second child , a daughter . He also threw the second no @-@ hitter of his career , which led to a tryout with the Philadelphia Athletics . = = Philadelphia Athletics = = When he was called up by the Athletics , Black worked to earn a spot on the roster in spring training . After performances which included a 2 – 0 victory over the University of Delaware baseball team where he struck out three in an inning , he was awarded a spot on the Athletics ’ roster for the 1943 Philadelphia Athletics season . That pitching rotation featured many other rookie pitchers including Jesse Flores . Black made his major league debut on April 24 , 1943 and was in the Athletics ’ starting rotation most of the season . He had some early success in his career , pitching a one @-@ hitter on May 30 against the St. Louis Browns in a 3 – 0 victory . Black finished the season with a 6 – 16 record , a 4 @.@ 20 ERA , and 208 innings pitched . He also pitched 110 bases on balls , and hit six batters with pitches ; both numbers were second highest in the American League . Black remained in the starting rotation at the beginning of the 1944 Philadelphia Athletics season , despite possibility of him being drafted into the United States Army for World War II . He was rejected for military service after a physical examination on June 22 , and remained with the team throughout the season . His win total improved from last season ; however , he went a span of about a month , from June 28 until late July , without a victory . He finished the season with a 10 – 12 record , a 4 @.@ 06 ERA , and 27 games started , second highest on the team behind Bobo Newsom . At the end of the season , there were rumors that manager Connie Mack was planning to trade Black and Frankie Hayes to Cleveland for Jim Bagby , Jr. and Jeff Heath , though Mack stated that there was no substance to the rumors . The following season , Black was part of an optimistic Athletics team , so much so that coach Earle Mack felt that Black , Newsom , Flores , and Russ Christopher were the best quartet of starting pitchers in the league . He started the season being considered the ace of the staff , as the others in the rotation were either battling injury or not yet conditioned . His third season in the majors , however , ended with little success . Early on in the season , Black missed some playing time as a result of a badly bruised finger . He was later suspended for a month for violation of team rules . Upon his return , Connie Mack noted that it would be Black 's " last chance " to avoid trouble . He finished the season with a 5 – 11 record and a 5 @.@ 17 ERA . This was Black 's final season on the Athletics . At the conclusion of the season , he was sold to the Cleveland Indians for an undisclosed amount . Connie Mack later stated that he regretfully fired him due to his alcohol use , leading to him not being dependable as a pitcher . = = Cleveland Indians = = Black began the 1946 Cleveland Indians season as a member of the roster , looking to get playing time in an established starting rotation . His season began inauspiciously when he was hit on the chin with a ball , causing him to miss a week during spring training . The 1946 season marked the first time that Black did not finish on the major league roster . After pitching in 18 games for the Indians , he was sent to the Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association . While with the Brewers , Black failed to win any games , and at one point was suspended after he disappeared during a road trip . At the conclusion of the season , Indians owner Bill Veeck had a talk with Black , who admitted he had a problem with drunkenness . He agreed to spend the winter with Alcoholics Anonymous with Veek 's help , and by the time the 1947 Cleveland Indians season began , Black was sober . The year 1947 became a career year for the now @-@ sober Black . There was optimism in the Indians clubhouse regarding his talent , with manager Lou Boudreau saying that Black was " a leading candidate for one of our starting jobs . " In his first pitching appearance of the season against the Detroit Tigers , a tough 5 – 3 victory , someone in the press box said , " I wonder what he ’ d give for a slug of bourbon " , to which he replied , " All I wanted in that situation was a fresh stick of chewing gum . Bourbon doesn ’ t even tempt me . " He followed this with a 1 – 0 shutout win against the Chicago White Sox . A game against his former team , the Philadelphia Athletics , became the highlight of his career . On July 10 , 1947 , Black no @-@ hit the Athletics 3 @-@ 0 at Cleveland Stadium , allowing six walks and five strikeouts in besting Bill McCahan — himself a no @-@ hit pitcher on September 3 of that 1947 season . Only Eddie Joost came close to getting a hit on Black , hitting a ball in the eighth inning that just barely went foul . On top of his no @-@ hit performance , Black had two singles and a squeeze bunt that day . He was modest about his performance afterwards , saying " My control was pretty bad . I got behind on a lot of hitters , but they didn 't seem to hit me . " Black finished the season with ten wins , 12 losses , a 3 @.@ 92 ERA , eight complete games , and three shutouts . At the end of the season , he was planning to play in the Cuban Winter League along with fellow Indians Bob Feller and Al Lopez , though this did not eventuate . During the off @-@ season , Black returned to his hometown of Salix , where he was given a key to the city and made honorary mayor for a day . The 1948 Cleveland Indians season began with Black maintaining a spot in the starting rotation . He had spent the off @-@ season selling tickets for the Indians in Hot Springs , Arkansas . After signing a new contract , Black earned his first victory of 1948 on May 23 in a doubleheader against the New York Yankees , winning 5 – 1 in the second game . Early on in the season , due to the Indians ' pitching depth , Black , along with Al Gettel and Bob Muncrief , lost their starting jobs and were moved to the bullpen , though there were plans to still use Black occasionally as a starter . He missed some playing time in June as the result of a bone chip in his left big toe , suffered during batting practice . He pitched for the Indians for most of the rest of the season , making ten starts in 18 total appearances , finishing the season with two wins and losses , a 5 @.@ 37 ERA , and 52 innings pitched . About a month before the end of the season , Black pitched his final professional baseball game . During the height of the 1948 pennant race , on September 13 in Cleveland , Black suffered a cerebral hemorrhage while batting in the second inning during a home game against the St. Louis Browns . He had fouled off a pitch into the upper deck of the stadium , and then collapsed holding onto his neck . He was able to walk to the dugout under his own power , but had lost consciousness by the time an ambulance arrived . Black was taken to St. Vincent Charity Hospital and was conscious for a time , but lapsed into a coma . His doctor noted that he was likely to make a full recovery , though he was " through with baseball for this year and possibly for good . " After a few days in critical condition , he had begun to recover and his condition was reported to have improved greatly . In response to Black 's injury , the Indians hosted a " Don Black Night " on September 23 in a game against the Boston Red Sox to help raise money for his medical bills . In a game watched by 76 @,@ 772 fans , the Indians raised $ 40 @,@ 370 for Black as they won the game , 5 – 2 . The Indians went on to defeat the Red Sox in a one @-@ game playoff for the American League pennant and the Boston Braves in six games in the 1948 World Series as Black recovered in the hospital . After the Indians won the World Series , Lou Boudreau said that the Indians won the title in his honor . = = Later life = = After a stay of six weeks , Black was released from the hospital in late October 1948 . He continued to suffer from headaches , however , and had to have further surgery done in December to remove a weak spot in an artery near his head . He was released from the hospital shortly afterward , but by the start of 1949 his time with the Indians was over , as Bill Veeck stated he would not accept the responsibility of allowing Black to pitch again , though said " If Black is determined to try it again , I won 't stand in his way . " This statement , however , did not keep Black away , as he signed a contract in late January with the Indians for the same amount as the previous season . After pitching with the Indians in Florida for spring training , he returned to Cleveland and decided to retire temporarily , citing that he felt too weak to be effective . He made one final pitching appearance before retiring in an exhibition game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 13 , pitching two innings for the Indians in a 1 – 0 loss . After his retirement from baseball , Black went on to become a sportscaster , automobile salesman , and insurance salesman . He lived with his wife , Joyce , and his two daughters , Stevie and Donna , in Cuyahoga Falls , Ohio . In December 1957 , Black was injured in a car accident in Virginia , leaving him in critical condition . He recovered and spent the following summer teaching for the city recreation department . The following year , on April 21 , 1959 , Black died in Cuyahoga Falls while watching an Indians game at his home .
= Saw Mill River = The Saw Mill River is a 23 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 37 @.@ 8 km ) tributary of the Hudson River in Westchester County , New York , United States . It flows from an unnamed pond north of Chappaqua to Getty Square in Yonkers , where it empties into the Hudson as that river 's southernmost tributary . It is the only major stream in southern Westchester County to drain into the Hudson instead of Long Island Sound . It drains an area of 26 @.@ 5 square miles ( 69 km2 ) , most of it heavily developed suburbia . For 16 miles ( 26 km ) , it flows parallel to the Saw Mill River Parkway , a commuter artery , an association that has been said to give the river an " identity crisis . " The watershed was first settled by the Dutch and was the site of Philipse Manor Hall , seat of Philipsburg Manor . The land was owned by Frederick Philipse I and subsequent generations until the family lost it at the end of the American Revolution . The land along the river was later divided into multiple towns . Industry in Yonkers developed along the Saw Mill , so polluting the river by the end of the 19th century that a local poet called it a " snake @-@ like yellow scrawl of scum " . In the 1920s , the last half @-@ mile ( 800 m ) of the stream was routed into tunnels and culverts under downtown Yonkers , a process partially reversed in the early 21st century when it became the first major New York waterway to be daylighted . Today , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rates the river 's last 2 @.@ 9 miles ( 4 @.@ 7 km ) as an impaired water body . Plastics are commonly found along the riverbank , and metals from industrial factories are found in the water in high concentrations . Nonetheless , the river is home to species such as the American eel , which swim upstream to mature and swim back into the Hudson and the ocean in order to breed . = = Course = = The Saw Mill River rises from a 1 @.@ 75 @-@ acre ( 7 @,@ 100 m2 ) pond in a wooded area of the town of New Castle roughly 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Chappaqua , a half @-@ mile ( 800 m ) west of Quaker Road State Route 120 ( NY 120 ) and just south of Stony Hollow Road , at an elevation of 490 feet ( 150 m ) above sea level . It wends and meanders past a cemetery , between hills , through a residential area of houses on large wooded lots in a generally southward direction . Just north of Marcourt Drive , its first crossing , it is impounded to create another small pond . In this area it is frequently channelized and impounded as part of the landscaping on the area 's large residential land lots . After crossing under Kipp Street , it bends eastward to cross under Quaker Road . A short channelized portion runs through the front yard of a large house on Quaker southeast of the intersection , after which the river flows back under Quaker and behind the houses on the west side into another impoundment , Chappaqua 's Duck Pond . From its outlet it continues southeast between Quaker on its east and Douglas and Mill River roads on the west to the Saw Mill River Parkway . Just west of the Chappaqua train station , it turns southwest to parallel both the parkway and Metro @-@ North Railroad 's Harlem Line as both cross into the town of Mount Pleasant . At this point the river is at 340 feet ( 100 m ) in elevation , a loss of 150 feet ( 46 m ) from its source . Just south of the town line , it receives Tertia Brook , its first named tributary , from the east . A mile past the town line , the river and its eponymous parkway pass the village of Pleasantville to the east . There the river crosses under the parkway to flow on its west , then crosses and recrosses at the Pleasantville Road ( State Route 117 ) exit . Both make a long turn to the southeast and then back to the southwest around Graham Hills County Park , where it receives Nanny Hagen Brook from the east , before crossing back to the parkway 's west in the flood plain around the base of the hills as road , river and rail pass the unincorporated hamlets of Thornwood , and Hawthorne , where the Harlem Line turns to the south . Just east of the Taconic State Parkway , the river again crosses under the Saw Mill Parkway , then the Taconic . Shortly after that exit it crosses under Saw Mill River Road ( State Routes 9A and 100 ) and some ramps to them from the interchange , then under the Saw Mill Parkway . Both turn south again , then southeast , following the eastern edge of the Pocantico Hills , joined on the west by the North County Trailway bike path , on the right @-@ of @-@ way of the former New York and Putnam Railroad , known as the " Old Put " . The river crosses under the parkway again to form the eastern edge of a plant nursery on Saw Mill River Road , then recrosses as the river , bike path , parkway and Saw Mill River Road all bend around the northwest corner of Eastview , where the Saw Mill drops below 200 feet ( 61 m ) in elevation , a loss of 100 feet ( 30 m ) since Chappaqua . A turn back to the southwest around Tarrytown Lakes County Park puts the river at the outskirts of Elmsford . There it receives Mine Brook from the east . Here the bike path ends amidst the dense urban development , but the parkway continues , and the two again draw close as they enter the town of Greenburgh and intersect the Cross Westchester Expressway ( Interstate 287 ) . A new bike path , the South County Trailway , begins here just south of the West Main Street ( State Route 119 ) bridge north of the Rum Brook confluence . Past that the parkway , trailway and the Saw Mill River all turn southwest , where they intersect the New York State Thruway ( Interstate 87 ) at an oblique angle . For the next mile the Thruway remains close to the river , and Saw Mill River Road , now just carrying NY 9A , returns to the corridor just east of the Thruway as well . The river then runs along the west of V. Everit Macy Park . As part of the park facilities , the Saw Mill River is impounded into Woodlands Lake , the largest impoundment on the Saw Mill River , used as a water supply by the local communities of Ardsley and Dobbs Ferry , whose northern village line is just to the south . The river runs close to the boundary between the two , as the Thruway gradually veers away to the southeast just past the Ashford Avenue bridge . Continuing south @-@ southwest , the river along with the parkway and trailway enter Hastings @-@ on @-@ Hudson , its greenbelt the only major break in the village 's dense suburban development . It slowly veers toward a more southerly heading , and enters the Nepera Park neighborhood of Yonkers after one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , just south of Farragut Parkway . Once in the neighborhood , the Saw Mill River flows through a Yonkers sewage treatment plant , the other impoundment of the river . After leaving the plant , 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 km ) to the south of where the river entered Yonkers , the parkway and trailway diverge from the river after 16 miles ( 26 km ) , to climb over the watershed divide to Tibbetts Brook . Saw Mill River Road continues to parallel its namesake . Bending to the southwest again , the Saw Mill flows in a narrow channel through an industrial and commercial area . A mile south of the parkway , it flows through the middle of the former Smith Carpet Mills site , where it finally drops to 100 feet ( 30 m ) in elevation . After crossing Ashburton Avenue , the river bends around to flow briefly to the northwest under Nepperhan Avenue after crossing the Old Croton Aqueduct . It circles around War Memorial Field , giving up its remaining elevation as the Hudson River nears . The Saw Mill River turns south again past the park . After passing the towers of a large housing project to its west , it is routed into an underground tunnel at Chicken Island , the triangle between Nepperhan and Palisade avenues and School Street . At Van der Donck Park in downtown Yonkers , it resurfaces as it flows past the post office . For its final hundred feet ( 30 m ) , it re @-@ enters a tunnel under the train station and the tracks of the Hudson Line , after which culverts empty it into the Hudson south of Dock Street . = = Watershed = = The Saw Mill 's 26 @.@ 5 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 69 km2 ) watershed is limited by the hilly topography of central Westchester County to a valley that averages 1 @.@ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) wide ; the only wider spots are the Mine Brook and Tarrytown Lakes subwatersheds and the river 's mouth in downtown Yonkers . The highest elevation in the watershed is 710 feet ( 220 m ) , reached in two locations : the summit of Sarles Hill north of Pleasantville , and an unnamed height of land about 1 @,@ 200 feet ( 370 m ) southwest of Buttermilk Hill , west of Hawthorne . From source to mouth , 10 % of the watershed is in New Castle , 42 % in the town of Mount Pleasant , 33 % in Greenburgh , and 14 % in Yonkers . 63 % of the watershed consists of dense urban or less dense suburban land development , 34 % forest , and 1 % agricultural . The woodlands buffering the river and the South County Trailway is one of the few significant areas of open space in the county south of I @-@ 287 . Some 110 @,@ 000 people live in the Saw Mill River 's watershed , in communities varying from small villages to Yonkers , New York 's fourth @-@ largest city . This is 12 % of the county 's total , on 6 % of its area . The watershed 's population density varies from 1 @,@ 000 per square mile around the headwaters at Chappaqua to 10 @,@ 000 around the mouth . It averages to 4 @,@ 151 per square mile , twice that of the county and ten times the density for the state . On the north , the Saw Mill watershed is bordered by the watersheds of Gedney Brook and the Kisco River , both of which drain into New Croton Reservoir on the Croton River , one of several large reservoirs in that watershed that are part of New York City 's water supply system . On the northeast , the adjacent watersheds drain into Kensico Reservoir , another that supplies the city . Moving south , the next watersheds are tributaries of the Bronx River , then Yonkers ' Grassy Sprain Reservoir and finally Tibbetts Brook . To its west in the narrow strip between the Saw Mill and the Hudson are the Pocantico River and Sheldon Brook watersheds at the north end of the watershed , and those of unnamed shorter streams at the south . = = History = = = = = Pre @-@ colonial = = = The Saw Mill River , then known as the Nepperhan River , acted as a boundary between the Manhattan Indians and the Weckquaesgeeks , members of the Algonquian family who fished the region 's streams and lakes with rods and nets . The Manhattans occupied present @-@ day New York City north to the river , while the Weckquaesgeeks occupied the land from the river north to the Pocantico River . The Manhattans ' principal village , Nepperamack , was on the site of present @-@ day Yonkers where the Saw Mill River discharges into the Hudson River . The Weckquaesgeeks settled the site of today 's Dobbs Ferry , and on the river 's banks west of White Plains . = = = Colonial period = = = In 1639 , the Dutch West India Company acquired from the Manhattans the area that would become Yonkers . Seven years later , Dutch settler Adriaen van der Donck was granted part of this land , including the southern section of the Saw Mill River . His estate was called Colen @-@ Donck , for " Donck 's colony " , and the Nepperhan became known as Colen @-@ Donck 's Kill , after the Dutch word for " stream " . He built a sawmill and a gristmill on his land . After his death , his widow gradually sold the land . In the 1670s , part of Donck 's land passed to Frederick Philipse , who was rewarded with 90 @,@ 000 acres ( 360 km2 ) , including the lower river , for declaring his loyalty to the new British rulers of New Netherlands . Philipse named the manor Philipsborough and ran it as a quasi @-@ feudal farm , hiring tenants to work the land . Around 1682 , he built Philipse Manor Hall , a mansion along the Saw Mill River that is today a National Historic Landmark . When Philipse died around 1702 , the manor was divided between his son Adolph and grandson Frederick II . In 1750 , his great @-@ grandson Frederick III inherited the whole property and moved from his New York City townhouse to the manor hall , previously used as the family 's summer home . Frederick sat in the Colonial Assembly , where he was a strong supporter of the British government that had given his family everything it owned , but he was primarily interested in managing the land . He improved the manor hall and worked to attract tenant farmers to the land . The family was known for its relaxed approach to its tenants , and the farm was very profitable . Commercially navigable only at its mouth , the Saw Mill River itself was useless as a way to bring crops to market , limiting settlement further upriver . Nevertheless , the roots of present @-@ day communities along the river were established during the colonial era . In 1695 , a land agent named Isaac See settled at the north bound of Philipse Manor , in the flat land between a bend in the river . Other farmers came to the area , and the settlement ultimately became today 's village of Pleasantville . By 1704 , the area that is today Elmsford was known as Storm 's Bridge , after Abraham Storm , who established a tavern at the junction of the Saw Mill River and Tarrytown roads ( today routes 9A and 119 ) that is the center of that village today . In 1719 , one of the Philipse tenant farmers , William Hammond , built his house on land he leased in what is today Eastview , where his house still stands . Along the river to the north , his brother Staats Hammond built two mills along the river ; the small settlement of Hammond 's Mill became today 's Hawthorne . Other settlers came to the Saw Mill River 's headwaters from a different direction . Quakers had been immigrating to Long Island since the previous century to escape religious persecution in England ; in the 1700s , " Shapequaw " , north of the present hamlet of Chappaqua , was established . In the middle of the century , the community built its meeting house ; it and other buildings of the era are today part of the Old Chappaqua Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . = = = = Revolutionary War = = = = As tensions rose between the colonists and Britain in the early 1770s , Philipse remained loyal to the crown . He was arrested in August 1776 and held in Connecticut until a parole grant at the end of the year allowed him to return home as long as he did nothing to support the British war effort . He broke that promise the next spring : he attempted , perhaps at the behest of his wife , to inform the British that a passing column of Continental Army troops was headed south to attack a British camp at Morrisania , now in the Bronx . Shortly afterwards he fled to British @-@ occupied New York ; he would never return to his home along the Saw Mill . Communities along the Saw Mill played minor parts in the Revolutionary War , especially after the Battle of White Plains in October 1776 . The defeated Continentals retreated to the vicinity of Peekskill while the victorious British withdrew to Kingsbridge in what is now the Bronx . Neither side wanted to cede control of the Hudson Valley , which divided New England from the other colonies . This left most of Westchester unoccupied neutral ground . However , Westchester was not demilitarized . Local militias and raiding parties affiliated with both sides fought each other and terrorized the other 's sympathizers and supporters . Many residents of southern Westchester abandoned their farms and drove their herds up the valley to Buttermilk Hill to protect them from Loyalist raids . The Continentals built forts near Hawthorne , where a minor tributary named Flykill Creek drained into the Saw Mill ( roughly at the junction of today 's Saw Mill and Taconic parkways ) , and built Yankee Dam to create a lake wide enough to slow any British progress up the river . At Chappaqua , the pacifist Quakers opened their meetinghouse as a hospital for injured Continental Army soldiers . Storm 's tavern was a gathering place for Continental officers and , later , their French colleagues . As one of the few routes into hilly central Westchester , the river and its associated roads saw frequent skirmishes . In November 1777 , three young men with Patriot sympathies were walking near the river crossing on the Dobbs Ferry Road ( now Ashford Avenue ) when they came upon a group of horsemen affiliated with Kipp 's Regiment , one of the county 's most @-@ feared Loyalist militias . The young men taunted their rivals , who beat them so severely that two later died . The survivor was awarded a pension , believed to be the first in U.S. history , by the Continental Congress . Later that month , Emmerich 's Chasseurs , an elite unit of Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries , staged a midnight raid on Storm 's Bridge . Hoping to capture Storm and his cousins the Van Tassels , all active in the local Patriot militia , the Chasseurs settled for burning and looting Storm 's house and tavern . Proceeding on to the Van Tassel houses , they trapped Cornelius Van Tassel Jr . , one of the cousins ' teenage sons . As the Chasseurs set fire to the houses , he hid on a roof , then jumped off , fended off some putative captors , and fled into the cold waters of the nearby Saw Mill . He got away , but soon died of hypothermia . The Saw Mill River and its adjacent terrain conferred some tactical advantages to those who knew it . One skirmish began when a Patriot militiaman , Jake Acker , was hunting in a bushy area of the eastern flood plain at Elmsford . Spying a large group of British soldiers and Loyalist supporters on the road to Storm 's tavern , Acker began sniping at them from his concealment . He fatally wounded one , changed his position amid the distraction , reloaded his musket , and killed another . Hearing the shots , other local Patriots came to Acker 's aid , and eventually all but one of the larger force were killed or captured . Some senior Continental Army officers spent time in the Saw Mill River valley . George Washington is said to have mentioned the " ford over the Nepperhan at the elm tree " , referring to a wide tree no longer extant ; a century later , residents named their hamlet after the remark . He left a meeting at the Hammond House in Eastview moments before Loyalists converged on it ; his host , Col , James Hammond , the commander of the Westchester militia , was captured and imprisoned for the rest of the war . On the British side , Major John André spent his last night before his capture , with documents exposing Benedict Arnold 's betrayal , at the Rookery inn in Hawthorne . Later in the war , Young 's farmhouse and Four Corners were the site of the largest military engagement near the river . By 1780 , the Continentals were operating much more freely around northern Westchester , although they had to stay on the move to avoid attack . In January , one company of about 250 troops from Massachusetts lingered long enough at Four Corners for local Loyalists to inform the British , who raised a force of about 100 cavalry and 400 to 500 infantry at Fort Washington , today on the northern tip of Manhattan . The force marched to Yonkers and up the Saw Mill overnight , arriving at Four Corners the next morning . The outnumbered Continentals put up stiff resistance , aided by the cold , heavy snow cover and their opponents ' fatigue , but most were ultimately killed or taken prisoner . The British and their Loyalist and Hessian allies celebrated by burning down the Young house ; the Continentals retreated to the north of the Croton River for the rest of the war . In 1779 , the New York State Legislature passed a bill of attainder confiscating the property of British officials and prominent Loyalists , Philipse included . The land , including land in the Saw Mill River watershed , was then distributed to the tenant farmers . In 1788 , the state divided into three the town of Greenburgh , in which the entire eastern half of the tract had been located . The towns of Yonkers and Mount Pleasant joined Greenburgh , all approximately within their present boundaries . In 1790 , a group of settlers organized the Greenburgh Presbyterian Church , and three years later built a church at Storm 's Bridge . ( Today , it is the National Register @-@ listed Elmsford Reformed Church , the oldest building in the village , the oldest church in continuous use in Westchester County . ) = = = 1800s and 1900s = = = Most of Yonkers ' economy in the early 19th century was derived from the Saw Mill River . As of 1813 , there was a small wharf slightly upstream from the mouth where the sloops that carried river trade put in . Five small mills existed along the river above the village , all with their own dams , small mill ponds , and nearby tenements for the workers . The stagecoach route up the Post Road stopped at an inn near the bridge ; a few stores existed to supply the workers there and at the mills . Some pastures and orchards existed , but the rocky soil deterred most attempts at farming . ( A historian later wrote that it was said at the time that " the succession of boulders was so continuous that one might have stepped from Getty Square to the present Glenwood without setting his foot upon the ground " . ) Between the rocky soil and Wells ' general refusal to sell or lease most of his land , there were so few settlers in Yonkers that two schoolhouses built during the Revolution fell into severe neglect due to the lack of students . The manor house and the surrounding land at the river 's mouth that is today downtown passed through several owners until 1813 , when New York merchant Lemuel Wells bought the 320 acres ( 130 ha ) around the manor house . Wells neither subdivided nor developed the property , although he did extensively landscape the manor house grounds . In 1831 , Wells built a long wharf into the Hudson just above the mouth of the Saw Mill for the steamboat service which had been established between New York and Albany . Otherwise , the property remained largely unchanged until his death in 1842 . Maps of the property from the time of Wells ' purchase and his death show the Saw Mill 's mouth widening into a small estuary before reaching the Hudson . The south bank of the river at the mouth had a 40 @-@ foot @-@ high ( 12 m ) bluff . The only construction directly affecting the river was the bridge that carried the Albany Post Road , today Riverdale and Warburton avenues , part of U.S. Route 9 and Route 9A , over the river . Wells had survived the death of his first wife and all four of his brothers ; he also had no children , leaving him without a clear heir . His estate was further complicated by his lack of a will . Accordingly , under New York law at the time , his holdings were divided among his widow , fifteen nephews and one grand nephew . They decided to subdivide and sell the property , and within a few years more buildings had gone up , just in time for the construction of the Hudson River Railroad in 1848 , which laid its track on a causeway right across the river 's mouth . Over the next several decades , as Yonkers ' population grew rapidly , leading it to incorporate as a village and then , in 1872 , a city , the rest of the estuary was filled in and narrowed and the bluffs on its south side graded out of existence . By the later decades of the 19th century , industry had grown up along the river 's lower portion . So much pollution was dumped into the river from the factories alongside it that a local poet lamented the Saw Mill 's decline in an 1891 quatrain : 'Tis now , at Yonkers 's spreading feet , A flow with odorous sins replete ; Its nitid bosom has becomeA snake @-@ like yellow scrawl of scum . To let the river replenish itself , most of the dams that had been built were removed in 1893 . Ten years later it had somewhat recovered , and people were again using it for drinking water and swimming . In the late 19th century , the New York and Putnam Railroad was built along the Saw Mill River from Putnam County to central Yonkers , and thence to Tibbets Creek and the Harlem River . Various parts of the line operated until the 1940s and the 1980s . The main line of the railroad is now devoted to bicycle and pedestrian paths . They are the South County Trailway on the parts south of Route 119 , and the North County Trailway north of 119 . To slake the thirst of its ever @-@ growing population , which had reached almost 100 @,@ 000 by 1915 , Yonkers tapped the Saw Mill . Water from an impoundment two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of downtown was held in two reservoirs and two water towers . It was purified by slow filtration through sand and then chlorinated . By 1919 the city was drawing an average of 10 @.@ 6 million gallons ( 40 @,@ 000 m3 ) a day from the river through this system . Despite this , the pollution of the river continued unabated , reversing its earlier recovery . In a 1920 report on the condition of public water supplies around the state , New York 's Health Department said " sanitary conditions upon the Saw Mill watershed are very unsatisfactory " , despite the considerable rules and regulations it had promulgated to protect the river in Yonkers . The city 's own public works department had noted dozens of violations for the previous year , most of them continued from the years before that . " A great many privies and cesspools are located on the edge of the Saw Mill and its tributaries and there is also drainage from poultry yards , barnyards and house drains , " the department noted Rather than enforce the violated regulations more strictly and clean up the river , the city chose to cover it up entirely . Between 1917 and 1922 , the last 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) of river , including a small gorge , was buried in a flume under the Getty Square neighborhood , an effort to halt the river 's frequent floods and quarantine its unsanitary water , and open up some space for further development . That same decade , the county parks commission proposed to build the Saw Mill River Parkway along the river , just as the 1922 Bronx River Parkway follows the Bronx River , and to add a sewer line along the river to prevent contamination of Yonkers ' water supply . Construction began in 1929 and continued throughout the Great Depression . By 1940 , the parkway had reached the river 's headwaters at Chappaqua , where World War II temporarily halted construction . In 1954 , it was complete . The parkway 's construction , along with that of the New York State Thruway later in the decade , required some adjustment of the river 's course in some areas . Westchester 's postwar development led to more stormwater runoff , which often flooded and closed the parkway . By 1958 , engineers were urging that the river be cleaned up to reduce flooding . Still , illegal dumping and overflows continued . For example , storm runoff gave the Yonkers section the river 's highest concentrations of heavy metals , PCBs , and other chemicals , according to a study of the river in 1983 , the year the city stopped using the Saw Mill as its primary water source . A decade later , the sediment in the Saw Mill had the highest concentration of metals in the United States Geological Survey 's entire water @-@ quality assessment program . = = = 2000s = = = A new kind of pollution entered the lower Saw Mill in 2003 when a Yonkers sugar refinery spilled hydrochloric acid into the river . Westchester District Attorney Jeanine Pirro brought criminal environmental charges against American Sugar Refining , the plant owner , which was forced to pay a $ 20 @,@ 000 fine ; make a $ 100 @,@ 000 donation to Riverkeeper , a regional environmental organization that focuses on the Hudson and its tributaries ; and give one ton ( 800 kg ) of sugar to Westchester Food @-@ PATCH , a local nonprofit that supplies food to other nonprofits . Riverkeeper passed the money it received along to the Saw Mill River Coalition for local projects in Yonkers . In 2008 , Groundwork Hudson Valley , the coordinator of the Saw Mill River Coalition , received a three @-@ year , $ 889 @,@ 183 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Targeted Watershed Grant . One of 15 recipients from a nationwide pool of more than 100 applicants , the group cleans up garbage , removes invasive species , and plants native trees along the river . The group also marks storm drains that drain to the river . On September 25 – 26 , 2009 , the Saw Mill River Coalition organized a BioBlitz to catalog species of plant life , animal life , insects , fungi , and bacteria in the river and its watershed . The Coalition is also looking to restore the wetlands along the river in order to reduce flooding . Raising of the Saw Mill Parkway continues ; in 2013 , a 900 @-@ foot ( 270 m ) stretch in Pleasantville was raised by three inches to reduce flooding from the river . = = = = Daylighting = = = = The City of Yonkers is currently working on a $ 48 million daylighting project that will remove the flume that the river flows through under Yonkers and bring the river to the surface . The project will uncover the river for six blocks in Downtown Yonkers . The newly surfaced river will be part of an urban park in Getty Square , Downtown Yonkers . The first phase of the project removed a parking lot that covered a two @-@ block section of the river in the Getty Square neighborhood of downtown Yonkers . Ground was broken on December 15 , 2010 , and the work was completed in December 2011 . Work on the second phase , which aims to expose the river in the Mill Street Courtyard , began on March 19 , 2014 . The project has stimulated real estate investment in the area . = = Recreation = = The river affords some of the few remaining open spaces in Westchester County . Near Ardsley and Dobbs Ferry , the river passes through V. E. Macy Park , popular for picnicking and fishing in Woodlands Lake . Butternut Ridge Park contains Tarrytown Lakes and a hiking trail . Two bicycle trails run along parts of the river : the North County Trailway and the South County Trailway , which run from Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx to Putnam County . The Saw Mill was also known as the closest trout fishing river to New York City . In the early 2000s , it was stocked with a few hundred trout each year . The lower river specifically is a good trout river . = = Hydrology = = The USGS maintains a stream gauge on the Saw Mill just above the river 's mouth in Yonkers . Mean discharge since 1944 has been 32 cubic feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m3 ) per second , with extremes of 1 @,@ 840 cubic feet ( 52 m3 ) during the April 2007 nor 'easter and 0 @.@ 11 cubic feet ( 3 @,@ 100 cm3 ) . Average annual precipitation in the watershed is 46 @.@ 2 inches ( 1 @,@ 170 mm ) . The Saw Mill River 's water quality varies , reflecting its history and surroundings . Its headwaters in the town of New Castle are considered " relatively healthy " . There the river is less disturbed , and its ecosystem supports a diversity of organisms . In Yonkers , where it flows through a concrete @-@ lined channel , there is less life in the water and it is considered to be environmentally impaired . A 1983 United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) study found that concentrations of heavy metals in the water increased further downstream , a phenomenon observed with many other pollutants in the river and correlated with the urbanization around and above its mouth . DDT was detected in the streambed sediments throughout the river . In its final 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) , more than 50 micrograms of PCBs were found per kilogram of water . In the 1990s , the USGS found that of the 35 Hudson tributaries it tested , the Saw Mill had the worst levels of cadmium , copper , mercury , nickel and zinc in the sediments near its mouth , and among the worst nationwide ( however , only the river 's manganese levels were found to exceed federal standards ) . It is believed to add more pollution to the Hudson than any other single tributary . Unusually for a river , the Saw Mill 's waters have consistently had a slightly alkaline pH , suggesting it has not been as affected by acid rain as other Hudson tributaries . In 1951 , a state Department of Health survey reported pH between 7 @.@ 25 and 9 @.@ 1 . Four decades later , another study found pH readings rising steadily from 7 @.@ 59 in Chappaqua to 8 @.@ 24 in Yonkers . Similarly , a 2007 Manhattan College study done for the New York State Water Resources Institute found a median low of 7 @.@ 36 in Chappaqua and a median high of 7 @.@ 81 near Torre Road in Yonkers , with a drop to 7 @.@ 67 at the tunnel , for a total median for the river of 7 @.@ 59 . The lowest recorded pH in the year @-@ long study was 7 @.@ 1 at Chappaqua with the highest reading , 8 @.@ 17 , at Torre Road . All results were between 6 @.@ 5 and 8 @.@ 5 , the range required by state regulations . The 1983 USGS study also classified the water quality of the entire river . The first 14 @.@ 5 miles ( 23 @.@ 3 km ) from the river 's source in Chappaqua was classified as suitable for any purpose besides drinking . The next 6 @.@ 0 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) was classified as being safe to drink . The last 3 @.@ 0 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of the river from the sewage treatment plant to the Hudson was determined to be unsafe to drink , bathe in or fish in . The water was only safe for agricultural and industrial use . In regulations adopted in 1985 and amended in 2008 , New York 's Department of Environmental Conservation ( DEC ) divides the river into four water @-@ quality regions similar to those in the 1983 USGS study . The first 1 @,@ 100 feet ( 340 m ) from the Saw Mill 's mouth is affected by the Hudson 's tides and thus is often salty like the river at that point . It is considered Saline Class B surface water , to be kept suitable for primary and secondary contact recreation such as swimming , boating and fishing , and capable of supporting " fish , shellfish and wildlife propagation and survival . " The next section extends to the tailwater at the Yonkers sewage plant impoundment , and is Class C fresh water , with the same purposes , to the extent that " other factors " do not limit them . From there to the Woodlands Lake inlet is the third section , designated as Class A fresh water , to be kept clean enough for drinking . The remainder to the source is the fourth section , designated Class B , or fresh water kept to the same standards as the salt water above the river 's mouth . Tributaries , named and unnamed , and subtributaries are generally held to the same standards as the section into which they drain . A 1991 study by Irene Gruenfeld , a Williams College undergraduate , measured various pollutants at eight points along the river , from just below the duck pond in Chappaqua to inside the tunnel in Yonkers . The levels increased as the river flowed along , suggesting that most pollutants , especially dissolved salts , came from urban runoff instead of any single point source . The exception was PCBs , which rose drastically south of Elmsford ( a finding that concurred with an earlier study ) and then doubled in Yonkers . The study noted that this suggested a point source , perhaps a known burial site for used capacitors in the Elmsford area , yet Gruenfeld argued that cleaning up this and other possible point sources would not eliminate PCBs in the river . While the PCBs in the river were found somewhat biodegraded , chlordane levels are high enough that DEC recommends eating no more than a half @-@ pound ( 230 g ) of fish or eel from the Saw Mill per month . A 2004 @-@ 05 EPA study of the river rated the water quality 6 out of 100 . The study also discovered that dissolved oxygen levels in the water were low because there were few organisms , poor sediment , and little plant life in the river . Although storm water from residential neighborhoods added dissolved oxygen , it also brought ammonia from fertilizer . The Army Corps of Engineers found that the channeling prevented aquatic life from sustaining itself ; few fish naturally spawn in the river because of the cement casing and flume at its mouth . Two years later , a joint study by Manhattan College and the New York State Water Resources Institute found high levels of human fecal bacteria in the water , likely due to municipal wastewater . All 12 sites exceeded the state maximum of a monthly median of 200 organisms per 100 milliliters ( ml ) over five months . Levels were , as with most of the river 's other pollutants , generally the highest near the mouth . However , the uppermost sampling site in the study , at the Chappaqua Metro @-@ North station recorded the greatest single reading of any site , 1 @.@ 2 × 105 organisms per 100 ml , as well as the second @-@ highest ; the researchers speculated that this was due to sewer overflow in the area at the times of those readings . Most of the high coliform readings came after rainfall except at the two sites furthest downstream ; the study theorized that some older buildings in this area of Yonkers may still discharge sewage directly to the river . Since most of the Saw Mill River flows under the shade of a forest canopy , the bacteria may be less likely to be inactivated by sunlight than in other streams . The riverbanks in Yonkers are often lined with tires , shopping carts , plastic bottles , and other trash . In 2008 , DEC found trash and pollution from the river 's mouth to the end of the tunnel . " Urban refuse ( tires , bottles , cans , etc . ) lines much of the lower river , " it reported . " Oil / gasoline slicks are regularly observed along this segment . " The stretches further upriver were slightly better . Between the end of the tunnel and Woodlands Lake , the river was still found to be impaired for recreation , drinking and aquatic life , but less strewn with litter , and as a whole the habitat was merely stressed . Above that point , the Saw Mill 's waters were merely stressed for aquatic life and recreation , with only fish consumption considered to be impaired . DEC did not know the sources of pollutants in this stretch and called for further research . " = = Geology = = The Saw Mill 's basin is part of the Manhattan Hills in the New England Uplands physiographic region . It is primarily underlain by metamorphic rock such as gneiss , schist and marble . They can be seen in some bedrock outcrops in and around the river . Soils in the river and its basin reflect past glaciation in the area . Glacial till covers much of the river bottom in its headwaters . Further downstream there is stratified drift and alluvium in the sediments . = = Flora and fauna = = The American eel lives in the Saw Mill River and its tributaries . Commonly born in the Atlantic Ocean , the eels maneuver through the river 's tunnel under Yonkers before reaching the more natural parts of the river farther upstream . The eels also scale a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) dam before reaching Woodlands Lake . Growing up to 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in length upstream , the eels return to the ocean via the Hudson River to spawn . The planned installation of trash @-@ catching nets along the daylighted portion of the river would prevent the eels from leaving the river to reproduce . More fish have been discovered in the newly daylighted section of the river . Baby blacknose dace and tessellated darter have been spotted in the river in addition to trout . In addition , wood frogs , eastern painted turtles , and redbreast sunfish live in the river too . All of these species have been hurt by the industrialization of the river . About 10 to 20 white @-@ tailed deer per square mile ( 26 to 52 deer per square kilometer ) live along the river and the parkway , more than the ecosystem can carry . They eat low @-@ lying plants , shrubs , and tree saplings , reducing the food supply for smaller animals . The deer also collide with cars — in Hastings , about 1 @.@ 6 times per month . Beavers can also be found along the river , building small dams along the river . Night herons , ducks , and other birds are also present along the river . Numerous invasive plants live along the Saw Mill River . Porcelain berry is a vine with white berries that wraps around native trees and strangles them . Oriental bittersweet is also present along the river , and it is slowly displacing the native American bittersweet . Oriental bitterweet can also form hybrids with the native bittersweet and making identification harder . Japanese honeysuckle and Japanese knotweed are two other invasive vines native to Asia . In addition , purple loosestrife , a perennial herb with magenta flower stalks , is also present along the river . Native trees on the river include the pin oak and staghorn sumac . These trees were found along Woodlands Lake , but can be found throughout the entire Hudson Valley . Other native plants include evening primrose , an invasive species in Europe , and wild lettuce .
= Ottoman battleship Abdül Kadir = Abdül Kadir was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship laid down in 1892 at the Constantinople imperial dockyard for the Ottoman Navy , the first vessel of this type to be ordered by the Ottoman Empire . The ship was the first capital ship to be laid down by the Ottomans in more than a decade . She was to have a main armament of four 28 @-@ centimetre ( 11 in ) guns , with an armoured belt that was 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) thick . Work proceeded on the ship very slowly , primarily the result of a lack of funds ; after two years , only the frames for the hull had been erected , and by the time work stopped in 1906 , the hull had been only partially plated . The unfinished ship was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1909 . = = Design = = Abdül Kadir was to have been the Ottoman Navy 's first pre @-@ dreadnought battleship . She followed a series of ironclad warships built in the 1860s and 1870s . In 1876 , Sultan Murad V was deposed ; the Ottoman Navy had played a role in the coup , which installed Abdul Hamid II on the throne . The new sultan was as a result suspicious of the navy , and attempted to reduce its power by withholding funding and ordering no new capital ships over the course of the following decade . By the late 1880s , however , the ships built by his predecessors were rapidly becoming obsolescent , especially compared to foreign designs like the British Royal Sovereign @-@ class battleships . More importantly , the Greek Navy — a major rival of the Ottoman fleet — had ordered three Hydra class ironclad battleships in 1885 . These ships , though smaller than the older Ottoman ironclads , were kept in a much better state of readiness than the Ottoman vessels , which were left idle in the Sea of Marmara , with little maintenance done . In 1890 , the Ottoman government authorized a large construction program that included two battleships based on the 12 @,@ 500 @-@ metric @-@ ton ( 12 @,@ 300 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 13 @,@ 800 @-@ short @-@ ton ) French Hoche , along with several cruisers and smaller vessels . The two Hoche @-@ class battleships were not built ; instead , a smaller design , to be named Abdül Kadir , was ordered that year . Along with the elderly central battery ironclad Mesudiye , she would have been one of the largest ships in the Ottoman Navy . = = = General characteristics and armour = = = Abdül Kadir was 103 @.@ 63 m ( 340 @.@ 0 ft ) long , and had a beam of 19 @.@ 81 m ( 65 @.@ 0 ft ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 16 m ( 23 @.@ 5 ft ) . As designed , she would have displaced 8 @,@ 100 metric tons ( 8 @,@ 000 long tons ; 8 @,@ 900 short tons ) . She would have been powered by a pair of vertical triple expansion engines each driving a screw propeller , with steam provided by six coal @-@ fired boilers . Both the engines and the boilers would have been manufactured by Tersane @-@ i Amire . The engines were estimated to have been rated at 12 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 8 @,@ 900 kW ) , which should have provided a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . The ship would have had a capacity of 600 metric tons ( 590 long tons ; 660 short tons ) of coal . Abdül Kadir was to have had an armoured belt that was 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) thick , and was to have been 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) wide . The upper decks above the main belt would not have had any armor protection . The transverse bulkheads connecting the ends of the belt were to have been 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) thick . Her main battery guns were mounted on barbettes that were 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick . = = = Armament = = = The German firm Krupp had secured the contract to supply the ship 's armament . Abdül Kadir was designed to carry a main battery of four 28 @-@ centimetre ( 11 in ) guns in two twin turrets on the centerline , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery was to have comprised six 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns in casemates . Close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats was to have been provided by a battery of eight 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns and eight 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) QF guns , all in single mounts . Her armament suite was rounded out with six 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes in above water mounts . By 1904 , her planned armament had been revised , with the 28 cm guns replaced with four 20 @.@ 3 cm ( 8 @.@ 0 in ) guns in single turrets , and the number of 15 cm guns increased to ten . The 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were replaced with 7 @.@ 62 cm ( 3 @.@ 00 in ) guns , and the number of 3 @.@ 7 cm guns was increased to ten . Two of the torpedo tubes were removed . = = Construction = = Abdül Kadir was laid down at the Imperial Arsenal in Constantinople in October 1892 . By 1895 , the steel frames for her hull had been erected , but work proceeded very slowly and frequently stopped , primarily due to the chronically tight Ottoman budget . In 1897 , for instance , work had been halted for some time , and the contemporary journal Navy and Army Illustrated predicted that the ship would not be finished . Similar large @-@ scale building projects during this period also fell apart due to lack of funds ; a major construction program launched in the aftermath of the Ottoman Navy 's poor performance in the Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1897 stalled after funds could not be appropriated for the new ships . By 1906 , when work on Abdül Kadir stopped for the last time , the hull had been only partially plated . By this time , the blocks that supported the hull during construction had shifted , which destroyed the keel . As a result , the unfinished ship was broken up on the slipway in 1909 .
= Siege of Fort St. Jean = The Siege of Fort St. Jean ( also called St. John , St. Johns , or St. John 's ) was conducted by American Brigadier General Richard Montgomery on the town and fort of Saint @-@ Jean in the British province of Quebec during the American Revolutionary War . The siege lasted from September 17 to November 3 , 1775 . After several false starts in early September , the Continental Army established a siege around Fort St. Jean . Beset by illness , bad weather , and logistical problems , they established mortar batteries that were able to penetrate into the interior the fort , but the defenders , who were well @-@ supplied with munitions , but not food and other supplies , persisted in their defence , believing the siege would be broken by forces from Montreal under General Guy Carleton . On October 18 , the nearby Fort Chambly fell , and on October 30 , an attempt at relief by Carleton was thwarted . When word of this made its way to St. Jean 's defenders , combined with a new battery opening fire on the fort , the fort 's defenders capitulated , surrendering on November 3 . The fall of Fort St. Jean opened the way for the American army to march on Montreal , which fell without battle on November 13 . General Carleton escaped from Montreal , and made his way to Quebec City to prepare its defences against an anticipated attack . = = Background = = Fort Saint @-@ Jean guarded the entry to the province of Quebec on the Richelieu River at the northern end of Lake Champlain . When Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen captured Fort Ticonderoga and raided Fort St. Jean in May 1775 , Quebec was garrisoned by about 600 regular troops , some of which were widely distributed throughout Quebec 's large territory . = = = Continental Army preparations = = = The invasion of Quebec began when about 1500 men , then under the command of General Philip Schuyler , arrived at the undefended Île @-@ aux @-@ Noix in the Richelieu River on September 4 , 1775 . On September 6 , the Americans began making forays toward Fort St. Jean , only 10 mi ( 16 km ) away . The army was initially composed of militia forces from New York and Connecticut , with most of its operation directed by Brigadier General Richard Montgomery , who took over complete command from Schuyler on September 16 , when Schuyler became too ill to continue leading the invasion . = = = British defensive preparations = = = Fort St. Jean had been under preparations for an attack from the south ever since Arnold 's raid on Fort St. Jean on May 18 , in which he captured its small garrison and Lake Champlain 's only large military ship . When news of that raid reached Montreal , 140 men under the command of Major Charles Preston were immediately dispatched to hold the fort . Another 50 Canadian militia were raised in Montreal on May 19 , and were also sent to the fort . When Moses Hazen , the messenger bearing news of Arnold 's raid , reached Quebec City and notified British Governor and General Guy Carleton of the raid , Carleton immediately dispatched additional troops from there and Trois @-@ Rivières to St. Jean . Carleton himself went to Montreal on May 26 to oversee arrangements for the defense of the province , which he decided to concentrate on St. Jean , as it was the most likely invasion route . By the time the Americans arrived at Île @-@ aux @-@ Noix , Fort St. Jean was defended by about 750 men under the command of Major Charles Preston . The majority of these were regular troops from the 7th and 26th Regiments of Foot and the Royal Artillery . There were 90 locally @-@ raised militia , and 20 members of Colonel Allen Maclean 's Royal Highland Emigrants , men who were veterans of the French and Indian War . A detachment of Indians ( probably Caughnawaga from a nearby village ) patrolled outside the fort under the direction of Claude de Lorimier and Gilbert Tice . The Richelieu River was patrolled by an armed schooner , the Royal Savage , under the command of Lieutenant William Hunter , with other boats under construction . The fort itself , sited on the west bank of the Richelieu River , consisted of two earthen redoubts about 600 feet ( 180 m ) apart , surrounded by a ditch 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) wide and 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) deep that was lined with chevaux de frise . The southern redoubt was roughly 250 by 200 feet ( 80 by 65 metres ) , and it contained 6 buildings , including a bake house , the fort 's magazine , and storage houses . The northern redoubt was slightly larger , enclosing a two @-@ storey stone house that was used as a barracks . The defenders had cleared brush for several hundred yards around the fort to ensure a clear field of fire . They had put up a wooden palisade to the west of the redoubts , and dug a trench connecting the two redoubts , for ease of communications . The eastern side of the fort faced the river , where there was a shipyard and anchorage for the Royal Savage . = = First approach = = = = = Skirmish with Indians = = = On September 6 , Generals Schuyler and Montgomery led a force of men in bateaux to a landing point about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) upriver from Fort St. Jean . Schuyler remained with the boats while Montgomery led some men into the swampy lands above the fort . There they were surprised by about 100 Indians led by Tice and Lorimier . In the ensuing skirmish , the Americans suffered 8 dead and 9 wounded , while the Indians suffered 4 dead and 5 wounded , with Tice among the wounded . The American troops , which were relatively untried militia forces , retreated to the boats , where they erected a breastwork for protection . The fort 's defenders , seeing this , fired their cannon at the breastwork , prompting the Americans to retreat about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) upriver , where they set up a second breastwork and camped for the night . The Indians , resentful that neither the British forces in the fort nor the habitants had come to their support in the engagement , returned to their homes . At this camp , Schuyler was visited by a local man , believed by some historians to be Moses Hazen . Hazen , a Massachusetts @-@ born retired officer who lived near the fort , painted a bleak portrait of the American situation . He said that the fort was defended by the entire 26th regiment and 100 Indians , that it was well @-@ stocked and ready for a siege . He also said that the habitants , while friendly to the American cause , were unlikely to help the Americans unless the prospects for victory looked good . Schuyler held a war council on September 7 , in which the command decided to retreat back to Île @-@ aux @-@ Noix . However , on September 8 , reinforcements arrived : another 800 men including Connecticut militia under David Wooster and New Yorkers with artillery , joined them . Heartened by this arrival , they decided instead to proceed with a nighttime attempt on the fort . Schuyler , whose illness was getting more severe ( he was so ill " as not to be able to hold the pen " ) , turned command of the army over to Montgomery . Reports of this first contact between opposing forces outside St. Jean were often wildly exaggerated , with many local reports claiming it as some kind of victory . The Quebec Gazette , for example , reported that 60 Indians had driven off 1 @,@ 500 Americans , killing 30 and wounding 40 . Following this news , General Carleton issued orders for all of the nearby parishes to call up ten percent of their militia . Officers of the militia reported to Montreal , but many militia men stayed home . By September 7 , a troop of about 120 men was raised , which was sent to Fort St. Jean . = = = Propaganda and recruiting = = = On September 8 , Schuyler sent Ethan Allen ( acting as a volunteer since he had been deposed as head of the Green Mountain Boys by Seth Warner ) and John Brown to circulate a proclamation announcing the Americans ' arrival , and their desire to free the Canadians from the bondage of British rule . Allen and Brown traveled through the parishes between St. Jean and Montreal , where they were well @-@ received , and even provided with local guards . James Livingston , a local grain merchant ( and a relative of Montgomery 's wife ) , began raising a local militia near Chambly , eventually gathering nearly 300 men . Allen also visited the village of the Caughnawaga , from whom he received assurances of their neutrality . The Caughnawaga had been the subject of a propaganda war , with Guy Johnson , the British Indian agent , trying to convince them ( as well as other tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy ) to take up arms against the Americans . However , Schuyler had successfully negotiated an agreement in August with most of the Iroquois to remain neutral . Word of this agreement reached the Caughnawaga on September 10 ; when Carleton and Johnson learned of it , Johnson sent Daniel Claus and Joseph Brant in an attempt to change the minds of the Caughnawaga ; their entreaties were refused . = = Second approach = = On the night of September 10 , Montgomery led 1000 men out again , returning to the first landing site by boat . In the confusion of the darkness and the swamp , some of the troops were separated from the rest . When they encountered one another again , there was panic , as the each mistook the other for the enemy . After just 30 minutes in the swamp , they returned to the landing . Montgomery , who had stayed with the boats , sent the troops out again . This time , the vanguard encountered a few Indians and habitants , and again panicked . Two of the " enemy " were killed , but the troops again made a disorderly retreat to the landing , which their commander , Colonel Rudolphus Ritzema , was apparently unable to stop . While the command staff met to discuss the next move , word came in that the British warship Royal Savage was approaching . This started a disorganized retreat up the river back to Ile @-@ aux @-@ Noix , in which the command staff was nearly left behind . A third attempt was planned for September 13 ; bad weather delayed attempts until September 16 . However , General Schuyler was by this time so ill that he thought it necessary to withdraw to Ticonderoga . He left that day , turning full command of the invasion over to Montgomery . Schuyler was not the only one falling ill ; the bad weather , and the swampy , malaria @-@ infested terrain of Île @-@ aux @-@ Noix was also taking a toll on the troops , as more of them became ill as well . The bad news was tempered by good ; an additional 250 troops , in the form of a company of Green Mountain Boys under Seth Warner , and another company of New Hampshire men under Colonel Timothy Bedel , arrived at Île @-@ aux @-@ Noix . = = Siege begins = = On September 17 , Montgomery 's army disembarked from their makeshift fleet just south of St. Jean , and sent out John Brown with a detachment to block the road going north from the fort to Montreal . A small flotilla of armed boats guarded the river against the possibility of Royal Savage attacking the army as it landed . Brown and his men made their first interdiction that day , capturing a wagon @-@ train of supplies destined for the fort . Preston , seeing that this had happened , sent out a sortie to recover the goods . Brown 's men , who had had time to hide the supplies in the woods , retreated until the sounds of the conflict reached the main body of the army . Montgomery , along with Bedel and his company , rushed to Brown 's aid , and succeeded in driving the British back into the fort without recovering the supplies . During this encounter , Moses Hazen was first captured and questioned by Brown , and then arrested again by the British , and brought into the fort . That night , Hazen and Lorimier , the Indian agent , sneaked out of the fort and went to Montreal , to report the situation to Carleton . Montgomery began entrenching his troops around the fort on September 18 , and constructing a mortar battery south of the fort . He ordered Brown to establish a position at La Prairie , one of the sites where there was a crossing of the Saint Lawrence River to Montreal . Ethan Allen went with a small company of Americans to collect Canadiens that Livingston had been recruiting , and take them to monitor Longueuil , the other major crossing point . Livingston had established a base at Point @-@ Olivier , below Fort Chambly , another aging fort at the base of some rapids in the Richelieu River , and was urging his compatriots to join him there . Some Loyalists attempted to dissuade others from joining with Livingston ; Livingston 's supporters sometimes violently opposed attempts by Loyalists to organize , and Carleton did nothing at the time to assist the Loyalists outside the city . Allen , who was already renowned for his bravado in the action at Fort Ticonderoga , decided , when he reached Longueuil on September 24 , to attempt the capture of Montreal . In the Battle of Longue @-@ Pointe , this effort failed on the next day , with Allen and a number of men captured by the British . The alarm raised by Allen 's proximity to Montreal resulted in the mustering of about 1 @,@ 200 men from rural districts outside Montreal . Carleton failed to capitalize on this upwelling of Loyalist support by using them for a relief expedition against the besieging Americans . After several weeks of inaction by Carleton , the rural men drifted away , called by the demands of home and harvest . ( Carleton did take advantage of the moment to order the arrest of Thomas Walker , a Montreal merchant who was openly pro @-@ American and had been reporting to the Americans . ) The conditions for the Americans constructing the siege works were difficult . The ground was swampy , and the trenches quickly became filled knee @-@ deep in water . Montgomery described his army as " half @-@ drowned rats crawling through a swamp " . To make matters even worse , food and ammunition supplies were running out , and the British showed no sign of giving in despite the American bombardment . Disease also worked to reduce the effectiveness of the Americans ; by mid @-@ October , more than 900 men had been sent back to Ticonderoga due to illness . In the early days of the siege , the fort 's defenders took advantage of the land they had cleared around the fort to make life as difficult as possible for the besiegers erecting batteries . Major Preston wrote in his journal on September 23 that " a deserter [ tells us where ] the enemy are erecting their battery and we distress them as much as we can with shells . " Until large guns arrived from Ticonderoga , the fort 's defenders enjoyed a significant advantage in firepower . = = Large cannon arrive = = On October 6 , a cannon that was dubbed the " Old Sow " arrived from Ticonderoga . Put in position the next day , it started lobbing shells at the fort . Montgomery then began planning the placement of a second battery . While he first wanted to place one to the northwest of the fort , his staff convinced him instead to place on the eastern shore of the Richelieu , where it would command the shipyard and the Royal Savage . This battery , whose construction was complicated by an armed row galley sent from the fort to oppose the works , was completed on October 13 , and opened fire the next day . One day after that , the Royal Savage lay in ruins before the fort . Its commander had , in anticipation of her destruction , ordered her to be anchored where her supplies and armaments might be recovered . = = Fort Chambly taken = = James Livingston had advanced to Montgomery the idea of taking Fort Chambly , near where his militia was encamped . One of Livingston 's captains , Jeremy Duggan , had , on September 13 , floated two nine @-@ pound guns past St. Jean , and these guns were put to use to that end . Chambly , which was garrisoned by only 82 men , mostly from the 7th Foot , was surrendered on October 18 by its commander , Major Joseph Stopford , after two days of bombardment . Most seriously , Stopford failed to destroy supplies that were vitally useful to the Americans , primarily gunpowder , but also winter provisions . Six tons of powder , 6 @,@ 500 musket cartridges , 125 muskets , 80 barrels of flour and 272 barrels of foodstuff were captured . Timothy Bedel negotiated a cease @-@ fire with Major Preston so that the prisoners captured at Chambly could be floated up the river past St. Jean . The loss of Chambly had a dispiriting effect at St. Jean ; some of the militia wanted to surrender , but Preston would not allow it . Following Chambly 's capitulation , Montgomery renewed his intention to construct a battery northwest of St. Jean . This time , his staff raised no objections , and by the end of October guns that were emplaced there opened fire on the fort . = = Carleton tries to help = = In Montreal , Carleton was finally prodded to move . Under constant criticism for failure to act sooner , and mistrustful of his militia forces , he developed a plan of attack . He sent word to Colonel Allan Maclean at Quebec to bring more of his Royal Highland Emigrants and some militia forces to Sorel , from where they would move up the Richelieu toward St. Jean , while Carleton would lead a force across the Saint Lawrence at Longueuil . Maclean raised a force of about 180 Emigrants , and a number of militia . By the time he reached Sorel on October 14 , he had raised , in addition to the Emigrants , about 400 militia men , sometimes using threatening tactics to gain recruits . His and Carleton 's hopes were dashed on October 30 , when Carleton 's attempted landing at Longueuil of a force numbering about 1 @,@ 000 ( mostly militia , with some Emigrants and Indian support ) was repulsed by the Americans . A few of his boats were landed , but most were driven off by Seth Warner 's use of field artillery that had been captured at Chambly . Maclean attempted to press forward , but his militia forces began to desert him , and the forces under Brown and Livingston were growing in number . He retreated back to Sorel , and made his way back to Quebec . = = Surrender = = In late October , the American troop strength surged again with the arrival of 500 men from New York and Connecticut , including Brigadier General David Wooster . This news , combined with the new battery trained on the fort , news of the failed relief expedition , and dwindling supplies , made the situation in the fort quite grim . On November 1 , Montgomery sent a truce flag , carried by a prisoner captured during Carleton 's aborted relief attempt , into the fort . The man delivered a letter , in which Montgomery , pointing out that relief was unlikely to come , offered to negotiate a surrender . Preston , not entirely trusting the man 's report , sent out one of his captains to confer with Montgomery . The counteroffer , which Montgomery rejected , owing to the lateness of the season , was to hold a truce for four days , after which the garrison would surrender if no relief came . Montgomery let the captain examine another prisoner from Carleton 's expedition , who confirmed what the first one had reported . Montgomery then repeated his demand for an immediate surrender , terms for which were drawn up the next day . Preston 's troops marched out of the fort and surrendered their weapons on November 3 , with the regulars in full dress uniform . He surrendered 536 officers and soldiers , 79 Canadien and 8 English volunteers . = = Aftermath = = Following the news of St. Jean 's surrender , Carleton immediately began preparing to leave Montreal . He left Montreal on November 11 , two days before American troops entered the city without opposition . Narrowly escaping capture when his fleet was forced to surrender after being threatened by batteries at Sorel , he made his way to Quebec to prepare that city 's defenses . Casualties on both sides during the siege were relatively light , but the Continental Army suffered a significant reduction in force due to illness throughout the siege . Furthermore , the long siege meant that the Continental Army had to move on Quebec City with winter setting in , and with many enlistments nearing expiration at year 's end . Richard Montgomery was promoted to Major General on December 9 , 1775 , as a result of his successful capture of Saint Jean and Montreal . He never found out ; the news did not reach the American camp outside Quebec before he died in the December 31 Battle of Quebec . In 1776 , the British reoccupied the fort following the Continental Army 's abandonment of it during its retreat to Fort Ticonderoga . = = Legacy = = The British ( and then Canadian ) military occupied the Fort Saint @-@ Jean site until 1995 , using it since 1952 as the campus of the Royal Military College , which still occupies part of the site . The site now includes a museum devoted to the 350 @-@ year military history of Fort Saint @-@ Jean . Siege of Fort St. Jean is mentioned in a Fort Saint @-@ Jean plaque erected in 1926 by Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada at the Royal Military College Saint @-@ Jean . " Constructed in 1743 by M. de Léry under orders from Governor la Galissonnière . This post was for all the military expeditions towards Lake Champlain . In August 31 , 1760 , Commandant de Roquemaure had it blown up in accordance with orders from the Governor de Vaudreuil in order to prevent its falling into the hands of the English . Rebuilt by Governor Carleton , in 1773 . During the same year , under the command of Major Charles Preston of the 26th Regiment , it withstood a 45 day siege by the American troops commanded by General Montgomery . "
= Atomic theory = In chemistry and physics , atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter , which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms . It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms . The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos , meaning " uncuttable " . 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements . While seemingly apropos , around the turn of the 20th century , through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity , physicists discovered that the so @-@ called " uncuttable atom " was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles ( chiefly , electrons , protons and neutrons ) which can exist separately from each other . In fact , in certain extreme environments , such as neutron stars , extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all . Since atoms were found to be divisible , physicists later invented the term " elementary particles " to describe the " uncuttable " , though not indestructible , parts of an atom . The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics , and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter . = = History = = = = = Philosophical atomism = = = The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . Because of this , they could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms . = = = Dalton = = = Near the end of the 18th century , two laws about chemical reactions emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory . The first was the law of conservation of mass , formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 , which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant ( that is , the reactants have the same mass as the products ) . The second was the law of definite proportions . First proven by the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1799 , this law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent elements , then the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions , regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance . John Dalton studied and expanded upon this previous work and developed the law of multiple proportions : if two elements can be combined to form a number of possible compounds , then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers . For example : Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88 @.@ 1 % tin and 11 @.@ 9 % oxygen or 78 @.@ 7 % tin and 21 @.@ 3 % oxygen ( these were tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5g or 27g of oxygen ; 13 @.@ 5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 . Dalton found that an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry . In the case of Proust 's tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton also believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions - for example , he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in mass and complexity of the gases ' respective particles . Indeed , carbon dioxide molecules ( CO2 ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N2 ) . Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single , unique type , and though they cannot be altered or destroyed by chemical means , they can combine to form more complex structures ( chemical compounds ) . This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom , since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion . In 1803 Dalton orally presented his first list of relative atomic weights for a number of substances . This paper was published in 1805 , but he did not discuss there exactly how he obtained these figures . The method was first revealed in 1807 by his acquaintance Thomas Thomson , in the third edition of Thomson 's textbook , A System of Chemistry . Finally , Dalton published a full account in his own textbook , A New System of Chemical Philosophy , 1808 and 1810 . Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined , with the hydrogen atom taken as unity . However , Dalton did not conceive that with some elements atoms exist in molecules — e.g. pure oxygen exists as O2 . He also mistakenly believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each ( so he thought water was HO , not H2O ) . This , in addition to the crudity of his equipment , flawed his results . For instance , in 1803 he believed that oxygen atoms were 5 @.@ 5 times heavier than hydrogen atoms , because in water he measured 5 @.@ 5 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen and believed the formula for water was HO . Adopting better data , in 1806 he concluded that the atomic weight of oxygen must actually be 7 rather than 5 @.@ 5 , and he retained this weight for the rest of his life . Others at this time had already concluded that the oxygen atom must weigh 8 relative to hydrogen equals 1 , if one assumes Dalton 's formula for the water molecule ( HO ) , or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula ( H2O ) . = = = Avogadro = = = The flaw in Dalton 's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro . Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases , at equal temperature and pressure , contain equal numbers of molecules ( in other words , the mass of a gas 's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies ) . Avogadro 's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted . For instance : since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter of oxygen to produce two liters of water vapor ( at constant pressure and temperature ) , it meant a single oxygen molecule splits in two in order to form two particles of water . Thus , Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements , and made a clear distinction between molecules and atoms . = = = Brownian Motion = = = In 1827 , the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason . In 1905 , Albert Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about , and developed a hypothetical mathematical model to describe it . This model was validated experimentally in 1908 by French physicist Jean Perrin , thus providing additional validation for particle theory ( and by extension atomic theory ) . = = = Discovery of subatomic particles = = = Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays . A Crookes tube is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum . When a voltage is applied across the electrodes , cathode rays are generated , creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube . Through experimentation , Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field ( in addition to magnetic fields , which was already known ) . He concluded that these rays , rather than being a form of light , were composed of very light negatively charged particles he called " corpuscles " ( they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists ) . He measured the mass @-@ to @-@ charge ratio and discovered it was 1800 times smaller than that of hydrogen , the smallest atom . These corpuscles were a particle unlike any other previously known . Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible , and that the corpuscles were their building blocks . To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom , he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge ; this was the plum pudding model as the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding ( although in Thomson 's model they were not stationary ) . = = = Discovery of the nucleus = = = Thomson 's plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students , Ernest Rutherford , who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume , which he assumed to be at the very center . In the Geiger – Marsden experiment , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden ( colleagues of Rutherford working at his behest ) shot alpha particles at thin sheets of metal and measured their deflection through the use of a fluorescent screen . Given the very small mass of the electrons , the high momentum of the alpha particles , and the low concentration of the positive charge of the plum pudding model , the experimenters expected all the alpha particles to pass through the metal foil without significant deflection . To their astonishment , a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced heavy deflection . Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a very tiny volume to produce an electric field sufficiently intense to deflect the alpha particles so strongly . This led Rutherford to propose a planetary model in which a cloud of electrons surrounded a small , compact nucleus of positive charge . Only such a concentration of charge could produce the electric field strong enough to cause the heavy deflection . = = = First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom = = = The planetary model of the atom had two significant shortcomings . The first is that , unlike planets orbiting a sun , electrons are charged particles . An accelerating electric charge is known to emit electromagnetic waves according to the Larmor formula in classical electromagnetism . An orbiting charge should steadily lose energy and spiral toward the nucleus , colliding with it in a small fraction of a second . The second problem was that the planetary model could not explain the highly peaked emission and absorption spectra of atoms that were observed . Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century , when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta ( singular , quantum ) . In 1913 , Niels Bohr incorporated this idea into his Bohr model of the atom , in which an electron could only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy , its distance from the nucleus ( i.e. , their radii ) being proportional to its energy . Under this model an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not lose energy in a continuous manner ; instead , it could only make instantaneous " quantum leaps " between the fixed energy levels . When this occurred , light was emitted or absorbed at a frequency proportional to the change in energy ( hence the absorption and emission of light in discrete spectra ) . Bohr 's model was not perfect . It could only predict the spectral lines of hydrogen ; it couldn 't predict those of multielectron atoms . Worse still , as spectrographic technology improved , additional spectral lines in hydrogen were observed which Bohr 's model couldn 't explain . In 1916 , Arnold Sommerfeld added elliptical orbits to the Bohr model to explain the extra emission lines , but this made the model very difficult to use , and it still couldn 't explain more complex atoms . = = = Discovery of isotopes = = = While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one element at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for these elements . That same year , J.J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields , striking a photographic plate at the other end . He observed two glowing patches on the plate , which suggested two different deflection trajectories . Thomson concluded this was because some of the neon ions had a different mass . The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932 . = = = Discovery of nuclear particles = = = In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei being emitted from the gas ( Rutherford recognized these , because he had previously obtained them bombarding hydrogen with alpha particles , and observing hydrogen nuclei in the products ) . Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves ( in effect , he had split a nitrogen ) . From his own work and the work of his students Bohr and Henry Moseley , Rutherford knew that the positive charge of any atom could always be equated to that of an integer number of hydrogen nuclei . This , coupled with the atomic mass of many elements being roughly equivalent to an integer number of hydrogen atoms - then assumed to be the lightest particles - led him to conclude that hydrogen nuclei were singular particles and a basic constituent of all atomic nuclei . He named such particles protons . Further experimentation by Rutherford found that the nuclear mass of most atoms exceeded that of the protons it possessed ; he speculated that this surplus mass was composed of hitherto unknown neutrally charged particles , which were tentatively dubbed " neutrons " . In 1928 , Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating , electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles . It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax . Initially it was thought to be high @-@ energy gamma radiation , since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals , but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to electromagnetic radiation , so long as energy and momentum were conserved in the interaction . In 1932 , Chadwick exposed various elements , such as hydrogen and nitrogen , to the mysterious " beryllium radiation " , and by measuring the energies of the recoiling charged particles , he deduced that the radiation was actually composed of electrically neutral particles which could not be massless like the gamma ray , but instead were required to have a mass similar to that of a proton . Chadwick now claimed these particles as Rutherford 's neutrons . For his discovery of the neutron , Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935 . = = = Quantum physical models of the atom = = = In 1924 , Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles — particularly subatomic particles such as electrons — exhibit a degree of wave @-@ like behavior . Erwin Schrödinger , fascinated by this idea , explored whether or not the movement of an electron in an atom could be better explained as a wave rather than as a particle . Schrödinger 's equation , published in 1926 , describes an electron as a wavefunction instead of as a point particle . This approach elegantly predicted many of the spectral phenomena that Bohr 's model failed to explain . Although this concept was mathematically convenient , it was difficult to visualize , and faced opposition . One of its critics , Max Born , proposed instead that Schrödinger 's wavefunction described not the electron but rather all its possible states , and thus could be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron at any given location around the nucleus . This reconciled the two opposing theories of particle versus wave electrons and the idea of wave – particle duality was introduced . This theory stated that the electron may exhibit the properties of both a wave and a particle . For example , it can be refracted like a wave , and has mass like a particle . A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to simultaneously derive the position and momentum of an electron . This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle after the theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg , who first described it and published it in 1927 . This invalidated Bohr 's model , with its neat , clearly defined circular orbits . The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities . An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus , but , depending on its energy level , exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others ; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital . The orbitals come in a variety of shapes @-@ sphere , dumbbell , torus , etc.-with the nucleus in the middle .
= White Horse Prophecy = The White Horse Prophecy is a statement purported to have been made in 1843 by Joseph Smith , Jr . , founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , regarding the future of the Latter Day Saints ( Mormons ) and the United States of America . The Latter Day Saints , according to the prophecy , would " go to the Rocky Mountains and ... be a great and mighty people " , identified figuratively with the White Horse described in the Book of Revelation . The prophecy further predicts that the United States Constitution will one day " hang like a thread " and will be saved " by the efforts of the White Horse " . Some have speculated , on the basis of the White Horse Prophecy , that Mormons expect the United States to eventually become a theocracy dominated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The authenticity of the prophecy as a whole , which was not made public until long after Smith 's death , is debated , and the leadership of the LDS Church has stated that " the so @-@ called ' White Horse Prophecy ' ... is not embraced as Church doctrine . " However , the belief that members of the LDS Church will one day need to take action to save the imperiled U.S. Constitution has been attributed to Smith in several sources and has been discussed in an approving fashion by Brigham Young and other LDS leaders . = = Origins = = Latter Day Saint movement founder Joseph Smith went to Washington , D.C. in November 1839 in an unsuccessful attempt to obtain help for his persecuted followers . Pat Bagley of the Salt Lake Tribune writes that from then on , Smith and his followers " considered themselves the last Real Americans " and " the legitimate heirs of the pilgrims and Founding Fathers " , who would be called upon one day to save the U.S. Constitution . Smith is believed to have then said , in 1840 , that when the Constitution hung by a thread , Latter Day Saint elders would step in on the white horse to save the country . According to a diary entry made by John Roberts of Paradise , Utah in 1902 , Joseph Smith gave the White Horse Prophecy in early May 1843 , during the period in which the Latter Day Saints were headquartered in Nauvoo , Illinois . Smith is recorded as saying that the Mormons " will go to the Rocky Mountains and will be a great and mighty people established there , which I will call the White Horse of peace and safety . " Adding that " I shall never go there " and predicting continued persecution by enemies of the church , Smith reportedly said that " You will see the Constitution of the United States almost destroyed . It will hang like a thread as fine as a silk fiber .... I love the Constitution ; it was made by the inspiration of God ; and it will be preserved and saved by the efforts of the White Horse , and by the Red Horse who will combine in its defense . " Smith additionally said , according to the diary , that the Mormons would send missionaries to " gather the honest in heart from among the Pale Horse , or people of the United States , to stand by the Constitution of the United States as it was given by the inspiration of God . " Roberts ' account quotes Smith as predicting numerous wars involving Great Britain , France , Russia , China , and other countries , and saying that the European nobility " knows that [ Mormonism ] is true , but it has not pomp enough , and grandeur and influence for them to yet embrace it . " He is also reported to have said that a temple which the Latter Day Saints had planned to build in Jackson County , Missouri " will be built in this generation . " In 1844 , Joseph Smith rejected the platforms of the major candidates for President of the United States and decided to conduct his own third @-@ party campaign for the Presidency — an effort which was cut short by his death on June 27 of that year . Following a succession crisis in which Brigham Young was accepted as Smith 's successor by the majority of the Latter Day Saints , the Mormon migration to the Intermountain West began under Young 's direction in February 1846 . = = Authenticity = = The authenticity of the White Horse Prophecy is debated . It was never made public during Smith 's lifetime , but was recorded many years after his death by one of his associates , Edwin Rushton . Although some elements of the statement were confirmed by contemporary LDS Church leaders as having been taught by Smith , the prophecy as a whole has never been officially acknowledged or accepted , and it has been repudiated by the LDS Church since 1918 . The prophecy 's authenticity , on the other hand , has been defended by LDS scholar Duane Crowther , and Mormon fundamentalist Ogden Kraut . In 1918 , LDS president Joseph F. Smith dismissed the White Horse Prophecy as a " ridiculous story ... and a lot of trash that has been circulated about ... by two of our brethren who put together some broken sentences from [ Joseph Smith ] that they may have heard from time to time " . In his 1966 book Mormon Doctrine , LDS theologian ( and , later , apostle ) Bruce R. McConkie wrote that " From time to time , accounts of various supposed visions , revelations , and prophecies are spread forth by and among the Latter @-@ day Saints , who should know better than to believe or spread such false information . One of these false and deceptive documents that has cropped up again and again for over a century is the so @-@ called White Horse Prophecy . " In early 2010 , the LDS Church issued a statement saying that " the so @-@ called ' White Horse Prophecy ' is based on accounts that have not been substantiated by historical research and is not embraced as Church doctrine . " Also in 2010 , LDS historian Don L. Penrod examined significant differences in two early handwritten accounts of the prophecy , noted some words and phrases which were not characteristic of Joseph Smith 's speaking style or current in his time , and speculated that Rushton had " in his elderly years recorded some things that [ Smith ] actually said , mixing in words of his own creation " — commenting additionally that " memories of words and events , especially many years later , are often faulty . " = = United States Constitution = = Though there are doubts about the authenticity of the White Horse Prophecy as a whole , several sources attribute to Smith the idea that the United States Constitution would one day hang by a thread , and LDS Church leaders have issued similar warnings with regard to the Constitution . = = = Brigham Young = = = In 1855 , Brigham Young reportedly wrote that " when the Constitution of the United States hangs , as it were , upon a single thread , they will have to call for the ' Mormon ' Elders to save it from utter destruction ; and they will step forth and do it . " = = = Orson Hyde = = = In 1858 , Orson Hyde ( another contemporary of Smith ) wrote that Smith believed " the time would come when the Constitution and the country would be in danger of an overthrow ; and ... if the Constitution be saved at all , it will be by the elders of [ the LDS ] Church " . = = = Charles W. Nibley = = = In 1922 , the LDS Church 's fifth presiding bishop , Charles W. Nibley , stated that " the day would come when there would be so much of disorder , of secret combinations taking the law into their own hands , tramping upon Constitutional rights and the liberties of the people , that the Constitution would hang as by a thread . Yes , but it will still hang , and there will be enough of good people , many who may not belong to our Church at all , people who have respect for law and for order , and for Constitutional rights , who will rally around with us and save the Constitution . " = = = Melvin J. Ballard = = = In 1928 , the LDS apostle Melvin J. Ballard remarked that " the prophet Joseph Smith said the time will come when , through secret organizations taking the law into their own hands ... the Constitution of the United States would be so torn and rent asunder , and life and property and peace and security would be held of so little value , that the Constitution would , as it were , hang by a thread . This Constitution will be preserved , but it will be preserved very largely in consequence of what the Lord has revealed and what [ the Mormons ] , through listening to the Lord and being obedient , will help to bring about , to stabilize and give permanency and effect to the Constitution itself . That also is our mission . " = = = J. Reuben Clark = = = In 1942 , J. Reuben Clark — an LDS apostle and a member of the church 's First Presidency — said that " You and I have heard all our lives that the time may come when the Constitution may hang by a thread .... I do know that whether it shall live or die is now in the balance . " Regarding the Constitution , Clark went on to cite its " free institutions " , separation of powers , and the Bill of Rights . He added that " if we are to live as a Church , and progress , and have the right to worship ... we must have the great guarantees that are set up by our Constitution . " = = = Ezra Taft Benson = = = In a 1986 Brigham Young University speech , LDS president Ezra Taft Benson stated : " I have faith that the Constitution will be saved as prophesied by Joseph Smith . But it will not be saved in Washington . It will be saved by the citizens of this nation who love and cherish freedom . It will be saved by enlightened members of this Church – men and women who will subscribe to and abide by the principles of the Constitution . " = = = Dallin H. Oaks = = = In 2010 , Elder Dallin H. Oaks spoke at a Constitution Day Celebration , warning about the importance of preserving the U.S. Constitution . To this end , he claimed that " all citizens — whatever their religious or philosophical persuasion " should maintain several responsibilities regarding the Constitution : understand it , support the law , practice civic virtue , maintain civility in political discourse , and promote patriotism . = = Interpretation = = Questions regarding LDS attitudes towards the United States government — whether considered on their own or as component parts of the White Horse Prophecy — have arisen from time to time as prominent members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints have become involved in American politics . The White Horse Prophecy has been characterized as " effectively plac [ ing ] believers on perpetual Red Alert for the Constitution 's possible demise " and as admonishing Mormons to " come to the rescue and restore the true Constitution by any means necessary " . Writers such as Richard Abanes and Elaine Wolff have speculated , on the basis of the prophecy , that Mormons expect the U.S. to eventually become a " Mormon @-@ ruled theocracy divinely ordained to ' not only direct the political affairs of the Mormon community , but eventually those of the United States and ultimately the world ' " , and that " a Mormon , if he were elected president , would take his orders from Salt Lake City . " In addition to many LDS members of the Republican Party , some LDS Democrats have also been inspired to run for office by the White Horse Prophecy . = = = George Romney = = = In 1967 , U.S. presidential candidate George W. Romney said the following regarding the White Horse Prophecy : " I have always felt that they meant that sometime the question of whether we are going to proceed on the basis of the Constitution would arise and at this point government leaders who were Mormons would be involved in answering that question . " = = = Mitt Romney = = = In 2007 , U.S. presidential candidate Mitt Romney told the Salt Lake Tribune that " I haven 't heard my name associated with [ the White Horse Prophecy ] or anything of that nature . That 's not official church doctrine .... I don 't put that at the heart of my religious belief . " = = = Glenn Beck = = = Conservative media figure Glenn Beck ( who joined the LDS Church in 1999 ) has alleged that President Barack Obama " is going to bring us to the verge of shredding the Constitution , of massive socialism . " On November 14 , 2008 — following Obama 's election — Beck appeared on Bill O 'Reilly 's show The O 'Reilly Factor and said that " we are at the place where the Constitution hangs in the balance , I feel the Constitution is hanging in the balance right now , hanging by a thread unless the good Americans wake up . " Earlier in November , while interviewing U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah ( also a Mormon ) , Beck remarked : " I heard Barack Obama talk about the Constitution and I thought , we are at the point or we are very near the point where our Constitution is hanging by a thread . " Hatch appeared on Beck 's Fox News show in January 2009 , and Beck prompted him by declaring " I believe our Constitution hangs by a thread . " LDS blogger and religious commentator Joanna Brooks has said that " it is likely that Beck owes his brand of Founding Father – worship to Mormonism .... Many Mormons also believe that Joseph Smith prophesied in 1843 that the US Constitution would one day ' hang by a thread ' and be saved by faithful Mormons " . Washington Post journalist Dana Milbank has described Beck 's views as essentially " White Horse Prophecy meets horsemen of the apocalypse " — though Milbank has also observed that the White Horse Prophecy is " actually a fairly benign prophecy . They 're talking about restoring law and order and peace and tranquility . It doesn 't sound like a violent thing . " = = = Rex Rammell = = = In 2009 , Idaho gubernatorial candidate Rex Rammell announced plans to hold a series of meetings with believing Mormon men , which were to include discussion of the White Horse Prophecy . In response , LDS Church officials issued a statement saying the church is " politically neutral " and hoping that " the campaign practices of political candidates would not suggest that their candidacy is supported by or connected to the church . " Rammell later retracted his original plan to limit his meetings only to LDS men , apologizing to " all those citizens who are not members of the LDS faith , who have expressed a sincere interest in attending my meetings and discussing this prophecy and how we can step forward and save the United States Constitution " .
= Entertainment Software Rating Board = The Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) is a self @-@ regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings , enforces industry @-@ adopted advertising guidelines , and ensures responsible online privacy principles for computer and video games in the United States , nearly all of Canada , and Mexico . The ESRB was established in 1994 by the Entertainment Software Association ( formerly the Interactive Digital Software Association ) , in response to criticism of violent content found in video games such as Night Trap , Mortal Kombat , and other controversial video games with excessively violent or sexual content . The board assigns ratings to games based on their content , using judgment similar to the motion picture rating systems used in many countries , using a combination of six age @-@ based levels intended to aid consumers in determining a game 's content and suitability , along with a system of " content descriptors " which detail specific types of content present in a particular game . The ESRB also maintains a code of ethics for the advertising and promotion of video games — ensuring that marketing materials for games display their ESRB ratings information , and are targeted to appropriate audiences , and an online privacy certification program . In 2011 , the ESRB began a program for rating mobile apps in partnership with CTIA . The ESRB is also a member of the International Age Rating Coalition . The ESRB ratings system is effectively a de facto standard because of the collective leverage of the Board and the video game industry : major console manufacturers will not license games for their systems unless they carry ESRB ratings , most retail stores enforce ESRB ratings , and also do not carry any games which are not rated by the organization . The ESRB rating system is primarily enforced on a voluntary basis by the video game and retail industry , and is not enforced under federal laws in any of the countries where it is actively used — however , in some parts of Canada , provincial laws require retailers to enforce the ESRB ratings system , with enforcement of these laws handled by regional film ratings boards . Due to the level of consumer and retail awareness of the ratings system , along with the organization 's efforts to ensure that retailers comply with the ratings system and that publishers comply with its marketing code , the ESRB has considered its system to be effective , and was praised by the Federal Trade Commission for being the " strongest " self @-@ regulatory organization in the entertainment sector . Despite its positive reception , the ESRB has still faced criticism from politicians and other watchdog groups for the structure of its operations , particularly in the wake of a 2005 incident that surrounded the organization 's handling of " hidden " , objectionable content in a game which could be accessed using a user @-@ created modification . Critics of the ESRB has asserted that the organization has a conflict of interest because of its ties to the video game industry , and that the ESRB does not rate certain games , such as the Grand Theft Auto series , harshly enough for their violent or sexual content in order to protect their commercial viability . Contrarily , other critics have argued that , at the same time , the ESRB rates certain games too strongly for their content , and that its influence has stifled the viability of adult @-@ oriented video games due to the board 's restrictions on how they are marketed and sold . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Video games with objectionable content date back as far as 1976 ; the arcade game Death Race , an adaptation of the film Death Race 2000 , required users to run over " gremlins " with a vehicle and avoid the gravestones they leave behind . Although its graphics were relatively primitive , the game 's overall theme and the sound effects made when gremlins were killed were considered disturbing by players , prompting media attention . A developer known as Mystique became known for making sexually explicit adult video games for the Atari 2600 console , but garnered the most attention with its controversial 1982 game Custer 's Revenge , which infamously featured a crude simulation of the rape of a Native American woman . Atari received numerous complaints about the game , and responded by trying to sue the game 's makers . A 1983 industry crash , caused by the market being overrun with low @-@ quality products , prompted a higher degree of regulation by future console manufacturers : when the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) was launched in the United States in 1985 , Nintendo of America instituted requirements and restrictions on third @-@ party developers , including the requirement for all games to be licensed by the company . The console itself also included a lockout chip to enforce this requirement and prevent the console from loading unlicensed games . Such leverage on developers has since become a standard practice among console makers , although Nintendo of America also had stringent content policies , frequently censoring blood , sexual content , and references to religion , tobacco and alcohol from games released on its consoles in the United States . When asked in 1987 about the suitability of a film @-@ like rating system for video games , a representative of the Software Publishers Association said that " Adult computer software is nothing to worry about . It 's not an issue that the government wants to spend any time with ... They just got done with a big witchhunt in the music recording industry , and they got absolutely nowhere " . The association did recommend voluntary warnings for games like Leisure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge Lizards ( 1987 ) . = = = Formation = = = Video games ' progression into the 1990s brought dramatic increases in graphics and sound capabilities , and the ability to use full @-@ motion video ( FMV ) content in games . In the United States Senate , Democratic Senators Joe Lieberman of Connecticut and Herb Kohl of Wisconsin led hearings on video game violence and the corruption of society which began in 1992 . Two games of this era were specifically cited in the hearings for their content ; the fighting game Mortal Kombat featured realistic , digitized sprites of live @-@ action actors , blood , and the ability to use violent " fatality " moves to finish opponents , while Night Trap featured 90 minutes of FMV content , with scenes that were considered to be sexually suggestive and exploitive . Both Nintendo and Sega had differing views on objectionable content in video games ; a port of Mortal Kombat for the Super NES was censored to remove the game 's overly violent content , whereas the port for Sega consoles retained much of this content , which helped increase sales . Sega had implemented its own voluntary ratings system , the Videogame Rating Council ( VRC ) , largely to rate games released for its own consoles . Mortal Kombat and Night Trap were rated " MA @-@ 13 " and " MA @-@ 17 " on Sega 's scale respectively . During the hearings , Howard Lincoln and Bill White ( chairmen of Nintendo and Sega 's U.S. divisions respectively ) attacked each other 's stances on objectionable content in video games ; Lincoln condemned Sega for even releasing Night Trap and felt it " simply has no place in our society " , while White argued that Sega was more responsible to consumers because they actually had a rating system in place , rather than a blanket presumption that all its games would be suitable for general audiences . Fragmentation would also develop in the classification of games ; The 3DO Company formed their own age @-@ based rating system , the 3DO Rating System , for games released on its 3DO Interactive Multiplayer , and the Recreational Software Advisory Council ( RSAC ) was formed for rating PC games , which used a system consisting of ratings in certain classes of objectionable content , but not ages . However , Lieberman did not believe that these systems were sufficient , and in February 1994 , threatened to propose the creation of a federal commission for regulating and rating video games . With the threat of federal regulations , a group of major video game developers and publishers , including Acclaim Entertainment and Electronic Arts along with Nintendo and Sega , formed a political trade group known as the Interactive Digital Software Association in April 1994 , with a goal to create a self @-@ regulatory framework for assessing and rating video games . While Sega had proposed that the industry use its VRC rating system , Nintendo representatives objected to the idea because they did not want to associate themselves with the work of their main competitor ; instead , a vendor @-@ neutral rating system known as the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) was developed . The formation of the ESRB was officially announced to Congress on July 29 , 1994 . The ESRB was officially launched on September 16 , 1994 ; its system consisted of five age @-@ based ratings ; " Early Childhood " , " Kids to Adults " ( later renamed " Everyone " in 1998 ) , " Teen " , " Mature " , and " Adults Only " . The ESRB would also use " descriptors " with brief explanations of the content contained in a game . = = = Expansion and recent developments = = = Alongside its efforts to classify video games , the ESRB also formed a division known as Entertainment Software Rating Board Interactive ( ESRBi ) , which rated internet content using a similar system to its video game ratings . ESRBi also notably partnered with the internet service provider America Online to integrate these ratings into its existing parental controls . ESRBi was discontinued in 2003 . In 2002 , Dr. Arthur Pober , the original president of the ESRB , stepped down so he could focus on academics . In November 2002 , he was formally replaced by Patrica Vance , who formerly worked for The Princeton Review and The Walt Disney Company . In March 2005 , the ESRB introduced a new rating , " Everyone 10 + " , designating games with content of a relatively higher impact than those of games rated " Everyone " , but still not high enough to garner a " Teen " rating . In response to the growth of smartphone use , in November 2011 , CTIA , a group of major U.S. companies representing the wireless industry , and ESRB announced the co @-@ development of a free , voluntary ratings process for mobile application stores . The system uses ESRB 's icons and content descriptors , along with three additional icons ( " Shares Info , " " Shares Location , " and " Users Interact " ) to inform users of an app 's behavior in regards to data collection and interactions with others . Verizon Wireless and T @-@ Mobile US were among the first to implement the system for their own application storefronts , and Microsoft 's Windows Phone Marketplace already supported ESRB ratings upon its introduction . ESRB president Patricia Vance explained that the partnership was intended to help broaden the ESRB 's reach into the mobile market , and that " consumers , especially parents , benefit from having a consistently applied set of ratings for games rather than a fragmented array of different systems . " In November 2012 , the ESRB and other video game ratings boards , including PEGI , established a consortium known as the International Age Rating Coalition , which sought to design an online , questionnaire @-@ based rating process for digitally @-@ distributed video games that could generate ratings for multiple video game ratings organizations at once . The resulting ratings information is tied to a unique code , which can then be used for online storefronts to display the corresponding rating for the user 's region . On March 17 , 2015 , Google announced that Play Store would adopt and display ESRB ratings for apps in North America through the IARC system . Windows Store also implemented IARC in January 2016 . Apple 's App Store still uses its own generic age rating system and does not use the ESRB system . = = Rating process = = To obtain a rating for a game , a publisher submits a detailed questionnaire and a DVD containing footage of the most graphic and extreme content found in the game to the ESRB , including content related to the game 's context , storyline , reward system , unlockable and otherwise " hidden " content , and other elements that may affect its rating . They may also provide printed copies of the game 's script and lyrics from songs in the game . The footage is reviewed by a team of at least three raters , who discuss what the most appropriate and " helpful " rating for the game would be , based on the footage and details provided . Raters represent various demographics , including parents , along with casual and " hardcore " gamers . Raters were formerly hired on a part @-@ time basis , but in 2007 , ESRB transitioned to a team of seven full @-@ time raters , who all live in the New York City area . If a publisher does not agree with the rating that they were assigned , they may edit the game and submit the revised version for a new rating ; for example , an initial cut of The Punisher was given an AO rating due to the extremely violent nature of certain scenes contained within the game . To lessen their impact , the developer changed these scenes to be rendered in black and white : the revised cut of the game was re @-@ submitted , and received the M rating . There is also an appeals process , but it has never been used . When the game is ready for release , the publisher sends copies of the final version of the game to the ESRB , who reviews the game 's packaging , and a random number of games they receive are play tested for more thorough review . Penalties apply to publishers who misrepresent the content of their games , including the potential for fines up to US $ 1 million and a product recall , if deemed necessary . The ESRB typically posts rating information for new titles on its website 30 days after the rating process is complete ; in 2008 , after a number of incidents where this practice inadvertently leaked information about upcoming , unannounced games , the ESRB began to allow publishers to place embargoes on the release of ratings information until a game is officially announced . In April 2011 , the ESRB introduced a streamlined , automated process for assigning ratings for console downloadable games as a way to address the rapidly growing volume of digitally @-@ delivered games . Rather than having raters review each product , publishers of these games complete a series of multiple @-@ choice questions that address content across relevant categories , including violence , sexual content , language , etc . The responses automatically determine the game 's rating category and content descriptors . Games rated via this process may be tested post @-@ release to ensure that content was properly disclosed . The survey @-@ based method is also used in the ESRB / CTIA and IARC rating programs for mobile apps . = = Ratings = = ESRB ratings are primarily identified through icons , which are displayed on the packaging and promotional materials for a game . Each icon contains a stylized alphabetical letter representing the rating . In addition to the main age @-@ based , ratings , ESRB ratings also incorporate one or more of 30 " content descriptors " which provide detailed information about the specific types and levels of objectionable content contained in a game , including categories covering different levels of violence , language , sexual content , nudity , use of alcoholic beverages or other drugs , crude and mature humor , or gambling . The full label , containing both the descriptors and rating , are typically displayed on the back of a game 's packaging . Games which incorporate online elements must display the additional disclaimer " Online Interactions Not Rated by the ESRB " , indicating that the rating only applies to the game itself , and not user @-@ generated content or communications ( such as chat ) that may be available within . The appearance of the ratings icons themselves have been updated several times ; originally carrying a stylized , pixelated look , they were first updated in 1999 to carry a cleaner appearance . In 2013 , the rating icons were streamlined , with the textual name of the rating becoming black text on white , the " content rated by " tagline removed entirely , and trademark symbols moved to the bottom @-@ right corner . The changes were intended to increase their clarity at smaller sizes ( such as on mobile devices ) , reflecting the growth in the digital distribution of video games . = = Enforcement = = The ESRB rating system is enforced on a self @-@ regulatory basis by the video game and retail industries ; many American retailers refuse the sale of " Mature " -rated games to those under 17 years of age as verified by photo identification , and refuse to stock video games that have not been rated by the organization , or are rated " Adults Only " . As of May 2015 , the live streaming website Twitch.tv explicitly bans the streaming of games rated " Adults Only " . In the United States , while there have been attempts at the state and federal level to introduce laws requiring retailers to enforce the ESRB ratings system , the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association that laws restricting the sale of video games to minors were unconstitutional , as the medium is considered a protected form of expression under the First Amendment . The case involved a 2005 California law sponsored by Leland Yee which attempted to ban the sale of " violent video games " to those under 18 , defined using a variation of the Miller test that was separate from the ESRB rating . The law was not Yee 's first attempt to regulate video game sales in California ; in 2004 , he attempted to pass a law which would have required retailers to present M @-@ rated games on separate shelves from lower @-@ rated games , of at least 5 feet ( 60 in ) from the ground . The bill was passed after it was modified to only require retailers to educate customers on the ESRB system . In Canada , ESRB ratings are enforced under provincial laws by film ratings boards in Manitoba , New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , Ontario , and Saskatchewan . As in the U.S. , most retailers voluntarily enforce the ratings regardless . Prior to the implementation of the Film Classification Act , 2005 , which gave it the power to enforce ESRB ratings , the Ontario Film Review Board had used its own powers to classify the M @-@ rated Manhunt as a film and give it a " Restricted " rating , legally barring its sale to those under 18 . In May 2013 , the ESRB reprimanded a distributor of the online game Wartune for using its trademarked " Adults Only " icon in its advertising without authorization or having actually been issued the rating by the board . = = Marketing = = The ESRB enforces guidelines that have been adopted by the video game industry in order to ensure responsible advertising and marketing practices . These include ensuring that game packaging , advertisements , and trailers properly display rating information , restricting where advertising materials for games rated " Teen " or higher can appear , forbidding publishers from " glamoriz [ ing ] or exploiting " a game 's rating in advertising , and requiring online marketing of games rated " Mature " or higher to be restricted to users who are appropriately aged . This allows the ESRB to restrict video game advertising " to consumers for whom the product is not rated as appropriate . " The board also forbids ratings from other organizations from being shown alongside ESRB ratings on publishers ' websites or social media outlets . A group of online gaming publications known as the ESRB Website Council operates under a similar code of conduct , which requires them to display ESRB ratings information for games that they cover , and implement systems to restrict access to audiovisual content depicting M or AO @-@ rated games to users who are appropriately aged . In March 2013 , the ESRB eased certain restrictions on the promotion of M @-@ rated games . Firstly , trailers for games that are or are anticipated to be rated " Mature " can be cleared by the ESRB as being appropriate for " general " audiences — similarly to the " green band " ratings issued by the MPAA for film trailers . Secondly , the board began to allow , on a case @-@ by @-@ basis depending on the target demographic of the game , M @-@ rated games to be cross @-@ promoted in the marketing materials of games with lower ratings . = = Online privacy = = In addition to its video game ratings operation , the ESRB also offers an online privacy program which helps websites adopt privacy policies and data usage practices which comply with relevant laws and best practices for the collection and use of personal information , and provides " Privacy Certified " seals indicating certification under the ESRB 's privacy guidelines . In June 2013 , the service was extended to mobile apps , with a particular emphasis on helping application developers comply with the then @-@ upcoming changes to the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act . = = Reception = = The ESRB has considered its system to be effective , due in part to initiatives by the Board to promote enforcement and consumer awareness of the system , and efforts by retailers to prevent the sale of M @-@ rated games to minors . The Federal Trade Commission has also praised the organization ; in 2008 , the FTC released the result of an investigation finding that only 20 % of underaged mystery shoppers were able to successfully purchase an M @-@ rated video game from a selection of retailers — a 22 percent reduction from 2007 . By 2011 , these numbers had dropped further to only 13 % . In its 2009 Report to Congress , the FTC recognized the ESRB for having " the strongest self @-@ regulatory code " of all entertainment sectors because of its enforcement of advertising and marketing guidelines . = = = Ratings accuracy = = = The ESRB has often been accused of not rating certain games , such as Manhunt and the Grand Theft Auto series , harshly enough for violence and other related themes , and for lacking transparency in certain aspects of the ratings process . Critics have argued that some games only received the M rating rather than the stricter AO rating because of the commercial effects of such a rating ; console manufacturers and most retailers refuse to distribute AO @-@ rated games , dramatically affecting their commercial availability . An ESRB representative stated that the Board uses the AO rating when warranted , even due to violence , and that in most occasions , publishers would edit the game to meet the M rating to ensure wide commercial availability instead of keeping the AO rating . The film classification boards of the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Ontario respectively classified the M @-@ rated games Soldier of Fortune and Manhunt as films due to concerns over the nature of their content , and gave them " Restricted " ratings , legally restricting their sale to adults . There has been a correlation between the M rating and sales ; a 2007 study by Electronic Entertainment Design and Research found that M @-@ rated games " have both the highest average Metacritic scores and the highest average gross sales in the United States " , and NPD Group found that 7 of the top 20 video games of 2010 ( including the # 1 game , Call of Duty : Black Ops ) were M @-@ rated , even though only 5 % of games released that year carried the rating . In 2005 , the National Institute on Media and the Family gave the Board an " F " rating for " Ratings Accuracy " on a MediaWise report card , arguing that M @-@ rated games were progressively becoming more explicit , that the AO rating was seldom @-@ used because the organization is controlled by the video game industry and that " study after study shows that ratings would be stricter if parents were doing the job . It took explicit porn to get Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas an AO rating , even though the original version , still rated M , rewards players whose on @-@ screen persona had sex with prostitutes and then killed them . We have been calling for AO ratings for the Grand Theft Auto series for years — now it is clear why the ESRB has ignored our request . " The ESRB disputed these claims , arguing that the organization " relies on flawed research and ignores any and all conflicting evidence " , was " imposing its own narrow values and morality on the rest of the country , regardless that it has little evidence to show that parents agree with their point of view " , and did not reply to the ESRB 's request for comments following its report card in 2004 . The board also pointed out that the NIMF 's study used data from PSVRatings , a for @-@ profit competitor to the ESRB . On the other hand , some have felt that the " Mature " rating is too broad ; video game journalist Ben Kuchera noted that Halo 3 — a sci @-@ fi first @-@ person shooter whose level of violence was , in his opinion , comparable to a Star Wars film , had received an M rating for " Blood and Gore , " " Mild Language " and " Violence " . He argued that " having a game like Halo 3 share the same rating as Saints Row IV , which carries the ' Blood , ' Intense Violence , ' ' Partial Nudity , ' ' Sexual Content , ' ' Strong Language ' and ' Use of Drugs ' descriptors was always silly , and it weakened the thrust of the ratings system . " Likewise , he felt that the tone and content of the PG @-@ 13 rated film The Dark Knight was relatively harsher to children than that of the Saints Row series due to the latter 's light @-@ hearted tone , but still noted that " as parents we know what 's right and what isn 't for our kids , and being aware of the content they consume is a large part of our job as parents . " Halo 5 : Guardians , the most recent installment in the franchise , received a " Teen " rating instead of " Mature " . Microsoft Xbox division executive Aaron Greenberg argued that consumers had been " surprised " by the M rating on previous installments " given the style of the game and the lack of real graphic violence and things like that " , but that the " Teen " rating would theoretically enable the game to reach a broader audience of younger players . = = = Adults Only rating = = = The " Adults Only " ( AO ) rating has attracted a negative stigma among the video game industry — one which has been criticized for stifling the ability for developers to have creative freedom in their portrayal of certain themes in a game , at the risk of being commercially unviable due to publishers ' objections to AO @-@ rated content : AO @-@ rated games cannot be published for major video game console platforms , and most retailers do not stock AO @-@ rated games . ESRB President Patricia Vance argued that applying self @-@ censorship to ensure marketability was a compromise that is " true in every entertainment medium " , but still believed that the idea of the AO rating eventually becoming acceptable would be a good thing for the ESRB system . The stigma is primarily affected by a perception by the industry and other activists that video games are generally considered children 's products ; for example , the existence of a Wii version of Manhunt 2 was condemned by Hillary Clinton over fears that children could use the game 's motion controls to " act out each of the many graphic torture scenes and murders [ in the game ] . " Attitudes towards AO @-@ rated games have also been influenced by the types of games that have received the rating ; Peter Payne , head of Peach Princess , a publisher of English translations of Japanese eroge visual novels , believed that the " Adults Only " rating had acquired a " smutty " and " tasteless " reputation since the majority of AO @-@ rated titles were either niche pornographic titles such as eroge games , or low @-@ brow adult titles such as Riana Rouge ( which Polygon described as a game which had the quality of an adult movie , and " [ aimed ] to do nothing more than tell low @-@ brow jokes and show nude women prancing around " ) and Lula 3D ( whose packaging touted " Bouncin ' Boobs Technology " as a selling point ) . By contrast , the ESRB has only officially given out the AO rating for extreme violence three times : Thrill Kill , a fighting game with heavy sexual overtones , received an AO rating with content descriptors for " Animated Violence " and " Animated Blood and Gore " . After acquiring its developer Virgin Entertainment , Electronic Arts pulled Thrill Kill prior to its release due to objections over the game 's content . Manhunt 2 also received an AO rating for its extreme violence ; while the uncut version would be released exclusively for PCs , the console versions were edited to meet the M rating criteria . In January 2015 , Hatred , a controversial game whose plot centers around a character indiscriminately murdering everyone he encounters , received the rating for its extreme violence and harsh language ; one of the game 's developers disputed the rating , arguing that " its violence isn 't really that bad and this harsh language isn 't overused " , but also acknowledged the rarity of their situation . = = = Hidden content = = = In 2005 , members of the mod community discovered that the PC version of Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas could be modified to unlock an incomplete sex minigame known as " Hot Coffee " , which Rockstar North had decided to leave out of the final game . The discovery of the minigame caused California State Assemblyman Leland Yee to rebuke both Rockstar and the ESRB , arguing that the ESRB was not doing its job properly . US Senators Hillary Clinton and Joe Lieberman also expressed their disapproval . Rockstar initially claimed that the minigame was created by the mod community and was not a part of the original game . This was disproven when it was discovered that a third @-@ party cheat device could be used to unlock the " Hot Coffee " scenes in console versions of the game . Following an investigation , the ESRB changed its rating from M to AO , setting a precedent that games can be re @-@ rated due to the presence of pertinent content that exists on the game 's disc , even if that content is programmed to not be playable without modification or unauthorized use of a third @-@ party cheat device . Following the release of a version excluding the content , the rating was reverted to M. In May 2006 , The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion had its rating changed from T to M due to " more detailed depictions of blood and gore than were considered in the original rating " , along with a third @-@ party mod for the PC version allowing the use of topless female characters . The game 's publisher , Bethesda Softworks , decided not to re @-@ edit the game or contest the new rating , but noted that Oblivion 's content was " not typical " of games with the M rating , and that the game " does not present the central themes of violence that are common to those products . " In the wake of these two incidents , the ESRB addressed hidden content with changes to its ratings policies in June 2006 ; publishers must disclose information surrounding all unlockable or otherwise " hidden " content in the game as part of the ratings process , and publishers can be fined up to US $ 1 million if they are found to have misrepresented the content of their game after further reviews . In response to the aftermath of Hot Coffee and the resulting policy changes , ESRB President Patricia Vance stated that in her opinion , " there is no other industry self @-@ regulatory system willing or capable of imposing such swift and sweeping sanctions on its own members , which in this particular case resulted in the removal of a top @-@ selling product from the market and a major loss of sales . " However , several U.S. politicians , including Senator Sam Brownback , California Senator Leland Yee , and Michigan Senator Fred Upton ( who was a major critic against Rockstar during the controversy ) , still felt that the ESRB had " lost " its trust of consumers , believing that video game developers were taking advantage of the board 's conflict of interest with the industry to incorporate objectionable content into their products without the ESRB 's full knowledge . In late 2006 , both Upton and Brownback tabled bills to place governmental oversight on aspects of the ESRB rating process , and make it illegal for publishers to misrepresent the playable content of a video game to a ratings board ; Upton proposed a bill known as the Video Game Decency Act , explaining that that developers had " done an end @-@ run around the process to deliver violent and pornographic material to our kids " , and that the bill would " [ go ] hand in hand with the mission of the industry ’ s own ratings system . " Brownback proposed a bill known as the Truth in Video Game Rating Act , which would have also forced the ESRB to have full , hands @-@ on access to games instead of just video footage , and have initiated a government study on the " effectiveness " of the organization and the possibility of forming a ratings organization independent from the video game industry .
= Butters ' Bottom Bitch = " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " is the ninth episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park . The 190th overall episode of the series , it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 14 , 2009 . In the episode , Butters pays a girl $ 5 to give him his first kiss , which prompts Butters to start his own " kissing company " and eventually become a pimp . The episode was written and directed by series co @-@ founder Trey Parker . " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " received particular attention for a scene in which Butters visited an ACORN office seeking benefits for his prostitutes , a reference to the real @-@ life 2009 scandal . The episode received generally positive reviews and was seen by 2 @.@ 56 million overall households , according to Nielsen Media Research . = = Plot = = Tired of being the only boy in his class to have never kissed a girl ( Butters actually had been kissed by Rebecca in Season 3 's " Hooked on Monkey Fonics " ) , Butters purchases his first kiss from Sally , who gives away kisses for $ 5 . Having won the respect of his classmates , he devises a plan to advertise Sally 's services to other unpopular boys at the school . Sally gives Butters a 40 percent cut for his advertising and managing services , and Butters soon turns the venture into a full @-@ fledged " kissing company " by recruiting more girls to fill in during times in which Sally is busy . Upon learning about Butters ' business , Kyle tells him that he is " nothing but a common pimp " . Oblivious to what the word means , Butters attends a pimp convention where he seeks advice from more @-@ experienced pimps , including one called Keyshawn . Afterward , he starts to mimic the pimp jargon , such as referring to Sally as his " bottom bitch " , and incorporating " Do you know what I am saying ? " into his conversations . To combat the apparent rise in prostitution , Sergeant Yates of the Park County Police goes undercover as a female prostitute named " Yolanda " . During stings , to the bewilderment of the police , the poorly disguised Yates waits until he is done engaging in actual sex acts with his male patrons before making an arrest . After he engages in group sex with numerous members of the fraternity house Alpha Tau Omega and doing business for Keyshawn , Yates ' fellow officers begin to openly suggest to Yates that he is getting too carried away with his duties . Meanwhile , Butters ' reputation as the respectful " new pimp " spreads throughout the county , prompting actual adult prostitutes to seek employment with him . Repulsed at what Butters is doing , Stan and Kyle try to persuade him to stop , but Butters ignores them , paying Clyde to keep Stan away from him , and brushing off Kyle 's protests in an almost threatening manner . As his workforce expands , Butters starts offering health care and other benefits to his employees , attracting more and more adults . To this end , he visits the local ACORN office to apply for low @-@ income housing benefits , seek mortgage loans , and inquire about the tax @-@ status of his business . Butters is initially refused until he identifies the boss as a client of some of the real prostitutes working for Butters . Sergeant Yates , still undercover , seeks employment with Butters . But Yolanda 's pimp , Keyshawn , soon appears outside and begs for " Yolanda " back , asking for her hand in marriage . Butters insists that he cannot force " Yolanda " to work for him , claiming it would interfere with the " true love " Keyshawn and " Yolanda " share . " Yolanda " accepts the proposal , and Butters decides to quit his job as a pimp . To the delight of his employees , he encourages them to function under the self @-@ management of the company so they can keep whatever they earn for themselves . While " Yolanda " and Keyshawn are shown celebrating their first anniversary together in a small chalet in the mountains in Switzerland , Yates suddenly decides to spring his sting operation . Revealing his true identity , he pulls out his gun and badge and informs Keyshawn that he is under arrest . = = Production and cultural references = = " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " was written and directed by series co @-@ founder Trey Parker . It first aired on October 14 , 2009 in the United States on Comedy Central . The scene in which Butters visits the ACORN office seeking benefits for his prostitutes is a reference to the real @-@ life 2009 scandal in which activist James O 'Keefe secretly filmed himself posing as a pimp during meetings with ACORN employees . The scene generated the greatest amount of media attention for " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " after its original broadcast . The pimp convention includes references to Pimps Up , Ho 's Down , an HBO documentary about the pimping lifestyle , featuring real @-@ life pimps . The scene in which the lieutenant calls his john a " nasty fucker " during sex , mirrored a scene from the documentary , Hookers at the Point . The song that plays during the lieutenant 's stripper scene at the fraternity party is " Fuck the Pain Away " , by Peaches . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on October 14 , 2009 , " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " was watched by 2 @.@ 56 million overall households , according to Nielsen ratings . It received a 1 @.@ 7 rating / 3 share , and a 1 @.@ 3 rating / 4 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . In a surprise , South Park was outperformed in the 18 to 49 age group by the Bravo reality television series Top Chef , which was seen by 2 @.@ 67 million viewers . " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " also tied for the evening in the 18 – 49 rating with the Syfy reality television series Ghost Hunters ( 2 @.@ 9 million household viewers ) and only slightly outperformed the Discovery Channel popular science television program Mythbusters ( 2 @.@ 69 million household viewers ) , which surprised TV by the Number 's Robert Seidman . " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " was also outperformed by the Spike TV mixed martial arts competition series The Ultimate Fighter , which was watched by 2 @.@ 82 million household viewers and had the highest cable ratings for the night in the 18 to 49 age group . " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " received generally positive reviews . Ramsey Isler of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 2 out of 10 rating . He said although it started slow , " once this episode found its legs , it was non @-@ stop funny . " Isler praised the South Park writers for coming up with a surprisingly funny plot , and said it ranked among Butters ' best moments in the series . Carlos Delgado of iF Magazine said it was good to see an episode focused strictly on comedy , after a string of episodes focusing on social satire . Delgado said the premise of the episode was absurd and over @-@ the @-@ top , but appreciated that South Park was continuing to push boundaries by mocking such issues as prostitution . The A.V. Club writer Josh Modell said the episode " was pretty damn funny , but I 'm predisposed to Butters in general as well as the wide world of pimping . " Wired writer Chris Kohler said the topical and timely jokes in " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " , such as the satire on ACORN , were a strong example of what kept South Park funny and relevant . Not all reviews were positive . Sean O 'Neal , also of The A.V. Club , gave the episode a C grade , and said " It was basically one note held for the run of the ep , in service of a simple little story without many surprises . " O 'Neal said the subplot involving the police was " similarly repetitious " , but he liked how the two plots came together to resolve each other . = = Home release = = " Butters ' Bottom Bitch " , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's thirteenth season , were released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on March 16 , 2010 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode , a collection of deleted scenes , and a special mini @-@ feature Inside Xbox : A Behind @-@ the @-@ Scenes Tour of South Park Studios , which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson .
= Achtung Baby = Achtung Baby ( pronunciation : / ˈɑːxtuːŋ ˈbeɪbiː / ) is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2 . It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno , and was released on 18 November 1991 on Island Records . Stung by criticism of their 1988 release , Rattle and Hum , U2 shifted their musical direction to incorporate influences from alternative rock , industrial music , and electronic dance music into their sound . Thematically , Achtung Baby is darker , more introspective , and at times more flippant than their previous work . The album and the subsequent multimedia @-@ intensive Zoo TV Tour were central to the group 's 1990s reinvention , by which they abandoned their earnest public image for a more lighthearted and self @-@ deprecating one . Seeking inspiration from German reunification , U2 began recording Achtung Baby at Berlin 's Hansa Studios in October 1990 . The sessions were fraught with conflict , as the band argued over their musical direction and the quality of their material . After tensions and slow progress nearly prompted the group to disband , they made a breakthrough with the improvised writing of the song " One " . Morale and productivity improved during subsequent recording sessions in Dublin , where the album was completed in 1991 . To confound the public 's expectations of the band and their music , U2 chose the record 's facetious title and colourful multi @-@ image sleeve . Achtung Baby is one of U2 's most successful records ; it received favourable reviews and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 Top Albums , while topping the charts in many other countries . Five songs were released as commercial singles , all of which were chart successes , including " One " , " Mysterious Ways " , and " The Fly " . The album has sold 18 million copies worldwide and won a Grammy Award in 1993 for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Achtung Baby has since been acclaimed by writers and music critics as one of the greatest albums of all time . The record was reissued in October 2011 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of its original release . = = Background = = After U2 's 1987 album The Joshua Tree and the supporting Joshua Tree Tour brought them critical acclaim and commercial success , their 1988 album and film Rattle and Hum precipitated a critical backlash . Although the record sold 14 million copies and performed well on music charts , critics were dismissive of it and the film , labelling the band 's exploration of early American music as " pretentious " and " misguided and bombastic " . U2 's high exposure and their reputation for being overly serious led to accusations of grandiosity and self @-@ righteousness . Despite their commercial popularity , the group were dissatisfied creatively ; lead vocalist Bono believed they were musically unprepared for their success , while drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. said , " We were the biggest , but we weren 't the best . " By the band 's 1989 Lovetown Tour , they had become bored with playing their greatest hits . U2 believe that audiences misunderstood the group 's collaboration with blues musician B.B. King on Rattle and Hum and the Lovetown Tour , and they described it as " an excursion down a dead @-@ end street " . Bono said that , in retrospect , listening to black music enabled the group to create a work such as Achtung Baby , while their experiences with folk music helped him to develop as a lyricist . Towards the end of the Lovetown Tour , Bono announced on @-@ stage that it was " the end of something for U2 " , and that " we have to go away and ... dream it all up again " . Following the tour , the group began their longest break from public performances and album releases . Reacting to their own sense of musical stagnation and to their critics , U2 searched for new musical ground . They wrote " God Part II " from Rattle and Hum after realising they had excessively pursued nostalgia in their songwriting . The song had a more contemporary feel that Bono said was closer to Achtung Baby 's direction . Further indications of change were two recordings they made in 1990 : the first was a cover version of " Night and Day " for the first Red Hot + Blue release , in which U2 used electronic dance beats and hip hop elements for the first time ; the second indication of change was contributions made by Bono and guitarist the Edge to the original score of A Clockwork Orange 's theatrical adaptation . Much of the material they wrote was experimental , and according to Bono , " prepar [ ed ] the ground for Achtung Baby " . Ideas deemed inappropriate for the play were put aside for the band 's use . During this period , Bono and the Edge began increasingly writing songs together without Mullen or bassist Adam Clayton . In mid @-@ 1990 , Bono reviewed material he had written in Australia on the Lovetown Tour , and the group recorded demos at STS Studios in Dublin . The demos later evolved into the songs " Who 's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses " , " Until the End of the World " , " Even Better Than the Real Thing " , and " Mysterious Ways " . After their time at STS Studios , Bono and the Edge were tasked with continuing to work on lyrics and melodies until the group reconvened . Going into the album sessions , U2 wanted the record to completely deviate from their past work , but they were unsure how to achieve this . The emergence of the Madchester scene in the UK left them confused about how they would fit into any particular musical scene . = = Recording and production = = U2 hired Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno to produce the album , based on the duo 's prior work with the band on The Unforgettable Fire and The Joshua Tree . Lanois was principal producer , with Mark " Flood " Ellis as engineer . Eno took on an assisting role , working with the group in the studio for a week at a time to review their songs before leaving for a month or two . Eno said his role was " to come in and erase anything that sounded too much like U2 " . By distancing himself from the work , he believed he provided the band with a fresh perspective on their material each time he rejoined them . As he explained , " I would deliberately not listen to the stuff in between visits , so I could go in cold " . Since U2 wanted the record to be harder @-@ hitting and live @-@ sounding , Lanois " push [ ed ] the performance aspect very hard , often to the point of recklessness " . The Lanois – Eno team used lateral thinking and a philosophical approach — popularised by Eno 's Oblique Strategies — that contrasted with the direct and retro style of Rattle and Hum producer Jimmy Iovine . = = = Berlin sessions = = = The band believed that " domesticity [ w ] as the enemy of rock ' n ' roll " and that to work on the album , they needed to remove themselves from their normal family @-@ oriented routines . With a " New Europe " emerging at the end of the Cold War , they chose Berlin , in the centre of the reuniting continent , as a source of inspiration for a more European musical aesthetic . They chose to record at Hansa Studios in West Berlin , near the recently opened Berlin Wall . Several acclaimed records were made at Hansa , including two from David Bowie 's " Berlin Trilogy " with Eno , and Iggy Pop 's The Idiot . U2 arrived on 3 October 1990 on the last flight into East Berlin on the eve of German reunification . While looking for public celebrations , they mistakenly ended up joining an anti @-@ unification protest by Communists . Expecting to be inspired in Berlin , they instead found the city to be depressing and gloomy . The collapse of the Berlin Wall had resulted in a state of malaise in Germany . The band found their East Berlin hotel to be dismal and the winter inhospitable , while Hansa Studios ' location in an SS ballroom added to the " bad vibe " . Complicating matters , the studios had been neglected for years , forcing Eno and Lanois to import recording equipment . Morale worsened once the sessions commenced , as the band worked long days but could not agree on a musical direction . The Edge had been listening to electronic dance music and to industrial bands like Einstürzende Neubauten , Nine Inch Nails , the Young Gods , and KMFDM . He and Bono advocated new musical directions along these lines . In contrast , Mullen was listening to classic rock acts such as Blind Faith , Cream , and Jimi Hendrix , and he was learning how to " play around the beat " . Like Clayton , he was more comfortable with a sound similar to U2 's previous work and was resistant to the proposed innovations . Further , the Edge 's interest in dance club mixes and drum machines made Mullen feel that his contributions as a drummer were being diminished . Lanois was expecting the " textural and emotional and cinematic U2 " of The Unforgettable Fire and The Joshua Tree , and he did not understand the " throwaway , trashy kinds of things " on which Bono and the Edge were working . Compounding the divisions between the two camps was a change in the band 's longstanding songwriting relationship ; Bono and the Edge were working more closely together , writing material in isolation from the rest of the group . U2 found that they were neither prepared nor well @-@ rehearsed , and that their ideas were not evolving into completed songs . The group were unable to reach consensus during their disagreements and felt that they were not making progress . Bono and Lanois , in particular , had an argument that almost came to blows during the writing of " Mysterious Ways " . During one tense session , Clayton removed his bass guitar and held it out to Bono , saying , " You tell me what to play and I 'll play it . You want to play it yourself ? Go ahead . " With a sense of going nowhere , the band considered breaking up . Eno visited for a few days , and understanding their attempts to deconstruct the band , he assured them that their progress was better than they thought . By adding unusual effects and sounds , he showed that the Edge 's pursuit for new sonic territory was not incompatible with Mullen 's and Lanois ' " desire to hold on to solid song structures " . Ultimately , a breakthrough was achieved with the writing of the song " One " ; while working on " Sick Puppy " — an early version of " Mysterious Ways " — The Edge played two separate chord progressions sequentially on guitar at Lanois ' encouragement , and finding inspiration , the group quickly improvised a new song that became " One " . It provided reassurance and validated their long @-@ standing " blank page approach " to writing and recording together . U2 returned to Dublin for Christmas , where they discussed their future together and all recommitted to the group . Listening to the tapes , they agreed their material sounded better than they originally thought . They briefly returned to Berlin in January 1991 to finish their work at Hansa . Reflecting on their time in Berlin , Clayton called the sessions a " baptism of fire " and said , " It was something we had to go through to realize what we were trying to get to was not something you could find physically , outside of ourselves , in some other city — that there was not magic to it and that we actually had to put the work in and figure out the ideas and hone those ideas down . " Although just two songs were delivered during their two months in Berlin , The Edge said that in retrospect , working there had been more productive and inspirational than the output had suggested . The band had been removed from a familiar environment , providing what they described as a certain " texture and cinematic location " , and many of their incomplete ideas would be revisited in the subsequent Dublin sessions with success . = = = Dublin sessions = = = In February 1991 , U2 moved the album 's recording sessions to the seaside manor Elsinore in the Dublin suburb of Dalkey , renting the house for ₤ 10 @,@ 000 per month . The band nicknamed the house " Dog Town " for the " tackiness " of its exterior dog kennels , and the location was credited as such in the album notes . Lanois ' strategy to record in houses , mansions , or castles was something he believed brought atmosphere to the recordings . Dublin audio services company Big Bear Sound installed a recording studio in the house , with the recording room in a converted garage diagonally beneath the control room . Video cameras and TV monitors were used to monitor and communicate between the spaces . With Elsinore located within walking distance of Bono 's and the Edge 's homes , the sessions there were more relaxed and productive . The band struggled with one particular song — later released as the B @-@ side " Lady With the Spinning Head " — but three separate tracks , " The Fly " , " Ultraviolet ( Light My Way ) " and " Zoo Station " , were derived from it . During the writing of " The Fly " , Bono created a persona based on an oversized pair of black sunglasses that he wore to lighten the mood in the studio . The character , also named " The Fly " , evolved into a leather @-@ clad egomaniac meant to parody rock stardom . Bono assumed this alter ego for the band 's subsequent public appearances and live performances on the Zoo TV Tour . In April , tapes from the earlier Berlin sessions were stolen after the band reportedly left them in a hotel room , and they were subsequently leaked before the album was finished . The tapes ' demos were bootlegged into a three @-@ disc collection dubbed the " Salomé sessions " , named for a song that was prominently featured in the collection but did not make the album 's final cut . The release is considered the most famous bootleg of U2 material . Bono dismissed the leaked demos as " gobbledygook " , and the Edge likened the situation to " being violated " . The leak shook U2 's confidence and soured their collective mood for a few weeks . Staffing schedules led to the band having a surplus of engineers at one point , and as a result , they split recording between Elsinore and the Edge 's home studio to increase productivity . Engineer Robbie Adams said the approach raised morale and activity levels : " There was always something different to listen to , always something exciting happening . " To record all of the band 's material and test different arrangements , the engineers utilised a technique they called " fatting " , which allowed them to achieve more than 48 tracks of audio by using a 24 @-@ track analogue recording , a DAT machine , and a synchroniser . The focus on capturing the band 's material and encouraging the best performances meant that little attention was paid to combating audio spill . In the June 1991 issue of U2 's fan magazine Propaganda , Lanois said that he believed some of the in @-@ progress songs would become worldwide hits , despite lyrics and vocal takes being unfinished . During the Dublin sessions , Eno was sent tapes of the previous two months ' work , which he called a " total disaster " . Joining U2 in the studio , he stripped away what he thought to be excessive overdubbing . The group believes his intervention saved the album . Eno theorised that the band was too close to their music , explaining , " if you know a piece of music terribly well and the mix changes and the bass guitar goes very quiet , you still hear the bass . You 're so accustomed to it being there that you compensate and remake it in your mind . " Eno also assisted them through a crisis point one month before the recording deadline ; he recalled that " everything seemed like a mess " , and he insisted the band take a two @-@ week holiday . The break gave them a clearer perspective and added decisiveness . After work at Elsinore finished in July , the sessions moved to Windmill Lane Studios where Eno , Flood , Lanois , and previous U2 producer Steve Lillywhite mixed the tracks . Each producer created his own mixes of the songs , and the band either picked the version they preferred or requested that certain aspects of each be combined . Additional recording and mixing continued at a frenetic pace until the 21 September deadline , including last @-@ minute changes to " The Fly " , " One " , and " Mysterious Ways " . The Edge estimated that half of the sessions ' work was done in the last three weeks to finalise songs . The final night was spent devising a running order for the record . The following day , the Edge travelled to Los Angeles with the album 's tapes for mastering . = = Composition = = = = = Music = = = U2 is credited with composing the music for all of Achtung Baby 's tracks , despite periods of separated songwriting . They wrote the music primarily through jam sessions , a common practice for them . The album represents a deviation from the sound of their past work ; the songs are less anthemic in nature , and their musical style demonstrates a more European aesthetic , introducing influences from alternative rock , industrial music , and electronic dance music . The band referred to the album 's musical departure as " the sound of four men chopping down The Joshua Tree " . Accordingly , the distorted introduction to the opening track " Zoo Station " was intended to make listeners think the record was broken or was mistakenly not the new U2 album . Author Susan Fast said that with the group 's use of technology in the song 's opening , " there can be no mistake that U2 has embraced sound resources new to them " . For the album , the Edge often eschewed his normally minimalistic approach to guitar playing and his trademark chiming , delay @-@ heavy sound , in favour of a style that incorporated more solos , dissonance , and feedback . Industrial influences and guitar effects , particularly distortion , contributed to a " metallic " style and " harder textures " . Music journalist Bill Wyman said the Edge 's guitar playing on the closing track " Love Is Blindness " sounded like a " dentist 's drill " . The Edge achieved breakthroughs in the writing of songs such as " Even Better Than the Real Thing " and " Mysterious Ways " by toying with various effects pedals . The rhythm section is more pronounced in the mix on Achtung Baby , and hip hop @-@ inspired electronic dance beats are featured on many of the album 's tracks , most prominently " The Fly " . Elysa Gardner of Rolling Stone compared the layering of dance beats into guitar @-@ heavy mixes to songs by British bands Happy Mondays and Jesus Jones . " Mysterious Ways " combines a funky guitar riff with a danceable , conga @-@ laden beat , for what Bono called " U2 at our funkiest ... Sly and The Family Stone meets Madchester baggy . " Amidst layers of distorted guitars , " The Fly " and " Zoo Station " feature industrial @-@ influenced percussion — the timbre of Mullen 's drums exhibits a " cold , processed sound , something like beating on a tin can " , according to author Albin Zak . Whereas Bono exhibited a full @-@ throated vocal delivery on the group 's previous releases , for Achtung Baby he extended his range into a lower register and used what Fast described as " breathy and subdued colors " . On many tracks , including " The Fly " and " Zoo Station " , he sang as a character ; one technique used is what Fast called " double voice " , in which the vocals are doubled but sung in two different octaves . This octave differentiation was sometimes done with vocals simultaneously , while at other times , it distinguishes voices between the verses and choruses . According to Fast , the technique introduces " a contrasting lyrical idea and vocal character to deliver it " , leading to both literal and ironic interpretations of Bono 's vocals . For several tracks , his vocals were treated with processing . These techniques were used to give his voice a different emotional feel and distinguish it from his past vocals . = = = Lyrics = = = As is often the case on U2 albums , Bono is credited as the sole lyricist . In contrast to U2 's previous records , whose lyrics were politically and socially charged , Achtung Baby is more personal and introspective , examining love , sexuality , spirituality , faith , and betrayal . The lyrics are darker in tone , describing troubled personal relationships and exuding feelings of confusion , loneliness , and inadequacy . Central to these themes was the Edge 's separation from his wife ( the mother of his three children ) , which occurred halfway through the album 's recording . The pain not only focused him on the record and led him to advocate more personal themes , but it also affected Bono 's lyrical contributions . Bono found inspiration from his own personal life , citing the births of his two daughters in 1989 and 1991 as major influences . This is reflected in " Zoo Station " , which opens the album as a statement of intent with lyrics suggesting new anticipations and appetites . Of the album 's personal nature , Bono said that there were a lot of " blood and guts " in it . His lyrics to the ballad " One " were inspired by the band members ' struggling relationships and the German reunification . The Edge described the song on one level as a " bitter , twisted , vitriolic conversation between two people who 've been through some nasty , heavy stuff " . Similarly , " Ultraviolet ( Light My Way ) " describes a strained relationship and unease over obligations , and on " Acrobat " , Bono sings about weakness , hypocrisy , and inadequacy . The torch songs of Roy Orbison , Scott Walker , and Jacques Brel were major influences , evidenced by tracks such as : " Who 's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses " , a description of a couple 's argument ; " So Cruel " , about unrequited love , obsession , and possessiveness ; and the closing track , " Love Is Blindness " , a bleak account of a failing romance . U2 biographer Bill Flanagan credits Bono 's habit of keeping his lyrics " in flux until the last minute " with providing a narrative coherence to the album . Flanagan interpreted Achtung Baby as using the moon as a metaphor for a dark woman seducing the singer away from his virtuous love , the sun ; he is tempted away from domestic life by an exciting nightlife and tests how far he can go before returning home . For Flanagan , " Tryin ' to Throw Your Arms Around the World " on the album 's latter third describes the character stumbling home in a drunken state , and the final three songs — " Ultraviolet ( Light My Way ) " , " Acrobat " , and " Love Is Blindness " — are about how the couple deal with the suffering they have forced on each other . Despite the record 's darker themes , many lyrics are more flippant and sexual than those from the band 's previous work . This reflects the group 's revisiting some of the Dadaist characters and stage antics they dabbled with in the late 1970s as teenagers but abandoned for more literal themes in the 1980s . While the band had previously been opposed to materialism , they examined and flirted with this value on the album and the Zoo TV Tour . The title and lyrics of " Even Better Than the Real Thing " are " reflective of the times [ the band ] were living in , when people were no longer looking for the truth , [ they ] were all looking for instant gratification " . " Trashy " and " throwaway " were among the band 's buzzwords during recording , leading to many tracks in this vein . The chorus of " Ultraviolet ( Light My Way ) " features the pop lyrical cliché " baby , baby , baby " , juxtaposed against the dark lyrics in the verses . Bono wrote the lyrics to " The Fly " in character as the song 's eponymous persona by composing a sequence of aphorisms . He called the song " like a crank call from Hell ... but [ the caller ] likes it there " . Religious imagery is present throughout the record . " Until the End of the World " is an imagined conversation between Jesus Christ and his betrayer , Judas Iscariot . On " Acrobat " , Bono sings about feelings of spiritual alienation in the line " I 'd break bread and wine / If there was a church I could receive in " . In many tracks , Bono 's lyrics about women carry religious connotations , describing them as spirits , life , light , and idols to be worshipped . Religious interpretations of the album are the subject of the book Meditations on Love in the Shadow of the Fall . = = Packaging and title = = The sleeve artwork for Achtung Baby was designed by Steve Averill , who had created the majority of U2 's album covers , along with Shaughn McGrath . To parallel the band 's change in musical direction , Averill and McGrath devised sleeve concepts that used multiple color images to contrast with the seriousness of the individual , mostly monochromatic images from previous U2 album sleeves . Rough sketches and designs were created early during the recording sessions , and some experimental designs were conceived to closely resemble , as Averill put it , " dance @-@ music oriented sleeves . We just did them to show how extreme we could go and then everyone came back to levels that they were happy with . But if we hadn 't gone to these extremes it may not have been the cover it is now . " An initial photo shoot with the band 's long @-@ time photographer Anton Corbijn was done near U2 's Berlin hotel in late 1990 . Most of the photos were black @-@ and @-@ white , and the group felt they were not indicative of the spirit of the new album . They re @-@ commissioned Corbijn for an additional two @-@ week photo shoot in Tenerife in February 1991 , for which they dressed up and mingled with the crowds of the annual Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , presenting a more playful side of themselves . It was during the group 's time in Tenerife and during a four @-@ day shoot in Morocco in July that they were photographed in drag . Additional photos were taken in Dublin in June , including a shot of a naked Clayton . The images were intended to confound expectations of U2 , and their full colour contrasted with the monochromatic imagery on past sleeves . Several photographs were considered as candidates for a single cover image , including shots of : a cow on an Irish farm in County Kildare ; the nude Clayton ; and the band driving a Trabant , an East German automobile they became fond of as a symbol for a changing Europe . Ultimately , a multiple image scheme was used , as U2 , Corbijn , Averill , and the producers thought that " the sense of flux expressed by both the music and the band 's playing with alter egos was best articulated by the lack of a single viewpoint " . The resulting front sleeve is a 4 × 4 squared montage . A mix of Corbijn 's original images from Berlin and the later photo shoots was used , as the band wanted to balance the " colder European feel of the mainly black @-@ and @-@ white Berlin images with the much warmer exotic climates of Santa Cruz and Morocco " . Some photographs were used because they were striking on their own , while others were used because of their ambiguity . Images of the band with Trabants , several of which were painted bright colours , appear on the sleeve and throughout the album booklet . These vehicles were later incorporated into the Zoo TV Tour set design as part of the lighting system . The nude photo of Clayton was placed on the rear cover of the record . On the US compact disc and cassette sleeves , Clayton 's genitals are censored with a black " X " or a four @-@ leaf clover , while vinyl editions feature the photo uncensored . The label of the physical CD and vinyl record features an image of a " babyface " graffitied by artist Charlie Whisker onto an external wall of Windmill Lane Studios . The babyface image was later adopted as a logo for Zoo TV Tour memorabilia and was incorporated into the Zooropa album cover . In 2003 , music television network VH1 ranked Achtung Baby 's sleeve at number 39 on its list of the " 50 Greatest Album Covers " . Bono has called the sleeve his favourite U2 cover artwork . The German word " Achtung " ( IPA : [ ˈaxtʊŋ ] ) in the album title translates into English as " attention " or " watch out " . U2 's sound engineer Joe O 'Herlihy used the phrase " achtung baby " during recording , reportedly taking it from the Mel Brooks film The Producers . The title was selected in August 1991 near the end of the album sessions . According to Bono , it was an ideal title , as it was attention @-@ grabbing , referenced Germany , and hinted at either romance or birth , both of which were themes on the album . The band was determined not to highlight the seriousness of the lyrics and instead sought to " erect a mask " , a concept that was further developed on the Zoo TV Tour , particularly through characters such as " The Fly " . Of the title , Bono said in 1992 , " It 's a con , in a way . We call it Achtung Baby , grinning up our sleeves in all the photography . But it 's probably the heaviest record we 've ever made ... It tells you a lot about packaging , because the press would have killed us if we 'd called it anything else . " U2 had considered several other album titles , including Man ( in contrast to the group 's debut , Boy ) , 69 , Zoo Station , and Adam , the latter of which would have been paired with the nude photo of Clayton . Other possible titles included Fear of Women and Cruise Down Main Street , the latter a reference to the Rolling Stones ' record Exile on Main St. and the cruise missiles launched on Baghdad during the Gulf War . Most of the proposed titles were rejected out of the belief that people would see them as pretentious and " another Big Statement from U2 " . = = Release and promotion = = As early as December 1990 , the music press reported that U2 would be recording a dance @-@ oriented album and that it would be released in mid @-@ 1991 . In August 1991 , sound collage artists Negativland released an EP entitled U2 that parodied U2 's song " I Still Haven 't Found What I 'm Looking For " . Island Records objected to the release , believing consumers would confuse the EP for a new U2 record . Island successfully sued for copyright infringement but were criticised in the music press , as were U2 , although they were not involved in the litigation . Uncut 's Stephen Dalton believes that the negative headlines were tempered by the success of Achtung Baby 's first single , " The Fly " , released on 21 October 1991 a month before the album . Sounding nothing like U2 's typical style , it was selected as the lead single to announce the group 's new musical direction . It became their second song to top the UK Singles Chart , while reaching number one on the singles charts in Ireland and Australia . The single was less successful in the US , peaking at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Island Records and U2 refused to make advance copies of the album available to the press until just a few days before the release date , preferring that fans to listen to the record before reading reviews . The decision came amid rumours of tensions within the band , and journalist David Browne compared it to the Hollywood practice of withholding pre @-@ release copies of films from reviewers whenever they receive poor word @-@ of @-@ mouth press . Achtung Baby was released on 18 November 1991 in the UK and 19 November in the US on compact disc , tape cassette , and vinyl record , with an initial shipment of 1 @.@ 4 million copies . The album was the first release by a major act to use two so @-@ called " eco @-@ friendly " packages — the cardboard Digipak , and the shrinkwrapped jewel case without the long cardboard attachment . Island encouraged record stores to order the jewel case packaging by offering a four @-@ percent discount . Achtung Baby was U2 's first album in three years and their first comprising entirely new material in over four years . The group maintained a low profile after the record 's release , avoiding interviews and allowing critics and the public to make their own assessments . Instead of participating in an article with Rolling Stone magazine , U2 asked Eno to write one for them . The marketing plan for the album focused on retail and press promotions . In addition to television and radio advertisements being produced , posters featuring the sleeve 's 16 images were distributed to record stores and through alternative newspapers in major cities . Compared to the large hype of other 1991 year @-@ end releases , the marketing for Achtung Baby was relatively understated , as Island general manager Andy Allen explained : " U2 will not come out with that kind of fanfare in terms of outside media . We feel the fan base itself creates that kind of excitement . " " Mysterious Ways " was released as the second single five days after the release of Achtung Baby . On the US Billboard charts , the song topped the Modern Rock Tracks and Album Rock Tracks charts , and it reached number nine on the Hot 100 . Elsewhere , it reached number one in Canada and number three in Australia . In addition to the success of the first two singles , the album performed well commercially ; in the US , Achtung Baby debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 Top Albums on 7 December 1991 . It fell to number three the following week , but spent its first 13 weeks on the chart within the top ten . In total , it spent 100 weeks on the Billboard 200 Top Albums . It sold 295 @,@ 000 copies in the US in its first week , and on 21 January 1992 , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified it double @-@ platinum . Achtung Baby peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart , spending 87 weeks on the chart . In other regions , it topped the RPM 100 in Canada , the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia , and the RIANZ Top 40 Albums in New Zealand . The record sold seven million copies in its first three months on sale . Three additional commercial singles were released in 1992 . " One " , released in March at the beginning of the Zoo TV Tour , reached number seven in the UK and number ten in the US charts . Like its predecessor , it topped the Modern Rock Tracks chart , and the singles charts in Canada and Ireland . The song has since become regarded as one of the greatest of all time , ranking highly on many critics ' lists . The fourth single from Achtung Baby , " Even Better Than the Real Thing " , was released in June . The album version of the song peaked at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart , while reaching number one on the US Album Rock Tracks chart . A " Perfecto " remix of the song by DJ Paul Oakenfold performed better in the UK than the album version did , peaking at number eight . " Who 's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses " followed in August 1992 as the fifth and final single . It peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart , and number two on the US Album Rock Tracks chart . All five commercial singles charted within the top 20 in Ireland , Australia , Canada , and UK . Promotional singles for " Until the End of the World " , " Salomé " , and " Zoo Station " were also released . By the end of 1992 , Achtung Baby had sold 10 million copies worldwide . In October 1992 , U2 released Achtung Baby : The Videos , the Cameos , and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV , a VHS and LaserDisc compilation of nine music videos from the album . Running for 65 minutes , it was produced by Ned O 'Hanlon and released by Island and PolyGram . It included three music videos each for " One " and " Even Better than the Real Thing " , along with videos for " The Fly " , " Mysterious Ways " , and " Until the End of the World " . Interspersed between the music videos were clips of so @-@ called " interference " , comprising documentary footage , media clips , and other video similar to what was displayed at Zoo TV Tour concerts . The release was certified platinum in the US , and gold in Canada . = = Reception = = Achtung Baby received favourable reviews from critics . Elysa Gardner of Rolling Stone said U2 had " proven that the same penchant for epic musical and verbal gestures that leads many artists to self @-@ parody can , in more inspired hands , fuel the unforgettable fire that defines great rock & roll . " The review said that the album , like its predecessor Rattle and Hum , was an attempt by the band to " broaden its musical palette , but this time its ambitions are realized " . Bill Wyman from Entertainment Weekly called it a " pristinely produced and surprisingly unpretentious return by one of the most impressive bands in the world " . Steve Morse of The Boston Globe echoed these sentiments , stating that the album " not only reinvigorates their sound , but drops any self @-@ righteousness . The songs focus on personal relationships , not on saving the world . " Morse commended the album 's " clanging , knob @-@ twisting sound effects " and the Edge 's " metallic , head @-@ snapping guitar " . In the Los Angeles Times , Robert Hilburn stated , " the arty , guitar @-@ driven textures are among the band 's most confident and vigorous ever " . He said the album is a difficult one for listeners because of the dark , introspective nature of the songs , which contrasts with the group 's uplifting songs of the past . Jon Pareles of The New York Times lauded the record not only for featuring " noisy , vertiginous arrangements " , but also for the group 's ability to " maintain its pop skills " . The review concluded , " Stripped @-@ down and defying its old formulas , U2 has given itself a fighting chance for the 1990s . " Q 's Mat Snow called Achtung Baby U2 's " heaviest album to date . And best . " Snow praised the band and its production team for making " music of drama , depth , intensity and , believe it , funkiness " . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune felt the record " shows the band in a grittier light : disrupting , rather than fulfilling , expectations " . He praised Lanois ' production and said that due to the Edge 's guitar playing , " U2 sounds punkier than it has since its 1980 debut , Boy " . Kot concluded his review by calling the album " a magnificent search for transcendence made all the more moving for its flaws " . Niall Stokes of Hot Press wrote , " Ostensibly decadent , sensual and dark , it is a record of , and for , these times . " The New Zealand Herald found it " pretty damn good " and its sound " subdued , tightly controlled , [ and ] introverted " . However , it said that too many " downbeat moments where songs seem to be going nowhere " prevented it from being a " truly wondrous affair " . In Spin , Jim Greer was more critical of the album , calling it an " ambitious failure " ; the review welcomed its experimentation but judged that when the group " strays from familiar territory , the results are hit @-@ and @-@ miss " . Village Voice critic Robert Christgau rated it a dud , and in 1994 , he reflected on this sentiment : " After many , many tries , Achtung Baby still sounded like a damnably diffuse U2 album to me , and I put it in the hall unable to describe a single song . " In a retrospective review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the band 's musical transformation as " thorough " , " effective " , and " endlessly inventive " . Erlewine concluded that few artists at that stage in their career could have " recorded an album as adventurous or fulfilled their ambitions quite as successfully as U2 [ did ] " . The success of Achtung Baby and the Zoo TV Tour re @-@ established U2 as one of the most popular and critically acclaimed musical acts in the world . The group nearly swept Rolling Stone 's 1992 end @-@ of @-@ year readers ' polls , winning honours for " Best Single " ( " One " ) , " Artist of the Year " , " Best Album " , " Best Songwriter " ( Bono ) , " Best Album Cover " , and " Comeback of the Year " , among others . Critics at several newspapers , such as The Washington Post , The Boston Globe , and Chicago Sun @-@ Times , ranked the album among the year 's best . The album placed fourth on the " Best Albums " list from The Village Voice 's 1991 Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . At the 35th Annual Grammy Awards , Achtung Baby won the award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , and it earned Lanois and Eno the award for Producer of the Year ( Non @-@ Classical ) . The record was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , and was shortlisted for the 1992 Mercury Music Prize . = = Zoo TV Tour = = Following the release of Achtung Baby , U2 staged a worldwide concert tour , titled the Zoo TV Tour . Like Achtung Baby , the tour was intended to deviate from the band 's past . In contrast to the austere stage setups of previous U2 tours , Zoo TV was an elaborately staged multimedia event . It satirised television and the viewing public 's over @-@ stimulation by attempting to instill " sensory overload " in its audience . The stage featured large video screens that showed visual effects , random video clips from pop culture , and flashing text phrases . Live satellite link @-@ ups , channel surfing , crank calls , and video confessionals were incorporated into the shows . Whereas the group were known for their earnest live act in the 1980s , their Zoo TV performances were intentionally ironic and self @-@ deprecating ; on stage , Bono portrayed several characters he conceived , including " The Fly " , " Mirror Ball Man " , and " MacPhisto " . The majority of the album 's songs were played at each show , and the set lists began with up to eight consecutive Achtung Baby songs as a further sign that they were no longer the U2 of the 1980s . The tour began in February 1992 and comprised 157 shows over almost two years . During a six @-@ month break , the band recorded the album Zooropa , which was released in July 1993 . It was inspired by Zoo TV and expanded on its themes of technology and media oversaturation . By the time the tour concluded in December 1993 , U2 had played to approximately 5 @.@ 3 million fans . In 2002 , Q magazine said the Zoo TV Tour was " still the most spectacular rock tour staged by any band " . The tour 's 27 November 1993 concert in Sydney was filmed and commercially released as Zoo TV : Live from Sydney by PolyGram in May 1994 . = = Legacy = = Achtung Baby is certified 8 × platinum in the US by the RIAA , and according to Nielsen Soundscan , the album has sold 5 @.@ 5 million copies in the country , as of March 2009 . The record has been certified 5 × platinum in Australia , 4 × platinum in the UK , and diamond in Canada , the highest certification award . Overall , 18 million copies have been sold worldwide . It is U2 's second @-@ highest @-@ selling record after The Joshua Tree , which has sold 25 million copies . For the band , Achtung Baby was a watershed that secured their creative future , and its success led to the group 's continued musical experimentation during the 1990s . Zooropa , released in 1993 , was a further departure for the band , incorporating additional dance music influences and electronic effects into their sound . In 1995 , U2 and Brian Eno collaborated on the experimental / ambient album Original Soundtracks 1 under the pseudonym " Passengers " . For Pop in 1997 , the group 's experiences with dance club culture and their usage of tape loops , programming , rhythm sequencing , and sampling resulted in their most dance @-@ oriented album . The record is highly regarded among the members of U2 . Mullen said , " I thought it was a great record . I was very proud of it . Its success was by no means preordained . It was a real break from what we had done before and we didn 't know if our fans would like it or not . " Bono called the album a " pivot point " in the band 's career , saying , " Making Achtung Baby is the reason we 're still here now . " Clayton concurred , saying , " If we hadn 't done something we were excited about , that made us apprehensive and challenged everything we stood for , then there would really have been no reason to carry on ... If it hadn 't been a great record by our standards , the existence of the band would have been threatened . " The group 's reinvention occurred at the peak of the alternative rock movement , when the genre was achieving widespread mainstream popularity . Bill Flanagan pointed out that many of U2 's 1980s contemporaries struggled commercially with albums released after the turn of the decade . He argued that U2 , however , were able to take advantage of the alternative rock movement and ensure a successful future by " set [ ting ] themselves up as the first of the new groups rather than the last of the old " . Toby Creswell echoed these sentiments in his 2006 music reference book 1001 Songs , writing that the album helped U2 avoid " becoming parodies of themselves and being swept aside by the grunge and techno revolutions " . A 2010 retrospective by Spin said that " U2 became the emblematic band of the alternative @-@ rock era with Achtung Baby . " Achtung Baby has been acclaimed by writers and music critics as one of the greatest albums of all time ; according to Acclaimed Music , it is the 80th @-@ highest @-@ ranked record on critics ' lists . In 1997 , The Guardian collated worldwide data from a range of renowned critics , artists , and radio DJs , who placed the record at number 71 on a list of the " 100 Best Albums Ever " . In 2003 , the National Association of Recording Merchandisers ranked it at number 45 on its " Definitive 200 " list , while USA Today featured it on their list of the top 40 albums of all time . Three years later , the album appeared on a number of rankings , including Hot Press 's " 100 Greatest Albums Ever " at number 21 , Time 's list of " The All @-@ Time 100 Albums " , and the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . VH1 ranked it 65th on the " 100 Greatest Albums of Rock & Roll " episode of its series The Greatest . Rolling Stone placed the record at number 63 on its 2012 list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " , calling it " a prescient mix of sleek rock and pulsing Euro grooves " and stating that " the emotional turmoil made U2 sound more human than ever " . Entertainment Weekly 's 2013 list of the " All @-@ Time Greatest " albums ranked the record 23rd , stating that instead of " coast [ ing ] forever on the cinematic storytelling they mastered on the excellently righteous The Joshua Tree " , the group " ripped up the rule book " with Achtung Baby . The record topped Spin 's list of the 125 most influential albums from 1985 to 2010 ; the author said , " Unlike Radiohead with OK Computer and Kid A , U2 took their post @-@ industrial , trad @-@ rock disillusionment not as a symbol of overall cultural malaise , but as a challenge to buck up and transcend ... Struggling to simultaneously embrace and blow up the world , they were never more inspirational . " = = 20th anniversary releases = = The 20th anniversary of Achtung Baby was marked by several releases in 2011 . At the band 's request , a documentary film about the album entitled From the Sky Down was produced . It was directed by Davis Guggenheim , who previously collaborated with the Edge for the documentary It Might Get Loud in 2008 . From the Sky Down documents the album 's difficult recording period , the band members ' relationships , and U2 's creative process . Archival footage and stills from the recording sessions appear in the film , along with unreleased scenes from Rattle and Hum . For the documentary , the band were filmed during a return visit to Hansa Studios and during rehearsals for the Glastonbury Festival 2011 . The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival , and in October , it was broadcast on multiple television networks worldwide . On 31 October 2011 , Achtung Baby was reissued in five formats . In addition to a single @-@ disc release of the album , a deluxe edition includes a bonus disc of remixes and B @-@ sides from the album 's five singles , and a vinyl edition includes the album on two LPs with two additional LPs of remixes . The 10 @-@ disc " Super Deluxe " and " Über Deluxe " editions include : the Zooropa album ; three additional CDs with remixes , B @-@ sides , and outtakes from Achtung Baby and Zooropa ; a " kindergarten " disc with nascent versions of the album 's 12 songs ; and four DVDs containing From the Sky Down , Zoo TV : Live from Sydney , music videos , and documentaries . The " Über Deluxe " edition also contains the album on double vinyl , five 7 @-@ inch vinyl singles , and additional memorabilia , including a replica of Bono 's " Fly " sunglasses . The media initially announced that the reissue was a remastered release . However , the initial press release by U2 made no mention of " remastering " , and the band 's website later removed any mention of the reissue being a remaster . The Edge confirmed that the audio was " polish [ ed ] " , but that it was not fully remastered because the original recordings did not require it . " Blow Your House Down " , an outtake included in the deluxe editions , was released as a promotional single in October 2011 . Q commissioned an Achtung Baby tribute album , entitled AHK @-@ toong BAY @-@ bi Covered , that was included in the magazine 's December 2011 issue . It features performances by Jack White , Depeche Mode , Damien Rice , Gavin Friday , Glasvegas , The Fray , Patti Smith , The Killers , Snow Patrol , Nine Inch Nails , and Garbage . = = Track listing = = All lyrics written by Bono , all music composed by U2 . = = Personnel = = = = Charting = = = = Certifications = =
= Central Coast Mariners FC = Central Coast Mariners Football Club is an Australian professional soccer club based in Gosford , on the Central Coast of New South Wales . It competes in the A @-@ League , under licence from Football Federation Australia ( FFA ) . The Mariners was founded in 2004 as one of the eight original A @-@ League teams . It was the first professional sports club from the Gosford region to compete in a national competition . Despite being considered one of the smallest @-@ market clubs in the league , Central Coast Mariners has claimed one A @-@ League Championship from four Grand Final appearances and topped the table to win the A @-@ League Premiership twice . The club has also appeared in the AFC Champions League four times . The club plays matches at Central Coast Stadium , a 20 @,@ 059 @-@ seat stadium in Gosford ; its purpose @-@ built training facility , Mariners Centre of Excellence , is located in the suburb of Tuggerah . The facility is also home to a youth team that competes in the National Youth League . The English Football League One 's Sheffield United has invested in the Central Coast @-@ based club , and the Mariners has affiliation agreements with several international clubs . The Mariners ' main supporters ' group is known as the Yellow Army , for the colour of the club 's home kit . The club shares a rivalry with Newcastle Jets , known as the F3 Derby , after the previous name of the motorway that connects the cities of the teams . Matt Simon is the Mariners ' all @-@ time leading goalscorer as of December 2014 , with 45 goals in all competitions . The team record for matches played is held by John Hutchinson , who has appeared in 263 games for the Mariners . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = Central Coast Mariners ' bid for a franchise in the Football Federation Australia 's new A @-@ League competition was aimed at filling the one spot for a regional team that was designated by the FFA . Media speculation prior to the announcement of the franchises in the new league suggested that the Mariners ' bid may be favourable due to its new blood . Backing from former Australian international player and club technical director Alex Tobin , as well as Clean Up Australia personality Ian Kiernan — who would act as inaugural club chairman — also strengthened its proposal . As the only regional bidder , Central Coast was expected to make it into the league by default . Following a reported signed deal with the FFA , the club signed former Northern Spirit coach Lawrie McKinna as manager and Ian Ferguson , a former Rangers and Northern Spirit player , as coach . To aid the FFA 's goals of building the profile of the sport , the Mariners created formal links with local state league team Central Coast United . On 1 November 2004 , after much expectation , the club was announced as one of eight teams to become part of FFA 's domestic competition , the A @-@ League . The decision made Central Coast Mariners the first Gosford @-@ based professional sports team to play in a national competition . At the time of the formation of the new league in 2004 , the club was owned by Spirits Sports and Leisure Group . The club announced its search for a star player under the league 's allowance for one star player outside of the $ 1 @.@ 5 million salary cap , insisting that the player should not look at the position as a retirement fund . Coach Lawrie McKinna sought interest from Australia national football team players Ante Milicic and Simon Colosimo , and announced that he may sign more than the three under @-@ 20 players required by league rules . Early concerns for the club focussed on concerns over financial stability , but after forming a partnership with technology company Toshiba and a cash injection from local businessman John Singleton , the club 's financial worries were eased . McKinna was keen to sign local player Damien Brown of Bateau Bay , formerly of the Newcastle Jets . In a decision which prompted the player to declare that he was " over the moon " , Brown became the first player to sign with the club . Club chairman Lyall Gorman was pleased that a local had become a " foundation player " and part of Brown 's role would be to assist with selection of younger players from the local area . By early December 2004 , the club had created a steady foundation of player signings and began negotiations with former Perth Glory striker Nik Mrdja , signing him later in the month as its star attacker . Mrjda was one of the most prominent players in the last season of the National Soccer League , scoring the final goal to secure Perth Glory 's finals win . The club 's management was reluctant to sign a star player outside of the $ 1 @.@ 5 million salary cap , stipulating that they " would have to contribute on the pitch and get people to come to the ground . " = = = Lawrie McKinna era = = = The Mariners ' inaugural season was considered a resounding success by many ; the team reached the 2006 A @-@ League Grand Final after finishing third during the regular season . Central Coast was defeated by Sydney FC 1 – 0 in front of a crowd of 41 @,@ 689 — a competition record at the time . The Mariners also won the 2005 Pre @-@ Season Cup , defeating Perth Glory in the final 1 – 0 . Before the 2006 – 07 A @-@ League season , the Mariners secured the services of then @-@ Australian international Tony Vidmar from NAC Breda for two years . This was the club 's first marquee signing , following the lead of Sydney FC ( Dwight Yorke ) and Adelaide United ( Qu Shengqing ) . Central Coast again reached the grand final in the 2006 Pre @-@ Season Cup , losing to Adelaide United 5 – 4 on penalties after the score was tied 1 – 1 after extra time . The Mariners then participated in the 2006 – 07 A @-@ League season , but was unable to gain a spot in the final series , finishing sixth after the regular season . Club captain Noel Spencer was released by the Mariners , then signed to participate in the Asian Champions League by Sydney FC after the 2006 – 07 season , and Alex Wilkinson was appointed the new captain . Only 22 years of age at the time , Wilkinson had played every possible competitive match for the Mariners up to his appointment . In February 2008 , Central Coast Mariners signed an arrangement with English Football League Championship side Sheffield United . The partnership was one of several connections the Mariners made with foreign clubs ; other partner clubs included Ferencváros of Hungary , Chengdu Blades of China and São Paulo of Brazil . The agreement benefits the club by providing an opportunity for the youth programme and senior side to draw from the roster of Sheffield United through transfers . The teams also formed a property development joint venture , in the hopes that Central Coast could use its share of income to expand and bolster their Mariners Youth Academy . The 2007 – 08 season saw Central Coast win its first premiership on goal difference ahead of Newcastle , following a final round that began with Central Coast and three other clubs level on 31 points . The final series began with a 2 – 0 loss to Newcastle in the first leg of its major semi @-@ final , but the Mariners forced the tie to extra time by holding a 2 – 0 lead in the second leg after 90 minutes . A 94th @-@ minute goal by Sasho Petrovski , who had scored earlier to level the tie , gave Central Coast a 3 – 2 win on aggregate , putting the Mariners through to the 2008 A @-@ League Grand Final . In a rematch with Newcastle , the Jets defeated Central Coast 1 – 0 in the Grand Final , which ended in controversy due to an uncalled handball against Newcastle in Central Coast Mariners penalty box during the closing seconds of the match . If called , the foul would have given Central Coast a penalty kick and a chance to equalise . As Mariners players disputed referee Mark Shield 's decision , goalkeeper Danny Vuković struck Shield on the arm , resulting in an immediate sending off and later suspension . Vuković was suspended from both domestic and international competition for nine months , with an additional six @-@ months ' suspended ban ; the latter period was reduced to three months on appeal . Despite further appeals , the ban was eventually confirmed by FIFA in June , to include banning the young keeper from competing at the 2008 Olympic Games . The ban lasted into October ; in response , Central Coast signed former Manchester United and Australian international keeper Mark Bosnich on a seven @-@ week contract . Before the 2008 – 09 season , Central Coast was predicted to be among the A @-@ League leaders , but had a run of three losses in a row to end the regular season . Even with the losing streak , the club narrowly qualified for the finals , finishing in fourth , two points ahead of Sydney F.C. and Wellington Phoenix . Central Coast lost 4 – 1 on aggregate in their minor semi @-@ final against Queensland Roar , ending the team 's season . = = = Graham Arnold and Phil Moss era = = = In February 2010 , following the club 's 2009 – 10 season , McKinna chose to move into a new role , becoming Central Coast 's Football and Commercial Operations Manager . Socceroos assistant manager Graham Arnold was appointed as the club 's new manager , becoming its second manager . In the lead @-@ up to the 2010 – 11 season , numerous transfers resulted in changes to the club 's squad . The Mariners announced the signing of 2005 Under 20 's World Cup winner Patricio Pérez of Argentina in June 2010 , followed by Dutch defender Patrick Zwaanswijk . In July 2010 , it was announced that the Mariners ' women 's team would not compete in the 2010 – 11 W @-@ League competition . The club stated that financial reasons were behind the decision , after Football NSW withdrew its funding . In spite of relatively low expectations in the lead up to the season , the 2010 – 11 season was more successful for the club than 2009 – 10 ; the A @-@ League and youth league teams both finished second in their respective leagues in the regular season . The senior team was then defeated by the premiers , Brisbane Roar , 4 – 2 on aggregate over two legs in the major semi @-@ final , before defeating Gold Coast United 1 – 0 in the Preliminary Final to qualify for the 2011 A @-@ League Grand Final against Brisbane . By reaching the Grand Final , the club also qualified for the 2012 AFC Champions League . In a championship match that the A @-@ League 's website called " classic " , Central Coast was defeated 4 – 2 in a penalty shootout after leading 2 – 0 with three minutes remaining in extra time to finish runners @-@ up for the third time . The 2011 – 12 season was similarly successful , as the club won the premiership for the second time in its history with 51 points , two more than second @-@ place Brisbane . The club failed to qualify for a second successive Grand Final , though , losing 5 – 2 on aggregate to Brisbane in the major semi @-@ final and 5 – 3 on penalties after a 1 – 1 draw with Perth Glory in the Grand Final Qualifier . On 21 April 2013 , after three losses in Grand Finals , Central Coast won its first A @-@ League title , defeating first @-@ year side Western Sydney Wanderers 2 – 0 in the Grand Final at Allianz Stadium . Arnold re @-@ signed with the club for a further two seasons on 30 August 2013 , but on 14 November it was confirmed that he had signed a two @-@ year contract to become manager of J. League Division 1 side Vegalta Sendai , starting in January 2014 . Former assistant manager Phil Moss was named the new head coach . Mariners general manager Peter Turnbull left the club as well , and New Zealand international Michael McGlinchey moved to the J. League to play for Arnold 's new side . Central Coast finished the 2013 – 14 A @-@ League regular season in third place , behind runner @-@ up Western Sydney on goal difference . In the semi @-@ final , the Mariners ' championship hopes ended with a 2 – 0 loss to Western Sydney ; the game came three days after the team was eliminated from the 2014 AFC Champions League after losing to Japanese club Sanfrecce Hiroshima 1 – 0 to finish last in their group . In what was Moss 's first pre @-@ season as coach , he did little to change what Arnold had built at the club . The only major changes in the side were with the addition of Senegalese international Malick Mané and Hungarian Richárd Vernes , and Marcos Flores leaving the club , with Mile Sterjovski retiring . Mariners began the season on a high , progressing to the semi @-@ finals of the 2014 FFA Cup and defeating local rivals Newcastle Jets 1 – 0 at home in the opening round of the A @-@ League . However the season soon turned with the team failing to secure a win for the remainder of the year . After their elimination from the 2015 AFC Champions League qualifying play @-@ off by Chinese side Guangzhou R & F and a continued poor league record after a short mid @-@ season break , the club stood down Moss as head coach . The decision was made on 6 March 2015 , with Mariners appointing technical director Tony Walmsley in an interim capacity and captain John Hutchinson in a dual player @-@ coach role , until the end of the season . Portuguese player Fábio Ferreira also joined the team at the tail end of the season . On 15 April Walmsley was announced as Mariners ' permanent technical director and head coach for the 2015 – 16 season . The announcement came despite a disappointing end to the season in which the club finished the league in eighth position . = = Colours and badge = = The home jersey worn by the Mariners is mostly yellow with sleeves that are navy blue . The away uniform is a mostly plain navy blue jersey with yellow as a secondary colour . In the 2011 – 12 season , the club had its kits manufactured by Hummel , as the A @-@ League 's Reebok deal had expired at the conclusion of the 2010 – 11 season . In September 2012 it was announced that the Mariners had signed a two @-@ year deal with Kappa for them to be the official apparel supplier . The team logo is a yellow football at the centre of a blue curling wave , which symbolises the beaches of the Central Coast . Since 2012 , the Mariners have worn special pink kits for one match in October to raise money and awareness for Pink Ribbon Day , part of National Breast Cancer Awareness Month . The Mariners club collected donations at the ground , as well as auctioning the match @-@ worn kits on online auction site eBay with proceeds going to the charity . = = Sponsorship = = = = Stadium = = Central Coast Mariners plays home games at Central Coast Stadium , Gosford . It is located in Grahame Park , between the Gosford Central Business District and the Brisbane Water foreshore . It is constructed to make the most of its location , being open at the southern end , giving filtered views of Brisbane Water through a row of large palm trees . It is within walking distance of Gosford railway station and is adjacent to the Central Coast Leagues Club . While the stadium has a capacity of 20 @,@ 059 , the highest attendance for a Mariners game is 19 @,@ 238 against Newcastle Jets in round 19 of the 2007 – 08 season . Difficulties in drawing spectators led the Mariners to schedule matches in the 2013 – 14 and 2014 – 15 seasons away from Central Coast Stadium , at North Sydney Oval and Brookvale Oval . The club 's goal was to play closer to its fan base in north Sydney , which majority owner Michael Charlesworth estimated to be about 20 % of its total supporters . Following attendances at North Sydney Oval that were similar to those at Central Coast Stadium , Football Federation Australia CEO David Gallop suggested in December 2014 that it would be unlikely that the club would be permitted to continue playing in north Sydney . = = Supporters and rivalries = = The active supporters ' group for the Mariners is called the Yellow Army , who sit in bay 16 of Central Coast Stadium during home games . In addition to the Yellow Army , there is a Central Coast Mariners Official Supporters Club , which was established during 2013 . The Central Coast region has about 300 @,@ 000 residents , which gives the Mariners the A @-@ League 's smallest local fan base . Accordingly , the Mariners acquired a small @-@ market image among commentators . The Mariners developed a strong rivalry with Newcastle Jets throughout their first season , often referred to as the F3 Derby . The naming is a title previously used for the Sydney – Newcastle Freeway , the major motorway which joins the two clubs ' cities . The rivalry 's origins date back to before the teams played against each other in the A @-@ League . A May 2005 Oceania Club Championship qualification match , which went to a penalty shootout that the Mariners won , helped create hostility between the sides . In the game , a tackle by Central Coast 's Mrdja broke one of Newcastle player Andrew Durante 's legs , causing him to miss the following A @-@ League season ; Mrdja offered no apology for the tackle , upsetting Jets players . Fans of the clubs battled verbally before and after one 2011 derby match , leading the Newcastle Herald 's Josh Leeson to call their actions " immature and laughable . " In more recent seasons , the F3 Derby has gained less attention in the press than the derbies in Melbourne and Sydney , but Central Coast player Nicholas Fitzgerald maintains that " the players and fans still take it very seriously . " Central Coast also have a rivalry with Sydney FC . Like Newcastle , Sydney FC is close in proximity to Central Coast . In 2006 , the Central Coast Express Advocate 's Richard Noone called the Central Coast – Sydney rivalry " Arguably A @-@ League 's fiercest " . = = = Notable Supporters = = = Julie Goodwin = = Affiliated clubs = = Through an investment in the Mariners by Sheffield United the club has the following international affiliations : Sheffield United São Paulo Ferencváros In addition , the club has a player development partnership with the following international clubs : Everton The club also has formal relationships with the following organisations in Australia : Northbridge ( as North Shore Mariners Academy ) Western NSW Football ( as Western NSW Mariners FC ) = = Players = = = = = First team squad = = = As of 13 July 2016Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Academy = = = = = Club officials = = = = = Management = = = = = = Technical staff = = = = = = Managers = = = = = Records = = John Hutchinson currently holds the team record for number of total games played with 268 matches in all competitions . Former captain Alex Wilkinson has the second most appearances for the club with 203 matches . Adam Kwasnik is the third most capped player with 158 appearances . As of 2014 , Central Coast 's all @-@ time highest goalscorers in all competitions is Matt Simon with 45 goals , one more than Adam Kwasnik . Daniel McBreen has scored the third most goals for the club with 29 . Central Coast 's highest attendance at its home stadium , Central Coast Stadium , is 19 @,@ 238 against Newcastle Jets in their round 19 match of the 2007 – 08 season . This was the second highest crowd at the ground for any sport since the first match at Central Coast Stadium in February 2000 . = = Honours = = A @-@ League Premiership Premiers ( 2 ) : 2007 – 08 , 2011 – 12 Runners @-@ Up ( 2 ) : 2010 – 11 , 2012 – 13 A @-@ League Championship Champions ( 1 ) : 2013 Runners @-@ Up ( 3 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2011 A @-@ League Pre @-@ Season Challenge Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2005 Runners @-@ Up ( 1 ) : 2006
= East Coker ( poem ) = East Coker is the second poem of T. S. Eliot 's Four Quartets . It was started as a way for Eliot to get back into writing poetry and was modelled after Burnt Norton . It was finished during early 1940 and printed for the Easter edition of the 1940 New English Weekly . The title refers to a small community that was directly connected to Eliot 's ancestry and was home to a church that was later to house Eliot 's ashes . The poem discusses time and disorder within nature that is the result of humanity following only science and not the divine . Leaders are described as materialistic and unable to understand reality . The only way for mankind to find salvation is through pursuing the divine by looking inwards and realizing that humanity is interconnected . Only then can people understand the universe . = = Background = = In 1939 T.S Eliot thought that he would be unable to continue writing poetry . In an attempt to see if he could still , he started copying aspects of Burnt Norton and substituted another place : East Coker , a place that Eliot visited in 1937 with the St Michael 's Church , where his ashes were later kept . The place held a particular importance to Eliot and his family because Andrew Eliott , Eliot 's ancestor , left the town to travel to America in 1669 . A plaque dedicated to Eliot and his ashes reads " In my beginning is my end . Of your kindness , pray for the soul of Thomas Stearns Eliot , poet . In my end is my beginning . " He managed to complete two sections by February 1940 , but finished the rest during that month . John Davy Hayward , Herbert Read and others helped review and edit it . East Coker was published in the March 1940 New English Weekly for its Easter edition . It was later reprinted May and June , and it was published on its own by Faber and Faber in September . With the completion of the poem , Eliot began creating the Four Quartets as a series of four poems based on the same theme with Burnt Norton as the first in the series and East Coker as the second . = = Poem = = East Coker is described as a poem of late summer , earth , and faith . As in the other poems of the Four Quartets , each of the five sections holds a theme that is common to each of the poems : time , experience , purgation , prayer , and wholeness . The time theme is stated in the first section as ' In my beginning is my end ' which , given proper attention , might prove to lead into the eternal moment . The second section discusses disorder within nature , which is opposite to the discussion of order within nature found in the second section of Burnt Norton . Also , rational knowledge itself is described as being inadequate for explaining reality . Those who pursue only reason and science are ignorant . Even our progress is not progress as we continue to repeat the same errors as the past . The third section discusses the rulers of secular society and their flaws . The fourth , which is a formal section , deploys a series of Baroque paradoxes in the context of the Good Friday mass . This past manner is regarded ironically by the poet in the fifth section as he looks back on his period of experimentation in ' the years of l 'entre deux guerres ' as ' largely wasted ' . He welcomes approaching old age as a new opportunity to find renewal , although it might only be a rediscovery of ' what has been lost and found and lost again ' . Despite the poem 's doubt and darkness , a note of hope is struck by the first line of the fifth section , ' So here I am in the middle way ' . This refers to the first line of Dante 's Inferno , ' Midway in our life 's journey , I went astray ' . Although the descent is predicated on going astray , so also is persevering beyond it into the light . = = Themes = = East Coker gives a message of hope that the English communities would survive through World War II . In a letter dated 9 February 1940 , Eliot stated , " We can have very little hope of contributing to any immediate social change ; and we are more disposed to see our hope in modest and local beginnings , than in transforming the whole world at once ... We must keep alive aspirations which can remain valid throughout the longest and darkest period of universal calamity and degradation . " The poem also relied on the war as a way to connect to Eliot 's idea that there was a united humanity . In particular , Stephen Spender claimed that " the war modified [ Eliot 's ] attitude by convincing him that there was a Western cause to be positively defended . And after the war there was a Germany to be brought back within the Western tradition " . The poem served as a sort of opposite to the popular idea that The Waste Land served as an expression of disillusionment after World War I , even though Eliot never accepted this interpretation . World War II itself has a direct mention in only a few of Eliot 's writings . However , World War II does affect the poem , especially with the disruption caused by the war being reflected within the poem as a disruption of nature and heaven . The poem describes society in ways similar to The Waste Land , especially with its emphasis on death and dying . The place is connected to where Eliot 's family originates , and , as such , is also the place where his family will symbolically end . In the second part of the poem , nature is experiencing disorder , and it is suggested that humans too may burn , and also that reason , knowledge , and science cannot save people . The errors of our past become the reasons for war and conflict and we need to become humble in order to escape the destruction . However , darkness consumes the rulers of the world and society . This is , in part , due to Adam 's fall , and the resulting concept of original sin . Christ is our savior and we need to seek redemption to overcome our human failings . Eliot states that he has been involved with fighting for humanity and trying to help mankind learn what is important . Only through Christ is man able to be redeemed . In a twist from expectation , Eliot 's poem suggests that old men should go out and explore . He warns that people should trade wisdom for pointless experience and argues that men should explore human experience itself . This concept is hinted of in The Waste Land and draws from the ideas within Dante 's Convivio . Dante argues that old men are supposed to return to God and describes the process in a way similar to the travels of Odysseus . Unlike Homer 's hero , Dante argues that men should not travel in the material world but in the spiritual world . Both Dante and Eliot put forth a similar view to St. Augustine when they focus on internal travels . Through these travels , mankind is able to have faith in salvation and able to see that there is more to the world than darkness . Eliot explains within the poem that we are all interconnected through time and that we must realize this . Only through this realization is mankind able to understand the truth of the universe . This , in turn , would allow humanity to break free from the burden of time . As Russel Kirk explains : " That end , for those who apprehend a reality superior to ' birth , copulation , and death ' — a reality transcending the rhythms of physical nature — is to know God and enjoy Him forever . " Family and family history also plays an important role in the poem . Eliot found information on his family from Sketch of the Eliot Family , which described how Eliot 's family lived in East Coker for 200 years . When Andrew Eliott left , he disrupted the family history . Similarly , Eliot broke from his own family when he travelled away from his family , a family that he saw was declining . Within the poem , Eliot emphasizes the need for a journey and the need for inward change . = = Source = = According to Eliot the poetic aspects of the poem are grounded in the tradition of John Cleveland , Edward Benlowes , William Blake , and William Butler Yeats 's early work . Additionally , many of the images are connected to the poetry of Stéphane Mallarmé . In terms of theology , Eliot is orthodox in his theory and relies primarily on the writings of St Augustine . There are some additional influences from the works of Thomas Browne and Saint John of the Cross . In applying these views upon society , Eliot was heavily influenced by the writings of Christopher Dawson and Dawson 's reliance on understanding God as the first step to a better society . Besides the many literary sources , Eliot also draws on his personal feelings and experience , especially on the great stress that he felt while composing the poem . Similarly , Eliot used the image of pilgrims coming to America and the stories of them that were common throughout his childhood . In particular , his mother wrote poems about the pilgrims arriving to New England , and Eliot found information related to his family 's history in a book called Sketch of the Eliot Family . The location , East Coker , was where Andrew Eliott , T. S. Eliot 's ancestor , left when joining the pilgrimage . = = Reception = = East Coker sold almost 12 @,@ 000 copies during its initial publication . Eliot 's response was to claim that its popularity proved that it was a bad poem . Regardless of the truthfulness of the statement , he enjoyed the fact that the poem could inspire people during the war . Eliot 's friend , Emily Hale , liked the poem so much that she read the poem to her Smith College students " as if it were a love @-@ letter from God " . Early reviews focused on discussing the poem in terms of its content and not its style . In the Southern Review , James Johnson Sweeney , Spring 1941 , and Curist Bradford , Winter 1944 , discussed paraphrases of the poems and the sources of various passages . However , Andrews Wanning , Spring 1941 , stated that Burnt Norton was a better poem than East Coker and that " ' Burnt Norton ' is a poem of suggestion , ' East Coker ' a poem of argument and explanation " . Another American critic , Delmore Schwartz did not appreciate the tone within East Coker , especially that expressed in the fifth section .
= Sienna Guillory = Sienna Tiggy Guillory ( / ˈɡɪləri / ; born 16 March 1975 ) is an English actress , and former model . She is known for playing the title role in the TV miniseries , Helen of Troy , as elf princess Arya Dröttningu in fantasy @-@ adventure film , Eragon , and for her portrayal of Jill Valentine in the science fiction action horror film Resident Evil : Apocalypse . She resumed her role as Jill Valentine for a cameo appearance in the 2010 action @-@ horror film Resident Evil : Afterlife , and in Resident Evil : Retribution , released on 14 September 2012 . = = Early life = = Born in Kettering , Northamptonshire , England , Guillory is the daughter of the American folk guitarist Isaac Guillory and his first wife , English model Tina Thompson , whom he married in 1973 . Isaac Guillory was of Jewish heritage and born at the Guantanamo naval base in Cuba , the son of an American sailor and his Turkish wife . Her parents moved to Fulham , London when Guillory was two , then later to Norfolk when she was 11 . At the age of ten , she went to stay with cousins in Mexico to learn Spanish . She has a half @-@ brother named Jace , whom her father had adopted and with whom she shares the same mother . Her parents divorced in 1990 when she was 14 , and in 1993 , her father married Vickie McMillan , which resulted in a much younger half @-@ sister and half @-@ brother , Ellie and Jacob . Guillory attended Gresham 's School in Holt , Norfolk , where she took part in numerous school productions . Guillory has been an equestrian since the age of two . At 14 , she was given a horse , which she named The Night Porter , or " Porty " , after the film The Night Porter ; Guillory was a fan of its leading actress Charlotte Rampling . In December 2000 , Guillory 's father died of cancer at the age of 53 . = = Career = = = = = Modelling = = = In 1997 , Guillory accompanied a ballerina friend to the London modelling agency Select and was soon signed . She modelled solely to support her acting career . As a model , she worked in campaigns for Armani , Dolce & Gabbana , Burberry , and Paul Smith and appeared on the covers of several fashion magazines . In 1999 , she became the face of the Hugo Boss fragrance campaign , succeeding model Karen Ferrari and continuing the campaign for three years . After modelling for a few years , Guillory returned her focus to acting in 2000 . She is signed to Independent Models in London . = = = Acting = = = Guillory explained that she " became an actor because I wanted to know what it was like to be other people . Because possibly I don 't like myself " , and later said " I hate acting , really hate it . I kind of fell into it sideways ... I started acting because I got offered a job when I was 16 , and they wanted to pay me £ 8 @,@ 000 , and we 'd always lived on Family Support ... " She went on to say that her frustration with later film roles left her bitter , but after seeing Helen Mirren onstage she was inspired again . In 1993 , Guillory made her screen debut in a TV adaptation of Jilly Cooper 's novel , Riders , for which the casting directors needed a young actress who was able to ride a horse . Her performance landed her in another small role in the miniseries The Buccaneers , opposite Mira Sorvino . Before becoming a model to support her acting career , Guillory waited tables at a club . In an interview in 2000 , she said about the experience " Supporting my acting habit with waitressing was probably the most useful thing I 've done . " During her time as a model , she studied acting at the New World School of the Arts and the Paris Conservatoire , also taking small television and film roles in The Future Lasts a Long Time ( 1996 ) , The Rules of Engagement ( 1999 ) , Star ! Star ! ( 1999 ) , Kiss Kiss ( Bang Bang ) ( 2000 ) , The 3 Kings ( 2000 ) , and Two Days , Nine Lives ( 2000 ) . During this time , Guillory decided to go on with her acting career because " I was so scared of going to university and being with people my own age again , having been with that tiny little sect of girls in Norfolk whose daddies were farmers and politicians , who didn 't trust me and didn 't know where I was coming from " . She returned to film with a more substantial role in the thriller Sorted ( 2000 ) . Guillory went on to appear in the BBC production Take a Girl Like You , a television adaptation of Kingsley Amis 's novel of the same name . She portrayed Jenny Bunn , the story 's virginal heroine , and gained critical attention for her part in the period piece . Guillory was pleased to have played a more innocent character , saying " I 've played floozies , psychopaths , assassins , crackheads ... It 's nice to do something with a lighter touch . " The production did not fare well in the ratings . In 2001 , Guillory continued with other roles in predominantly British films , including Oblivious , Late Night Shopping ( with husband Enzo Cilenti ) , The Last Minute , and Superstition . 2002 saw Guillory appear in The Time Machine , alongside Guy Pearce and Jeremy Irons . She was pleased to take on a larger scale film , after having worked on low @-@ budget independent films , and compared the experience with " finding an unicorn in your sock drawer " . She played Emma , the fiancée of Pearce 's character , who was killed early in the film and whose death set off its main events . In 2003 , after a friend had received a script for The Principles of Lust , Guillory claims she " read it and couldn 't put it down , and begged to read for the part " . She was impressed by director Penny Woolcock 's unconventional style of shooting , without rehearsing the actors , using raw takes and improvisational performances . For the role of Juliette , Guillory performed nude in the film 's sex scenes which were filmed during the first week of filming , making her somewhat nervous . She later went on to say that it was one of her favorite acting experiences . Afterwards , Guillory had a small role in the romantic comedy Love Actually before taking the starring role in the television miniseries Helen of Troy . The series was mostly based on Homer 's epic poem Iliad and focuses on the mythological life of Helen . Helen of Troy was nominated for best miniseries at the Satellite Awards . In May 2004 , Guillory starred in a new stage production of The Shape of Things at the New Ambassadors Theatre in London , with husband Cilenti . 2004 also saw Guillory in her first big Hollywood role . She was cast as Jill Valentine , one of the lead characters in the video game adaptation sequel Resident Evil : Apocalypse . The film makers had searched widely for an actress to portray the video game character and found her in Guillory , who had to " please not only the movie @-@ going audience but also the gamers " . She was , however , " a dead ringer for Jill Valentine " . Guillory was reported to have studied the original character 's movements by watching playthroughs of the video game Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis . Before getting the script for the film , she had not been familiar with the video games or seen Resident Evil . She said about her role : Resident Evil : Apocalypse , although it was not well received by critics , grossed $ 23 @,@ 036 @,@ 273 on its opening weekend ( 10 – 12 September 2004 ) and took a total of $ 51 @,@ 201 @,@ 453 in the United States and $ 129 @,@ 394 @,@ 835 worldwide . After the success of Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Guillory went on to appear in other film and television roles , including Beauty ( 2004 ) , Marple : A Murder Is Announced ( 2005 ) , In the Bathroom ( 2005 ) , The Virgin Queen ( 2005 ) , Silence Becomes You ( 2005 ) , and Rabbit Fever ( 2006 ) . In 2006 , Guillory was a lead in the ensemble cast of the fantasy Eragon , the film adaptation of the novel by Christopher Paolini ; the role had reunited her with The Time Machine co @-@ star Jeremy Irons . She portrayed Arya Dröttningu , an elf princess . She had not read the novels before filming , but after accepting the role she soon became a fan of Paolini 's work . Although Arya is a key character in the film , Guillory had little screen time and went on to say jokingly : " I 've been trying to explain to friends who 've seen the trailer [ ... ] I 'm like , " [ ... ] but that 's my whole part ! " " Eragon was not well received by the critics , but was nominated as Best Fantasy Film at the 2006 Saturn Awards . The film went on to gross approximately $ 75 million in the US and $ 173 @.@ 9 million elsewhere , totalling $ 249 million worldwide . Guillory was also invited to reprise her role as Jill Valentine in Resident Evil : Extinction , the sequel to Resident Evil : Apocalypse , but could not accept due to scheduling conflicts with Eragon . In 2007 , she starred in the Spanish production El Corazón de la tierra , or The Heart of the Earth , and later in the year finished filming the horror / thriller Victims and the fantasy novel adaptation Inkheart . In Inkheart , she plays Resa , the wife of Brendan Fraser 's character and the mother of Eliza Bennett 's . Inkheart sees Guillory acting alongside Helen Mirren , a friend of the Guillory family who was a role model when she first had aspirations towards acting . Guillory will be a lead in the forthcoming television series The Oaks , expected to begin airing in 2008 . She joins Bahar Soomekh , Matt Lanter , Romy Rosemont , Jeremy Renner , Michael Rispoli and Shannon Lucio in the series which follows the intertwining stories of three families — a young couple in 1968 that have lost a child , a family of four in 1998 , and a pregnant couple in 2008 — who are haunted by the same spirit in their house . The television series began filming on 5 November 2007 on location in Pasadena , California . Guillory will play Jessica , the 2008 couple 's neighbour , a woman who has Asperger syndrome who went to school with the husband ( and father @-@ to @-@ be ) and shares a secret with him . In May 2010 , Shock Till You Drop.com confirmed the return of Jill Valentine in the Resident Evil film franchise 's fourth instalment , Resident Evil : Afterlife , with Guillory reprising the role . On 31 May , Jovovich also confirmed that Guillory would return as Jill . Guillory reappears in the film in a mid @-@ end credit scene . She returned to a starring role in the following film , Resident Evil : Retribution as the main antagonist of the film . In 2015 she joined the main cast as scientist Natalie Yelburton in the new thriller series Fortitude , commissioned by Sky Atlantic and set in the fictional Arctic Norwegian oil settlement of the same name . She will return to the role for the show 's second series in 2016 . In January 2016 she also joined the cast of Sky One 's new series , Stan Lee 's Lucky Man , playing the character Eve . = = Media = = In 2001 , readers of Esquire UK voted Guillory " Britain 's Most Eligible Woman " and featured her in a pictorial in the magazine . Guillory was photographed for the cover and shoot by photographer Jonathan Glynn Smith . In 2002 , she was number 89 on Maxim 's list of " The 100 Sexiest Women " , and in 2007 Guillory was voted number 54 at Askmen.com 's Top 99 Countdown . Guillory has also been quoted as disliking the Hollywood culture , saying she does not wish to be part of it : = = Personal life = = In 2000 , Guillory began dating English actor Enzo Cilenti , and they married in 2002 . The couple appeared in the 2001 film Late Night Shopping , and have continued to appear together in various works . In August 2004 , Guillory and Cilenti cycled five stages of the Tour de France to raise money for charity . In February 2011 , Guillory gave birth to their twin daughters , Valentina and Lucia , named after Guillory 's grandmother and great aunt , who were also twin sisters . = = Filmography = =
= 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing = The 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing was an incident that occurred on 7 January 1992 , during the Croatian War of Independence , in which a European Community Monitor Mission ( ECMM ) helicopter carrying five European Community ( EC ) observers was downed by a Yugoslav Air Force Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 21 , in the air space above the village of Podrute , near Novi Marof , Croatia . An Italian and a French officer and three Italian non @-@ commissioned officers were killed . Another ECMM helicopter flying in formation with the attacked helicopter made an emergency landing . The second helicopter carried a crew and a visiting diplomat , all of whom survived . The incident was condemned by the United Nations Security Council and the EC . As a result of the incident , the Yugoslav authorities suspended the head of the air force , and the Yugoslav defense minister , General Veljko Kadijević , resigned his post . The events followed the end of the first stage of the war in Croatia and closely preceded the country 's international recognition . The MiG @-@ 21 pilot , Lieutenant Emir Šišić , disappeared after the incident . He was tried in absentia together with his superiors by Croatian authorities , convicted , and sentenced to extended imprisonment . Šišić was subsequently arrested in Hungary in 2001 and extradited to Italy , where he was tried , convicted and sentenced to 15 years in prison . In 2006 , he was turned over to Serbia for the remainder of the sentence , but released in 2008 . Two other Yugoslav officers were tried in absentia in Italy and convicted in 2013 , while Serbia was ordered to pay monetary damages to the victims ' families . The victims were posthumously decorated by Italy and France , respectively . = = Background = = In 1990 , following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , ethnic tensions worsened . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) confiscated Croatia 's Territorial Defence ( Teritorijalna obrana - TO ) weapons to minimize resistance . On 17 August , the tensions escalated into an open revolt by Croatian Serbs , centered on the predominantly Serb @-@ populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin , parts of the Lika , Kordun , Banovina and eastern Croatia . Following the Pakrac clash between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March 1991 , the conflict had escalated into the Croatian War of Independence . The JNA stepped in , increasingly supporting the Croatian Serb insurgents . In early April , the leaders of the Croatian Serb revolt declared their intention to integrate the area under their control , known as SAO Krajina , with Serbia . In May , the Croatian government responded by forming the Croatian National Guard ( Zbor narodne garde - ZNG ) , but its development was hampered by a United Nations ( UN ) arms embargo introduced in September . The Brioni Agreement established an observer mission which was eventually called the European Community Monitor Mission ( ECMM ) . The mission was tasked with monitoring the disengagement of belligerents in the Ten @-@ Day War in neighbouring Slovenia , and the withdrawal of the JNA from Slovenia . However , on 16 August , an ECMM helicopter was hit by Croatian Serb gunfire in western Slavonia , injuring one of the pilots . This caused the ECMM 's scope of work to be formally expanded to include Croatia on 1 September . On 8 October , Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia , and a month later the ZNG was renamed the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska - HV ) . The fiercest fighting of the war occurred around this time , when the 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia culminated in the Siege of Dubrovnik , and the Battle of Vukovar . In November , Croatia , Serbia and the JNA agreed upon the Vance plan entailing a ceasefire , protection of civilians in specific areas designated as United Nations Protected Areas , and the presence of UN peacekeepers in Croatia . The ceasefire came into effect on 3 January 1992 . In December 1991 , the European Community ( EC ) announced its decision to grant formal diplomatic recognition to Croatia as of 15 January 1992 . = = Incident = = On 7 January 1992 , a pair of Italian Army Agusta @-@ Bell AB @-@ 206L LongRanger helicopters operated by ECMM observers entered Croatian air space from Hungary . The helicopters were white @-@ painted and unarmed . They were flying from the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade to Zagreb via Kaposvár , Hungary . Authorities in Belgrade claim the helicopters were authorised to fly to Hungary , but that the pilots were warned they were not allowed to fly to Zagreb because no flights in Croatian airspace were permitted . The EC dismissed those claims , saying that the flight was approved in advance by Yugoslav air controllers . The approval was forwarded to the Yugoslav Air Force operations centre , but the order was never forwarded to the 5th Aviation Corps in Bihać , Bosnia and Herzegovina . After the two helicopters were spotted by a Yugoslav Air Force tracking radar near Bihać , a pair of Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 21s , which were on standby at the Željava Air Base near Bihać , were ordered to take off and intercept the aircraft . The MiG @-@ 21s , assigned to the 125th Squadron of the 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment , were piloted by Lieutenant Emir Šišić and Captain Danijel Borović . However , Borović declared that his aircraft had a problem with its engine , and Šišić took off alone . Šišić was guided to the incoming helicopters at an altitude of 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 feet ) , and then ordered to make a full circle with his jet . As he turned around , he spotted the helicopters flying below his plane , at an altitude of 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 feet ) . Šišić requested further orders and was told to shoot the helicopters down . The order was issued by the duty officer at the Željava Air Base , Lieutenant Colonel Dobrivoje Opačić . Šišić pursued the helicopters , firing aircraft gun in front of the helicopters , but his aircraft was not armed with tracer ammunition and the helicopter pilots were not able to observe that they were fired upon . Flying at a speed of 1 @,@ 000 kilometres per hour ( 540 knots ) , he switched to missiles and registered that the missile seekers had acquired the targets . Šišić fired two infrared homing R @-@ 60 missiles . One of the missiles flew between the two helicopters , while the other struck the engine of the lead helicopter . The helicopter was shot down near the village of Podrute , located in an area administered by the city of Novi Marof , north of Zagreb . The second helicopter had to crash @-@ land to evade the attack . = = Aftermath = = Five ECMM observers were killed in the attack , including four Italians and one Frenchman . The victims were Lieutenant Colonel Enzo Venturini , helicopter pilot , Staff Sergeant Marco Matta , co @-@ pilot , Sergeant Major Fiorenzo Ramacci , Sergeant Major Silvano Natale , and Ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line Lieutenant Jean @-@ Loup Eychenne . The Italian personnel were drawn from the 5th Army Aviation Regiment Rigel . The second helicopter carried a diplomat and three Italian ECMM observers , none of whom were harmed . The crash site was toured by the police , ECMM staff and journalists , and EC representatives visited Belgrade to receive a report on the incident from Yugoslav authorities . The action of the Yugoslav Air Force was condemned by the Conference on Security and Co @-@ operation in Europe , the United Nations Security Council , and the EC Council of Ministers . The Italian ambassador to Yugoslavia was recalled to Rome for consultations . Subsequently , Italy cancelled an air traffic agreement with Yugoslavia , causing Jat Airways to cancel Belgrade – Rome flights . In addition , ECMM operations were suspended for several days . Yugoslav Ministry of Defence announced that it had initiated criminal proceedings against an officer , with four other officers facing military disciplinary action . The commander of the Yugoslav Air Force , Colonel General Zvonko Jurjević was suspended . The federal defense minister , General Veljko Kadijević officially apologized for the incident and resigned his post . Šišić was court @-@ martialled in Belgrade in 1992 , and acquitted based on claims that he shot at a ZNG helicopter illegally escorting the two ECMM helicopters . In a 2008 interview , Šišić claimed that the ECMM helicopter crashed after being hit by a fireball caused by the exploding third helicopter . His account is contradicted by crash scene eyewitnesses , as well as Željava Air Base radar data , both of which indicate that only two aircraft were flying to Zagreb . Šišić and Opačić were tried in absentia in Croatia , and both were convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison . Borović , who defected to Croatia a month after the attack , testified against Šišić . Šišić was arrested by Hungarian police at the Horgoš – Röszke border crossing on 9 May 2001 . His extradition was requested by both Croatia and Italy . He was ultimately extradited to Italy in June 2002 , where he was subsequently tried , convicted , and sentenced to 15 years in prison for five counts of homicide and causing an aircraft disaster . In 2006 , he was transferred to Serbia for the remainder of the prison term . He was released by Serbian authorities in 2008 . In 2013 , the Appeals Court in Rome tried Opačić , General Ljubomir Bajić , commander of the 5th Aviation Corps , and Colonel Božidar Martinović , head of the Yugoslav Air Defence operational centre in Belgrade in absentia for the attack . Opačić and Bajić were convicted and each sentenced to 28 years in prison , while Martinović was acquitted . The court also ordered Serbia to pay compensation to families of those killed in the attack , in the provisional amount of 950 @,@ 000 Euros . In a 2008 interview , Šišić said he regretted the deaths of the crew but felt no remorse for his actions . On 25 May 1993 , Italy posthumously decorated the four Italian ECMM observers killed in the attack with the Gold Medal of Military Valor , and the surviving three Italians aboard the second helicopter with the Silver Medal of Military Valor . Eychenne was posthumously promoted to lieutenant commander effective 7 January 1992 , and attributed Mort pour la France on 14 April of the same year . He was decorated as the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour . The incident is commemorated annually in Podrute and the ceremonies held there are regularly attended by representatives of the Croatian government and military , representatives of Italian and French Armed Forces , along with European Union , French and Italian diplomats .
= Vincent Valentine = Vincent Valentine ( ヴィンセント・ヴァレンタイン , Vinsento Varentain ) is a player character in Square 's ( now Square Enix ) 1997 role @-@ playing video game Final Fantasy VII . Designed by Tetsuya Nomura , he also appears in various titles from the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII , a metaseries set in the Final Fantasy VII continuity . Specifically , he is the protagonist in the 2006 third @-@ person shooter Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII and its mobile phone tie @-@ in Dirge of Cerberus : Lost Episode . Vincent is voiced in Japanese by Shōgo Suzuki and in English by Steven Blum . In the backstory to Final Fantasy VII , Vincent is a Turk who is assigned to guard the scientist Lucrecia Crescent , with whom he falls in love . After a series of scientific experiments involving the cells of the extraterrestrial lifeform Jenova , Crescent gives birth to the game 's antagonist , Sephiroth . Soon thereafter , Vincent himself became subject to experiments performed by Crescent 's boss , Professor Hojo , resulting in genetic modification that means he will not age . If the player unlocks Vincent , he will join Cloud Strife 's group to stop Sephiroth , as well as to seek revenge on Hojo . Due to time constraints , Vincent was originally not intended to be playable in Final Fantasy VII ; however , he was ultimately made an optional character . Despite his optional status and lack of concrete detail as to his background , he proved very popular with both fans and critics , and his history was developed greatly in other installments of the Compilation , primarily Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children and Dirge of Cerberus . = = Appearances = = = = = Final Fantasy VII = = = Players can unlock Vincent by the halfway point of Final Fantasy VII , when Cloud Strife and his allies find him sleeping in a coffin in the basement of Shinra Mansion in Nibelheim . Cloud mentions his quest to stop the game 's antagonist , Sephiroth , who Vincent recognizes as the son of Lucrecia Crescent . Vincent joins the group when he learns that they may eventually meet up with Hojo , against whom Vincent has an unexplained vendetta . Later , Vincent finds Lucrecia inside a cave , and his backstory is partly revealed . Vincent was a member of the Turks , an elite group of Shinra agents . While serving as Lucrecia 's guard , he fell in love with her , but she ultimately decided to remain faithful to Hojo , who persuaded her to use her unborn baby in his experiments . When protesting about the nature of these experiments , Vincent was shot by Hojo , who subsequently began to experiment on him as well . This resulted in him not aging and having the ability to transform in various demons . Not being able to protect Lucrecia , Vincent felt a strong guilt which led him to his isolation . Overcome by guilt , Lucrecia sealed herself away in Mako crystals . Upon entering the cave in the game , Lucrecia revives and asks Vincent if Sephiroth is still alive , but Vincent lies and tells her that he is dead . = = = Compilation of Final Fantasy VII = = = In Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII , which is set six years prior to Final Fantasy VII , Vincent is seen in his Turk attire having a conversation with Veld , leader of the Turks . He subsequently helps Veld obtain some Materia needed for a mission . In the film Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children , set two years after Final Fantasy VII , Vincent rescues Cloud from Kadaj and his gang . He reveals to Cloud Kadaj 's intentions to merge with the remaining Jenova cells so as to bring about Sephiroth 's rebirth . Vincent later helps Cloud and his Final Fantasy VII allies defeat the summon creature Bahamut SIN . In the On the Way to a Smile novella " Case of Nanaki " , set between the original game and Advent Children , Vincent encounters his former comrade , Red XIII ( Nanaki ) , who is fearful that he will soon be alone due to his lifespan being much longer than humans . Vincent explains to Red that he is immortal and promises to meet with him every year to prevent his loneliness . In Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII , which takes place one year after Advent Children , Vincent is seen working with Reeve Tuesti and the World Regenesis Organization to eliminate an organization called Deepground , who have targeted Vincent because he carries " Protomateria " inside his body , implanted by Lucrecia after he was shot by Hojo . The purpose of the Protomateria was to enable Vincent to control the Chaos gene , with which he was injected by Lucrecia to save his life . The Protomateria is eventually ripped from his body by Rosso the Crimson , leading to Vincent being unable to control Chaos . Eventually he confronts the Deepground leader , Weiss the Immaculate , who is possessed by the digitalized mind of Hojo . Hojo reveals that his plan is to awaken Omega WEAPON , who will absorb the Lifestream and leave the Planet , resulting in the death of all living things . After Omega 's awakening , the renegade Deepground member , Shelke , returns the Protomateria to Vincent , and he is once again able to control Chaos , ultimately destroying both Hojo and Omega . The mobile game Dirge of Cerberus Lost Episode : Final Fantasy VII takes place during Dirge of Cerberus and also features Vincent as the protagonist . = = = Other appearances = = = Outside the Final Fantasy VII series , Vincent appears in the fighting game Ehrgeiz as an unlockable character , with his Turk uniform as an alternate costume . Like the other Final Fantasy VII characters in the game , Vincent does not serve a role in the main storyline . Although he was meant to appear in Kingdom Hearts , his design was instead used as the basis for Cloud 's redesign . Vincent 's popularity has seen merchandise related to the character , including the release of action figures . = = Character design = = Character designer Tetsuya Nomura has explained that Vincent 's character shifted from that of horror researcher , to detective , to chemist , and finally to the figure of a former Turk with a tragic past . Director Yoshinori Kitase was in charge of the cutscene in which Vincent joins the party , while scenario writer Kazushige Nojima wrote his backstory . Nojima had a great deal of trouble with Vincent 's dialogue , as he very rarely speaks . In the original script of the game , Vincent was introduced in a similar fashion , but was a handsome , sarcastic personality . He would join Cloud 's group after learning they were in pursuit of Hojo , but he had no knowledge of the results of the experimentation to which he was subjected . Additionally , he would be also privy to more information regarding Shinra 's involvement with the creation of Sephiroth , and it is he who would explain to Cloud the story of Sephiroth 's origins . When the game was still in development , Nomura and his staff considering removing Vincent and Yuffie Kisaragi altogether , as they did not have enough time to work them into the story properly . As a result , Vincent and Yuffie ultimately appeared as optional characters in the game . Vincent 's Japanese voice actor , Shōgo Suzuki , explained that he tries " to hold back as much emotion as possible when playing Vincent , " noting that Vincent is " a bit of a loner " and " appears cold on the surface . " Nomura wanted Cloud and Vincent 's voices to contrast with each other due to their similarities in terms of personality . He felt Vincent was older and more mature than Cloud , and as a result he cast Suzuki , who has a very low voice . Vincent is shown as a tall , lean young man with long black hair and a ragged red cloak and mantle over black underclothes . He wears a metallic , golden gauntlet on his left forearm . Vincent 's cloak covers the lower half of his face and is held closed by a series of buckles . His eyes are naturally red . His crimson cloak was added to symbolize the idea of Vincent carrying a heavy weight connected to death . While other characters were given simple costumes in Advent Children , Vincent was given something more complex . Nomura felt that changing his design to something complicated would " conflict with his personality , " which is relatively straightforward , and he was thus given attire consisting of " various , complex parts . " His cloak was difficult to animate due to it being very organic ; the overall complexity of Vincent 's design led to his scenes being " especially hard to create . " These scenes were constantly being adjusted so as " to convey [ their ] elusive nature of seemingly having shape , but not . " These adjustments concluded six months before the films completion . Vincent was chosen as the protagonist of Dirge of Cerberus due to his strong connections to the setting of Final Fantasy VII and the room available for expanding on his background . Due to the staff 's desire to make Dirge a shooter , Vincent was also chosen because of his weaponry , while his transformations into different type of beasts in the original Final Fantasy VII was something the staff wanted to work into the gameplay . For the game , Nomura redesigned Vincent 's gun in the same way that Cloud 's Buster Sword was redesigned for Advent Children , so as to demonstrate that Vincent is the protagonist of the game . The gun was named Cerberus in reference to the multi @-@ headed hound with the same name from Greek and Roman mythology ; the gun has three barrels as Cerberus has three heads . = = Reception = = The character has received primarily positive reviews by video games publications . In GameSpot 's article " The History of Final Fantasy " , Vincent was comically referred to as the Final Fantasy VII character who female players found to be " the most alluring undead man they 've ever met . " GameSpot writer Greg Mueller regarded Vincent as one of " the more interesting characters from Final Fantasy VII , " and liked how Dirge of Cerberus was focused on him and explained his origins more clearly . His character design and abilities have been praised by GameSpy 's Justin Speer , who felt that with such traits he " capably steps into a leading role " of Dirge of Cerberus . IGN 's Jeremy Dunham had a similar opinion , noting that Vincent " is exposed pretty convincingly here . " On the other hand , Eurogamer 's Rob Fahey criticized Vincent as not being familiar enough to players , even to those who played the original Final Fantasy VII , to warrant his role as protagonist in Dirge of Cerberus . However , Fahey still recognized him as very popular character , commenting that he is one of the most common characters from Final Fantasy VII to be featured in fan fiction and fan art . Although RPGamer 's Michael " CactuarJoe " Beckett said that Vincent was one of the " less well @-@ developed " characters from Final Fantasy VII , he found his development in Dirge of Cerberus to be satisfying . According to GamesRadar , Dirge of Cerberus focused on developing Vincent due to his lack of backstory in Final Fantasy VII , and regarded the mobile phone spin @-@ off as " Vincent fanservice instead of FFVII canon . " In IGN 's 2008 list top ten Final Fantasy VII characters , Vincent was given an honorable mention by Dave Smith . He received praise for his " striking " character design , as well as the fact that " FFVII 's 3D engine made his shape @-@ shifting Limit Breaks some surprisingly scary stuff . " He has been held as an example of the recurring character categories of " The Kickass Quiet Guy " by 1UP.com and " The Brooding Pretty Boy " by GamesRadar . In 2013 , Vincent was included among the ten most notable vampire characters in video games by Gergo Vas of Kotaku . That same year , Gus Turner Complex ranked Vincent as the 13th greatest Final Fantasy character of all time .
= Sino @-@ Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty = The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China ( 1368 – 1644 ) is unclear . Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist . Some Mainland Chinese scholars , such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain , assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet , pointing to the Ming court 's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders , Tibetans ' full acceptance of these titles , and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital . Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire . But most scholars outside China , such as Turrell V. Wylie , Melvin C. Goldstein , and Helmut Hoffman , say that the relationship was one of suzerainty , that Ming titles were only nominal , that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control , and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor ( 1521 – 1566 ) , who ceased relations with Tibet . Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal . Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming @-@ Tibetan relationship , noting the Ming dynasty 's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet . Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship . In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan ( r . 1260 – 1294 ) and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism , the Yongle Emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa ( 1384 – 1415 ) , the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school . However , the Yongle Emperor 's attempts were unsuccessful . The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century , but did not garrison permanent troops there . At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays . The Wanli Emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) made attempts to reestablish Sino @-@ Tibetan relations after the Mongol @-@ Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578 , which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school . By the late 16th century , the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama , after increasing their presence in the Amdo region . This culminated in Güshi Khan 's ( 1582 – 1655 ) conquest of Tibet from 1637 – 1642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help . = = Background on Yuan rule over Tibet = = = = = Mongol Empire = = = Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China ( 618 – 907 ) . Until the Tibetan Empire 's collapse in the 9th century , it was the Tang 's major rival in dominating Inner Asia . The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China . During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China ( 907 – 960 ) , while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray , there was little in the way of Sino @-@ Tibetan relations . Few documents involving Sino @-@ Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan @-@ ruled Liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) and Jurchen @-@ ruled Jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) . In 1207 , the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan ( r . 1206 – 1227 ) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia ( 1038 – 1227 ) . In the same year , he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there . The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers , who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols . However , when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan 's death , his successor Ögedei Khan ( r . 1229 – 1241 ) launched an invasion into Tibet . The Mongol prince Godan , a grandson of Genghis Khan , raided as far as Lhasa . During his attack in 1240 , Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita ( 1182 – 1251 ) , leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism , to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China . With Sakya Pandita 's submission to Godan in 1247 , Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of Töregene Khatun ( 1241 – 1246 ) . Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet , stating that " this investiture had little real impact " but it was significant in that it established the unique " Priest @-@ Patron " relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas . Starting in 1236 , the Mongol prince Kublai , who later ruled as Khagan from 1260 – 1294 , was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior , Ögedei Khan . Karma Pakshi , 2nd Karmapa Lama ( 1203 – 1283 ) — the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism — rejected Kublai 's invitation , so instead Kublai invited Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) , successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita , who came to his court in 1253 . Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama , which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs . Kublai also made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest @-@ king of Tibet , which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies . Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279 , so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) . Van Praag writes that this conquest " marked the end of independent China , " which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China , Tibet , Mongolia , Korea , parts of Siberia and Upper Burma . Morris Rossabi , a professor of Asian history at Queens College , City University of New York , writes that " Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China . Though he had , by the early 1260s , become closely identified with China , he still , for a time , claimed universal rule " , and yet " despite his successes in China and Korea , Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan " . Thus , with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan , Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China . = = = Overthrow of the Sakya and Yuan = = = In 1358 , the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) . The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy , and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors , the Phagmodrupa Dynasty , gained de facto rule over Tibet . In 1368 , a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China . Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty , ruling as the Hongwu Emperor ( r . 1368 – 1398 ) . It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects , but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty . Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler , the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet , sending envoys out in the winter of 1372 – 1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court . As evident in his imperial edicts , the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it . Rolpe Dorje , 4th Karmapa Lama ( 1340 – 1383 ) rejected the Hongwu Emperor 's invitation , although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing . The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo , one of many Buddhist monks at court , to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378 – 1382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts . However , the early Ming government enacted a law , later rescinded , which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism . There is little detailed evidence of Chinese — especially lay Chinese — studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era ( 1912 – 1949 ) . Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor , Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) " was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet . " = = Assertions in the Mingshi of Ming claims over Tibet = = According to the official Twenty @-@ Four Histories , the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) , the Ming dynasty established the " É @-@ Lì @-@ Sī Army @-@ Civilian Marshal Office " ( Chinese : 俄力思軍民元帥府 ) in western Tibet and installed the " Ü @-@ Tsang Itinerant High Commandery " and " Amdo @-@ Kham Itinerant High Commandery " to administer Kham . The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies , including one Itinerant Commandery , three Pacification Commissioner 's Offices , six Expedition Commissioner 's Offices , four Wanhu offices ( myriarchies , in command of 10 @,@ 000 households each ) and seventeen Qianhu offices ( chiliarchies , each in command of 1 @,@ 000 households ) . The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma ( 法王 ) and five Princes ( 王 ) , and granted many other titles , such as Grand State Tutors ( 大國師 ) and State Tutors ( 國師 ) , to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism , including the Karma Kagyu , Sakya , and Gelug . According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain , leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law . Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long @-@ lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions . The late Turrell V. Wylie , a former professor of the University of Washington , and Li Tieh @-@ tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino @-@ Tibetan relations is questionable , in the light of modern scholarship . Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had . Van Praag writes that the " numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as ' tributary missions ' in the Ming Shih . " Van Praag writes that these " tributary missions " were simply prompted by China 's need for horses from Tibet , since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict . Morris Rossabi also writes that " Tibet , which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan , scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming . " = = Modern scholarly debates on Tibet @-@ Ming relations = = = = = Inheritance , reappointments , and titles = = = = = = = Transition from Yuan to Ming = = = = Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet . Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama @-@ patron relationship . The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag 's position . However , Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are " fallacies " . Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty , and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court . They note that at the same time , the Mongol Prince Punala , who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet , went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court , bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court . They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of " prince " had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title , and since lamas called themselves princes , the Ming court therefore had " full sovereignty over Tibet . " They state that the Ming dynasty , by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex @-@ Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding , won submission from ex @-@ Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas , and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court . Thus , they conclude , the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty . Journalist and author Thomas Laird , in his book The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama , writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People 's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China 's Tibet , and fail to realize that China was " absorbed into a larger , non @-@ Chinese political unit " during the Mongol Yuan dynasty , which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming . Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories , comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand , yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence . Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet , Laird asserts that " they , like all non @-@ Chinese historical narratives , never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one . " The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate , Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde . It describes the Yuan dynasty as " A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368 , and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols . Founded by Kublai Khan , who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271 . " The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as " the line of Mongol rulers in China " and adds that the Mongols " proclaimed a Chinese @-@ style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq ( Beijing ) . " The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty " adopted Chinese political and cultural models ; ruling from their capitals in Dadu , they assumed the role of Chinese emperors , " although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non @-@ Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics . The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs , the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese . In his Kublai Khan : His Life and Times , Rossabi explains that Kublai " created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones " , and he " wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler " . Nevertheless , the ethno @-@ geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority . Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials , their status was not as well defined . Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China 's civil service legacy , which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan 's reign ( 1311 – 1320 ) . Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China , " he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials , yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of China and preserving the cultural identity and values of the Mongols . " And " in governing China , he was concerned with the interests of his Chinese subjects , but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement . His motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign , " according to Rossabi . Van Praag writes in The Status of Tibet that the Tibetans and Mongols , on the other hand , upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of Mongol khans as universal Buddhist rulers , or chakravartin . Van Praag writes that " Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it , " citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan . The early Ming Emperors from Hongwu to Zhengde continued Yuan practices such as hereditary military institutions , demanding Korean concubines and eunuchs , having Muslim eunuchs , wearing Mongol style clothing and Mongol hats , engaging in archery and horseback riding , having Mongols serve in the Ming military , patronizing Tibetan Buddhism , with the early Ming Emperors seeking to project themselves as " universal rulers " to various peoples such as Central Asian Muslims , Tibetans , and Mongols , modeled after the Mongol Khagan , however , this history of Ming universalism has been obscured and denied by historians who covered it up and presented the Ming as xenophobes seeking to expunge Mongol influence and presenting while they presented the Qing and Yuan as " universal " rulers in contrast to the Ming . = = = = Ming practices of giving titles to Tibetans = = = = The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs , granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet . The State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic states that the Ming dynasty 's Ü @-@ Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet . It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs , the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the Ming dynasty . For example , an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office , stating : I , the sovereign of the Empire , courteously treat people from all corners of the Empire who love righteousness and pledge allegiance to the Court and assign them official posts . I have learned with great pleasure that you , Chos @-@ kun @-@ skyabs , who live in the Western Region , inspired by my power and reputation , are loyal to the Court and capable of safeguarding the territory in your charge . The mNgav @-@ ris Military and Civil Wanhu Office has just been established . I , therefore , appoint you head of the office with the title of General Huaiyuan , believing that you are most qualified for the post . I expect you to be even more conscientious in your work than in the past , to comply with discipline and to care for your men so that security and peace in your region can be guaranteed . Chen Qingying , Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing , writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex @-@ Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower @-@ ranking positions . Of the county ( zong or dzong ) leaders of Neiwo Zong and Renbam Zong , Chen states that when " the Emperor learned the actual situation of the Phachu Kargyu , the Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang . " The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet , such as senior and junior commanders , offices of Qianhu ( in charge of 1 @,@ 000 households ) , and offices of Wanhu ( in charge of 10 @,@ 000 households ) , were all hereditary positions according to Chen , but he asserts that " the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor , " while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal . According to Tibetologist John Powers , Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials . Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles , but large , commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold . The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas , but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves , and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming . Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty ( 202 BCE – 220 CE ) , the Han Chinese government " maintained the fiction " that the foreign officials administering the various " Dependent States " and oasis city @-@ states of the Western Regions ( composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan ) were true Han representatives due to the Han government 's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them . = = = = Changchub Gyaltsen = = = = Wang and Nyima state that after the official title " Education Minister " was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ( 1302 – 1364 ) by the Yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts , while his Tibetan title " Degsi " ( sic properly sde @-@ srid or desi ) is seldom mentioned . Wang and Nyima take this to mean that " even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty , the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central @-@ local government relation . " The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will : " In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east . If the emperor continues to care for us , please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received . " However , Lok @-@ Ham Chan , a professor of history at the University of Washington , writes that Changchub Gyaltsen 's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty , to build " nationalist sentiment " amongst Tibetans , and to " remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty . " Georges Dreyfus , a professor of religion at Williams College , writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songtsän Gampo ( c . 605 – 649 ) — the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power — by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units . For example , instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy , Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts ( dzong ) with district heads ( dzong dpon ) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial Tibet . Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen 's ambitions were to " restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age " by reinstating secular administration , promoting " national culture and traditions , " and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century . According to Chen , the Ming officer of Hezhou ( modern day Linxia ) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang " was under control , " and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler , Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen , an official title . According to the Records of the Founding Emperor , the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title " Initiation State Master " to Sagya Gyaincain , while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin , statues of the Buddha , Buddhist scriptures , and sarira . Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama 's effective hegemony over Tibet . = = = = Je Tsongkhapa = = = = The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu , but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles . When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa ( 1357 – 1419 ) , founder of the Gelug school , to come to the Ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined . Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness , and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries . Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor 's invitation , and in this reply , Tsongkhapa wrote : It is not that I don 't know it is the edict of the Great dominator of the world for the sake of Buddhist doctrine , or that I do not obey the edict of Your Majesty . I am seriously ill whenever I meet the public , so I cannot embark on a journey in compliance with the imperial edict . I wish that Your Majesty might be merciful , and not be displeased ; it will really be a great mercy . A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court , while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the " length and arduousness of the journey " to China as another reason not to make an appearance . This first request by the Ming was made in 1407 , but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413 , this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian ( 候顯 ; fl . 1403 – 1427 ) , which was again refused by Tsongkhapa . Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court , so he sent his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf , and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of " State Teacher " — the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet . The Xuande Emperor ( r . 1425 – 1435 ) even granted this disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes the title of a " King " ( 王 ) . This title does not appear to have held any practical meaning , or to have given its holder any power , at Tsongkhapa 's Ganden Monastery . Wylie notes that this — like the Karma Kargyu — cannot be seen as a reappointment of Mongol Yuan offices , since the Gelug school was created after the fall of the Yuan dynasty . = = = = Implications on the question of rule = = = = Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner . Norbu writes that , although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham 's " tribute @-@ cum @-@ trade " relations with the Ming , it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of Ü @-@ Tsang and Ngari . After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen , these were ruled by " three successive nationalistic regimes , " which Norbu writes " Communist historians prefer to ignore . " Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes , and that " these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet , " despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet . Yiu Yung @-@ chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty 's territory was Gansu , Sichuan , and Yunnan while " the Ming did not possess Tibet . " Shih @-@ Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes , while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet . However , Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir , and at times " engaged in armed confrontation with them . " Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s , the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu . On this , historian Li Tieh @-@ tseng says of Tsongkhapa 's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor 's court : In China not only the emperor could do no wrong , but also his prestige and dignity had to be upheld at any cost . Had the fact been made known to the public that Ch 'eng @-@ tsu 's repeated invitations extended to Tsong @-@ ka @-@ pa were declined , the Emperor 's prestige and dignity would have been considered as lowered to a contemptible degree , especially at a time when his policy to show high favours toward lamas was by no means popular and had already caused resentment among the people . This explains why no mention of Tsong @-@ k 'a @-@ pa and the Yellow Sect was made in the Ming Shih and Ming Shih lu . Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino @-@ Tibetan relations , while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions . Wylie argues that Ming titles of " King " granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices , since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed . Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of " tribute emissaries " to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas , but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance . Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet , as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had . He asserts that " by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power , the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality . " Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families , the Phagmodru ( 1354 – 1435 ) , Rinpungpa ( 1435 – 1565 ) , and Tsangpa ( 1565 – 1642 ) . = = = Religious significance = = = In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor ( r . 1398 – 1402 ) , the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao , and like his father , the Hongwu Emperor , the Yongle Emperor was " well @-@ disposed towards Buddhism " , claims Rossabi . On March 10 , 1403 , the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa , 5th Karmapa Lama ( 1384 – 1415 ) , to his court , even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor . A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor , which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa . The letter of invitation reads , My father and both parents of the queen are now dead . You are my only hope , essence of buddhahood . Please come quickly . I am sending as offering a large ingot of silver , one hundred fifty silver coins , twenty rolls of silk , a block of sandalwood , one hundred fifty bricks of tea and ten pounds of incense . " In order to seek out the Karmapa , the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang ( d . 1435 ) to Tibet . Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan , Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407 . During his travels beginning in 1403 , Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10 , 1407 . Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor , following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas , showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa . The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal . According to Karma Thinley , the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left , and on a higher throne than his own . Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama , writing that Kublai would " sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric " when receiving religious instructions from him . Throughout the following month , the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents . At Linggu Temple in Nanjing , he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor 's deceased parents , while twenty @-@ two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor 's seal . During his stay in Nanjing , Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title " Great Treasure Prince of Dharma " by the Yongle Emperor . Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor , in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of " King " and praising his mystical abilities and miracles , was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas , but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor 's offer . In fact , this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama , but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects . Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done . Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet , the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him . However , Hok @-@ Lam Chan states that " there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor 's intention " and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes . Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa 's miracles " testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor 's problematic succession to the throne , " referring to the Yongle Emperor 's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor . Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor 's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven 's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne . With the example of the Ming court 's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders , Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming @-@ Tibetan relationship . He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between " the patron and the priest " and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior . He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized " the religious nature of the relationship . " Josef Kolmaš writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet , content with their tribute relations that were " almost entirely of a religious character . " Patricia Ann Berger writes that the Yongle Emperor 's courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to " resurrect the relationship between China and Tibet established earlier by the Yuan dynastic founder Khubilai Khan and his guru Phagpa . " She also writes that the later Qing emperors and their Mongol associates viewed the Yongle Emperor 's relationship with Tibet as " part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this Han Chinese emperor as yet another emanation of Manjusri . " The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor ( r . 1435 – 1449 ) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter 's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court . Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma , the Karmapa : Out of compassion , Buddha taught people to be good and persuaded them to embrace his doctrines . You , who live in the remote Western Region , have inherited the true Buddhist doctrines . I am deeply impressed not only by the compassion with which you preach among the people in your region for their enlightenment , but also by your respect for the wishes of Heaven and your devotion to the Court . I am very pleased that you have sent bSod @-@ nams @-@ nyi @-@ ma and other Tibetan monks here bringing with them statues of Buddha , horses and other specialties as tributes to the court . Despite this glowing message by the Emperor , Chan writes that a year later in 1446 , the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs . Until then , the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415 . The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa . = = = Tribute and exchanging tea for horses = = = Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa , the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea , horses , and salt . The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri @-@ La County in Yunnan . Wang and Nyima assert that this " tribute @-@ related trade " of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses — while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants — " furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet " . Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming . Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi ( 1021 – 1086 ) , realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds , had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea . The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army 's supply wagons . The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement . The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state @-@ supervised markets , but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea @-@ producing regions . Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses . Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all , that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials , that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory " corvée " tax , and therefore Tibetans were " undertaking domestic affairs , not foreign diplomacy " . Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing . He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas ' large , wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials . Kolmaš writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez @-@ faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues , the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power . Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter . As for the Yongle Emperor 's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares , Buddha relics , utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies , and gowns and robes for monks , Tsai writes " in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory , the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price " . The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen , horses , camels , sheep , fur products , medical herbs , Tibetan incenses , thangkas ( painted scrolls ) , and handicrafts ; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute @-@ bearers an equal value of gold , silver , satin and brocade , bolts of cloth , grains , and tea leaves . Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography . While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet , it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north , which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to " drive them from the frontiers of China . " However , after Altan Khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) — leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation 's hegemony over the steppes — made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 . This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess ; it was also a relief to the Ming , since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding . Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal , Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen . By 1578 , Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol @-@ Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention . = = = Armed intervention and border stability = = = Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet , like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming , settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory . Laird writes that " after the Mongol troops left Tibet , no Ming troops replaced them . " Wang and Nyima state that , despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there , these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces . However , there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet . John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan , which the Marquis Mu Ying ( 沐英 ) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu . Langlois notes that by October 1379 , Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30 @,@ 000 Tibetan prisoners and 200 @,@ 000 domesticated animals . Yet invasion went both ways ; the Ming general Qu Neng , under the command of Lan Yu , was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390 . One of the Ming Princes was noted for delinquent behavior . Zhu Shuang 朱樉 ( Prince Min of Qin 秦愍王 ) while he was high on drugs , had some Tibetan boys castrated and Tibetan women seized after a war against minority Tibetan peoples and as a result was reprimanded after he died from overdose . Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region , which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China . Norbu states that the Ming dynasty , preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north , could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet ; instead , they relied on " Confucian instruments of tribute relations " of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy . Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was " the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet , " that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders , and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but " avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat . " P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court 's patronage of high Tibetan lamas " was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes . " Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a " divide @-@ and @-@ rule " policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen . Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor , as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power . Sperling finds no textual evidence in either Chinese or Tibetan sources to support this thesis of Petech and Hisashi . Norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of Ming titles conferred on Tibetan lamas rather than " comparative analysis of developments in China and Tibet . " Rossabi states that this theory " attributes too much influence to the Chinese , " pointing out that Tibet was already politically divided when the Ming dynasty began . Rossabi also discounts the " divide @-@ and @-@ rule " theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor 's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa — one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan 's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama . Instead , the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa 's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas . The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug — Gendün Drup ( 1391 – 1474 ) and Gendün Gyatso ( 1475 – 1571 ) — had any contacts with Ming China . These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes , who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas . The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa , yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of Ü @-@ Tsang . The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers , the most important event in the Gelug . While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others , Gendün Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies . However , it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung , and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer . When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537 , Gendün Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery , although he eventually returned . The Zhengde Emperor ( r . 1505 – 1521 ) , who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate , had heard tales of a " living Buddha " which he desired to host at the Ming capital ; this was none other than the Rinpung @-@ supported Mikyö Dorje , 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa . Zhengde 's top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court , arguing that Tibetan Buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox . Despite protests by the Grand Secretary Liang Chu , in 1515 the Zhengde Emperor sent his eunuch official Liu Yun of the Palace Chancellery on a mission to invite this Karmapa to Beijing . Liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the Yangtze , consuming 2 @,@ 835 g ( 100 oz ) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in Chengdu of Sichuan . After procurring necessary gifts for the mission , he departed with a cavalry force of about 1 @,@ 000 troops . When the request was delivered , the Karmapa lama refused to leave Tibet despite the Ming force brought to coerce him . The Karmapa launched a surprise ambush on Liu Yun 's camp , seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of Liu Yun 's entire escort . After this fiasco , Liu fled for his life , but only returned to Chengdu several years later to find that the Zhengde Emperor had died . = = = Tibetans as a " national minority " = = = Elliot Sperling , a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University ’ s Department of Central Eurasia Studies , writes that " the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction . " He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century . He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China , not an integral part of it . Sperling states that this is because " Tibet was ruled as such , within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus " and also that " China 's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet . " He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China ’ s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century . As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China , Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was " subject to rules , laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers " and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors . Josef Kolmaš , a sinologist , Tibetologist , and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , writes that it was during the Qing dynasty " that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China , both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government . " Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino @-@ Tibetan relations . P. Christiaan Klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism . According to him , the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a " mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron , " respectively . He adds that " Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans , Ming and Qing emperors , it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation @-@ state . " Marina Illich , a scholar of Indo @-@ Tibetan Buddhism , while discussing the life of the Gelug lama Chankya Rolpe Dorje ( 1717 – 1786 ) , mentions the limitations of both Western and Chinese modern scholarship in their interpretation of Tibetan sources . As for the limitations imposed on scholars by the central government of the People 's Republic of China on issues regarding the history of Tibet , Illich writes : PRC scholars ... work under the strict supervision of censor bureaus and must adhere to historiographic guidelines issued by the state [ and ] have little choice but to frame their discussion of eighteenth @-@ century Tibetan history in the anachronistic terms of contemporary People 's Republic of China ( P.R.C. ) state discourse ... Bound by Party directives , these scholars have little choice but to portray Tibet as a trans @-@ historically inalienable part of China in a way that profoundly obscures questions of Tibetan agency . China Daily , a CCP @-@ controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty 's China in the 13th century , " Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China . " It also states that the Ming dynasty " inherited the right to rule Tibet " from the Yuan dynasty , and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet . China Daily states that the Ming handled Tibet 's civil administration , appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs , and punished Tibetans who broke the law . The party @-@ controlled People 's Daily , the state @-@ controlled Xinhua News Agency , and the state @-@ controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that China Daily had , the only difference being their headlines and some additional text . = = Mongol @-@ Tibetan alliance = = = = = Altan Khan and the Dalai Lama = = = During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor ( r . 1521 – 1567 ) , the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court , while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed . Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point . Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era , an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet . The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal , which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people . With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo @-@ Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade ( d . 1523 ) , but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas . Evelyn S. Rawski , a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh , writes that the Ming 's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing 's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols . The Chinese Ming dynasty also deliberately helped to propagate Tibetan Buddhism instead of Chinese Buddhism among the Mongols . The Ming assisted Altan Khan , King of the Tümed Mongols , when he requested aid in propagating Lamaism . Meanwhile , the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region ( modern Qinghai ) , raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan ( 1507 – 1582 ) . Klieger writes that Altan Khan 's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet . After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571 , he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug — Sönam Gyatso ( 1543 – 1588 ) — to meet him in Amdo ( modern Qinghai ) in 1578 , where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama — " Ocean Teacher " . The full title was " Dalai Lama Vajradhara " , " Vajradhara " meaning " Holder of the Thunderbolt " in Sanskrit . Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all @-@ pervasive beneficial qualities , a being that " represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment . " Goldstein writes that Sönam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan 's standing by granting him the title " king of religion , majestic purity " . Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the " Protector of the Faith " . Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism — or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways . Committed to their religious leader , Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them , which demonstrated " the unique fusion of religious and political power " wielded by the Dalai Lama , as Laird writes . Kolmaš states that the spiritual and secular Mongol @-@ Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and Sönam Gyatso . Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and " to this day , Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama . " Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet , but that Altan Khan gained " enormous power among the entire Mongol population . " Rawski writes that Altan Khan 's conversion to the Gelug " can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior , Tümen Khan . " To further cement the Mongol @-@ Tibetan alliance , the great @-@ grandson of Altan Khan — the 4th Dalai Lama ( 1589 – 1616 ) — was made the fourth Dalai Lama . In 1642 , the 5th Dalai Lama ( 1617 – 1682 ) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet . = = = Contact with the Ming dynasty = = = Sonam Gyatso , after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan , departed for Tibet . Before he left , he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng ( 1525 – 1582 ) , which arrived on March 12 , 1579 . Sometime in August or September of that year , Sonam Gyatso 's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) , who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title ; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China . However , Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing , the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment , even though he was only 400 km ( 250 mi ) from Beijing . Laird adds that " the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time . " Although not recorded in any official Chinese records , Sonam Gyatso 's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588 , and invited him to Beijing for a second time , but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan 's son to further the spread of Buddhism . Of the third Dalai Lama , China Daily states that the " Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute . " China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [ sic ! ] , but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title . Without mentioning the role of the Mongols , China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet : " In 1653 , the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713 , officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni , and their political and religious status in Tibet . " Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title " Master of Vajradhara " and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616 . This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama , which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama . The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616 , but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey . Kolmaš writes that , as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased , culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642 , the Ming emperors " viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet . " He adds that the Ming court 's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and " fill once more the political vacuum in that country . " On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan , Laird writes that " the Chinese watched these developments with interest , though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists . " = = = Civil war and Güshi Khan 's conquest = = = In 1565 , the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers , Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa , " the one of Tsang " , and established his base of power at Shigatse . The second successor of this first Tsang king , Karma Phuntsok Namgyal , took control of the whole of Central Tibet ( Ü @-@ Tsang ) , reigning from 1611 – 1621 . Despite this , the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug , while the Ü @-@ Tsang king allied with the Karmapa . Tensions rose between the nationalistic Ü @-@ Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa . The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü @-@ Tsang king , which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries . Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama 's mysterious death and the plot of the Ü @-@ Tsang king to have him murdered for " cursing " him with illness , although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle . In 1618 , only two years after Yonten Gyatso died , the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war , the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü @-@ Tsang king . The Ü @-@ Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed , occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera , and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama . In 1621 , the Ü @-@ Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong , an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six @-@ year @-@ old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama . Despite the new Dalai Lama 's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new Ü @-@ Tsang ruler , Sonam Rapten ( 1595 – 1657 ) , the Dalai Lama 's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung , made efforts to overthrow the Ü @-@ Tsang king , which led to another conflict . In 1633 , the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the Ü @-@ Tsang king 's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled . Goldstein writes that in this the " Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs , this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama . " When an ally of the Ü @-@ Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again , the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan ( 1582 – 1655 ) , leader of the Khoshut ( Qoshot ) tribe of the Oirat Mongols , who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa . Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector , and from 1637 – 1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas ' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions , but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo . Sonam Chöpel urged Güshi Khan to assault the Ü @-@ Tsang king 's homebase of Shigatse , which Güshi Khan agreed upon , enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters . In 1642 , after a year 's siege of Shigatse , the Ü @-@ Tsang forces surrendered . Güshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong , the ruler of Ü @-@ Tsang , King of Tibet . Soon after the victory in Ü @-@ Tsang , Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day 's ride from Shigatse , presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama . In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress , Güshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet , but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Chöpel . Although Güshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama " supreme authority " as Goldstein writes , the title of ' King of Tibet ' was conferred upon Güshi Khan , spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter . Van Praag writes that at this point Güshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces , but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama . Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and Güshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign . However , Rawski states that he eventually " expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokiteśvara through the performance of rituals , " by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites , and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies . Goldstein states that the government of Güshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect , confiscated their wealth and property , and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries . Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet . Meanwhile , the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng ( 1606 – 1645 ) in 1644 , yet his short @-@ lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui ( 1612 – 1678 ) . China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty , it merely " strengthened administration of Tibet . " However , Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642 , before the Ming collapsed . Dawa Norbu , William Rockhill , and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor ( r . 1644 – 1661 ) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652 , Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet . Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia . In this meeting with the Qing emperor , Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes , some of which were declared enemies of the Qing . Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama 's power was recognized by the " Manchu Emperor , the Mongolian Khans and Princes , and the rulers of Ladakh , Nepal , India , Bhutan , and Sikkim . " When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet , the Kangxi Emperor ( r . 1661 – 1722 ) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet , occupying Lhasa in 1720 . By 1751 , during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor ( r . 1735 – 1796 ) , a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet . As of 1751 , Albert Kolb writes that " Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time . " = = Administrative offices and officials ' titles of the Ming = =
= Klipspringer = The klipspringer ( pronounced / ˈklipˌspriŋə ( r ) / ) ( Oreotragus oreotragus ) is a small antelope found in eastern and southern Africa . The sole member of its genus , the klipspringer was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783 . The klipspringer is a small , sturdy antelope ; it reaches 43 – 60 centimetres ( 17 – 24 in ) at the shoulder and weighs from 8 to 18 kilograms ( 18 to 40 lb ) . The coat of the klipspringer , yellowish gray to reddish brown , acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat . Unlike most other antelopes , the klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow , brittle hairs . The horns , short and spiky , present only on males , typically measure 7 @.@ 5 – 9 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) Typically nocturnal ( active mainly at night ) , the klipspringer rests during the middle of the day and late at night . A gregarious animal , the klipspringer is monogamous to a much greater extent than other antelopes ; individuals of opposite sexes exhibit long @-@ term to lifelong pair bonding . The mates tend to stay as close as within 5 metres ( 16 ft ) of each other at most times . Males form territories , 7 @.@ 5 – 49 hectares ( 19 – 121 acres ) , in which they stay with their partners and offspring . Primarily a browser , the klipspringer prefers young plants , fruits and flowers . Gestation lasts around six months , following which a single calf is born ; births peak from spring to early summer . The calf leaves its mother when it turns a year old . The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation . Its range extends from northeastern Sudan , Eritrea , northern Somalia and Ethiopia in the east to South Africa in the south , and along coastal Angola and Namibia . The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) classifies the klipspringer as Least Concern . There are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer , as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting . Significant numbers occur on private farmlands . As of 2008 , nearly 25 % of the populations occur in protected areas throughout its range . = = Taxonomy and etymology = = The scientific name of the klipspringer is Oreotragus oreotragus . It is the sole member of the genus Oreotragus and classified under the family Bovidae . The species was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783 . The vernacular name " klipspringer " ( pronounced / ˈklipˌspriŋə ( r ) / ) is a compound of the Afrikaans words klip ( " rock " ) and springer ( " leaper " ) . Another name for this antelope is " klipbok " . A 2012 phylogenetic study showed that the klipspringer is closely related to Kirk 's dik @-@ dik ( Madoqua kirkii ) and the suni ( Neotragus moschatus ) . The klipspringer evolved nearly 14 million years ago . The cladogram below is based on this study . As many as 11 subspecies have been identified , though zoologists Colin Groves and Peter Grubb treat a few of them as independent species in a 2011 publication : = = Description = = The klipspringer is a small , sturdy antelope reaching 43 – 60 centimetres ( 17 – 24 in ) at the shoulder . The head @-@ and @-@ body length is typically between 75 and 115 centimetres ( 30 and 45 in ) . It weighs from 8 to 18 kilograms ( 18 to 40 lb ) . The klipspringer is sexually dimorphic ; females are slightly larger and heavier than the males . The tail measures 6 @.@ 5 – 10 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 – 4 @.@ 1 in ) . Prominent facial features include the brown forehead , short ears marked with black , prominent preorbital glands near the eyes , and white lips and chin . The horns , short and spiky , present only on males , typically measure 7 @.@ 5 – 9 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) ; the maximum recorded horn length is 15 @.@ 9 centimetres ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) . The coat of the klipspringer , yellowish gray to reddish brown , acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat ; the underbelly is white . Unlike most other antelopes , the klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow , brittle hairs . The incisors might even get damaged by the hairs while grooming . However , the coat is a significant adaptation that saves the animal during steep falls and provides effective insulation in the extreme climates characteristic of its mountain habitat . A study showed that ticks occur in larger numbers on the underbelly , where the hair is less coarse . The hair often turns erect , especially if the animal is ill or if its temperature increases . Another feature unique to the klipspringer is its gait ; it walks on the tips of its cylindrical , blunt hooves . This enhances the grip on the ground , enabling the animal to deftly climb and jump over rocky surfaces . The subspecies vary in coat colour – from golden yellow in the Cape klipspringer , Ethiopian klipspringer , golden klipspringer and Transvaal klipspringer to ochre or rufous in the Maasai klipspringer , Stevenson 's klipspringer and Zambian klipspringer . Cape klipspringer populations tend to have the largest males , while Maasai klipspringer exhibit the largest females . = = Ecology and behaviour = = Typically nocturnal ( active mainly at night ) , the klipspringer rests during the midday and at late night ; the animal tends to be more active on moonlit nights . It basks in the morning sunlight to warm itself . A gregarious animal , the klipspringer , like the dik @-@ diks and the oribi , exhibits monogamy to a much greater extent than other antelopes ; individuals of opposite sexes form pairs that might last until one dies . The mates tend to stay as close as within 5 metres ( 16 ft ) of each other at most times ; for instance , they take turns at keeping a lookout for predators while the other feeds , and face any danger together . The klipspringer will hop a few metres away from the danger . Other social groups include small family herds of 8 or more members or solitary individuals . Klipspringer greet one another by rubbing cheeks at social meetings . Males form territories , 7 @.@ 5 – 49 hectares ( 19 – 121 acres ) large ( the size depends on rainfall patterns ) , in which they stay with their partners and offspring . Males are generally more vigilant than females . Klipspringer form large dung heaps , nearly 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) across and 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) deep , at the borders of territories ; another form of marking is the secretion of a thick , black substance , measuring 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) across , from the preorbital glands onto vegetation and rocks in the territories . A study revealed that the tick Ixodes neitzi detects and aggregates on twigs marked by the klipspringer . Another study showed that plants near the borders with neighbouring territories are particularly preferred for marking . The main vocalisation is a shrill whistle , given out be the klipspringer pair in a duet , as a means of communication or anti @-@ predator response . Predators include the baboon , black @-@ backed jackal , caracal , eagle , leopard , martial eagle , serval , spotted hyaena and Verreaux 's eagle . Birds such as familiar chats , pale @-@ winged starlings , red @-@ winged starlings and yellow @-@ bellied bulbuls have been observed feeding on ectoparasites of klipspringer . = = = Diet = = = Primarily a browser , the klipspringer prefers young plants , fruits and flowers . Grasses , eaten mainly in the wet season , form a minor portion of the diet . Some plants , such as Vellozia , may be preferred seasonally . Klipspringer depend mainly on succulent plants , and not on water bodies , to meet their water requirement . They can stand on their hindlegs to reach tall branches up to 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) above the ground ; some individuals in Namibia were observed climbing Faidherbia albida trees up to a height of 5 @.@ 4 metres ( 18 ft ) . = = = Reproduction = = = The klipspringer is a seasonal breeder ; the time when mating occurs varies geographically . Females become sexually mature by the time they are a year old ; males take slightly longer to mature . Mating behaviour has not been extensively observed . Gestation lasts around six months , following which a single calf , weighing slightly more than 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) , is born ; births peak from spring to early summer . Births take place in dense vegetation . The newborn is carefully hidden for up to three months to protect it from the view of predators ; the mother suckles it three to four times a day , the visits gradually lengthen as the offspring grows . Males are protective of their offspring , keeping a watch for other males and predators . The calf is weaned at four to five months , and leaves its mother when it turns a year old . The klipspringer lives for around 15 years . = = Habitat and distribution = = The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation . It migrates to lowlands at times of food scarcity . The klipspringer occurs at altitudes as high as 4 @,@ 500 metres ( 14 @,@ 800 ft ) on Mount Kilimanjaro . The klipspringer can occur at high population densities in favourable habitats extending over a large area ; 10 to 14 individuals occur per square kilometre in the Simien Mountains National Park , Ethiopia . However , the habitat is typically rocky over long stretches and grassy terrain is discontinuous ; consequently the population density is typically between 0 @.@ 01 and 0 @.@ 1 individual per square kilometre . The antelope occurs in significant numbers across eastern and southern Africa ; its range extends from northeastern Sudan , Eritrea , northern Somalia and Ethiopia in the east to South Africa in the south , and along coastal Angola and Namibia . Smaller populations occur in the northern and western highlands of Central African Republic , southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo , Jos Plateau and east of Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria . It is feared to be extinct in Burundi . = = Threats and conservation = = The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) classifies the klipspringer as Least Concern . The klipspringer is hunted for its meat , leather and hair . However , there are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer , as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting . Moreover , the antelope does not have to compete with livestock , that do not frequent montane areas . However , populations at lower altitudes are more vulnerable to elimination . In 1999 , Rod East of the IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group estimated the total population of klipspringer at 42 @,@ 000 . Significant numbers occur on private farmlands . As of 2008 , nearly 25 % of the populations occur in protected areas such as the Simien and Bale Mountains National Parks ( Ethiopia ) ; Tsavo East and West National Parks ( Kenya ) ; North and South Luangwa National Parks ( Zambia ) ; Nyika National Park ( Malawi ) ; Namib @-@ Naukluft National Park ( Namibia ) ; and Matobo National Park ( Zimbabwe ) .
= Woodstock Mural = Woodstock Mural is a mural designed by artist Mike Lawrence , painted on the west side of the New Seasons Market store in the Woodstock neighborhood of Portland , Oregon , in the United States . The painting has three sections , each representing a theme : commerce , education , and the outdoors . It depicts figures adorned with symbolism related to characters in Greek mythology , including Hermes , Athena , and Demeter , along with local businesses and local landmarks such as the neighborhood farmers ' market , Grand Central Bakery , Portland Fish Market , Woodstock Park , and the Woodstock Library . The Woodstock Neighborhood Association ( WNA ) originally made plans for a mural on the exterior wall of Lutz Tavern . Following an outreach effort to identify an artist , Lawrence and WNA met for a brainstorming session , during which they agreed on theme 's for the proposed public artwork . Even after some funding was secured , efforts stalled . The association later proposed a mural for the nearby Red Fox Vintage building . The original mural was completed on the Red Fox Vintage building by Heidi Schultz in November 2013 . However , shortly after its completion , New Seasons announced the construction of a new grocery store next to the mural . The company offered to reproduce the painting on the east side of an adjacent building or the west side of the planned building . Dan Cohen and his assistant were hired to reproduce the mural , which was completed in October 2015 . = = Description = = Woodstock Mural was designed by artist Mike Lawrence as a work divided into three sections . According to the Regional Arts & Culture Council ( RACC ) , each section includes a central figure adorned with symbolism associated with Greek mythology , representing one of three themes : commerce , education , and the outdoors . The Portland Tribune described the mural as " rich in latent symbolism with more mysterious content " , referring to the mythological symbolism in particular . The original painting measured 54 feet ( 16 m ) x 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) . In 2015 , the mural was reproduced on another wall following construction of an adjacent new building housing a New Seasons Market ; the new building hid the original mural . The " imposing " reproduction , as described by The Bee , a community newspaper , measures 52 feet ( 16 m ) x 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) . Commerce , represented on the left side , is depicted by a shopkeeper wearing a hat with the wings of Hermes , the Greek god of commerce ( or , according to some sources , Mercury , the Roman god of commerce ) . The business owner is bearded and wears a crocus flower in his apron . He has a tattoo of the caduceus , the staff carried by Hermes Trismegistus in Egyptian mythology and Hermes in Greek mythology . In his store is a shelf with other symbolic items that represent local businesses . The center section is devoted to education and depicts Athena , the Greek goddess of wisdom , in the form of a girl in the Woodstock Library . She is adorned with an owl on her shoulder and an olive branch necklace . She holds a tiger lily in her hand . Woodstock School 's Mandarin Immersion Program is honored with an arc of Chinese characters above the girl 's head , written on a chalkboard . The Mandarin Chinese text translates to " A nice place to live " or " It 's a great place to live " , which is Woodstock 's motto . According to The Bee , the central section also represents other neighborhood schools and the neighborhood 's close proximity to Reed College . The mural 's right section depicts Demeter , the Greek goddess of the harvest , in the form of an Asian female urban farmer at the neighborhood farmers ' market . She wears poppies in her headdress , giving the appearance of a crown , and has a tattoo of a sheaf of wheat . Next to her is a cornucopia , which symbolizes abundance and nourishment . She holds a lotus staff , described as a " flaming torch " . The figure also represents " the love of gardening " . Douglas fir trees and Woodstock Park , specifically its off @-@ leash dog area , are also depicted in the painting 's right section . = = History = = The Woodstock Neighborhood Association ( WNA ) originally made plans to paint a community mural on the east exterior of Lutz Tavern . Following an outreach effort to locate an artist , WNA and Lawrence held a brainstorming session . Kenny Heggem , who served as the project manager of the mural committee , recalled , " We talked about our fantastic park and its leash @-@ free dog area , Woodstock Elementary 's Mandarin Immersion Program , and our awesome library . " The session resulted in the group 's choosing the mural 's three themes . In August 2012 , RACC confirmed funding of $ 6 @,@ 000 for the 60 @-@ foot ( 18 m ) x 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) painting . The mural 's design was divided into three parts to accommodate the exterior wall 's three sections . RACC published an image of Lawrence 's proposed mural and said the goal of the project was to " highlight the best of the neighborhood and instill a sense of community pride " . The agency also said the project was still raising funds and hoped to start in the spring of 2013 . Efforts stalled , but WNA later proposed a mural with a different design for the east side of the Red Fox Vintage building , located at the intersection of Southeast 46th Avenue and Southeast Woodstock Boulevard . According to the Portland Tribune , the project was a collaboration between local businesses , institutions , and neighborhood residents . Beaver State Scaffolding and Sherwin @-@ Williams both contributed resources to the project . RACC awarded partial grant funding through its Public Art Murals Program , which is funded by the City of Portland and " provides funding for community murals that reflect diversity in style and media and encourages artists from diverse backgrounds and range of experience to apply " . WNA volunteers also assisted , led by Heggem and Becky Luening , head of the neighborhood association . Heidi Schultz of Schultz Art & Design served as the project 's production manager . She created a pattern against the wall using Lawrence 's digital design , then mixed the paint , completed the mural , and added a clear coating for protection . Painting the mural took about six weeks , and it was mostly finished by November 2013 . Red Fox Vintage hosted a party to celebrate the work 's completion on December 14 . The mural took nearly two years to plan and complete , which was longer than expected . = = = Reproduction = = = Not long after the mural 's completion , New Seasons Market announced plans to build a new store immediately adjacent to the mural . In January 2014 , the co @-@ owner of Red Fox Vintage , said , " We 're going to have a sit @-@ down with New Seasons about the mural . To the best of my knowledge , New Seasons will make it right . " She shared three options to discuss with the company : repainting the mural on Red Fox 's east wall , transferring it to the new store 's exterior wall , or keeping the original mural in place and making it visible from the grocery store 's interior . New Seasons met with WNA and offered to reproduce the painting , either on the east side of the Red Fox Vintage building or the west side of the planned grocery store . Luening said the latter option was more practical , because the artist could paint on panels in her studio instead of working outside . New Seasons hired Dan Cohen of Dan Cohen Creative Labs to duplicate the mural using a method similar to one he uses in his work as a " mega mural " painter . He said of the process : I paint giant advertising murals all over the country . I do about one mural a month . We create the pattern using the original image , and paint on top of it . We use a special machine [ to create the underlying design ] that works like an arc welder . During construction of the new building and the mural 's transfer , New Seasons displayed a banner which read , " The mural will return " . Cohen and his assistant , Christo Wunderlich , transferred the design using a machine , then painted the art by hand . The duo also added bread and a fish to the mural to represent the local businesses Grand Central Bakery and Portland Fish Market , respectively . The new store opened in October 2015 .
= Ojo de Agua Raid = The Ojo de Agua Raid was the last important military engagement between Mexican Seditionistas and the United States Army . It took place at Ojo de Agua , Texas . As part of the Plan of San Diego , the rebels launched a raid across the Rio Grande into Texas on October 21 , 1915 aimed at harassing the American outposts along the Mexican border and disrupting the local economy . After moving across the border , the Seditionistas began an assault against the United States Army Signal Corps station at Ojo de Agua . The small group of American defenders was cornered into a single building and suffered heavy casualties before reinforcements arrived driving the Seditionist force back into Mexico . The raid proved to be the tipping point in the American conflict with the Seditionistas , as its severity convinced American officials to send large numbers of American troops to the area in order to deter any further serious border raids by the Mexican force . = = Background = = Throughout 1915 Mexican insurgents raided the Texas border region as part of the Plan of San Diego . Supported by the Mexican Carranza government , a group of raiders known as the Seditionistas attacked American military and commercial interests along the United States – Mexican border in an effort to provoke a race war in the Southwestern United States with aims of returning the area to Mexican control . Charged with guarding the border , American General Frederick Funston had 20 @,@ 000 troops to pit against the few hundred Seditionista insurgents . Nonetheless , the Mexicans never raided in force and the long border was difficult for Funston to fully protect . The Seditionista raids became such a threat to the Americans in the Big Bend area that local vigilante groups were formed in order to repel the Mexican raiders as Funston did not have enough troops to ensure the safety of the American citizens living in the area . In order to protect the Big Bend region , the United States deployed a number of cavalry and signalmen in various posts along the Texas border . One of these posts was at the village of Ojo de Agua which had been raided on September 3 , 1915 and was the planned target of a Seditionista raid in October 1916 . The American base at Ojo de Agua under the command of Sergeant Ernest Schaeffer consisted of a radio station manned by approximately ten men from Troop G , 3rd Cavalry , and eight men of the United States Army Signal Corps . The post at Ojo de Agua was lightly defended and seemed to be little match for the 25 to 100 raiders that planned to raid the village . = = Raid = = After crossing the Rio Grande and arriving at Ojo de Agua at approximately 1 am , the Mexican raiders attacked the village 's garrison . The American soldiers who had been sleeping in a wooden building stubbornly resisted . The Americans were heavily outgunned , though , as the Signal Corps personnel were armed only with pistols . In the fighting Sergeant Schaeffer was killed , and as a result command devolved to Sergeant First Class Herbert Reeves Smith who by that time had also been wounded three times . In addition to attacking the garrison , the raiders robbed the post office and attacked the home of the Dillard family , setting their house on fire and stealing their livestock . Although the Americans at Ojo de Agua were unable to call for reinforcements due to the fact that their wireless station had been knocked out of action earlier in the attack , other American detachments in the vicinity heard gunfire and two groups of American cavalry set out to investigate . A company from the 3rd Cavalry under Captain Frank Ross McCoy at Mission , Texas some 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Ojo de Agua was dispatched , as was a small group of twelve recruits under Captain W. J. Scott . As Scott 's outfit was only 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from the fighting , they arrived at the scene well before McCoy did and immediately attacked from the west of the raiders ' positions driving them off from their assault on the mission . McCoy 's force arrived just as the Mexicans withdrew and saw little or no fighting . = = Aftermath = = By the end of the raid one civilian and three American soldiers had been killed and eight wounded including the Ojo de Agua post 's commanding officer , Sergeant Schaffer , who was included among the former . The Seditionistas also took several casualties , with five men dead and at least nine others wounded , of whom two later died . A Japanese man was found among the dead , as were two Carranzista soldiers , a fact which was seen as evidence that the Carranzistas had been supporting the Plan of San Diego . The American soldiers were commended for their bravery during the raid , and Sergeant First Class Herbert Reeves Smith was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross for his actions during the engagement . The Seditionista raid on Ojo de Agua had a vast impact on American military strategy in the area . The severity of the raid led the commanding American general in the region , General Frederick Funston , to reinforce the Texas – Mexico border region with troops and to contact Washington with demands that he be allowed to give no quarter to any Mexican raiders who attacked the United States in the future . Although Washington denied General Funston his request , the raids did come to an end when Washington finally gave diplomatic recognition to the Mexican government under Carranza . Wishing to maintain good relations with the American government , Carranza ordered the Seditionista commanders to cease their raiding activities . Without support from the Mexican federal government the Plan of San Diego movement fell apart and there were no further Mexican invasions of the United States until the Villistas raids began in 1916 .
= Showdown ( Cheers ) = " Showdown " is the two @-@ part first @-@ season finale of the American television sitcom Cheers , written by Glen and Les Charles and directed by James Burrows . It originally aired on NBC ( as separate Parts One and Two , respectively ) on March 24 and 31 , 1983 . In the Cheers pilot , college @-@ educated Diane Chambers was neglected by her previous lover and then hired as a waitress by bartender Sam Malone . Since then , they flirted and resisted each other throughout the season . In this two @-@ part episode Sam 's more @-@ successful brother Derek becomes Diane 's love interest , leaving Diane torn between Derek and Sam . In the end , Sam and Diane passionately embrace in the office . The original airings initially scored low Nielsen ratings , but subsequent airings have enjoyed improved ratings . Its reruns aired three days before the show won five Emmy Awards out of thirteen nominations ( including Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for this episode ) in the 1983 Primetime Emmy Awards , and one week before the second @-@ season premiere . Critical highlights of this episode are an unseen appearance by Derek Malone and Sam and Diane 's cliffhanger kiss . = = Plot = = = = = Part one = = = Bartender Sam Malone ( Ted Danson ) has been jealous of Derek ( who is more successful , better @-@ educated , multi @-@ talented and handsome ) for years , and discovers that he is arriving in Boston on his private jet . Meanwhile , co @-@ bartender Coach ( Nicholas Colasanto ) is offered a coaching job in Venezuela requiring fluency in Spanish . Derek ( an unseen character voiced by George Ball ) arrives unexpectedly at the bar and entertains the patrons with his talents , which include singing , playing a pool table , tap dancing and telling stories . Derek offers a job to regular patron Norm ( George Wendt ) , teaches Coach Spanish ( increasing his chances of being hired ) and impresses waitress Diane ( Shelley Long ) with their common interests . Diane and Derek pair off ( which bothers Sam ) . During his date with Debbie ( Deborah Shelton ) , Sam hears Derek 's private jet , where he carries Diane along . = = = Part two = = = A week later , Norm is fired from his own job ( where the corporation has committed tax fraud ) for " [ taking ] a long lunch " . ( Norm dubs himself the only " honest man " in the corporation , which he considers the reason for his termination . ) Coach hears on the phone that he did not get the coaching job ( which was already given to someone else ) , putting his efforts to learn Spanish to waste . Sam forgets another fiancée Cindy 's ( Peggy Kubena ) name . Diane arrives at the bar after her trip with Derek , confessing to Coach that she is torn between her ideal mate Derek ( who is committed to her ) and her " bubblegum " Sam . Coach insists that Sam cannot express his feelings for her well . When Diane tells Sam she and Derek will be leaving immediately on another trip , Sam fires her . After saying goodbye to everyone in the bar , Diane returns to the office and accidentally hits Sam 's nose when she opens the door . Because of that , she is convinced that Sam was coming out of the office to say something to her . They argue , admit their feelings for each other , and come into the terms that their relationship with Derek is nothing compared to their potential relationship together . Sam and Diane embrace , but then Diane rejects his advances , i.e. attempts to kiss her . They insult each other and , at the end , kiss passionately . = = Production = = The two @-@ part season finale was written by Glen and Les Charles and directed by James Burrows . Before it aired , the NBC network announced that it renewed Cheers for a second season on March 13 , 1983 . The show was filmed at the Stage 25 lot of Paramount Studios in Los Angeles , rather than at a local pub . Paul Vaughn and Alan Koss are credited for their background appearances in both parts . Lois de Banzie and Helen Page Camp portray Carla 's customers , who annoy her by randomly changing their orders until they choose " two boilermakers : Wild Turkey [ whiskey ] and Bud [ beer ] " . = = Ratings = = Part One of the episode originally aired on NBC at 9 : 30 pm on March 24 , 1983 , opposite CBS 's Simon & Simon and ABC 's It Takes Two . It was rated 51st out of 67 nationally broadcast programs , with a 13 @.@ 6 Nielsen rating . In Alaska , it aired on April 7 at 8 : 30 pm AKT . It reran September 15 , 1983 in the same time slot ( opposite CBS 's rerun of Simon & Simon and an ABC football game ) , and was rated 28th of 66 nationally broadcast programs with a 15 @.@ 9 rating and a 25 share . Part Two originally aired on March 31 , 1983 at 9 : 30 pm , opposite CBS 's Simon & Simon and ABC 's It Takes Two ; it was rated 36th of 69 programs , with a 14 @.@ 7 rating . In Alaska , it aired on April 14 at 8 : 30 pm AKT . It reran in the same time slot September 22 , 1983 opposite CBS 's rerun of Simon & Simon and the two @-@ hour premiere of ABC 's Trauma Center , a week before the second @-@ season premiere ( " Power Play " ) and three days before the Primetime Emmy Awards . The episode was rated 23rd of 57 programs , with a 15 @.@ 7 rating and a 24 share . = = Reception = = In April 1983 , a reviewer from United Press International found the office scene between Sam and Diane " hilarious " . In September 1983 , television critic Rick Sherwood found the " sibling rivalry " plot " nothing new " , but praised it as " fresh " and sophisticated . Part One of this episode earned graphic designers James Castle and Brucy Bryant an award for Outstanding Individual Achievement of Graphic Design and Title Sequences at the 1983 Primetime Emmy Awards . At the same ceremony , Part Two of the episode earned James Burrows an Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series . Burrows and his crew also won a Directors Guild of America Award for a comedy series in 1984 . Cory Barker , on the TV Surveillance website , found the finale 's romantic storyline and its subplots " gimmicky " , overfocused and poorly executed . Freelance writer Robert David Sullivan , in his blog , ranked Part Two of this episode No. 96 of his top 100 all @-@ time favorite episodes . Sullivan highlighted the cliffhanger kiss as a " landmark " in the increasing sitcom use of cliffhangers , but dismissed the sibling storyline as a cheap ploy to bring Sam and Diane together . Lisa M. Dresner , in her book The Female Investigator in Literature , Film , and Popular Culture , also considered unseen character Derek Malone a writer 's tool to bring the couple together . David Hofstede , in his directory 5000 Episodes and No Commercials , called Sam and Diane 's first kiss at the end as one of Cheers ' greatest moments . Reviews of the season finale on The A.V. Club website were positive . Noel Murray praised the episode 's four @-@ act structure ( two in each part ) and its subplots . Ryan McGee cited the concealed appearance of Derek Malone , Sam and Diane 's first kiss and their volatile confrontation . TV Guide and Amy Amatangelo of MSN Entertainment called Sam and Diane 's first kiss one of their own top @-@ ten kisses . Alan Howell of WhatCulture ! ranked Sam and Diane 's first kiss third on his list of " [ Five ] Greatest Sitcom Kisses Of All Time " . In 2009 , TV Guide ranked " Showdown " # 29 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . = = In popular culture = = Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said that , in an episode from the third season of How I Met Your Mother , " Everything Must Go " , the taxicab ride scene of regular character Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) and recurring character Abby ( Britney Spears ) features a homage to Sam and Diane 's office scene from this episode , which includes lines , like " Are you as turned @-@ on right now as I am ? " and " More ! "
= Borat = Borat : Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan ( or simply Borat ) is a 2006 British @-@ American mockumentary comedy film . The film was written and produced by British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen who also plays the title character , Borat Sagdiyev , a fictitious Kazakh journalist travelling through the United States recording real @-@ life interactions with Americans . The film was directed by Larry Charles and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Much of the film features unscripted vignettes of Borat interviewing and interacting with Americans , who believe he is a foreigner with little or no understanding of American customs . It is the second of three films built around Baron Cohen 's characters from Da Ali G Show ( 2000 – 04 ) : the first , Ali G Indahouse , was released in 2002 , and featured a cameo by Borat , and the third , Brüno , was released in 2009 . The film is produced by Baron Cohen 's production company , Four By Two Productions ( " Four By Two " is Cockney rhyming slang for " Jew " ) . Baron Cohen won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy , as Borat , while the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy in the same category . Borat was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 79th Academy Awards . Controversy surrounded the film from two years prior to its release , and after the film 's release , some cast members spoke against , and even sued , its creators . It was banned in all Arab countries except Lebanon , and the Russian government discouraged Russian cinemas from showing it . It was released on DVD 5 March 2007 ( a day later in Region 1 countries ) . = = Plot = = At the behest of the Kazakh Ministry of Information , reporter Borat Sagdiyev leaves Kazakhstan for the " Greatest Country in the World " , the " U , S and A " to make a documentary . He leaves behind his wife Oxana and other inhabitants of his village – including his " 43 @-@ year @-@ old " mother , " No. 4 prostitute in all of Kazakhstan " sister , " the town rapist " , and " the town mechanic and abortionist . " His companions are his producer Azamat Bagatov and a pet hen . In New York , Borat sees an episode of Baywatch on TV and immediately falls in love with Pamela Anderson 's character , C. J. Parker . While interviewing and mocking a panel of feminists , he learns of the actress ' name and her residence in California . Borat is then informed by telegram that Oxana has been killed by a bear . Delighted , he secretly resolves to travel to California and make Anderson his new wife . He makes excuses to convince Azamat to travel to California with him . Azamat is afraid of flying because of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , which he believes were the work of Jews . Borat , therefore , takes driving lessons and buys a dilapidated Gaz truck for the journey . During the trip , Borat acquires a Baywatch booklet at a yard sale and continues gathering footage for his documentary . He meets gay pride parade participants , politicians Alan Keyes and Bob Barr and African American youths . Borat is also interviewed on live television and disrupts the weather report . Visiting a rodeo , Borat excites the crowd with jingoistic American remarks , but then sings a fictional Kazakhstani national anthem to the tune of " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " , receiving a strong negative reaction . Staying at a bed @-@ and @-@ breakfast , Borat and Azamat are stunned to learn their hosts are Jewish . Fearful at the hands of their hosts , the two escape after throwing money at two woodlice , believing they are their Jewish hosts transformed . Borat attempts to buy a handgun to defend himself , but is turned away because he is not an American citizen . Borat purchases a bear for protection . Borat seeks advice from an etiquette coach who suggests Borat attend a private dinner at an eating club in the South . During the dinner , he ( unintentionally ) insults or otherwise offends the other guests . When he lets Luenell , an African @-@ American prostitute , into the house and shows her to the table , they both get kicked out . Borat befriends Luenell , and she invites him into a relationship with her , but he tells her that he is in love with someone else . Borat then visits an antique shop with a display of Confederate heritage items , and clumsily breaks various items . At a hotel , Borat , just out of the bath , sees Azamat masturbating over a picture of Pamela Anderson in the Baywatch booklet . An angry Borat accidentally reveals his real motive for traveling to California . Azamat becomes livid at Borat 's deception , and the situation escalates into a fully nude brawl with homoerotic undertones , which spills out into the hallway , a crowded elevator , and ultimately into a packed convention ballroom . The two are finally separated by security guards . As a result , Azamat abandons Borat , taking his passport , all of their money , and their bear ( whose head is later seen inside Azamat 's motel refrigerator ) . Borat 's truck runs out of gas , and he begins to hitchhike to California . He is soon picked up by drunken fraternity brothers from the University of South Carolina . On learning the reason for his trip , they show him the Pam and Tommy sex tape , revealing that she is not the virgin he thought she was . After leaving the three students , Borat becomes despondent , burning the Baywatch booklet and , by mistake , his return ticket to Kazakhstan . He is also about to slaughter his pet hen , but then changes his mind and lets it go . Borat attends a United Pentecostal camp meeting , at which Republican U.S. Representative Chip Pickering and Mississippi Supreme Court Chief Justice James W. Smith , Jr. are present . He regains his faith , and forgives Azamat and Pamela . He accompanies church members on a bus to Los Angeles and disembarks to find Azamat dressed as Oliver Hardy ( though Borat thinks that he is dressed as Adolf Hitler ) . The two reconcile and Azamat tells Borat where to find Pamela Anderson . Borat finally comes face @-@ to @-@ face with Anderson at a book signing at a Virgin Megastore . After showing Anderson his " traditional marriage sack " , Borat pursues her throughout the store in an attempt to abduct her until he is tackled and handcuffed by security guards . Borat visits Luenell and they return to Kazakhstan together . The final scene ( set 8 months later ) shows the changes that Borat 's observations from America have brought to his village , including the apparent conversion of the people to Christianity ( the Kazakh version of which includes crucifixion and torturing of Jews ) and the introduction of computer @-@ based technology , such as iPods , laptop computers and a high @-@ definition , LCD television . The film plays out with a recapitulation of a mock Kazakhstan national anthem glorifying the country 's potassium resources and its prostitutes as being the second cleanest in the region . The visual melange of Soviet @-@ era photos are mixed with the real flag of Kazakhstan and , incongruously , the final frames show the portrait of Ilham Aliyev , real @-@ life president of Azerbaijan , a country that had not been otherwise mentioned in the film . = = Cast = = Sacha Baron Cohen as Borat Sagdiyev , a fictional Kazakh journalist , distinguished by exaggeratedly strong antisemitism , sexism , and antiziganism , which is depicted as apparently the norm in his homeland . Borat was originally created as a character for Da Ali G Show and appeared in every episode of the show , along with a cameo in the film spin @-@ off . Ken Davitian as Azamat Bagatov , the producer of Borat 's documentary . Azamat was a new character created for the film . Luenell as Luenell the prostitute ; first seen when Borat calls her to come to the Southern dinner , the climax of his effective destruction of the event . Pamela Anderson as herself ; she plays a central role in the film as the reason for the journalist 's cross country journey . She also appears in person at the end of the film , in a botched abduction attempt by Borat for cultural " marriage " . When Borat seeks advice from an etiquette coach , he goes on to show nude photos of his allegedly teenaged son . These photos actually show gay porn star Stonie , who was chosen because producers were seeking " someone who would look 13 or 14 but was actually of legal age and would do frontal nudity " . = = Production = = Except for Borat , Azamat , Luenell , and Pamela Anderson , none of the characters are portrayed by actors . Most scenes in the film were unscripted , although the end credits do credit a " Naked Fight Coordinator " . In most cases , the film 's participants were given no warning on what they would be taking part in except for being asked to sign release forms agreeing not to take legal action against the film 's producers . Principal photography was already under way in January 2005 , when Baron Cohen caused a near riot in what would ultimately be the rodeo scene in the final cut of the film . An interview with Baron Cohen by Rolling Stone indicated that more than 400 hours of footage had been shot for the film . = = = Location = = = The " Kazakhstan " depicted in the film has little or no relationship with the actual country , and the producers explicitly deny attempting to " convey the actual beliefs , practices or behaviour of anyone associated with Kazakhstan " in the " all persons fictitious " disclaimer . The scenes showing Borat 's home village were filmed in the village of Glod , Romania . The name of Borat 's neighbour , Nursultan Tuyakbay , is a cross between the names of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev and opposition politician Zharmakhan Tuyakbay . = = = Language = = = No Kazakh language is heard in the film . Borat 's neighbours in Kazakhstan were portrayed by Romani people , who were unaware of the film 's subject . The Cyrillic alphabet used in the film is the Russian form , not the Kazakh one , although most of the words written in it ( especially the geographical names ) are either misspelled or make no sense at all . The lettering on the aircraft in the beginning of the film is merely the result of Roman characters on a reversed image , while promotional materials spell " BORДT " with a Cyrillic letter for D substituted for the " A " in Faux Cyrillic style typically used to give a " Russian " appearance . Sacha Baron Cohen speaks Hebrew in the film , while Ken Davitian speaks Armenian . They also use several common phrases from Slavic languages : Borat 's trademark expressions " jagshemash " ( jak się masz ) and " chenquieh " ( dziękuję ) echo the Polish ( or other related languages ) for " How are you ? " and " thank you " , respectively . While presenting his house , Borat says " tishe " to his house @-@ cow ; " tiše / тише " is Russian ( similar words exist in other Slavic languages ) for " quiet ( er ) " or " be quiet " . = = = Deleted scenes = = = The DVD included several deleted scenes from the film , including Borat being questioned by police at a traffic stop , visiting an animal shelter to get a bear to protect him from Jews , getting a massage at a hotel , and visiting an American doctor . There is also a montage of scenes cut from the film , including Borat taking a job at Krystal and taking part in an American Civil War reenactment . The deleted scenes menu also includes an intentionally tedious supermarket sequence with an unusually patient supermarket owner ( Borat repeatedly asks about each product in the cheese section of the store and the owner responds the same way : " That 's cheese " ) , an actual local TV news report about Borat 's rodeo singing , and a final " happy ending " scene about Borat appearing in a Kazakh show entitled " Sexydrownwatch " , a Baywatch clone that also starred Azamat , Luenell , and Alexandra Paul . A scene in which Borat " started pretending he was being arrested " was also filmed , but was removed under the threat of legal action by prison officials when they learned that the " documentary " was a satire . In an interview , one of the film 's writers , Dan Mazer , confirmed that there was a scene filmed but cut in which Borat observed the shooting of actual pornography with actress Brooke Banner . Mazer stated that the scene was deleted so as not to compete with the naked hotel fight , but hinted it might be included in future DVD releases . In a 2016 interview on Conan , Cohen elaborated on the deleted scene in which he was featured in the pornographic film . = = Release = = = = = Previews = = = Borat was previewed at the 2006 Comic @-@ Con International in San Diego , California , on 21 July 2006 . Its first screening to a paying audience was during the 2006 Traverse City Film Festival , where it won the Excellence in Filmmaking Award . The film 's official debut was in Toronto on 7 September 2006 , at the Ryerson University Theatre during the Toronto International Film Festival . Baron Cohen arrived in character as Borat in a cart pulled by women dressed as peasants . Twenty minutes into the showing , however , the projector broke . Baron Cohen performed an impromptu act to keep the audience amused , but ultimately all attempts to fix the equipment failed . The film was successfully screened the following night , with Dustin Hoffman in attendance . In Israel , a proposed poster depicting Borat in a sling bikini was rejected by the film 's advertising firm in favour of one showing him in his usual suit . The film helped popularize the term " mankini " . = = = Scaled @-@ back U.S. release = = = The film opened at No. 1 in the box office , maintaining first place for two weeks straight . The film earned more in the second week ( $ 28 @,@ 269 @,@ 900 ) than in the first ( $ 26 @,@ 455 @,@ 463 ) , due to an expansion onto 2 @,@ 566 screens . = = = Theatrical release = = = Borat had its public release on 1 November 2006 in Belgium . By 3 November 2006 , it had opened in the United States and Canada , as well as in 14 European countries . Upon its release , it was a massive hit , taking in US $ 26 @.@ 4 million in its opening weekend , the highest ever in the United States and Canada for a film released in fewer than 1 @,@ 000 cinemas until Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert in 2008 . However , its opening day ( approximately $ 9 @.@ 2 million ) was larger than that of the Hannah Montana concert ( approximately $ 8 @.@ 6 million ) , leaving Borat with the record of the highest opening day gross for a film released in fewer than 1 @,@ 000 cinemas . On its second weekend , Borat surpassed its opening with a total of US $ 29 million . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 92 % , based on 213 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critics consensus reads , " Part satire , part shockumentary , Borat gets high @-@ fives almost all @-@ around for being offensive in the funniest possible way . Jagshemash ! " . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 89 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating " universal acclaim " . In an article about the changing face of comedy , The Atlantic Monthly said that it " may be the funniest film in a decade " . Michael Medved gave it 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars , calling it " ... simultaneously hilarious and cringe @-@ inducing , full of ingenious bits that you 'll want to describe to your friends and then laugh all over again when you do . " The Guardian included the film in its list of ten ' Best films of the noughties ' ( 2000 – 09 ) . One negative review came from American critic Joe Queenan , who went as far as to call Baron Cohen an " odious twit " . In an article for Slate , writer Christopher Hitchens offered a counter @-@ argument to suggestions of anti @-@ Americanism in the film . Hitchens suggested instead that the film demonstrated amazing tolerance by the film 's unknowing subjects , especially citing the reactions of the guests in the Southern dinner scene to Borat 's behaviour . By posting scenes from the film on YouTube , Borat was also exposed to viral communication . This triggered discussions on different national identities ( Kazakh , American , Polish , Romanian , Jewish , British ) that Baron Cohen had exploited in creating the Borat character . = = = Box office = = = American audiences embraced the film , which played to sold @-@ out crowds at many showings on its opening , despite having been shown on only 837 screens . Borat debuted at No. 1 on its opening weekend , with a total gross of $ 26 @.@ 4 million , beating its competitors Flushed Away and The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause . The film 's opening weekend 's cinema average was an estimated $ 31 @,@ 511 , topping Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , yet behind Star Wars : Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and Spider @-@ Man . It retained the top spot in its second weekend after expanding to 2 @,@ 566 theatres , extending the box office total to $ 67 @.@ 8 million . In the United Kingdom , Borat opened at No. 1 , with an opening weekend gross of £ 6 @,@ 242 @,@ 344 ( $ 11 @,@ 935 @,@ 986 ) , the 43rd best opening week earnings in the UK as of March 2007 . Since its release , Borat has grossed over $ 260 million worldwide . = = = Awards and nominations = = = Borat received a nomination at the 79th Academy Awards for Best Adapted Screenplay , although the award ultimately went to The Departed . It was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award under the category of Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy , but lost to Dreamgirls . The Broadcast Film Critics Association named it the Best Comedy Movie of 2006 , and was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Baron Cohen won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy . He received equivalent awards from the San Francisco Film Critics Circle , the Utah Film Critics Association , the Toronto Film Critics Association , and the Online Film Critics Society . The Los Angeles Film Critics Association tied Baron Cohen with Forest Whitaker in The Last King of Scotland for their title of Best Actor . Baron Cohen was also nominated for Best Actor by the London Film Critics ’ Circle . Borat has been featured in multiple top 10 lists of films in 2006 , including lists by the American Film Institute , Time Magazine , Rolling Stone , David Ansen for Newsweek , and Lou Lumenick for the New York Post . = = = Retirement of Borat character = = = A third film by Baron Cohen was released in 2009 , and was based on another of his characters : Brüno , a gay Austrian fashion reporter . Universal Studios is reported to have produced the film with a budget of $ 42 million . Rupert Murdoch announced in early February 2007 that Baron Cohen had signed on to do another Borat film with Fox . However , this was contradicted by an interview with Baron Cohen himself in which Baron Cohen stated that Borat was to be discontinued , as he was now too well known to avoid detection as he did in the film and on Da Ali G Show . A spokesman for Fox later stated that it was too early to begin planning such a film , although they were open to the idea . Baron Cohen subsequently announced that he was " killing off " the characters of Borat and Ali G because they were now so famous he could no longer trick people . Even though he decided to retire his trademark characters , on 26 February 2014 , he brought them back for the FXX series Ali G : Rezurection , a collection of the sketches from all 18 episodes of Da Ali G Show , including new footage of Baron Cohen in @-@ character as Ali G , who is portrayed as the presenter of the show . Baron Cohen revived the character of Borat in December 2015 on the late night talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live to premiere the new trailer for Baron Cohen 's movie Grimsby . = = Controversies = = = = = Participants ' responses = = = After the film 's release , Dharma Arthur , a news producer for WAPT in Jackson , Mississippi , wrote a letter to Newsweek saying that Borat 's appearance on the station had led to her losing her job : " Because of him , my boss lost faith in my abilities and second @-@ guessed everything I did thereafter … How upsetting that a man who leaves so much harm in his path is lauded as a comedic genius . " Although Arthur has said she was fired from the show , she told the Associated Press that she left the station . She said that she checked a public relations website that Borat 's producers gave her before booking him . In news coverage that aired in January 2005 of the filming of the rodeo scene , Bobby Rowe , producer of the Salem , Virginia , rodeo depicted in the film , provided background on how he had become the victim of a hoax . He said that " months " prior to the appearance , he had been approached by someone from " One America , a California @-@ based film company that was reportedly doing a documentary on a Russian immigrant " ; he agreed to permit the " immigrant " to sing the U.S. national anthem after listening to a tape . After the film 's release , Rowe said " Some people come up and say , ' Hey , you made the big time ' ; I 've made the big time , but not in the way I want it . " Cindy Streit , Borat 's etiquette consultant , subsequently hired high @-@ profile attorney Gloria Allred , who demanded that the California Attorney General investigate fraud allegedly committed by Baron Cohen and the film 's producers . The Salon Arts & Entertainment site quotes the Behars ( a Jewish couple whose guest house Borat and Azamat stay at ) as calling the film " outstanding " , referring to Baron Cohen as " very lovely and very polite " and a " genius " . The Boston Globe also interviewed the couple , saying they considered the film more anti @-@ Muslim than anti @-@ Semitic and had feared that Baron Cohen and his ensemble might be filming pornography in the house . The feminists from Veteran Feminists of America ( VFA ) felt that they had been duped , having " sensed something odd was going on " before and during the interview with Borat . The Guardian later reported at least one of the women felt that the film was worth going to see at the cinema . The New York Post had reported in November 2006 that Pamela Anderson filed for divorce from her husband Kid Rock after he reacted unfavourably to the film during a screening . The Post 's article specifically claimed he had said of her role in the film , " You 're nothing but a whore ! You 're a slut ! How could you do that movie ? " In an interview on The Howard Stern Show , Anderson confirmed that Rock was upset by her appearance in the film , but did not confirm that this was the cause of the separation . = = = Legal action by participants = = = The villagers of Glod , Romania , took legal action against the producers of Borat , complaining that they were lied to about the nature of the filming and they were portrayed as incestuous and ignorant . Some said they were paid only three lei ( about US $ 1 @.@ 28 in 2004 ) each , while others stated they were paid between $ 70 and $ 100 each , which did not cover their expenses . They are asking for $ 38 million in damages . One lawsuit was thrown out by U.S. District Judge Loretta Preska in a hearing in early December 2006 on the ground that the allegations in the complaint were too vague . The litigants said they planned to refile . Two of the University of South Carolina fraternity brothers who appeared in the film , Justin Seay and Christopher Rotunda , sued the producers , claiming defamation . The suit by Seay and Rotunda was dismissed in February 2007 . The students had also sought an injunction to prevent the DVD release of the film , which was denied . Another lawsuit was filed by a South Carolina resident who said he was accosted by Baron Cohen ( as Borat ) in the bathroom at a restaurant in downtown Columbia , with the actor allegedly making comments regarding the individual 's genitals , without signing any legal waiver . The lawsuit also sought to have the footage excluded from any DVD releases and removed from Internet video sites . The Macedonian Romani singer Esma Redžepova sued the film 's producers , seeking € 800 @,@ 000 because the film used her song " Chaje Šukarije " without her permission . Afterwards , Redžepova won a € 26 @,@ 000 compensation , since it turned out that Baron Cohen had gotten permission from her production house to use the song , which she had not been notified about . A lawsuit was launched by Felix Cedeno , who wanted $ 2 @.@ 25 million from 20th Century Fox , saying they invaded his privacy and needed permission to use his image . The 31 @-@ year @-@ old was riding the subway home to the South Bronx when Baron Cohen let a live hen out of his suitcase , causing chaos in the subway car . Baltimore resident Michael Psenicska sought more than $ 100 @,@ 000 in damages from Baron Cohen , 20th Century Fox , and other parties . Psenicska — a high school mathematics teacher who also owns a driving school — was reportedly paid $ 500 in cash to give Baron Cohen 's bogus Kazakh journalist a driving lesson . In his action — filed in the U.S. District Court in Manhattan — the driving instructor said that he had been told the film was a " documentary about the integration of foreign people into the American way of life " , and that if he had known the film 's true nature , he would have never participated . Psenicska said he was entitled to damages because the defendants used images of him to advertise the film . The case was dismissed on 9 September 2008 . Jeffrey Lemerond , who was shown running and yelling , " Get away " as Borat attempted to hug strangers on a New York street , filed a legal case claiming his image was used in the film illegally , and that he suffered " public ridicule , degradation and humiliation " as a result . The case was dismissed . Baron Cohen reacted to these suits by noting , " Some of the letters I get are quite unusual , like the one where the lawyer informed me I 'm about to be sued for $ 100 @,@ 000 and at the end says , ' P.S. Loved the movie . Can you sign a poster for my son Jeremy ? ' " = = = Reception in Kazakhstan = = = The government of Kazakhstan at first denounced Borat . In 2005 , following Borat 's appearance at the MTV Movie Awards , the country 's Foreign Ministry threatened to sue Sacha Baron Cohen , and Borat 's " Kazakh @-@ based " website , www.borat.kz , was taken down . Kazakhstan also launched a multi @-@ million dollar " Heart of Eurasia " campaign to counter the Borat effect ; Baron Cohen replied by denouncing the campaign at an in @-@ character press conference in front of the White House as the propaganda of the " evil nitwits " of Uzbekistan . Uzbekistan is , throughout the film , referred to by Borat as his nation 's second leading problem , with the first being the Jews . In 2006 , Gemini Films , the Central Asian distributor of 20th Century Fox , complied with a Kazakh government request to not release the film . That year , Kazakh ambassador Erlan Idrissov , after viewing the film , called parts of the film funny and wrote that the film had " placed Kazakhstan on the map " . By 2012 , Kazakh Foreign Minister Yerzhan Kazykhanov attributed a great rise in tourism to his country — with visas issued rising ten times — to the film , saying " I am grateful to ' Borat ' for helping attract tourists to Kazakhstan . " The Kazakh tabloid Karavan declared Borat to be the best film of the year , having had a reviewer see the film at a screening in Vienna . The paper said that it was " ... certainly not an anti @-@ Kazakh , anti @-@ Romanian or anti @-@ Semitic " film , but rather " cruelly anti @-@ American ... amazingly funny and sad at the same time . " Another favorable word came from Kazakh novelist Sapabek Asip @-@ uly , who suggested Baron Cohen be nominated for the annual award bestowed by the Kazakh Club of Art Patrons . In a letter published by the newspaper Vremya , Asip @-@ uly wrote , " ( Borat ) has managed to spark an immense interest of the whole world in Kazakhstan — something our authorities could not do during the years of independence . If state officials completely lack a sense of humor , their country becomes a laughing stock . " Amazon UK has also reported significant numbers of orders of Borat on DVD from Kazakhstan . In March 2012 , the parody national anthem from the film , which acclaims Kazakhstan for its high @-@ quality potassium exports and having the second cleanest prostitutes in the region , was mistakenly played at the Amir of Kuwait International Shooting Grand Prix . The gold medalist , Maria Dmitrienko , stood on the dais while the entire parody was played . The team complained , and the award ceremony was restaged . The incident apparently resulted from the wrong song being downloaded from the Internet . = = = Accusations of ethnic defamation = = = The European Center for Antiziganism Research , which works against negative attitudes toward Romani people , filed a complaint with German prosecutors on 18 October 2006 , based on Borat 's references to Gypsies in his film . The complaint accuses him of defamation and inciting violence against an ethnic group . As a consequence , 20th Century Fox declared that it would remove all parts referring to Romani people from trailers shown on German television as well as on the film 's website . Before the release of the film , the Anti @-@ Defamation League ( ADL ) released a statement expressing concern over Borat 's characteristic anti @-@ Semitism . Both Baron Cohen ( who is Jewish ) and the ADL have stated that the film uses the titular character to expose prejudices felt or tolerated by others , but the ADL expressed concern that some audiences might remain oblivious to this aspect of the film 's humor , while " some may even find it reinforcing their bigotry " . = = = Censorship in the Arab world = = = The film was banned in the entire Arab world except for Lebanon . Yousuf Abdul Hamid , a film censor for Dubai in the United Arab Emirates , called the film " vile , gross and extremely ridiculous " . The censor said that he and his colleagues had walked out on their screening before it had ended , and that only half an hour of the film would be left once all the offensive scenes were removed . The film has since been allowed to be aired in the Middle East with regular showing on local movie channels . = = Soundtrack = = The soundtrack for Borat was released on the iTunes Store on 24 October 2006 , and in shops on 31 October 2006 . The album included music from the film , five tracks entitled " Dialoguing excerpt from moviefilm " , as well as the controversial anti @-@ Semitic song " In My Country There Is Problem " from Da Ali G Show . The folk music included in the soundtrack has no connection to the authentic music of Kazakhstan . The album features songs by Gypsy and Balkan artists ( mostly Emir Kusturica and Goran Bregovic ) and includes music by Erran Baron Cohen , founding member of ZOHAR Sound System and brother of Borat star Sacha Baron Cohen , as well as songs sung by Sacha Baron Cohen himself in character as Borat . = = Home media = = The Region 2 DVD was released 5 March 2007 , with the Region 1 release the following day . Special features include deleted scenes , faux advertisements for the soundtrack album , and a complete Russian language translation audio track using a professional dubbing cast , along with the English , French , and Spanish language tracks common on Region 1 . There is also a choice of Hebrew , but this is merely a joke ; choosing the Hebrew language option results in a warning screen reading " You have been trapped , Jew ! " which warns the viewer not to change his shape and to keep his claws where they can be seen , again playing on the anti @-@ Semitism supposedly prevalent in Borat 's version of Kazakhstan . It also includes footage of Borat 's publicity tour for the film , with Baron Cohen in character as Borat on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Late Night with Conan O 'Brien , the Toronto International Film Festival , and Saturday Night Live . The bonus features conclude with a news segment from a Virginia TV station about Borat 's night at the rodeo , complete with an interview with rodeo owner Bobby Rowe . As a play on the copyright infringement common in the former Soviet Union , the packaging of the Region 1 ( United States / Canada ) , 2 ( Europe / Japan / South Africa / Middle East ) , and 4 ( Latin America / Oceania ) editions mimics a foreign bootleg DVD . The slipcover is in English but the case itself has all @-@ Cyrillic text ( a majority of which is in legitimate Russian , not faux Cyrillic ) and is made to look poorly photocopied . The disc itself is made to look like a " Demorez " DVD @-@ R with the slogan " Is life ? No . Demorez . " , a parody on " Is it live , or is it Memorex ? " ad campaign , and the word " BOЯAT " appearing to be crudely written in marker with the " R " written backwards . The UMD version is similar to the DVD , even being labelled a " UMD @-@ R " ( which do not exist ) . Even the Fox in @-@ cover advertising is written in broken English that appears poorly printed , indicating that there are " More movie discs available from US & A " and " Also legal to own in Kazakhstan " . There are further jokes within the DVD itself . The menus are styled as a worn , static @-@ laden film on an erratically functioning projector , with more Cyrillic writing accompanied by translations in broken English . The DVD is described as a " prerecorded moviedisc for purpose domestic viewing of moviefilm " , and the viewer is warned that " selling piratings of this moviedisc will result in punishment by crushing " . The DVD 's collection of trailers promises that the depicted films are " coming Kazakhstan in 2028 " . By April 2007 , the DVD had sold over 3 @.@ 5 million copies , totaling more than $ 55 million in sales . While a Blu @-@ ray Disc release date for the U.S. has yet to be announced , it has been released on Blu @-@ ray in Germany , the United Kingdom , France , Australia , Brazil , the Netherlands , Ireland , Finland , Denmark , and Sweden .
= Demerara rebellion of 1823 = The Demerara rebellion of 1823 was an uprising involving more than 10 @,@ 000 slaves that took place in the Crown colony of Demerara @-@ Essequibo ( now part of Guyana ) . The rebellion , which took place on 18 August 1823 and lasted for two days , was led by slaves with the highest status . In part they were reacting to poor treatment and a desire for freedom ; in addition , there was a widespread , mistaken belief that Parliament had passed a law for emancipation , but it was being withheld by the colonial rulers . Instigated chiefly by Jack Gladstone , a slave at " Success " plantation , the rebellion also involved his father , Quamina , and other senior members of their church group . Its English pastor , John Smith , was implicated . The largely non @-@ violent rebellion was brutally crushed by the colonists under governor John Murray . They killed many slaves : estimates of the toll from fighting range from 100 to 250 . After the insurrection was put down , the government sentenced another 45 men to death , and 27 were executed . The executed slaves ' bodies were displayed in public for months afterwards as a deterrent to others . Jack was deported to the island of Saint Lucia after the rebellion following a clemency plea by Sir John Gladstone , the owner of " Success " plantation . John Smith , who had been court @-@ martialed and was awaiting news of his appeal against a death sentence , died a martyr for the abolitionist cause . News of Smith 's death strengthened the abolitionist movement in Britain . Quamina , who is thought to have been the actual leader of the rebellion , was declared a national hero after Guyana 's independence . Streets and monuments have been dedicated to him in the capital of Georgetown , Guyana . = = Context = = Demerara was first colonised by the Dutch in the 17th century under the auspices of the Dutch West India Company ( DWIC ) . The economy , initially based on trade , began to be superseded in the 18th century by sugar cane cultivation on large plantations . The Demerara region was opened to settlement in 1746 , and new opportunities attracted British settlers from nearby Barbados . By 1760 , they had become the largest contingent in Demerara ; the 1762 business registers showed that 34 of 93 plantations owned by Englishmen . The British were a major external threat to Dutch control over the colonies from 1781 until 1796 , when Britain obtained de facto control . Following a raid by privateers in February 1781 , British occupation lasted until January 1782 , when the island was recaptured by the French , then allied with the Dutch . The British transferred rule of Demerara to the Dutch in 1802 under the terms of the Peace of Amiens , but took back control of it a year later . In 1812 , the British merged Demerara and Essequibo into the colony of Demerara @-@ Essequibo . The colonies were ceded to Britain by treaty between the Netherlands and Britain on 13 August 1814 . Stabroek , as the colony 's capital was known under the Dutch , was renamed as Georgetown in 1812 . The colonial powers appointed a governor to rule in their stead , and the local legislation was decided on by a Court of Policy . The mainstay of its economy was sugar , grown on cane plantations worked by slaves . The sale of the crop in Britain enjoyed preferential terms . There were 2 @,@ 571 declared slaves working on 68 plantations in Essequibo , and 1 @,@ 648 slaves in Demerara in 1762 . These numbers were known to be much understated , as the slave headcount was the basis of taxation . By 1769 , there were 3 @,@ 986 declared slaves for Essequibo 's 92 plantations and 5 @,@ 967 for Demerara 's 206 plantations . The slave labour was in short supply and expensive due to the trading monopoly of the DWIC , and smuggling from Barbados was rife . Dutch colonists ensured white dominance over their growing slave population through the collaboration of indigenous natives , who strongly resisted white domination but could also be relied upon to take up arms against any Spanish incursions . When slaves rose up in Berbice in 1763 , natives blocked the border to prevent the disruption from spreading into Demerara . Rapid expansion of plantations in the 19th century increased demand for African slaves at a time when supplies were reduced . The supply shortage of labour for production was exacerbated by the British abolition of trade in slaves in the Slave Trade Act 1807 . The population consisted of 2 @,@ 500 whites , 2 @,@ 500 freed blacks , and 77 @,@ 000 slaves . Ethnically , there were 34 @,@ 462 African @-@ born as against 39 @,@ 956 " creole Negroes " by 1823 in Demerara and Essequibo . Treatment of slaves were markedly different from owner to owner , and from plantation to plantation . Plantations managed by agents and attorneys for absentee owners were common . Caucasian owners and managers were prevalent , and there were very few mixed @-@ race " mulattoes " who advanced to become managers and owners . Lower @-@ class whites and coloureds were considered " superior " , giving them access to skilled work . Blacks who performed skilled work , or worked within households and enjoyed greater autonomy , were regarded as having higher @-@ status than other slaves . Slaves who toiled in the fields would work under drivers also slaves , but who had delegated authority of plantation overseers . = = = The plantations = = = Although some plantation owners were enlightened or paternalistic , the slave population was on the whole poorly treated . Churches for whites existed from the inauguration of the colonies , but slaves were barred from worshipping before 1807 as colonists feared education and Christianisation would lead slaves to question their status and lead to dissatisfaction . Indeed , a Wesleyan missionary who arrived in 1805 wanting to set up a church for slaves was immediately repatriated by order of the governor . The London Missionary Society ( LMS ) entered Guyana shortly after the end of the slave trade at the behest of a plantation owner who believed that slaves ought to have access to religious teachings . Hermanus Post , a naturalised Englishman of Dutch descent , advocated teaching of religion and literacy . The idea , considered radical at the time , was supported by some who may have thought religion was to be offered as a consolation in place of emancipation . The colonial administration was hostile to the idea . It was written in the official journal , Royal Gazette , in 1808 : " It is dangerous to make slaves Christians , without giving them their liberty . " Others strongly opposed . Other plantation owners , who felt that teaching slaves anything other than their duties to their masters would lead to " anarchy , chaos and discontent " and precipitate the destruction of the colony . Post ignored these protestations and made facilities available for worship . The facilities were easily outgrown by popularity of worship within just eight months . The LMS contributed £ 100 ; Post gave the land and paid the balance , and a chapel with 600 @-@ person capacity was inaugurated on 11 September 1808 . He also had a house constructed for the minister at a cost of £ 1200 , of which £ 200 was subscribed by other " respectable inhabitants of the colony " . The first pastor , Reverend John Wray , arrived in February 1808 and spent five years there ; his wife operated a girls ' school for white children . After the chapel 's construction , the owner wrote of improvements : They were formerly a nuisance to the neighbourhood , on account of their drumming and dancing two or three nights in the week , and were looked on with a jealous eye on account of their dangerous communications ; but they have now become the most zealous attendants on public worship , catechising , and private instructions . No drums are heard in this neighbourhood , except where the owners have prohibited the attendance of their slaves [ at the church ] . Drunkards and fighters have changed into sober and peaceable people , and endeavour to please those who are set over them . Post sought to have more missionaries appointed to other places in the colony . However , Post died in 1809 , and was lamented by his slaves . Conditions of his slaves markedly deteriorated under new management – they were once again subject to whipping and forced to work on Saturdays and Sundays . Soon after Wray arrived in 1808 , he fought for the rights of slaves in the colony to attend church services which would take place nightly . When Governor Henri Guillaume Bentinck declared all meetings after dark illegal , Wray obtained the support of some plantation owners and managers . Armed with their testimonials , he sought to confront Bentinck but was refused audience . Wray went to London to appeal directly to the government . When Wray was transferred to nearby Berbice at the end of his term , the mission was without a pastor for three years . John Smith , his replacement sent to the colony by the LMS , was equally welcomed by the slaves . Writing to the LMS , Smith said that the clergy was explicitly ordered to say nothing that would cause slaves ' disenchantment with their masters or dissatisfaction with their status . Many in the colony resented the presence of the preachers , whom they believed were spies to the abolitionist movement in London . They feared that the religious teachings and the liberal attitudes promoted would eventually cause slaves to rebel . Colonists interrupted services , threw stones at the churches , barred ministers ' access to certain plantations , refusing permission to build chapels on plantation land ; slaves were stopped from attending services at every turn . Smith received a hostile reception from the Governor John Murray and from most colonists . They saw his chapel services as a threat to plantation output , and feared greater unrest . Smith reported to the LMS the Governor had told him that " planters will not allow their negroes to be taught to read , on pain of banishment from the colony . " Furthermore , religious instruction for slaves was endorsed by British Parliament , thus the plantation owners were obliged to permit slaves to attend despite their opposition . Colonists who attended were perceived by Smith to be disruptive or a distraction . Some overseers attended only to prevent their own slaves from attending . One of owners ' complaints was that slaves had too far to walk to attend services . When Smith had requested land to erect a chapel from John Reed , owner of " Dochfour " , the idea was vetoed by Governor Murray , allegedly because of complaints he had received about Smith . Colonists even perverted the intention of a circular from Britain which mandated giving slaves passes to attend services – on 16 August 1823 , the Governor issued a circular which required slaves to obtain owners ' special dispensation to attend church meetings or services , causing a sharp decline in attendance at services . At about the same time , Smith wrote a letter back to George Burder , the Secretary of the LMS , lamenting the conditions of the slaves : Ever since I have been in the colony , the slaves have been most grievously oppressed . A most immoderate quantity of work has , very generally , been exacted of them , not excepting women far advanced in pregnancy . When sick , they have been commonly neglected , ill treated , or half starved . Their punishments have been frequent and severe . Redress they have so seldom been able to obtain , that many of them have long discontinued to seek it , even when they have been notoriously wronged . Da Costa noted that the slaves who rebelled all had motives which were underpinned by their status as chattels : the families of many were caught in the turbulent changes in ownership of plantations and feared being sold and / or split up ( as in the case of the slave Telemachus ) ; Christians frequently complained of being harassed and chastised for their belief or their worshipping ( Telemachus , Jacky Reed , Immanuel , Prince , Sandy ) ; female slaves reported being abused or raped by owners or managers ( Betsy , Susanna ) . Slaves were also often punished for frivolous reasons . Many managers / owners ( McTurk , Spencer ) would insist that slaves work on Sundays , and deny passes to attend church ; Pollard , manager of " Non Pareil " and " Bachelor 's Adventure " , was notoriously violent . Quamina complained of frequently being deprived of his legal day off and missing church ; unable to take care of his sickly wife , he found her dead one night after coming home . Jack Gladstone , a slave on " Success " , who did not work under a driver and enjoyed considerable freedom , learned of the debate about slavery in Britain , and had heard rumours of emancipation papers arriving from London . Among the plantation owners , Sir John Gladstone , father of British Prime Minister William , who had built his fortune as a trader , had acquired plantations in Demerara in 1812 through mortgage defaults . This included half share in " Success " , one of the largest and most productive plantations there ; he acquired the remaining half four years later . Gladstone switched the crop from coffee to sugar , and expanded his workforce of slaves from 160 to more than 330 . Sir John would continue to acquire Demeraran plantations , often at fire sale prices after the rebellion and well into the decade , and his agents would be able to optimise his assets across the different properties . By the time emancipation was enacted in Britain in 1834 , he owned four plantations – " Vreedenhoop " , " Success " , " Wales " and " Vreedestein " . John Smith , writing in his journal on 30 August 1817 , said that the slaves of " Success " complained about the work load and very severe treatment . Sir John Gladstone , believing that the slaves on his estates were properly treated , wrote a letter to the Missionary Society on 24 December 1824 to clear his name . He wrote that his intentions have " ever been to treat my people with kindness in the attention to their wants of every description , and to grant them every reasonable and practicable indulgence . " He stated that the work gangs were doubled from 160 after production shifted to sugar from coffee . Gladstone later maintained that Even on Sugar Estates , the grinding [ of the canes ] ceases at sunset ; and the boilers , the only parties that remain longer , finish cleaning up before nine o 'clock ... Their general food , in addition to salt fish and occasionally salted provisions , consisted of plantains which they preferred to other food . Plantains were cultivated in the ordinary daily work of each estate , or purchased when deficient , and they were supplied with more than they could consume . The slaves were provided with clothing that was suitable for the climate and their situation ... They have the Sabbath and their other holydays to dispose of , for the purpose of religion , if so inclined . Gladstone , who had never set foot on his plantation , had been deluded by his attorney in Demerara , Frederick Cort , into believing that it was seldom necessary to punish the slaves . He asserted they were generally happy and contented , and were able to make considerable money by selling the surplus produce of their provision grounds . Subsequent to the revolt , the secretary of the London Missionary Society warned Gladstone that Cort had been lying , but Gladstone continued to identify himself with Cort and his other agents . Robertson , his second son , inspected the estates from 22 November 1828 to 3 March 1829 , during which he observed that Cort was " an idler and a deceiver " who had mismanaged one estate after another . Only then was Cort dismissed . In Britain , Lord Howick and others criticised the concept of absentee landlords . Sir Benjamin d 'Urban , who took up his office of Lieutenant Governor of Essequibo and Demerara in 1824 , wrote to Earl Bathurst , Secretary of State for the Colonies , on 30 September 1824 , criticising " .. the injudicious managers under whom too many of the slaves are placed ; half educated men of little discretion , or command over their own caprices ; good planters perhaps – but quite unfit to have the charge of bodies of men , although they might take very proper care of cattle " . = = The revolt = = Slaves with the highest status such as coopers , and some other who were members of Smith 's congregation , were implicated in leading the rebellion against the harsh conditions and maltreatment , demanding what they believed to be their right . Quamina and his son Jack Gladstone , both slaves on " Success " plantation , led their peers to revolt . Quamina , a member of Smith 's church , had been one of five chosen to become deacons by the congregation soon after Smith 's arrival . In the British House of Commons in May 1823 , Thomas Fowell Buxton introduced a resolution condemning the state of slavery as " repugnant to the principles of the British constitution and of the Christian religion " , and called for its gradual abolition " throughout the British colonies " . In fact , the subject of these rumours were Orders in Council ( to colonial administrations ) drawn up by George Canning under pressure from abolitionists to ameliorate the conditions of slaves following a Commons debate . Its principal provisions were to restrict slaves ' daily working hours to nine and to prohibit flogging for female slaves . Whilst the Governor or Berbice immediately made a proclamation upon receiving his orders from London , and instructed local parson John Wray to explain the provisions to his congregation , John Murray , his counterpart in Demerara , had received the Order from London on 7 July 1823 , and these measures proved controversial as they were discussed in the Court of Policy on 21 July and again on 6 August . They were passed as being inevitable , but the administration made no formal declaration as to its passing . The lack of formal declaration led to rumours that masters had received instructions to set the slaves free but were refusing to do so . In the weeks prior to the revolt , he sought confirmation of the veracity of the rumours from other slaves , particularly those who worked for those in a position to know : he thus obtained information from Susanna , housekeeper / mistress of John Hamilton of " Le Resouvenir " ; from Daniel , the Governor 's servant ; Joe Simpson from " Le Reduit " and others . Specifically , Simpson had written a letter which said that their freedom was imminent but which warned them to be patient . Jack wrote a letter ( signing his father 's name ) to the members of the chapel informing them of the " new law " . Those on " Le Resouvenir " , where Smith 's chapel was situated , also rebelled . Quamina , who was well respected by slaves and freedmen alike , initially tried to stop the slave revolt , and urged instead for peaceful strike ; he made the fellow slaves promise not to use violence . As an artisan cooper who did not work under a driver , Jack enjoyed considerable freedom to roam about . He was able to organise the rebellion through his formal and informal networks . Close conspirators who were church ' teachers ' included Seaton ( at " Success " ) , William ( at " Chateau Margo " ) , David ( at " Bonne Intention " ) , Jack ( at " Dochfour " ) , Luke ( at " Friendship " ) , Joseph ( at " Bachelor 's Adventure " ) , Sandy ( at " Non Pareil " ) . Together , they finalised planning in the afternoon of Sunday 17 August for thousands of slaves to raise up against their masters the next morning . Joe of " Le Reduit " had informed his master at approximately 6 am that morning of a coordinated uprising planned the night before at Bethel chapel which would take place that same day . Captain Simpson , the owner , immediately rode to see the Governor , but stopped to alert several estates on the way into town . The governor assembled the cavalry , which Simpson was a part of . Although the rebellion leaders had hoped for mass action by all slaves , the actual unrest involved about 13 @,@ 000 slaves over some 37 estates located on the east coast , between Georgetown and Mahaica . Slaves entered estates , ransacked the houses for weapons and ammunition , tied up the whites , or put some into stocks . The very low number of white deaths is cited as proof that the uprising was largely free from violence from the slaves . Accounts from witnesses indicate that the rebels exercised restraint , with only a very small number of white men were killed . Some slaves took revenge on their masters or overseers by putting them in stocks , like they themselves had been before . Slaves went in large groups , from plantation to plantation , seizing weapons and ammunition and locking up the whites , promising to release them in three days . However , according to Bryant , not all slaves were compliant with the rebels ; some were loyal to their masters and held off against the rebels . The Governor immediately declared martial law . The 21st Fusiliers and the 1st West India Regiment , aided by a volunteer battalion , were dispatched to combat the rebels , who were armed mainly with cutlasses and bayonets on poles , and a small number of stands of rifles captured from plantations . By the late afternoon on 20 August , the situation had been brought under control . Most of the slaves had been rounded up , although some of the rebels were shot whilst attempting to flee . On 22 August 1823 , Lieutenant Governor Murray issued an account of the battles . He reported major confrontations on Tuesday morning at the Reed estate , " Dochfour " , where ten to fifteen of the 800 rebels were killed ; a skirmish at " Good Hope " felled " five or six " rebels . On Wednesday morning , six were killed at ' Beehive ' plantation , forty rebels died at Elizabeth Hall . At a battle which took place at " Bachelor 's Adventure " , " a number considerably above 1500 " were involved . The Lieutenant @-@ Colonel having in vain attempted to convince these deluded people of their error , and every attempt to induce them to lay down their arms having failed , he made his dispositions , charged the two bodies simultaneously , and dispersed them with the loss of 100 to 150 . On our side , we only had one rifleman slightly wounded . After the slaves ' defeat at " Bachelor 's Adventure " , Jack fled into the woods . A " handsome reward " of one thousand guilder was offered for his capture . The Governor also proclaimed a " FULL and FREE PARDON to all slaves who surrendered within 48 hours , provided that they shall not have been ringleaders ( or guilty of Aggravated Excesses ) " . Jack remained at large until he and his wife were captured by Capt. McTurk at " Chateau Margo " , after a three @-@ hour standoff on 6 September . = = Trials = = On 25 August , the Governor Murray constituted a general court @-@ martial , presided over by Lt.-Col. Stephen Arthur Goodman . Despite the initial revolt passing largely peacefully with slave masters locked in their homes , those who were considered ringleaders were tried at set up at different estates along the coast and executed by shooting ; their heads were cut off and nailed to posts . A variety of sentences were handed out , including solitary confinement , lashing , and death . Bryant ( 1824 ) records 72 slaves having been sentenced by court @-@ martial at the time of publication . He noted that 19 of the 45 death sentences had been carried out ; a further 18 slaves had been reprieved . Quamina was among those executed ; their bodies were hung up in chains by the side of a public road in front of their respective plantations and left to rot for months afterwards . Jack Gladstone was sold and deported to St Lucia ; Da Costa suggests that a letter Sir John had sent on his behalf resulted in clemency . John Smith was arraigned in court @-@ martial before Lt. Col. Goodman on 13 October , charged with four offences : " promoting discontent and dissatisfaction in the minds of the Negro Slaves towards their Lawful Masters , Overseers and Managers , inciting rebellion ; advising , consulting and corresponding with Quamina , and further aiding and abetting Quamina in the revolt ; failure to make known the planned rebellion to the proper authorities ; did not use his best endeavours to suppress , detain and restrain Quamina once the rebellion was under way . " The officers on the court martial judging Smith included a young Captain Colin Campbell , later to become Field Marshal Lord Clyde . Smith 's trial concluded one month later , on 24 November . Smith was found guilty of the principal charges , and was given the death sentence . Pending an appeal , Smith was transferred from Colony House to prison , where he died of " consumption " in the early hours of 6 February 1824 ; To minimise the risk of stirring up slave sentiment , the colonists interred him at 4 am . The grave went without markings to avoid it becoming a rallying point for slaves . The Royal reprieve arrived on 30 March . Smith 's death was a major step forward in the campaign to abolish slavery . News of his death was published in British newspapers , provoked enormous outrage and garnered 200 petitions to Parliament . = = Aftermath = = The rebellion took place a few months after the founding of the Anti @-@ Slavery Society , and had a strong impact on Britain . Although public sentiment initially favoured the colonists , it changed with revelations . The abolitionist debate which had flagged , was galvanised by the deaths of Smith and the 250 slaves . The Martial law in Demerara was lifted on 19 January 1824 . In Demerara and Berbice , there was considerable anger towards the missionaries that resulted in their oppression . Demerara 's Court of Policy passed an ordinance giving financial assistance to a church that was selected by plantation owners in each district . The Le Resouvenir chapel was seized and taken over by the Anglican Church . Under pressure from London , the Demerara Court of Policy eventually passed an ' Ordinance for the religious instruction of slaves and for meliorating their condition ' in 1825 which institutionalised working hours and some civil rights for slaves . The weekend was to be from sunset on Saturday to sunrise on Monday ; field work was also defined to be from 6 am to 6 pm , with a mandatory two @-@ hour break . A Protector of Slaves was appointed ; whipping was abolished for women as was its use in the field . The rights to marriage and own property was legalised , as was the right to acquire manumission . Amendments and new ordinances continued to flow from London , each progressively establishing more civil rights for the slaves , but they were strongly resisted by the colonial legislature . Many planters refused to comply with their provisions . The confrontation continued as the planters challenged on several occasions the right of British government to pass laws binding on the colony , arguing that the Court of Policy has exclusive legislative power within the colony . Plantation owners who controlled the voting of the taxes disrupted administration by refusing to vote the civil list . In August 1833 , the British parliament passed the ' Act for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Colonies , for promoting the industry of manumitted slaves , and for compensating the persons hitherto entitled to the services of such slaves ' , with effect from 1 August 1834 . Plantation owners of British Guiana received £ 4 @,@ 297 @,@ 117 10s . 6 ½ d. in compensation for the loss of 84 @,@ 915 slaves .
= Calakmul = Calakmul ( / ˌkɑːlɑːkˈmuːl / ; also Kalakmul and other less frequent variants ) is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche , deep in the jungles of the greater Petén Basin region . It is 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from the Guatemalan border . Calakmul was one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities ever uncovered in the Maya lowlands . Calakmul was a major Maya power within the northern Petén Basin region of the Yucatán Peninsula of southern Mexico . Calakmul administered a large domain marked by the extensive distribution of their emblem glyph of the snake head sign , to be read " Kaan " . Calakmul was the seat of what has been dubbed the Kingdom of the Snake or Snake Kingdom . This Snake Kingdom reigned during most of the Classic period . Calakmul itself is estimated to have had a population of 50 @,@ 000 people and had governance , at times , over places as far away as 150 kilometers . There are 6 @,@ 750 ancient structures identified at Calakmul ; the largest of which is the great pyramid at the site . Structure 2 is over 45 metres ( 148 ft ) high , making it one of the tallest of the Maya pyramids . Four tombs have been located within the pyramid . Like many temples or pyramids within Mesoamerica the pyramid at Calakmul increased in size by building upon the existing temple to reach its current size . The size of the central monumental architecture is approximately 2 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 77 sq mi ) and the whole of the site , mostly covered with dense residential structures , is about 20 square kilometres ( 7 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . Throughout the Classic Period , Calakmul maintained an intense rivalry with the major city of Tikal to the south , and the political manoeuvrings of these two cities have been likened to a struggle between two Maya superpowers . Rediscovered from the air by biologist Cyrus L. Lundell of the Mexican Exploitation Chicle Company on December 29 , 1931 , the find was reported to Sylvanus G. Morley of the Carnegie Institute at Chichen Itza in March 1932 . = = Etymology = = Calakmul is a modern name ; according to Cyrus L. Lundell , who named the site , In Maya , ca means " two " , lak means " adjacent " , and mul signifies any artificial mound or pyramid , so Calakmul is the " City of the Two Adjacent Pyramids " . In ancient times the city core was known as Ox Te ' Tuun , meaning " Three Stones " . Another name associated with the site , and perhaps a larger area around it , is Chiik Naab ' . The lords of Calakmul identified themselves as k 'uhul kaanal ajaw , Divine Lords of the Snake , but the connection of the title to the actual site is ambiguous . = = Location = = Calakmul is located in Campeche state in southeastern Mexico , about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) north of the border with Guatemala and 38 kilometres ( 24 mi ) north of the ruins of El Mirador . The ruins of El Tintal are 68 kilometres ( 42 mi ) to the southwest of Calakmul and were linked to both El Mirador and Calakmul itself by causeway . Calakmul was about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of the contemporary city of Oxpemul and approximately 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) southwest of La Muñeca . The city is located on a rise about 35 metres ( 115 ft ) above a large seasonal swamp lying to the west , known as the El Laberinto bajo ( a Spanish word used in the region to denote a low @-@ lying area of seasonal marshland ) . This swamp measures approximately 34 by 8 kilometres ( 21 @.@ 1 by 5 @.@ 0 mi ) and was an important source of water during the rainy season . The bajo was linked to a sophisticated water @-@ control system including both natural and artificial features such as gullies and canals that encircled a 22 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 8 @.@ 5 sq mi ) area around the site core , an area considered as Inner Calakmul . The location of Calakmul at the edge of a bajo provided two additional advantages : the fertile soils along the edge of the swamp and access to abundant flint nodules . The city is situated on a promontory formed by a natural 35 @-@ metre ( 115 ft ) high limestone dome rising above the surrounding lowlands . This dome was artificially levelled by the Maya . During the Preclassic and Classic periods settlement was concentrated along the edge of the El Laberinto bajo , during the Classic period structures were also built on high ground and small islands in the swamp where flint was worked . At the beginning of the 21st century the area around Calakmul remained covered by dense forest . During the 1st millennium AD the area received moderate and regular rainfall , although there is less surface water available than further south in Guatemala . Calakumul is now located within the 1 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 7 @,@ 300 km2 ) Calakmul Biosphere Reserve . = = Population and extent = = At its height in the Late Classic period the city is estimated to have had a population of 50 @,@ 000 inhabitants and to have covered an area of over 70 square kilometres ( 27 sq mi ) . The city was the capital of a large regional state with an area of about 13 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 5 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . During the Terminal Classic the city 's population declined dramatically and the rural population plummeted to 10 % of its former level . The Late Classic population density of Calakmul has been calculated at 1000 / km ² ( 2564 per square mile ) in the site core and 420 / km ² ( 1076 per square mile ) in the periphery ( an area of 122 square kilometres ( 47 sq mi ) . Calakmul was a true urban city and not just an elite centre surrounded by commoner residences . The site core of Calakmul was known in ancient times as Ox Te ' Tuun ( " Three Stones " ) which may have been because of the triadic pyramid Structure 2 . The Calakmul kingdom included 20 secondary centres , among which were large cities such as La Muñeca , Naachtun , Sasilha , Oxpemul and Uxul . The total population of these secondary centres has been estimated at 200 @,@ 000 . The kingdom also included a large number of tertiary and quaternary sites , mostly fairly small and consisting of a number of groups arranged around courtyards , although there are also larger rural sites situated on ridges along the edges of the bajos that include temples , palaces and stelae . The total rural population of the kingdom is calculated at 1 @.@ 5 million people . The entire population of the Calakmul kingdom , including the city itself and the rural population in the 13 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 5 @,@ 000 sq mi ) area of the regional state , is calculated at 1 @.@ 75 million people in the Late Classic period . The Emblem Glyph of Calakmul has a greater distribution than the Emblem Glyph of any other Maya city . The Glyph is also found in more hieroglyphic texts than any other Emblem Glyph , including that of Tikal . Calakmul administered a large domain marked by the extensive distribution of their emblem glyph of the snake head sign , to be read " Kaan " . Calakmul was the seat of what has been dubbed the Snake Kingdom . At times the city had governance over places as far away as 150 kilometers . = = Known rulers = = The kings of Calakmul were known as k 'uhul kan ajawob ( / k ’ uːˈχuːl kän äχäˈwoɓ / ) ( " Divine Lords of the Snake Kingdom " ) . This list is not continuous , as the archaeological record is incomplete . All dates AD . = = Emblem Glyph = = At Calakmul 's peak in the 7th century , the polity was known as Kan . Interesting to know is that the title Kan was used at another place before Calakmul became a regional powerhouse . The Preclassic political state in the Mirador Basin also used the title Kan . There is the idea that , after the collapse of the Mirador state , its refugees migrated north towards Calakmul , where they founded a new Kan polity . However , epigraphical studies of the monuments at Calakmul show that prior to the 7th century AD the emblem glyph of Calakmul had nothing to do with a snake , but with a bat . It seems that a different polity ruled there . The Kan emblem glyph , before being associated with Calakmul , is found ( once ) at Dzibanché , a site more towards the east . Perhaps during the late 6th / early 7th century , the polity at Dzibanché moved to Calakmul in order to establish a more strategically placed capital . After Calakmul 's power dwindled in the 8th century , after the rule of Yuknoom Took K 'awiil , it appears that the bat emblem glyph made its resurgence . Still , many uncertainties remain and new epigraphical studies have to be done to fill the gaps . = = History = = Calakmul has a long occupational history and excavations have revealed evidence from the Middle Preclassic right through to the Postclassic . The causeway network that linked Calakmul with the cities of El Mirador , Nakbe and El Tintal suggest strong political links between the four cities that may have begun in the Preclassic , when both Calakmul and El Mirador were important cities , and continued into the Classic period when Calakmul itself was the most powerful city in the region . Calakmul was one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities ever uncovered in the Maya lowlands . = = = Calakmul vs. Tikal = = = The history of the Maya Classic period is dominated by the rivalry between Tikal and Calakmul , likened to a struggle between two Maya " superpowers " . Earlier times tended to be dominated by a single larger city and by the Early Classic Tikal was moving into this position after the dominance of El Mirador in the Late Preclassic and Nakbe in the Middle Preclassic . However Calakmul was a rival city with equivalent resources that challenged the supremacy of Tikal and engaged in a strategy of surrounding it with its own network of allies . From the second half of the 6th century AD through to the late 7th century Calakmul gained the upper hand although it failed to extinguish Tikal 's power completely and Tikal was able to turn the tables on its great rival in a decisive battle that took place in AD 695 . Half a century later Tikal was able to gain major victories over Calakmul 's most important allies . Eventually both cities succumbed to the spreading Classic Maya collapse . The great rivalry between these two cities may have been based on more than competition for resources . Their dynastic histories reveal different origins and the intense competition between the two powers may have had an ideological grounding . Calakmul 's dynasty seems ultimately derived from the great Preclassic city of El Mirador while the dynasty of Tikal was profoundly affected by the intervention of the distant central Mexican metropolis of Teotihuacan . With few exceptions , Tikal 's monuments and those of its allies place great emphasis upon single male rulers while the monuments of Calakmul and its allies gave greater prominence to the female line and often the joint rule of king and queen . = = = Preclassic = = = Calakmul was already a large city in the Preclassic period . The early history of Calakmul is obscure , although a dynastic list has been pieced together that extends back into an ancestral past . This dynasty has been reconstructed in part from Late Classic ceramics from the region of great Preclassic cities of El Mirador and Nakbe . This may mean that Calakmul ultimately inherited its political authority from one of these cities , with its dynasty originating in the Late Preclassic in the Mirador Basin and relocating itself to Calakmul in the Classic period after the collapse of these cities . = = = Early Classic = = = Both Calakmul and Tikal were sizeable Preclassic cities that survived into the Classic Period . Early hieroglyphic texts from stelae found in Structure 2 record the probable enthronement of a king of Calakmul in AD 411 and also records a non @-@ royal site ruler in 514 . After this there is a gap in the hieroglyphic records that lasts over a century , although the Kaan dynasty experienced a major expansion of its power at this time . The lack of inscriptions recording the events of this period may be either due to the fact that the Kaan dynasty was located elsewhere during this time or perhaps that the monuments were later destroyed . The earliest legible texts referring to the kings of the Kaan dynasty come from excavations of the large city of Dzibanche in Quintana Roo , far north of Calakmul . A hieroglyphic stairway depicts bound captives , their names and the dates they were captured together with the name of king Yuknoom Che 'en I , although the exact context of the king 's name is unclear - the captives may have been his vassals captured by an enemy or they may have been rulers captured by the king of Calakmul . The dates are uncertain but two of them may fall within the 5th century AD . The nearby Quintana Roo site of El Resbalón has a jumbled hieroglyphic text , including a date in 529 , that indicates that the city was within the control of the Kaan dynasty . By the middle of the 6th century AD Calakmul was assembling a far @-@ reaching political alliance , activity that brought the city into conflict with the great city of Tikal . The influence of Calakmul extended deep into the Petén ; king Tuun K 'ab ' Hix of Calakmul oversaw the enthronement of Aj Wosal to the rulership of Naranjo in 546 . Another vassal of Tuun K 'ab ' Hix was taken captive by Yaxchilan on the banks of the Usumacinta River in 537 . In 561 , the king now known as Sky Witness installed a ruler at the site of Los Alacranes . Sky Witness played a major part in the political events of the Maya region . He became the overlord of the city of Caracol , to the south of Naranjo , which had previously been a vassal of Tikal . In 562 , according to a damaged text at Caracol , Sky Witness defeated Tikal itself and sacrificed its king Wak Chan K 'awiil , thus ending his branch of the royal dynasty at Tikal . This catastrophic defeat began a 130 @-@ year hiatus for Tikal , reflecting an extended period of dominance by Calakmul . This event is used as a marker to divide the Early Classic from the Late Classic . Sky Witness is also mentioned at Okop , a site much further north in Quintana Roo . The last reference to Sky Witness occurs at Caracol and is dated to AD 572 . The text is damaged but probably records the death of this powerful king . = = = Late Classic = = = = = = = War with Palenque = = = = Sky Witness was quickly succeeded by First Axewielder , who is mentioned in a text from Dzibanche celebrating the K 'atun @-@ ending of 573 . First Axewielder ruled for about six years . In 579 Uneh Chan became king of Calakmul . Uneh Chan engaged in an aggressive campaign in the western Maya region and attacked Palenque on 23 April 599 with his ally Lakam Chak , lord of the small city of Santa Elena 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) east of Palenque , defeating Palenque 's queen Lady Yohl Ik 'nal and sacking the city . The defeat is recorded on a series of hieroglyphic steps at Palenque itself and the event initiated a long @-@ lasting grudge against Calakmul . Lady Yohl Ik 'nal survived the battle and ruled for several more years , although she perhaps paid tribute to Calakmul . Uneh Chan maintained his alliances with cities in the east and he is depicted on Caracol Stela 4 supervising an event involving king Yajaw Te ' K 'inich of that city that occurred before 583 . Calakmul again sacked Palenque on 7 April 611 under the personal direction of Uneh Chan . Palenque was now ruled by king Ajen Yohl Mat who had gained some sort of independence from Calakmul , provoking the new invasion . The immediate aftermath of this second victory over Palenque involved the deaths of the two most important nobles at the city , Ajen Yohl Mat himself and Janab Pakal , a high @-@ ranking member of the royal family and possibly co @-@ ruler . Janab Pakal died in March 612 and Ajen Yohl Mat a few months later . Their deaths so soon after the sacking of the city suggests that their demise was directly linked to Calakmul 's triumph . Palenque suffered a lengthy decline in its fortunes after this date before it was able to recover from its disastrous war with Calakmul . The wars against Palenque may have been undertaken by Uneh Chan in order to seize control of wealthy trade routes that passed through the western Maya region . = = = = Rebellion at Naranjo = = = = King Yuknoom Chan of Calakmul supervised an event at Caracol in 619 . Caracol Stela 22 records the accession of Tajoom Uk 'ab ' K 'ak ' to the Calakmul throne in 622 . Two stelae were erected at Calakmul in 623 but their texts are too badly damaged to reveal the names of the royal couple involved . Approximately at this time Naranjo , a vassal of Calakmul , broke away when its king Aj Wosal died relatively soon after the death of Uneh Chan of Calakmul . Naranjo was independent of Calakmul by at least AD 626 , when it was twice defeated by Caracol and Yuknoom Chan may have been attempting to bring Naranjo back under Calakmul control . His attempts were brought to an end by his death in 630 . In 631 Yuknoom Head , the new king of Calakmul , finally regained control of Naranjo . Texts relate that the king of Naranjo was already captive at Calakmul on the day that his city was overrun and his punishment on the very same day is described by the word k 'uxaj ( / k ’ uːˈʃäχ / ) meaning either " tortured " or " eaten " . Yuknoom Head conquered another city in March 636 , although the exact site is unknown . = = = = Apogee = = = = The Kaan dynasty was not originally established at Calakmul but rather re @-@ located there in the 7th Century from another city . Calakmul experienced its highest achievements during the reign of king Yuknoom Che 'en II , sometimes called Yuknoom the Great by scholars . Yuknoom Che 'en II was 36 years old when he came to the throne of Calakmul in AD 636 . A significant increase in the production of stelae at the city began with his reign and 18 stelae were commissioned by the king . Yuknoom Che 'en II was probably responsible for the construction of the palace complexes that form a major part of the site core . = = = = = Calakmul and Dos Pilas = = = = = In 629 Tikal had founded Dos Pilas in the Petexbatún region , some 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) to its southwest , as a military outpost in order to control trade along the course of the Pasión River . B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four , in 635 , and for many years served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother , the king of Tikal . In AD 648 Calakmul attacked Dos Pilas and gained an overwhelming victory that included the death of a Tikal lord . B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was captured by Yuknoom Che 'en II but , instead of being sacrificed , he was re @-@ instated on his throne as a vassal of the Calakmul king , and went on to attack Tikal in 657 , forcing Nuun Ujol Chaak , the then king of Tikal , to temporarily abandon the city . The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem glyph of Tikal , and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself . For some reason , B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal ; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas . Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672 , driving B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil into an exile that lasted five years . Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies , such as El Peru , Dos Pilas and Caracol . In 677 Calakmul counterattacked against Dos Pilas , driving Tikal out and reinstalled B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil on his throne . In 679 Dos Pilas , probably aided by Calakmul , gained an important victory over Tikal , with a hieroglyphic description of the battle describing pools of blood and piles of heads . Troubles continued in the east , with renewed conflict between Naranjo and Caracol . Naranjo completely defeated Caracol in 680 but Naranjo 's dynasty disappeared within two years and a daughter of B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil founded a new dynasty there in 682 , indicating that Calakmul had probably intervened decisively to place a loyal vassal on the throne . The patronage of Yuknoom Che 'en II as overlord is recorded at a range of important cities , including El Peru where he oversaw the installation of K 'inich B 'alam as king and strengthened the tie with the marriage of a Calakmul princess to that king . The power of Calakmul extended as far as the north shore of Lake Petén Itzá , where Motul de San José is recorded as its vassal in the 7th century , although it was traditionally aligned with Tikal . Yuknoom Che 'en II commanded the loyalty of three generations of kings at Cancuen , 245 kilometres ( 152 mi ) to the south , and supervised the enthronement of at least two of them , in 656 and 677 . King Yuknoom Che 'en II was involved , directly or indirectly , in the crowning of a king at Moral to the west in Tabasco and one of Yuknoom 's nobles supervised a ritual at Piedras Negras on the Guatemalan bank of the Usumacinta River . Yuknoom Che 'en II died in his eighties , probably at the beginning of 686 . When he died , Calakmul was the most powerful city in the central Maya lowlands . Yuknoom Yich 'aak K 'ak ' succeeded Yuknoom Che 'en II , his crowning on 3 April 686 was recorded on monuments at Dos Pilas and El Peru . He was born in 649 and was likely to have been the son of his predecessor . He already held high office before he was named king and may have been responsible for the major successes of the latter part of Yuknoom Che 'en II 's reign . He retained the loyalty of K 'inich B 'alam of El Peru and B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil of Dos Pilas and gained that of K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Chaak in 693 , when he was installed on the throne of Naranjo at the age of five . However , the texts on sculpted monuments do not reveal the full complexity of diplomatic activity , as revealed by a painted ceramic vase from Tikal , which depicts an ambassador of Calakmul 's king kneeling before the enthroned king of Tikal and delivering tribute . Just four years later , in August 695 , the two states were once again at war . Yuknoom Yich 'aak K 'ak ' led his warriors against Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I in a catastrophic battle that saw the defeat of Calakmul and the capture of the image of a Calakmul deity named Yajaw Maan . It is unknown what happened to Yuknoom Yich 'aak K 'ak ' ; a stucco sculpture from Tikal shows a captive and the king is mentioned in the accompanying caption but it is not certain if the captive and the king are the same person . This event marked the end of Calakmul 's apogee , with diplomatic activity dropping away and fewer cities recognising Calakmul 's king as overlord . No stelae remain standing in the site core recording Yuknoom Yich 'aal K 'ak , although there are some in the Northeast Group and 2 broken stelae were buried in Structure 2 . = = = = Later kings = = = = The next ruler of Calakmul , Split Earth , is mentioned on a pair of carved bones in the tomb of Tikal king Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I. He was ruling by November 695 but it is not known if he was a legitimate member of the Calakmul dynasty or whether he was a pretender placed on the throne by Tikal . The next known king used a number of name variants , and is referred to by different name segments within and outside of Calakmul . A partial reading of his name is Yuknoom Took ' K 'awiil . He erected seven stelae to celebrate a calendrical event in 702 and is named at Dos Pilas in that year , presumably demonstrating that Dos Pilas was still a vassal of Calakmul . El Peru also continued as a vassal and Yuknoom Took ' K 'awiil installed a new king there at an unknown date . La Corona received a queen from Yuknoom Took ' . Naranjo also remained loyal . Yuknoom Took ' K 'awiil commissioned seven more stelae to mark the k 'atun @-@ ending of 731 . A new defeat at the hands of Tikal is evidenced by a sculpted altar at that city , probably dating to sometime between 733 and 736 , depicting a bound lord from Calakmul and possibly names Yuknoom Took ' K 'awiil . = = = = = Calakmul and Quiriguá = = = = = After this the historical record of Calakmul becomes very vague , due both to the poor state of the heavily eroded monuments at the city itself and also its reduced political presence on the wider Maya stage . Wamaw K 'awiil is named at Quiriguá on the southern periphery of Mesoamerica . Quiriguá traditionally had been a vassal of its southern neighbour Copán , and in 724 Uaxaclajuun Ub 'aah K 'awiil , king of Copán , installed K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat upon Quiriguá 's throne as his vassal . By 734 K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat had shown that he was no longer an obedient subordinate of Copán when he started to refer to himself as k 'ul ahaw , holy lord , instead of using the lesser term ahaw , subordinate lord ; at the same time he began to use his own Quiriguá emblem glyph . This local act of rebellion appears to have been part of the larger political struggle between Tikal and Calakmul . In 736 , only two years later , K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat received a visit from Wamaw K 'awiil of Calakmul , while Copán was one of Tikal 's oldest allies . The timing of this visit by the king of Calakmul is highly significant , falling between the accession of K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat to the throne of Quiriguá as a vassal of Copán and the outright rebellion that was to follow . This strongly suggests that Calakmul sponsored Quiriguá 's rebellion in order to weaken Tikal and to gain access to the rich trade route of the Motagua Valley . It is likely that contact with Calakmul had been initiated soon after K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat acceded to the throne . In 738 K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat captured the powerful but elderly king of Copán , Uaxaclajuun Ub 'aah K 'awiil . An inscription at Quiriguá , although difficult to interpret , suggests that the capture took place on 27 April 738 , when Quiriguá seized and burned the wooden images of Copán 's patron deities . The captured lord was taken back to Quiriguá and on 3 May 738 he was decapitated in a public ritual . In the Late Classic , alliance with Calakmul was frequently associated with the promise of military support . The fact that Copán , a much more powerful city than Quiriguá , failed to retaliate against its former vassal implies that it feared the military intervention of Calakmul . Calakmul itself was far enough away from Quiriguá that K 'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat was not afraid of falling directly under its power as a full vassal state , even though it is likely that Calakmul sent warriors to help in the defeat of Copán . The alliance instead seems to have been one of mutual advantage : Calakmul managed to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal while Quiriguá gained its independence . = = = = Collapse = = = = Five large stelae were raised in 741 , although the name of the king responsible is illegible on all of them and he has been labelled as Ruler Y. Calakmul 's presence in the wider Maya area continued to wane , with two of the city 's major allies suffering defeats at the hands of Tikal . El Peru was defeated in 743 and Naranjo a year later and this resulted in the final collapse of Calakmul 's once powerful alliance network , while Tikal underwent a resurgence in its power . In 751 Ruler Z erected a stela that was never finished , paired with another with the portrait of a queen . A hieroglyphic stairway mentions someone called B 'olon K 'awiil at about the same time . B 'olon K 'awiil was king by 771 when he raised two stelae and he was mentioned at Toniná in 789 . Sites to the north of Calakmul showed a reduction in its influence at this time , with new architectural styles influenced by sites further north in the Yucatán Peninsula . A monument was raised in 790 although the name of the ruler responsible is not preserved . Two more were raised in 800 and three in 810 . No monument was erected to commemorate the important Bak 'tun @-@ ending of 830 and it is probable that political authority had alreadly collapsed at this time . Important cities such as Oxpemul , Nadzcaan and La Muñeca that were Calakmul 's vassals at one time now erected their own monuments , where before they had raised very few ; some continued producing new monuments until as late as 889 . This was a process that paralleled events at Tikal . However , there is strong evidence of an elite presence at the city continuing until AD 900 , possibly even later . In 849 , Calakmul was mentioned at Seibal where a ruler named as Chan Pet attended the K 'atun @-@ ending ceremony ; his name may also be recorded on a broken ceramic at Calakmul itself . However , it is unlikely that Calakmul still existed as a state in any meaningful way at this late date . A final flurry of activity took place at the end of the 9th century or the beginning of the 10th . A new stela was erected , although the date records only the day , not the full date . The recorded day may fall either in 899 or 909 with the latter date the most likely . A few monuments appear to be even later although their style is crude , representing the efforts of a remnant population to maintain the Classic Maya tradition . Even the inscriptions on these late monuments are meaningless imitations of writing . Ceramics dating to the Terminal Classic period are uncommon outside of the site core , suggesting that the population of the city was concentrated in the city centre in the final phase of Calakmul 's occupation . The majority of the surviving population probably consisted of commoners who had occupied the elite architecture of the site core but the continued erection of stelae into the early 10th century and the presence of high status imported goods such as metal , obsidian , jade and shell , indicate a continued occupation by royalty until the final abandonment of the city . The Yucatec @-@ speaking Kejache Maya who lived in the region at the time of Spanish contact in the early 16th century may have been the descendants of the inhabitants of Calakmul . = = = Modern history = = = Calakmul was first reported by Cyrus Lundell in 1931 . A year later he informed Sylvanus Morley of the site 's existence and the presence of more than 60 stelae . Morley visited the ruins himself on behalf of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1932 . In the 1930s surveys mapped the site core and recorded 103 stelae . Investigations stopped in 1938 and archaeologists did not return to the site until 1982 when William J. Folan directed a project on behalf of the Universidad Autónoma de Campeche , working at Calakmul until 1994 . Calakmul is now the subject of a large @-@ scale project of the National Institute of Anthropology and History ( INAH ) under the direction of Ramón Carrasco . = = Site description = = The site core of Calakmul covers an area of approximately 2 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 77 sq mi ) , an area that contains the remains of roughly 1000 structures . The periphery occupied by smaller residential structures beyond the site core covers an area of more than 20 square kilometres ( 7 @.@ 7 sq mi ) within which archaeologists have mapped approximately 6250 structures . Calakmul matches the great city of Tikal in size and estimated population , although the density of the city appears to have been greater than that city . The stone used in construction at the site is a soft limestone . This has resulted in severe erosion of the site 's sculpture . The city of Calakmul was built in a strongly concentric fashion and can be divided into zones as one moves outwards from the centre of the site . The innermost zone covers an area of approximately 1 @.@ 75 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 68 sq mi ) It contains most of the monumental architecture and has 975 mapped structures , about 300 of which are built from vaulted stone masonry . About 92 structures were built on large pyramids laid out around plazas and courtyards . The city 's core was bordered on the north side by a 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) high wall that controlled access from the north and may also have had a defensive function . Many commoners residences were built along the edge of El Laberinto swamp to the west of the site core , although some high @-@ status residences and public buildings were interspersed among these . The area between the residences was used for horticulture . = = = Water control = = = The site is surrounded by an extensive network of canals and reservoirs . There are five major reservoirs , including the largest example in the Maya world , measuring 242 by 212 metres ( 794 by 696 ft ) . This reservoir is filled by a small seasonal river during the rainy season and continues to hold enough water for it to be used by archaeologists in modern times . Thirteen reservoirs have been identified at Calakmul . The combined capacity of all the reservoirs is estimated at over 200 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 litres ( 44 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 imp gal ) . This quantity of water could have supported 50 @,@ 000 to 100 @,@ 000 people ; there is no evidence that the reservoirs were used to irrigate crops . Aguada 1 is the largest of the reservoirs and has a surface area of 5 hectares ( 540 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . = = = Causeways = = = Eight sacbe ( causeways ) have been located around Calakmul . Two of these have been mapped , three have been identified visually on the ground and three more identified with remote sensing . They have been numbered as Sacbe 1 through to Sacbe 7 . The causeway network not only linked Calakmul with local satellite sites but also with more distant allies and rivals , such as the great cities of El Mirador , El Tintal and Nakbe . Those causeways that cross swampy land are elevated above the surrounding wetland and they now tend to support denser vegetation than the surrounding forest . Sacbe 1 is 450 metres ( 1 @,@ 480 ft ) long and is lined and filled with stone . It is located within the mapped urban area of the site core . Sacbe 1 was first mapped in the 1930s by the Carnegie Institution of Washington . Sacbe 2 is 70 metres ( 230 ft ) long . It has been mapped within the urban area of the site core . Sacbe 2 is built of packed earth and was discovered during the archaeological excavation of a nearby quarry . This causeway may have been built to transport stone from the quarry in order to build Structures 1 and 3 . Sacbe 3 extends 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) northeast from the site core and is visible from the summit of Structure 1 . It was first discovered in 1982 . Sacbe 4 runs 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) southeast from the site core , it is also visible from the summit of Structure 1 and was discovered in 1982 . Sacbe 5 runs westwards from the main watering hole , across El Laberinto seasonal swamp and carries on for a total distance of 16 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) or more towards Sasilhá . Sacbe 6 runs southwest across El Laberinto bajo and links Calakmul with El Mirador ( 38 @.@ 25 kilometres ( 23 @.@ 77 mi ) to the southwest ) and , beyond it , El Tintal ( an additional 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) . Sacbe 7 is located south of Sacbe 6 . It is at least 5 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 2 mi ) long and runs across El Laberinto swamp . Sacbe 8 is on the west side of the swamp and does not appear to cross it to the site core . = = = Structures = = = Structure 1 ( or Structure I ) is a 50 @-@ metre @-@ high ( 160 ft ) pyramid to the east of the site core . A number of stelae were erected at its base by Yuknoom Took ' K 'awiil in 731 . Because it was built on a low hill , Structure 1 appears to be higher than Structure 2 , although this is not the case . Structure 2 ( or Structure II ) is a massive north @-@ facing pyramid temple , one of the largest in the Maya world . Its base measures 120 metres ( 390 ft ) square and it stands over 45 metres ( 148 ft ) high . In common with many temple pyramids in the Mesoamerican cultural region , the pyramid at Calakmul increased in size by building upon the pre @-@ existing temple in order to increase its bulk . The core of the building ( Structure 2A ) is a triadic pyramid dating to the Late Preclassic period , with this ancient building still forming the highest point of the structure . In the Early Classic a massive extension was added to the front of the pyramid , covering an earlier stucco @-@ covered building on the north side . Three new shrines were built upon this extension ( Structures 2B , 2C and 2D ) , each of these shrines had its own access stairway . Structure 2B was the central shrine , 2C was to the east and 2D to the west . The facade possessed six large masks set between these stairways , three arranged vertically on each side of the central stairway . Structure 2 is similar in date , size and design to the El Tigre pyramid at El Mirador , and associated ceramics are also similar . At a later time buildings were erected along the base of the facade , each of these contained stelae . In the 8th century AD , Structure 2B was entombed under a large pyramid and a stepped facade covered the giant masks . Later another facade was built over this 8th century stepped frontage but it may never have been finished . In the Late Classic a nine @-@ room palace was built on top of the pyramid , supporting a roof comb that had painted stucco bas @-@ relief decoration . The rooms were arranged in three groups of three , each room positioned behind the next . The entire Late Classic palace measured 19 @.@ 4 by 12 metres ( 64 by 39 ft ) . The front two rows of rooms ( Rooms 1 through to 6 ) were used for food preparation , metates and hearths were found in each of them . Room 7 , the southwest room , was a sweatbath . Structure 3 ( or Structure III , also known as the Lundell Palace ) is southeast of Structure 4 , on the east side of the Central Plaza . It is a building with multiple rooms . Structure 4 ( or Structure IV ) is a group of three temples on the east side of the Central Plaza . It is divided into three sections , labelled Structures 4a , 4b and 4c . The central Structure 4b is built upon a substructure dating to the Preclassic period . Together with Structure 6 on the opposite side of the plaza , these buildings form an E @-@ Group that may have been used to determine the solstices and the equinoxes . Structure 5 ( or Structure V ) is a large building located on the plaza to the north of Structure 2 . It was surrounded by 10 stelae , many dated to the 7th century AD although the building itself was first erected in the Preclassic period . Structure 6 ( or Structure VI ) is on the west side of the Central Plaza and , together with Structures 4a , 4b and 4c , forms an E @-@ Group astronomical complex . In 1989 observations verified that on March 21 , the vernal equinox , the sun rose behind Structure 4b as seen from Structure 6 . Structure 7 ( or Structure VII ) is a temple pyramid on the north side of the Central Plaza . It faces south and stands 24 metres ( 79 ft ) high . Five plain stelae were erected on the south side of the pyramid . It underwent several construction phases from in the Late to Terminal Classic . The pyramid was topped by a three @-@ room temple that possessed a tall stucco @-@ covered roof comb . A patolli game board was carved into the floor of the outermost room of the temple . Structure 8 ( or Structure VIII ) is a small building located on the north side of the Central Plaza , to the east of Structure 7 . It is associated with Stela 1 and its altar . = = = Stelae , murals and ceramics = = = Calakmul is one of the most structure @-@ rich sites within the Maya region . The site contains 117 stelae , the largest total in the region . Most are in paired sets representing rulers and their wives . However , because these carved stelae were produced in soft limestone , most of these stelae have been eroded beyond interpretation . Also many elaborate murals were discovered at Calakmul . These murals do not represent activities of the elite class . Rather , they depict elaborate market scenes of people preparing or consuming products such as atole , tamales , or tobacco as an ointment . Also items being sold were textiles and needles . These murals also have glyphs within them describing the actions occurring . The most prominent figure in these murals is identified as Lady Nine Stone ; she appears in many scenes . This brings a world of the Maya marketplace to vibrant life for archaeologists . Another highly beneficial resource to Maya archaeological understanding at Calakmul is the ceramic remains . The composition of the ceramic materials identifies the region or more specifically the polity that produced them . Ceramics with the snake emblem glyph found at several sites also give more evidence to identify ties or control over that site by Calakmul . Stela 1 is associated with an altar and located by Structure 8 . Stela 8 records the celebration of an event in AD 593 by Uneh Chan and was erected after his death . Stela 9 is a thin slate monument dated to 662 . Its text describes the birth of king Yuknoom Yich 'aak K 'ak ' and gives him his full royal title . Stela 28 and Stela 29 were erected in 623 and are the earliest monuments to survive from Late Classic Calakmul . They depict a royal couple but the texts are too poorly preserved to reveal their names . Stela 33 was erected by Yuknoom Che 'en II in 657 and records an event in the reign of Uneh Chan , who may have been his father . The event was celebrated in 593 . Stela 38 stands at the base of Structure 2 . Stela 42 is also located at the base of Structure 2 . Stela 43 dates to AD 514 . It was set in a vaulted chamber near the base of Structure 2 . The text is damaged but carries an early spelling of the k 'uhul chatan winik non @-@ royal noble title used in Calakmul and the Mirador Basin . Stela 50 is one of the last monuments erected during the final decline of the city . It bears a crude , clumsily executed portrait . Stela 51 is the best preserved monument at Calakmul . It depicts Yuknoom Took ' K 'awiil and dates to AD 731 . Stela 54 dates to 731 and depicts a wife of Yuknoom Took ' K 'awiil . Stela 57 is a tall stela erected in 771 by B 'olon K 'awiil . It is paired with Stela 58 and stands to the east of Structure 13 . Stela 58 is the second of a pair erected by B 'olon K 'awiil in 771 , the other being Stela 57 . It was erected to the east of Structure 13 . Stela 61 is a late monument bearing the name Aj Took ' . It is a stunted stela with a badly eroded portrait and a shortened date form that is equivalent to a date either in 899 or 909 , probably the latter . Stela 62 was unfinished . It was carved to mark the K 'atun @-@ ending ceremony of 751 and bears the damaged name of Ruler Z. Stela 76 and Stela 78 are a pair of monuments dated to AD 633 . They are badly eroded but should date to the reign of king Yuknoom Head . Stela 84 is one of the last monuments erected at Calakmul and bears an inscription that is an illiterate imitation of writing . It probably dates to the early 10th century AD . Stela 88 may have been paired with Stela 62 . The monument has the image of a queen but her name is unknown . B 'olon K 'awiil also appears to be mentioned on the stela . It dates to around 751 and stands on the stairway of Structure 13 . Stela 91 is another very late monument probably dating to the early 10th century . Like Stela 84 , it bears an inscription that is a meaningless imitation of hieroglyphic writing . Stela 114 dates to AD 435 , in the Early Classic . It was moved in antiquity to be reset into the base of Structure 2 . The stela has a long hieroglyphic text that has resisted translation but probably commemorates a royal enthronement in 411 . Stela 115 and Stela 116 date to the reign of Yuknoom Yich 'aak K 'ak ' . They were broken and buried in Structure 2 and may be associated with the royal burial in Tomb 4 . = = = Royal burial = = = Tomb 4 was set into the floor of Structure 2B in the 8th century AD and is the richest burial known from Calakmul . The tomb contained a male skeleton wrapped in textiles and jaguar pelts that were partially preserved with resin . The tomb contained rich offerings that included jade ear ornaments handed down from the Early Classic , a jade mosaic mask , shell and bone beads , spiny oyster shells , eccentric obsidian blades , fine ceramics and the remains of wooden objects . One of the ceramics was a plate with a hieroglyphic text that specifically named king Yuknoom Yich 'aak K 'ak ' as its owner . The remains and the offering were placed in an arched wooden bier carved with elaborate decoration and hieroglyphs that was painted in a variety of colours . The bier has almost completely decayed but left an impression in the mud packed around it . Due to the plate and the possible association of Stelae 115 and 116 with the burial the tomb is believed to be that of the late 7th @-@ century king Yuknoom Yich 'aak K 'ak ' .
= U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky = U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky is a concert film by Irish rock band U2 . It was recorded on 5 June 1983 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado , United States , on the group 's War Tour . Originally released in 1984 on videocassette , U2 Live at Red Rocks was the band 's first video release . It accompanied a 1983 live album entitled Under a Blood Red Sky , on which two tracks from the film appear . The video was directed by Gavin Taylor and produced by Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart . The film was arranged by U2 management to showcase the band 's live act and to promote them to American audiences . It depicts the band 's performance at Red Rocks on a rain @-@ soaked evening . The concert was almost cancelled because of the inclement weather , but the band had invested in the filming with Island Records and concert promoter Barry Fey and wished to proceed with the gig . The rain and the torch @-@ lit atmosphere of the surroundings made U2 's performance dramatic . Segments of U2 Live at Red Rocks were shown in regular rotation on MTV , and were also broadcast on other television networks . Critics praised the concert and the video , and it subsequently became a best @-@ seller . The video , along with Under a Blood Red Sky , helped establish U2 's reputation as remarkable live performers and boosted Red Rocks ' stature as a live venue . A remastered edition of U2 Live at Red Rocks was released on DVD in September 2008 with previously unreleased tracks , coinciding with a remastered edition of Under a Blood Red Sky . Rolling Stone selected the film 's performance of " Sunday Bloody Sunday " as one of the " 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll " . = = Production = = = = = Planning and organization = = = In 1981 , U2 were on their Boy Tour to promote their debut album , Boy . Following their 11 May concert at Rainbow Music Hall in Denver , concert promoter Chuck Morris took the band to the nearby Red Rocks Amphitheatre — a natural amphitheatre located between sandstone cliffs in the Rocky Mountains . Bassist Adam Clayton said , " From the moment we saw it , we were thinking , ' Some day we will play here ' . It was very photogenic . " U2 's manager Paul McGuinness had long wanted to film the group for a concert video to highlight their success as a live act and to promote them to American audiences still unfamiliar with the Irish band . Concert promoter Barry Fey , who presented U2 's shows in the southwestern United States , saw the group 's potential and successfully lobbied for them to perform at Red Rocks . In early 1983 , McGuinness contacted Malcolm Gerrie , producer of the British television series The Tube , about shooting a video of U2 at Red Rocks and possibly featuring it on The Tube . Gerrie initially assumed McGuinness was interested in creating a video of a single song ; however , McGuinness was hoping to create an hour @-@ long special . Because The Tube was not a " one @-@ band show " , Gerrie said he would have to sell the idea to Channel 4 television , but McGuinness insisted on giving Gerrie the rights to the video and letting Channel 4 broadcast the video without payment . Filming costs were estimated at US $ 250 @,@ 000 , which included the illumination of the cliffs , a mobile sound recording unit , and a helicopter to film aerial footage . With U2 only able to invest $ 30 @,@ 000 , Fey agreed to help finance the project , along with Island Records . A joint production company called " U2 at Red Rocks Associates " was subsequently established to fund the filming ; the three parties split costs and shared profits from television rights and video sales . The radio rights were sold to American radio network NBC for inclusion in their concert series The Source . Throughout the United States leg of their War Tour , U2 filled venues with capacities similar to that of Red Rocks , leading the band to anticipate that the filming would take place before a sold @-@ out audience and that the concert 's revenues would help to offset production costs . Fey 's corporation , Feyline Productions , coordinated with his production company , TTS , to manage the videotaping . Director Gavin Taylor and producer Malcolm Gerrie were selected as director and production associate , respectively . It was Taylor 's first visit to the United States , and it was the first time he filmed a major outdoor rock concert . Local producers Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart were also on the staff . Taylor 's and McGuinness ' original plans were to feature the video on The Tube , but trade unions objected to their limited representation on the concert crew . However , a compromise was reached , allowing 15 minutes of the concert to be broadcast on The Tube . = = = Weather challenges and preparations = = = The group 's Red Rocks concert was scheduled for 5 June 1983 , but poor weather that day threatened to cancel the show . Torrential rain soaked the area , and flash flood warnings were issued . The weather made it difficult for the crew members to transport the band 's gear and video equipment through the mountains to the amphitheatre . The conditions also caused many technical problems for the filming and concert crews , which hampered stage construction and endangered the safety of those setting up lighting and sound equipment . Crew members used squeegees to keep rain away from the wires . The fans that attended had to hike through the Rocky Mountains in the rain . Between 15 and 20 fans were already camped out in the venue 's front rows early in the morning , and lead vocalist Bono accommodated them by serving coffee and tea . The Alarm and Divinyls cancelled their opening sets for safety reasons , and many fans thought the entire concert had been cancelled . The show was scheduled for 6 : 00 pm , and the band had until 1 : 00 pm to decide whether to move the concert elsewhere or risk the weather worsening , which could have necessitated a cancellation . U2 , their crew and McGuinness thought that too much money had been invested to abort the concert , and they sympathised with the fans who had travelled to the venue in the poor weather . Accordingly , they decided to proceed with the concert as planned . Bono informed the fans waiting outside the venue that the show would be general admission , and told everyone to get as close to the stage as possible , regardless of the seating assignment on their tickets . Fey wanted to cancel the show but was flying to Denver from the US Festival in California with Morris when the decision to continue was made . After arriving in Denver , Fey called the amphitheatre to ask to where the concert was being moved , unaware that the band had decided to proceed with the show . Guitarist The Edge said that when Fey learned of the group 's decision , he could not believe it . The Edge said , " I don 't think he 'd ever heard anything quite so crazy in his life , going on with an outdoor show in the worst kind of weather , rain and wind in the mountains . He thought we 'd lost our minds completely . " Bono went on the radio that day to confirm that the Red Rocks concert was still taking place , and to promote a concert that the band planned for the following night at the CU Events Center to accommodate fans who were unable to attend the Red Rocks show . Clayton said during the band 's radio interviews , " We know it 's raining now but we 're sure it won 't be when the show starts , so please come . " Two hours before the concert , the downpour subsided and settled into a misty drizzle . The 9 @,@ 000 @-@ person venue had sold out , but because of the inclement weather , only about 4 @,@ 400 fans attended . = = = Filming = = = Taylor had a crew of six camera operators , including three Denver cinematographers and three others brought in by Taylor . Due to the thick fog and heavy rain on the night of the concert , very little aerial footage was suitable for the final edit . Although two " master angle " cameras on tripods provided wide and overview shots , most of the camera operators filmed with hand @-@ held cameras . The video cameras used had tube sensors , which created trails in the footage when they were pointed at direct light sources . As a result , much of the concert footage contains red streaks , prompting a notice on the future home video release informing viewers that the coloured lines in the footage " are a result of special lighting effects , and are not caused by a tape defect or your equipment " . The weather was cold enough that steam was coming out of the band members ' mouths , and The Edge had difficulty playing guitar because his hands felt " frozen stiff " . Drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. believes the weather contributed a dramatic atmosphere to the concert . Reduced attendance at the event was largely obscured in the concert footage by the thick mist that filled the air that evening , as well as strategic shots of the crowd . Taylor had a B @-@ stage built onto the set to reduce the gap between the audience and Bono , allowing him to perform close to the audience , surrounded by fans on three sides . Sound mixing was managed by Steve Lillywhite , who produced U2 's first three studio albums . Randy Ezratty 's portable 24 @-@ track recording system , Effanel Music , was used because a conventional mobile recording studio could not be moved close enough to the stage . Before U2 took the stage , Fey introduced the concert , making a reference to Bob Dylan 's live album Hard Rain . The concert itself featured 20 songs , with a set list identical to that of several previous shows on the tour . " Out of Control " opened the 16 @-@ song main set , which concluded with " Gloria " . A four @-@ song encore followed , with " 40 " being the final song performed . The band played songs from the tour 's supporting album War ( 1983 ) , as well as material from their first two albums , Boy ( 1980 ) and October ( 1981 ) . " Party Girl " — a B @-@ side from the single " A Celebration " ( 1982 ) , and the non @-@ album single " 11 O 'Clock Tick Tock " ( 1980 ) were played during the encore . During the song " The Electric Co . " , Bono left the stage and climbed up a lighting rig to display a white flag . In a 2004 interview , The Edge said that Bono " scared the shit out of [ him ] " by climbing onto the rig and risking electrocution by the live wires in close proximity . Bono said " good night " to the crowd on nearly a half a dozen occasions so that the post @-@ production crew would have several choices of songs with which to end the film . Backstage , the band members were disappointed that the crowd did not initially chant " how long to sing this song ? " after the band had left the stage following the final song , " 40 " , which had become a tradition . However , tour manager Dennis Sheehan hid underneath the crowd barrier and began singing the refrain into a microphone without being asked . Eventually , the crowd joined in ; the film was edited to disguise the fact that the singing was organised . = = Release = = = = = Broadcasts and home video = = = The concert was first broadcast on 8 , 9 and 10 July 1983 on NBC 's radio network The Source under the title War Is Declared . The broadcast was sponsored by Budweiser and the United States Army , and was distributed to radio stations on two LP records , which included the full 20 @-@ song concert . Twelve of the concert 's songs were later broadcast on American television network Showtime , and nine songs were broadcast on MTV . The film 's performance of " Sunday Bloody Sunday " became the song 's music video ; Malcolm Gerrie , Rick Wurpel and Paul McGuinness were credited as producers . In June 1986 , the video was one of 10 concert films aired on television stations throughout the US as part of a series of music specials presented by the Coors Brewing Company and Radio Vision International . The concert has also been broadcast on VH1 and affiliates of the Public Broadcasting Service . The Red Rocks film was screened at the CMJ Music Marathon in October 1983 to promote U2 's companion live mini @-@ LP Under a Blood Red Sky , which was released the following month . The mini @-@ LP , whose name was later used as a subtitle for the concert film , features eight live songs from the War Tour , two of which ( " Gloria " and " Party Girl " ) were taken from the Red Rocks concert ; the other tracks were taken from performances in Boston and West Germany , as U2 thought they were " more developed performances " . U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky was U2 's first home video release , initially released on VHS and Betamax by MCA Home Video in 1984 . The video recording was re @-@ released in August 1986 by RCA / Columbia Pictures Home Video , followed by a LaserDisc release from RCA / Columbia and Image Entertainment in 1988 , and two additional VHS re @-@ releases by Virgin Video in 1987 and PolyGram in 1991 . The image of Bono atop the lighting rig during his performance of " The Electric Co . " was used as the cover of the video with the text Under a Blood Red Sky . The film begins with a brief montage that includes an interview with U2 , preparations being made by the concert crew and reactions by anxious fans . The Clannad song " Theme from Harry 's Game " , which was played after many of U2 's shows at the time , is heard in the film 's opening montage and during the end credits . The film 's subtitle " Under a Blood Red Sky " , also the title of the companion live album , originates from a lyric in " New Year 's Day " . This lyric is not sung in the film ; instead Bono sang " under a thundercloud and rain " , in reference to the weather conditions . During the band 's performance of " Cry / The Electric Co . " , Bono sang excerpts of Stephen Sondheim 's " Send in the Clowns " . The band failed to get permission or to pay the appropriate licensing and royalty fees to use the song . Initial pressings of U2 Live at Red Rocks , and the accompanying live album — which contains a different performance of the song from August 1983 — featured " Send in the Clowns " . U2 were forced to pay US $ 50 @,@ 000 in an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement . The initial release of the video was 55 minutes long and featured 13 songs from the film , including " Cry / The Electric Co . " , which was omitted from the track listing for legal reasons related to the excerpt of " Send in the Clowns " . Recordings of " Twilight " and " An Cat Dubh " from the concert were featured on U2 's single " Sweetest Thing " in 1998 . In 2004 , the concert recording of " Sunday Bloody Sunday " appeared on the compilation album Carved in Stone Vol . 2 : Live at Red Rocks , a charity record to raise funds for the " Preserve the Rocks Fund " , which aimed to renovate and preserve Red Rocks Park . Following the release of the official concert recordings , video and audio bootleg recordings circulated that featured the entirety of the band 's performance . = = = DVD re @-@ release = = = In 2005 , after Rick Wurpel re @-@ opened his production business , he realised that neither he nor TTS had the master tapes in their inventory and feared that the tapes had been lost . He discovered the Denver City Council possessed the tapes among an inventory of 164 recordings . A former employee of Wurpel had been storing the tapes and intended to dispose of them unless the city was interested . The city had paid her $ 3 @,@ 000 for the storage costs and took possession of the tapes . Legal proceedings subsequently ensued to return the tapes to Wurpel and U2 . Barry Fey later signed paperwork for a future DVD release at U2 's request . U2 Live at Red Rocks was re @-@ released on 30 September 2008 on DVD by Interscope Records , Island Records , and Universal Music Enterprises . The " 2008 Edition " of the film was remastered , and the audio remastering was directed by The Edge . The DVD features several tracks that were previously unreleased , extending the film from 55 minutes to 82 minutes . " Cry / The Electric Co . " was included on the video 's track listing ; the performance was edited to remove the excerpt of " Send in the Clowns " that was present on the previous videocassette and LaserDisc releases . The editing @-@ out of the song created a continuity error in the video ; the previous versions showed Bono climbing the lighting rig and singing . The new edition removes that sequence , resulting in Bono leaving the stage and appearing on top of the lighting rig in the following shot . The remastered DVD also features a version of " Two Hearts Beat as One " that was edited to remove an excerpt of " Let 's Twist Again " . The only song performed at the concert that does not appear in the remastered film is " I Fall Down " — played between " Cry / The Electric Co . " and " October " — which was omitted because of a camera malfunction . The DVD features a PCM stereo soundtrack , 5 @.@ 1 surround sound mixes in Dolby Digital and DTS sound , and an audio commentary by director Gavin Taylor . The re @-@ release of the film coincided with the release of a remastered version of its companion live album , Under a Blood Red Sky . These re @-@ releases were available separately or bundled together in a CD / DVD deluxe package . The liner notes for the film re @-@ release were written by music critic Anthony DeCurtis . Remastered versions of U2 's first three albums — Boy , October , and War — had been released earlier in 2005 , and a box set with the three albums and an open slot for the deluxe version of Under a Blood Red Sky was sold exclusively by Amazon.com. = = Reception = = Both the concert and the U2 Live at Red Rocks video received positive reviews from critics . In a review of the show , G. Brown of The Denver Post wrote , " A lot of things had to go so wrong for U2 's show at Red Rocks Amphitheater ... to come off so right . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the film , saying , " The setting lent even more urgency to U2 's hypercharged songs about apocalypse , pacifism and existential terror " . Pareles said , " Although there are a few too many exaggerated camera angles , the tape captures U2 's earnest intensity . " A review in the Philadelphia Daily News described the camerawork as " artful " and praised the visuals of the concert and the natural surroundings . Perry Seibert of Allmovie gave the film four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars , praising the band 's performance and the venue 's role in the concert , saying , " the historic Red Rocks venue provides a stirring backdrop for the band 's sweeping sound " . In November 1984 , the video was nominated for the Best Long Form award at Billboard magazines 's Video Music Conference and the performance of " Sunday Bloody Sunday " was nominated for the Best Concert Performance award . When Billboard debuted the Top Music Videocassettes chart ( later renamed Top Music Videos ) in the 30 March 1985 issue , U2 Live at Red Rocks was ranked at number seven , and was included in the year @-@ end Top 10 Music Videocassettes charts for 1985 and 1987 . Following the 2008 DVD release , the video re @-@ entered the chart for the first time since 1989 , listed at number 3 ; overall , U2 Live at Red Rocks spent 148 weeks on the Top Music Videocasettes / Top Music Videos chart . In April 1985 , the video appeared on Billboard 's Top Videocassette Sales chart at number 29 , and remained on the chart for 14 weeks . Billboard attributed the late increase in the video 's sales to U2 's sold @-@ out Unforgettable Fire Tour , and called it " a textbook example of a group 's current status having a direct influence on video sales " . Following the release of the DVD in 2008 , Record Collector stated that " 25 years on , [ U2 Live at Red Rocks has ] lost none of its power " . Rocky Mountain News recalled that the video is " still a thrilling performance , raw but polished , passionate and sincere " . Andrew Gilstrap of PopMatters gave the remastered version of the film a rating of 8 out of 10 , stating , " It 's rare that a band can totally transform a scene — especially one with a stage show that boasts charisma as its only special effect — but it 's not hyperbole to say that U2 put on a dominating , flawless @-@ despite @-@ mistakes performance . This is the one that put U2 on the map . " In its review of the remastered version of Under a Blood Red Sky , online magazine Pitchfork Media said , " when the group performed at Red Rocks on a rainy June night , with lit torches above a panoramic skyline , the venue provided an ideal backdrop for U2 's literally flag @-@ waving music , with everything — earth , wind , fire — in place to maximise and heighten the drama of the moment and the songs . " James Wigney of The Sunday Telegraph and the Sunday Herald Sun gave the DVD a score of 5 out of 5 , praising the film 's concert , but stated that the " footage is still on the fuzzy side " . The Advertiser said the DVD 's audio commentary was very informative , but criticised the picture quality , stating , " even the remastered version looks like it was shot on a mobile phone " . = = Legacy = = U2 Live at Red Rocks is often cited as a watershed moment in U2 's history which established their reputation as an exceptional live act . In the liner notes of the remastered version of the film , music journalist Anthony DeCurtis wrote , " this concert set goals for U2 that might have daunted any other young band . But in the shadow of their wild ambitions at Red Rocks , these four boys met , once again , the men of their future , and became who they would become . " Rolling Stone called the band 's performance of " Sunday Bloody Sunday " from the film one of the " 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll " . The magazine said , " [ t ] he sight of Bono singing the anti @-@ violence anthem ' Sunday Bloody Sunday ' while waving a white flag through crimson mist ( created by a combination of wet weather , hot lights and the illumination of those crags ) became the defining image of U2 's warrior @-@ rock spirit and — shown in heavy rotation on MTV — broke the band nationwide . " Director Gavin Taylor said that the video " kick @-@ started their career " and " fired them like a rocket into the sky " . In 2009 , Relix named U2 's performance at Red Rocks the 24th @-@ best concert of all time . The Denver Post said the concert affirmed Red Rocks Amphitheatre 's status as a premier outdoor venue . Rocky Mountain News said that the concert was " [ e ] asily one of the most famous , acclaimed concerts of the 1980s ( if not all time ) " , and that people who have visited the Amphitheatre ever since have been disappointed to learn that the pyres are not part of the venue and were only used for the U2 concert . Music biographer Dave Thompson said the concert " transformed U2 ... into a very successful rock band " , and that without U2 , " Red Rocks would be just another smartly lit amphitheater " . Prior to the recording sessions for the band 's 1984 album The Unforgettable Fire , U2 wanted to work with Brian Eno on the album . However , Eno assumed that they were an " uninteresting rock band " and he was not interested in working with them . He changed his mind after listening to the Red Rocks concert and produced The Unforgettable Fire and several other U2 records — including The Joshua Tree , Achtung Baby , and All That You Can 't Leave Behind , which are among the band 's most successful — alongside his sound engineer Daniel Lanois . In June 2007 , a U2 tribute band named Under a Blood Red Sky performed a note @-@ for @-@ note recreation of U2 's performance at Red Rocks . That same week , the City of Denver unsuccessfully tried to persuade U2 to return to Red Rocks . During the PopMart Tour in 1997 , Bono stated that because of low ticket sales for their Denver concert at Mile High Stadium , a return to the more intimate Red Rocks setting held appeal . However , in a 2008 interview , Barry Fey said that he had questioned U2 about performing at Red Rocks again , to which they replied , " Absolutely not " . On both occasions , Fey said that U2 could never top their original performance and that returning to Red Rocks would be " foolish " and " a no @-@ win situation " for the group . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = U2 Bono – vocals , guitar on " A Day Without Me " Adam Clayton – bass guitar , guitar on " 40 " The Edge – guitar , keyboards , backing vocals , lap steel guitar on " Surrender " , bass guitar on " 40 " , lead vocals on " Seconds " Larry Mullen , Jr . – drums , backing vocals Film crew Malcolm Gerrie – production associate Paul McGuinness for U2 at Red Rocks Associates – executive producer Doug Stewart – producer Gavin Taylor – director Rick Wurpel – producer
= HMS Agincourt ( 1913 ) = HMS Agincourt was a dreadnought battleship built in the United Kingdom in the early 1910s . Originally part of Brazil 's role in a South American naval arms race , she held the distinction of mounting more heavy guns ( fourteen ) and more turrets ( seven ) than any other dreadnought battleship , in keeping with the Brazilians ' requirement for an especially impressive design . Brazil ordered the ship in 1911 as Rio de Janeiro from the British company Armstrong Whitworth . However , the collapse of Brazil 's rubber boom and a warming in relations with Argentina , the country 's chief rival , led to the ship 's sale while under construction to the Ottoman Empire . The Ottomans renamed her Sultan Osman I , after the empire 's founder , and the ship was nearly complete when World War I broke out . British fears of a coming Ottoman – German alliance led to her seizure for use by the Royal Navy , together with another Ottoman dreadnought being constructed in Britain . This act was a significant contributor to the decision of the Ottoman government to join the Central Powers , as the payments for both ships were complete . Renamed HMS Agincourt by the Royal Navy , she joined the Grand Fleet in the North Sea . During the war , the ship spent the bulk of her time on patrols and exercises , although she did participate in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 . Agincourt was put into reserve in 1919 and sold for scrap in 1922 to meet the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty . = = Background = = In the unstable period during and following the 1889 revolution in Brazil , which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II , and the 1893 – 94 navy revolt , the Brazilian Navy found itself unable to care for its own ships , let alone acquire new vessels . Meanwhile , Chile had agreed to a naval @-@ limiting pact in 1902 with Brazil 's principal rival , Argentina , as part of solving a larger boundary dispute , but they both retained the vessels built in the interim , many of which were significantly more modern and powerful than Brazil 's ships . The Brazilian Navy was left behind its Argentine and Chilean counterparts in quantity as well — by the turn of the 20th century , Chile 's total naval tonnage was 36 @,@ 896 long tons ( 37 @,@ 488 t ) , Argentina 's 34 @,@ 425 long tons ( 34 @,@ 977 t ) , and Brazil 's 27 @,@ 661 long tons ( 28 @,@ 105 t ) — even though Brazil had nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times that of Chile . Rising international demand for coffee and rubber in the early 20th century brought Brazil an influx of revenue . Simultaneously , the Baron of Rio Branco spearheaded a drive by prominent Brazilians to force the leading world nations to recognize Brazil as an international power . The National Congress of Brazil inaugurated a large naval acquisition program in late 1904 . They ordered three small battleships in 1906 , but the launch of HMS Dreadnought caused the Brazilian Navy to reconsider their purchase . In March 1907 , they signed a contract for three Minas Geraes @-@ class battleships . Two ships would be constructed immediately by the British companies Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers , with the third to follow . Alarmed at the Brazilian move , Argentina and Chile quickly nullified their 1902 pact and sought dreadnoughts of their own . Argentina 's orders , after a drawn @-@ out bidding process , went to an American company , Fore River Shipbuilding Company , while Chile 's orders , delayed by the 1906 Valparaíso earthquake , went to Armstrong . Since Brazil 's relations with Argentina were warming and the country 's economic boom was losing steam , the government negotiated with Armstrong to remove the third dreadnought from the contract , but without success . They borrowed the necessary money , and Armstrong laid down Rio de Janeiro 's keel in March 1910 . The Brazilian Navy had divided into two distinct factions , based on the size of the main battery . The outgoing naval minister favoured an increase over the 12 @-@ inch guns mounted on board the Minas Geraes class , while his incoming counterpart , Admiral Marques Leão , favoured keeping the smaller but faster @-@ firing gun . While the exact influences upon the Brazilian government are unclear , Leão was advocating strongly for his position in meetings with the President . Other events probably influenced them as well , such as the November 1910 Revolt of the Lash , payments on loans taken out for the dreadnoughts , and a worsening economy that had led to high government debt compounded by budget deficits . By May 1911 , the President had made up his mind : When I assumed office , I found that my predecessor had signed a contract for the building of the battleship Rio de Janeiro , a vessel of 32 @,@ 000 tons , with an armament of 14 in. guns . Considerations of every kind pointed to the inconvenience of acquiring such a vessel and to the revision of the contract in the sense of reducing the tonnage . This was done , and we shall possess a powerful unit which will not be built on exaggerated lines such as have not as yet stood the time of experience . A contract to build the ship that would become Agincourt was signed on 3 June 1911 , and its keel was laid on 14 September 1911 . The design called for a staggering fourteen 12 @-@ inch guns , something historian David Topliss attributed to political necessity : the ship had to appear more powerful to the Brazilian populace than her predecessors ( with twelve 12 @-@ inch guns ) but , without increasing the gun size , the only option left was increasing the total number of guns . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics = = = Agincourt had an overall length of 671 ft 6 in ( 204 @.@ 7 m ) , a beam of 89 feet ( 27 m ) , and a draught of 29 feet 10 inches ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . She displaced 27 @,@ 850 long tons ( 28 @,@ 297 t ) at load and 30 @,@ 860 long tons ( 31 @,@ 355 t ) at deep load . The ship had a metacentric height of 4 @.@ 9 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) at deep load . She had a large turning circle , but manoeuvred well despite her great length . She was considered to be a good gun platform . When she came to serve in the Royal Navy , Agincourt was considered a particularly comfortable ship and very well @-@ appointed internally . A knowledge of Portuguese was necessary to work many of the fittings — including those in the heads — as the original instruction plates had not all been replaced when she was taken over by the British . In 1917 , her crew numbered 1 @,@ 268 officers and men . = = = Propulsion = = = Agincourt had four Parsons direct @-@ drive steam turbines , each of which drove one propeller shaft . The high @-@ pressure ahead and astern turbines drove the wing shafts while the low @-@ pressure ahead and astern turbines drove the inner shafts . The three @-@ bladed propellers were 9 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 9 m ) in diameter . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 34 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 @,@ 000 kW ) , but achieved more than 40 @,@ 000 shp ( 30 @,@ 000 kW ) during her sea trials , slightly exceeding her designed speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . The steam plant consisted of twenty @-@ two Babcock & Wilcox water @-@ tube boilers with an operating pressure of 235 psi ( 1 @,@ 620 kPa ; 17 kgf / cm2 ) . Agincourt normally carried 1 @,@ 500 long tons ( 1 @,@ 500 t ) of coal , but could carry a maximum of 3 @,@ 200 long tons ( 3 @,@ 300 t ) , as well as 620 long tons ( 630 t ) of fuel oil to be sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full capacity , she could steam for 7 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 000 km ; 8 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Electrical power was provided by four steam @-@ driven reciprocating electrical generators . = = = Armament = = = Agincourt mounted fourteen BL 12 @-@ inch Mk XIII 45 @-@ calibre guns in seven twin hydraulically powered turrets , unofficially named after the days of the week , starting from Sunday , forward to aft . This was the largest number of turrets and heavy guns ever mounted on a dreadnought battleship . The guns could be depressed to − 3 ° and elevated to 13 @.@ 5 ° . They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 725 ft / s ( 831 m / s ) ; at 13 @.@ 5 ° , this provided a maximum range of just over 20 @,@ 000 yards ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) with armour @-@ piercing ( AP ) shells . During the war the turrets were modified to increase their maximum elevation to 16 ° , but this only extended the range to 20 @,@ 435 yards ( 18 @,@ 686 m ) . The rate of fire of these guns was 1 @.@ 5 rounds per minute . When a full broadside was fired , " the resulting sheet of flame was big enough to create the impression that a battle cruiser had blown up ; it was awe inspiring . " No damage was done to the ship when firing full broadsides , despite the common idea that doing so would break the ship in half , but much of the ship 's tableware and glassware did shatter when Agincourt fired her first broadside . As built , Agincourt mounted eighteen BL 6 @-@ inch Mk XIII 50 @-@ calibre guns . Fourteen were placed in armoured casemates on the upper deck and two each in the fore and aft superstructures , protected by gun shields . Two more were added abreast the bridge in pivot mounts protected by gun shields when the ship was purchased by the British . The guns could be depressed to − 7 ° and elevated to 13 ° , later increased to 15 ° . They had a range of 13 @,@ 475 yards ( 12 @,@ 322 m ) at 15 ° when firing a 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shell with a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 770 ft / s ( 840 m / s ) . Their rate of fire was about five to seven rounds per minute , but this dropped to about three rounds per minute after the ready ammunition was used up because the ammunition hoists were too slow or few to keep the guns fully supplied . About 150 rounds were carried per gun . Close @-@ range defence against torpedo boats was provided by ten 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) 45 @-@ calibre quick @-@ firing guns . These were mounted in the superstructure in pivot mounts and protected by gun shields . Agincourt also carried three 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) submerged torpedo tubes ; one was on each beam and the last was in the stern . The water that entered the torpedo tubes when they were fired was discharged into the torpedo flat to facilitate reloading the tube and then pumped overboard . This meant that the torpedo crewmen would be operating in 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) of water if rapid fire was required . Ten torpedoes were carried for them . = = = Fire control = = = Each turret was fitted with an armoured rangefinder in the turret roof . In addition , another one was mounted on top of the foretop . By the time of the Battle of Jutland in 1916 , Agincourt was possibly the only dreadnought of the Grand Fleet not fitted with a Dreyer fire @-@ control table . A fire @-@ control director was later fitted below the foretop and one turret was modified to control the entire main armament later in the war . A director for the 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns was added on each side in 1916 – 17 . A high @-@ angle rangefinder was added in 1918 to the spotting top . = = = Armour = = = So much weight had been devoted to Agincourt 's armament that little remained for her armour . Her waterline belt was just 9 inches ( 229 mm ) thick , compared with twelve inches or more found in other British dreadnoughts . It ran some 365 feet ( 111 @.@ 3 m ) , from the forward edge of " Monday " barbette to the middle of " Friday " barbette . Forward of this the belt thinned to six inches for about 50 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 m ) before further reducing to 4 inches ( 102 mm ) all the way to the bow . Aft of the midships section the belt reduced to six inches for about 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) and then thinned to four inches ( 102 mm ) ; it did not reach the stern , but terminated at the rear bulkhead . The upper belt extended from the main to the upper deck and was six inches thick . It ran from " Monday " barbette to " Thursday " barbette . The armour bulkheads at each end of the ship angled inwards from the ends of the midships armoured belts to the end barbettes and were three inches thick . Four of Agincourt 's decks were armoured with thicknesses varying from 1 to 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 25 to 64 mm ) . The armour of the barbettes constituted a major weakness in Agincourt 's protection . They were 9 inches thick above the upper deck level , but decreased to 3 inches between the upper and main decks and had no armour at all below the main deck except for " Sunday " barbette ( which had 3 inches ) , and " Thursday " and " Saturday " barbettes ( which had 2 inches ) . The turret armour was 12 inches thick on the face , 8 inches ( 203 mm ) on the side and 10 inches ( 254 mm ) in the rear . The turret roofs were 3 inches thick at the front and 2 inches at the rear . The casemates for the secondary armament were protected by 6 inches of armour and were defended from raking fire by 6 @-@ inch @-@ thick bulkheads . The main conning tower was protected by 12 inches of armour on its sides and it had a 4 @-@ inch roof . The aft conning tower ( sometimes called the torpedo control tower ) had 9 @-@ inch sides and a 3 @-@ inch roof . The communications tube down from each position was 6 inches thick above the upper deck and 2 inches thick below it . Each magazine was protected by two armour plates on each side as torpedo bulkheads , the first one an inch thick and the second one and a half inches thick . Agincourt had another weakness in that she was not subdivided to Royal Navy standards as the Brazilians preferred to eliminate all possible watertight bulkheads that might limit the size of the compartments and interfere with the crew 's comfort . One example was the officer 's wardroom , which was 85 by 60 feet ( 25 @.@ 9 by 18 @.@ 3 m ) in size , much larger than anything in the Grand Fleet . = = = Wartime modifications = = = Approximately 70 long tons ( 71 t ) of high @-@ tensile steel was added to the main deck after the Battle of Jutland to protect the magazines . Two 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) anti @-@ aircraft guns were added to the quarterdeck in 1917 – 18 . A 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) rangefinder was added to the former searchlight platform on the foremast at the same time . A high @-@ angle rangefinder was added to the spotting top in 1918 . = = Construction and seizure = = Rio de Janeiro , as Agincourt was named by her first owners , was laid down on 14 September 1911 by Armstrongs in Newcastle upon Tyne and launched on 22 January 1913 . After the keel @-@ laying the Brazilian government found itself in an unenviable position : a European depression after the end of the Second Balkan War in August 1913 reduced Brazil 's ability to obtain foreign loans , while at the same time Brazil 's coffee and rubber exports collapsed , the latter due to the loss of the Brazilian rubber monopoly to British plantations in the Far East . In addition , reports on new dreadnought construction coming in from overseas indicated that the vessel would be outclassed upon completion . These factors caused Brazil to put the ship up for sale in October 1913 , and she was sold to the Ottoman Navy for £ 2 @,@ 750 @,@ 000 on 28 December 1913 . Renamed Sultân Osmân @-@ ı Evvel , she underwent trials in July 1914 and was completed in August , just as World War I began . The war broke out during her sea trials before delivery . Even though the Ottoman crew had arrived to collect her , the British Government took over the vessel for incorporation into the Royal Navy . The Turkish captain , waiting with five hundred Turkish sailors aboard a transport in the Tyne , threatened to board his ships and hoist the Turkish flag ; Churchill gave orders to resist such an attempt " by armed force if necessary . " At the same time the British also took over a second Ottoman battleship , a King George V class @-@ derived vessel being built by Vickers — Reşadiye — which was renamed HMS Erin . Such an action was allowed for in the contracts , as First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill did not want to risk the ships being used against the British , but it had consequences . The takeover caused considerable ill will in the Ottoman Empire , where public subscriptions had partially funded the ships . When the Ottoman government had been in a financial deadlock over the budget of the battleships , donations for the Ottoman Navy had come in from taverns , cafés , schools and markets , and large donations were rewarded with a " Navy Donation Medal " . The seizure , and the gift of the German battlecruiser Goeben to the Ottomans , influenced public opinion in the Empire to turn away from Britain , and they entered the war on the side of Germany and the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire against the Triple Entente of Britain , France , and Russia on 29 October 1914 , after Goeben had attacked Russian facilities in the Black Sea . The Royal Navy made modifications to Agincourt before commissioning her : in particular it removed the flying bridge over the two centre turrets . The ship was also initially fitted with Turkish @-@ style lavatories that had to be replaced . Her name , " Agincourt " , was a favourite of Churchill 's , and had initially been allocated to a sixth vessel of the Queen Elizabeth class ordered under the 1914 – 15 Naval Estimates , but not yet begun at the war 's outbreak . Her nickname , The Gin Palace , came from her luxurious fittings and a corruption of her name ( A Gin Court ) , pink gin being a popular drink among Royal Navy officers at the time . The Admiralty was unprepared to man a ship of Agincourt 's size on such short notice and her crew was drawn " from the highest and lowest echelons of the service : the Royal yachts , and the detention barracks . " Agincourt 's captain and executive officer came from HMY Victoria and Albert III , most of whose crew was also transferred to Agincourt on 3 August 1914 . Most of the naval reservists had already been called up by this time and sent to other ships , so a number of minor criminals who had had their sentences remitted were received from various naval prisons and detention camps . = = Service = = Agincourt was working up until 7 September 1914 , when she joined the 4th Battle Squadron ( BS ) of the Grand Fleet . The fleet anchorage at Scapa Flow was not yet secure against submarine attack and much of the fleet was kept at sea , where Agincourt spent forty of her first eighty days with the Grand Fleet . This was the beginning of " a year and a half of inaction , only broken by occasional North Sea ' sweeps ' intended to draw the enemy from his bases . " On 1 January 1915 , Agincourt was still assigned to the 4th BS , but had been assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron before the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 . She was the last ship of the Sixth Division of the 1st BS , along with HMS Hercules , HMS Revenge and the flagship , HMS Marlborough , the most heterogeneous group possible as each ship was from a different class . The Sixth Division was the starboardmost column of the Grand Fleet as it headed south to rendezvous with the ships of Admiral Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet , then engaged with their opposite numbers from the German High Seas Fleet in the North Sea . Admiral Jellicoe , commander of the Grand Fleet , kept it in cruising formation until 6 : 15 p.m. when he ordered it to deploy from column into a single line based on the port division , each ship turning 90 ° in succession . This turn made the Sixth Division the closest ships in the Grand Fleet to the battleships of the High Seas Fleet and they fired on each ship as they made their turn to port . This concentration of fire later became known as " Windy Corner " to the British as the ships were drenched by German shell splashes although none were hit . At 6 : 24 Agincourt opened fire on a German battlecruiser with her main guns . Shortly afterwards her six @-@ inch guns followed suit as German destroyers made torpedo attacks on the British battleships to cover the turn to the south of the High Seas Fleet . Agincourt successfully evaded two torpedoes , although another struck Marlborough . Visibility cleared around 7 : 15 and she engaged a Kaiser @-@ class battleship without result before it was lost in the smoke and haze . Around 8 : 00 Marlborough was forced to reduce speed because of the strain on her bulkheads from her torpedo damage and her division mates conformed to her speed . In the reduced visibility the division lost sight of the Grand Fleet during the night , passing the badly damaged battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz without opening fire . Dawn found them with only the detritus from the previous day 's battle in sight and the division arrived back at Scapa Flow on 2 June . Agincourt fired 144 twelve @-@ inch shells and 111 six @-@ inch shells during the battle , although she is not known to have hit anything . Although the Grand Fleet made several sorties over the next few years it is not known if Agincourt participated in them . On 23 April 1918 , Agincourt and Hercules were stationed at Scapa Flow to provide cover for the Scandinavian convoys between Norway and Britain when the High Seas Fleet sortied in an attempt to destroy the convoy . The reports from German Intelligence were slightly off schedule , as both the inbound and outbound convoys were in port when the Germans reached their normal route so Admiral Scheer ordered the fleet to return to Germany without spotting any British ships . Agincourt was later transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron and was present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet on 21 November 1918 . She was placed in reserve at Rosyth in March 1919 . After unsuccessful attempts to sell her to the Brazilian Government , she was listed for disposal in April 1921 , but was used for experimental purposes later that year . She was sold for scrap on 19 December 1922 to comply with the tonnage limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty , although she was not actually broken up until the end of 1924 .
= Ben May = Ben Steven May ( born 10 March 1984 ) is an English semi @-@ professional footballer who plays as a striker for National League club Bromley . May began his career at Southampton 's youth academy in 1998 , before playing at Fulham 's centre of excellence for a year . In 2000 , he re @-@ moved , this time joining Millwall 's youth set @-@ up . Ahead of the 2002 – 03 season , May signed his first professional contract with the club , making his debut in August 2002 . He was loaned out to Brentford , and then Colchester United , during his six @-@ year tenure at Millwall . In September 2007 , May joined Scunthorpe United on a three @-@ month loan deal , which was made permanent in January 2008 . However , his time at Scunthorpe was plagued with injuries , and he was subsequently released in May 2010 . May signed for Stevenage on a free transfer in October 2010 , and was part of the squad that earned promotion to League One during the 2010 – 11 season . After struggling for first @-@ team appearances the following season , May joined League Two side Barnet on loan . He was released by Stevenage in May 2012 , and subsequently signed for Dover Athletic ahead of the 2012 – 13 season . After a successful season at Dover , May then joined Ebbsfleet United in June 2013 . = = Career = = = = = Millwall = = = May started his career at Southampton 's youth academy in 1998 , and went on to play at Fulham 's centre of excellence for one season . In 2000 , at the age of 16 , May moved to Millwall , progressing through the youth system and onto the periphery of the first @-@ team . In November 2001 , May was an unused substitute in Millwall 's 2 – 1 home defeat to Gillingham . He made his debut for Millwall at the start of the 2002 – 03 season , coming on as a 62nd @-@ minute substitute in Millwall 's 0 – 0 draw away at Watford on 13 August 2002 . Four days later , May started his first match for Millwall , playing 68 minutes in Millwall 's 1 – 0 away loss at Gillingham . He scored his first goal in the club 's following match against Ipswich Town , scoring after four minutes to give Millwall the lead in a game that ended 1 – 1 – the club 's website reported that " May was perfectly placed to stab home from close @-@ range after Neil Harris worked well to carve out an opening " . May featured periodically as a substitute in the opening months of the 2002 – 03 season , although he did not play a first @-@ team game for three months after being substituted after 59 minutes in a 1 – 0 loss at Crystal Palace on 7 December 2002 . He made a late substitute appearance in Millwall 's 2 – 0 home loss against Norwich City in March 2003 , before 27 March , when he joined Colchester United on loan until the end of the season . He made his Colchester debut two days after signing for the club , playing the whole match as Colchester secured a 1 – 0 victory over Swindon Town . May made five further appearances for Colchester , hitting the crossbar with a header in his final game against Queens Park Rangers after coming on as a late substitute . He made six appearances for Colchester , before returning to Millwall in May 2003 . May did not play for Millwall at the start of the 2003 – 04 season , and was consequently loaned out once more , this time to Brentford on 25 August 2003 . He joined the club on an initial three @-@ month loan deal . He made his debut in Brentford 's 2 – 1 home win against Oldham Athletic , playing the whole match . May scored his first goal for Brentford two weeks later , on 6 September 2003 , in a 3 – 1 loss against Plymouth Argyle , scoring the goal that briefly tied the game at 1 – 1 . He received the first red card of his career when he was sent @-@ off for violent conduct in a Football League Trophy match against Barnet on 14 October 2003 . Four days later , he scored Brentford 's fourth goal in the 87th minute in a 4 – 2 victory against Luton Town , turning in Jay Tabb 's cross . In Brentford 's next league fixture , May scored his third goal of the season , " bundling home Brentford 's third " in a 4 – 0 win against Brighton & Hove Albion at Griffin Park . In November 2007 , May 's loan deal was extended until the end of the 2003 – 04 season . Millwall manager Dennis Wise stated " He will do very well under Brentford manager Wally Downes and will learn a lot under him . I didn 't feel he was quite ready for our first @-@ team just yet " . A month later , he scored the opening goal of the game in a 2 – 1 home defeat against Bristol City on 26 December 2003 , scoring with a header from Stephen Hunt 's corner . May scored two goals in the space of a week in January 2004 , scoring the equaliser in games against Oldham and Tranmere Rovers respectively . He scored his seventh goal of the 2003 – 04 campaign in a 2 – 1 loss at Swindon Town — " confidently firing home a left @-@ footed shot from ten yards " , although Brentford went on to lose their fourth consecutive match . It was May 's last goal of the season , in all he scored seven goals in 43 appearances as Brentford finished the season in 17th place . He returned to his parent club in May 2004 . Ahead of the 2004 – 05 campaign , May re @-@ joined Colchester United on a two @-@ month loan deal . He impressed in a friendly match against Premier League side Charlton Athletic , scoring in a 2 – 2 draw , and this resulted in Phil Parkinson bringing May back to Layer Road for a second time . May started the season making four late substitute appearances as Colchester started the campaign by winning three of their four opening fixtures . He started his first game in a 4 – 1 home victory over Doncaster Rovers on 28 August 2004 . He scored his first goal for Colchester in September 2004 , scoring the club 's third goal in a 3 – 1 away victory at Bournemouth . Ten days later , May scored again in Colchester 's 2 – 1 victory over Premier League side West Bromwich Albion , coming on as a substitute in the 73rd minute and scoring from a " goalmouth scramble deep into extra time " . In October 2004 , May 's loan deal was extended for a further month . Colchester manager Phil Parkinson stated — " We 've extended the deal because he has done well and scored one or two vital goals for us . He is still developing but he has the potential to keep improving and he is an excellent lad to have around " . After Colchester 's 1 – 1 draw at Blackpool on 16 October 2004 , May and Colchester team @-@ mate Craig Fagan were charged by the Football Association after " a brawl broke out late in the game following an off @-@ the @-@ ball incident " — with May being charged with violent conduct . Two days later , it was announced that May would serve a three @-@ match suspension , with Colchester being fined £ 6 @,@ 000 after failing to control their players . As a result of his three @-@ game ban , May made his last appearance for Colchester as a 74th @-@ minute substitute in a 2 – 1 home defeat to Wrexham on 19 October 2004 . He made 15 appearances during his three @-@ month loan spell at Colchester , scoring twice . In December 2004 , May signed for Brentford on a one month 's loan deal , having previously spent the 2003 – 04 season with the club . After playing in the club 's FA Cup draw with Hinckley United , he scored in a 2 – 0 win over Luton Town two days later when he " touched home Kevin O 'Connor 's near post cross " . His loan spell was subsequently extended for a further month in January 2005 . May provided assists in away victories at Luton Town and Port Vale respectively , and his loan was again extended for another month in February 2005 – with Brentford manager Martin Allen " delighted " with May 's development . May returned to Millwall in March 2005 , having scored one goal in 16 appearances during his loan spell at Brentford . He made eight appearances for Millwall towards the latter stages of the 2004 – 05 season , scoring one goal – a penalty in a 4 – 3 home win against Crewe Alexandra on 9 April 2005 – in a game that Millwall had thrown away a three @-@ goal lead before May 's goal proved to be the winner . In May 2005 , Millwall took up the option to extend May 's contract for a further year , meaning he was contracted to the club throughout the 2005 – 06 season . He made his first appearance of the season in Millwall 's opening match of the campaign away at Leeds United on 7 August 2005 , coming on as a 79th @-@ minute substitute for Jay Simpson in a 2 – 1 defeat . May made his first starting appearance of the season in a 5 – 0 defeat at Reading , before scoring his first goal in late August 2005 , " levelling with a spectacular strike " in a 2 – 1 home loss against Ipswich Town . He scored again two days later , " firing a shot into the bottom corner " to restore parity in a game against Luton Town that Millwall went on to lose 2 – 1 . May 's third goal of the campaign came in a 3 – 2 away win at Mansfield Town in the League Cup in October 2005 . His fourth goal of the season came in a 1 – 1 away draw with Crystal Palace , heading in Jody Morris ' free @-@ kick to give Millwall the lead . May scored three goals in three games in February 2006 , the first of which came in another 1 – 1 stalemate with Crystal Palace , with May scoring an equaliser from eight yards in the 89th minute to salvage a point for Millwall . His other goals came in the following two games against Stoke City and Luton Town respectively . May 's fine form continued when he scored in Millwall 's surprise victory at promotion @-@ chasing Watford – the BBC reported that the goal came " in injury @-@ time , as Watford hunted for an equaliser ... Ben May drilled in a low shot after a swift counter @-@ attack " . He took his 2005 – 06 goal tally to eleven goals when he scored twice on the final day of the season in a 4 – 2 defeat at Crewe Alexandra . May finished as Millwall 's top goalscorer for the season with 11 goals in 44 games , although Millwall were relegated to League One as a result of finishing in 23rd place . In April 2006 , May was offered a new two @-@ year contract with the club , which he signed after speaking to new Millwall manager Nigel Spackman in May 2006 — " I spoke with the new manager briefly and I cannot wait to start working with him now " . During pre @-@ season , ahead of the 2006 – 07 campaign , May injured his shoulder in training , resulting in him missing the club 's pre @-@ season tour of Iceland . Millwall manager Nigel Spackman revealed that May 's injury would rule him out of the first two months of the season — " He fell over during the close season , and it looks like he is going to be out for a couple of months " . He made his first appearance of the season in October 2006 , coming on as a second @-@ half substitute in Millwall 's 2 – 0 home win against Bournemouth in the Football League Trophy , scoring Millwall 's second goal with his first touch of the game . In his first start of the season , he scored after six minutes in the club 's 2 – 1 FA Cup win against Havant & Waterlooville in a game played at Fratton Park , netting from close range after good work from Chris Hackett . Five days later , he provided the assist for Darren Byfield 's goal in a 2 – 2 home draw with Doncaster Rovers . May scored his third goal in five appearances when he scored in Millwall 's 3 – 1 loss at Nottingham Forest on 24 November 2006 . After Millwall 's 2 – 0 home win against Bradford City , a game in which May assisted Filipe Morais in scoring Millwall 's first goal , Millwall manager Willie Donachie stated — " There 's more to come from this team , especially Darren Byfield and Ben May , who are as good as anyone in this league . They 're committed , honest players who want to work for each other " . Three days later , on 12 December 2006 , May 's pacey cross resulted in Nathan Doyle putting the ball into his own net , giving Millwall a 1 – 0 win against Bradford City after extra @-@ time in the FA Cup . May scored the only goal of the game in a 1 – 0 victory at Yeovil Town on 3 February 2007 , converting Darren Byfield 's cross to give Millwall the three points . However , he was substituted after 53 minutes in the same game with an ankle injury , and in March 2007 , he was ruled out of first @-@ team action for the rest of the 2006 – 07 season . Despite this , he made a second @-@ half substitute appearance on the last day of the season in a 2 – 2 draw at Bradford City , assisting Darren Byfield 's goal just after coming on . May scored four times in 19 appearances in a season disrupted by injuries . May started the first four of Millwall 's games at the start of the 2007 – 08 season , before scoring his first goal of the campaign in a 3 – 2 away loss at Swansea City in the Football League Trophy on 4 September 2007 . After making a spate of substitute appearances for Millwall at the start of the campaign , May joined Championship side Scunthorpe United on a three @-@ month loan deal . He made his debut in Scunthorpe 's 1 – 0 win at Colchester United on 29 September 2007 . May made a total of five appearances for Scunthorpe , but was recalled by Millwall in November 2007 due to a number of injuries in their squad . On his return to Millwall , May played in four games for the club , scoring one goal and setting up another in a 2 – 1 FA Cup home win against Walsall on 15 January 2008 . It was to be May 's last game for the club . During his seven years at Millwall , May scored 19 goals in 95 appearances . = = = Scunthorpe United = = = In January 2008 , he signed a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract with Scunthorpe United for an undisclosed fee . A day after signing for Scunthorpe , May made his debut for the club , coming on as a substitute in the 58th minute in a 2 – 0 defeat against Wolverhampton Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2 – 1 defeat to Ipswich Town on 22 March 2008 , scoring a consolation goal in injury @-@ time . May made a total of 21 appearances for Scunthorpe during the second half of the 2007 – 08 season , of which six were starting appearances , scoring one goal . May featured predominantly as a substitute during the first half of Scunthorpe 's 2008 – 09 season , scoring his first goal of the season in a 4 – 0 FA Cup victory against Alfreton Town in November 2008 . Two weeks later , he scored twice in Scunthorpe 's 4 – 4 draw with Northampton Town , before scoring his fourth goal in as many games three days later in a 2 – 1 victory over Tranmere Rovers in the Football League Trophy . He suffered an ankle ligament injury in January 2009 , ruling him out of first @-@ team action for two months . On his return , May made four late substitute appearances , although he was not involved in Scunthorpe 's successful play @-@ off campaign as the club were promoted back to the Championship after a 3 – 2 victory over May 's former employers , Millwall , in May 2009 . May made 29 appearances during the 2008 – 09 season , scoring four goals . Ahead of the club 's 2009 – 10 campaign , May scored five second @-@ half goals in Scunthorpe 's 12 – 0 pre @-@ season victory against Brigg Town . He also scored in friendlies against Jersey and Lincoln City . Despite his impressive pre @-@ season form , he was an unused substitute in the club 's first three fixtures of the 2009 – 10 season , before suffering an ankle injury that ruled him out for a month . Having returned to training in October 2009 , May suffered another setback after injuring his other ankle – ruling him out of first @-@ team action for six weeks . He made his first appearance of the 2009 – 10 season as a late substitute in a 3 – 1 home defeat against West Bromwich Albion on 28 December 2009 . It was to be May 's only appearance of the season , and he was released by Scunthorpe in May 2010 . May made 51 appearances during his two and a half @-@ year tenure at Scunthorpe , scoring five times . = = = Stevenage = = = In October 2010 , May went on trial with League Two club Stevenage , and featured in a " behind closed doors " friendly against Dagenham & Redbridge , scoring in a 4 – 3 win . Shortly after , May signed for Stevenage on a permanent basis , and was assigned the number 12 shirt on his arrival . Due to May 's past history in terms of injuries , he signed a contract that was largely appearance based . Stevenage manager Graham Westley said " it 's fantastic to see a player putting their football before pound notes " . May made his debut for Stevenage three days after signing for the club , coming on as an 80th @-@ minute substitute in a 0 – 0 draw with Morecambe . May scored his first goal for Stevenage on 7 May 2011 , in the club 's 3 – 3 draw with Bury , a result that meant Stevenage reached the play @-@ offs in their first ever Football League season . However , he was injured after he scored the goal , and was substituted immediately after for Chris Beardsley . As a result , May missed Stevenage 's three play @-@ off fixtures as the club was promoted to League One following a 1 – 0 victory over Torquay United . May 's season was disrupted by injuries , making a total of 22 appearances for the club , of which seven were starting appearances . In March 2012 , May joined League Two side Barnet on loan until the end of the 2011 – 12 season . He made a scoring debut for the club , scoring from close range as Barnet came from a goal down to win 2 – 1 at Port Vale . May was ever @-@ present during his time at Barnet , making eleven appearances , as the club narrowly avoided relegation on the last day of the season . During his two @-@ months with Barnet , he scored four times . He was released by Stevenage in May 2012 . = = = Dover Athletic = = = Ahead of the 2012 – 13 season , May went on trial with League Two club Gillingham , training with the club for a number of weeks and playing in several pre @-@ season friendlies . However , no move materialised , and May signed for Conference South side Dover Athletic on a free transfer on 8 August 2012 . May made his competitive debut for Dover in a 2 – 2 away draw against Sutton United on 21 August 2012 , coming on as an 86th @-@ minute substitute . He made his first start four days later as Dover defeated AFC Hornchurch 1 – 0 at Hornchurch Stadium , before scoring his first goal for the club in a 3 – 1 away win at Eastleigh on 1 September . May went on to score in seven consecutive games running from September to November , five of which in the league and a further two in the FA Cup , subsequently taking his goal tally for the season to eight . Goals in convincing victories over Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare and Truro City took May 's goal count into double figures . He ended the year with a run of five goals in three matches , scoring braces in wins against Eastleigh and Hayes & Yeading United , as well as scoring a late consolation strike in a 2 – 1 defeat to Tonbridge Angels on 26 December 2012 . It took May a month to get off the mark at the start of the new year , controlling the ball and scoring on the turn in a 3 – 2 win over Welling United at the Crabble Athletic Ground on 9 February 2013 . He scored four times in March 2013 , subsequently taking his tally for the season to over 20 goals – the first time May had reached this milestone in his career . He scored two further times during the regular season , in away victories against Chelmsford City and Staines Town . Dover finished the season in third place , meaning they would play fourth placed Eastleigh in the two legged play @-@ off semi @-@ finals . May scored a dipping volley as Dover took a 3 – 1 lead in the first leg , controlling the ball on his chest with his back to goal , turning and hitting the ball from 25 @-@ yards past Ross Flitney in the Eastleigh goal . Dover progressed to the final , but lost 3 – 2 to Salisbury City after extra @-@ time , with May playing in all three play @-@ off matches . During his one season at Dover , May finished the season as the club 's top goalscorer , scoring 24 times in 45 matches . = = = Ebbsfleet United = = = In June 2013 , May signed for Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On joining Ebbsfleet , May said — " It 's all exciting stuff ; Steve Brown showed an interest in signing me as soon as he knew he would be manager of Ebbsfleet . I ’ m currently enjoying a nice little break from football but I ’ m itching to lace my boots up and get back on the pitch " . He eventually left the club in January 2015 . = = = Bromley = = = Following his departure from Ebbsfleet , May signed for league rivals Bromley , the team for which his brother , Jay , had played for the previous season . = = Personal life = = May was born in Gravesend , Kent . May states that his favourite footballers when growing up were Alan Shearer and Ian Wright as he believed they were " great goalscorers and always entertaining " . He enjoys watching the television sitcom Only Fools and Horses . May is good friends with England international footballer Glen Johnson , as well as Celtic striker Gary Hooper . He attended Leigh CTC School in Dartford alongside Johnson . In January 2007 , it was reported that May and England defender Glen Johnson were caught at a B & Q store in Dartford , Kent , attempting to steal bathroom fittings . They both received £ 80 fines . Johnson described the incident as " comical " because it was a misunderstanding — " Ben was doing up his bathroom so we went to B & Q and found one of those sets where you get everything in one box . But he wanted a seat with a slow @-@ close lid , so we took out the seat and put in another one . What we didn 't know was that the new seat was £ 2 @.@ 35 more expensive . We went through the till , paid for it and then the security guard stopped us and said he had been watching on CCTV . We just burst out laughing . Where 's Jeremy Beadle then ? But he said , ' No , this is serious , the police are on their way . ' The police turned up and they were laughing . I said to the security guard , ' Can we not just pay the £ 2 @.@ 35 ? ' " He said , ' No , this is a serious offence . ' So the police gave us two options : go to court and fight it out , or pay an on @-@ the @-@ spot fine . We couldn 't be bothered going to court so we paid the fine but doing that made us look guilty " . His older brother , Jay ( engaged to Gina Riley ) and younger cousin , Alfie are also footballers . Alfie currently plays for Erith & Belvedere , while Jay is with Maidstone United . = = Honours = = Scunthorpe United League One play @-@ offs ( 1 ) : 2008 – 09 Stevenage League Two play @-@ offs ( 1 ) : 2010 – 11 = = Career statistics = = As of 26th March 2016
= Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria = The Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , and of the Grand Duchy of Cracow was the regional assembly of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , a crown land of the Austrian Empire , and later Austria @-@ Hungary . In the history of the Polish parliaments , it is considered the successor of the former sejm walny , or general sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth , and also of the sejmik , or local councils , in the territories of the Austrian Partition . It existed from 1861 until the dissolution of Austria @-@ Hungary in 1918 . = = Name = = The multi @-@ ethnic nature of the Kingdom resulted in the diet having multiple different names . In German , the lingua franca of Cisleithania ( north @-@ western part of the monarchy ) , it was called Landtag von Galizien und Lodomerien , meaning ' Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria ' . In Polish , it was called either Sejm krajowy , meaning ' Sejm of the Land ' , or sejm lwowski , meaning ' Lwów Sejm ' . In Ukrainian , it was called Га ́ лицький крайови ́ й сейм , transcribed Hálytsʹkyy krayovýy seym , meaning ' Sejm of Galicia ' . Landtag is a German word that means ' regional assembly ' , or ' diet ' . In Polish and Ukrainian , the word used was Sejm ( the latter also used version Sojm ) . = = History = = Parts of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth Lesser Poland territories were included in the Austrian partition as early as the First Partition of Poland in 1772 . From about 1775 to 1848 , with several gaps , the crown land of Galicia had a relatively powerless parliamentary body , known originally as the Postulate Sejm ( Polish : sejm postulatowy ) , and from 1817 , as Estates of Galicia ( Polish : stany galicyjskie ) . The Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria , which was formed in 1861 following the promulgation of the October Diploma by Emperor Franz Joseph I , had more real power than its predecessors . In Polish parliamentary tradition , it is considered to have continued the history of the general sejm and regional sejmiks on the lands of Lesser Poland and Ruthenia . The Diet was initially dominated by Polish nobles , but in time , it saw the emergence of a strong peasant faction . Another notable change over time included the emergence of a Ruthenian ( modern Ukrainian ) bloc , changing the balance of power within the body . Overall , the Diet preserved the Polish parliamentary tradition during a time in which it waned in the Prussian Partition and the Russian Partition , and saw the emergence of the major political parties and groupings that were to dominate the political life of the Second Polish Republic after World War I. The leader of the Polish peasant movement in the Second Polish Republic , Wincenty Witos , gained his experience in the Diet , elected for the first time in 1908 . Similarly , the National Democrats , and the Polish socialists , had their political blocs in the diet around that time . = = Composition and organization = = As established by the February Patent of 1861 , the Diet was unicameral , and was made up of 150 deputies . All but nine were elected by four different " Curiae " , or assemblies of the social classes . An electoral system based on curiae was also used in the Imperial Council of Cisleithania , until 1907 . The Curia of the Landowners consisted of fifty @-@ two electors chosen from amongst those people who owned land that had previously been owned by the feudal nobility , and paid at least 100 gulden a year in tax . These electors had the right to elect forty @-@ four deputies to the Diet . The Curia of the Chambers of Commerce consisted of thirty @-@ nine electors from the chambers of commerce in Lemberg , Kraków , and Brody . These electors had the right to elect three deputies , one from each city 's chamber of commerce . The Curia of the Cities consisted of 2264 electors from important cities . The position of " elector " was granted based on status : those within the two @-@ thirds highest tax bracket were eligible , and others became eligible on the basis of their education , or because they held an important office . Electors usually were members of the clergy , office workers , doctors , teachers at the high schools , and directors of primary schools . These electors had the right to elect twenty @-@ three ( increased to 26 in 1863 ; 31 in 1900 ) deputies to the Diet . The Curia of Other Municipalities consisted of 8764 electors from amongst small @-@ scale rural landowners . There were two stages of voting for this curia . In the first stage , the suffrage was determined in the same manner as with the Curia of the Cities : those in the two @-@ thirds highest tax bracket , with a high level of education , or an important office , were eligible . These voters elected the electors , who then elected seventy @-@ four deputies to the Diet , each holding a constituency equivalent to a rural district . Nine deputies sat ex officio : two chancellors of universities , and seven archbishops and bishops . The initial nine were composed of three Greek Catholic bishops , three Roman Catholic bishops , and one Armenian Catholic bishop , along with representatives of Lemberg University and Kraków University . Three seats were added later : an additional Roman Catholic representative , one for the Lemberg Polytechnical University , and one for the Kraków Academy of Learning . This system of limited suffrage caused the predominantly Polish landowning class to dominate the Diet . Whilst they only made up about 0 @.@ 4 % of the population , they held 28 @.@ 2 % of the seats in the Diet . Small @-@ scale rural landowners , on the other hand , made up about 95 % of the population , but held only 52 @.@ 3 % of the seats in Diet . This system also skewed representation for different ethnicities in the Diet . Whilst Ruthenians made up about 40 % of the population of Galicia , they only held 15 % of the seats in the Diet , as they lived primarily in rural communities . Reform of the suffrage system in late 1913 added a fifth curia for the upper peasantry , which had the right to elect twenty deputies . Due to the outbreak of the First World War , no further elections to the Diet took place , and hence the fifth curia existed only on paper . Elections were not held on a regular schedule ; they occurred usually every five to six years , upon Emperor 's decree . Thus the deputies ' term of office lasted about six years . The Diet had ten elections : 1861 , 1867 , 1870 , 1877 , 1883 , 1889 , 1889 , 1895 , 1901 , 1908 , and the final one , in 1913 . At first , the deputies met in the Skarbek Theatre ( today Maria Zankovetska National Academic Ukrainian Drama Theater ) . From 1881 , the Diet met in a newly constructed building designed by architect Juliusz Hochberger and with a program of architectural sculpture by Teodor Rygier . The building is now owned by the University of Lviv . = = Competences = = In the period of 1861 to 1873 , the Diet elected 38 representatives from among its deputies to be sent to the Imperial Council of Cisleithania . The Diet had legislative powers . The legislative initiative was possessed by the Emperor , along with the Diet executive ( six deputies and the Marshal ) , and all individual deputies . It could debate and pass laws related to many issues in the field of education , culture , welfare , justice , public works , administration , religion and military . It could also impose supplementary taxes , up to 10 % of the direct tax . = = = Marshal and Vice @-@ Marshal = = = The position of ' Marshal ' was equivalent to the position of ' Speaker ' in Westminster @-@ style parliaments . The Marshal was considered the presiding officer of the Diet . = = Notable members = = Notable members of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria include :
= Fata Morgana ( Sanctuary ) = " Fata Morgana " is the third episode of the science fiction television series Sanctuary . The episode first aired on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States on October 10 , 2008 . It subsequently aired on ITV4 in the United Kingdom on October 20 , 2008 . The episode , which is named after a mirage of the same name , was written by Damian Kindler . Martin Wood served as director . " Fata Morgana " was originally released as the back half of the eight original Sanctuary webisodes in 2007 . In the episode , the Sanctuary team investigate an ancient crypt in an island off the Scottish coast and encounter three sisters with abnormal powers . " Fata Morgana " was met with a 1 @.@ 6 household rating and was generally well received by critics . = = Plot = = The team travels to a crypt in an island off the coast of Scotland that Helen Magnus ( Amanda Tapping ) believes to contain an elixir of life . However , the team is spotted and ambushed . After defeating the abnormal crypt Keepers , the team finds three women in comatose state . They are brought to the Sanctuary for study , where it is later determined that the sisters , Danu ( Miranda Frigon ) , Tatha ( Leah Cairns ) and Caird ( Laura Mennell ) , have been held in suspended animation for 1 @,@ 200 years . After the sisters awaken , Will Zimmerman ( Robin Dunne ) learns that they were taken to the crypt because of an incurable disease . However , Will believes they are delusional , partly due to their ability to speak perfect English for people from the Middle Ages ( according to director Martin Wood , they were able to speak English after some sort of " mind meld " between Will and Danu ) . The sisters also experience nightmares in which they destroy an entire village . The sisters eventually determine that these nightmares are in fact memories , and it was they who caused the destruction 1 @,@ 200 years ago . After some research , Magnus determines that the sisters are the Morrígan , who were created with the intention of destroying man . Magnus also discovers ties to a powerful secret organization , the Cabal , who had put the sisters into the crypt to be used again in the future . Ashley Magnus ( Emilie Ullerup ) learns that the Cabal was formed in the seventh century with the intention of controlling every abnormal on Earth for their own benefit ; since going underground in the nineteenth century , its members have infiltrated several major organizations worldwide to continue their operation . In the meantime , a group of Cabal mercenaries have captured several Keepers in Scotland and they release them to the Sanctuary in order to regain what they see as their " property " . Before and during the battle between Magnus and the Keepers , Will teaches the sisters about freedom , and sends them to a safe @-@ house . After killing the Keepers , the team are surrounded by the mercenaries . In the end , Danu , Caird and Tatha surrender to the mercenaries who in exchange spare the team 's lives . Will believes his teachings of freedom got to them , as they plan to escape from the mercenaries . = = Production = = " Fata Morgana " was originally released as the back half of the eight original webisodes . The episode was given an ancient and mythological feel to set the intended tone of Sanctuary . During the original writing , director and executive producer Martin Wood brought up the idea of incorporating the Morrígan from Irish mythology into the episode . Writer Damian Kindler researched the subject and named the episode after Fata Morgana as a reference to the Morrígan . During pre @-@ production , the producers decided that around half of the episode would contain footage from the webisodes , and the other half would be rewritten to improve the storyline . Since they felt that Ashley Magnus was previously underused , they included her more into the storyline . The ending from the original webisodes , where the sisters manage to escape , was also rewritten . " Fata Morgana " was originally scheduled to be the fourth episode in the first season . However , it was moved up to the third after Amanda Tapping felt strongly that it would make a great start @-@ stand alone episode after " Sanctuary for All " . She also cited continuity reasons , as the characters appeared more comfortable with each other in the following episode , " Folding Man " . Filming started in January 2007 when they were filming the webisodes . The new scenes were filmed in June 2008 . The actors consciously played the characters more open to each other . When Martin Wood became unavailable during one day of filming , Amanda Tapping filled in for him as director . Furthermore , a photo double stood in for Leah Cairns in some scenes when Cairns was unavailable to play Tatha . The outdoor scene that featured Kandyse McClure was filmed in the same slot as " Sanctuary for All " , because Wood wanted to use the present rain . One scene was filmed on the same set that was previously used in Stargate SG @-@ 1 . In total , " Fata Morgana " contained over 400 visual effects shots , more than any other episode in the first season . The scene where Ashley was sitting on the edge of a tall building was actually done by having Emilie Ullerup sitting on a green beam , and next to a wind machine . Every visual effects shot made for the " Fata Morgana " webisodes were remastered in the episode . = = Reception = = " Fata Morgana " was broadcast on October 10 on Sci Fi in the United States , and October 20 , 2008 on ITV4 in the United Kingdom . According to the Nielsen Galaxy Report , " Fata Morgana " received a household rating of 1 @.@ 6 after original airing in the United States ; this was a drop from the 2 @.@ 2 rating in " Sanctuary for All " . It was still placed second in the top ten Sci Fi Channel shows the week it aired , behind Ghost Hunters , which received a 2 @.@ 0 rating . In the United Kingdom , the episode was seen by 471 @,@ 000 , placing Sanctuary number two in the top ten ITV4 viewings the week it aired , behind a live UEFA Champions League game . Reviews for the episode were generally positive . Tory Ireland Mell of IGN rated the episode an " outstanding " 9 @.@ 3 out of 10 , calling it a " great episode , and completely fun to watch . " Mell praised the episode for its pace , action , choreographed fight sequences , visual effects and character development , but thought that Magnus and Ashley 's relationship was a little forced . Carma Spence @-@ Pothitt of Airlock Alpha reacted positively to the episode , particularly for its use of celtic mythology , how Damian Kindler and Martin Wood incorporates it into the storyline , and the introduction to the Cabal 's . Spence @-@ Prohitt was however , critical of the fact that " too much is being crammed into one . " Amber Spence of PopSyndicate also reacted positively to the episode , calling it a " much stronger showing than the [ somewhat convoluted ] premiere , " and that the action and pace were well executed to draw in the audience . Paul Simpson of Total Sci @-@ Fi gave a more mixed reaction to the episode , rating it 6 out of 10 . Though Simpson called it the first proper episode , he didn 't feel it was as strong as the pilot .
= Cameron Mitchell ( Stargate ) = Lieutenant Colonel Cameron " Cam " Mitchell , USAF is a fictional character in the Canadian @-@ American military science fiction television series Stargate SG @-@ 1 , a science fiction show about a military team exploring the galaxy via a network of alien transportation devices . Played by Ben Browder , Cameron Mitchell is introduced as a main character in the season 9 premiere " Avalon " , holding the military rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Air Force . Learning of the SG @-@ 1 team 's off @-@ screen separation after the previous season , Mitchell is assigned as new commanding officer of SG @-@ 1 , which he remains throughout season 10 ( 2006 – 2007 ) and the direct @-@ to @-@ DVD films Stargate : The Ark of Truth and Stargate : Continuum ( 2008 ) . The first episodes of season 9 show Mitchell 's struggle to reunite the former SG @-@ 1 members under his command . With the aid of Lt. Col. Samantha Carter , Dr. Daniel Jackson , the Jaffa Teal 'c , and the alien thief Vala Mal Doran , Mitchell attempts to stop the Ori threat to the Milky Way galaxy during the series ' run . Mitchell is an experienced fighter pilot and is often involved in close combat . Despite Browder 's popularity as former lead in the sci @-@ fi TV series Farscape , Mitchell 's role as the SG @-@ 1 leader attracted some viewers ' resentment for taking over Carter 's former position . Browder noted a lack of Mitchell @-@ centric episodes and insufficient interaction between Mitchell and the other main characters . For his portrayal of Cameron Mitchell , Ben Browder was nominated for a Saturn Award in the category " Best Supporting Actor on Television " in 2006 . = = Role in Stargate SG @-@ 1 = = = = = Character arc = = = Lieutenant Colonel Cameron Mitchell is the son of Frank and Wendy Mitchell , long @-@ time residents of Auburn , Kansas . Mitchell occasionally mentions his Bible @-@ thumping grandmother in comparison and contrast to the Ori religion . As shown in Stargate : Continuum , Mitchell 's grandfather was the captain of the ship that transported the Alpha Gate from Egypt to the United States in the late 1930s . Two episodes flash back to Mitchell 's past . As revealed in " Collateral Damage " , Mitchell 's father was a test pilot for the United States Air Force and lost both legs in an accident when Mitchell was a child . When Cameron Mitchell was a USAF Captain , he piloted an F @-@ 16 over the Middle Eastern desert and mistakenly bombed a vehicle containing innocent refugees rather than the enemy . The season 9 premiere " Avalon " flashes back to Lieutenant Colonel Mitchell during the events over Antarctica in season 7 's " Lost City " . Mitchell led a squadron of F @-@ 302 fighters against the forces of the arch villain Anubis and was shot down , resulting in severe injuries . During his recovery in the hospital , he received the Medal of Honor and was promised any assignment by Brigadier General Jack O 'Neill . Mitchell began reading all mission reports that the SG @-@ 1 team had filed . In his first appearance in the season 9 premiere " Avalon " , Mitchell has fully recovered and opts to join SG @-@ 1 . When he learns that the original team has moved on to new assignments , he becomes the new SG @-@ 1 leader but fails to assemble a new team . After the alien Vala Mal Doran arrives on Earth , Dr. Daniel Jackson and the alien Teal 'c assist Mitchell for a treasure hunt on Earth that eventually sets off the Ori arc . Mitchell takes his place at the head of this provisional team rather reluctantly . Lieutenant Colonel Samantha Carter temporarily joins Mitchell 's team in season 9 's sixth episode , " Beachhead " , which ends with Vala 's disappearance . Mitchell officially reunites the former SG @-@ 1 team one episode later in " Ex Deus Machina " . Vala reappears in late season 9 and officially joins SG @-@ 1 under Mitchell 's command in season 10 's " Memento Mori " . Mitchell continues to lead SG @-@ 1 in Stargate : The Ark of Truth and is promoted to Colonel before his appearance in Stargate : Continuum ( where the credits mistakenly list him as " Lieutenant Colonel " ) . = = = Characterization = = = At the beginning of season 9 , Mitchell 's main motivation is to get the SG @-@ 1 team back together . Producer Robert C. Cooper wanted Cameron Mitchell to mirror the Stargate fandom and be a " super fan " of SG @-@ 1 and a " Stargate geek " , who is enthusiastic about exploring the galaxy . Nevertheless , Browder described Mitchell as a " stoic " character who " actually follows military protocol " ; the character has " a certain naïvety and innocence , even though he is neither particularly naïve or innocent " . Mitchell 's personality and attitude depends on his location ( on @-@ base and off @-@ world ) and the people around him . With Mitchell 's team demeanor becoming subtler in season 10 , Browder felt that the writers " finally figured out Mitchell 's only superpower is getting beat up and bleeding " . Browder considered Mitchell to be more restrained than his former Farscape character John Crichton , who had higher emotional stakes and was " literally going insane through the process of the series . Mitchell 's focus was on his job , and on the fun of his job . But Crichton 's focus was on survival , and on the creation of a family . " Crichton was also the center of the Farscape narrative , whereas the SG @-@ 1 characters serve as nearly equal parts in an ensemble show . Browder did not view Mitchell as a substitute for Richard Dean Anderson 's role of Colonel Jack O 'Neill , the undisputed SG @-@ 1 team leader from seasons 1 through 7 . While O 'Neill 's approach was " normally couched in sarcastic terms " in later years , Mitchell is " more optimistic and has a wry sense about him that 's not so much sarcastic " . = = = Relationships = = = Mitchell maintains a level of decorum around General Landry ( Beau Bridges ) , but is more laid @-@ back around the SG @-@ 1 members . Michael Shanks ( Daniel Jackson ) and Browder did not want to repeat the " cliché [ d ] " original O 'Neill @-@ Daniel dynamic where views on military and diplomacy clash . The actors tried to find some commonality between the characters while trying to develop an entertaining rapport between them . By mid @-@ season 9 , their interaction had become playful , without being decidedly positive or antagonistic . Although Mitchell and Teal 'c ( Christopher Judge ) are both warriors and leaders , Teal 'c is taken aback by Mitchell 's enthusiasm at first , as he is more used to O 'Neill 's reserved attitude . Teal 'c is unsure if he likes Mitchell , but Mitchell forces Teal 'c to interact with him . By not letting Teal 'c step back and observe , Mitchell makes Teal 'c an active part of the scene . Because Ben Browder and Claudia Black ( Vala Mal Doran ) were well known for formerly starring as star @-@ crossed lovers in Farscape , the Stargate producers refrained from emphasizing the pairing of Mitchell and Vala beyond in @-@ jokes . The producers instead opted to further the comedic chemistry between Claudia Black and Michael Shanks . When Vala 's relationship with the SG @-@ 1 team members evolved in season 10 , the producers grew comfortable with pairing Browder 's and Black 's characters more often , and even teased ( and misled ) viewers about them " end [ ing ] up in a motel room bed together " in the episode " Memento Mori " , involving underwear , " handcuffs as well as creamy Twinkies " . A scene in the milestone episode " 200 " also parodied the show 's connection to Farscape . Amanda Tapping ( Samantha Carter ) found that the introduction of the Ori threat inhibited major character and relationship development in season 9 . The characters are of equal rank , and regard each other with respect according to producer Joseph Mallozzi . They give each other fair weight in decision @-@ making , and Mitchell defers to Carter on all science @-@ related issues . Tapping 's favorite Mitchell @-@ Carter scenes were some " neat sibling @-@ type moments " in " Arthur 's Mantle " , and moments showing their history and friendship in " Line in the Sand " , " The Road Not Taken " , and Stargate : The Ark of Truth . Browder regretted after season 10 that he had not worked enough with the cast besides Tapping , and that " the fans probably feel that way as well " . Several episodes hint at Mitchell 's love life . The early episodes of season 9 suggest a relationship between Mitchell and Landry 's daughter , Dr. Carolyn Lam ( Lexa Doig ) ; a scripted romantic subplot in " Avalon " was filmed but was cut for time when the two @-@ parter ran long for over twenty minutes . In season 9 's " Collateral Damage " , Mitchell has a romantic encounter with a female human researcher from another planet , named Reya Varrick but she is killed . At his 20 @-@ year high school reunion in " Bounty " , Mitchell lays the foundation for a relationship with his high school crush , Amy Vanderburg . = = = SG @-@ 1 leadership = = = Mitchell was conceived as the leader of SG @-@ 1 who brings the team back together . Following negative fan reactions to Carter 's cancelled leadership within the team ( she commanded SG @-@ 1 throughout season 8 ) , Browder noted the production difficulties that came with Amanda Tapping 's maternity leave , and claimed that new leaders are brought in routinely into units in military reality . Tapping admitted to also have been " kind of put off " upon learning that someone else would lead SG @-@ 1 , and hoped that the producers would make SG @-@ 1 more of an ensemble team in season 10 by removing the patriarchal line of command . The writers decided after an animated discussion after the initial season 9 episodes that Mitchell and Carter should co @-@ command the team , although they left Mitchell in the official leadership position . Whereas Mitchell can hardly cope with leading the team in season 9 , Mitchell is more comfortable with his leadership position in Stargate : The Ark of Truth . Browder described Mitchell 's early leadership difficulties as " dealing with what are essentially legendary characters within the mythology of the show " ; ordering them around would ring false or as hubris from both an audience- and storytelling perspective . Tapping eventually considered the question of leadership irrelevant ; Mitchell cannot give orders to his team since he and Carter hold the same military rank , and Daniel and Teal 'c are not members of the United States military . Mitchell thus plays more to the strength of the team , choosing a leadership style that is comparable to elite teams like Delta units , where everyone participates to the fullest of their abilities and defers to the specialist quickly when needed . = = Conceptual history = = = = = Conception = = = The producers had discussed casting Ben Browder as a possible Major John Sheppard and Colonel Dillon Everett for the first season of Stargate Atlantis . Browder was still filming Farscape at that time , but had met several Stargate producers on sci @-@ fi conventions . With Richard Dean Anderson 's ( Jack O 'Neill ) departure from Stargate SG @-@ 1 after season 8 ( 2005 ) , Ben Browder and the Stargate producers got together as soon as the introduction of new main characters was discussed . Browder 's character was codenamed " M.M. " until the producers settled on the name " Cameron ' Cam ' Mitchell " , with the aviator call sign " Shaft " , a pun on camshaft . Also joining the main cast in season 9 was Beau Bridges as General Hank Landry . The alien Vala Mal Doran ( played by Browder 's former Farscape co @-@ star Claudia Black ) was re @-@ introduced for a six @-@ episode story arc to cover for the maternity leave of SG @-@ 1 regular Amanda Tapping ( Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Samantha Carter ) . Since the producers had not realized the physical resemblance between Browder and Michael Shanks ( Daniel Jackson ) when Browder was cast , Shanks grew a beard that he would sport in the first six episodes of season 9 ; the characters would also often wear differently @-@ colored Battle Dress Uniforms . Vala 's line in " Avalon " that Earth seems to have a " limited gene pool " refers to the actors ' similar looks . Having sporadically watched episodes of SG @-@ 1 over the years , Browder watched the first previous seasons of SG @-@ 1 in two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half weeks to catch up with the show , which the writers would turn into a recurring in @-@ joke that Mitchell had read every SG @-@ 1 mission report before joining the SG @-@ 1 team . Browder relocated to Vancouver , Canada , where Stargate SG @-@ 1 was being filmed . His family , who had been with him in Australia during his Farscape years , stayed in Los Angeles , although Browder 's children would appear as background characters in " The Ties That Bind " during their set visit . = = = Development = = = Browder put the character 's direction into the hands of the writers but thought that the audience would define Mitchell through the character 's actions and words and not by his backstory in the end . He wanted to humanize the character without letting him be entirely dictated by military terms , while turning him slowly into as much a hero as the other SG @-@ 1 team members already are . Producer Robert C. Cooper , who wrote Mitchell 's introduction in the first three episodes of season 9 , wanted Mitchell to be enthusiastic about exploring the galaxy from the beginning . Mitchell should be a " super fan " of SG @-@ 1 and a " Stargate geek " , mirroring the Stargate fandom . Browder did not want the character 's first on @-@ screen reaction to be enthusiasm , so the character was written to be stoic and guarded around General Landry in the first scenes . Cooper incorporated Mitchell into a flashback to a memorable SG @-@ 1 scene from season 7 's " Lost City " to avoid a contrived heroic action by Mitchell in the season 9 opener . Although Mitchell was the leading man , most episodes in the first half of season 9 do not particularly focus on Mitchell . Several writers , who had been used to Anderson 's reduced filming schedule in past seasons , subconsciously diminished Mitchell 's role until Cooper reminded them of Browder 's full @-@ season contract . Although Mitchell had a more prominent role in the season 10 episodes " Uninvited " , " Company of Thieves " , and " Bounty " , Browder noted the lack of Mitchell @-@ centric episodes in season 10 . Producer Joseph Mallozzi explained this as the result of having to service the Ori arc and Vala as the new main character . Mitchell also did not appear in any Stargate Atlantis episodes , which Browder explained with the lack of history between Mitchell and Atlantis ; for instance , Daniel possesses Ancient knowledge , and Carter shares a history with the Atlantis character Rodney McKay ( David Hewlett ) . Having penned two Farscape episodes , Browder did not pitch possible SG @-@ 1 storylines to the producers until season 10 . Browder received story credit for his basic pitch for season 10 's " Bad Guys " , which Stargate Atlantis producer / writer Martin Gero developed into a teleplay . = = = Stunt work and on @-@ screen violence = = = Mitchell is often at the center of the action and fight sequences . Browder joked for years that " Mitchell 's super power is getting his ass whipped " , which was the opposite of the powerful warrior Teal 'c . Browder enjoyed the physicality of the role and wanted to do many of his own stunts . Browder had acquired first fight experiences in drama school , and had done much stunt work on Farscape . Browder worked with fight choreographers in seasons 9 and 10 of Stargate SG @-@ 1 . Browder 's first fight sequence on SG @-@ 1 was a sword fight with a knight in " Avalon " , where Browder did not have a stunt double and used real swords because heavy swords look more real in action . This fight was followed by an elaborate fight to the death with a Sodan Jaffa warrior in " Babylon " . Although writer Paul Mullie was concerned that fans might be put off by the violence and darkness of " Collateral Damage " , where Mitchell has memories of beating a love interest to death , the producers did not want to shortchange Mitchell 's emotional journey and chose to not shy away from violence in the episode . Browder played another sword fight in " Camelot " , and was involved in an extended hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat with a Replicator @-@ possessed IOA member James Marrick ( played by Currie Graham ) in The Ark of Truth . = = Reception = = Although TV Zone 's Stephen Graves believed that Ben Browder and Claudia Black 's first post @-@ Farscape encounter in " Avalon " was " somewhat underplayed " , he considered Mitchell 's introduction entertaining , with Mitchell 's " excruciating " interviews with potential new recruits as " a particular highlight " . However , Graves was disappointed that Mitchell did not contribute much to the story after the knight fight , and that Mitchell 's " frantic " efforts to get the old SG @-@ 1 team back together hinted too much at the production team 's efforts to turn around the season 8 finale . While some fans were upset that Carter did not resume command of the SG @-@ 1 team after her return , Leonard Fischer of The Seattle Times considered Browder and Michael Shanks to have developed " some fun on @-@ screen rapport " by the middle of season 9 . By season 10 's " Memento Mori " , TV Zone 's Anthony Brown felt that " Ben Browder and Claudia Black have [ ... ] reached a point where they can play out an amusing take on Misery without you feeling that [ their Farscape characters ] have somehow starbursted onto SG @-@ 1 's Earth " . Maureen Ryan of The Chicago Tribune called Browder and Black 's interaction in season 10 " great fun ; the rapport they developed on the stellar Farscape was still much in evidence , even though they played radically different characters on SG @-@ 1 . " For his portrayal of Cameron Mitchell , Ben Browder was nominated for a Saturn Award in the category " Best Supporting Actor on Television " in 2006 . Per popular demand , Diamond Select Toys included Mitchell in their third series of Stargate action figures . = = Awards and decorations = = The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Colonel Mitchell .
= Cooter ( 30 Rock ) = " Cooter " is the fifteenth episode of the second season of 30 Rock and thirty @-@ sixth episode of the series . It was written by series ' creator Tina Fey and was directed by one of the season 's producers , Don Scardino . The episode first aired on May 8 , 2008 on the NBC network in the United States . " Cooter " follows Jack Donaghy 's ( Alec Baldwin ) attempt to get fired from his new job in politics ; Liz Lemon 's ( Fey ) pregnancy scare and decision to adopt a baby ; Tracy Jordan 's ( Tracy Morgan ) creation of a pornographic video game ; and Kenneth Parcell 's ( Jack McBrayer ) aspiration to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics . " Cooter " received positive review from critics , and several considered it to be among the series ' best episodes . Several critics noted that Liz had a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey 's film Baby Mama was released , possibly used as cross promotion . The episode was watched by 5 @.@ 61 million American viewers on its original broadcast , and was nominated for two awards , winning one . = = Plot = = Jack gets a job in politics as the " Homeland Security Director for Crisis and Weather Management " ; however , it is not what he expected . When he learns that Don Geiss ( Rip Torn ) , the CEO of General Electric , said " Jackie Boy " while in his coma , he schemes with another government employee , Cooter ( Matthew Broderick ) , to get fired after his letter of resignation is rejected . Jack also enlists the help of Celeste " C.C. " Cunningham ( Edie Falco ) , his Congresswoman ( D @-@ VT ) ex @-@ girlfriend , to approve research into a " gay bomb " . Jack hopes that the bomb , an old Pentagon project that is expensive , inefficient and offensive to " both the red states and the gayer blue states " will ultimately result in their dismissal . Meanwhile , Liz thinks she may be pregnant and is horrified when she discovers it is most likely the baby of her ex @-@ boyfriend , Dennis Duffy ( Dean Winters ) . After several pregnancy tests , she tells a visiting Jack that the positive tests are a result of her eating " Sabor de Soledad " ( " Taste of Loneliness " in Spanish ) cheese puffs , which contain bull semen . Nevertheless , she tells Jack that she is ready to have a child and wants to adopt . Kenneth learns of an opportunity to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics , however head page Donny Lawson ( Paul Scheer ) tries to make sure that he does not submit his essay on time . Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) helps him complete his essay , but Donny stalls Kenneth by forcing him to deliver paper . Pete shoots Donny in the leg with an arrow and Kenneth delivers his essay in time . Tracy 's invention , the world 's first pornographic video game , is nearly complete . He gives Frank , who has helped him , the prototype copy of the game . The episode shows what happens three months later , in August 2008 . Jack and Cooter present their " gay bomb " to the Pentagon , which only works in closed areas , thus useless in combat . However , Cooter accidentally breaks the vial , causing everybody in the room , including Vice @-@ president Dick Cheney , to " feel funny " . Frank emerges from his office after playing Tracy 's game non @-@ stop for three months , not realizing the amount of time that has passed . While in Beijing , Kenneth gets involved with a Chinese woman who wants his kidneys . The last point was said in Mandarin without subtitles , leaving the English @-@ speaking audience unaware of Kenneth 's trouble . The conversation roughly translates as : Lady : " Kenneth , I like you , because I am attracted to your two healthy kidneys . " Kenneth : " What ? " ( Man breaks down the door with gun drawn ) Kenneth : " I had no idea ! " The conversation in Mandarin : Lady : Kenneth , 我喜歡你，因為我看上了你那兩個健壯的腎。 Kenneth : 什麼？ ( Man breaks down the door with gun drawn ) Kenneth : 真沒想到！ = = Production = = The title of the episode is one of Fey 's favorite words , which she used multiple times when she appeared as an anchor on the Saturday Night Live sketch Weekend Update . Fey explains that she likes the word because " it 's one of the least graphic ways to describe the female genitals " . This episode marks the final appearance of Edie Falco , who was hired for a three episode arc . Falco made her debut in the episode " Somebody to Love " as Celeste Cunningham , a Congresswoman and romantic interest of Jack . She appeared in " Secrets and Lies " , where James Carville helps the fledgling relationship . The pair breaks up in Episode 210 , when they realize their careers prevent them from staying together . Falco said that she was " thrilled for the opportunity to work with such great comic actors " , and expressed her enjoyment of watching the series . Fey was " thrilled to have such an amazing actress come join us " , and joked that " a lot of guys on our crew want The Sopranos ending explained to them " , in which Falco was a series star . = = Reception = = " Cooter " was watched by 5 @.@ 6 million viewers , and received a 2 @.@ 6 rating and 7 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The 2 @.@ 6 refers to 2 @.@ 6 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the U.S. , and the 7 refers to 7 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television in the U.S. at the time of the broadcast . By comparison CBS 's CSI was viewed by 17 @.@ 82 million viewers , ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy received 15 @.@ 60 million viewers , Fox 's Don 't Forget the Lyrics ! received 6 @.@ 22 million viewers , and The CW 's Supernatural received 2 @.@ 53 million viewers . The finale was watched by 206 @,@ 000 more viewers than the previous episode . Terry Morrow of the Knoxville News Sentinel said that although 30 Rock is struggling to find viewers , this " tiny show ... shines with absolute brilliance " , and declared " Cooter " one of its best episodes . He speculated that the lack of viewers may be because the show has failed to create an emotional bond with its audience , and is " happy to be a very witty sitcom " . He felt the entire cast was " spot on " , but singled out Jane Krakowski for her " scene @-@ stealing " moments when she revealed the art of backhanded compliments . Verne Gay of Newsday praised Jenna and Kenneth 's storylines , and liked the cameo by Broderick , stating his " comic chops [ were ] on full display . " Robert Canning of IGN praised Kenneth and Tracy 's storylines , and described Tracy 's voice recording session for his porn video game as " thank @-@ goodness @-@ this @-@ is @-@ airing @-@ later @-@ than @-@ 8 : 30 " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger felt the " nearly @-@ perfect " episode was marred by Kenneth 's page rivalry which " didn 't work . " Time called " Cooter " the eighth best episode of 2008 . Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald felt " Cooter " was one of the best episodes of 30 Rock 's shortened season , with something for everyone in the ensemble cast to do . He noted that Fey 's character Liz has a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey 's film Baby Mama was in theaters , asking " how much mama drama does Tina Fey think viewers want " ? Bob Sassone of TV Squad originally thought the episode might have been secretly cross promoting Baby Mama , but ultimately decided against his judgment . Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly was disappointed that Liz was not actually pregnant , and hoped that her former boyfriend Dennis would continue to reappear in the next season . Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV speculated that the episode may have been hinting at Alec Baldwin 's real life political plans , who was considering running for office . The episode was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards , winning one . Tina Fey won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Ken Eluto was nominated for Outstanding Single @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series .
= Revelations : Persona = Revelations : Persona , released in Japan as Megami Ibunroku Persona ( Japanese : 女神異聞録ペルソナ , lit . " Goddess ' Odyssey : Persona " ) , is a role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Atlus . It is the first entry in the Persona series , itself a subseries of the Megami Tensei franchise , and the first role @-@ playing entry in the series to be released in the west . Originally released for the PlayStation in 1996 in Japan and North America , the title was ported to Microsoft Windows in 1999 . A port to the PlayStation Portable retitled Shin Megami Tensei : Persona was released in 2009 in North America and Japan , and 2010 in Europe . This port featured new cutscenes and a redone localization . The story focuses on a group of high school students as they are confronted by a series of supernatural incidents . After playing a fortune @-@ telling game , the group each gain the ability to summon Personas , the multiple selves within them . Using this power under the guidance of Philemon , a benevolent being representing humanity 's subconscious , the group face off against multiple forces that threaten the world . Gameplay revolves around the characters navigating environments around their town and fighting enemies using their Personas . During the course of the game , the player can create new Personae for battle using spell cards gained in battle or by talking with enemies . Persona began development after the release of Shin Megami Tensei If ... , with the idea of creating a subseries around the positively received high school setting of If .... Multiple staff members from previous Megami Tensei titles were involved in development , including character designer Kazuma Kaneko , and director Kouji Okada . Multiple aspects of the story , including the Persona and the character Philemon , were taken from Jungian psychology , while Kaneko 's character designs were based on both staff members , and celebrities and fictional characters of the time . Reception to the game has generally been positive , with most praising its approach to the genre , while its navigation and localization were criticized . Its PSP port shared most points of praise with the original , along with the improved localization , but also drew negative comments for its by @-@ then dated mechanics and graphics . = = Gameplay = = Revelations : Persona is a role @-@ playing video game in which the player takes control of a group of high school students . A mixture of navigation styles are used : navigation round the students ' hometown is done using an overhead view , navigation of standard environments such as outside areas and story locations use an angled third @-@ person view , and dungeons and most buildings are navigating in first @-@ person . An icon in the top right @-@ hand corner of the screen displays a lunar phase : this display shows the passage of in @-@ game time , and its status determines the activity patterns and moods of enemy demons . Battles are both triggered by story events and through random encounters around the world map and dungeon environments . If the player attacks an enemy from behind , the party is given a set of attacks costing no magic points or health points . Battles take place on a grid @-@ based battle arena , with characters and enemies moving according to their position on the grid . Four commands are available to the party : Attack ( fight enemies ) , Contact ( talk with an enemy ) , Analyze ( check an enemy for its strength and weaknesses ) , and Form ( rearrange the party on the grid ) . The character 's main means of attack is their Persona , beings summoned into battle to cast a spell that can heal the party , and inflict physical or elemental damage on an enemy . Each Persona has access to up to eight skills , and each character can change their Persona during their turn . Personas earn experience points independent of the characters they are assigned to , and gain new abilities through extended use . Experience is awarded based on how often the player uses certain characters or Personas . Alongside their Personas , each character is able to attack with an equipped melee weapon or firearm , use an item , or attempt to talk with the demons that act as the game 's standard enemies . Talking to a demon has different effects based on its personality , responding in a specific way to certain actions . There are four emotional responses that the player can elicit from a demon : anger , fear , joy , and interest . Triggering one of these emotions three times will cause the demon to perform an action : an angry demon will attack the party , a frightened demon will flee the battle , a joyful demon will give the player an item , and an interested demon will either leave the battle , give the player an item , or give the player a special spell card ( tarot cards aligned with a particular Persona family or Arcanum ) . Functions related to the customization of Personas are performed in a special place called the Velvet Room : there , the character Igor can summon new Personas from among the various enemies defeated for a fee . He can also use two spell cards along with a special item to create a new Persona , which can inherit skills from the Personas used in the fusion . A Persona can only be fused using cards from certain Persona families . Personas can also be deleted if the player so chooses . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting and characters = = = The game takes place in Japan in 1996 , in the town of Mikage @-@ cho . All the main characters attend St. Hermelin High , the town 's high school , being in Class 4 taught by Saeko Takami . The other main feature of the town is the local branch of SEBEC ( Saeki Electronics & Biological & Energy Corporation ) . All the main characters have the power to summon Personas , described in the manual as " the power of their hidden selves " . The power to call Personas is granted by Philemon , a being born from the Collective Unconscious who acts as the party 's spiritual guide and helper . He appears both in a human form and as a butterfly . The player controls a silent protagonist , a second @-@ year student who acts as their in @-@ game representation . The rest of the cast are Maki Sonomura , whose near @-@ constant ill health has made her inwardly bitter ; Kei Nanjō , a self @-@ confident heir to an important family business ; Yukino Mayuzumi , a former gang member reformed through the efforts of Saeko ; Hidehiko Uesugi , a man who puts on a facade of strength to cover his weaknesses ; Yuka Ayase , a girl who consciously acts like a stereotypical " high school girl " ; Masao Inaba , a spoiled and rebellious youth ; and Eriko Kirishima , a woman with half @-@ American parentage with an interest in the occult . The main antagonist is Takahisa Kandori , who runs the local SEBEC facility . During the SEBEC route , the player has the option of recruiting Reiji Kido , a student with a vendetta against Kandori . = = = Plot = = = The game starts with the protagonist , along with schoolmates Hidehiko , Yuka and Masao , playing a fortune @-@ telling parlor game called " Persona " while Kei and Yukino watch . After playing the game , the group see a ghostly figure , and the protagonist , Masao , Kei and Yukino are rendered unconscious . The protagonist is then drawn into the realm of Philemon , who grants him the power of Persona and warns him that his new power will soon be needed . After the four recover and at the suggestion of their teacher Saeko , they go to have a check @-@ up and visit classmate Maki at the hospital . While visiting , Maki is taken ill , and while they are waiting for news , the ICU where Maki is being treated vanishes and the town is attacked by demons , the summoned manifestations of people 's inner darkness . Using their Personae , the four defend themselves , and after meeting up with Eriko , they head to the town 's Ayama Shrine to find Maki 's mother Setsuko . Upon arrival , they find Setsuko wounded after an attack by Kandori . Setsuko reveals him to be the culprit behind the changes to the town , caused by a reality @-@ altering machine called the Deva System . Nanjo and Masao head out to confront SEBEC , while the protagonist , Eriko and Yukino bring Setsuko back to the school . After this point , the game splits into two story routes : the main SEBEC route , and the alternate Snow Queen route . In the SEBEC route , should the protagonist decide to confront SEBEC , he is first joined by an apparently @-@ recovered Maki , then asked by Nanjo to help save Masao , who is captured by demons . The protagonist , Maki and Nanjo rescue Masao , but on the way Maki displays an odd lack of certain memories including being hospitalized . After rescuing Masao and infiltrating SEBEC , the group confront Kandori . After cornering him inside the Deva System , a girl in black called Aki appears and knocks the party unconscious . When they awake , they find themselves in a duplicate , idealized version of their world . The group eventually find and corner Kandori , whose ultimate goal was to become a deity and find meaning in life . After an initial fight , Kandori is possessed by his Persona Nyarlathotep , then finally defeated . Before dying , Kandori reveals that the Maki who has been traveling with the party is the " Ideal Maki " , a version of herself from the true Maki 's heart . Aki and a girl in white called Mai are also pieces of Maki , and the idealized Mikage @-@ cho was created by Maki , and brought into reality when she unexpectedly linked with the Deva System . The group must help Maki avoid Kandori 's path towards isolation and his current actions . The group manage to convince Ideal Maki to overlook her original self 's unconscious actions and join them in fixing the problem . After rescuing the true Maki 's self from the Sea of Souls , where all human life begins , the group must then confront Pandora , an aspect of Maki that wants to use the Deva System to destroy everything . When Pandora is defeated , all the pieces of Maki merge back into one , reversing the effects on the town and restoring her to full health . Philemon meets with the group and congratulates them on their success . The Snow Queen route , which takes place in the real town of Mikage @-@ cho , is unlocked by investigating an urban legend within the school surrounding a theatrical mask used in performances of " The Snow Queen " : nearly everyone who wears the mask to play the title role has died . After finding the mask , the protagonist encounters Saeko , who puts on the mask and is possessed by a spirit within it . Freezing the entire town , the possessed Saeko generates three towers , with the spirits of those previously killed by the mask as their guardians , whilst setting up her Ice Castle within the high school . Along with Yukino , Ayase , Eriko , and Hidehiko , the protagonist heads out to save Saeko . Philemon contacts them and tells them that the only way to save Saeko is the Demon Mirror , which can remove the source of the mask 's curse . The spirit possessing Saeko turns out to be former classmate Tomomi Fujimori , who was horribly disfigured by the mask when she wore it in place of Saeko . Using the mirror , the group are able to free Saeko and bring Tomomi peace . It is then revealed that Tomomi herself was controlled by the Night Queen Asura , a powerful entity who wants to cloak the world in darkness . Upon defeating the Night Queen , the town is freed from her power . = = Development = = The development of Revelations : Persona began in 1994 , after the release of Shin Megami Tensei If .... The high school setting of If ... was received positively upon release , so Atlus decided to create a dedicated subseries focusing on the inner struggles of young adults . This concept eventually evolved into Persona , and its underlying focus on the " human soul " would become a mainstay of the Persona series . The title Megami Ibunroku was designed to show the title 's status as a spin @-@ off directly related to the Megami Tensei series , although it was removed for later Persona titles . The Persona system was directly inspired by the Guardian system used in If ... , originally designed by future Persona director Katsura Hashino . Veteran Megami Tensei producer Kouji Okada , and character designer Kazuma Kaneko took over these respective staff roles . New to the production team was writer Satomi Tadashi . The script took about a year to write , with the staff going through twenty drafts . The first draft involved the students going on a field trip and being caught in a series of mysterious events . This was one of the more fondly @-@ remembered versions . Shigenori Soejima , a future designer for the series , was involved in designing minor characters and coloring promotional and cover artwork . The main concept behind Persona was a Megami Tensei game that could be enjoyed by people new to the series . The popularity of casual games on the PlayStation was a key factor in making this decision . The development team 's focus on Persona resulted in development on Shin Megami Tensei : Nocturne coming to a near @-@ halt . Kaneko designed the main cast around multiple notable celebrities and fictional characters of the time , along with members of Atlus staff . While the characters wearing the same uniform helped designate them as a single group , it also made them look the same . To balance against this , Kaneko expressed their individuality through accessories . Atlus staff members also made cameos as minor characters . The character of Philemon was based on Carl Jung 's titular wise old man archetype , described as a contradictory existence . His appearance in @-@ game was based on paintings of Chinese philosopher Zhuang Zhou . Multiple ideas and terms used in @-@ game were based on Jungian psychology and archetypes . The Velvet Room , a key gameplay location , was based on the Black Lodge from Twin Peaks . One of the characters focused on by Kaneko was Maki , who was given multiple forms throughout the story . The first versions created were the original Maki , who had been bed @-@ ridden for a long time , and the " ideal " version , whose inexperience with the outside world and interactions with others made her an expressionless doll . In addition to these forms , black @-@ clothed " Aki " and white @-@ clothed " Mai " were created when Maki 's personality split , representing her extremes . The true Maki represented balance , so Kaneko made her uniform grey . Because of this , the school uniform had to be grey . To represent her psychological immaturity , she was given a ribbon to represent her girlishness , along with a locket she believes can grant wishes . = = = Ports and localization = = = Persona was released in Japan on September 20 , 1996 for the PlayStation . The game was ported to Microsoft Windows and released on March 25 , 1999 by ASCII Corporation . The game was compatible with Windows 95 and 98 operating systems . The PlayStation Portable version was directed by Shoji Meguro , the original game 's composer . It was Meguro 's first project as a director . It was decided to remake the original Persona as a large number of new fans had been brought to the series by Persona 3 and 4 , so Atlus decided to give them easier access to the beginning of the series . The game was announced in February 2009 , and released on April 29 of that year . Along with gameplay adjustments and balancing , such as adding adjustable difficulty levels and modifying enemy encounter rates , full @-@ motion cutscenes produced by anime studio Kamikaze Douga were created . The cutscenes were voiced , while the rest of the game used text @-@ based dialogue as in the original . In Europe and Australia , the title was released by Atlus as a digital title on PlayStation Network . Persona was the first role @-@ playing entry in the Megami Tensei series to be released in the west , with the first Megami Tensei release being action game Jack Bros. in 1995 . While the main Megami Tensei series ' use of Christian imagery made it unsuitable for localization at the time , Persona employed a different naming system to make it more acceptable . Persona was localized by Atlus ' then @-@ new North American branch Atlus USA . Persona was chosen as a series that could help define the company and compete with the likes of Final Fantasy , Suikoden and Breath of Fire . The team that localized Persona was quite small , which made the process quite difficult : not only was there a large amount of text to translate , but the team needed to adjust or change the Japanese references as they feared it might alienate western players . Among the changes were altering the player character 's hairstyle , the ethnic origins of multiple characters , the character and location names , and multiple pieces of dialogue . The entire Snow Queen route was also cut from the game , leaving only the SEBEC story route open for exploration . The PSP remake 's localization was similar to those done for Persona 3 and 4 , with the dialogue being in tune with modern youth and keeping as close to the original dialogue as possible except for Japan @-@ specific cultural references . To provide a reference for their work , the localization team played through the original version of Persona . The changes made to character names and appearances were all changed back to how they appeared in the original Japanese release , with the exception of a couple of lines that had become fan favorites . These were included as a kind of homage to both players and the company 's history of game localization . The entire Snow Queen quest was also reinstated . = = = Music = = = The music for Persona was written by Hidehito Aoki , Kenichi Tsuchiya , Misaki Okibe and Shoji Meguro . Persona was Tsuchiya and Meguro 's first major work , with Meguro beginning shortly before he officially joined Atlus ' internal staff . Meguro worked on the title for approximately a year , composing ten to twenty percent of the score . The first piece composed by Meguro was " The Aria of the Soul " , the theme for the Velvet Room , originally commissioned by Aoki . " The Aria of the Soul " would become a mainstay in future Persona titles . For the PSP re @-@ release , Meguro composed new music alongside remixing original tracks . While he kept the original atmosphere , he also used the experience and musical techniques gained from his work on Persona 3 and 4 . He also tried some new techniques , such as with the opening theme , which began with a pop motif before transitioning into heavy metal , along with changing the important lyrics from English to Japanese . The official soundtrack album , Persona Be Your True Mind Original Soundtrack , was released on June 17 , 1999 . An arrange album , Megami Ibunroku Persona Original Soundtrack & Arrange Album , was released April 18 , 1999 . In Japan , the official soundtrack for the PSP port was released on April 29 , 2009 . In the United States , the Persona soundtrack was packaged with the game 's retail release . = = Reception = = During its year of release in Japan , Persona sold 391 @,@ 556 units , reaching # 21 in the 100 best @-@ selling games of that year . Persona was described at the time of its original western release as a " sleeper hit " . The PSP port of the game was also highly successful : while Atlus estimated sales of 50 @,@ 000 and 35 @,@ 000 in Japan and North America , respectively , actual sales reached 160 @,@ 000 and 49 @,@ 000 . Famitsu was generally positive about the setting and plot , and enjoyed the careful incorporation of Megami Tensei gameplay mechanics alongside new features . GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann called it " a truly different RPG " , praising the story , setting and gameplay , while criticizing the quality of the localization and feeling indifferent about the graphics and level layout . IGN called the game " an RPG masterpiece " , praising its departure from fantasy @-@ based RPGs of the time . Game Informer variously complemented the game for its challenging gameplay , and story and setting , with one reviewer calling it " the best PlayStation RPG available . " Jeff Walker , writing a retrospective review of the game for RPGamer , generally shared points of praise and criticism with Gerstmann , summing the game up as " a sure winner " . RPGFan writer EsquE was positive overall about the game , calling it " an achievement in dedicated game design " , and saying in closing that " [ Revelations : Persona ] deserves much more respect than it has received . " Reviewing the PSP port , Eric L. Patterson of Play was highly positive about the game 's old @-@ school mechanics and the chance to replay it with an improved localization and the Snow Queen route reinstated . He did say that for fans of the PlayStation 2 Persona games , " [ Persona ] could very well feel like a punch to the face and a boot to the crotch . " Jeremy Parish , writing for 1UP.com , said that the way Persona broke away from RPG norms through the communication with demons during battle made it essential playing for fans of the genre . He was generally positive about most aspects apart from its visuals . Game Informer 's Joe Juba , despite noting awkward navigation and the inability to appreciate character and enemies designs due to their small sprite size , generally praised the game for improving on the original game 's flaws . Ben Reeves , giving a second opinion on the game as part of the review , generally shared Juba 's points of praise , though found the minimap inadequate . GameSpot 's Lark Anderson was more critical than most , praising the story and improved localization , but finding the combat , navigation and graphics fairly dated compared to both recent and contemporary RPGs . IGN 's Sam Bishop shared critiques about the graphics with other reviewers , but enjoyed most other parts of the game , and particularly appreciated the inclusion of the Snow Queen route . RPGamer 's Glenn Wilson and RPGFan 's Neal Chandran generally echoed other reviewers ' sentiments : Wilson cited it as a less enjoyable game than the PlayStation 2 Persona entries while still being a quality project , and Chandran called it " a killer trip down memory lane with a pair of high @-@ definition rose @-@ colored glasses . " Shin Megami Tensei : Persona was also awarded RPGFan 's Editor 's Choice Award . = = Legacy = = Revelations : Persona was successful enough to establish the Persona series in North America and become a cult classic . The games success prompted the development of a sequel . Persona 2 : Innocent Sin , which was released in 1999 and involved many of the same staff . Persona was adapted into a manga titled Megami Ibunroku Persona . Originally serialized in 1996 , it was later reissued in 2009 . In 2006 , Atlus and mobile company Bbmf released a mobile version of the game , Megami Ibunroku Persona : Chapter of the Foreign Tower of Emptiness . The game is a 3D dungeon crawler set within the locations of Persona . The unexpected success of the PSP port led to the development of enhanced remakes for both Innocent Sin and its sequel , Persona 2 : Eternal Punishment . Both these ports were also directed by Meguro .
= Craigflower Manor and Schoolhouse = The Craigflower Manor and Craigflower Schoolhouse are National Historic Sites of Canada located in View Royal , British Columbia ( the Manor ) and Saanich ( the Schoolhouse ) near Victoria . The centerpiece of each historic site is a 19th @-@ century building — a manor and schoolhouse commissioned by the Hudson 's Bay Company to provide education and lodging for their employees . Built as part of the agricultural community Craigflower Farm , the buildings served as a focal point for the community into the modern era ; they remain open to the public today as museums devoted to the colonial history of Victoria . The sites also have unique archaeological merit , encompassing three distinct periods , and types , of human habitation which span thousands of years . In addition , the existing structures have great historical and cultural value , remaining some of the best , and last , examples of their kind in Canada . These factors combine to make these two sites important National Historic Sites , and have been given government protection for the public trust . = = Site history = = The land in the area was formed during the last ice age in North America , approximately 13 @,@ 000 years ago , when receding glaciers carved a deep gouge into the earth , which became a number of small lakes and streams . Over time , these lakes rejoined the ocean , becoming a salt @-@ water inlet known today as the Gorge waterway , which the indigenous people call " Kosapsom " . The Lekwungen , a Coast Salish tribe and ancestors of the modern Esquimalt and Songhees First Nations , settled in the area , calling the whole region " Camossung " , after the legend of a girl they believed was turned to stone there . Archaeologists working in the Gulf of Georgia , Vancouver Island , and the Lower Mainland have identified several distinct periods of cultural activity , known as " culture types " in the region . The site at Craigflower Farm exhibits three of these culture types , known as " Locarno Beach " , " Gulf of Georgia " and " Historic " . The " Historic " culture type refers to the colonial settlement of the area , and is contiguous with the European colonization ; a majority of the artifacts recovered from the site have been dated to this period . The other two periods of human habitation are discernible mainly by the presence of a large shell midden on the site ; testifying to the abundant shellfish and game in the area . The earliest of the periods , the " Locarno Beach " type , used many different types of stone tools , including microblades , adzes , and other shaped or sharpened objects . The next culture type , dating from around 2500 years ago and known as the " Gulf of Georgia " type , is characterized by an increased use of bone tools , such as wedges and awls made from antlers , as well as different kinds of wood . This culture type 's presence on the site ends with the arrival of Europeans , and the colonization of Vancouver Island — altogether , around 1000 indigenous artifacts were recovered from the site during two separate archaeological digs . Both the manor and the schoolhouse were part of a settlement known as Craigflower Farm , which was one of Western Canada 's first farming communities . Established in 1853 by the Puget Sound Agricultural Company , a subsidiary of the Hudson 's Bay Company , the farm was to supply fresh produce to the nearby Fort Victoria , and to aid in settlement of lower Vancouver Island . The farm was named after Craigflower Farm in England which was owned by Andrew Colville , Governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company from 1852 to 1856 . The land for the farm , was purchased from the Esquimalt First Nation ( recorded as the " Kosapsom " on the treaty ) in 1850 , who relocated nearby . = = Craigflower Schoolhouse = = Originally called Maple Point School , the schoolhouse was commissioned by first farm director , Kenneth McKenzie , to provide education for the children of farm employees . This was to be the third school constructed in the colony of Vancouver Island , following Governor James Douglas ' call " to give a proper moral and religious training to the children of the settlers who are growing up in ignorance and the utter neglect of all their duties to God and society . " The need was judged to be most severe for children of Protestant denomination , as Roman Catholics received ( until 1851 ) " very able and zealous " instruction from a priest from the Society des Oblats . Construction was commenced , using timber milled on the farm , in August 1854 and continued until late February 1855 . The first students took classes there in March of the same year , and were charged a fee of between 30 shillings and 1 pound . The two @-@ story building was built in Georgian Revival style , and boasted a single schoolroom on the first floor , as well as six rooms for the teacher , their family , and student boarders from other parts of Vancouver Island . A large brick fireplace , as well as a stove , provided heating for the building , and a bell salvaged from the wrecked steamship Major Tompkins was hung in the yard to call students to class . Initially , the school was accessible from the main part of the farm only by boat , but the 1856 completion of the first Craigflower bridge linked the two parts of the farm together . The schoolhouse became the focal point of social and religious events on the farm , and saw continuous use until 1872 when town council neglected to provide funding for Victoria 's schools . However , Education Act amendments returned the school to operation soon after , and in 1873 education was made mandatory for students aged seven to 14 . The school continued to operate until 1911 , when it was replaced by the second Craigflower school , built across the road . The current school , called Craigflower Elementary School , was built in 1964 to replace the aging 1911 building . The schoolhouse , however , was converted into a museum in 1931 and run by a local service club until 1975 when the provincial Historical Parks board acquired it and restored the structure . It was briefly run as a museum by The Land Conservancy of British Columbia in public trust — it is the oldest surviving schoolhouse in Western Canada , though it is often erroneously referred to as " the first school built in British Columbia " . The Schoolhouse is now the home of the Hallmark Heritage Society , The Capital Regional District 's oldest heritage preservation organization , and is open to the public for special presentations during the summer and will be the site of heritage workshops beginning in the fall of 2015 . = = Craigflower Manor = = The manor house was built shortly after the completion of the schoolhouse , to serve as a home and office for the management of the Craigflower farm , and their family . The house was constructed as a Georgian Revival version of a Scottish manor house , at the request of Kenneth McKenzie 's wife , Agnes . The foundation was laid in 1853 , prior to the McKenzies ' arrival , and was completed in May 1856 . A grand , two @-@ story structure , the manor was over 900 square feet ( 84 m2 ) in size and second only to the first Government House in elegance . The building boasted a dining room , sitting room , office , music room , kitchen , and four bedrooms for the large McKenzie family . Heat was provided by several fireplaces , serviced by two large brick chimneys . The manor was used as lodging up until 1922 , when the Hudson 's Bay Company converted it into a community centre . It eventually became a hotel , before being sold to the government in 1965 . As the building is the earliest , and one of the few remaining , examples of its type in Western Canada , it was extensively restored in 1967 by the province , before being run as a museum . It is currently leased by the Highland Games Society .
= Nicki Minaj = Onika Tanya Maraj ( born December 8 , 1982 ) , known professionally as Nicki Minaj , is a Trinidadian @-@ born American rapper , singer and songwriter . Born in Saint James , Trinidad and Tobago and raised in South Jamaica , Queens , New York , Minaj earned public attention after releasing three mixtapes between 2007 – 09 . She has been signed to Young Money Entertainment since 2009 . Minaj 's first and second studio albums , Pink Friday ( 2010 ) and Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded ( 2012 ) , both peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and produced the successful singles " Super Bass " and " Starships " , respectively . In 2010 , Minaj became the first female solo artist to have seven singles simultaneously charting on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . Her third studio album , The Pinkprint ( 2014 ) , was preceded by its second single , " Anaconda " , which peaked at number two on the Hot 100 and is her highest @-@ charting single in the U.S. to date . Minaj made her film debut in the 2012 animated film Ice Age : Continental Drift , followed by supporting roles in The Other Woman ( 2014 ) and Barbershop : The Next Cut ( 2016 ) . In 2013 , she was a judge on the twelfth season of American Idol . Minaj was the first female artist included on MTV 's Annual Hottest MC List , with a The New York Times editor saying that some consider her to be " the most influential female rapper of all time " . In 2016 , Minaj was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world . Her rapping is distinctive for its fast flow and the use of alter egos and accents , primarily British cockney . Early in her career , Minaj was known for her colorful costumes and wigs . According to Billboard , Minaj has the most Hot 100 entries in history amongst female rappers , and also has the third @-@ most entries amongst women of all genres . Minaj has received ten Grammy nominations throughout her career , and has won six American Music Awards , eleven BET Awards , three MTV Video Music Awards , four Billboard Music Awards , and was the recipient of Billboard 's Women in Music 2011 Rising Star award . She has further endorsed Adidas , MAC Cosmetics and Pepsi . = = Early life = = Onika Tanya Maraj was born in Saint James , Trinidad and Tobago on December 8 , 1982 . Her parents Robert Maraj , a financial executive and part @-@ time gospel singer , and Carol Maraj , also a gospel singer , are Trinidadians of African heritage , with Robert additionally of Asian Indian heritage . Carol worked in payroll and accounting departments during Minaj 's youth . Minaj 's father was addicted to alcohol and other drugs , and had a violent temper , burning down their house in December 1987 . She has two siblings . As a small child , Minaj and a sibling lived with her grandmother in Saint James . Her mother , who had moved to The Bronx , New York to attend Monroe College and brought her husband six months later , brought them to Queens , New York , when Minaj was 5 . By then the family had a house on West 147th Street . Minaj recalled , " I don ’ t think I had a lot of discipline in my household . My mom motivated me , but it wasn ’ t a strict household . I kind of wanted a strict household . " Minaj successfully auditioned for admission to LaGuardia High School in Manhattan , which focuses on visual and performing arts . After graduation , Minaj wanted to become an actress , and she was cast in the Off @-@ Broadway play In Case You Forget in 2001 . When her acting career failed to take off , at age 19 she worked as a waitress at Red Lobster in the Bronx , but was fired for discourtesy to customers . She said she was fired from " at least fifteen jobs " for similar reasons . She also worked as an administrative assistant , in customer service and as an office manager for a Wall Street business . = = Career = = = = = 2004 – 09 : Career beginnings = = = Minaj briefly signed with Brooklyn group Full Force , in which she rapped in a quartet called " The Hoodstars " composed of Lou $ tar ( son of " Bowlegged Lou " ) , Safaree Samuels ( Scaff Beezy ) and 7even Up . In 2004 the group recorded the entrance song for WWE Diva Victoria , " Don 't Mess With " , which was featured on the compilation album ThemeAddict : WWE The Music , Vol.6. Minaj left Full Force and uploaded songs on her Myspace profile , sending several of her songs to people in the music industry . At the time , she was managed by Debra Antney . Fendi , CEO of Brooklyn label Dirty Money Entertainment , signed Minaj to his label in 2007 under a 180 @-@ day contract . Originally adopting the stage name " Nicki Maraj " , she changed it to Nicki Minaj stating that " My real name is Maraj . Fendi flipped it when he met me because I had such a nasty flow ! I eat bitches ! " Minaj released her first mixtape , Playtime is Over , on Dirty Money Records on July 5 , 2007 and her second , Sucka Free , on April 12 , 2008 . That year , she was named Female Artist of the Year at the 2008 Underground Music Awards . In 2009 Minaj was involved in a conflict with ego trip 's Miss Rap Supreme winner Rece Steele , who was annoyed when Minaj interrupted her interview and put a sign behind Steele 's head ; Minaj hung up on interviewers from Spate magazine when they asked about the incident . She released her third mixtape , Beam Me Up Scotty , on April 18 , 2009 and it received favorable coverage on BET and MTV . One of its tracks , " I Get Crazy " , reached number 20 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Songs chart and number 37 on the magazine 's Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . After Minaj was discovered by fellow rapper Lil Wayne , in August 2009 it was reported that she signed a recording contract with his Young Money Entertainment . That November , she appeared with Gucci Mane and Trina on the remix of " 5 Star Bitch " by Yo Gotti . Minaj also appeared on " BedRock " and " Roger That " on the compilation album , We Are Young Money ( 2009 ) . The singles peaked at numbers two and 56 , respectively , on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ; their parent album reached number @-@ nine on the U.S. Billboard 200 , and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Minaj was featured on Mariah Carey 's " Up Out My Face " , which reached number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 . At Jay @-@ Z 's suggestion , that February Robin Thicke featured Minaj on " Shakin ' It 4 Daddy " . = = = 2010 – 11 : Breakthrough with Pink Friday = = = Minaj released the intended lead single from her upcoming debut album , " Massive Attack " on March 29 , 2010 . Plans for the single were scrapped after an underwhelming commercial performance . As a result , " Your Love " was released as the album 's lead single on June 1 , peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number @-@ one on the Billboard Rap Songs chart . In August Minaj announced that the album would be entitled Pink Friday , a play on " Black Friday " . The following month she released " Check It Out " and " Right Thru Me " as follow @-@ up singles . In October , Minaj became the first female solo artist to have seven songs on the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously and the first woman to appear on MTV 's Annual Hottest MC List . Pink Friday was released on November 19 , debuting at number @-@ two on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 375 @,@ 000 copies . " Moment 4 Life " was released as the fourth single shortly after . The album was certified platinum in December , and eventually reached number @-@ one in the United States in February 2011 . Minaj performed " Right Thru Me " and " Moment 4 Life " as the musical guest on the January 29 episode of Saturday Night Live . " Super Bass " , the album 's fifth single , was released in April 2011 . The song peaked at number @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 and has been certified octuple @-@ platinum in the U.S. Minaj credited the song 's initial exposure to its mention by Taylor Swift , after videos of Swift and Selena Gomez rapping along to the song went viral , paving the way for Minaj 's first big crossover pop moment . Minaj was one of the opening acts on Britney Spears ' June 16 – August 13 Femme Fatale Tour . She and Kesha appeared on the remix of Spears ' " Till the World Ends " , which peaked at number @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 . On August 7 , 2011 , Nicki experienced a " nip slip " during a live performance on Good Morning America . Minaj was criticized for wearing the low @-@ cut shirt during her performance which led to the brief exposure of her breast on a live telecast . ABC apologized for incident . Minaj , while interviewed on ABC 's Nightline show , apologized for the incident and denied that she intentionally sought to expose herself on live television as a publicity stunt . The incident soaked protest from the Parents Television Council . President of the PTC president Tim Winter stated , " the Parents Television Council has something to say about Nicki Minaj ’ s wardrobe malfunction this morning . For the umpteenth time in recent memory a morning news show has included inappropriate content for children and families . " Winter called out Good Morning America for not using the five @-@ second delay to prevent the broadcast of the exposure . Minaj has been invited to perform at fashion events ; Donatella Versace invited her to perform with Prince for the introduction of a Versace collection for H & M , and she performed " Super Bass " at the 2011 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show . Since her breakout with Pink Friday , Minaj has been involved in a feud with rapper Lil ' Kim , who accused Minaj of copying her style . Although Minaj 's " Roman 's Revenge " was thought to be directed at Kim , she said she was " talking about everyone who has been in interviews talking ... no one is worth being singled out . No one is worth having their name mentioned out of my mouth and they never will get that . " Kim escalated the feud with her mixtape , Black Friday ( 2011 ) , whose title and artwork mimic Pink Friday ; a fragment from Minaj 's diss track , " Tragedy " , previewed that April . Their conflict sparked a feud between Minaj and rapper Foxy Brown , who said Minaj misrepresented their conversation about Kim . Brown released the diss tracks " Hold Yuh " and " Massacre " ( directed at Kim and Minaj ) in November 2010 and January 2011 , respectively , but Brown and Minaj settled their dispute in June 2012 . = = = 2012 – 13 : Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded and American Idol = = = Minaj released her second studio album Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded in April 2012 . The album was preceded by the promotional singles " Roman in Moscow " and " Stupid Hoe " . Critics suggested that the latter song was directed at Lil ' Kim , who said : " If you have to make a song called ' Stupid Hoe , ' you must be a stupid hoe . " Minaj and rapper M.I.A. joined Madonna to perform their single , " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " , on the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show on February 6 , 2012 . She was the first solo female rapper to perform at the Grammy Awards , premiering " Roman Holiday " during the 2012 ceremony on February 12 . Her exorcism @-@ themed performance was controversial , with the American Catholic League criticizing Minaj for bringing a fake " Pope " to escort her on the red carpet . The " exorcism " scene that was performed during her appearance was criticized as well . According to the Catholic League president Bill Donohue " Perhaps the most vulgar part was the sexual statement that showed a scantily clad female dancer stretching backwards while an altar boy knelt between her legs in prayer . Finally , ' Come All Ye Faithful ' was sung while a man posing as a bishop walked on stage ; Minaj was shown levitating . " " Starships " was released in February 2012 as the lead single from Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded . The song reached number @-@ five on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was the fifth best @-@ selling single of 2012 . For the most part , mainstream critics didn 't receive well the pop crossover move . Minaj was sued by Chicago artist Clive Tanaka in September 2013 for its alleged copyright infringement . Follow @-@ up singles " Beez in the Trap " and " Right by My Side " were released shortly after . Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded was released on April 2 , two months later than planned . The album debuted at number @-@ one on the Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 253 @,@ 000 copies , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in June 2012 . However , its mix of hip @-@ hop songs and mainstream pop material received mixed reviews from music critics . " Pound the Alarm " and " Va Va Voom " were released as the final singles from the album . Minaj began her headlining Pink Friday Tour on May 16 , 2012 , which was followed by the Pink Friday : Reloaded Tour beginning October 14 . Although she was scheduled to headline the June 3 Hot 97 Summer Jam at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey , at the request of Lil Wayne she canceled her appearance the day of the show after Peter Rosenberg of the station called " Starships " not " real hip @-@ hop " . The following month , Minaj voiced Steffie in the animated film Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) . She won awards for Best Female Video ( for " Starships " ) at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards and Best Hip @-@ Hop at the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards . An expanded version of Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded , subtitled The Re @-@ Up , was released on November 19 . That month , Minaj was the subject of a three @-@ part E ! documentary titled Nicki Minaj : My Truth . She announced plans for her own record label after signing Parker Ighile , Brinx , Keisha and Blackout Movement . In September Minaj joined the judges ' panel for the twelfth season of American Idol with fellow new judges Mariah Carey and Keith Urban and the returning Randy Jackson . That October a leaked video circulated , with Minaj and Carey in a heated argument during auditions in Charlotte , North Carolina . Carey accused Minaj of saying , " If I had a gun , I would shoot that bitch " , but Minaj denied the allegation . Carey said that Minaj created an " unsafe work environment " , increasing her security as a result . Tensions escalated after Carey said that Minaj did not have a number @-@ one song on the Billboard Hot 100 during a live broadcast in May 2013 , to which Minaj responded in a series of " extremely harsh " tweets directed at the singer . Minaj and Carey left the series that month , at the end of the season . That year Minaj was the most @-@ charted female rapper in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 , with 44 entries . Her seven nominations led those for rap musicians at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards , and she was the first rapper to win the BET Best Female Hip @-@ Hop Artist Award four consecutive times . = = = 2014 – 15 : The Other Woman and The Pinkprint = = = Minaj 's first live @-@ action theatrical film The Other Woman was filmed in spring 2013 and premiered on April 25 , 2014 . She played Lydia , assistant to Carly ( played by Cameron Diaz ) . In 2013 , Minaj described her then @-@ forthcoming third album , The Pinkprint as " a continuation of The Re @-@ Up with a lot more " and said it would focus on her " hip @-@ hop roots " . During an MTV interview , she said that her third album would be " next level " and have " much to talk about " : " I 'm really excited and the people that have been working with me now , have been people that I haven 't worked with before so it 's like they 're bringing a new sound to the album that I 've never experimented with . " " Pills n Potions " was released as the lead single from The Pinkprint in May 2014 . " Anaconda " was released in August as the second single , peaking at number @-@ two on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming her highest @-@ charting single in the U.S. to date . The video set a 24 @-@ hour Vevo record , accumulating 19 @.@ 6 million views on its first day of release , breaking the record previously held by Miley Cyrus for " Wrecking Ball " . The album was officially released on December 15 , 2014 , peaking at number @-@ two on the Billboard 200 chart . In support of the album , Minaj embarked on her third international concert tour entitled The Pinkprint Tour . On June 29 , Minaj became the only artist to win the BET Award for Best Female Hip @-@ Hop Artist for five consecutive years , while also tying Missy Elliott for the most wins with five . In November 2014 , Minaj released a video containing Nazi @-@ style imagery for her third single " Only " . There was immediate backlash from the Anti Defamation League , who stated that it was " troubling that no one among Minaj 's group of producers , publicists and managers raised a red flag about the use of such imagery before ushering the video into public release . " They called the video " insensitive to Holocaust survivors and a trivialization of the history of that era . " On November 9 , 2014 , Minaj hosted the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards at The SSE Hydro , Glasgow , Scotland . She also won an award for Best Hip @-@ Hop . In December , Minaj received two Grammy nominations : for Best Rap Song for " Anaconda " and Best Pop Duo / Group Performance for " Bang Bang " with Jessie J and Ariana Grande . In March 2015 , Minaj embarked on her third world tour entitled The Pinkprint Tour . The tour kicked off in Europe . It is scheduled to travel to the United States , Canada , Brazil , Mexico , Dubai , Philippines , Australia and New Zealand . In March 2015 , she became the first female artist to chart four songs simultaneously in the top 10 of Billboard 's Mainstream R & B / Hip @-@ Hop airplay chart . At the 2015 BET Awards , Minaj won her sixth consecutive award for Best Female Hip @-@ Hop Artist , becoming the female rapper with most wins in that category . = = = 2016 : Barbershop : The Next Cut and Nicki = = = In May 2015 , it was announced that Minaj would feature in the third installment of the Barbershop film series , alongside Ice Cube , Cedric the Entertainer , Eve , and other original cast members . Titled Barbershop : The Next Cut , the film was released on April 15 , 2016 and received critical acclaim , earning an average score of 93 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Minaj 's character in the film is a " sassy " hairdresser named Draya . It was announced that Minaj will executive produce and appear in a scripted single @-@ camera comedy series for ABC Family ( now Freeform ) based on her life growing up in Queens , New York . The show has been titled Nicki and is scheduled to be broadcast in 2016 . The project , from Aaron Kaplan ’ s Kapital Entertainment , filmed the pilot episode in Minaj ’ s hometown in January 2016 , and production has since continued . Ariana Neal will play a young Minaj in the series , alongside Selita Ebanks ( her mother ) , Wesley Jonathan ( her father ) , and McCarrie McCausland ( her older brother ) . = = Public image = = Minaj 's physique has attracted positive attention from the media . In 2010 , she said that although she originally felt obligated to mimic the provocative behavior of the " female rappers of [ her ] day " , she intended to subdue her sexuality because she " [ wants ] people — especially young girls — to know that in life , nothing is going to be based on sex appeal . You 've got to have something else to go with that . " The rapper has made autographing breasts part of her movement to empower women . In a Guardian interview , Minaj said she competes with male and female rappers . In " Moment 4 Life " , she refers to herself as a " king " rather than a queen . Early in her career Minaj claimed to be bisexual , but eventually she said she just did that to get attention . " I think girls are sexy , but I 'm not going to lie and say that I date girls . " Minaj has been called the " black Lady Gaga " because of her costumes and wigs . In one interview , Minaj rejected the comparison , but in another interview , she said that she is inspired by Gaga 's creativity . Minaj has cited Alexander McQueen , Gianni Versace and Christian Louboutin as her favorite designers . The Huffington Post described her style as " risk @-@ taking " and " far @-@ out " , with " bold sartorial choices " ; Yahoo ! called her dress " colorful " and " crazy " , and " the fashion and music world would certainly be very quiet without Ms Minaj " . Billboard listed Minaj the fourth @-@ most @-@ active musician on social media on its March 2011 Social 50 chart . On Twitter , she is the world 's most @-@ followed rapper . There , in public appearances and interviews Minaj calls her fans " Barbs " collectively and her male heterosexual and LGBT followers " boys " and " Ken Barbs " respectively ( alluding to her Barbie persona ) . She deleted her Twitter account for eight days in April 2012 after a dispute with fans who leaked snippets from her then @-@ unreleased album . Minaj lost about nine million of her 11 million followers at the time . In 2013 Minaj introduced a more " natural " look , including less @-@ colorful makeup and wigs , during later episodes of American Idol to be taken more seriously . = = Artistry = = = = = Musical style = = = Minaj is known for her animated rapping style , her flow in particular . She often combines metaphors , punch lines and word play into her work , which has been compared to her mentor Lil Wayne . The New York Times called Minaj " a sparkling rapper with a gift for comic accents and unexpected turns of phrase . She 's a walking exaggeration , outsize in sound , personality and look . And she 's a rapid evolver , discarding old modes as easily as adopting new ones . " Although many critics describe her technique as bubblegum rap , Minaj said : " What people don 't know is that before I was doing that craziness I was doing me , I was just doing regular sounding rap that anyone could hear and identify with . But once I started doing all that weird shit — I 'm not mad at it because it got everyone 's attention . " Noted as a rap artist , she lends herself to electronic music genres ( especially electropop ) . Pink Friday marked her exploration of the genres , spawning electro songs including the pop @-@ laden " Super Bass " . Also combining rap with synthesizer music , Minaj 's second album had a number of electropop songs : " HOV Lane " , " Whip It " , " Automatic " , " Come On A Cone " , " Young Forever " , " Fire Burns " , " Roman Holiday " and " Beez in the Trap " ; while " Starships " is an europop and dance song . She collaborated with other artists , producing more electronic songs : " The Boys " with " Me & U " singer Cassie and " Beauty and a Beat " with Justin Bieber . Her verse in Kanye West 's " Monster " was appreciated by critics , who said she had the best verse in the song . Her alter egos are incorporated with her lyrics in British accents ( Roman Zolanski ) or soft @-@ spokenness ( Harajuku Barbie ) . Ice @-@ T said about Minaj 's rapping style , " [ Minaj ] does her thing . She has her own way of doing it . She has an ill [ sic ] vocal delivery . She kind of reminds me of a female Busta Rhymes , like how she throws her voice in different directions . " = = = Alter egos = = = With her parents frequently fighting during her childhood , Minaj lived through characters she created as a means of escape . She recalled that " fantasy was my reality " and her first identity was Cookie , who became Harajuku Barbie and ( later ) Nicki Minaj . In November 2010 , Minaj assumed the alter ego Nicki Teresa , wearing a colorful headdress and calling herself " healer to her fans " during a visit to the Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse Studios in New York . She introduced another alter ego , Rosa ( pronounced with an exaggerated R ) , to commemorate her December 2010 appearance on Lopez Tonight . For Pink Friday , Minaj created another alter ego : Roman Zolanski , " a demon inside her " , Minaj 's " twin brother " whose character she assumes when she is angry . Roman has been compared to Eminem 's alter ego Slim Shady , and on " Roman 's Revenge " Minaj and Eminem collaborate as their alter egos . On her next album , she said that there would be a lot of Roman : " And if you 're not familiar with Roman , then you will be familiar with him very soon . He 's the boy that lives inside of me . He 's a lunatic and he 's gay and he 'll be on there a lot . " Roman has a mother , Martha Zolanski , who appeared on " Roman 's Revenge " with a British accent and singing on " Roman Holiday " for the first time . Martha appeared in the " Moment 4 Life " video as Minaj 's apparent fairy godmother . Although Minaj was rapping in songs such as " All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) " , she promised to introduce Nicki , Roman and Onika on her first album . = = = Influences = = = Minaj has said that artists who have influenced her musical style include Lisa " Left Eye " Lopes , Lil Wayne , Smokey Robinson , Lauryn Hill , Jadakiss , Natasha Bedingfield , Remy Ma , Lil ' Kim , Missy Elliott , Janet Jackson , Madonna , Beyoncé , Britney Spears , Marilyn Monroe , Grace Jones , M.I.A. , Cyndi Lauper and TLC . She cites Foxy Brown and Jay @-@ Z as major influences : " I really loved [ Foxy ] as a female rapper . I was really interested in her mind and her aura [ and ] I was really , really into Jay @-@ Z. Me and my friends in high school , we were reciting all of the Jay lyrics . His words were our words in our conversations all the time . " She said : " I never really told Foxy how much she has influenced me and how much she changed my life , and you 've gotta tell people that when they 're alive to even be able to take the compliment , instead of paying tribute to them when they 're no longer here " , adding that Foxy Brown was " the most influential female rapper " for her , though she initially was compared to Lil Kim when she first debuted . Nicki and Lil Kim , often cited as Foxy 's main rap rival , have reportedly exchanged words with each other , on social media and in their music . Jada Pinkett Smith is one of Minaj 's role models in her acting career . Minaj was inspired by R & B singer Monica , singing " Why I Love You So Much " at every talent show she entered . Performing in Atlanta on her Pink Friday Tour , she called Monica one of her all @-@ time greatest musical influences . Minaj has also cited Kanye West , Trina and Drake as influences . She called Betsey Johnson a fashion inspiration : " [ Betsey ] is a free spirit . When I met her the other day , I felt like I knew her for my whole life . She 's so warm and considerate and caring . She 's amazingly talented and I 've been wearing her clothes forever , so to meet her was like , ' Yay ! ' [ I was ] bowing down to her ; she 's dope ! " Minaj has also expressed appreciation for Cyndi Lauper 's style and how her videos inspired her as a teenager : " When I first went to get my hair colored , I was about 14 and I wanted blonde highlights . The beautician said , ' No , you have to get your mother on the phone , ' and I was just crying and begging . I 've always been experimenting . Cyndi Lauper 's videos - that 's what intrigued me . " = = Products and endorsements = = Minaj has been affiliated with several manufacturing companies and has endorsed a number of products during her career . Her first collaboration was a November 2010 endorsement deal with MAC Cosmetics which sold a lipstick , " Pink 4 Friday " , for four consecutive Fridays to promote her album Pink Friday . In 2011 , Minaj helped introduce the Casio TRYX in Times Square , and created a six @-@ piece nail polish collection for OPI Products with colors named after her songs . That December , Mattel produced a custom @-@ made , Minaj @-@ themed Barbie doll valued at about $ 15 @,@ 000 for auction on charitybuzz . In April 2012 , Minaj helped launch the Nokia Lumia 900 in Times Square . The following month , Minaj appeared in television and internet advertisements for Pepsi 's " LiveForNow " campaign , which featured a remix of her single " Moment 4 Life " . She endorsed the 2012 Viva Glam campaign with Ricky Martin , which raised $ 270 million for the Mac AIDS Fund . With designer Jeremy Scott , Minaj signed an endorsement deal with Adidas ' fall and winter 2012 campaign to appear in internet advertisements and commercials for Adidas Originals . Set to her song , " Masquerade " , her segment of the advertisement was filmed in Brooklyn and also featured Big Sean , Derrick Rose , Sky Ferreira and 2NE1 in other locations worldwide . Early 2013 , Minaj fronted the Viva Glam campaign by herself , which included the introduction of " Nicki 2 lipstick and lip gloss " . She also introduced the " Nicki Minaj Collection " clothing line for Kmart , composed of clothing , accessories and housewares . In February 2013 , Bluewater Comics announced that Minaj would star in the Fame biographical @-@ comic series , debuting in Fame : Nicki Minaj . She partnered with Beats Electronics to introduce her " Pink Pill " speakers in April 2013 , appearing with DeRay Davis in a commercial for the speakers that same month . In June 2013 , Minaj lead an ad campaign for Myx Fusions , a fruit @-@ infused , single serve moscato wine beverage of which she is a part owner . Minaj has a prominent fragrance line , which was launched in September 2012 . She partnered with ' Give Back Brands ' to introduce her first fragrance , Pink Friday . A " Pink Friday : Special Edition " was released in April 2013 . A deluxe edition version of the fragrance , titled " Pink Friday : Deluxe Edition " , was also launched in December 2013 . Her second fragrance line , Minajesty , was launched in September 2013 . A flanker fragrance , " Minajesty : Exotic Edition " , was released exclusively to the Home Shopping Network in June 2014 . This was followed by the launch of her third fragrance line , " Onika " , in September 2014 . In December 2014 , Minaj was announced as the new face of the Roberto Cavalli spring / summer 2015 campaign . The campaign images , shot in Los Angeles by Italian photographer Francesco Carrozzini , see Minaj posing in flowy bohemian dresses , defined by embroideries and animal prints typical of the Cavalli brand . On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that Minaj is a co @-@ owner of the music streaming service Tidal . The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos . In addition to Minaj and company owner Jay Z , sixteen stakeholders including Beyoncé , Madonna , Rihanna and Kanye West own a 3 % equity stake in the service . = = Personal life = = Minaj is the only woman to be featured on the Forbes Hip Hop Cash Kings list . She made her first appearance on the list in 2011 , earning U.S. $ 6 @.@ 5 million from May 2010 to May 2011 . In 2012 , she placed eighth on the list , earning U.S. $ 15 @.@ 5 million from May 2011 to May 2012 . Minaj rose to the fourth position on the list in 2013 , earning U.S. $ 29 million from June 2012 to June 2013 . She made her fourth consecutive appearance on the list in 2014 , earning U.S. $ 14 million from June 2013 to June 2014 . In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy , Minaj donated $ 15 @,@ 000 to the Food Bank For New York City and held a turkey drive at her alma mater , PS 45 . Minaj has stated that after her father went to rehab and began attending church , " he got saved and started changing his life " . In July 2011 , Minaj 's cousin , Nicholas Telemaque , was murdered near his home in Brooklyn , which she references in her songs " Champion " : " Cause they killed my little cousin , Nicholas / But my memory 's only happy images " , and " All Things Go " : " I lost my little cousin to a senseless act of violence " . In late 2014 , Minaj separated from her longtime boyfriend Safaree Samuels . Several tracks on The Pinkprint are believed to have been inspired by the end of their relationship . She also revealed she had an abortion as a teenager in her song " All Things Go " . Minaj began dating rapper Meek Mill in early 2015 . = = Awards and nominations = = Throughout her career , Minaj has won numerous awards including : six American Music Awards , ten BET Awards , seven BET Hip Hop Awards , four Billboard Music Awards , three MTV Video Music Awards , three MTV Europe Music Awards , two People 's Choice Awards , one Soul Train Music Award , and four Teen Choice Awards . Throughout 2011 – 16 , Minaj has received a total of 10 Grammy Award nominations . She received her first Grammy nomination in 2011 for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the single " My Chick Bad " with fellow rapper Ludacris . For the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012 , Minaj received three nominations , including Best New Artist and Best Rap Album for her debut album Pink Friday . Minaj received her second nomination for Best Rap Album at the 58th Grammy Awards for The Pinkprint . Minaj won the American Music Awards for Favorite Rap / Hip @-@ Hop Artist and Favorite Rap / Hip @-@ Hop Album in three different years for her first three albums . She has won twice MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip @-@ Hop Video for " Super Bass " and " Anaconda " , and one Best Female Video for " Starships " = = Discography = = Pink Friday ( 2010 ) Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded ( 2012 ) The Pinkprint ( 2014 ) = = Filmography = = Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Barbershop : The Next Cut ( 2016 ) = = Tours = = Headlining tours Pink Friday Tour ( 2012 ) Pink Friday : Reloaded Tour ( 2012 ) The Pinkprint Tour ( 2015 ) Opening act America 's Most Wanted Tour ( 2008 ) I Am Still Music Tour ( 2011 ) Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 )
= Skullgirls = Skullgirls is a 2D fighting game independently developed by Reverge Labs and co @-@ published by Autumn Games and Konami . The game was released through the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade in North America , Europe , and Australia from April to May 2012 , and later received a Japanese release by CyberFront for the PlayStation Network in February 2013 . A Microsoft Windows version , developed by Lab Zero Games and co @-@ published by Autumn Games and Marvelous , was released in August 2013 . A mobile version of the game , developed by Hidden Variable Studios , will be released for Android and iOS devices in late 2016 . In Skullgirls , players engage in combat against one another with teams of one , two , or three characters , attempting to knock out their opponents or have the most cumulative health when time runs out . The setting of the game revolves around the " Skull Heart " , an artifact which grants wishes for women . If a wisher with an impure soul uses the Skull Heart , she is transformed into the next " Skullgirl " , a monster bent on destruction . Skullgirls received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised the animation and gameplay mechanics , while criticizing its limited roster size and online multiplayer features . Development of post @-@ release content faced numerous setbacks . In May 2012 , publisher Autumn Games was sued over allegations of fraud regarding an unrelated property , Def Jam Rapstar , cutting off Skullgirls ' financial support and forcing developer Reverge Labs to lay off the entire development team . The core team would eventually reform as Lab Zero Games in November 2012 , launching a successful crowdfunding campaign to raise funds to continue their work . After Autumn Games severed ties with co @-@ publisher Konami in December 2013 , the latter formally requested to have the game removed from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade . The game was later re @-@ released on both platforms as Skullgirls Encore . = = Gameplay = = The engine and playstyle for Skullgirls were intentionally modeled after Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes , incorporating several similar game mechanics such as tag team @-@ based combat , character assists , snapbacks , and delayed hyper combos . The game can be played using different ratios of characters , with each player able to select up to three fighters on their team . The teams are then balanced based on the number of team members . A single character possesses more health and deals more damage , while larger teams gain the ability to perform character assists and recover health when tagged out . Players can also customize their character assist attacks . The game includes a story mode , arcade mode , versus mode , training room , tutorial mode , and online play using the GGPO networking library . Skullgirls includes various unique features to address system and balance problems , such as infinite combo detection . When the game detects a looping combo through monitoring the players ' attacks , the other player can break free of the infinite by hitting any button . In addition , Skullgirls offers protection against " unblockable attacks " , which occur when a player , for example , uses a low @-@ hitting move and a high @-@ hitting assist attack at the same time , making it nearly impossible for the opponent to block . The game attempts to remedy the issue by offering a brief period of unblockable protection after successfully blocking any attack . At release , Skullgirls Encore saw numerous gameplay adjustments and additions , including character balance tweaks , faster gameplay , an online training mode , and a stun meter designed to limit lengthy combos without compromising creativity . A new local game mode called " Typing of the Skullgirls " , a mode inspired by games like The Typing of the Dead , was also added . When enabled , teams automatically generate meter and all attacks deal negligible damage . Super moves give typing prompts to the player , awarding damage for typing accuracy . In addition to fully voiced story modes and cross @-@ platform play across the entire PlayStation family , Skullgirls 2nd Encore introduced challenges , where players fight against opponents under unique battle conditions ; trials , which test players ' skills by having them perform combos ; and survival mode , which pits players against endless waves of enemies . The mobile version of Skullgirls will incorporate RPG @-@ like progression , customization , and deck @-@ building mechanics . = = Setting = = Skullgirls takes place in the fictional Canopy Kingdom , a country reminiscent of 1940s postwar America . In a corrupt and war @-@ torn world , several individuals and organizations seek to obtain an artifact known as the Skull Heart . Once every seven years , the Skull Heart grants one woman 's wish . However , if a woman with an impure soul attempts to use the Heart , her wish will be corrupted and she will be transformed into a monster known as the Skullgirl . Hundreds have sought after the Skull Heart , yet none of its wielders have been deemed worthy and spared of its curse . Seven years following the Grand War , a battle fought between three nations , the newest Skullgirl , Marie , has emerged and begun to terrorize the Canopy Kingdom . The game follows several fighters and their journeys to confront Marie and claim the Skull Heart . Each character has their own motive for seeking the Heart , whether to destroy the artifact or use its power for their own interests . = = = Characters = = = The Skullgirls roster initially consisted of eight playable characters : Filia , Cerebella , Peacock , Parasoul , Ms. Fortune , Painwheel , Valentine , and Double . Following the conclusion of the game 's Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign , an additional five downloadable characters were developed : Squigly , Big Band , Eliza , Beowulf , and Robo @-@ Fortune . On April 1 , 2014 , a clone of Filia , named Fukua , was added to the game . The character was intended to be a temporary inclusion for April Fools ' Day , but was kept in response to fan feedback . = = Development = = Skullgirls was originally conceived as several stray character designs that illustrator Alex " o _ 8 " Ahad had been creating since high school . While attending college , Ahad had the hypothetical idea to use the characters concepts for a fighting game roster . The idea would later become a reality when Ahad was introduced to fighting game enthusiast and tournament @-@ goer Mike " Mike Z " Zaimont , who had been working on a fighting game engine during his own spare time . Early work on their new Skullgirls project began in 2008 . Engine development and pre @-@ production began in 2009 . Ahad and Zaimont pitched Skullgirls to several companies , eventually teaming up with recently founded independent developer Reverge Labs in 2010 . They later went on to sign with publisher Autumn Games . At the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 , Japanese developer and publisher Konami announced that they would help distribute the game . Following the game 's release , the Skullgirls team began teasing future content for the game , including new voice packs , color palettes , and downloadable characters . However , shortly thereafter , Autumn Games was hit with a series of lawsuits regarding Def Jam Rapstar , which " gummed up everything related to Autumn 's funding . " The entire Skullgirls development team was laid off by Reverge Labs in June 2012 after Autumn Games and Reverge Labs allowed their contract to expire without agreeing upon a new one . This prompted the team to reform under a new moniker , Lab Zero Games , to continue work on the PC release and downloadable content . Autumn Games , revealed to be in full possession of the IP , claimed it was " fully behind the new studio " and promised to " continue to work with [ Lab Zero Games ] in the future on all Skullgirls @-@ related endeavors . " From January through February 2013 , fighting game website Shoryuken hosted a charity donation drive to determine the final game to be featured in the 2013 Evolution Championship Series ' tournament lineup , with all proceeds sent to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation . The Skullgirls community raised over US $ 78 @,@ 000 , placing second to eventual winner Super Smash Bros. Melee , which raised over $ 94 @,@ 000 . Although the game did not win , Shoryuken announced that EVO 2013 event organizers would support the Skullgirls side tournament by providing prize money and exhibition support due to their effort in the fundraiser . = = = Crowdfunding and publisher transition = = = Despite Autumn Games ' support and desire to expand Skullgirls , their continued litigation prevented the publisher from providing any financial backing . Attempting to pick up where they left off , Lab Zero Games decided to ask its fanbase for help once more , following the success of the EVO 2013 charity drive . On February 25 , 2013 , Lab Zero Games set up an Indiegogo page for Skullgirls , in an effort to raise $ 150 @,@ 000 for the development of the game 's first DLC character , Squigly . Contributors received various rewards , including desktop wallpapers , a digital copy of the official soundtrack , Steam keys for the PC release , Steam keys for Half @-@ Minute Hero , and the chance to add a background character to the game , among others . The campaign reached its initial goal in less than 24 hours , while the stretch goal of a second DLC character , Big Band , secured funding in just over 2 weeks . A third DLC character , determined by fan vote , was funded during the final two days , along with a playable robotic version of Ms. Fortune named Robo @-@ Fortune . With minutes left before the end of the drive , the last stretch goal was met , securing funding for another fan @-@ selected DLC character . The Indiegogo campaign raised nearly $ 830 @,@ 000 of its original $ 150 @,@ 000 goal . Several alternate character and announcer voice packs were also funded . All downloadable characters and voice packs were free to download on all platforms within the first three months of their release . On November 7 , 2013 , Lab Zero Games announced that Autumn Games had severed ties with Konami , citing Konami 's unresponsiveness as a major hurdle to the release of further console patches . Following the dissolution of the partnership , Konami requested the removal of Skullgirls from the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade by the end of 2013 . In response , Lab Zero Games announced on December 17 , 2013 that Skullgirls would be re @-@ released on consoles as Skullgirls Encore , a new build including up @-@ to @-@ date changes and additions , in January 2014 . Encore marked the transition of the console versions to its new publishers , Marvelous and CyberFront , and coincided with the console releases of Squigly and the " Character Color Bundle " DLC . While Encore was released as a title update for the Xbox 360 version , the PlayStation 3 version required owners to re @-@ download the game at no cost ; leaderboard rankings , save data , and trophies were not carried over . The PC version was later patched to reflect the new title . = = Soundtrack = = The Skullgirls Original Soundtrack consists of 28 original compositions . The album features music by Michiru Yamane , Vincent Diamante , Blaine McGurty , and Brenton Kossak . The soundtrack was released on April 24 , 2012 on iTunes . People who donated at least $ 10 to the Skullgirls Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign received a digital copy of the soundtrack . An exclusive , physical CD release of the Skullgirls Original Soundtrack was offered , among other rewards , to those who donated $ 150 or more to the drive . On April 20 , 2011 , Reverge Labs officially announced that they had enlisted Yamane , primarily known for her work on Konami 's Castlevania series , to help create the soundtrack for Skullgirls . According to Richard Wyckoff , CEO of Reverge Labs , the developers sought out Yamane because " [ they ] knew her mixture of haunting gothic themes , jazz and rock would lend itself perfectly to Skullgirls ' ' Dark Deco ' style . " When Reverge Labs requested Yamane to write " jazzy " music , she " played a bit with the rhythm and different sounds to try and heighten the impact and almost primal nature of the unique graphics . " = = Release = = Skullgirls was released on the PlayStation Network in North America on April 10 , 2012 , and the Xbox Live Arcade on April 11 , 2012 . Europe and Australia later received the PlayStation Network version on May 2 , 2012 . The game was released in Japan by CyberFront on the PlayStation Network in February 14 , 2013 , and was also brought to Japanese arcades through the NESiCAxLive digital distribution system . The public beta test for the Microsoft Windows version of Skullgirls began on July 4 , 2013 . The official Microsoft Windows version was released by Marvelous on August 22 , 2013 . Skullgirls Encore launched on the PlayStation Network in North America on February 11 , 2014 , and Europe on March 19 , 2014 . The Xbox Live Arcade version of Skullgirls received an update for Encore on April 22 , 2014 . On July 10 , 2014 , Lab Zero Games announced that Skullgirls Encore would be released on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita sometime in 2014 . The PlayStation 4 and Vita port , later titled Skullgirls 2nd Encore , would eventually be delayed until 2015 . 2nd Encore was released for the PlayStation 4 on July 7 , 2015 . The Android and iOS versions will be released in late 2016 . In May 2013 , when Lab Zero Games was asked on their official Twitter account about a potential release for Nintendo 's Wii U console , the developer replied that while it was possible , it " [ wasn 't ] looking likely " , citing the console 's low sales and not having an established " digital presence " at the time . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Skullgirls received " generally positive " reviews , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . Several reviewers praised the presentation and animation . Ryan Clements of IGN praised the graphics , claiming that the game created " some of the best hand @-@ drawn character sprites ever used in gaming . " Clements also gave the game an Editor 's Choice award . John Learned of GamesRadar also praised the art style , stating that the art deco design gave playable characters and backgrounds added flair . However , some reviewers criticized the art style and overtly sexualized all @-@ female cast , including accusations of sexism . Dan Ryckert of Game Informer stated that while Skullgirls was beautifully animated , some animations were " juvenile and unnecessary " . Ryckert expressed disappointment with the artistic focus on " anatomy and fetishistic outfits . " Reviewers also praised the gameplay and system mechanics . Maxwell McGee of GameSpot credited the ability to adjust team sizes , adding that the trade @-@ off between strength and versatility helped to accommodate a wider skill range of players . Neidel Crisan of 1UP praised the tutorial system for teaching beginner players about the fundamentals of the fighting game genre . Daniel Maniago of G4 complimented the custom assists , anti @-@ infinite system , and online play , praising Reverge Labs for utilizing feedback from the fighting game community during development . Skullgirls received its share of criticism . IGN 's Ryan Clements criticized the small selection of gameplay modes , missing character move lists , and overly aggressive AI . GameTrailers criticized the limited roster size , stating that the tag @-@ based battling felt underdeveloped as a result . Simon Parkin of Eurogamer pointed out the lack of online features , such as a spectator mode , replays , and endless lobbies . Jordan Mallory of Joystiq reprimanded the game for its " goofy and immature " premise , sexualized art style , and unoriginal character movesets . Mallory concluded that the series would have been better off spending another year in development . Skullgirls received Best Fighting Game nominations from IGN , 1UP , and the Official E3 Game Critics Awards . The game was nominated for 2012 Best Animated Video Game at the 40th Annual Annie Awards . Skullgirls was also recognized in the 2013 Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition for the most frames of animation per character , reaching 11 @,@ 515 total frames for its initial eight characters and averaging 1 @,@ 439 frames per fighter . = = = Sales = = = The game sold over 50 @,@ 000 copies across both platforms within the first ten days of its release date . Skullgirls became the highest selling game on the Xbox Live Arcade upon its release . It was also listed as the third best @-@ selling title on the PlayStation Network for April 2012 . The game saw a similar performance in Japan , climbing to the top spot on the PlayStation Network ’ s list of best @-@ selling downloadable PlayStation 3 titles within a week of its release . According to Peter Bartholow , CEO of Lab Zero Games , Skullgirls met Japanese publisher CyberFront 's lifetime sales estimates in the first two weeks of its release .
= Tajik alphabet = The Tajik language has been written in three alphabets over the course of its history : an adaptation of the Perso @-@ Arabic script ( specifically the Persian alphabet ) , an adaptation of the Latin script , and an adaptation of the Cyrillic script . Any script used specifically for Tajik may be referred to as the Tajik alphabet , which is written as алифбои тоҷикӣ in Cyrillic characters , الفبای تاجیکی with Arabic script , and alifʙoji toçikī in Latin script . The use of a specific alphabet generally corresponds with stages in history , with Arabic being used first , followed by Latin for a short period and then Cyrillic , which remains the most widely used alphabet in Tajikistan . The Bukhori dialect spoken by Bukharan Jews traditionally used the Hebrew alphabet but more often today is written using the Cyrillic variant . = = Political context = = As with many post @-@ Soviet states , the change in writing system and the debates surrounding it is closely intertwined with political themes . Although not having been used since the adoption of Cyrillic , the Latin script is supported by those who wish to bring the country closer to Uzbekistan , which has adopted the Latin @-@ based Uzbek alphabet . [ 1 ] The Persian alphabet is supported by the devoutly religious , Islamists , and by those who wish to bring the country closer to Iran and their Persian heritage . As the de facto standard , the Cyrillic alphabet is generally supported by those who wish to maintain the status quo , and not distance the country from Russia . = = History = = As a result of the influence of Islam in the region , Tajik was written in the Persian alphabet up to the 1920s . Until this time , the language was not thought of as separate and simply considered a dialect of the Persian language . The Soviets began by simplifying the Persian alphabet in 1923 , before moving to a Latin @-@ based system in 1927 . [ 2 ] The Latin script was introduced by the Soviet Union as part of an effort to increase literacy and distance the , at that time , largely illiterate population , from the Islamic Central Asia . There were also practical considerations . The regular Persian alphabet , being an abjad , does not provide sufficient letters for representing the vowel system of Tajik . In addition , the abjad is more difficult to learn , each letter having different forms depending on the position in the word . [ 3 ] The Decree on Romanisation made this law in April , 1928 . [ 4 ] The Latin variant for Tajik was based on the work by Turcophone scholars who aimed to produce a unified Turkic alphabet , [ 5 ] despite Tajik not being a Turkic language . The literacy campaign was successful , with near @-@ universal literacy being achieved by the 1950s . As part of the " russification " of Central Asia , the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s . The alphabet remained Cyrillic until the end of the 1980s with the disintegration of the Soviet Union . In 1989 , with the growth in Tajik nationalism , a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state language . In addition , the law officially equated Tajik with Persian , placing the word Fârsi ( the local name for Persian ) after Tajik . The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Persian ( Arabic ) alphabet . The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life , although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed down the adoption . In 1999 , the word Fârsi was removed from the state @-@ language law . [ 6 ] As of 2004 the de facto standard in use is a Cyrillic alphabet , [ 7 ] and as of 1996 only a very small part of the population can read the Persian alphabet . [ 8 ] = = Variants = = The letters of the major variants of the Tajik alphabet are presented below , along with their phonetic values . There is also a comparative table below . = = = Persian alphabet = = = A variant of the Persian alphabet ( technically an abjad ) is used to write Tajik . In the Tajik version , as with all other versions of the Arabic script , with the exception of ' ا ' ( alef ) , vowels are not given unique letters , but rather optionally indicated with diacritic marks . = = = Latin = = = The Latin script was introduced after the Russian Revolution of 1917 in order to facilitate an increase in literacy and distance the language from Islamic influence . Only lowercase letters were found in the first versions of the Latin variant , between 1926 @-@ 9 . A slightly different version used by Jews speaking the Bukhori dialect , who included three extra characters for phonemes not found in the other dialects : ů , ə ̧ , and ḩ . [ 9 ] ( Note that " c " and " ç " are switched relative to their usage in the Turkish alphabet , which has formed the basis for other Latin scripts in the former Soviet Union . ) The unusual character Ƣ is called Gha and represents the phoneme / ɣ / . The character is found in the Common Turkic Alphabet in which most non @-@ Slavic languages of the Soviet Union were written until the late 1930s . The Latin alphabet is not used today , although the adoption of it is advocated by certain groups . [ 10 ] = = = Cyrillic = = = The Cyrillic script was introduced in Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s , replacing the Latin script that had been used since the October Revolution . After 1939 , materials published in Persian in the Persian alphabet were banned from the country . [ 11 ] The alphabet below was supplemented by the letters Щ and Ы in 1952 . In addition to these thirty @-@ five letters , the letters ц , щ , and ы can be found in loanwords , although they were officially dropped in the 1998 reform , along with the letter ь . Along with the deprecation of these letters , the 1998 reform also changed the order of the alphabet , which now has the characters with diacritics following their unaltered partners , e.g. г , ғ and к , қ etc . [ 12 ] leading to the present order : а б в г ғ д е ё ж з и ӣ й к қ л м н о п р с т у ӯ ф х ҳ ч ҷ ш ъ э ю я . In 2010 it was suggested that the letters е ё ю я might be dropped as well . [ 13 ] The letters е and э have the same function , except that э is used at the beginning of a word ( ex . Эрон , " Iran " ) . The alphabet includes a number of letters not found in the Russian alphabet : During the period when the Cyrillicization took place , Ӷ ӷ also appeared a few times in the table of the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet . [ 14 ] = = = Transliteration standards = = = The transliteration standards for the Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic into the Latin alphabet are as follows : Notes to the table above : ISO 9 — The International Organization for Standardization ISO 9 specification . KNAB — From the placenames database of the Institute of the Estonian Language . WWS — From World ’ s Writing Systems , Bernard Comrie ( ed . ) ALA @-@ LC — The standard of the Library of Congress and the American Library Association . Edward Allworth , ed . Nationalities of the Soviet East . Publications and Writing Systems ( NY : Columbia University Press , 1971 ) BGN / PCGN — The standard of the United States Board on Geographic Names and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use . = = = Hebrew = = = The Hebrew alphabet is , like the Persian alphabet , an abjad . It is used for the Jewish Bukhori dialect primarily in Samarkand and Bukhara . Additionally , since 1940 , when Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia , the use of the Hebrew Alphabet outside Hebrew liturgy fell into disuse and Bukharian Jewish publications such as books and newspapers began to appear using the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet . Today , many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian and went to Tajik or Russian schools in Central Asia only know the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian and Tajik . Sample text : דר מוקאבילי זולם איתיפאק נמאייד . מראם נאםה פרוגרמי פירקהי יאש בוכארייאן . – Дар муқобили зулм иттифоқ намоед . Муромнома – пруграми фирқаи ёш бухориён . [ 15 ] = = Samples = = = = = Tajik Cyrillic , Tajik Latin and Persian alphabet = = = For reference , the Arabic variant transliterated letter @-@ for @-@ letter into the Latin script appears as follows : tmạm ậdmạn ậzạd bh dnyạ my ̱ ậynd w ạz lḥạẓ mnzlt w ḥqwq bạ hm brạbrnd. hmh ṣḥb ʿql w wjdạnnd , bạyd nsbt bh ykdygr brạdrwạr mnạsbt nmạynd . And the ISO 9 transliteration of the Cyrillic text : Tamomi odamon ozod ba dunë meoând va az liḩozi manzilatu ḩuķuķ bo ḩam barobarand . Ḩama soḩibi aķlu viçdonand , boâd nisbat ba âkdigar barodarvor munosabat namoând . = = = Tajik Cyrillic and Persian alphabet = = = Vowel @-@ pointed Persian includes the vowels that are not usually written . = = Comparative table = = A table comparing the different writing systems used for the Tajik alphabet . The Latin here is based on the 1929 standard , the Cyrillic on the revised 1998 standard , and Arabic letters are given in their stand @-@ alone forms .
= Salman Aristo = Salman Aristo ( born 1976 ) is an Indonesian screenwriter and film director best known for his work on Ayat @-@ Ayat Cinta , Laskar Pelangi , Garuda di Dadaku , and Sang Penari . Born in Jakarta , Aristo became interested in films from a young age , though he did not consider a career in the industry until after graduating from university . At the suggestion of a friend , he wrote his first screenplay , Tak Pernah Kembali Sama . With feedback on the script from director Rudy Soedjarwo and after a period reading old , successful scripts , Aristo – at the time a film reviewer for a magazine – was able to befriend Hanung Bramantyo , who asked him to write a script about brownies . The resulting film , a critical success , led to Aristo receiving numerous requests for screenplays , including several adaptations of novels . In 2010 , he released his directorial debut , Jakarta Maghrib . Aristo , who is married to fellow screenwriter Ginatri S. Noer , is influenced by several Western and Indonesian screenwriters , including Woody Allen , Robert Altman , Richard Linklater , Richard Curtis , Arifin C. Noer , and Asrul Sani . He has been nominated for three Citra Awards for screenwriting , although he has yet to win . = = Biography = = = = = Early life and career = = = Aristo was born in Jakarta in 1976 . As a child , he became interested in film when he and his family went to the movie theatre together ; in an interview with Tabloid Nova , he recalled that one of the first films he saw was a comedy starring Warkop . After beginning junior high school in 1988 , he began to go to the theatres to watch films on his own . Despite his enjoyment of film , he was initially active in an indie band . After senior high school , Aristo studied journalism at Padjadjaran University in Bandung , from which he graduated in 1999 . While in university , he stayed active in the indie music scene with his band Silentium . After graduation he worked in journalism for a while before drifting to filmmaking upon the suggestion of Dedi Rakswaradana , later guitarist for the band Naff . Several months later , after moving back to Jakarta Aristo 's first screenplay , a 90 @-@ page work titled Tak Pernah Kembali Sama ( Never Been the Same Again ) , was read by director Rudy Soedjarwo . Soedjarwo gave the film several critiques , which drove Aristo to improve his writing . To do so , beginning in 2002 Aristo began regularly going to Usmar Ismail Film Documentation Center in Kuningan , Jakarta , to read screenplays . Among the works he read were several by Asrul Sani , which he found highly useful ; he later recalled that the script for Kejarlah Daku Kau Kutangkap ( Chase Me , I 'll Catch You ) was one of the best . In the meantime , he took a job as a film reviewer for a local music magazine , which gave him greater access to the industry . = = = Success and later career = = = At a seminar , Aristo met director Hanung Bramantyo and showed him one of his screenplays . Bramantyo , who liked what he saw , asked Aristo to write a screenplay for a new film he was working on with Leo Sutanto of SinemArt . The resulting work , written after intensive research into the production of brownies and titled after the snack , was released in 2004 . It garnered a Citra Award for Best Director at the Indonesian Film Festival for Bramantyo and a nomination for best original screenplay for Aristo . While Brownies was in production , Aristo wrote four other screenplays , for Catatan Akhir Sekolah ( Notes from the End of School ) , Cinta Silver ( Silver Love ) , Jomblo ( Single ) , and Alexandria . All of these were made into films between 2005 and 2006 . After these successes , at the end of 2006 Bramantyo asked Aristo and his new wife , screenwriter Ginatri S. Noer , to adapt the novel Ayat @-@ Ayat Cinta ( Verses of Love ) by Habiburrahman El Shirazy , into a film . The resulting work , also entitled Ayat @-@ Ayat Cinta , was highly successful . This was followed by Karma ( 2007 ) , and Kambing Jantan : The Movie ( 2008 ) . In 2008 , Aristo wrote a film adaptation of Andrea Hirata 's 2005 novel Laskar Pelangi ( Rainbow Troops ) after being asked by the film 's producer , Mira Lesmana . The film , directed by Riri Riza , was a critical and commercial success . He soon wrote another screenplay , for Garuda di Dadaku ( Garuda on my Chest ; 2009 ) upon request of producer Shanty Harmayn . The film , directed by Ifa Isfansyah , reportedly sold 1 @.@ 2 million tickets , a large number for the Indonesian film industry . Aristo joined Twitter in September 2009 as a way to promote his films . That year , his short film Pasangan Baru ( New Partners ) was screened at the Balinale Film Festival in Sanur , Bali . He also wrote Sang Pemimpi ( The Dreamers ) , a film adaptation of the sequel to Laskar Pelangi . In 2010 he joined the online flash fiction Twitter community Fiksimini . His works , written in under 140 characters , were well received , and he soon became a moderator . That same year , Aristo was a juror at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards , held in Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . He also wrote the screenplay for Hari Untuk Amanda with Ginatri S. Noer ( Days for Amanda ) , which earned a Citra Award nomination at the 2010 Indonesian Film Festival . He made his feature film directorial debut that year with Jakarta Maghrib ( Jakarta at Maghrib ) , which details several families in the minutes before Maghrib prayers and how the call to prayer stops their daily activities . It premiered at the Jakarta International Film Festival . In March 2011 , Aristo published Politweet , an illustrated collection of flash fiction mostly dealing with politics . That same year , he cowrote the screenplay for Sang Penari ( The Dancer ) with Ifa Isfansyah and Shanty Harmayn ; the work was an adaptation of Ahmad Tohari 's trilogy Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk ( The Ronggeng of Paruk Village ) . The trio were nominated for Best Screenplay at that year 's Indonesian Film Festival . Later that year , he wrote Lima Elang ( Five Eagles ) , a film directed by Rudy Soedjarwo . Focusing on five young children at camp , it was one of the first local films in decades to use Scouting as a central theme . Another film , Garuda di Dadaku 2 followed in December . As of 2011 , he and Noer have two children . Aristo wrote a television adaptation of Laskar Pelangi in late 2011 . Directed by Guntur Soeharjanto , the series starred five youths from Bangka @-@ Belitung and was shown in early 2012 . Later in 2012 , Aristo adapted Ahmad Fuadi 's novel Negeri 5 Menara ( The Land of Five Towers ) into a film of the same name . Directed by Affandi Abdul Rachman , the film also featured Aristo as a producer . = = Influences = = In an interview with The Jakarta Post , Aristo called Richard Curtis a large inspiration ; he said that he really enjoyed Curtis ' film The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) . He also cited Woody Allen , Richard Linklater and Robert Altman as further influences . His experience in journalism may have influenced his directing style . = = Filmography = = As writer unless specified . Brownies ( 2004 ) Catatan Akhir Sekolah ( Notes from the End of School ; 2005 ) Cinta Silver ( Silver Love ; 2005 ) Alexandria ( 2007 ) Jomblo ( Single ; 2007 ) Ayat @-@ Ayat Cinta ( Verses of Love ; 2007 ) Karma ( 2008 ) Laskar Pelangi ( Rainbow Troops ; 2008 ) Kambing Jantan : The Movie ( 2008 ) Sang Pemimpi ( The Dreamers ; 2009 ) Garuda di Dadaku ( Garuda on my Chest ; 2009 ) Pasangan Baru ( New Partners ; 2010 ; short film ; as director ) Hari Untuk Amanda ( Days for Amanda ; 2010 ) Jakarta Maghrib ( Jakarta at Maghrib ; 2010 ; as director ) Sang Penari ( The Dancer ; 2011 ) Lima Elang ( Five Eagles ; 2011 ) Garuda di Dadaku 2 ( Garuda on my Chest 2 ; 2011 ) Negeri 5 Menara ( Land of Five Towers ; 2012 ; as writer and producer ) Ada Cinta Di SMA ( 2016 )
= The Best of Both Worlds ( song ) = " The Best of Both Worlds " is a pop rock song performed by American singer – songwriter and actress Miley Cyrus , performing as Hannah Montana – the alter ego of Miley Stewart – a character she played on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana . It was released as the lead single from the Hannah Montana soundtrack album on March 18 , 2006 . " The Best of Both Worlds " is the theme song for the television series ; in the series ' third season , the 2009 Movie Mix is used as the theme . A live version is available on Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert ( 2008 ) , a karaoke version is included in the soundtrack 's karaoke series ( 2008 ) , and the 2009 Movie Mix is featured on Hannah Montana : The Movie soundtrack ( 2009 ) . The song has elements of bubblegum pop and pop rock . Lyrically , it is a showcase of the double life lived by the series ' protagonist Miley Stewart . " The Best of Both Worlds " is considered to be one of Cyrus ' signature songs , introducing her to the music industry . The song received some critical praise , noting that the song was written well , but the concept was " weird " . " The Best of Both Worlds " reached number ninety @-@ two on the Billboard Hot 100 , making the song only one of two television themes of the decade ( the other being Leave It All to Me by Miranda Cosgrove ) to chart on the Hot 100 , and achieved average commercial success internationally . The song reached its highest international chart peak position in the Irish Singles Chart , at number seventeen . A promotional music video for the song was taken from a recording of a concert performance . Cyrus promoted the song by performing it in several venues , including during the opening act for the Cheetah Girls ' The Party 's Just Begun Tour and as the closing number on her own first headlining concert tour of the same name . Cyrus ' performances of the song on the Best of Both Worlds Tour were as herself , but when she performed the song on television , she did so in character as Hannah Montana . = = Background = = " The Best of Both Worlds " is a song that uses out of beat electric guitars , upbeat synths and backing vocals ' . Genre influences come from dance , rock and country music . It is set in common time with a moderately fast tempo of 130 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of C major . Cyrus ' vocals spans from A3 to D5 . The song has the following chord progression , C5 – G5 – D5 – F5 . The song was written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil . The duo wrote three other songs on the Hannah Montana soundtrack and continue writing songs for the franchise , including " Nobody 's Perfect " and " Ice Cream Freeze ( Let 's Chill ) . " Lyrically , the song is one of the three ( " Just Like You " and " The Other Side of Me " ) that explicitly allude to Stewart 's double life as Montana : regular adolescent that moved from Nashville , Tennessee to Malibu , California by day and pop star by night . In the song , Cyrus sings about the privileges and advantages that are faced in leading in two lives with references to Orlando Bloom , concerts , friendship and film premieres . = = Critical reception = = The song received generally positive reviews from critics . Heather Phares of Allmusic described the song as having " sharper @-@ than @-@ average songwriting " and one of the best tracks from the Hannah Montana soundtrack . Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly compared the song to the musical styles of Avril Lavigne , Ashlee Simpson and Britney Spears . However , Willman stated that the concept of " The Best of Both Worlds " was " a nice fantasy for Brangelina , but a weird one to push on little girls . " = = Chart performance = = The song received mediocre airplay due to it being released to Radio Disney , but not to other mainstream radio stations . The song debuted at number sixty @-@ four on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs Chart which led to an appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending August 12 , 2006 . It debuted and peaked at number ninety @-@ two on the Hot 100 , and stayed on the chart for two weeks . In the same week of its entry on the Hot 100 , the song charted at number seventy @-@ one on the Pop 100 and dropped from the chart the following week . " The Best of Both Worlds " reached higher peak chart positions in Europe . For the week ending February 22 , 2007 , the song debuted and peaked at number seventeen in the Irish Singles Chart , and dropped out of the chart the following week . The song debuted and peaked at number forty @-@ three on the UK Singles Chart dated Feb. 24 , 2007 , and spent one week on the chart . It became Cyrus 's highest peaking single in the United Kingdom , when credited as Hannah Montana . In 2008 it charted in the German Singles Chart , debuting at number seventy @-@ one and eventually peaking at number sixty @-@ six . It spent a total of seven weeks on the chart . = = Live performances = = Cyrus often dressed as the Hannah Montana character when she performed " The Best of Both Worlds " at concerts and promotional television appearances . At the concert taping to promote the first season of Hannah Montana , Cyrus dressed in boots , jeans , a pink @-@ sequinned blouse , khaki jacket , and blonde wig , to perform " The Best of Both Worlds " and five other songs . She also performed complex choreography and acted out several of the song 's lyrics with the background dancers . This performance premiered on Disney Channel as the promotional video for the song and the television series on March 3 , 2006 . On June 23 , 2006 , Cyrus performed the song at Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon . Cyrus performed the song on twenty dates when she opened for the Cheetah Girls ' 2006 concert tour The Party 's Just Begun Tour . On October 23 , 2006 , she performed it on Good Morning America , and the following day , on Live with Regis and Kelly . The following month she performed it at the 2006 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . On March 28 , 2007 , Cyrus appeared as Hannah Montana and performed the song for Hannah Montana : Live in London at Koko . The event was televised on several international Disney Channels . On December 20 , 2007 , Cyrus performed the song as herself on The Oprah Winfrey Show . " The Best of Both Worlds " was later performed as the closing number on Cyrus ' first headlining Best of Both Worlds Tour . She performed the song as herself , wearing an all @-@ pink outfit composed of a tank top , plaid mini @-@ skirt , sneakers , and a jacket . She most recently performed " The Best of Both Worlds : The 2009 Movie Mix " , from the Hannah Montana : The Movie soundtrack , with eight other songs , at the concert taping for the third season of Hannah Montana ; the concert was held on October 10 in Irvine , California at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre . = = Track listings = = = = Charts = =
= Make It Happen ( Mariah Carey song ) = " Make It Happen " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Mariah Carey . Written and produced by Carey and C + C Music Factory 's David Cole and Robert Clivillés , it was released on April 4 , 1992 , by Columbia Records as the third single from her second studio album , Emotions ( 1991 ) . The pop- , R & B- , and dance @-@ influenced track incorporates traces of gospel in its bridge and crescendo . Described by author Chris Nickson as Carey 's most personal and inspirational song ( up until " Hero " ) , it tells of her personal struggles prior to her rise to fame , and how her faith in God helped sustain her . The song was praised by music critics , many of whom applauded Carey 's incorporation of several musical genres , as well as the song 's personalized lyrical content . Aside from its critical acceptance , " Make It Happen " was successful in the United States , but charted weakly internationally compared to her previous singles . It peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and finished at number 42 on Billboard 's Year @-@ End Chart . The song reached number 7 in Canada and the top 40 in the United Kingdom and Australia , but did not reach the top 50 in the Netherlands and Germany . The song 's music video was filmed in a cathedral @-@ like church . A benefit event inside , titled " Save Our Church " , features Carey as the main performer , leading a choir in song as she sings to the constant cheering and applause of the crowd . Aside from the video 's message of prayer and religion , the video features men and women of different backgrounds . Carey included the song on the set lists of all of her concert tours throughout her career , and the track was included on her compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) , Playlist : The Very Best of Mariah Carey ( 2010 ) , and The Essential Mariah Carey ( 2012 ) . = = Background = = As a child , Carey lived with her mother Patricia in a small apartment on Long Island , New York . They were poor and had to move several times as Patricia found different jobs . As a result , Carey frequently transferred into different schools , and at the age of seventeen , she moved into a small Manhattan studio with other young women to pursue a career in music . She had already begun working on her demo tape with Ben Margulies , a classmate at her school in Huntington , Long Island . During this period , she lived a lifestyle of poverty , often sharing a box of spaghetti with her five roommates and wearing torn shoes . She held several jobs , while juggling school , writing , and recording music . After graduating from high school , Carey invested more time into her music while working sporadically at different jobs . She began working for Puerto Rican singer Brenda K. Starr as a background singer , hoping to find new opportunities and meet important record executives along the way . At a gala for Sony executives , Starr gave a copy of Carey 's demo tape to Tommy Mottola , CEO of Columbia Records . Mottola was sufficiently impressed with the tape to sign Carey to the label . Two years later in 1991 , Carey was well under way writing and recording material for her second studio album , Emotions ( 1991 ) . During the months spent conceptualizing the album , Carey decided to write a song that would illustrate her lifestyle prior to her success . She felt listeners ' hearing her rags @-@ to @-@ riches story might inspire them to pursue their dreams . As a result , Carey wrote what was described by author Chris Nickson as her " most inspirational song " ( up until " Hero " ) , titled " Make It Happen " . = = Composition = = Following the success of her self @-@ titled debut album , Carey desired to pen her personal struggles prior to her signing with Columbia . She hoped to give her fans an idea of what her life two years prior and to instill relief or inspiration in them . In the song , Carey sings " Not more than three short years ago / I was abandoned and alone / Without a penny to my name / So very young and so afraid / No proper shoes upon my feet / Sometimes I couldn 't even eat / I often cried myself to sleep . " Later in the song , Carey sings " But still I had to keep on going / I struggled and I prayed / And finally found my way , " retelling how her faith helped guide her until her career blossomed and expressing to listeners the importance of finding and connecting with God . Author Chris Nickson wrote the following regarding the song , its lyrics and composition : That wasn 't just a faith in herself and her talent , but also the ability to let herself go , to pray to God , and to trust in what would happen . These were , by far , her most inspiring words to date , letting others know that no matter what they were doing , no matter how difficult things were , with help they would win through . Musically , the piece had a restrained dance beat , very Mowtownish , that owed a little more to gospel , with a chorus - sung by Mariah , Trey and Patrique - that rose gloriously from the verse to repeat and drive and its very positive message home . " Make It Happen " is a dance track that draws influence from pop , R & B , gospel , and dance @-@ pop genres ; its tempo is 108 beats per minute . The song was written and produced by Carey and C + C Music Factory 's David Cole and Robert Clivillés , and it was released as the third and final single from her second studio album , Emotions . It employs several musical instruments , including the piano , guitar , bass , organ , and tambourine . Additionally , Carey incorporated a church choir into the track 's bridge , which , according to Nickson , helped the song become even more of an anthem . The song is set in common time and is composed in the key of D major . Carey 's vocal range spans from the low @-@ note of C3 to the high @-@ note of G5 , while the song 's chorus follows a chord progression of Gsus2 – G – G / F ♯ – Em7 – G / D – C – G / B – Am7 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = " Make It Happen " has received acclaim from music critics , many of whom complimented its uplifting lyrical content . Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine named the song one of his top two picks from Emotions , while Jon Pareles from The New York Times called it an " uplifting pop @-@ gospel homily " . Steve Morse of The Boston Globe wrote : " [ Its ] positive message also soars through a gospel rearrangement . After hearing it , we understand why [ Carey named ] gospel star Shirley Caesar ... such a strong influence " . In a different review of the album , Morse called " Make It Happen " " glorious " and described it as " a clear slice of spiritual autobiography " . In a review for Carey 's Greatest Hits in December 2001 , Devon Powers from PopMatters called the song 's lyrics " power through prayer " and described some of its vocals as having " churchy overtones " . Rob Tannenbaum from Rolling Stone described the track as " a teary tale of how she kept her religious faith despite hard times " , while complimenting its " overheated [ vocal ] growling . " Chicago Tribune editor Jan DeKnock called it " upbeat " and " inspirational " , while Mellisa A. Jacque from the St. Petersburg Times wrote " Carey evokes a deep @-@ felt strength and love for life , and the music has a jazzy feel in its sparsity " . Chicago Sun @-@ Times critic Michael Corcoran called it a " so @-@ so composition " and described it as a " zombie dance @-@ pop " production , though he said the song was salvaged by Carey 's " stunning vocals " . = = = Copyright lawsuit = = = Carey , Cole , Clivillés and Sony Music Entertainment were sued in June 1994 by songwriter Kevin McCord , who accused the party of incorporating significant musical elements from his 1979 song , " I Want to Thank You " , into " Make It Happen " . McCord said , " If you listen to the chords at the beginning of the song , the similarity is obvious . It 's the exact same chords in a different key " ; he also noted lyrical similarities . Carey 's side initially claimed McCord had no standing to sue , but McCord 's attorney showed the song 's copyright owners had transferred their legal interest in " I Want to Thank You " to McCord " in an effort to adjudicate their claims " . Though a Carey spokesperson maintained the copyright infringement allegations were false , McCord said he had turned down settlement offers from Carey 's camp . McCord eventually accepted a settlement offer of about US $ 500 @,@ 000 . = = Chart performance = = Carey 's debut album sold over 15 million copies globally and produced four chart @-@ topping singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . Although " Emotions " became Carey 's fifth chart @-@ topping single in the US , sales for the album , Emotions , stalled . As sales of Emotions continued to plummet , Columbia released " Make It Happen " as the third worldwide single from the album . Following a strong promotional boost for the song , it only peaked at number 5 on the Hot 100 , becoming Carey 's lowest charting US single to that point . It remained in the top 40 for 16 weeks and was ranked at number 42 on Billboard 's 1992 Year @-@ End Chart . On the February 22 , 1992 , issue of RPM , " Make It Happen " debuted at number 97 on the Canadian singles chart . On May 16 , the song reached its peak position of number 7 , staying in the singles chart for 19 weeks . The song 's charting throughout Australia and Europe was weak in comparison to Carey 's previous singles . On the May 10 , 1992 , Australian Singles Chart , " Make It Happen " debuted at number 45 . The following week , it rose to its peak of number 35 , and spent five weeks within the chart . Similarly , in the Netherlands , the song attained a peak of 59 and spent only five weeks in the Dutch Top 100 . The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 20 on the week ending April 18 , 1992 . The following week , the song rose three spots to its peak position and charted for five weeks . " Make It Happen " was awarded a BMI Pop Award in 1992 . = = Music video = = The music video for " Make It Happen " was directed by Marcus Nispel and features Carey performing at a closing church . A benefit being depicted within , titled " Save Our Church " , involves several other churchgoers who have congregated there to raise money through song . As the video begins , inspectors enter the building , searching the premises prior to its closing . Soon after , however , Carey makes her way to the stage with a few background singers and is soon joined inside the edifice by swarming groups of religious individuals . As she begins playing the song , an additional choir forms on the small stage with several small children on the upper tiers . Several musicians enter the room as the video progresses . Towards the video 's climax , the crowd cheers Carey and begin clapping and chanting praises . Nispel said he added additional raw sounds , such as cheers , praises , and shouts , into the video in order make it feel like a " real , live experience " . In his biography of Carey , Nickson noted the inclusion of men , women , and children of different races and ages : " The video tried to incorporate and further the song 's image of religious belief and racial equality . The audience , as they filled into the dusty and deserted building , was made up of the widest cross section possible : old and young ( with a strong emphasis on the children ) , abled and disabled , all races and color . " = = Live performances = = Carey has performed " Make It Happen " on live television , during charity appearances , and on numerous concert tours . Her first live performance of the song was an acoustic version on the television show MTV Unplugged in 1992 , which was later released on the EP entitled MTV Unplugged ( 1992 ) . Carey 's performance was recorded on March 16 , 1992 , at Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens , New York . The show featured several musicians , back @-@ up vocalists , and a crew of ten just for the filming and recording . The show was directed by Larry Jordan , who had previously worked with Carey on the music video set for " Someday " . Nickson felt the song was superior to the studio version , due to its stripped performance and vocals : The roughness of this version succeeded in a way the recorded version on ' Emotions ' could never manage . In the sterile atmosphere of a studio , where perfection , technology , and overdubbing were the rules , spontaneity had no place . On the stage , it was valued , and this performance had it . Everyone pushed everyone just a little further , to create something wonderful , and judging by the response , the audience realized it , as did Mariah when the song was finished . It was a rare moment , one that true performers strive for and don 't find often enough to satisfy themselves . Carey performed " Make It Happen " at an intimate concert at Proctor Theatre in New York on July 15 , 1993 . The concert was released as the home video Here Is Mariah Carey ( 1993 ) . At the VH1 Divas taping in 1998 , Carey was the opening performer of the event , and after " My All " , her single at the time , she followed with " Make It Happen " . As during the usual live performances of the song , a gospel choir accompanied her . On July 2 , 2005 , a benefit concert was held in Hyde Park , London , titled Live 8 . The televised event was watched by over 9 @.@ 6 million Britons and attended by over 200 @,@ 000 . Carey performed a three song set list , opening with " Make It Happen " followed by " Hero " and " We Belong Together " , featuring a live choir of African children during the first two songs . On April 12 , 2005 , Carey performed the song as part of a three @-@ song concert for Good Morning America , drawing the biggest crowd in Times Square since December 2004 . Following a live rendition of " It 's Like That " with Jermaine Dupri , Carey was joined on stage by several male and female vocalists , all wearing white gowns and serving as a gospel choir . Similarly , on October 2 , 2009 , Carey played a four @-@ song set list at Rockefeller Center for a taping of The Today Show . " Make It Happen " was performed with a church choir and children 's quartet . Aside from the televised appearances and charity events , " Make It Happen " was featured on the set lists of several of Carey 's world tours . The song was routinely performed on the Music Box Tour and the Daydream World Tour in 1993 and early @-@ mid 1996 , respectively . During her first show at Japan 's Tokyo Dome on March 7 , 1996 , Carey performed the song alongside a twenty @-@ five person choir and several additional musicians and background vocalists . " Make It Happen " was featured on Carey 's Butterfly World Tour in early 1998 , during which she was joined on stage by several choir members and musicians . Similarly , two years later , the song was placed as the ninth song on the set list during select dates of her Rainbow World Tour . Similar set @-@ ups were featured for her following Charmbracelet World Tour and The Adventures of Mimi Tour , where church choirs were brought out for the song , in addition to additional background vocalists and musicians . In the Angels Advocate Tour , the song served as a dancer 's interlude ; Carey entered during the bridge of the song . On September 26 , 2010 , during the song 's performance in a show in Singapore for that tour , Carey slipped on stage , and the small slip was blamed on Carey 's US $ 10 @,@ 000 heels . She asked her assistant to remove them and completed the concert barefoot . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Skyline Studios , Electric Lady Studios and Axis Studios , NYC . Mixed at Axis Studios , NYC . Personnel Lyrics – Mariah Carey Music – Mariah Carey , David Cole , Robert Clivillés Production – Mariah Carey , David Cole , Robert Clivillés Programming – Alan Friedman ( for YIPE ! ) Mixing – Bob Rosa Engineers – Acar S. Key , John Mathias Keyboards – David Cole Guitar – Paul Pesco Drum programming – David Cole , Robert Clivillés Vocal arrangement – Mariah Carey , David Cole Background vocals – Mariah Carey , Trey Lorenz , Patrique McMillan Credits adapted from the liner notes of Emotions . = = Charts = =
= Phaeacius = Phaeacius is a spider genus of the family Salticidae ( jumping spiders ) , found in sub @-@ tropical China and between India and the Malay Peninsula , including Sri Lanka , Sumatra and the Philippines . Although other spiders can jump , salticids including Phaeacius have significantly better vision than other spiders , and their main eyes are more acute in daylight than a cat 's and 10 times more acute than a dragonfly 's . The main eyes focus accurately on an object at distances from approximately 2 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) to infinity , and in practice can see up to about 75 centimetres ( 30 in ) . While most jumping spiders are active hunters , Phaeacius is unusually sedentary , generally resting in its unusual flattened pose for hours or days on logs , tree barks , pieces of wood or any other solid surface , where it is very well camouflaged . Its preferred prey is moths and other insects , and jumping spiders . Insects can usually move around an inactive Phaeacius , or even over its body , but if the insect moves between the spider 's first pair of legs , Phaeacius lunges extremely quickly to bite the prey . Sometimes Phaeacius takes a more active approach , especially if without prey for a week or more . Phaeacius does not enter webs voluntary , and moves away if it touches one accidentally . It can bite through the threads and pull strongly with its legs , but cannot escape from very sticky webs . The closest relatives of Phaeacius are in the genus Holcolaetis , and the next closest genera are Portia and Spartaeus . = = Body structure = = Spiders are chelicerates , which differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into only two tagmata , the cephalothorax and abdomen . Jumping spiders have a distinctive rectangular carapace . : 51 All spiders ' abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of silk glands within their abdomen . The cephalothorax and abdomen are joined by a small , cylindrical pedicel , which allows the abdomen to move while spinning silk . : 571 – 574 While most jumping spiders do not build webs to catch prey , they use silk for other purposes , including moulting and laying eggs . : 495 The whole body of Phaeacius is 7 @.@ 5 to 11 @.@ 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 30 to 0 @.@ 45 in ) long , and notably flattened , including the carapace , while the carapaces of some other groups are raised . : 495 The cepholothorax of Phaeacius ′ is relatively long , and the highest point is a little behind the last pair of eyes . : 204 , 206 @-@ 208 Phaeacius is very well camouflaged ; for example , P. malayensis has a body with dull grey and brown markings that resemble the surface of tree trunks in the rainforest . Jumping spiders generally have large forelegs and short , powerful back legs , and can leap up to 50 times their own length by powerfully extending the third or fourth pairs of legs . : 578 : 495 In spiders and other chelicerates , there is only one pair of appendages before the mouth , and in spiders these are modified into fangs that inject poison into the prey . Behind the mouth is a pair of pedipalps ( " palps " for short ) , and those of male spiders are quite large and are used for displaying and mating . = = Senses = = Jumping spiders have eight eyes , the two large ones in the centre @-@ and @-@ front position ( the anterior @-@ median eyes , also called " principal eyes " : 51 ) providing acute vision and housed in tubes in the head . The other six are secondary eyes , positioned along the sides of the carapace and acting mainly as movement detectors . : 16 While the middle pair of secondary eyes in most jumping spiders are small , those of Phaeacius and other members of the sub @-@ family Spartaeinae are almost as large as the other secondary eyes . Although other spiders can jump , salticids including Phaeacius have significantly better vision than other spiders , : 521 and their main eyes are more acute in daylight than a cat 's and 10 times more acute than a dragonfly 's . The main eyes focus accurately on an object at distances from approximately 2 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) to infinity , : 51 and in practice can see up to about 75 centimetres ( 30 in ) . : 53 Spiders , like other arthropods , have sensors , often modified setae ( bristles ) , protruding through their cuticle ( " skin " ) for smell , taste , touch and vibration . : 532 – 533 Unlike insects , spiders and other chelicerates do not have antennae . = = Movement and being undetected = = While most jumping spiders walk quickly , in a stop @-@ go gait and jumping over obstacles , the movements of Phaeacius are very unusual . Phaeacius usually uses a " flattened posture " head @-@ down on a vertical surface , with the body , legs and palps pressed against the surface , the hindmost legs upwards and the other legs downwards , : 496 – 497 and its markings and flattened body make it easily hidden against the bark of a tree trunk . Its habit of walking with its body and legs flattened against a surface helps Phaeacius to be unobtrusive . = = Feeding and defence = = While almost all jumping spiders are predators , mostly preying on insects , on other spiders , and on other arthropods , Phaeacius does not use the usual hunting tactics . : 502 Most jumping spiders walk throughout the day , so that they maximise their chances of a catch , and jump on their prey and then bite it . Unlike most jumping spiders , Phaeacius and other spartaeines do not leap on prey , but lunge from about half the predator 's body length away . Phaeacius is unusually sedentary for a jumping spider , generally resting in the flattened pose for hours or days on logs , pieces of wood or any other solid surface , : 502 and captures particular types of prey more often when the predator matches this background . Insects can usually move around an inactive Phaeacius , or even over its body or legs . However , if the insect moves between the spider 's first pair of legs , Phaeacius lunges extremely quickly , driving its body upward 2 to 3 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 079 to 0 @.@ 118 in ) and forward about half the length of its body . The lunge ends with the spider 's fangs in the prey and often with the foremost two pairs of legs forming a basket over the prey . When the prey stops struggling , Phaeacius resumes the flattened pose and then feeds . : 502 However , Phaeacius can adopt other , more active approaches , with different gaits for each . If an insect remains almost stationary while Phaeacius is in the flattened pose and facing the insect , the spider may step slowly forward to its prey , rocking and keeping its flattened pose . To rock , Phaeacius moves about half a body length forward then , without pausing , smoothly back almost to the previous position . It performs about 10 cycles of those movements , progressing by 1 to 2 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 039 to 0 @.@ 079 in ) per cycle , and then rests . : 502 – 504 This rocking motion may disguise Phaeacius as shadows on the tree trunk . : 514 – 515 The insect occasionally keeps stationary until Phaeacius reaches within about half a body length and then lunges . : 502 – 504 When hunting other jumping spiders and when the background matches its coloration , Phaeacius uses " insinuation " , in which it waits , sometimes up to an hour , while a jumping spider moves around nearby , and then Phaeacius suddenly turns up to 180 ° toward the prey and then resumes the flattened pose . Phaeacius then moves a few millimetres toward the prey and resumes the flattened pose . If the prey moves away , Phaeacius continues the insinuation manoeuvre , but if the prey moves toward it , Phaeacius lunges . Other jumping spiders show no awareness of a flattened Phaeacius on a matching background , and apparently survive by luck . : 502 – 504 When the background does not matches Phaeacius ′ coloration , other jumping spiders recognise Phaeacius as a threat . Sometimes , especially if without prey for a week or more , Phaeacius may approach insects faster , from 50 to 100 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 9 in ) away , and if necessary turning round to face the prey . Often Phaeacius then adopts the flattened pose after the turn , but sometimes it walks faster than usual and , without pausing , lunges from about half its body length . : 502 – 504 In a test on a background matching its own coloration , Phaeacius was most successful against other salticids and then against moths , and was also successful against flies and hunting spiders . On a non @-@ matching background , Phaeacius was most successful against moths . Phaeacius does not try to eat other spiders ' eggs , does not enter webs voluntarily , and moves away if it touches one accidentally . It can bite through the threads and pull strongly with its legs , but cannot escape from very sticky webs . : 502 This behaviour is quite different from that of its close relative , Portia , which hunts actively and can enter any type of web to catch spiders and their eggs . : 491 When disturbed , some jumping spiders usually run away quickly and leap if chased . Phaeacius stays in its flattened posture unless harassed , when it runs quickly for about 100 to 300 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 to 11 @.@ 8 in ) and then adopts the flattened posture , and finally walks away about 10 minutes later . : 499 – 500 = = Reproduction = = Before courtship , male spiders spin a small web and ejaculate on to it , and then store the semen in reservoirs on his pedipalps , : 581 – 583 which are larger than those of females . : 572 – 573 Phaeacius spins a flimsy silken , horizontal or vertical platform , about twice the spider 's length in diameter , to moult and lay eggs , but not at other times . After the moult , Phaeacius leaves the discarded exuvia hanging from the platform . A female 's egg sac is placed in a shallow cavity on the surface of a log . : 495 = = Taxonomy and distribution = = Phaeacius is a spider genus of the Salticidae family ( jumping spiders ) . Phaeacius is in the subfamily Spartaeinae , which is thought to be primitive . : 491 Molecular phylogeny , a technique that compares the DNA of organisms to reconstruct the tree of life , indicates that Phaeacius is a member of the clade Spartaeinae , that Spartaeinae is basal ( quite similar to the ancestors of all jumping spiders ) , and that Phaeacius ′ s closest relative is the genus Holcolaetis , and that the next closest are Portia and Spartaeus . : 53 The genus is found in sub @-@ tropical China and between India and Malaya , including Sri Lanka , Sumatra and the Philippines . = = Species = = Phaeacius alabangensis Wijesinghe , 1991 — Philippines Phaeacius azarkinae Prószyński & Deeleman @-@ Reinhold , 2010 — Sumbawa Phaeacius biramosus Wijesinghe , 1991 — Sumatra Phaeacius canalis Wanless , 1981 — Philippines Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon , 1900 — Nepal , Java Phaeacius hampi Freudenschuss & Seiter , 2016 — Philippines Phaeacius lancearius ( Thorell , 1895 ) — India , Myanmar Phaeacius leytensis Wijesinghe , 1991 — Philippines Phaeacius mainitensis Barrion & Litsinger , 1995 — Philippines Phaeacius malayensis Wanless , 1981 — China , Malaysia , Singapore , Sumatra Phaeacius saxicola Wanless , 1981 — Nepal Phaeacius wanlessi Wijesinghe , 1991 — Nepal , Sri Lanka Phaeacius yixin Zhang & Li , 2005 — China Phaeacius yunnanensis Peng & Kim , 1998 — China
= Førde Airport , Øyrane = Førde Airport , Øyrane ( IATA : FDE , ICAO : ENFD ; Norwegian : Førde lufthavn , Øyrane ) was a regional airport located at Øyrane in Førde , Norway . The municipal airport first opened as a water aerodrome , receiving a runway in 1970 . Scheduled services started the following year , with Widerøe providing flights to Bergen with the de Havilland Canada DHC @-@ 6 Twin Otter . In addition , Førdefly and Airlift operated general aviation services from the airport . Førde Airport , Øyrane was located in the middle of an industrial area and had severe safety shortcomings , such as lacking an instrument landing system and had a control tower without sight of the entire runway . Øyrane was therefore replaced with Førde Airport , Bringeland in 1986 . = = History = = Large @-@ scale construction of airports in Norway started in the 1950s , largely funded by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . Bergen Airport , Flesland opened in 1955 , followed by Ålesund Airport , Vigra in 1958 . The first plans for an airport in Sunnfjord were launched by Engineer Arne Bengtsen , who proposed building an airfield in Florø and having Vestlandske Luftfartsselskap operate to it using the Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer . Construction started in 1956 , but was halted after the airline could not guarantee operations during winter . A committee , led by Erik Himle and later Preben Munthe , was appointed in 1962 to consider additional airports in Norway . The Sud Aviation Caravelle was about to the phased into use on the main domestic routes and the committee recommended in 1964 that nine new airports be built which could serve jetliners , including one airport in Florø . Widerøe came with an alternative proposal and suggested that a network of smaller airports be built instead , which could be served using short take @-@ off and landing aircraft , which were being developed at the time . Smaller airports could be built and operated at lower cost than larger airports , but both airports and airlines would need subsidies to operate . Håkon Kyllingmark was appointed Minister of Transport and Communications in 1965 and was a proponent of the STOLport proposal . The political rationale was that , despite that the total operating costs would rise , it would provide better services to rural areas and thus keep up their population . The regional airports only received a simple terminal and a 800 @-@ meter ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) runway . The first such airports were opened in Helgeland in 1968 . Førde was declared as a " center of growth " in 1965 , which resulted in a series of public agencies and industrial enterprises being built in the town . The selection of Førde was tied to its central location within Sogn og Fjordane , as it was within a two @-@ hour drive from nearly the entire county . Immediately after the appointment , the Industrial Development Corporation of Norway started establishing an industrial facility at Øyrane . An industrial park opened 1968 , which included a shipyard . The surplus earthwork from dredging the port facilities was used to fill in land for a runway . The process went so quickly that the municipal council had not made a formal decision to build the airport before the groundwork was completed . Andreas Hjelmeland established Førdefly in 1966 as the second airline based in Sogn og Fjordane . Førdefly never received a concession to operate scheduled services ; instead it flew a daily charter flight to Bergen Airport . The airline established a water aerodrome at Øyrane at the mouth of the river Jølstra . The aerodrome had a passenger and freight terminal , a quay , a hangar and a control tower . The municipality received permission from the Ministry of Transport and Communications in mid 1970 to operate a municipal airport , and chose to use the terminal facilities operated by Førdefly . Construction of the runway cost 1 @.@ 3 million Norwegian krone and the first aircraft landed on the strip on 14 July 1970 . Scheduled services commenced on 1 July 1971 , the same day as Florø Airport , Sogndal Airport , Haukåsen and Ørsta @-@ Volda Airport , Hovden opened . From before the airport was built it was evident that the location was not well suited , and planning of an alternative location for the airport began in 1968 . The main concern was that the airport lacked an instrument landing system and could thus only be used during daylight and good weather . The first alternative location proposal was for Langelandsåsen , but was discarded by the Civil Aviation Administration because of the poor weather conditions . Later proposals were Espelandsmyrene and then Alværa on the Sognefjord . By 1972 , the CAA had concluded that there probably was not a suitable location for an airport near Førde and recommended that the town instead by served by Florø Airport , located 70 kilometers ( 43 mi ) away . Bringelandsåsen , located 16 kilometers ( 10 mi ) south of town , in the neighboring municipality of Gaular , was proposed by the CAA in 1974 . Plans were developed , and in 1983 the Ministry of Transport and Communications recommended that Øyrane be closed and replaced with an all @-@ new airport at Bringeland . Construction started in 1985 and the new airport opened on 31 August 1986 , taking over all scheduled traffic . The helicopter operator Airlift was established in 1986 and was based at Øyrane until 1988 , when it also moved to Bringeland . The terminal building at Øyrane remains , including the control tower and wharfs , although the runway and taxiway have been demolished to make way for industry . A small part of the runway close to the marina remains as a parking lot . = = Facilities = = Førde Airport , Øyrane was located in the industrial area Øyrane , immediately west of the town center of Førde . The terminal facilities were located on the shore of the river of Jølstra and consisted of a control tower , a passenger terminal , a hangar for Førdefly and a wharf used by the seaplanes . The airport was owned by Førde Municipality . It consisted of a single 790 @-@ by @-@ 30 @-@ meter ( 2 @,@ 592 by 98 ft ) asphalt runway aligned 14 – 32 and with a 85 @-@ meter ( 279 ft ) stopway on each end . The runway length was limited by the fjord to the north and by National Road 5 to the south . From the northern end of the runway , a taxiway ran due south about 400 meters ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) to the terminal . The airport had very poor operating conditions . Whenever an aircraft was to land , the cranes at the shipyard had to be moved to allow sufficient clearance . Conversely , the airport could not be used when ships were launched . The industrial buildings were located just next to the taxiway . The control tower was located such that it did not have visual sight of the entire runway . The surrounding terrain , consisting of deep fjords , mountains and a town , made it impossible to install an instrument landing system . This again meant that the airport could only be served during daylight . The airport never received a permanent operating license . = = Airlines and destinations = = Øyrane was served by Widerøe , which held the permission to operate all subsidized routes on the regional network . Widerøe served the airport with its fleet of 19 @-@ passenger de Havilland Canada DHC @-@ 6 Twin Otter aircraft and provided flights to Bergen Airport , Flesland in multi @-@ legged flights which included other towns in Sogn og Fjordane . Airlift and Førdefly were also based at the airport for periods , although neither operated any scheduled services .
= Me Against the World = Me Against the World is the third studio album by American hip hop artist 2Pac . It was released March 14 , 1995 on the Interscope Records label . It was his impending prison sentence , troubles with the police and Shakur being poor , which many believe might have contributed to Shakur 's artistic reemergence on record , as his material is believed by Steve Huey of AllMusic to have become markedly more " confessional " , " reflective " , and " soul @-@ baring " . Me Against the World , released while Shakur was imprisoned , made an immediate impact on the charts , debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 . This made Shakur the first artist to have an album debut at number one on Billboard 200 while serving time in prison . The album served as one of Shakur 's most positively reviewed albums , with many calling it the magnum opus of his career , and is considered one of the greatest and most influential hip hop albums of all @-@ time . Me Against the World won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards . = = Background = = In 1993 , Tupac Shakur was already a success in the hip hop industry , with two gold @-@ certified singles that reached the top twenty on the pop charts ( " I Get Around " , " Keep Ya Head Up " ) , and a platinum @-@ selling sophomore album that would peak just inside the top twenty @-@ five of the Billboard 200 ( Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ) . However , the 22 @-@ year @-@ old artist had a series of incidents and charges of breaking the law . In the summer of 1993 , Shakur was charged for assaulting director Allen Hughes while filming Menace II Society ; Shakur was later sentenced to fifteen days in jail . Later , in October 1993 , Shakur was charged with shooting two off @-@ duty police officers in Atlanta , though the charges would eventually be dismissed . In November , Shakur and two members of his entourage were charged with sexually assaulting a female fan , for which , 2Pac was the main person who was found guilty of sexual assault charges , including sodomy , in which he was sentenced to 1 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 years in Clinton Correctional Facility and Rikers ' Island , a maximum state penitentiary . According to Shakur , the album was made to show the hip hop audience his respect for the art form . Lyrically , Shakur intentionally tried to make the album more personal and reflective than his previous efforts . = = Recording and production = = The musical production on the album was considered by several music critics to be the best on any of Shakur 's albums up to that point in his career . Steve " Flash " Juon at RapReviews gave the production on the album a perfect 10 of 10 rating , particularly praising tracks like " So Many Tears " and " Temptations " . Jon Pareles of the New York Times remarked that the production had a " fatalistic calm , in a commercial mold " . He compared the album 's production and synthesized hooks to that of Dr. Dre 's G @-@ funk style , stating that " while 2Pac doesn 't sing , other voices do , providing smooth melody " . James Bernard at Entertainment Weekly was not quite as enthusiastic about the album 's production , remarking that Shakur 's " vocals are buried deep in the mix . That 's a shame — if they were more in @-@ your @-@ face , the lackluster beats might be less noticeable . " The album 's recording sessions took place at ten different studios , while it was mastered at Bernie Grundman Mastering . Although the album was originally released on Interscope . Amaru Entertainment , the label owned by Shakur 's mother Afeni Shakur , has since released the album twice . = = Lyrical Themes = = It was like a blues record . It was down @-@ home . It was all my fears , all the things I just couldn 't sleep about . Everybody thought I was living so well and doing so good that I wanted to explain it . And it took a whole album to get it all out . I get to tell my innermost , darkest secrets I tell my own personal problems . Some of the album 's main themes concern the loss of innocence , paranoia , and occasional self @-@ loathing . Much attention is paid to subjects such as the pain of urban survival . Not all of the music deals with such extremely bleak subject matter , however . Some tracks , such as " Old School " , lean more to the nostalgic , though somewhat bittersweet side in Shakur 's remembrance of his youth and the early days of hip hop music . The album is also well known for the more sensitive tracks " Dear Mama " and " Can U Get Away " , which are both directed towards and reveal Shakur 's devotion to the women he loves . On " Dear Mama " , Shakur pays tribute to and expresses his undying affection for his own mother , continuously reminding her that though his actions might sometimes seem to state otherwise , " you are appreciated " . On the track " Can U Get Away " , Shakur attempts to impress a woman who has managed to gain his affections , away from the woman 's abusive relationship . Four of the most eerie and revered tracks on the album are " If I Die 2Nite " , " Lord Knows " " Outlaw " which directly references the shooting that Tupac went through before it happened , and " Fuck The World " . Throughout the entirety of the album Shakur employs various poetical deliveries , ranging from alliteration ( " If I Die 2Nite " ) , to the use of paired couplets ( " Lord Knows " ) . = = Singles = = " Dear Mama " was released as the album 's first single in February 1995 , along with the track " Old School " as the B @-@ side . " Dear Mama " would be the album 's most successful single , topping the Hot Rap Singles chart , and peaking at the ninth spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single was certified platinum in July 1995 , and later placed at number 51 on the year @-@ end charts . The second single , " So Many Tears " , was released in June , four months after the first single . The single would reach the number six spot on the Hot Rap Singles chart , and the 44th on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Temptations " , released in August , was the third and final single from the album . The single would be the least successful of the three released , but still did fairly well on the charts , reaching number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 , 35 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks , and 13 on the Hot Rap Singles charts . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = In a contemporary review , Cheo H. Coker at Rolling Stone called the album Shakur 's best and said it was " by and large a work of pain , anger and burning desperation — [ it ] is the first time 2Pac has taken the conflicting forces tugging at his psyche head @-@ on " . Jon Pareles , writing in The New York Times , called Shakur the " St. Augustine of gangster rap " due to his ambivalence towards the behavior and nature of the gangster lifestyle . In a negative review , Robert Christgau of The Village Voice felt that Shakur is " witless " when dealing with fundamental hip hop themes of persecution and accused him of " self @-@ pity " : " The subtext of his persecution complex is his self @-@ regard " . " This may be the first hip @-@ hop blues LP , " observed Matt Hall in Select . " Not so much in the music , although the harp blasts owe more to Howlin ' Wolf than Tupac 's previous two solo efforts , but more with Shakur 's vocals , which are at once rebellious and resigned . . . . Me Against the World is a statement of intent , a note from the depths of America , and a fine , thoughtful LP . " Jaleel Abdul @-@ Adil of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times stated that " 2Pac 's latest also mixes toughness and tenderness . Desperation follows raw anger on " Fuck the World " and " It Ain 't Easy , " but most tracks confess frailties beneath the rapper 's tough exterior . " Dear Mama " is a tear @-@ jerking tribute to his mother ' " Lord Knows " discloses desperate considerations of suicide , and " So Many Tears " ponders a merciless world that wrecks young lives . 2Pac even includes a sorrowful " shout @-@ out " to Robert Sandifer , the Chicago teenager whose brief life ended in a brutal shooting . After earlier releases that lacked focus and consistency , 2Pac finally presents a polished project of self @-@ examination and social commentary . It 's ironic that it arrives as his sentence begins . " = = = Retrospect = = = In a retrospective review , AllMusic editor Steve Huey dubbed the album " [ Shakur 's ] most thematically consistent , least self @-@ contradicting work " , and stated , " it may not be his definitive album , but it just might be his best " . Steve " Flash " Juon of RapReview seemed to feel differently , remarking that the album " is not only the quintessential Shakur album , but one of the most important rap albums released in the 1990s as a whole " . Rap / Hip @-@ Hop Expert Henry Adaso from rap.about.com named it the 2nd best rap album from 1995 and then stating " Me Against The World was 2Pac at his very best : no excessive thug braggarts , no name @-@ inscribed lyrical missiles aimed at New York rivals . In fact , he stops to pay homage to rap pioneers on " Old School , " irrespective of region . " On MTV 's Greatest Rappers of All Time list , Me Against the World was listed as one of 2Pac 's " certified classic " albums , along with 2Pacalypse Now , All Eyez On Me and The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory . " One of the best five rap albums ever , " remarked Mojo , after Shakur 's death . = = = Accolades = = = In 1996 , at the 38th Grammy Awards , Me Against the World was nominated for Best Rap Album and the single " Dear Mama " was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance . In 2008 , the National Association of Recording Merchandisers , in conjunction with the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , recognized Me Against the World as one of the " most influential and popular albums " , ranking it number 170 on a list of 200 other albums by artists of various musical genres . • The information regarding accolades is adapted from Acclaimed Music , except for lists that are sourced otherwise . • ( * ) signifies unordered lists = = = Commercial performance = = = The album debuted at the number one spot on the Billboard 200 chart and stayed there for 4 weeks straight , it sold 240 @,@ 000 copies in the first week , and became certified double platinum by the end of the year . Likewise , it also debuted at number one on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart , thus giving 2Pac the first number one album on both R & B and Pop charts . While Shakur was in prison , the album over @-@ took Bruce Springsteen 's Greatest Hits as the best @-@ selling album in the United States , a feat which he took pride in . Shakur became the first artist to have a number one album while serving a prison sentence . It achieved multi platinum status and has sold 3 @,@ 524 @,@ 567 copies in the United States as of 2011 . Tupac Shakur 's virtual appearance at the annual Coachella Festival ( April 15 , 2012 ) led to the album selling 1 @,@ 000 copies the following week ( up by 53 % from the previous week ) . = = Track listing = = Notes ^ [ a ] signifies a co @-@ producer . ^ [ b ] signifies an additional producer . Sample credits " If I Die 2Nite " contains samples of " Tonight Is The Night " performed by Betty Wright , " Tonight " performed by Kleeer and " Deep Cover " performed by Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg . " Me Against the World " contains samples of " Walk on By " performed by Isaac Hayes and " Inside My Love " performed by Minnie Riperton . " So Many Tears " contains samples of " That Girl " performed by Stevie Wonder and " The Dude " performed by Quincy Jones . " Temptations " contains samples of " Sing a Simple Song " performed by Sly & the Family Stone , " Computer Love " performed by Zapp and " Watch Yo Nuggets " performed by Redman featuring Erick Sermon . " Young Niggaz " contains samples of " She 's Strange " performed by Cameo . " Heavy in the Game " contains an interpolation of " Just Be Good to Me " performed by The S.O.S. Band . " Lord Knows " contains samples of " All I Ask " performed by The Blackbyrds . " Dear Mama contains samples of " In All My Wildest Dreams " performed by Joe Sample and " Sadie " performed by The Spinners " Can U Get Away " contains samples of " Happy Feelin 's " performed by Maze featuring Frankie Beverly . " Old School " contains samples of " We Share " performed by The Soul Searchers and " Dedication " performed by Brand Nubian ; contains interpolations of " Brooklyn 's in the House " performed by Cutmaster D.C. , " Adventures of Super Rhyme ( Rap ) " performed by Jimmy Spicer , " My Adidas " performed by Run @-@ DMC , " Rock The Bells " performed by LL Cool J and " Eric B. Is President " performed by Eric B. & Rakim . " Death Around the Corner " contains samples of " Winter Sadness " performed by Kool & the Gang , " When We Were Kids " from the movie American Me , " Piece of the Action " from the movie King of New York and " I Want Him Dead " from the movie The Untouchables . = = Personnel = = Credits for Me Against the World adapted from AllMusic = = Charts and Certifications = = = = = Certifications = = = = = = Chart positions = = =
= Benjamin Morrell = Benjamin Morrell ( July 5 , 1795 – 1838 or 1839 ? ) was an American sea captain , explorer and trader who made a number of voyages , mainly to the Atlantic , the Southern Ocean and the Pacific Islands . In a ghost @-@ written memoir , A Narrative of Four Voyages , which describes his sea @-@ going life between 1823 and 1832 , Morrell included numerous claims of discovery and achievement , many of which have been disputed by geographers and historians , and in some cases have been proved false . He ended his career as a fugitive , having wrecked his ship and misappropriated parts of the salvaged cargo . Morrell had an eventful early career , running away to sea at the age of 17 and being twice captured and imprisoned by the British during the War of 1812 . He subsequently sailed before the mast for several years before being appointed as chief mate , and later as captain , of the New York sealer Wasp . In 1823 he took Wasp for an extended voyage into subantarctic waters , and on his return made unsubstantiated claims to have travelled beyond 70 ° S and to have sighted new coastlines in the area now known as the Weddell Sea . His subsequent voyages mainly centered on the Pacific , where he attempted to develop trading relations with the indigenous populations . Although Morrell wrote of the enormous potential wealth to be obtained from the Pacific trade , his endeavours were , in the main , commercially unprofitable . Despite his reputation among his contemporaries for untruth and fantasy , Morrell has been defended by some later commentators who , while questioning his general reliability , maintain that not all his life was fraud and exaggeration . They believe that aside from the bombast and boastful tone of the account that carries his name , there is evidence that he carried out useful work , such his discovery of large @-@ scale guano deposits which led to the development of a full @-@ scale industry . He is believed to have died in 1838 or 1839 , in Mozambique ; there is , however , evidence to suggest that this death might have been staged , and that he lived on in exile , possibly in South America . = = Early life and career = = Morrell was born at Rye , in Westchester County , New York , on July 5 , 1795 . He grew up in Stonington , Connecticut , where his father , also named Benjamin , was employed as a shipbuilder . Morrell , after minimal schooling , ran away to sea at the age of 17 " without taking leave of any member of my family , or intimating my purpose to a single soul " . During the War of 1812 , which broke out while he was at sea , he was twice captured by the British ; on his first voyage his ship , carrying a cargo of flour , was intercepted off St John 's , Newfoundland , and Morrell was detained for eight months . His second voyage landed him in Dartmoor prison , England , for two years . After his release Morrell continued his seafaring career , sailing before the mast as an ordinary seaman since his lack of education prevented him advancing to officer rank . A sympathetic captain , Josiah Macy , taught him what he needed to know to qualify as an officer , and in 1821 he was appointed chief mate on the sealer Wasp , under Captain Robert Johnson . Wasp was bound for the South Shetland Islands , which had been discovered three years earlier by the British Captain William Smith . Morrell , who had evidently heard stories of these islands , was keen to go there . On the ensuing voyage he was involved in a series of " remarkable adventures " which included a narrow escape from drowning , then being lost at sea in a small boat during a gale that swept him 50 nautical miles ( 58 mi ; 93 km ) from the ship , and leading efforts to extricate Wasp when she became trapped in the ice . On the day following his return to New York , Morrell was appointed captain of Wasp , while Johnson took over the schooner Henry . The two ships were jointly commissioned to return to the South Seas for sealing , trading and exploration , and " to ascertain the practicality , under favourable circumstances , of penetrating to the South Pole . " = = Four voyages = = = = = First voyage : South Seas and Pacific Ocean = = = Wasp and Henry sailed from New York on June 21 , 1822 , and remained together as far as the Falkland Islands . They then separated , Wasp travelling east in search of sealing grounds . Morrell 's account of the next few months of the voyage , in Antarctic and subantarctic waters , is controversial . His claims of distances , latitudes and discoveries have been challenged as inaccurate or impossible , giving substance to his reputation among his contemporaries for untruth , and leading to much criticism by later writers . = = = = Antarctic waters = = = = Morrell 's journal indicates that Wasp reached South Georgia on November 20 , and then sailed eastwards towards the isolated Bouvet Island , which lies approximately midway between Southern Africa and the Antarctic continent and is known as the world 's remotest island . It had been discovered in 1739 by the French navigator Jean @-@ Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier , but his plotting of its position was inaccurate ; Captain James Cook , in 1772 , had been unable to find it and had assumed its nonexistence . It had not been seen again until 1808 , when the British sealing captains James Lindsay and Thomas Hopper reached it and recorded its correct position , though they were unable to land . Morrell , by his own account , found the island without difficulty — with " improbable ease " , in the words of historian William Mills — before landing and hunting seals there . In his subsequent lengthy description , Morrell does not mention the island 's most obvious physical feature , its permanent ice cover . This has caused some commentators to doubt whether he actually visited the island . After leaving Bouvet Island Wasp continued eastward , reaching the Kerguelen Islands on December 31 , 1822 , where she remained for 11 days . The voyage then evidently continued to the south and east until February 1 , 1823 , when Morrell records his position as 65 ° 52'S , 118 ° 27'E . Here , Morrell says he took advantage of an eleven @-@ knot breeze and turned the ship , to begin a passage westward . Apart from one undated position at 69 ° 11'S , 48 ° 15'E , Morrell 's journal is silent until February 23 , when he records crossing the Greenwich ( 0 ° ) meridian . Historians have doubted whether such a long passage from 118 ° E , about 3 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 000 mi ; 6 @,@ 500 km ) , could have been made so quickly in ice @-@ strewn waters and against the prevailing winds . Although some writers , including former Royal Navy navigator Rupert Gould , have argued that Morrell 's claims as to speed and distance are plausible , Morrell 's undated interim latitude was later shown to be well inside the Antarctic mainland territory of Enderby Land . Gould , writing in 1928 before the continental boundaries of this sector of Antarctica were known , based his support for Morrell on the premise that Enderby Land was an island with a sea channel south of it . He added : " If at some future date Enderby Land is found to form part of the Antarctic continent , Morrell 's most inveterate champions will , perforce , have to throw up the sponge . " According to Morrell , Wasp reached the South Sandwich Islands on February 28 . His presence there is corroborated by his descriptions of the harbour on Thule Island , confirmed by the early 20th century expeditions . In the next phase of the voyage Morrell records that he took Wasp southwards and , the sea being remarkably clear of ice , reached a latitude of 70 ° 14'S before turning north on March 14 as fuel for the ship 's stoves was running out . This journey , if Morrell 's account is true , made him the first American sea @-@ captain to penetrate the Antarctic Circle . He believed , he says , that but for this deficiency he could have " made a glorious advance directly to the South Pole , or to 85 ° without the least doubt " . Some credence to his claimed southern latitude is provided by James Weddell 's voyage on a similar track , a month earlier , which reached 74 ° 15'S before retreating . The words used by Weddell to express his belief that the South Pole lay in open water are replicated by Morrell , whose account was written nine years after the event . Thus it is suggested by geographer Paul Simpson @-@ Housley that Morrell may have plagiarised Weddell 's experiences , since Weddell 's account had been published in 1827 . = = = = New South Greenland = = = = Morrell 's account describes how on the day after turning north from his southernmost point , a large tract of land was sighted in the region of 67 ° 52'N , 44 ° 11'W . Morrell refers to this land as " New South Greenland " , and records that during the next few days Wasp explored more than 300 nautical miles ( 350 mi ; 560 km ) of coast . Morrell provided vivid descriptions of the land 's features , with observations of its abundant wildlife . No such land exists ; other appearances of land at or near this bearing , reported during the 1842 expedition of Sir James Clark Ross , have likewise proved imaginary . In 1917 the Scottish explorer William Speirs Bruce wrote that the existence of land in this area " should not be rejected until absolutely disproved . " By this time both Wilhelm Filchner and Ernest Shackleton , in their respective ice @-@ bound ships , had drifted close to the plotted positions of New South Greenland and reported no sign of it . It has been suggested that what Morrell saw was actually the eastern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula , some 400 nautical miles ( 460 mi ; 740 km ) further west from his sighting . This would require a navigational error of at least 10 ° , and a complete revision of Morrell 's timeline after leaving the South Sandwich Islands . Assuming that Morrell did not invent the experience , a possible explanation is that he witnessed a superior mirage . = = = = Pacific and home = = = = On March 19 Morrell " bade farewell to the cheerless shores of New South Greenland " , and sailed away from the Antarctic never to return . The remaining stages of the voyage are uncontroversial , involving a year @-@ long cruise in the Pacific Ocean . This took Wasp to the Galápagos Islands and also to the island of Más a Tierra where , a century earlier , the Scottish seaman Alexander Selkirk had been marooned , providing the inspiration for the Robinson Crusoe story . Wasp returned to New York in May 1824 . There , he found that his wife whom he had married in 1819 , not named in any accounts of Morrell 's life or career , and his two small children , likewise unnamed , had all died . He quickly married his 15 @-@ year @-@ old cousin , Abigail Jane Wood ( " Abby " ) . = = = Second voyage : North and South Pacific = = = For his second voyage Morrell took charge of a new ship , Tartar , which sailed from New York on July 19 , 1824 for the Pacific Ocean . In the next two years Tartar first explored the American coastline from the Straits of Magellan to Cape Blanco ( now in Oregon ) . He then sailed westward to the islands of Hawaii , known at that time as the Sandwich Islands , where Captain James Cook had met his death nearly 40 years earlier . Thereafter Tartar returned to the American coast and tracked slowly southwards back to the Straits of Magellan . Among the events witnessed and recorded in Morrell 's journal were the siege of Callao , the main port of Peru , by Simón Bolívar 's liberators , and a spectacular volcanic eruption on Fernandina Island in the Galápagos archipelago , which Tartar visited during February 1825 . Fernandina , then known as Narborough Island , exploded on February 14 . In Morrell 's words " The heavens appeared to be one blaze of fire , intermingling with millions of falling stars and meteors ; while the flames shot upward from the peak of Narborough to the height of at least two thousand feet . " Morrell reports that the air temperature reached 123 ° F ( 51 ° C ) , and as Tartar approached the river of lava flowing into the sea , the water temperature rose to 150 ° F ( 66 ° C ) . Some of the crew collapsed in the heat . Morrell also records how a hunting trip ashore in California led to a skirmish with the locals which turned into a full @-@ scale battle ending , he says , with seventeen natives dead and seven of Tartar 's men wounded . Morrell claims that he was among the casualties , with an arrow in his thigh . Of a visit to San Francisco Morrell writes : " The inhabitants are principally Mexicans and Spaniards who are very indolent and consequently very filthy . " After revisiting the Galapagos Islands and gathering a harvest of fur seal and terrapin , Tartar began a slow journey home on October 13 , 1825 . As they left the Pacific Morrell claimed to have personally inspected and identified every danger existing along the American Pacific coast . Tartar finally reached New York Harbour on May 8 , 1826 with a main cargo of 6 @,@ 000 fur seals . This haul did not please Morrell 's employers , who had evidently expected rather more . " The reception I met from my owners was cold and repulsive " , he wrote . " The Tartar did not return home laden with silver and gold , and therefore my toils and dangers counted for nothing " . = = = Third voyage : West African coast = = = In 1828 Morrell was engaged by Messrs. Christian Bergh & Co. to take command of the schooner Antarctic ( named , he claims , in honour of his earlier Antarctic achievements ) . Antarctic left New York on June 25 , 1828 , bound for Western Africa . During the following months Morrell carried out an extensive survey of the African coast between the Cape of Good Hope and Benguela , and led several short excursions inland . He was impressed by the commercial potential of this coast , recording that " many kinds of skins may be procured about here , including those of the leopard , fox , bullock , together with ostrich feathers and valuable minerals " . At Ichaboe Island he discovered huge deposits of guano , 25 feet thick . In the face of such opportunity he records his belief that a $ 30 @,@ 000 investment would produce in two years a profit " from ten to fifteen hundred per cent . " During the voyage Morrell experienced several encounters with the slave trade , first at the Cape Verde Islands , then a centre for the trade because of its geographical position in relation to the Americas , Europe and Africa . He found the slaves ' conditions wretched , but was impressed by their passion for music which , he thought , " can alleviate even the pangs caused by the galling fetters of slavery " . Later in the voyage he witnessed what he describes as " horrid barbarity " , including the spectacle of two women slaves in their death agonies as a result of floggings . A lengthy soliloquy in his journal on the evils of slavery concludes : " [ T ] he root , the source , the foundation of the evil is the ignorance and superstition of the poor negroes themselves " . On June 8 , 1829 , Morrell wrote in his journal : " The voyage had been prosperous beyond our expectations , and any further stay on the African coast would have been a waste of time and money " . He arrived in New York on July 14 . = = = Fourth voyage : South Seas and Pacific Ocean = = = According to Morrell , Antarctic 's owners were unanimous that he should make another voyage with the ship , and in September 1829 Antarctic left New York , bound for the South Atlantic and Pacific in search of seals . At her own insistence , and against Morrell 's and the owners ' advice , his wife Abby accompanied him . By January 1830 Antarctic had reached the Auckland Islands , south of New Zealand , where Morrell had hoped for a rich harvest of seal , but found the waters empty . He sailed north for Manila in the Philippines , hoping to find a commercial cargo there , and arrived in March 1830 . No such cargo was available , but Morrell was persuaded by the American consul , George Hubbell , that a potentially profitable enterprise would be to collect sea cucumbers ( otherwise known as " Bêche @-@ du @-@ mer " ) , plentifully available in the islands now known as Micronesia . These could then be taken to China where they were much prized . Hubbell would not permit Antarctic to sail with Abby on board ; possibly he had designs on her . Morrell sailed from Manila without her , and initially had little luck in finding sea cucumbers in any quantity . Eventually Antarctic reached the Carteret Islands , a small atoll which now forms part of Papua New Guinea , and found sea cucumbers in abundance . Morrell set up camp on one of the islands , where he faced a hostile reception from the population , who were nevertheless intrigued by their first sight of metal . There were thefts of tools ; Morrell responded by holding several chiefs as hostages , at which the islanders mounted a full @-@ scale attack on Morrell 's shore base . Fourteen crew members were killed ; Antactic was forced to make a hasty withdrawal , leaving much equipment behind . Morrell retreated to Manila , planning retaliation . He hired a large number of Manilans to augment his crew , and with a help of a loan from the British consul , adapted Antarctica and fitted her with guns and cannons . The ship , with Abby now on board , returned to the Carteret Islands and attacked with gunfire . After a series of such assaults and heavy casualties , the population sued for peace . This enabled Morrell to occupy one of the islands in exchange for cutlery , trinkets , tools and other metal artefacts . The peace was temporary ; Morrell 's shore camp was continually harassed by the population . Finally , Morrell decided to abandon the enterprise , citing the " unappeasable vindictiveness and incessant hostilities " of the native population . On November 13 , 1830 , while returning to Manila , Antarctica anchored off the coast of the island of Uneapa ( in today 's West New Britain Province ) . A flotilla of native canoes approached the ship , full of apparently well @-@ armed and aggressive islanders . After his experiences at Carteret Island , Morrell took no chances and ordered his crew to fire . The small craft were shattered ; many died , while others manage to regain the shore . One man , who had clung to Antarctic 's rudder , was hauled on board as a prisoner . The crew named him " Sunday " — his actual name was Dako . An account of this engagement was entered into the ship 's log by John Keeler , the ship 's young navigator . Just over a week later , on November 22 , a skirmish in the Ninigo Islands brought Morrell another captive , whom the crew named " Monday " ( his true name was never discovered ) . With two native prisoners , but little else to show from this venture , Antarctic returned to Manila in mid @-@ December . By now desperate for some profitable activity , Morrell made some money by displaying Dako and Monday to a fascinated public . The only maritime opportunity available was to take a cargo to Cádiz , which he was obliged to accept . He left Manila on January 13 , 1831 , taking his captives with him . When Antarctic reached Cádiz five months later the port was under quarantine and closed . He was forced to discharge the cargo in Bordeaux , where Dako and Monday , rumored in the town to be cannibals , again attracted great curiosity . Antarctic finally reached New York on August 27 , 1831 ; despite his lack of commercial success , Morrell remained upbeat about future prospects in the Pacific . " I could , with only a modest share of patronage ... open a new avenue of trade more lucrative than any that our country has ever yet enjoyed , and further , it would be in my power , and mine alone , to secure the monopoly for any term I pleased . " In the final paragraph of his account of the Morrell records that his wife 's father , her aunt and her aunt 's child had all died during his absence , as had one of Morrell 's cousins and her husband . = = Later career = = = = = Money @-@ making = = = When he returned to New York after his profitless fourth voyage , Morrell was heavily in debt and in urgent need of funds . Newspapers showed great interest in the story of the voyage , and Morrell was keen to cash in . Within a few days of his arrival he had organised a stage show , entitled " Two Cannibals of the Islands of the South Pacific " . This spectacle , embellished with accounts of the massacre at Carteret Island and other dramatic inclusions , played to large crowds at New York 's Rubens Peale museum . In October 1831 Morrell took the show on a tour , which began in Albany on October 10 . Among those who visited the show was the 12 @-@ year @-@ old Herman Melville , the future author of Moby @-@ Dick , who may have based the character of Queequeg on his memory of Dako . The tour proceeded to Philadelphia , Baltimore and finally Washington DC , before ending in January 1832 , at which point Morrell returned the show to Peale 's . Morrell 's second projected source of funds was his account of his voyages , which the firm of J. and J. Harper were willing to publish . They engaged an experienced writer and dramatist , Samuel Woodworth , to make sense of Morrell 's notes and sea journals , although Woodworth 's role as ghost writer was not made public . Abby Morrell 's journals received similar treatment from another established author , Samuel Knapp . His book was published in December 1832 , hers early in 1833 . Morrell 's was very successful and sold well ; the New York Mirror found it " a highly interesting and instructive work " , with " stirring adventures and much geographical and nautical information " . France 's leading explorer Jules Dumont d 'Urville was complimentary , acknowledging Morrell as " courageous , skilled and dedicated " ; the explorer and journalist Jeremiah Reynolds , on the other hand , observed that the account contained more poetry than truth . Abby 's book attracted less attention . It purported to be written to promote " the amelioration of the condition of the American seaman " , a subject in which she had not otherwise evinced interest . Woodworth exploited the public 's curiosity by preparing a stage play , The Cannibals , which opened at the Bowery Theatre , New York , in March 1833 and had a lengthy and successful run . Morrell 's ghosted account was one of the sources used by Edgar Allan Poe in his novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym . = = = Return to the Pacific = = = With the restoration of his fortunes and his new @-@ found fame , Morrell began plans for a further Pacific voyage , intending to return Dako and Monday to their islands and exploit further trading opportunities . Having lobbied unsuccessfully for Congressional funding , Morrell eventually found backers who secured a converted brigantine , Margaret Oakley , in which he set sail from New York on March 9 , 1834 . Among the crew was Samuel Woodworth 's 18 @-@ year @-@ old son Selim Woodworth , whose journals and letters provided a record of the voyage . Monday was not with them ; he had died a year previously . Margaret Oakley took the westerly route to the Pacific , across the Atlantic to the Cape Verde Islands , then south to the Cape of Good Hope and across the Indian Ocean , arriving in the vicinity of Dako 's home islands in November 1834 . Dako was received rapturously by his people , as one who had returned from the dead . Morrell remained in the area for several months , exploring and collecting artefacts , before departing in April 1835 for Port Jackson ( Sydney Harbour ) in Australia for repairs and repainting . By June , Morrell was back among the Pacific islands , where he took his final leave of Dako . After a fruitless interval prospecting for gold on the New Guinea mainland , Morrell took the ship to Canton in China , where he found a valuable cargo for New York on which he anticipated a profit of $ 100 @,@ 000 . After leaving Canton on November 14 , Margaret Oakley was delayed in Singapore by bad weather , where some of the cargo was sold to pay for repairs . The ship left Singapore on December 31 , 1835 , and was seen off Mauritius in early February 1836 , but then disappeared . She was given up for lost with all her crew before , months later , news arrived in Mauritius that she had been wrecked on the coast of Madagascar . The crew was rescued , although much of the ship 's cargo was lost in the wreck , and more was used to pay off the rescuers and other of Morrell 's debts . When representatives of the insurers arrived in Madagascar to assess the loss , they discovered that Morrell had departed , taking part of the remaining cargo with him . He found his way to South Africa , where he boarded a British ship , Rio Packet , bound for London . Outside US jurisdiction , he was beyond the reach of the American authorities , who equated his actions with piracy . = = = Final years and death = = = In London early in 1837 , Morrell attempted to convert some of the purloined cargo into cash , but word of his activities had spread , and the proceeds were immediately confiscated by agents acting for Margaret Oakley 's insurers . His reputation as a probable fraud prevented him from finding new employment ; he sought work with the shipping firm of Enderby Brothers , but Charles Enderby said that " he had heard so much of [ Morrell ] that he did not think fit to enter into any engagement with him . " Thwarted in London , Morrell turned his attention to France . He had heard that d 'Urville was organising an expedition to the Antarctic , and on June 20 , 1837 , wrote to the French Geographical Society in Paris to offer his services : " I will engage to place the Proud Banner of France ten degrees nearer the Pole than any other Banner has ever been planted , providing I can obtain the command of a Small schooner ... properly manned and equipped " . His offer was declined ; Morrell was by now regarded as a fraud in France as well as in Britain and America . It is not known how Morrell supported himself during his months in London ; it is possible that Abby sent him funds from America . Somehow , in the autumn of 1837 he made his way to Havana in Cuba , after which his movements are unclear . It appears that he eventually obtained command of a vessel , possibly the Christine , and that he sailed in September 1838 , probably planning a return to the Pacific . He got no further than Mozambique on the East African coast ; his ship was wrecked , and Morrell was stranded ashore . He is reported to have died , either of fever or during an insurrection , in late 1838 or early 1839 . This story is complicated by an alternative account indicating that Christine was wrecked a year later , early in 1840 , although whether Morrell was alive and in command by that date is unrecorded . Christine was known as a slave ship , which raises the possibility that in his final years Morrell was engaged with the slave trade . Fairhead suggests an alternative hypothesis : that Morrell staged his death in Mozambique , to evade Margaret Oakley 's insurers . In this scenario he may have escaped to South America and lived out his days there . A letter dated August 11 , 1843 , to the editor of The New York Commercial Advertiser and signed " Morrell " could , Fairhead maintains , only have been written by someone with intimate knowledge of the Oakley voyage . Fairhead offers no explanation why Morrell , if alive , should break his silence other than : " Perhaps , like many criminals , he could not resist flaunting himself " . There is little documented history for Abby Morrell after 1838 : two records , respectively dated 1841 and 1850 , place her in New York , but details of her life and eventual death are unknown . = = Assessment = = Despite Morrell 's exposure as a fraud , following the Margaret Oakley debacle , his contemporaries did not uniformly denounce him . To some , he was " the biggest liar in the Pacific " , while d 'Urville , who had earlier warmly praised Morrell 's Four Voyages account , turned on the American and accused him of fabricating many of his supposed discoveries . However , Jeremiah Reynolds , who had expressed scepticism over the narrative , included Morrell 's Pacific discoveries in his report to Congress A Report in relation to islands , reefs , and shoals in the Pacific Ocean . This , says Simpson @-@ Housley , was surely a compliment to the otherwise disgraced navigator . Later commentators and historians have tended to assess his career with a degree of sympathy . Hugh Robert Mill of the Royal Geographical Society , writing in 1905 , considered that a man may be ignorant and boastful , yet still do solid work . Mill thought Morrell " intolerably vain , and as great a braggart as any hero of autobiographical romance " , but still found the narrative itself " most entertaining " . Rupert Gould , writing in 1928 , thought that Morrell may have been boastful and self @-@ aggrandizing , but that did not make him a deliberate liar . Gould points to the accurate information provided by Morrell on the discovery of the guano deposits on Ichaboe Island , which laid the foundations of a flourishing industry . William Mills , a much more recent commentator , echoes the view that " something may be salvaged from Morrell 's account , although much of it must be discarded " . In regard to the Antarctic discoveries , which are Mills 's particular concern , he points out that these are given no special emphasis . Morrell does not seem to regard the Antarctic expedition as particularly remarkable , and the discovery of " New South Greenland " is not claimed by Morrell himself but is credited to Captain Johnson in 1821 . In the preface to his Four Voyages book , Morrell admits that he incorporated the experiences of others into his account . Paul Simpson @-@ Housley suggests that as well as adapting Weddell 's narrative as his own experience , Morrell may have taken the details of his 1823 visit to Bouvet Island from the records of an 1825 visit by Captain George Norris , As a reminder of Morrell 's brief Antarctic exploits , Morrell Island , at 59 ° 27'S , 27 ° 19'W , is an alternative name for Thule Island in the Southern Thule sub @-@ group of the South Sandwich Islands . During his Pacific travels Morrell encountered groups of islands that were not on his charts , treated them as new discoveries and named them after various New York acquaintances – Westervelt , Bergh , Livingstone , Skiddy . One was named " Young William Group " after Morrell 's infant son . None of these names appear in modern maps , although the " Livingstone Group " has been identified with Namonuito Atoll , and " Bergh 's Group " with the Chuuk Islands . = = = Books and journals = = = = = = Online = = =
= Ring Line ( Oslo ) = The Ring Line ( Norwegian : T @-@ baneringen or Ringbanen ) is the newest rapid transit line of the Oslo Metro of Oslo , Norway . It connects to the Sognsvann Line in the west and the Grorud Line in the east ; along with these two lines and the Common Tunnel , the Ring Line creates a loop serving both the city centre and Nordre Aker borough . The 5 @.@ 0 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) -long line has three stations : Nydalen , Storo and Sinsen . Four @-@ fifths of the line runs within two tunnels , with the 1 @.@ 0 @-@ kilometer ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) section between Storo and Sinsen , including both stations , being the only at @-@ grade part . The line connects to the Grorud Line north of Carl Berners plass and with the Sognsvann Line north of Ullevål stadion . Planning for the line began in the late 1980s , and the city council approved the line 1997 . Construction started in 2000 ; Nydalen and Storo opened on 20 August 2003 , and Sinsen opened on 20 August 2006 . The line cost NOK 1 @,@ 348 million to build and was financed through Oslo Package 2 . The Ring Line is served by lines 4 , 5 and 6 of the metro , operated by Sporveien T @-@ banen on contract with the Ruter transport authority . All lines operate each fifteen minutes . Nydalen and Storo are such located that trains in either direction use the same time along the loop , effectively giving a five @-@ minute headway to the city centre . After the opening of the line , the areas around the stations have had increased urban redevelopment . The infrastructure is owned and maintained by the municipal company Sporveien . = = History = = By the 1960s , Oslo had a rapid transit network that branched out north @-@ east and north @-@ west from the city centre . In 1987 , the western and eastern network were connected , and through @-@ trains started operating between the two networks from 1993 . Plans to make a second connection through the borough of Nordre Aker were launched by politicians in the 1980s . It was argued that this was cheaper than building roads , with the per @-@ kilometre price being about a quarter of that for motorways . Some politicians also saw the Ring Line as an opportunity to close all parts of the Oslo Tramway , except the Ekeberg- and Lilleaker Line . Oslo Sporveier , the contemporary operator of the metro , started planning the line during the late 1980s . The plans would take advantage of the Gjøvik Line 's right @-@ of @-@ way between Storo and Sinsen , while the section from Storo to Tåsen would have to be built in a tunnel . A projection for the line was presented in 1991 by Oslo Sporveier , where daily ridership was estimated to be 54 @,@ 000 passengers . The plans included a possibility for the high @-@ speed Gardermoen Line , that would be built to Oslo Airport , Gardermoen , to have a stop at Storo . This was later discarded when it was instead chosen to be built via Lillestrøm . There were also ideas to run trains from the Hoved Line from Lillestrøm to Grefsen Station via the Alnabru – Grefsen Line , located adjacent to Storo , that would allow the central parts of Groruddalen to connect with the Ring Line and Nordre Aker . When the operating company ordered new T2000 trains for the Holmenkoll Line , the design allowed future versions to have dual current systems , to handle both the 750 volts on the metro network ( from a third rail and overhead wire ) , and the 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC system of the main railways . This would allow the Ring Line to share the physical track with the Gjøvik Line on the section from Storo to Sinsen . The new T2ds were seen as a preparation for the Ring Line , and were optimised for higher speeds than the old stock , being capable of operating at 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) . At the same time , the Sognsvann Line was being upgraded to full metro standard , like the eastern part of the metro had , and would lose the overhead wires and get longer platforms . In 1992 , the tram division of Oslo Sporveier launched an alternative Ring Line that would have been built as a light rail , using in part the existing tramway . In the west , it would follow the Sinsen Line via Sinsen to Storo . A new line would have to be built from Storo to Tåsen . The line would then use the existing Sognsvann Line to Majorstuen , where it would connect to the tramway and follow the Frogner Line into the city , via a new Vika Line through Aker Brygge . This alternative would cost NOK 61 million to build , compared to NOK 470 million estimated for the rapid transit solution . Named the Light Rail Ring ( Norwegian : Bybaneringen ) , it would have 38 stops instead of 16 stops , and a travel time of 34 minutes instead of 22 minutes . Annual operating costs for the light rail solution would be NOK 57 @.@ 5 million , compared to 43 @.@ 9 million for the rapid transit solution . Between 1994 and 1998 , there was local political debate about how Rikshospitalet , that was moving to Gaustad , should be served by public transport . The state wanted to extend the Ullevål Hageby Line of the tramway to the new hospital , while many local politicians wanted to use the rapid transit . Since the Ring Line would increase traffic on the Songsvann Line , moving the line was considered to better serve the hospital . In 1998 , an agreement was reached whereby the light rail line would be built , and a new station for transfer from the metro would open at Forskningsparken . A detailed proposal was presented by Oslo Sporveier in August 1996 . It became clear that Berg would not be served by the Ring Line . Many neighbours to the route of the Sognsvann Line complained about this proposal , stating that they had hoped that the section from Majorstuen to Berg would have been rebuilt as a tunnel . They also argued that it was irrational that the line was running at @-@ grade in densely populated areas , while it would run in a tunnel through the then mostly unpopulated Nydalen . To compensate , Oslo Sporveier stated that they would build noise screens along the line . Also , the Norwegian Public Roads Administration protested to the plans , and stated that funding should be allocated to upgrading Ring 3 to six lanes before public transport investments were made in the area . The city council voted in favour of building the Ring Line on 25 June 1997 , against the votes of the Progress Party . However , the decision did not include how the line would be financed , and the politicians stated that they were hoping that the state would use national road funds to finance the project . This was partially ensured in December , when a political agreement was reached for Oslo Package 2 , a financing plan for investments in public transport in Oslo and Akershus between 2002 and 2011 . In December 1999 , a disagreement arose between the Ministry of Transport and Communications and the city ; the city would not except the government 's promise to finance part of the line . Both Minister of Transport and Communications , Dag Jostein Fjærvoll from the Christian Democratic Party and Oslo City Commissioner of Transport and the Environment , Merete Agerbak @-@ Jensen from the Conservative Party , agreed upon the distribution of funding from the city and state , and both wanted construction to start as soon as possible . The city council did not accept the guarantees from the state until March 2000 . Construction started in June , with the Agency for Road and Transport of the municipality responsible for construction . The city would pay NOK 224 million , while the state would pay NOK 673 million . The first section opened from Ullevål stadion via Nydalen to Storo on 20 August 2003 , costing NOK 590 million . With the opening , line 4 was extended from Ullevål stadion to Storo . Nydalen had grown up as an urban redevelopment area after the local industry had been abandoned in the 1980s , where 14 @,@ 800 jobs had been located by 2004 . On 20 August 2006 , the final section opened , from Storo via Sinsen to Carl Berners plass , with the whole project costing NOK 1 @,@ 348 million . A report published by the city in 2007 declared the line a success and stated that all goals for the line had been exceeded . A survey conducted by the city in 2003 and 2007 showed that the Ring Line had a significant impact on the use of public transport in the area . Total public transport usage increased from 28 to 45 % ; use for commuting increased from 35 to 61 % . At the Norwegian School of Management ( BI ) , 85 % of the students used public transport . The Ring Line reduced the estimated number of daily car trips by 10 @,@ 000 , and generated 11 @,@ 000 more daily public transport trips . In 2007 , daily passenger numbers at the stations were 8420 for Nydalen , 3630 for Storo and 2300 at Sinsen . The line allowed travel time from the Nydalen and Storo to the city centre to be halved , and travel time from Nydalen to the city center is faster by metro than by taxi . = = Route = = The 5 @.@ 0 @-@ kilometer ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) Ring Line branches off from the Sognsvann Line after Ullevål stadion , just before Berg . It immediately enters a tunnel that runs via Nydalen to Storo . The station at Storo is just outside the entrance to the tunnel . From Storo to Sinsen , the tracks are laid parallel to the Gjøvik Line of the mainland railway . Also the Sinsen Line of the Oslo Tramway and the Ring 3 motorway follow the same corridor between the two stations . The section between Ullevål stadion and Storo is 3 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 1 mi ) , while the section from Storo to Carl Berners plass is 1 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 1 mi ) . Of these , 4 @.@ 0 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) are in tunnels . The Nydalen district , formerly an industrial area , has since undergone urban redevelopment . The immediate vicinity of the station includes several large workplaces . In 2005 , BI , with 8000 students and faculty , moved into a new campus across the street from Nydalen Station . Nydalen is the only underground station on the Ring Line . The escalators leading down to the platform features The Tunnel of Light , an artistic presentation of sound and colour around the passengers as they ascend from or to descend to the station . The artwork contains 1800 lights and 44 speakers . Nydalen also serves as a bus hub . Storo opened as a tram station as part of the Grünerløkka – Torshov Line on 28 November 1902 . It is located about 200 meters from Grefsen Station of the Gjøvik Line . The Norwegian National Rail Administration is planning to move the station platform so there can be direct transfer between NSB Gjøvikbanen 's commuter rail services , and the metro . Storo functions as a bus and tram hub ; it serves line 11 and 12 on the Grünerløkka – Torshov- and Kjelsås Line , and line 13 on the Sinsen Line . Sinsen opened on 20 August 2006 , three years after the two other stations . The station is located close to , but not adjacent , to the tram stop Sinsenkrysset on the Sinsen Line ( tram no . 17 ) . Located at the interchange between Ring 3 and Trondheimsveien , it also serves as a bus hub . The Løren Line is a proposed connection which would connect the Ring and Grorud Line . It would split from the Ring Line south of Sinsen , and run part in tunnel and part at @-@ grade until it connects to the Grorud Line west of Økern . In the tunnel section the new station , Løren , would be built . The day section would run parallel to part of the mainline Alnabru – Grefsen Line . The line will allow metro trains to run directly from the Grorud Line to the Ring Line , and thus pass from east to west without passing through the packed Common Tunnel . It is part of the political compromise Oslo Package 3 , and estimated to be completed by 2017 . = = Service = = When operating a full circle route , trains start through the Common Tunnel . If running clockwise , they pass through all the common stations ( Tøyen , Grønland , Jernbanetorget , Stortinget , Nationaltheatret and Majorstuen ) . They head north on the Sognsvann Line , stopping at Blindern , Forskningsparken and Ullevål stadion . The Ring Line proper then splits off , and the trains serve Nydalen , Storo and Sinsen , before Carl Berners plass on the Grorud Line . After that , the trains again enter the Common Tunnel at Tøyen . Lines 3 , 4 and 6 operate on the Ring Line , each with a 15 @-@ minute headway . Line 3 and 6 operates on the west side of the line , with line 3 terminating at Storo and line 4 operating on the east side . Between Nydalen and Storo , lines 4 and 6 swap numbers . From the city centre , line 4 comes from the Lambertseter Line , line 3 from the Østensjø Line and line 6 from the Sognsvann Line . After line 4 and 6 have run through the loop , they continue though the city again before heading to the terminal destination . Travel time from Nydalen and Storo stations is about the same , independent of which direction on the Ring Line travellers choose . Passengers heading for the city centre can therefore take the first train that comes , independent of which direction it is heading , thus giving Nydalen and Storo a five @-@ minute headway service to the city centre . The trains are operated by Sporveien T @-@ banen , a subsidiary of Sporveien , on contract with the public transport authority Ruter . Transfer to the Kolsås- , Røa- and Holmenkoll Line is available at Majorstuen ; transfer to the Lamberseter , Østensjø- and Furuset Line is available at Tøyen and transfer to the Grorud Line is available at Carl Berners plass . Transfer to Oslo Central Station , which serves all trains in Eastern Norway , is available at Jernbanetorget . Most west @-@ bound trains can also be reached at Nationaltheatret , and trains along the Gjøvik line can be reached at Grefsen Station , that is close , but not adjacent , to Storo . The Oslo Tramway can be reached from several stations . In the city centre , transfer to all lines is possible at Jernbanetorget ; all lines but no . 12 can also be reached at either Stortinget or Nationaltheatret . Lines 11 , 12 and 19 all terminate at Majorstuen ; lines 17 and 18 run via Forskningsparken ; lines 11 , 12 and 13 can be reached at Storo ; and line 17 runs past Carl Berners plass .
= Battle of Roatán = The Battle of Roatán ( sometimes spelled " Rattan " ) was an American War of Independence battle fought on March 16 , 1782 , between British and Spanish forces for control of Roatán , an island off the Caribbean coast of present @-@ day Honduras . A Spanish expeditionary force under Matías de Gálvez , the Captain General of Spanish Guatemala , gained control of the British @-@ held island after bombarding its main defences . The British garrison surrendered the next day . The Spanish evacuated the captured soldiers , 135 civilians and 300 slaves , and destroyed their settlement , which they claimed had been used as a base for piracy and privateering . The assault was part of a larger plan by Gálvez to eliminate British influence in Central America . Although he met with temporary successes , the British were able to maintain a colonial presence in the area . = = Background = = Following the entry of Spain into the American War of Independence in 1779 , both Spain and Great Britain contested territories in Central America . Although most of the territory was part of the Spanish Captaincy General of Guatemala , the British had established logging rights on the southern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula ( present @-@ day Belize ) , and had established informal settlements ( lacking formal colonial authority ) on the Mosquito Coast of present @-@ day Honduras and Nicaragua . Guatemalan Governor Matías de Gálvez had moved quickly when the declaration of war arrived , seizing St. George 's Caye , one of the principal British island settlements off the Yucatan coast . Many of the British fled that occupation to the island of Roatán , another British @-@ controlled island about 40 miles ( 64 km ) off the Honduran coast . British commander Edward Marcus Despard used Roatán as a base for guerilla @-@ style operations to extend and maintain British influence on the Mosquito Coast , and for privateering operations against Spanish shipping . ( Sources do not indicate whether Despard was present on Roatán at the time of the Spanish attack ; if he was , he was probably not captured , since he continued to be active in the area . Stephens suggests that he was on Jamaica at the time . ) Gálvez , who had been ordered by King Charles to " dislocate the English from their hidden settlements on the Gulf of Honduras " , began planning offensive operations against the British mainland settlements as early as 1780 , after the British abandoned their failed expedition into Nicaragua . He raised as many as 15 @,@ 000 militia , and received financial and logistical support from many parts of the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas . For logistical and diplomatic reasons , no operations were launched until after the American victory at Yorktown in October 1781 . The British loss opened the possibility that the British would be able to deploy troops to Central America to better defend the area . Gálvez ' plans called for assaults on the British presence in the Bay Islands ( principally Roatán ) , followed by a sweep along the coast to eliminate the British from the mainland . Troops from central Guatemala were staged in early 1782 at Trujillo for the assault on Roatán , while additional forces moved overland from Nicaragua , Honduras , and Salvador toward the principal British settlement of Black River . Gálvez arrived at Trujillo on March 8 to organise the assault on Roatán . Leaving a force of 600 at Trujillo to further harass the British and their partisan allies , he embarked another 600 troops onto transports , and sailed for Roatán on March 12 , escorted by three frigates ( Santa Matilde , the Santa Cecilia , and the Antiope ) and a number of smaller armed naval vessels , under the command of Commodore Enrique Macdonell . The British residents of Roatán were aware of the ongoing Spanish military activities . The main settlement , New Port Royal , was defended by Forts Dalling and Despard , which mounted 20 guns . The island 's white non @-@ slave population was however quite small . In 1781 they appealed to the British commander at Bluefields for support , but he was only able to send additional weapons , which did not add significantly to the island 's defenses . = = Battle = = The Spanish fleet arrived off Roatán early on March 13 , and , after its defenders fired several ineffectual cannon shots , anchored out of range while Gálvez sent a party in to request the surrender of the island 's defenders . The defenders asked for six hours to consider their options , which Gálvez granted . After that time had elapsed , the defenders indicated that they were prepared to stand their ground , and refused to surrender . Immediate attack was not possible due to high winds and rough seas , so Gálvez then held council , and a plan of attack was formulated . At about 10 : 15 am on March 16 , Spanish guns opened up against Forts Dalling and Despard , which guarded the mouth of New Port Royal 's harbour . By 1 : 00 pm the British guns there had been silenced , and Major General Gabriel Herbias began landing troops . After the two forts were secured , the Spanish warships entered the harbour and began raking the town with cannon fire , while British artillery fired back from positions in the hills above the town . This exchange continued until sunset , at which point the British defenders capitulated . The Spanish had two killed and four wounded in the battle , while only two slaves were wounded on the other side . = = Aftermath = = Terms of surrender were agreed the next day . Gálvez and his men remained on the island for several days , collecting weapons , rounding up slaves that had run away , destroying all the buildings and agriculture on the island , as well as burning many of the ships in the harbour , which they assumed to be used in smuggling and other illicit trade . The Spanish left the island on March 23 , carrying as prisoners of war 81 British soldiers , 300 slaves , and 135 British civilians . The prisoners were sent to Havana , where the slaves were auctioned off and the others held until they could be exchanged . Gálvez was able to only temporarily partially eliminate British influences in the area . He followed up his success at Roatán with the capture of Black River in early April , but any attempt to advance further bogged down . James Lawrie , the commander at Black River , and Edward Marcus Despard successfully recaptured Black River , and were able to hold it until the end of the war .
= The Orphanage ( film ) = The Orphanage ( Spanish : El orfanato ) is a 2007 Spanish horror film and the debut feature of Spanish filmmaker J. A. Bayona . The film stars Belén Rueda as Laura , Fernando Cayo as her husband , Carlos , and Roger Príncep as their adopted son Simón . The plot centers on Laura , who returns to her childhood home , an orphanage . Laura plans to turn the house into a home for disabled children , but after an argument with Laura , Simón is found to be missing . The film 's script was written by Sergio G. Sánchez in 1996 and brought to the attention of Bayona in 2004 . Bayona asked his long @-@ time friend , director Guillermo del Toro , to help produce the film and to double its budget and filming time . Bayona wanted the film to capture the feel of 1970s Spanish cinema ; he cast Geraldine Chaplin and Belén Rueda , who were later praised for their roles in the film . The film opened at the Cannes Film Festival on May 20 , 2007 . It received critical acclaim from audiences in its native Spain , winning seven Goya awards . On its North American release , The Orphanage was praised by English @-@ speaking critics , who described the film as well directed and well acted , and noted the film 's lack of " cheap scares " ; subsequently , New Line Cinema bought the rights to the film for an American remake . = = Plot = = In 1975 Spain , a young girl named Laura is given up for adoption . Years later , adult Laura ( Rueda ) returns to the closed orphanage , accompanied by her husband , Carlos ( Cayo ) , and their seven @-@ year @-@ old adopted son , Simón ( Príncep ) . She plans to reopen the orphanage as a facility for disabled children . Simón claims to see a boy named Tomás ( Óscar Casas ) . He befriends Tomás and draws pictures of him as a child wearing a sack mask . Social worker Benigna Escobedo ( Montserrat Carulla ) informs Laura that Simón 's adoption file indicates that Simón is HIV positive . Incensed at Benigna 's intrusion , Laura asks her to leave . She later finds Benigna in the orphanage 's coal shed , but Benigna flees the scene . Later , Simón teaches Laura a game which grants its winner a wish . Clues lead the two to Simón 's adoption file . Simón becomes angry , and says that his new friend told him that Laura is not his biological mother and that he is going to die soon . During a party at the orphanage , Laura and Simón argue , and Simón hides from her . While looking for him , she encounters a child wearing a sack mask who shoves her into a bathroom and locks her inside . Escaping , she finds that Simón is missing and she is unable to find him . That night Laura hears several loud crashes . Police psychologist Pilar ( Mabel Rivera ) suggests to Laura and Carlos that Benigna may have abducted Simón . Six months later , Simón is still missing . Searching in a Spanish city , Laura spots Benigna who is then struck and killed by a car . The police find evidence that Benigna once worked at the orphanage , and that she had a son named Tomás who was interned there . The children stole a mask that Tomás wore to conceal his deformed face . Embarrassed , Tomás hid in a local sea cave and was subsequently drowned . His death occurred weeks after Laura was adopted . Laura asks for the assistance of a medium named Aurora ( Geraldine Chaplin ) in the search for Simón . Aurora conducts a seance during which she claims to see the ghosts of the orphans crying for help . Laura discovers the remains of the orphans she grew up with in the orphanage . They were killed by Tomás ' mother Benigna who wanted revenge on the children that were not blamed for the death of her son . She stored their remains in the orphanage 's coal shed . Unable to cope with the situation , Carlos leaves the orphanage . Laura recreates the original orphanage layout and attempts to contact the children 's spirits by playing a version of Peek Behind the Curtain . The spirits lead her to the door of a hidden underground room . Inside is Simón 's corpse , wearing Tomás 's mask . Laura finally realizes what happened : while searching for Simón the night he disappeared , Laura moved pieces of construction scaffolding , blocking the entrance to the secret room . The crashes that night were caused by Simón trying to get out . He fell and broke his neck . Laura takes an overdose of sleeping pills . Dying , she begs to be with Simón again and the children 's spirits appear , with Simón among them . Simón tells Laura that his wish was for her to stay and take care of the orphans . Sometime later , Carlos visits a memorial to Laura , Simón and the orphans . Carlos returns to the orphans ' old bedroom and finds a medallion that he had given to Laura . He turns to look as the door opens , and he smiles . = = Cast = = Belén Rueda as Laura , the wife of Carlos and mother of the adopted Simón . Laura returns to the orphanage that she spent some of her youth at to turn it into a home for disabled children . Mireia Renau portrays the younger Laura . Fernando Cayo as Carlos , the husband of Laura and father of adopted Simón . Roger Príncep as Simón , the young adopted son of Laura and Carlos . Simón meets new imaginary friends in the orphanage and eventually threatens to run away with them . Mabel Rivera as Pilar , the head police psychologist who eventually discovers the truth of who Benigna really is . Montserrat Carulla as Benigna Escobeda , a former worker at the orphanage who identifies herself as a social worker . When she is seen young in the film , she is portrayed by Carol Suárez . Production companies working with Bayona tried to urge him to keep this character alive until the end of the film . Geraldine Chaplin as Aurora , the medium brought in to help find Simón when the police can 't find him . Andrés Gertrúdix as Enrique , Aurora 's sound technician . Edgar Vivar as Prof. Leo Balabán , the man who puts Laura in contact with Aurora and directs the spirit session in her house . Óscar Casas as Tomás , the deformed son of Benigna who Simón claims to have befriended . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = The first draft of the script of The Orphanage was written by Sergio G. Sánchez in 1996 . Sánchez was not sure why he chose to write a genre film for the screenplay , as he explains , " I ended up writing a film in the style of those I liked as a kid , movies like Poltergeist , The Omen , and Rosemary 's Baby which I ruined on the first VCR we owned at home . " Sánchez revealed the literary influences underlying his writing of the script , such as The Turn of the Screw and Peter Pan . Sánchez originally wanted to direct the script but he was repeatedly turned down by various Spanish production companies . While Sánchez was working on the short film 7337 in 2004 , he met with director Juan Antonio Bayona and offered him the script to direct . Bayona accepted the opportunity because he felt that a fantasy themed script like that of The Orphanage would allow him freedom as a director , saying the fantasy genre was a great tool for learning as it " allows manipulation of space and time as we wish or the use of certain camera moves with an immediate efficiency " . Bayona cut parts of the script , including the outcome of the other orphanage children , because he wanted to focus on the character of Laura and what happens to her . To create the film as he wanted , Bayona had to double both the film 's budget and the amount of filming time . To accomplish this , Bayona received help from fellow film director Guillermo del Toro , whom he had met at Festival de Cine de Sitges when del Toro was presenting his film Cronos ( 1993 ) . Del Toro offered to co @-@ produce the film as soon as he learned about it . For the rest of his crew , Bayona worked with his regular team that he worked with on commercials and music videos . = = = Casting = = = During casting discussions between Bayona and del Toro , Bayona expressed a desire to see Belén Rueda in the lead . Bayona admired her after seeing her performance as Julia in Alejandro Amenabar 's The Sea Inside . Del Toro appreciated this choice , as he admired her as an actress and liked that Bayona was casting her against type . Bayona asked Rueda to watch The Innocents and Close Encounters of the Third Kind to prepare for the role . Another actress Bayona desired for the film was Geraldine Chaplin in the role of Aurora , the medium . Bayona stated that he wanted the film to have " the mood of 70s Spanish cinema and Geraldine starred in one of the best movies of that decade , Carlos Saura 's The Secret of Anna , as the ghost of the mother . It made sense to have her play the medium . " Bayona was nervous about filming with Chaplin . To break that tension , on the first day of shooting with her Bayona hid under a bed during a scene which required Chaplin to portray Anna kneeling down near it in the dark , and he grabbed Chaplin 's leg when she did so . Anna 's scream in the film is Chaplin 's actual frightened scream as Bayona grabbed her . Roger Príncep 's test @-@ screening was one of the first for the role of Simón . Bayona test @-@ screened over four @-@ hundred children during two months before making his choice to cast Princep . Edgar Vivar was cast in role of Balabán ; Bayona knew him through his work on the Mexican television series El Chavo and sent him an invitation for the role through e @-@ mail . = = = Filming = = = Production on The Orphanage began on May 15 , 2006 in Llanes , Asturias . This location was chosen due to the area 's diverse natural settings that include beaches , caves , cliffs , forests , a small village , and the Partarríu Manor where the orphanage scenes take place . The orphanage was an old colonial house from the end of the nineteenth century . Bayona wanted to use certain cinematographic techniques that were impossible to achieve in the house , so several parts of the house were reconstructed in sound stages . After four weeks in Llanes , the team moved to Barcelona to finish up the last ten weeks of filming in sound stages , making over 80 % of the film there . Bayona showed the films La residencia and The Innocents to his director of photography on the film , to make special notice of the Scope lensing used in both films . = = Release = = The Orphanage premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 20 , 2007 . The film was positively received with a ten @-@ minute ovation from the audience . The film 's Spanish debut took place at the Sitges Film Festival on October 4 , 2007 where it opened the festival . The Orphanage had a wide release in Spain on October 11 , 2007 and was immensely successful in Spain after an $ 8 @.@ 3 million four @-@ day launch from 350 screens . The film was the second highest @-@ grossing debut ever for a Spanish film and was the biggest opening of the year , making it even larger than the worldwide success of the Spanish @-@ Mexican film Pan 's Labyrinth . It opened in limited release in the United States on December 28 , 2007 and had a wide release on January 11 , 2008 . It opened in Mexico on January 25 , 2008 and earned over $ 11 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 at the box office . In Spain , the film was nominated for 14 Goya Awards , including Best Picture and ended up winning awards for Best Art Direction , Best Director of Production , Best Makeup and Hair , Best New Director , Best Screenplay – Original , Best Sound Mixing , and Best Special Effects . The Orphanage was chosen by the Spanish Academy of Films as Spain 's nominee for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Foreign Film , but ultimately did not end up as one of the five final nominees in that category . The Orphanage was picked up by Picturehouse at the Berlin Film Festival for American distribution . = = = Home media = = = The Orphanage was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on April 22 , 2008 for a Region 1 release by New Line Cinema . Both discs featured the same bonus features . A Region 2 version was released on DVD by Optimum Releasing on July 21 , 2008 . = = = Remake = = = In 2007 , New Line Cinema bought the rights to produce an English @-@ language remake with Guillermo del Toro as producer . On remakes , director Bayona noted that " The Americans have all the money in the world but can 't do anything , while we can do whatever we want but don 't have the money " and " The American industry doesn 't take chances , that 's why they make remakes of movies that were already big hits " . On August 4 , 2009 , Larry Fessenden was announced as the director of the American remake . Fessenden was later announced that he will not be involved with directing the remake , stating " Working on the script with Guillermo was a very exciting experience , but then I got into a casting miasma and that 's where the thing is ; I think they 're gonna do it another way , actually . So I think I 'm out of it . Hopefully they 'll still use my script , but I 'm not sure I 'm directing it anymore " . In January 2010 , Mark Pellington replaced Larry Fessenden as director of the project . On August 5 , 2011 , Guillermo del Toro stated that the remake would reflect his original vision for the film , and that it had been planned even when the first version was in production . " Even when we produced the Spanish movie , I had intended to remake it because we had a very different screenplay that , because of money and time , got turned into the movie you saw – which is great , but there was this other structure for the original script that I wanted to try . So even before we shot the first film it was an economic decision , a pre @-@ existing creative decision , to change it . " Del Toro also praised the new film 's director . " We have Mark Pellington attached as director – I 'm a big fan of his The Mothman Prophecies and his video work – and we are out to actors , so we 're hoping to get things going soon . " On August 30 , 2011 , it was reported that American actress Amy Adams was in talks to star as Laura , the main character , who was played by Belén Rueda in the original film . It was also stated that the current incarnation of the remake screenplay had been written by Larry Fessenden and Sergio G. Sánchez , the sole writer of the original film . = = Reception = = The Orphanage was received very well by American critics on its original release . The film ranking website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 87 % of critics had given the film positive reviews , based upon a sample of 168 . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 74 , based on 33 reviews . Critics praised the film for its lack of cheap scares . Film critic for the Chicago Sun Times Roger Ebert approved of the film claiming it to be " deliberately aimed at viewers with developed attention spans . It lingers to create atmosphere , a sense of place , a sympathy with the characters , instead of rushing into cheap thrills " . Bill Goodykoontz of the Arizona Republic echoed this statement noting , " Bayona never lets The Orphanage descend into cheap horror . The scares here are expertly done and , placed in the context of Laura 's state of mind , well @-@ earned , perhaps even explainable ( or not ) . " Peter Howell of the Toronto Star wrote , " The year 's best horror picture is also one of the simplest . The Orphanage makes little if any use of digital tricks to present its numerous terrors . " The casting of Chaplin and Rueda was praised while the role of Carlos was called dull . Goodykoontz noted the role of Carlos , saying " Cayo is rather pedestrian as Carlos , but he isn 't given that much to do " . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune shared this opinion saying , " Rueda has a great pair of peepers for this assignment . When she looks one way and then the other , while skulking through the hallways of her childhood home , every nerve @-@ wracking whatwasthat ? registers , and how . Cayo is pretty dull by comparison , but Chaplin certainly is not . " Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail praised Rueda stating , " The strongest appeal of the film is the brooding , intense performance by Spanish actress , Belen Rueda . " A negative review came from Lacey of The Globe and Mail , who felt that at " [ the film 's ] core , it seems intended as a sympathetic drama of a bereaved mother , who may have slipped into madness . What 's even more disquieting is the persistent undercurrent of exploitation – the mixture of grief and jarring shock effects and the pitiless use of a disfigured child as a source of horror . " A.O. Scott of The New York Times claimed the film to be a " diverting , overwrought ghost story " and that it " relies on basic and durable horror movie techniques " . Jack Matthews of New York Daily News found the ending of the film to be one of the worst of the season , but praised the acting of Belén Rueda . The Orphanage listed as one of the top 10 best films of 2007 by several critics , including Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer , Marc Doyle of Metacritic and Tasha Robinson of The AV Club . Anthony Lane of The New Yorker included the film on his top ten list of 2008 . In the early 2010s , Time Out conducted a poll with several authors , directors , actors and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films . The Orphanage placed at number 76 on their top 100 list . = = Soundtrack = = In 2007 , the film score was composed by Fernando Velázquez and released on compact disc by Rhino Records in Spain . The score for the film was nominated for film awards including the Goya Award for Best Score . The soundtrack has not been released locally in North America or the United Kingdom and is only available by import . = = = Track listing = = = All music composed by Fernando Velázquez .
= Russian battleship Oryol = Oryol ( Russian : Орёл ) was a Borodino @-@ class battleship built for the Russian Imperial Navy in the first decade of the 20th century . The ship was completed a few months before the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War in February 1904 and was assigned to the Second Pacific Squadron sent to the Far East six months later to break the Japanese blockade of Port Arthur . The Japanese captured the port while the squadron was in transit and their destination was changed to Vladivostok . Oryol was badly damaged during the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905 and surrendered to the Japanese who put her into service under the name of Iwami ( Japanese : 石見 ) . Reconstructed by the Japanese in 1905 – 1907 , Iwami was reclassified by the Imperial Japanese Navy as a coastal defence ship in 1912 . She participated in the Battle of Tsingtao at the beginning of World War I and supported the Japanese troops that landed in Siberia in 1918 during the Russian Civil War . Iwami was used as a training ship beginning in September 1921 . The ship was disarmed in 1922 to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and sunk as a target ship in 1924 . = = Design and description = = The five Borodino @-@ class predreadnought battleships were the centerpiece of Tsar Nicholas II 's naval building program , " For the Needs of the Far East " , that was intended to defend his newly leased warm @-@ water port at Port Arthur , China . He had obtained the lease after the Triple Intervention by France , Russia , and Germany forced Japan to return it to China after the Japanese victory in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 . The Russian lease was seen as adding insult to injury by the Japanese and confirmed that the two countries were on a collision course over their spheres of influence in Korea and China . One of the first battleships ordered as part of the program was the French @-@ designed and built Tsesarevich and the Imperial Russian Navy also purchased a license to build more ships in domestic shipyards . The Borodinos were derived from the design of Tsesarevich , enlarged to suit Russian equipment , but with significantly thinner armor to reduce weight . Oryol was 397 feet ( 121 @.@ 0 m ) long overall , had a beam of 76 feet 1 inch ( 23 @.@ 19 m ) and a draft of around 29 feet 2 inches ( 8 @.@ 9 m ) at deep load . Designed to displace 13 @,@ 516 long tons ( 13 @,@ 733 t ) , she was more than 600 long tons ( 610 t ) overweight and actually displaced 14 @,@ 151 long tons ( 14 @,@ 378 t ) . This caused a problem during her sister 's sea trials on 6 October 1903 when Imperator Aleksandr III made a high @-@ speed turn that caused her to heel 15 ° and submerged the embrasures for the 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns . The ship 's crew consisted of 28 officers and 826 enlisted men . Her design was based on that of the Tsesarevich , modified to suit Russian machinery . The ship was powered by two four @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines using steam generated by 20 Belleville boilers . The engines were rated at 15 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 800 kW ) and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Oryol 's engines , however , only achieved 14 @,@ 176 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 571 kW ) during her official machinery trials on 10 September 1904 , although the ship was able to reach her designed speed . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 350 long tons ( 1 @,@ 370 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 2 @,@ 590 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 2 @,@ 980 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship 's main battery consisted of four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one forward and one aft of the superstructure . The secondary armament consisted of 12 Canet 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns , mounted in twin @-@ gun turrets . A number of smaller guns were carried for defence against torpedo boats . These included twenty 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) QF guns and twenty 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns . She was also armed with four 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes , one each at the bow and stern above water and two submerged on the broadside . Oryol 's waterline armor belt consisted of Krupp armor and was 5 @.@ 7 – 7 @.@ 64 inches ( 145 – 194 mm ) thick . The armor of her gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and her deck ranged from 1 to 2 inches ( 25 to 51 mm ) in thickness . She had anti @-@ torpedo bulkheads 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick . = = Service = = Construction began on Oryol ( Eagle ) on 7 November 1899 at the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg . The ship was laid down on 1 June 1900 and launched on 19 July 1901 . While fitting out in Kronstadt in May 1904 in preparation for the installation of her armor , some temporary sheathing was removed that allowed water to enter and sank the ship five days later . The water was pumped out and the ship refloated without incident . She was completed in October 1904 at the cost of 13 @,@ 404 @,@ 000 rubles . On 15 October 1904 , Oryol set sail for Port Arthur from Libau along with the other vessels of the Second Pacific Squadron , under the overall command of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky . Rozhestvensky led his squadron down the Atlantic coast of Africa , rounding the Cape of Good Hope , and reached the island of Nosy Be off the north @-@ west coast of Madagascar on 9 January 1905 where they remained for two months while Rozhestvensky finalized his coaling arrangements . The squadron sailed for Camranh Bay , French Indochina , on 16 March and reached it almost a month later to await the obsolete ships of the 3rd Pacific Squadron , commanded by Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov . The latter ships reached Camranh Bay on 9 May and the combined force sailed for Vladivostok on 14 May . With all of the additional coal and other supplies loaded for the lengthy voyage , the ship was 1 @,@ 785 long tons ( 1 @,@ 814 t ) overweight ; most of which was stored high in the ship and reduced her stability . The most important aspect of this , however , was that the additional weight completely submerged the ship 's main armor belt . Rozhestvensky decided to take the most direct route to Vladivostok using the Tsushima Strait and was intercepted by the Japanese battlefleet under the command of Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō on 27 May 1905 . At the beginning of the battle , Oryol was the last ship in line of the 1st Division , which consisted of all four Borodino @-@ class battleships under Rozhestvensky 's direct command . The ship fired the first shots of the Battle of Tsushima when the ship 's captain , Nikolay Yung , ordered her to open fire at a Japanese cruiser that was shadowing the Russian formation at a range of 9 @,@ 000 meters ( 9 @,@ 800 yd ) . Rozhestvensky had not given any pre @-@ battle instructions to the fleet covering this situation , but he ordered Yung to cease fire after 30 rounds had been fired without effect . Oryol was not heavily engaged during the early part of the battle , but she was set on fire by Japanese shells during this time . About an hour after the battle began , the Japanese cruiser Chihaya fired two torpedoes at a ship that may have been Oryol , although both torpedoes missed . The Russian formation had become disordered during the early part of the battle and Oryol was second in line after her sister Borodino by 16 : 00 . The Japanese battleships generally concentrated their fire on Borodino during this time and sank her around 19 : 30 . Oryol was hit a number of times as well , but was not seriously damaged . Oryol took the lead after Borodino was sunk ; she was joined by Nebogatov 's Second Division after Tōgō ordered the Japanese battleships to disengage in the gathering darkness . Nebogatov assumed command of the remains of the fleet and they continued towards Vladivostok . The ships were discovered by the Japanese early the following morning and attacked by Tōgō 's battleships around 10 : 00 . The faster Japanese ships stayed beyond the range at which Nebogatov 's ships could effectively reply and he decided to surrender his ships at 10 : 30 as he could neither return fire nor close the range . The ship was formally stricken from the Navy List on 13 September 1905 . During the battle , Oryol was probably hit by five 12 @-@ inch , two 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) , nine 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) , thirty @-@ nine 6 @-@ inch shells , and 21 smaller rounds or fragments . Although the ship had many large holes in the unarmored portions of her side , she was only moderately damaged as all of the four ( one 12 @-@ inch and three 6 @-@ inch ) shells that hit her side armor failed to penetrate . The left gun of her forward 12 @-@ inch turret had been struck by an 8 @-@ inch shell that broke off its muzzle and another 8 @-@ inch shell struck the roof of the rear 12 @-@ inch turret and forced it down , which limited the maximum elevation of the left gun . Two 6 @-@ inch gun turrets had been jammed by hits from 8 @-@ inch shells and one of them had been burnt out by an ammunition fire . Another turret had been damaged by a 12 @-@ inch shell that struck its supporting tube . Splinters from two 6 @-@ inch shells entered the conning tower and wounded Yung badly enough that he later died of his wounds . Casualties totaled 43 crewmen killed and approximately 80 wounded . = = Japanese career as Iwami = = As Oryol followed the First Division of the Combined Fleet back to Japan after the battle , she developed a list to starboard and her engines began to fail . Escorted ( and occasionally towed ) by the battleship Asahi and the armored cruiser Asama , she was diverted to Maizuru Naval Arsenal for emergency repairs that lasted until 29 July . While under repair , she was renamed Iwami on 6 June , after the eponymous province , now part of Shimane prefecture . The Japanese substantially rebuilt Iwami at Kure Naval Arsenal and officially recommissioned her into the Imperial Japanese Navy on 2 November 1907 . To reduce her top weight , her funnels were shortened , her fighting tops removed , and her superstructure reduced in height . Her twin six @-@ inch gun turrets were removed and replaced by half a dozen eight @-@ inch guns on pedestal mounts that were protected by gun shields . The fore and aft eight @-@ inch guns were repositioned one deck lower , on the same level as the midships guns , and the midships 75 @-@ millimeter gun positions were plated over . The 75 @-@ millimeter guns were replaced by sixteen Japanese @-@ built QF 12 @-@ pounder , 12 cwt guns and two submerged broadside 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes replaced her original torpedo armament . Her boilers were replaced by an unknown number of Japanese @-@ built Miyabara water @-@ tube boilers . These changes reduced her displacement to approximately 13 @,@ 500 long tons ( 13 @,@ 700 t ) and her crew now totaled 806 officers and crewmen . Iwami was assigned to the 1st Fleet on 26 November 1907 although she participated in the 1908 naval maneuvers as part of the 2nd Fleet before rejoining the 1st Fleet the following year . On 1 September 1912 , the ship was reclassified as a second @-@ class coastal defense ship . Shortly after the start of World War I in 1914 , Iwami was assigned to the 2nd Division of the 2nd Fleet , formed from captured Russian ships . The division blockaded the port and bombarded German defenses during the Siege of Tsingtao in August – November 1914 . In 1915 Iwami was a guardship at Kure , but she did participate in that year 's naval maneuvers and subsequent fleet review . She was assigned to the 5th Division of the 3rd Fleet on 7 January 1918 as its flagship and landed a company of marines in Vladivostok five days later at the start of the Japanese intervention in Siberia during the Russian Civil War . Iwami returned to Kure on 9 September and was subsequently relieved from her assignment with the 3rd Fleet . The ship was assigned to defend Kamchatka from 24 September 1920 to 30 June 1921 and was based in Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk . She was reclassified as a first @-@ class coast defense ship in September 1921 and was used as a training ship . In accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty , Japan agreed to scrap Iwami . She was disarmed in April 1922 and used as a depot ship until she was struck on 1 September . Iwami moored to the west of the island of Jōgashima near the mouth of Tokyo Bay and used as a target by aircraft of the Yokosuka Naval Air Group from 5 – 8 July , finally sinking on 10 July 1924 .
= Giant mouse lemur = The giant mouse lemurs ( members of the genus Mirza ) are a genus of strepsirrhine primates . Two species have been formally described ; the northern giant mouse lemur ( Mirza zaza ) and Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur ( Mirza coquereli ) . Like all other lemurs , they are native to Madagascar , where they are found in the western dry deciduous forests and further to the north in the Sambirano valley and Sahamalaza Peninsula . First described in 1867 as a single species , they were grouped with mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs . In 1870 , British zoologist John Edward Gray assigned them to their own genus , Mirza . The classification was not widely accepted until the 1990s , which followed the revival of the genus by American paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall in 1982 . In 2005 , the northern population was declared a new species , and in 2010 , the World Wide Fund for Nature announced that a southwestern population might also be a new species . Giant mouse lemurs are about three times larger than mouse lemurs , weighing approximately 300 g ( 11 oz ) , and have a long , bushy tail . They are most closely related to mouse lemurs within Cheirogaleidae , a family of small , nocturnal lemurs . Giant mouse lemurs sleep in nests during the day and forage alone at night for fruit , tree gum , insects , and small vertebrates . Unlike many other cheirogaleids , they do not enter a state of torpor during the dry season . The northern species is generally more social than the southern species , particularly when nesting , though males and females may form pair bonds . The northern species also has the largest testicle size relative to its body size among all primates and is atypical among lemurs for breeding year @-@ round instead of seasonally . Home ranges often overlap , with related females living closely together while males disperse . Giant mouse lemurs are vocal , although they also scent mark using saliva , urine , and secretions from the anogenital scent gland . Predators of giant mouse lemurs include the Madagascar buzzard , Madagascar owl , fossa , and the narrow @-@ striped mongoose . Giant mouse lemurs reproduce once a year , with two offspring born after a 90 @-@ day gestation . Babies are initially left in the nest while the mother forages , but are later carried by mouth and parked in vegetation while she forages nearby . In captivity , giant mouse lemurs will breed year @-@ round . Their lifespan in the wild is thought to be five to six years . Both species are listed as endangered due to habitat destruction and hunting . Like all lemurs , they are protected under CITES Appendix I , which prohibits commercial trade . Despite breeding easily , they are rarely kept in captivity . The Duke Lemur Center coordinated the captive breeding of an imported collection of the northern species , which rose from six individuals in 1982 to 62 individuals by 1989 , but the population fell to six by 2009 and was no longer considered a breeding population . = = Taxonomy = = The first species of giant mouse lemur was described by the French naturalist Alfred Grandidier in 1867 based on seven individuals he had collected near Morondava in southwestern Madagascar . Of these seven specimens , the lectotype was selected in 1939 as MNHN 1867 – 603 , an adult skull and skin . Naming the species after the French entomologist Charles Coquerel , Grandidier placed Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur ( M. coquereli ) with the dwarf lemurs in the genus Cheirogaleus ( which he spelled Cheirogalus ) as C. coquereli . He selected this generic assignment based on similarities with fork @-@ marked lemurs ( Phaner ) , which he considered to also be members of Cheirogaleus . The following year , the German naturalist Hermann Schlegel and Dutch naturalist François Pollen independently described the same species and coincidentally gave it the same specific name , coquereli , basing theirs on an individual from around the Bay of Ampasindava in northern Madagascar . Unlike Grandidier , they placed their specimen in the genus Microcebus ( mouse lemurs ) ; however , these authors also listed all Cheirogaleus under Microcebus and based the classification of their species on similarities with the greater dwarf lemur ( M. typicus , now C. major ) . In 1870 , the British zoologist John Edward Gray placed Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur into its own genus , Mirza . This classification was widely ignored and later rejected in the early 1930s by zoologists Ernst Schwarz , Guillaume Grandidier , and others , who felt that its longer fur and bushy tail did not merit a separate genus and instead placed it in Microcebus . British anatomist William Charles Osman Hill also favored this view in 1953 , noting that despite its larger size ( comparable to Cheirogaleus ) , its first upper premolar was proportionally small as in Microcebus . In 1977 , French zoologist Jean @-@ Jacques Petter also favored the Microcebus classification , despite the threefold size difference between Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur and the other members of the genus . The genus Mirza was resurrected in 1982 by American paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall to represent an intermediate branch between Microcebus and Cheirogaleus , citing the Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur 's significantly larger size than the largest Microcebus and locomotor behavior more closely aligned with Cheirogaleus . Adoption of Mirza was slow , though in 1994 it was used in the first edition of Lemurs of Madagascar by Conservation International . In 1993 , primatologist Colin Groves initially favored the Microcebus classification in the second edition of Mammal Species of the World , but began supporting the resurrection of Mirza in 2001 . In 1991 , prior to adopting Mirza , Groves was the first to use the common name " giant mouse lemur " . Prior to that , they were popularly referred to as " Coquerel 's mouse lemur " . In 2005 , Peter M. Kappeler and Christian Roos described a new species of giant mouse lemur , the northern giant mouse lemur ( M. zaza ) . Their studies compared the morphology , behavioral ecology , and mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of specimens from both Kirindy Forest in central @-@ western Madagascar and around Ambato in northwestern Madagascar , part of the Sambirano valley . Their study demonstrated distinct differences in size , sociality , and breeding , as well as sufficient genetic distance to merit specific distinction between the northern and central @-@ western populations . Because Grandidier 's description was based on a southern specimen , they named the northern population as a new species . The World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) announced in 2010 that a biodiversity study from 2009 in the gallery forest of Ranobe near Toliara in southwestern Madagascar revealed a population of giant mouse lemurs previously unknown to science , and possibly a new species . They noted a significant difference in coloration between the two known species and the specimen they observed . However , further testing was required to confirm the discovery . = = = Etymology = = = The etymology of Mirza puzzled researchers for many years . Gray often created mysterious and unexplained taxonomic names — a trend not only continued with his description of Mirza in 1870 , but also with the genera Phaner ( fork @-@ marked lemurs ) and Azema ( for M. rufus , now a synonym for Microcebus ) , both of which were described in the same publication . In 1904 , American zoologist Theodore Sherman Palmer attempted to document the etymologies of all mammalian taxa , but could not definitively explain these three genera . For Mirza , Palmer only noted that it derived from the Persian title mîrzâ ( " prince " ) , a view tentatively supported by Alex Dunkel , Jelle Zijlstra , and Groves in 2012 . However , because the reference to Persian princes might have come from Arabian Nights , a popular piece of literature at the time , Dunkel et al. also searched the general literature published around 1870 . The origin of all three names was found in a British comedy The Palace of Truth by W. S. Gilbert , which premiered in London on 19 November 1870 , nearly one and a half weeks prior to the date written on the preface of Gray 's manuscript ( also published in London ) . The comedy featured characters bearing all three names : King Phanor ( sic ) , Mirza , and Azema . The authors concluded that Gray had seen the comedy and then based the names of three lemur genera on its characters . = = = Evolution = = = Based on studies using morphology , immunology , repetitive DNA , SINE analysis , multilocus phylogenetic tests , and mitochondrial genes ( mtDNA ) , giant mouse lemurs are most closely related to mouse lemurs within the family Cheirogaleidae , and together they form a clade with the hairy @-@ eared dwarf lemur ( Allocebus ) . Both dwarf lemurs and fork @-@ marked lemurs are more distantly related , with fork @-@ marked lemurs being either a sister group of all cheirogaleids , or more closely related to sportive lemurs ( Lepilemur ) . Although Mirza , Microcebus , and Allocebus form a clade within Cheirogaleidae , the three lineages are thought to have diverged during a narrow window of time , so the relationships within this clade are difficult to determine and may change with further research . All three are thought to have diverged at least 20 mya ( million years ago ) , although another estimate using mtDNA places the divergence between Mirza and Microcebus at 24 @.@ 2 mya . Divergence between the two recognized species of giant mouse lemur is estimated at 2 @.@ 1 mya . = = Description = = Though giant mouse lemurs are relatively small cheirogaleids , they are more than three times larger than the smallest members of the family , the mouse lemurs . Their body weight averages 300 g ( 11 oz ) . At around 300 mm ( 12 in ) , their bushy and long tail is longer than their head @-@ body length , which averages 233 mm ( 9 @.@ 2 in ) . Their forelimbs are shorter than the hind limbs ( with an intermembral index of 70 ) , a trait shared with mouse lemurs . The skull is similar to that of dwarf and mouse lemurs , and the auditory bullae are small . Like other cheirogaleids , the dental formula for giant mouse lemurs is 2 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 32 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 3 × 2 = 36 ; on each side of the mouth , top and bottom , there are two incisors , one canine , three premolars , and three molars — a total of 36 teeth . Their upper teeth converge towards the front of the mouth , but are straighter than those in mouse lemurs . The first upper premolar ( P2 ) is relatively small , but nearly as tall as the next premolar ( P3 ) . Unlike mouse lemurs and more like dwarf lemurs , giant mouse lemurs have a prominent anterior lower premolar ( P2 ) . Also more aligned with dwarf lemurs , the first two upper molars ( M1 – 2 ) have a more anterior hypocone that sits opposite the metacone , compared to the mouse lemurs ' more posterior hypocone , which is presumably a symplesiomorphic ( ancestral ) trait . Also on M1 and M2 , the cingulum ( a crest or ridge on the tongue side ) comprises two small cuspules . In all other dental characteristics , giant mouse lemurs are noticeably similar to both dwarf and mouse lemurs . Giant mouse lemurs have two pairs of mammae , one on the chest ( pectoral ) and one on the abdomen ( abdominal ) . Their fur is typically grayish @-@ brown on the dorsal ( back ) side and more gray in color on the ventral ( front ) side . The tail is typically black @-@ tipped . The new population found by WWF in 2010 has an overall lighter color , along with reddish or rusty patches near the hands and feet on the dorsal side of the arms and legs . This population also has a red tail , which darkens at the end . Vibrissae are found above the eyes ( superciliary ) , above the mouth ( buccal ) , under the lower jaw ( genal ) , near the top of the jaw ( interramal ) , and on the wrist ( carpal ) . Like mouse lemurs , the ears are large and membranous . Ear size is one differentiating factor between the northern giant mouse lemur and Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur , with the former having shorter , rounded ears , while the latter has relatively large ears . The northern giant mouse lemur is generally larger and also has a shorter tail and shorter canine teeth . This species also has the largest testicles relative to body size of any living primate , with an average volume of 15 @.@ 48 cm3 ( 0 @.@ 945 cu in ) , corresponding to 5 @.@ 5 % of its body weight . If human males had comparably sized testes , they would weigh 4 kg ( 8 @.@ 8 lb ) and be the size of a grapefruit . = = Distribution and habitat = = Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur has a spotty distribution across western Madagascar 's dry deciduous forests due to the forest fragmentation throughout the region . The dry forests in this lowland region vary in elevation from sea level to 700 m ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) . The range of this species is divided into northern and southern subpopulations , which are separated by several hundred kilometers . Both historical and current populations between these ranges are uncertain . The southern region is bound by the Onilahy River in the south and the Tsiribihina River in the north , while the northern population is found in the northwestern corner of the island at Tsingy de Namoroka National Park . They are most commonly found in forests near rivers and ponds . The northern giant mouse lemur is found in isolated forest patches along the northwest coast in both the more humid Sambirano valley and Sahamalaza Peninsula , as well as the Ampasindava Peninsula . Its range extends from the Maeverano River in the south to the Mahavavy River in the north . The new population reported by the WWF in 2010 is found in the gallery forests of Ranobe near Toliara in southwestern Madagascar . = = Behavior = = Giant mouse lemurs were first studied in the wild by Petter and colleagues in 1971 . His observations were secondary to his primary research interest , the fork @-@ marked lemurs north of Morondava . Both northern and southern populations were studied intermittently between 1978 and 1981 , and in 1993 , long @-@ term social and genetic studies began in Kirindy Forest . Behavioral studies of captive individuals have also been performed at the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) in Durham , North Carolina during the 1990s . = = = Population density and territory = = = Before the recognition of more than one species , differences in population density were noted between southern forests like Kirindy and northern forests near Ambanja . Later , it was recognized that Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur was found in lower densities than the northern giant mouse lemur . The former range between 30 and 210 individuals per square kilometer ( 250 acres ) , with lower densities in open areas of the forest , while the latter has been recorded with 385 to 1 @,@ 086 individuals per km2 . However , in the case of the northern giant mouse lemur , populations were found in more isolated forest fragments and it is thought that their consumption of introduced cashew and mango help sustain these higher populations . According to studies of Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur , home ranges of both sexes vary from 1 to 4 hectares ( 2 to 10 acres ) with frequent overlap , particularly on the periphery of their range . Individuals most heavily use and aggressively defend a smaller core area within their range . Individuals can have up to eight neighbors . Home ranges of males tend to overlap with those of both females and other males , and typically expand to four times the size during the mating season . Female home ranges show no variability in size , and can remain stable for years . At Kirindy Forest , genetic studies showed that the home ranges of related females tend to clump closely together , while unrelated males may overlap their range , suggesting male dispersal and migration is responsible for gene flow . = = = Activity patterns = = = Both species are strictly nocturnal , leaving their nests around sunset to stretch and self @-@ groom for a few minutes . Both species typically forage between 5 and 10 m ( 16 and 33 ft ) above the forest floor , though Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur has been observed on the ground . They primarily move by quadrupedal running and occasionally leaping between branches , and use the same feeding postures as mouse lemurs , such as clinging to tree trunks . When moving through the trees , giant mouse lemurs scurry rapidly like mouse lemurs , unlike dwarf lemurs , which use more deliberate movement . Slow movements are usually seen in lower , denser foliage when hunting for insects , while more rapid motion and leaping is typically seen at moderate heights of 2 – 5 m ( 6 @.@ 6 – 16 ft ) . Surveillance of the home range involves slower movements in lighter foliage near the tops of large trees , while movements along the border of a home range is more rapid and occurs at a lower height . Similar movement patterns have been observed in captivity as well . Giant mouse lemurs begin foraging moments before the sun disappears , occasionally participate in social activities during the last half of the night , and return to one of their nests prior to sunrise . Cold temperatures cause them to leave the nest later and return early , sometime during the second half of the night . During the first half of the night , giant mouse lemurs are more likely to rest for an hour or more , usually at the expense of social activities , but not feeding time . Rest periods are longer when temperatures are low . Unlike many other cheirogaleids , they remain active all year and do not enter daily or seasonal torpor . = = = Nesting = = = Both species sleep in round nests up to 50 cm ( 20 in ) across made of interlaced lianas , branches , leaves , and twigs gathered from nearby trees and woven using the mouth and hands . Nests are typically between 2 and 10 m ( 6 @.@ 6 and 33 ft ) above the ground in the fork of large tree branches or surrounded by dense lianas . Trees covered in thick lianas as well as trees with year @-@ round leaf cover ( e.g. Euphorbiaceae ) are favored for nest construction , though large bare trees may be used by building the nest higher . In addition to nesting in dense lianas , individual giant mouse lemurs will rotate between 10 and 12 nests every few days to avoid predators . Only females have been observed building nests in the wild , though males , females , and young have been observed building nests in captivity . Multiple nests are sometimes built in the same tree or in nearby trees and are shared by neighboring giant mouse lemurs , fork @-@ marked lemurs , and the introduced black rat ( Rattus rattus ) . Unlike most other nocturnal lemurs , giant mouse lemurs do not appear to sleep in tree holes . = = = Social structure = = = Both species usually are solitary foragers , although the northern giant mouse lemur tends to be the most social , possibly due to its higher population density . Up to eight ( typically four ) adult males , adult females , and juveniles may be found in a northern giant mouse lemur nest , whereas Coquerel 's giant mouse lemurs do not nest communally , except when females share their nest with their offspring . Males do groom and call to females when they come into contact , and according to radio @-@ tracking and direct observations at Analabe near Kirindy , they form pair bonds , sometimes briefly traveling together during the dry season . However , most interactions between adults are infrequent and typically occur later at night and particularly during the dry season in overlapping core areas , often involving chases and other agonistic behavior , and only rarely social grooming . During the mating season , males act aggressively towards one another , pulling out fur around the head and shoulders and biting the head . Giant mouse lemurs use at least eight vocalizations , the most common of which are contact calls , which sound like " hum " or a " hein " and are used when moving and when meeting familiar individuals . A " mother @-@ infant meeting call " used at dawn before returning to the nest consists of short , modulated whistles . Both males and females have distinct single note calls used in territorial behavior ; the female call sounds like " pfiou " and the male call is a short , loud whistle . Both sexes use an alarm call , which sounds like a " croak " , and an agonistic call , which consists of repeated " tisk @-@ tisk @-@ tisk " sounds . Females exhibit a " waking call sequence " , sometimes referred to as " loud calls " , which start when foraging commences and then switch to quieter " hon " calls possibly to indicate their position to their neighbors . A long " sexual call sequence " consisting of soft whistle and several modulated , hoarse " brroak " calls is used by both sexes during estrus . Studies of captive individuals have found other vocalizations , but their purpose has not been determined . The northern giant mouse lemur appears to be the most vocal of the two species . Although vocalizations are the primary form of social communication , they also scent mark using saliva , urine , and secretions from the anogenital scent gland on small branches and other objects . = = = Reproduction = = = Reproduction starts in November for Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur at Kirindy Forest ; the estrous cycle runs approximately 22 days , while estrus lasts only a day or less . The mating season in this southern population is limited to a few weeks , whereas the northern giant mouse lemur is thought to breed throughout the year , a trend seen in only two other species of lemur : the aye @-@ aye ( Daubentonia madagascariensis ) and the red @-@ bellied lemur ( Eulemur rubriventer ) . The northern giant mouse lemur had been observed breeding year @-@ round in captivity if their litter did not survive or was removed , but at the time this population was thought to be Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur . One to three offspring ( typically two ) are born after 90 days of gestation , weighing approximately 12 g ( 0 @.@ 42 oz ) . Because they are poorly developed , they initially remain in their mother 's nest for up to three weeks , being transported by mouth between nests . Once they have grown sufficiently , typically after three weeks , the mother will park her offspring in vegetation while she forages nearby . After a month , the young begin to participate in social play and grooming with their mother , and between the first and second month , young males begin to exhibit early sexual behaviors ( including mounting , neck biting , and pelvic thrusting ) . By the third month , the young forage independently , though they maintain vocal contact with their mother and use a small part of her range . Females start reproducing after ten months , while males develop functional testicles by their second mating season . Testicle size in the northern giant mouse lemur does not appear to fluctuate by season , and is so large relative to the animal 's body mass that it is the highest among all primates . This emphasis on sperm production in males , as well as the use of copulatory plugs , suggests a mating system best described as polygynandrous where males use scramble competition ( roaming widely to find many females ) . In contrast , male Coquerel 's giant mouse lemurs appear to fight for access to females ( contest competition ) during their breeding season . Males disperse from their natal range , and the age at which they leave varies from two years to several . Females reproduce every year , although postpartum estrus has been observed in captivity . In the wild , the lifespan of giant mouse lemurs is thought to rarely exceed five or six years , though in captivity they can live up to 15 years . = = Ecology = = Both species are omnivorous , eating fruit , flowers , buds , insect excretions , tree gums , large insects , spiders , frogs , chameleons , snakes , small birds , and eggs . Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur is thought to opportunistically prey on mouse lemurs after an individual was found with a half @-@ eaten gray mouse lemur ( M. murinus ) in a trap . During June and July , at the peak of the dry season , this species relies on sugary excretions from the larvae of hemipteran and cochineal insects as well as tree gums . The sugary excretions are obtained by either licking them from the back of the insect or collecting the crystallized sugars that accumulate beneath the insect colony . During this time of year , feeding on insect secretions can account for 60 % of feeding activity . In contrast , the northern giant mouse lemur relies on cashew fruits during the dry season . Giant mouse lemurs are often sympatric with mouse lemurs , such as M. murinus , though they are typically found higher in the canopy and favor thicker , taller gallery forests . At the Marosalaza forest ( north of Morondava ) , Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur is sympatric with four other nocturnal lemurs ( mouse lemurs , sportive lemurs , dwarf lemurs , and fork @-@ marked lemurs ) , but manages niche differentiation by feeding at different times and specializing on insect secretions during the dry season . Diurnal birds of prey such as the Madagascar buzzard ( Buteo brachypterus ) are their most significant predators . Other documented predators of giant mouse lemurs include the fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) , Madagascar owl ( Asio madagascariensis ) , and the narrow @-@ striped mongoose ( Mungotictis decemlineata ) . = = Conservation = = In 2012 , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) assessed both Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur and the northern giant mouse lemur as endangered . Prior to that , both species had been listed as vulnerable . Populations of both species are in decline due to habitat destruction , primarily for slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture and charcoal production . Also , they are both hunted for bushmeat . The population announced by the WWF in 2010 was found outside the limits of a nearby protected area , PK32 @-@ Ranobe , which was granted temporary protection status in December 2008 and is co @-@ managed by the WWF . Its forests were not included in the protected area due to existing concessions for mining activities . As with all lemurs , giant mouse lemurs were first protected in 1969 when they were listed as " Class A " of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . This prohibited hunting and capture without authorization , which would only be given for scientific purposes or the national interest . In 1973 , they were also protected under CITES Appendix I , which strictly regulates their trade and forbids commercial trade . Although enforcement is patchy , they are also protected under Malagasy law . Giant mouse lemurs are rarely kept in captivity , though they breed easily . In 1989 , the Duke Lemur Center held more than 70 % of the captive population ( 45 of 62 individuals ) . At the time , the DLC was coordinating a captive breeding program for Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur , and all individuals kept at American facilities were descended from six individuals imported by the DLC in 1982 from the region around Ambanja . As of 2009 , the International Species Information System ( ISIS ) recorded only six remaining individuals registered in the United States and Europe , all reclassified as northern giant mouse lemurs and considered a non @-@ breeding population ; and in 2015 , only a single female remained on record .
= French cruiser Dupuy de Lôme = Dupuy de Lôme was an armoured cruiser built for the French Navy ( Marine Nationale ) during the late 1880s and 1890s . She is considered by some to be the world 's first armoured cruiser and was intended to attack enemy merchant ships . The ship was named after the naval architect Henri Dupuy de Lôme . Dupuy de Lôme 's completion was delayed by almost two years by problems with her boilers , but she was finally commissioned in 1895 and assigned to the Northern Squadron ( Escadre du Nord ) , based at Brest , for most of her career . The ship made a number of visits to foreign ports before she began a lengthy reconstruction in 1902 . By the time this was completed in 1906 , the cruiser was regarded as obsolete and Dupuy de Lôme was placed in reserve , aside from one assignment in Morocco . The ship was sold to the Peruvian Navy in 1912 , but they never paid the last two installments and the ship remained inactive at Brest during World War I. The French agreed to take the ship back in 1917 , keeping the money already paid , and they sold her in 1918 to a Belgian shipping company that converted her into a freighter . Renamed Péruvier , the ship 's engines broke down and she had to be towed to her destination where part of her cargo of coal was discovered to be on fire during her maiden voyage as a merchant vessel in 1920 . Deemed uneconomical to repair , Péruvier was towed to Antwerp and later scrapped in 1923 . = = Design and description = = Dupuy de Lôme was designed to fill the commerce @-@ raiding strategy of the Jeune École . Considered by some the first true armoured cruiser , she was superior to existing British and Italian protected cruisers , especially in her relatively thick steel armour . She could control the engagement range with her superior speed and her heavy armament of quick @-@ firing guns , all of which were mounted in gun turrets , in marked contrast to her intended opponents who mounted their guns in lightly protected casemates or pivot mounts . The ship measured 114 metres ( 374 ft 0 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 15 @.@ 7 metres ( 51 ft 6 in ) . Dupuy de Lôme had a mean draught of 7 @.@ 07 metres ( 23 ft 2 in ) and displaced 6 @,@ 301 tonnes ( 6 @,@ 201 long tons ) at normal load . At deep load , she displaced 6 @,@ 682 tonnes ( 6 @,@ 576 long tons ) and had a metacentric height of only 0 @.@ 695 metres ( 2 ft 3 @.@ 4 in ) . This gave the ship a long , slow roll and made her an uncertain gunnery platform . Her long , cut @-@ away bow resembled a spur @-@ type ram , but was not armoured . It was reduced in profile to reduce blast damage when the forward guns were fired . Dupuy de Lôme was fitted with two large military masts . She had three triple @-@ expansion steam engines , a vertical type for the centre shaft and horizontal types for the outboard shafts . Each engine drove a single propeller shaft , with propellers 4 @.@ 2 metres ( 13 ft 9 in ) in diameter on the outboard shaft and a 4 @.@ 4 @-@ metre ( 14 ft 5 in ) propeller on the centre shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by 11 Amirauté fire @-@ tube boilers and they were rated at a total of 14 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 10 @,@ 000 kW ) . The ship had a designed speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) , but during sea trials on 2 April 1895 the engines only produced 13 @,@ 186 metric horsepower ( 9 @,@ 698 kW ) that gave a maximum speed of 19 @.@ 73 knots ( 36 @.@ 54 km / h ; 22 @.@ 70 mph ) . Dupuy de Lôme carried up to 1 @,@ 080 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 060 long tons ; 1 @,@ 190 short tons ) of coal and could steam for 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 12 @.@ 5 knots ( 23 @.@ 2 km / h ; 14 @.@ 4 mph ) . Dupuy de Lôme 's main armament consisted of two 45 @-@ calibre Canon de 194 mm Modèle 1887 guns that were mounted in single gun turrets , one on each broadside amidships . Her secondary armament comprised six 45 @-@ calibre Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1887 guns , three each in single gun turrets at the bow and stern . The three turrets at the stern were all on the upper deck and could interfere with each other . For anti @-@ torpedo boat defence , she carried ten 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) and four 37 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss guns . She was also armed with four 450 @-@ millimetre ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) pivoting torpedo tubes ; two mounted on each broadside above water . The whole side of the ship was protected by 100 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) of steel armour , from the bottom edge of the protective deck 1 @.@ 38 metres ( 4 ft 6 in ) below the waterline to the edge of the weather deck . The curved protective deck had a total thickness of 30 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) and did not rise above the ship 's waterline . Protecting the boiler rooms , engine rooms , and magazines below it was a splinter deck 8 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) thick . The space between the protective and splinter decks could be filled with coal to increase the effective thickness of the ship 's armour . It was very cramped there and the coal was very difficult to access . A watertight internal cofferdam , filled with cellulose , ran the length of Dupuy de Lôme from the protective deck to a height of 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) above the waterline . Below the protective deck the ship was divided by 13 watertight transverse bulkheads with three more above the protective deck . The ship 's conning tower was protected by 125 mm ( 4 @.@ 9 in ) and her turrets by 100 mm of armour . = = Service = = Dupuy de Lôme was laid down at the Brest shipyard on 4 July 1888 and she was launched on 27 October 1890 . A number of her forged steel armour plates proved to be defective during tests as the metallurgical techniques to harden it were still under development , but most plates were accepted anyway . The ship was commissioned for preliminary sea trials on 1 April 1892 and one boiler tube burst on 20 June , burning 16 men . The necessary modifications to fix the problem delayed the ship 's completion by almost a year . Further testing in October 1893 , showed that Dupuy de Lôme 's engines could only attain 10 @,@ 180 metric horsepower ( 7 @,@ 490 kW ) during a 24 @-@ hour trial and that the boilers were structurally unsound . The manufacturer agreed to replace them , but the necessary work delayed the ship 's completion by another year . She was commissioned again for a new set of sea trials on 15 November 1894 and proved reasonably satisfactory . Dupuy de Lôme was finally commissioned on 15 May 1895 and was assigned to the Northern Squadron , based on the Atlantic coast . She represented France , together with the ironclad Hoche and the cruiser Surcouf , during the opening ceremony for the Kiel Canal the following month . She made port visits in Spain in June 1896 and escorted the Russian Imperial yacht into Cherbourg when Nicholas II of Russia began a state visit on 5 October . The ship escorted the President of France , Félix Faure , when he visited Russia in April 1897 . Bilge keels were fitted during a brief refit that began in October and effectively reduced the ship 's roll by half . In June 1899 , Dupuy de Lôme visited ports in Spain and Portugal and she represented France at Spithead during Queen Victoria 's funeral in January – February 1901 . The ship began an extensive reconstruction in 1902 at Brest , with the installation of 20 new Guyot – du @-@ Temple water @-@ tube boilers , that took four years to complete . The boilers had an operating pressure of 11 @.@ 25 kg / cm2 ( 1 @,@ 103 kPa ; 160 psi ) and they required that a third funnel be added which necessitated extensive structural modifications . The rear military mast was replaced by a simple pole mast and sea trials in July 1906 showed that the ship could only attain 18 @.@ 27 knots ( 33 @.@ 84 km / h ; 21 @.@ 02 mph ) from 12 @,@ 887 metric horsepower ( 9 @,@ 478 kW ) . Dupuy de Lôme was placed in reserve after completing her refit in October 1906 and was not recommissioned until September 1908 for service on the Moroccan station . By this time many of the ship 's plates were rusting and her entire water distribution system had to be dismantled for cleaning in 1909 . Later that year , she was placed into reserve again and deemed uneconomical to repair . Dupuy de Lôme was decommissioned on 20 March 1910 , but the final decision to strike her from the Navy List was not made until 20 February 1911 . Prompted by the rumoured purchase of the small Italian protected cruiser Umbria by Ecuador in 1910 , Peru offered to buy a French armoured cruiser . A price of three million francs was agreed upon , to be paid in three instalments , and Peru agreed to reimburse France for the costs of repairing Dupuy de Lôme . These repairs were completed by 6 March 1912 and the ship was formally transferred to the Peruvian Navy and renamed Commandante Aguirre after the first instalment was paid . After Umbria was bought by Haiti instead of Ecuador , the Peruvians lost interest in completing the purchase and the ship was left in the care of the French in October 1914 . Proposals to use her during World War I were rejected as she was thought to be too obsolete to be worth refitting . On 17 January 1917 the ship was officially returned to France and the money already paid was put against the cost to repair Commandante Aguirre . Any money in excess of the estimated 400 @,@ 000 francs that her scrapping would bring would be turned over to Peru . In October 1918 , she was sold to the Belgian firm of Lloyd Royal Belge ( LRB ) and converted to a freighter under the name Péruvier by Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde . A conventional bow was built up over her pseudo @-@ ram and the space was used to accommodate her crew . The two outboard engines , their associated boilers and propeller shafts were removed as were the two forward funnels . The ship 's side and deck armour was removed wherever it did not compromise structural strength . Péruvier was delivered in December 1919 and she began her first voyage carrying 5 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 4 @,@ 900 long tons ) of coal from Cardiff to Rio de Janeiro on 20 January 1920 . Engine repairs had to be made at Falmouth the next day and were not completed until 14 February . Her engine broke down again in the mid @-@ Atlantic and she was towed to Las Palmas by a Spanish merchantman . Arriving there on 20 March , she was towed by another LRB ship to Pernambuco . After her arrival there on 1 June , the coal in her No. 3 hold was found to be on fire . This was not extinguished until 19 June and the ship remained in harbour until 14 October . Péruvier was towed to Antwerp , arriving on 18 November , and lay idle there until she was sold for scrap . On 4 March 1923 , she was towed to the shipbreakers in Flushing .
= The Kingston Trio = The Kingston Trio is an American folk and pop music group that helped launch the folk revival of the late 1950s to late 1960s . The group started as a San Francisco Bay Area nightclub act with an original lineup of Dave Guard , Bob Shane , and Nick Reynolds . It rose to international popularity , fueled by unprecedented sales of 33 ⅓ rpm long @-@ playing record albums ( LPs ) , and helped to alter the direction of popular music in the U.S. The Kingston Trio was one of the most prominent groups of the era 's pop @-@ folk boom that started in 1958 with the release of their first album and its hit recording of " Tom Dooley " , which sold over three million copies as a single . The Trio released nineteen albums that made Billboard 's Top 100 , fourteen of which ranked in the top 10 , and five of which hit the number 1 spot . Four of the group 's LPs charted among the 10 top @-@ selling albums for five weeks in November and December 1959 , a record unmatched for more than 50 years , and the group still ranks after half a century in the all @-@ time lists of many of Billboard 's cumulative charts , including those for most weeks with a number 1 album , most total weeks charting an album , most number 1 albums , most consecutive number 1 albums , and most top ten albums . In 1961 , the Trio was described as " the most envied , the most imitated , and the most successful singing group , folk or otherwise , in all show business " and " the undisputed kings of the folksinging rage by every yardstick . " Music historian Richie Unterberger characterized their impact as " phenomenal popularity " , and the Kingston Trio 's massive record sales in its early days made acoustic folk music commercially viable , paving the way for singer @-@ songwriter , folk rock , and Americana artists who followed in their wake . = = Formation , 1954 – 1957 = = Dave Guard and Bob Shane had been friends since junior high school at the Punahou School in Honolulu , Hawaii where both had learned to play ukulele in required music classes . They had developed an interest in and admiration for native Hawaiian slack key guitarists like Gabby Pahinui . While in Punahou 's secondary school , Shane taught first himself and then Guard the rudiments of the six @-@ string guitar , and the two began performing at parties and in school shows doing an eclectic mix of Tahitian , Hawaiian , and calypso songs . After graduating from high school in 1952 , Guard enrolled at Stanford University in Palo Alto , California , while Shane matriculated at nearby Menlo College . At Menlo , Shane became friends with Nick Reynolds , a native San Diegan with an extensive knowledge of folk and calypso songs — in part from his guitar @-@ playing father , a career officer in the U.S. Navy . Reynolds was also able to create and sing tenor harmonies , a skill derived in part from family singalongs , and could play both guitar and bongo and conga drums . Shane and Reynolds performed at fraternity parties and luaus for a time , and eventually Shane introduced Reynolds to Guard . The three began performing at campus and neighborhood hangouts , sometimes as a trio but with an aggregation of friends that could swell their ranks to as many as six or seven , according to Reynolds . They usually billed themselves under the name of " Dave Guard and the Calypsonians " . None of the three at that time had any serious aspirations to enter professional show business , however , and Shane returned to Hawaii following his graduation in late 1956 to work in the family sporting goods business . Still in the Bay Area , Guard and Reynolds had organized themselves somewhat more formally into an entity named " The Kingston Quartet " with friends bassist Joe Gannon and vocalist Barbara Bogue , though as before they were often joined in their performances by other friends . At one engagement at Redwood City 's Cracked Pot beer garden , they met a young San Francisco publicist named Frank Werber , who had heard of them from a local entertainment reporter . Werber liked the group 's raw energy but did not consider them refined enough to want to represent them as an agent or manager at that point , though he left his telephone number with Guard . Some weeks later ( and following a brief period in which Reynolds was temporarily replaced in the quartet by Don MacArthur ) , Guard and Reynolds invited Werber to a performance of the group at the Italian Village Restaurant in San Francisco , where Werber was so impressed by the group 's progress that he agreed to manage them provided they replace Gannon , in whose professional potential Werber had no faith . Bogue left with Gannon , and Guard , Reynolds , and Werber invited Shane to rejoin the now more formally organized band . Shane , who had been performing part @-@ time as a solo act at night in Honolulu , readily assented and returned to the mainland in early March 1957 . The four drew up a contract as equal partners in Werber 's office in San Francisco , deciding first on the name " Kingston Trio " because it evoked , through its association with Kingston , Jamaica , the calypso music popular at the time , and second on the uniform of three @-@ quarter @-@ length sleeved vertically striped shirts that the group hoped would help their target audience of college students to identify with them . = = Era of peak success , 1957 – 61 = = Werber imposed a stern training regimen on Guard , Shane , and Reynolds , rehearsing them for six to eight hours a day for several months , sending them to prominent San Francisco vocal coach Judy Davis to help them learn to preserve their voices , and working on the group 's carefully prepared but apparently spontaneous banter between songs . At the same time , the group was developing a varied and eclectic repertoire of calypso , folk , and foreign language songs , suggested by all three of the musicians though usually arranged by Guard with some harmonies created by Reynolds . The first major break for The Kingston Trio came in late June 1957 when comedian Phyllis Diller canceled a week @-@ long engagement at The Purple Onion club in San Francisco . When Werber persuaded the club 's owner to give the untested Trio a chance , Guard sent out five hundred postcards to everyone that the three musicians knew in the Bay Area and Werber plastered the city with handbills announcing the engagement . When the crowds came , the Trio had been well prepared by months of work , and they achieved such local popularity that the initial week 's engagement stretched to six months . Werber built upon this initial success , booking a national club tour in early 1958 for the Trio that included engagements at such prominent night spots as Mister Kelly 's in Chicago , the Village Vanguard in New York , Storyville in Boston , and finally a return to San Francisco and its showcase nightclub , the Hungry i , in June of that year . At the same time , Werber was attempting to leverage the Trio 's popularity as a club act into a recording contract . Both Dot Records and Liberty Records expressed some interest , but each proposed to record the Trio on 45 rpm ( revolutions per minute ) singles only , whereas Werber and the Trio members both felt that 33 ⅓ rpm albums had more potential for the group 's music . Through Jimmy Saphier , agent for Bob Hope who had seen and liked the group at The Purple Onion , Werber contacted Capitol Records , which dispatched prominent producer Voyle Gilmore to San Francisco to evaluate the Trio 's commercial potential . On Gilmore 's strong recommendation , Capitol signed the Kingston Trio to an exclusive seven @-@ year deal . The group 's first album , Capitol T996 The Kingston Trio , was recorded over a three @-@ day period in February 1958 and released in June that year , just as the Trio was beginning its engagement at the Hungry i . Gilmore had made two important supervisory decisions as producer — first , to add the same kind of " bottom " to the Trio 's sound that he had heard in live performance and consequently recruiting Purple Onion house bassist Buzz Wheeler to play on the album , and second to record the group 's songs without the secondary orchestral accompaniment that was nearly universal ( even for folk @-@ styled records ) at the time . The song selections on the first album reflected the repertoire that the musicians had been working on for two years — re @-@ imagined traditional songs inspired by The Weavers like " Santy Anno " and " Bay of Mexico , " calypso @-@ flavored tunes reminiscent of the hugely popular Harry Belafonte recordings of the time such as " Banua " and " Sloop John B " , and a mix of both foreign language and contemporary songwriter numbers , including Terry Gilkyson 's " Fast Freight " and " Scotch and Soda " , whose authorship remains unknown as of 2015 . The album sold moderately well — including on @-@ site sales at the Hungry i during the Kingston Trio 's engagement there through the summer — but it was DJs Paul Colburn and Bill Terry at station KLUB in Salt Lake City whose enthusiasm for a single cut on the record spurred the next development in the group 's history . Colburn began playing " Tom Dooley " extensively on his show , prompting a rush of album sales in the Salt Lake area by fans who wanted to listen to the song , as yet unavailable as a single record . Colburn called other DJs around the country urging them to do the same , and national response to the song was so strong that a reluctant Capitol Records finally released the tune as a 45rpm single on August 8 , 1958 ; it reached the number 1 spot on the Billboard chart by late November , sold a million copies by Christmas , and was awarded a gold record on January 21 , 1959 . " Tom Dooley " also spurred the debut album to a number 1 position on the charts and helped the band earn a second gold record for the LP , which remained charted on Billboard 's weekly reports for 195 weeks . The success of the album and the single earned the Kingston Trio a Grammy award for Best Country & Western Performance for " Tom Dooley " at the awards ' inaugural ceremony in 1959 . At the time , no folk music category existed in the Grammy 's scheme . The next year , largely as a result of The Kingston Trio and " Tom Dooley " , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences instituted a folk category and the Trio won the first Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording for its second studio album At Large . This was the beginning of a remarkable three @-@ year run for the Trio in which their first five studio albums achieved number 1 chart status and were awarded gold records . By 1961 , the group had sold more than eight million records , earning in excess of US $ 25 million for Capitol , roughly US $ 200 million in 2015 dollars . The Kingston Trio was responsible for 15 percent of Capitol 's total sales when Capitol also recorded among many other popular artists Frank Sinatra and Nat " King " Cole , both of whom were also producing high @-@ charting profitable albums . One indication of the Kingston Trio 's popularity during this era was that for five consecutive weeks in November and December 1959 , four Kingston Trio albums ranked in the top ten of Billboard 's Top LPs chart , an accomplishment unmatched by any artist before or since . The Trio also charted several single records during this time , made numerous television appearances , and played upwards of 200 engagements per year . = = Change and a second phase , 1961 – 67 = = Despite the Kingston Trio 's nearly unprecedented success in record sales , by early 1961 a rift developed and deepened between Guard on one side and Shane and Reynolds on the other . Guard had been referred to in the press and on the albums ' liner notes as the " acknowledged leader " of the group , a description never wholly endorsed by Shane and Reynolds , who felt themselves equal contributors to the group 's repertoire and success . Guard wanted Shane and Reynolds to follow his lead and learn more of the technical aspects of music and to redirect the group 's song selections , in part because of the withering criticism that the group had been getting from more traditional folk performers for the Trio 's smoother and more commercial versions of folk songs and for the money @-@ making copyrights that the Kingston group had secured for their arrangements of public domain songs . Shane and Reynolds felt that the formula for song selection and performance that they had painstakingly developed and rehearsed still served them well . Furthermore , over $ 100 @,@ 000 appeared to be missing from the Trio 's publishing royalties ( an accounting error eventually rectified ) and that created an additional irritant to both sides : to Guard because he regarded it as inexcusable carelessness and to Shane and Reynolds because it highlighted what they perceived as Guard 's propensity to claim individual copyright for some of the group 's songs , including " Tom Dooley " ( though Guard eventually lost a suit over copyright for that number to Alan Lomax , Frank Warner , and Frank Proffitt ) and " Scotch and Soda " . The situation became intolerable for all concerned , and Dave Guard resigned from the Kingston Trio in April 1961 , though pledging to fulfill group commitments through November of that year . Shane , Reynolds , and Werber bought out Guard 's interest in the partnership for $ 300 @,@ 000 to be paid over a number of years and moved to replace him immediately . The remaining Trio partners settled quickly on John Stewart , a 21 @-@ year @-@ old member of the Cumberland Three , one of the myriad of groups that sprang up hoping to imitate the Kingston Trio 's success . Stewart was already well @-@ acquainted with Reynolds and Shane , having sold two of his early songwriting efforts to the Trio , and he was a proficient guitarist , banjoist , and singer who seemed to the partners to be perfectly positioned to replace Guard . Stewart began rehearsing and recording with the group nearly immediately , commencing public appearances with the Trio in September 1961 . According to Shane , " We did nearly as well with John as we did with Dave . " Six of the group 's next seven albums between 1961 and 1963 continued to place in Billboard 's Top Ten and several of the group 's most successful singles , including " Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? " and " Greenback Dollar " , charted as well . Beginning in 1964 , however , the Kingston Trio 's dominance in record sales and in concert bookings began to wane , due partly to the number and popularity of the aforementioned imitators in the pop @-@ folk world but also to the rise of other major commercial folk groups like Peter , Paul and Mary whose music had a decidedly more political bent than the Trio 's . In addition , the British Invasion spearheaded by The Beatles , who were signed by EMI / Capitol just as the Trio 's seven @-@ year contract was running out , depressed sales of acoustic folk albums significantly , and Capitol did not make a serious effort to re @-@ sign the group . Werber secured a generous signing bonus from Decca Records , and the last four albums of the Kingston Trio 's first decade were released by that label . Without the production facilities of Capitol , however , and the expertise of Voyle Gilmore and engineer Pete Abbott , the Decca releases lacked the aural brilliance of the Capitol albums , and none of the four sold especially well . By 1966 , Reynolds had grown weary of touring and Stewart wanted to strike out on his own as a singer @-@ songwriter , so the three musicians and Werber developed an exit strategy of playing as many dates as possible for a year with an endpoint determined to be a final two @-@ week engagement at the Hungry i in June 1967 . The group followed this strategy successfully , and on June 17 , 1967 , the Kingston Trio ceased to be an actively performing band . = = Hiatus and the New Kingston Trio , 1967 – 1976 = = Following the Hungry i engagement , Reynolds moved to Port Orford , Oregon and pursued interests in ranching , business , and race cars for the next twenty years . Stewart commenced a long and distinguished career as a singer @-@ songwriter , composing hit songs like " Daydream Believer " for The Monkees and " Runaway Train " for Rosanne Cash . He recorded more than 40 albums of his own , most notably the landmark California Bloodlines , and found chart success in the top forty with " Midnight Wind " , " Lost Her in the Sun " , and " Gold " , the latter reaching number 5 in 1979 . Bob Shane decided to stay in entertainment , and he experimented with solo work . He recorded several singles , including a well @-@ received but under @-@ marketed version of the song " Honey " that later became a million @-@ seller for Bobby Goldsboro , and with different configurations with other folk @-@ oriented performers . Though finances were not an immediate concern — the Kingston Trio partners Werber , Shane and Reynolds still owned an office building , a restaurant , other commercial real estate , and a variety of other lucrative investments — Shane wanted to return to a group environment and in 1969 secured permission from his partners to use the mutually owned group name for another band , with Reynolds and Werber insisting only that Shane 's group be musically as accomplished as its predecessors and that Shane append " new " to the band 's title . Shane agreed and organized two troupes under the name of " The New Kingston Trio " . The first consisted of guitarist Pat Horine and banjoist Jim Connor in addition to Shane and lasted from 1969 to 1973 , the second including guitarist Roger Gambill and banjoist Bill Zorn from 1973 until 1976 . Shane tried to create a repertoire for these groups that included both the older and expected Kingston Trio standards like " Tom Dooley " and " M.T.A. " but that would also feature more contemporary songs as well , including country and novelty tunes . The attempt did not meet with any significant success . The only full @-@ length album released by either group was The World Needs a Melody in 1973 ( though 25 years later FolkEra Records issued The Lost Masters 1969 – 1972 , a compilation of previously unreleased tracks from the Shane @-@ Horine @-@ Connor years ) , and its sales were negligible . Though both troupes of the New Kingston Trio made a limited number of other recordings and several television appearances , neither generated very much interest from fans or the public at large . = = The third phase , 1976 – present = = In 1976 , Bill Zorn left the New Kingston Trio to work as a solo performer and record producer in London . Shane and Gambill replaced him with George Grove , a professionally trained singer and instrumentalist from North Carolina who had been working in Nashville as a studio musician . The same year , Shane secured from Werber and Reynolds the unencumbered rights to use the band 's original name of the Kingston Trio without the appended " new " in exchange for relinquishing his interest in the still @-@ profitable corporation , whose holdings included copyrights and licensing rights to many of the original Trio 's songs . Since 1976 , the various troupes headed and owned by Shane have performed and recorded simply as the Kingston Trio . The Shane @-@ Gambill @-@ Grove Kingston Trio existed from 1976 through 1985 , when Gambill died unexpectedly from a heart ailment at the age of 45 . The nine years of this configuration was to that point the longest period of time that any three musicians had worked together as the Kingston Trio , and the group released two albums of largely original material . It was during this period as well that PBS producers JoAnne Young and Paul Surratt approached Shane and the other principals of the original group with the idea of arranging a reunion concert that would be taped and used as a fundraiser for the network . Agreement was reached , and on November 7 , 1981 , Dave Guard , Nick Reynolds , and John Stewart joined the Shane @-@ Gambill @-@ Grove Trio and guest performers Mary Travers of Peter , Paul and Mary , Tom Smothers of the Smothers Brothers , and Lindsey Buckingham of Fleetwood Mac at the Magic Mountain amusement park north of Los Angeles for a show billed as " The Kingston Trio And Friends Reunion . " The different configurations of the Trio took turns performing sets of the group 's best @-@ known songs with all the artists joining onstage for a finale . More than twenty years had passed since Dave Guard had left the group , but residual tension surfaced between Guard and Shane in an article in the Wall Street Journal that appeared in March 1982 following the national broadcast of the taped show . Guard implicitly disparaged Shane 's current group , and Shane asserted a distaste for performing again with Guard , who had spent the intervening decades living and performing in Australia , touring sporadically as a soloist , and writing about and teaching music . Despite the unpleasantness , Shane and Guard reconciled to a large degree ( even to the point of planning a possible reunion tour ) prior to Guard 's death at age 56 from lymphoma nine years later in March 1991 . Following the 1985 death of Roger Gambill , Kingston Trio personnel changed several times , though Shane and Grove remained constants . Bob Haworth , a veteran folk performer who had worked as a member of The Brothers Four for many years , initially replaced Gambill from 1985 through 1988 and again from 1999 through 2005 . In 1988 , original member Nick Reynolds rejoined the band until his final retirement in 1999 . When heart disease forced Bob Shane 's retirement from touring in March 2004 , he was replaced by former New Kingston Trio member Bill Zorn . A year later , following Haworth 's departure , Grove and Zorn were joined by Rick Dougherty , who had performed for a time with Zorn as second @-@ generation members of another popular folk group from the 1960s , The Limeliters . Both the Grove – Zorn – Haworth and Grove – Zorn – Dougherty troupes of the Kingston Trio have released original CDs and DVDs , and the latter configuration continues to tour extensively under the direction of the only surviving original member Bob Shane , now sole owner of the band . Capitol Records , Decca Records , Collector 's Choice Music , and Folk Era Records have released and continue to release compilations of older albums as well as previously unreleased tapes of both studio and live recordings from the Kingston Trio 's first ten years . = = Folk music label = = = = = Initial criticism = = = Almost from its inception , the Kingston Trio found itself at odds with the traditional music community . Urban folk musicians of the time ( to whom Bob Dylan referred in Rolling Stone as " the left @-@ wing puritans that seemed to have a hold on the folk @-@ music community " ) frequently associated folk music with leftist politics and were contemptuous of the Trio 's deliberate political neutrality . Peter Dreier of Occidental College observed that " Purists often derided the Kingston Trio for watering down folk songs in order to make them commercially popular and for remaining on the political sidelines during the protest movements of the 1960s . " A series of scathing articles appeared over several years in Sing Out ! magazine , a publication that combined articles on traditional folk music with political activism . Its editor Irwin Silber referred to " the sallow slickness of the Kingston Trio " and in an article in the spring 1959 issue Ron Radosh said that the Trio brought " good folk music to the level of the worst in Tin Pan Alley music " and referred to them as " prostitutes of the art who gain their status as folk artists because they use guitars and banjos . " Following the Trio 's performance at the premier Newport Folk Festival in 1959 , folk music critic Mark Morris wrote : " What connection these frenetic tinselly showmen have with a folk festival eludes me ... except that it is mainly folk songs that they choose to vulgarize . " Frank Proffitt , the Appalachian musician whose version of " Tom Dooley " the Trio rearranged , watched their performance of his song on a television show and wrote in reaction , " They clowned and hipswung . Then they came out with ' This time tomorrow , reckon where I ’ ll be / If it hadn 't a ' been for Grayson / I 'd a been in Tennessee . ' I began to feel sorty sick . Like I ’ d lost a loved one . Tears came to my eyes . I went out and bawled on the ridge . " Proffitt had learned the song from his father and his grandmother , who had known Tom Dula and Laura Foster , the killer and the victim in the actual 1866 murder related in the song . Both Proffitt and fellow North Carolina musician Doc Watson sang the older version of the tune , which had " a lively mocking tempo ... that retained some of the ghastliness and moral squalor of an actual murder , " according to folk historian Robert Cantwell , who also notes that the Kingston Trio 's version of the song left out several verses from the traditional lyric . The slower , harmonized Trio version of the Dooley song and other traditional numbers struck Proffitt as a betrayal of " the strange mysterious workings which has made Tom Dooly [ sic ] live ... " As recently as 2006 , folk traditionalist and influential banjo master Billy Faier remarked : " I hear and see very little respect for the folk genre " in their music and described the Trio 's repertoire as " a mishmash of twisted arrangements that not only obscure the true beauty of the folk songs from which they derive , but give them a meaning they never had . " However , Trio members never claimed to be folksingers and were never comfortable with the label . The liner notes for the group 's first album featured a quotation from Dave Guard asserting that " We are not folksingers in the accepted sense of the word . " Guard later told journalist Richard Hadlock in Down Beat magazine : " We are not students of folk music ; the basic thing for us is honest and worthwhile songs that people can pick up and become involved in . " Nick Reynolds added in the same article : " We don 't collect old songs in the sense that the academic cats do ... We get new tunes to look over every day . Each one of us has his ears open constantly to new material or old stuff that 's good . " Bob Shane remarked years later : " To call the Kingston Trio folksingers was kind of stupid in the first place . We never called ourselves folksingers ... We did folk @-@ oriented material , but we did it amid all kinds of other stuff . But they didn 't know what to call us with our instruments , so Capitol Records called us folksingers and gave us credit for starting this whole boom . " = = = 21st @-@ century perspectives = = = Over the years , the Kingston Trio expanded its song selection beyond the rearranged traditional numbers , calypso songs , and Broadway show tunes that had appeared on its first several albums . In an obituary for Nick Reynolds ( d . October 1 , 2008 ) , Spencer Leigh wrote in Britain 's Sunday Independent : Looking at their repertoire now , it is apparent that the Kingston Trio was far more adventurous than is generally supposed . They introduced " It Was A Very Good Year " in 1961 , later a standard for Frank Sinatra , and they were one of the first to spot the potential of English language versions of Jacques Brel 's songs by recording " Seasons in the Sun " in 1963 . They encouraged young songwriters including Hoyt Axton ( " Greenback Dollar " ) , Rod McKuen ( " Ally Ally Oxen Free " , " The World I Used to Know " ) and Billy Edd Wheeler ( " Reverend Mr Black " ) . Best of all , in 1962 they introduced listeners to one of the most poignant songs ever written , the anti @-@ war ballad " Where Have All The Flowers Gone ? " by Pete Seeger , formerly with the Weavers . Further , Peter Dreier points out that " the group deserves credit for helping to launch the folk boom that brought recognition to older folkies and radicals like Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger , and for paving the way for newcomers like Joan Baez , Bob Dylan and Phil Ochs , who were well known for their progressive political views and topical songs . By the time these younger folk singers arrived on the scene , the political climate had changed enough to provide a wide audience for protest music . " The passage of time may well have made the controversy moot . Writing in the British daily The Guardian , again in an obituary for Reynolds , Ken Hunt asserted that " [ the Kingston Trio ] helped to turn untold numbers of people on to folk music ... [ T ] hey put the boom in folk boom . The Kingston Trio carried the torch overseas , most notably with their international hit of 1958 , Tom Dooley . They were the greatest of the bands to emerge after the McCarthy @-@ era blacklisting of folk musicians and breathed new air into the genre . " = = Influence = = = = = On folk and pop music = = = The Kingston Trio 's influence on the development of American popular music has been considerable . According to music critic Bruce Eder writing for Allmusic.com : In the history of popular music , there are a relative handful of performers who have redefined the content of the music at critical points in history — people whose music left the landscape , and definition of popular music , altered completely . The Kingston Trio were one such group , transforming folk music into a hot commodity and creating a demand — where none had existed before — for young men ( sometimes with women ) strumming acoustic guitars and banjos and singing folk songs and folk @-@ like novelty songs in harmony . On a purely commercial level , from 1957 until 1963 , the Kingston Trio were the most vital and popular folk group in the world , and folk music was sufficiently popular as to make that a significant statement . Equally important , the original trio — Dave Guard , Nick Reynolds , and Bob Shane — in tandem with other , similar early acts such as the Limeliters , spearheaded a boom in the popularity of folk music that suddenly made the latter important to millions of listeners who previously had ignored it . Discussing his earliest musical influences in a 2001 Rolling Stone interview , Bob Dylan remembered : There were other folk @-@ music records , commercial folk @-@ music records , like those by the Kingston Trio . I never really was an elitist . Personally , I liked the Kingston Trio . I could see the picture ... the Kingston Trio were probably the best commercial group going , and they seemed to know what they were doing . In his autobiography Chronicles , Dylan added : " I liked The Kingston Trio . Even though their style was polished and collegiate , I liked most of their stuff anyway . " In February of 1982 , Chicago Tribune writer Eric Zorn praised the Kingston Trio 's impact on the popular music industry , claiming that " for almost five years , they overshadowed all other pop groups in America . " He also noted that " five of their first six albums hit No. 1 on the charts , " and that they " so changed the course of popular music that their impact is largely felt to this day . " Jac Holzman , co @-@ founder of the originally folk @-@ based Elektra Records , remarked that his formerly struggling company 's new @-@ found prosperity in the late 1950s resulted from " The Kingston Trio which has the ability to capture the interest of a large number of people who have never been conscious of folk music before . In this respect , the Kingston Trio has put us on the map . " Even some staunch traditionalists from both the urban and rural folk music communities had an affinity for the Kingstons ' polished commercial versions of older songs . In her memoir And A Voice To Sing With , singer and activist Joan Baez recalled that " Traveling across the country with my mother and sisters , we heard the commercial songs of the budding folk boom for the first time , the Kingston Trio 's ' Tom Dooley ' and ' Scotch and Soda . ' Before I turned into a snob and learned to look down upon all commercial folk music as bastardized and unholy , I loved the Kingston Trio . When I became one of the leading practitioners of ' pure folk , ' I still loved them ... " Arthel " Doc " Watson of North Carolina , one of the most respected and influential musicians performing traditional music , remarked , " I ’ ll tell you who pointed all our noses in the right direction , even the traditional performers . They got us interested in trying to put the good stuff out there — the Kingston Trio . They got me interested in it ! " = = = On musicians = = = Among the many other artists who cite the Kingston Trio as a formative influence in their musical careers are comedian , actor , and banjo player Steve Martin , Lindsey Buckingham of Fleetwood Mac , Timothy B. Schmit of The Eagles , pioneering folk @-@ rock artist Gram Parsons , Stephen Stills and David Crosby of Crosby , Stills , and Nash , The Beach Boys ' Al Jardine , Big Brother and the Holding Company founding member Peter Albin , Denny Doherty of The Mamas and the Papas , banjo master Tony Trischka , pop groups ABBA and The Bee Gees , Jefferson Airplane founding members Marty Balin and Paul Kantner , Buffalo Springfield founding member Richie Furay , Byrds co @-@ founder Gene Clark , roots musician and master mandolin player David Grisman , singer @-@ songwriters Tom Paxton , Harry Chapin , Jimmy Buffett , Tim Buckley , Steve Goodman ( composer of " The City Of New Orleans " ) , Steve Gillette , Michael Smith ( composer of " The Dutchman " ) , and Shawn Colvin , folk @-@ rock group We Five co @-@ founder Jerry Burgan , folk and rock musician Jerry Yester , Modern Folk Quartet musician and famed rock photographer Henry Diltz , and progressive jazz vocal group Manhattan Transfer . = = = On the music business = = = The C.F. Martin & Company guitar manufacturers has attributed the dramatic rise in demand for its instruments in the early 1960s in large part to the Kingston Trio 's use of their guitars , featured prominently and without compensation on nearly all of their album covers . A Martin company press release in 2007 announcing a fourth Kingston Trio commemorative model guitar stated that ... The Kingston Trio changed everything about popular music — and the entire acoustic guitar industry along with it ... It was the rise of The Kingston Trio that really established Martin as " America 's Guitar " ... The Kingston Trio wasn 't just a musical group . It was a phenomenon , as influential in its time as The Beatles would become in theirs . Satirist Tom Lehrer has acknowledged the Trio 's pioneering of college concerts , observing that before the Kingstons " there was no real concert circuit ... The Kingston Trio started all that , " and in Time magazine , critic Richard Corliss asserted , " In my youth , they changed pop music , and me with it . " = = Awards and honors = = Grammy Awards 1959 Best Country and Western Recording – " Tom Dooley " 1960 Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording – At Large Grammy Hall of Fame Award " Tom Dooley " 1998 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Awarded December , 2010 Vocal Group Hall of Fame Inducted in 2000 Hit Parade Hall of Fame Inducted in 2008 Library of Congress National Registry of Historically Significant Recordings " Tom Dooley " 2008 Billboard Awards Best New Singing Group 1958 = = On Billboard 's album charts = = All rankings are from " American Album Chart Records 1955 – 2001 " Most Number 1 Albums : 5 for a Number 10 ranking Most Weeks Charting a Number 1 Album : 46 for a Number 5 ranking Most Weeks Charting an Album : 1 @,@ 262 for a Number 10 ranking Most Top Ten Albums : 14 for a Number 9 ranking Most Consecutive Number 1 Albums : 4 , tied for a Number 4 ranking Most Consecutive Top 40 Albums : 17 , tied for a Number 6 ranking Most Total Weeks Albums Charted in One Year : 348 in 1961 for a Number 3 ranking ; 284 in 1960 for a Number 6 ranking Most Weeks Charting An Album by Decade , 1960 – 69 : 1089 for a Number 4 ranking Most Weeks With a Number 1 Album in a Calendar Year : 22 in 1960 , tied for a Number 4 ranking ; 18 in 1959 , tied for a Number 7 ranking Most Consecutive Weeks at Number 1 Chart Position : 15 , tied for a Number 8 ranking = = Discography and videography = =
= Speed Racer ( film ) = Speed Racer is a 2008 American sports action @-@ comedy film based on the Japanese anime and manga series of the same name by Tatsunoko Productions . The film was written and directed by The Wachowski Brothers , [ n 1 ] and stars Emile Hirsch , Christina Ricci , John Goodman , Susan Sarandon , Matthew Fox , Benno Fürmann , Hiroyuki Sanada , Rain and Richard Roundtree . The plot revolves around Speed Racer , an 18 @-@ year @-@ old automobile racer who follows his apparently deceased brother 's career . His choice to remain loyal to his family and their company Racer Motors causes difficulties after he refuses a contract offered by E.P. Arnold Royalton , the owner of Royalton Industries . The film had been in development since 1992 , changing actors , writers and directors until 2006 , when producer Joel Silver and the Wachowskis collaborated to begin production on Speed Racer as a family film . Speed Racer was shot between early June and late August 2007 in and around Potsdam and Berlin , at an estimated budget of $ 120 million . The film score was composed by Michael Giacchino , and the film 's soundtrack , which contains the sound effects and theme song from the original series , was released on May 6 , 2008 . Speed Racer premiered on April 26 , 2008 at the Nokia Theater , and was released in regular theaters in North America on May 9 , 2008 . Although it grossed over $ 93 million , it was considered a box office bomb due to its production cost . It was subsequently nominated in multiple categories at the Teen Choice Awards , and was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Awards . The film was criticized for its storyline , characters and dialogue but received praise for its capacity to entertain the target audience and the performance of its cast . Speed Racer also divided critics over its use of special effects . The film received mostly negative reviews by the time of its release . Years later , however , commentators called it a cult and underrated film . = = Plot = = Speed Racer is an 18 @-@ year @-@ old whose life and love has always been automobile racing . His parents Pops and Mom run the independent Racer Motors , in which his brother Spritle , mechanic Sparky , and girlfriend Trixie are also involved . As a child Speed idolized his record @-@ setting older brother , Rex Racer , who was killed while racing in the Casa Cristo 5000 , a deadly cross @-@ country racing rally . Now embarking on his own career , Speed Racer is quickly sweeping the racing world with his skill behind the wheel of his brother 's cars , the Mach 5 and his own Formula One car the Mach 6 , but remains primarily interested in the art of the race and the well @-@ being of his family . E.P. Arnold Royalton , owner of conglomerate Royalton Industries , offers Speed an astoundingly luxurious lifestyle in exchange for signing to race with him . Speed is tempted but declines due to his father 's distrust of power @-@ hungry corporations . Angered , Royalton reveals that for many years the key races have been fixed by corporate interests , including Royalton himself , to gain profits . Royalton takes out his anger on Speed by having his drivers force Speed into a crash that destroys the Mach 6 and suing Racer Motors for intellectual property infringement . Speed gets an opportunity to retaliate through Inspector Detector , head of a corporate crimes division . Racer Taejo Togokahn says that he has evidence that could indict Royalton but will only offer it up if Speed and the mysterious masked Racer X agree to race on his team in the Casa Cristo 5000 . Taejo says that a win could substantially raise the stock price of his family 's racing business , blocking a Royalton @-@ arranged buyout . Speed agrees but keeps his decision secret from his family , and Inspector Detector 's team makes several defensive modifications to the Mach 5 to assist Speed in the rally . After they drive together and work naturally as a team , Speed begins to suspect that Racer X is actually his brother Rex in disguise . His family discovers that he has entered the race and agree to support him . With the help of his family and Trixie , Speed defeats many brutal racers who have been bribed by fixer Cruncher Block to stop him , and overcomes seemingly insurmountable obstacles to win the race . However , Taejo 's arrangement is revealed to be a sham , as he was only interested in increasing the value of his family 's company so that they could profit from Royalton 's buyout . An angry Speed hits the track that he used to drive with his brother , and confronts Racer X with his suspicion that he is Rex . Racer X removes his mask , revealing an unfamiliar face , and tells Speed that Rex is indeed dead . Speed returns home , where Taejo 's sister Horuko Togokahn gives him Taejo 's automatic invitation to the Grand Prix , which Taejo had rejected . The Racer family bands together and builds the new Mach 6 in 32 hours . Speed enters the Grand Prix against great odds : Royalton has placed a bounty on his head that the other drivers are eager to collect , and he is pitted against future Hall of Fame driver Jack " Cannonball " Taylor . Speed overcomes a slow start to catch up with Taylor , who uses a cheating device called a spearhook to latch the Mach 6 to his own car . Speed uses his jump jacks to expose the device to video cameras , causing Taylor to crash . Speed wins the race , having successfully exposed Royalton 's crimes . While Racer X watches it is revealed in a flashback montage that he really is Rex , who has faked his death and undergone plastic surgery to change his appearance as part of his plan to save his family and the sport of racing . He chooses not to reveal his identity to his family , declaring that he must live with his decision . The Racer family celebrates Speed 's victory as Speed and Trixie kiss , and Royalton is sent to jail . = = Cast = = Emile Hirsch as Speed Racer . Actors Joseph Gordon @-@ Levitt and Shia LaBeouf were previously considered for the role . To prepare for the role , Hirsch watched every Speed Racer episode and visited Lowe 's Motor Speedway , where he met with driver Jimmie Johnson.Nicholas Elia as young Speed Racer Christina Ricci as Trixie , Speed 's girlfriend . Ricci was chosen over Elisha Cuthbert and Kate Mara.Ariel Winter as young Trixie Matthew Fox as Racer X , a mysterious racer who is about 10 years older than Speed and hides his face . Rain as Taejo Togokahn , a rookie racer John Goodman as Pops Racer , Speed 's father Susan Sarandon as Mom Racer , Speed 's mother Scott Porter as Rex Racer , Speed 's older brother Paulie Litt as Spritle Racer , Speed 's younger brother Kick Gurry as Sparky , Speed 's mechanic and best friend Chim Chim , Spritle 's pet chimpanzee and best friend is portrayed by two chimpanzees : " Kenzie " and " Willy " . Nayo Wallace as Minx , a scientist and Racer X 's girlfriend Benno Fürmann as Inspector Detector , head of the Corporate Crimes Division , Central Intelligence Bureau Togo Igawa as Tetsuo Togokahn , Taejo and Horuko 's father , and a corporate rival to both Royalton and Musha Yu Nan as Horuko Togokahn , Taejo Togokhan 's sister Roger Allam as E.P. Arnold Royalton , the corrupt owner and CEO of Royalton Industries Hiroyuki Sanada as Mr. Musha , president and CEO of Musha Motors Richard Roundtree as Ben Burns , a race commentator and former racing champion John Benfield as Cruncher Block , a gang leader Ralph Herforth as Jack " Cannonball " Taylor , a superstar racer sponsored by Royalton Industries Series originals Peter Fernandez and Corinne Orr appear as race announcers . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = In September 1992 , Warner Bros. announced that it held the option to create a live action film adaptation of the Japanese anime and manga series Speed Racer , in development at Silver Pictures . In October 1994 , singer Henry Rollins was offered the role of Racer X. In June 1995 , Johnny Depp was cast into the lead role for Speed Racer , with production slated to begin the coming October , with filming to take place in California and Arizona . The following August , Depp requested time off to the studio for personal business , delaying production . However , due to an overly high budget , the same August , director Julien Temple left the project . Depp , without a director , also departed from the project . The studio considered director Gus Van Sant as a replacement for Temple , though it would not grant writing privileges to Van Sant . In December 1997 , the studio briefly hired Alfonso Cuarón as director . In the various incarnations of the project , screenwriters Marc Levin , Jennifer Flackett , J. J. Abrams , and Patrick Read Johnson had been hired to write scripts . In September 2000 , Warner Bros. and producer Lauren Shuler Donner hired writer @-@ director Hype Williams to take the helm of the project . In October 2001 , the studio hired screenwriters Christian Gudegast and Paul Scheuring for $ 1 @.@ 2 million split between them to write a script for the film . Eventually , without production getting under way , the director and the writers left the project . In June 2004 , Vince Vaughn spearheaded a revival of the project by presenting a take for the film that would develop the characters more strongly . Vaughn was cast as Racer X and was also attached to the project as an executive producer . With production never becoming active , Vaughn was eventually detached from the project . = = = Pre @-@ production = = = In October 2006 , directors Lana and Lilly Wachowski were brought on board by the studio to write and direct the film . Producer Joel Silver , who had collaborated with the Wachowski 's for V for Vendetta and The Matrix Trilogy , explained that they were hoping to reach a broader audience with a film that would not be rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America . Visual effects designer John Gaeta , who won an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for the Wachowskis ' The Matrix , was brought in to help conceive making Speed Racer into a live @-@ action adaptation . Production was set to begin in summer 2007 in European locations for a summer 2008 release . In November 2006 , the release date for it was set for May 23 , 2008 . Producer Joel Silver described Speed Racer as a family film in line with the Wachowskis ' goal to reach a wider audience . = = = Filming = = = In February 2007 , the Wachowskis selected Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam , Germany to film . In the following March , Warner Bros. moved the release date two weeks earlier to May 9 , 2008 . The studio received a grant of $ 12 @.@ 3 million from Germany 's new Federal Film Fund , the largest yet from the organization , for its production in the Berlin @-@ Brandenburg region . The amount was later increased to $ 13 million . Principal photography commenced on June 5 , 2007 in Berlin , and was shot entirely against greenscreen , lasting 60 days . The Wachowskis filmed in high @-@ definition video for the first time . With the camera , the Wachowskis used a layering approach that would put both the foreground and the background in focus to give it the appearance of real @-@ life anime . The film has a " retro future " look , according to Silver . Filming concluded on August 25 , 2007 . = = = Music = = = In 2007 , the Wachowskis purchased the rights to the sound effects and theme song of the television series for use in the film . The film 's soundtrack was composed by Michael Giacchino , performed by Hollywood Studio Symphony and released by Varèse Sarabande . It was used along with orchestral score ; Warner Bros. added an updated version of the " Go , Speed Racer , Go " theme song , which plays during the end credits , and was produced by Ali Dee Theodore and Jason Gleed , and performed by Ali Dee and the Deekompressors . Razor & Tie released this version was as a extended play on January 1 , 2008 to promote the film 's release , and as a single released along with film 's soundtrack on May 6 , 2008 . = = = Animal cruelty = = = During its production , animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) made allegations of animal cruelty against the film , reporting that one of the two chimpanzees used in the production was allegedly beaten after biting an actor . The incident was confirmed by the American Humane Association ( AHA ) Animal Safety Representative on the set , who reported that the stand @-@ in for the Spritle character portrayed by Litt had been bitten without provocation . The AHA representative also reported that " toward the end of filming , during a training session in the presence of the American Humane Representative , the trainer , in an uncontrolled impulse , hit the chimpanzee . " The AHA Film Unit referred to this abuse as " completely inexcusable and unacceptable behavior in the use of any animal . " The AHA has rated Speed Racer " Unacceptable " chiefly because of this incident , with AHA noting " the aforementioned training incident tarnishes the excellent work of the rest of production " and that it " has no method of separating the actions of one individual in the employ of a production from the production as a whole . " = = Release and reception = = = = = Marketing = = = The Los Angeles Times estimated that nearly 5 @,@ 000 Speed Racer film @-@ related products were licensed by Warner Bros. The film was backed by multiple promotional partners with over $ 80 million in marketing support . The partners include General Mills , McDonald 's , Target , Topps , Esurance , Mattel , Lego and Petrobras . The film also received support from companies outside of America in an attempt to attract international audiences . With early support before the film 's release , the studio provided 3D computer models of the Speed Racer vehicle Mach 5 to the companies so they could accurately render the vehicle in their merchandise . Mattel produced toys based on the film through several divisions . Hot Wheels produced die @-@ cast vehicles , race sets and track sets . Tyco produced remote @-@ controlled Mach 5s and racing sets . Radica Games produced video games in which players can use a car wheel . The products became available in March 2008 . Also , the Lego Company produced four Lego sets based on the movie . As part of the General Mills promotional tie @-@ in , during the 2008 Crown Royal Presents the Dan Lowry 400 , part of the 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup season , the famous # 43 Dodge Charger of Petty Enterprises was transformed into a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series version of the Mach 5 , driven by Bobby Labonte . Warner Bros. , through its Interactive Entertainment division , self @-@ published a video game based on Speed Racer , which was released on May 6 , 2008 on the Nintendo DS and Nintendo Wii , and was released on September 16 , 2008 for the PlayStation 2 . The original music for the Speed Racer video game was written by Winifred Phillips and produced by Winnie Waldron . The game was released on the Nintendo DS and Wii in May with the film 's theatrical release and was released on the PS2 in the fall to accompany the film 's DVD and Blu @-@ ray release . Due to a short development schedule , the studio chose not to develop games for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . = = = Box office = = = Speed Racer premiered on April 26 , 2008 during a $ 500 @,@ 000 @-@ estimated event at the Nokia Theater in Los Angeles , where 4 @,@ 000 people attended . It was released in regular theaters on May 9 , 2008 , grossing $ 18 @,@ 561 @,@ 337 in its opening weekend from around 6 @,@ 700 screens at 3 @,@ 606 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking third at the box office behind Iron Man and What Happens in Vegas . In its second weekend it grossed $ 8 @,@ 117 @,@ 459 and ranked fourth at the box office . The film closed its run on August 1 , 2008 with $ 43 @,@ 945 @,@ 766 domestically and $ 93 @,@ 945 @,@ 766 worldwide . Based on its total gross , it was considered a box office bomb . The results were well below studio expectations , given that the production costs of Speed Racer were estimated to be over $ 120 million . Despite the low box office numbers , Warner Bros. remained optimistic about sales of associated products ranging from toys to tennis shoes . Brad Globe , president of Warner Bros. Consumer Products , expressed hope that " We 're still going to do very well with Speed Racer " , acknowledging that " a giant movie would have made it all a lot bigger " . = = = Critical reception = = = The review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes ranked Speed Racer as " rotten " , with 39 % of its selected critics giving the film positive reviews , based on 208 reviews with an average rating of 5 @.@ 1 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads , " [ The Wachowskis ] have overloaded Speed Racer with headache @-@ inducing special effects , and neglected to develop a coherent storyline . " At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 37 out of 100 , which indicates " generally unfavorable reviews " , based on 37 reviews . Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , Kirk Honeycutt called Speed Racer 's visual effects " stellar " , but stated it " proudly denies entry into its ultra @-@ bright world to all but gamers , fanboys and anime enthusiasts " . He criticized that story and character were " tossed aside " towards the " wearying " races . Todd McCarthy of Variety noted the target audience should be amused , but others might think the film " a cinematic pile @-@ up " , citing its implausibility and the lack of identifiable peril in the driving sequences . While noted viewers interested in CGI would appreciate it , McCarthy said the frame sometimes resembled " a kindergartner 's art class collage " . He had praise for the cinematography , the musical score , and the cast . Anime News Network 's Zac Bertschy also praised the cast , while saying the story is " as anyone would expect " , adding " the characters are all cardboard archetypes with Saturday Morning dialogue . " Speed Racer " sets out to honor and refresh a youthful enthusiasm from the past and winds up smothering the fun in self @-@ conscious grandiosity " , declared The New York Times 's A. O. Scott . Glenn Kenny of Premiere criticized the film 's time @-@ shifting narrative and multiple storylines , saying it " yields heretofore undreamed of levels of narrative incoherence " . Kenny praised the film 's look , saying the " cheez @-@ whizziness " that others had criticised was " precisely the point " . He remarked the movie inspires even more thinking than The Matrix because of its " blatantly anti @-@ capitalist storylines " . Similarly , The New Yorker 's Anthony Lane said the film could still end up " bleached of fun " due to the theme mooted in The Matrix that all of us are being controlled . In Speed Racer , Lane argues , this comes in the form of villain Royalton , who " vows to crush [ Speed ] with ' the unassailable might of money . ' " He concluded some people may call it entertaining , but he " felt [ it ] like Pop fascism " . Jim Emerson , editor at the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , wrote that Speed Racer " is a manufactured widget , a packaged commodity that capitalizes on an anthropomorphized cartoon of Capitalist Evil in order to sell itself and its ancillary products " . It was said to be " the most tiresome piece of CGI ( Computer Generated Idiocy [ sic ] ) " of the " past couple of years " at the time of film 's release by Philip French , a The Guardian critic . Conversely , IGN 's Todd Gilchrist gave a positive review , stating that Speed Racer " is not merely the best film that it could be , it 's pretty much exactly what it should be : full of exciting , brilliantly @-@ conceived races , primary @-@ color characterizations and an irresistible sense of fun " . He called Speed Racer " a masterpiece of its kind " , praising " the special effects extravaganza " and " the moment when the Wachowskis went from wunderkind directors to true auteurs " . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune described Speed Racer as " buoyant pop entertainment and noted the Wachowskis respected " the themes of honor , dishonor , family loyalty and Visigoth @-@ inspired barbarism behind the wheel " of the original work . The cast is praised as being " earnest " and " gently playful " . However , he stated that " it sags in its midsection " with unnecessary dialogue . Although it was said to be among the worst films of the year by Rebecca Murray of About.com , she included Speed Racer on her list of " Top 10 Action Movies of 2008 " , stating " the action sequences are definitely eye @-@ catching . " Time magazine included Speed Racer on its list of " The All @-@ Time 25 Best Sports Movies " and " Top 10 Movies of 2008 " . It said " Not every avant @-@ garde FX masterpiece receives instant audience validation " , described the film as " a rich , cartoonish dream : non @-@ stop Op art , and a triumph of virtual virtuosity . " However , in later years , the film has appeared periodically on lists of underrated films or cult films . Speed Racer was elected the third most underrated film of the 2000s by Den of Geek 's N.P. Horton , which called it " a game @-@ changing film which redefined and reconceptualised the film form as we know it . " Nick Hyman , writing for Metacritic , included the film on its list of " movies that critics got wrong " calling it " a cult classic in the making " . It was described as " nearly unmatched [ ... ] insofar as action / adventure / family films go " by Alejandro Stepenberg from JoBlo.com , while Slate 's Chris Wade named it " an underrated masterpiece , " stating " they [ the Wachowskis ] made a brilliant visual cartoon that dares to ask that you take it seriously . " Annalee Newitz of io9 analyzed the ten reasons why she believes the film to be an " unsung masterpiece " ; among them , the visuals , the humor , and even its political themes . Tor.com 's Dexter Palmer considered the possibility that the film is a " misunderstood art film " , highlighting its color scheme that is a " pleasure " and the fact it does not try to seem real . Palmer lauded it because he does not think films must imitate reality , and ultimately said it is " an extreme reminder of what films , and especially fantasy and science fiction films , can place on screen " and that it is " a refreshing change of pace " in film industry . = = = Awards and nominations = = = Speed Racer was nominated at the Golden Trailer Awards for " Summer 2008 Blockbuster " , at the MTV Movie Award for " Best Summer Movie So Far " , at the Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Award for " Best Sound Editing : Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film " , at the Visual Effects Society Awards for " Outstanding Matte Paintings in a Feature Motion Picture " . At the 2008 Teen Choice Awards , Speed Racer was a nominee in the category of " Movie : Action Adventure " , " Movie Actor : Action Adventure " and " Movie Actress : Action Adventure " . On other hand , the film has also nominated for the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards in the category of Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip @-@ off or Sequel . = = = Home media = = = Warner Home Video released Speed Racer to DVD and Blu @-@ ray on September 16 , 2008 . The three @-@ disc set features the main feature and supplemental features on the first disc , the DVD game " Speed Racer Crucible Challenge " on the second disc , and a digital copy of the film on the third disc — the last two being exclusive to the Blu @-@ ray release . The U.S. DVD sales reached $ 6 @,@ 268 @,@ 301 and 390 @,@ 191 copies as of the first week , with a total consumer spending of $ 14 @,@ 277 @,@ 546 and 900 @,@ 361 copies sold . The Blu @-@ ray version was re @-@ released on May 18 , 2010 . = = Proposed sequel = = Variety discussed a possible sequel , saying it could happen if Speed Racer has a good box office performance . In 2008 , a possible sequel was contemplated by the Wachowskis when Rain asked them why his character is so happy for Speed winning , and they replied it could be explained in the next film . Rain said he was hired for 3 years , while noting that doesn 't guarantee a sequel will be released . Christina Ricci also considered it a possibility ; she stated " When we [ the cast ] were all leaving , we were like ' write the sequel ! ' ' We want to come back ' . And they [ the Wachowskis ] were like , ' I know . I know . We 're going to . Don 't worry ' . " , adding she would like more action scenes to her character . The producer Joel Silver said that the Wachowskis " have a great story idea for a sequel " but that it is " a great idea for a sequel if it makes sense to make it . "
= Days Gone Bye ( The Walking Dead ) = " Days Gone Bye " is the first episode of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series , The Walking Dead . It originally aired on AMC in the United States on October 31 , 2010 . The episode was written and directed by Frank Darabont , the series creator . Robert Kirkman , the creator of the series of comic books of the same name , considered the idea of creating a television show based on the comic series , but did not move forward . Frank Darabont expressed interest in developing the series for television . In January 2010 , AMC formally announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series adapted from The Walking Dead comic book . In the announcement , the executives stated that Darabont would serve as writer , director , and an executive producer alongside Gale Anne Hurd . Principal photography for the pilot commenced in May 2010 in Atlanta , Georgia . It was wholly shot on 16 mm film , and was edited using computer @-@ generated imagery . " Days Gone Bye " was heavily promoted in the months preceding its release ; as part of an expansive advertising campaign , zombie invasion events were coordinated in selected locations including New York City , Washington , D.C. , London , and Madrid . The episode premiered in 120 countries worldwide . " Days Gone Bye " was critically well received , praising Lincoln 's performance and Darabont 's direction . Several critics compared it to Lost . In the United States , the series premiere achieved a viewership of 5 @.@ 35 million , making it the most @-@ watched series premiere in its network 's history . The episode garnered a Nielsen rating of 2 @.@ 7 in the 18 – 49 demographic , translating to 3 @.@ 6 million viewers . = = Plot = = In rural Georgia , former Sheriff deputy Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) stops his vehicle near an abandoned and ransacked convenience store in search of gasoline . He spots a little girl walking around and attempts to help her , but she turns around , revealing herself to be a zombie . The child charges at Rick , forcing him to shoot her . Weeks earlier , before the apocalypse , Rick , along with his long @-@ time partner and childhood friend Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) , are called to a high speed pursuit . After the car crashes during the chase , two men emerge from the wreck and are shot dead on the scene . Rick is shot in the abdomen but recovers quickly due to his bulletproof vest . A third man then emerges from the vehicle and shoots Rick in the upper back while he talks to Shane , leaving him seriously wounded and in a coma . Rick eventually regains consciousness in a seemingly abandoned hospital . In a nearby park he encounters a severely deteriorated zombie with nothing left of her lower body but trailing bones and organs . Shaken , he returns to his home to look for his family . Unable to find any sign of them , he sits outside and is suddenly hit in the head with a shovel by a young man — Duane Jones ( Adrian Kali Turner ) — who initially mistakes him for a zombie but is stopped by his father , Morgan Jones ( Lennie James ) . After deciding Rick is not a threat , Morgan frees him and shares what information he has regarding the zombie apocalypse ( and the zombies , which are formally known as " walkers " ) . When Morgan and Duane tell Rick about a refugee center in Atlanta , Rick decides to head there , but Morgan and Duane choose to stay behind . Rick gives Morgan a rifle and a walkie @-@ talkie from the police station and promises to broadcast every morning at dawn to check @-@ in with him . Before he leaves , Rick finds fellow police officer Leon Basset ( Linds Edwards ) — now a zombie — and shoots him in the head to destroy the brain which is how he 's been told is the only way to permanently kill the zombies . Rick and Morgan then part ways from the Police Station . Rick goes on his journey to see if his family is still alive out there somewhere , and Morgan goes back to the house to maintain his and his sons safety . Upon returning to the house , Morgan goes to the top floor of his house , where he looks through old family photos before shooting several zombies . As he hoped , the noise attracts more walkers , including his dead wife , but Morgan finds himself unable to shoot her and breaks down in tears . In the mean time , Rick goes back to the park where the " Bicycle Girl " was once he exited the hospital , but she has seemingly crawled away . Rick walks through the park to find her , and upon walking to her , and kneels down and says " I 'm sorry this happened to you . " He then draws his gun , points , and pulls the trigger . Rick finds this hard to do , as he still hasn 't grasped the fact that the world he knew is completely gone , and that the world is run by the dead now . After putting her out of her misery , he stands up , and leaves the park . En route to Atlanta , Rick sends out a broadcast via his radio . The transmissions are received by a camp located just outside the city , but due to the bad signal , they lose contact quickly and are unable to warn him of the situation in the city . Among the campers are : Rick 's partner Shane , his wife Lori ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , and his son Carl ( Chandler Riggs ) . Rick 's police cruiser later runs out of gas . Unable to find gas , he abandons his car and continues on foot ( this is about where the very beginning flashback took place ) . He approaches a farmhouse , where the occupants died in an apparent suicide . Rick finds a horse , which is still alive and well , nearby and rides it to Atlanta , carrying a sack of guns from the police armory . Rick arrives in Atlanta and finds the city looking like an abandoned war @-@ zone . He searches the streets on horseback , finding a demolished military blockade . Rick hears a helicopter pass overhead and tries to follow it , but rides straight into a horde of walkers . The undead swarm Rick 's horse , toppling Rick and making him drop the sack of guns . While many of the zombies swarm around the horse , tearing it apart and eating it , Rick scrambles underneath an abandoned tank . With zombies crawling after him on both sides , Rick shoots several of them , then places the gun to his temple . Looking up , he sees an open hatch underneath the tank and crawls inside . The walkers surround the tank as Rick seals himself inside . Inside , Rick has to shoot an undead tank crewman ( Samuel Witwer ) , but the echo of the shot deafens Rick . After opening the top hatch to let the sound escape , he re @-@ seals the hatch , locking himself safely inside . A voice comes over the radio , sarcastically saying : " Hey you . Dumbass . Yeah , you in the tank . Cozy in there ? " The episode ends with an overshot of zombies swarming around the tank and the fallen horse . = = Production = = = = = Conception = = = Robert Kirkman claimed that he had considered the idea of a television series , but never actively pursued it . When Darabont became interested , Kirkman called it " extremely flattering " and went on to say that " he definitely cares about the original source material , and you can tell that in the way he 's adapting it . " In his interview , Kirkman exclaimed that it was " an extreme validation of the work " , and continued by expressing that " never in a million years could [ he ] have thought that if Walking Dead were to ever be adapted that everything would be going this well . " The Walking Dead institutes elements from George A. Romero 's horror film Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) . Darabont admitted to becoming a fan of the film at age fourteen . He insisted that the film has a " weird vibe " , comparing it to that of pornography . He continued : " It had this marvelously attractive , disreputable draw [ ... ] I loved it immediately . " Darabont recalled walking into a comic book store in Burbank , California and seeing The Walking Dead on the shelf in 2005 . Darabont described the process of developing the series and setting it up at a network as " four years of frustration " . He first initiated a deal with NBC to own copyrights to The Walking Dead , but was later declined . " They were very excited about the idea of doing a zombie show until I handed them a zombie script where zombies were actually doing zombie shit , " he stated . Darabont credited Hurd with finally getting the series on AMC . " Gale was tremendously instrumental in jump @-@ starting it at a point where it felt like it was languishing , " he asserted . " I 'd gotten turned down enough times , which is no reflection on the material , but no matter what you 're trying to sell in Hollywood , you 're Willy Loman and it 's Death of a Salesman . You 're out there trying to sell shit that nobody wants . Even if it 's good shit . " Hurd recalled that she had heard of the comic before , and upon reading it , felt that it would be great for film . She stated : " When I first read the book , I thought , ' This would be a great film , ' and boy was I wrong . It 's a much better TV series . Fast forward , I knew that Frank had initially developed it for NBC , which to me seemed like an odd pairing for this . Then I heard it wasn 't going forward at NBC so I talked to Frank . " On January 20 , 2010 , AMC officially announced that it had ordered a pilot with Darabont and Hurd acting as executive producers ; the former wrote the script and directed the episode . The entire series was pre @-@ ordered based on the strength of the source material , the television scripts , and Darabont 's involvement . = = = Writing = = = Darabont wrote a 60 @-@ page pilot script for " Days Gone Bye " . His initial script for the episode was split in half and embellished . Darabont explained that he did this to " slow the narrative down and dig into the characters more deeply , so it 's not just plot @-@ driven , event @-@ driven stuff . You really want to drag these characters into the equation . " Darabont felt that instituting visual maneuvers would increase the surreal atmosphere of a scene . Upon reading the script , Kirkman thought that producers were consistent with his comic , adding that they could possibly improve his initial work . " Reading that pilot was just a revelation . It 's extremely faithful . There are things that are so much like the comic , I can 't really remember the nuance of what 's different and what 's not from the comic . He 's definitely being more faithful than I expected , and everything that he 's changing is brilliant . I couldn 't be happier . I think the fans of the book are going to just love it . " The episode shares its name with volume one of the comic book series . = = = Cast = = = The principal photography produced a high demand for extras as zombies . In an interview with MTV News , special effects artist Greg Nicotero stated that while anyone was welcome to audition , the producers of the show were looking specifically for people who possessed exceptional height and thin features . Casting for extras took approximately three days . Once accepted , the extras would be sent to " zombie school " for training and preparing for filming . Nicotero stated that " it was interesting because I initially thought my experience with zombie movies is you just let them do whatever they want to do . George [ Romero ] always said , ' You show 50 people one movement , then you have 50 people doing all the same thing . ' So we sort of just lined them up and said , ' Let 's see what your zombie walk would look like , ' and then they would do it and we would say , ' Try this or try that . ' You know , sort of fine tuning everybody . " Alongside with Darabont , Nicotero had previously collaborated with Romero on several occasions , and looked at the structure of the zombies in his films for inspiration . " It 's not that I 'm against [ fast zombies ] . It 's just not what I grew up with . It 's interesting , too , because a couple takes we did , where a couple of the zombies kind of broke into a run , and after one take Frank 's like , ' Did they run too fast ? They shouldn 't be running . Slow them down . ' This is trying to be creepy and moody and , you know , you 're building up all this kind of scary tension . " In April 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Jon Bernthal and Andrew Lincoln were chosen by producers for the main cast of the series . Bernthal was to portray Shane Walsh , while Lincoln provided the role of Rick Grimes , the central character of The Walking Dead . While Hurd didn 't expect to cast Lincoln , Kirkman was ecstatic with his acting , evaluating him as an " amazing find " . In his interview with Dread Central , Kirkman added that " writing Rick Grimes month after month in the comic series , I had no idea he was an actual living , breathing human being , and yet , here he is . I couldn 't be more thrilled with how this show is coming together . " Although he was initially shocked upon hearing of The Walking Dead , Lincoln thought the episode 's script was well @-@ written . " I read it and thought it was well written , and I put myself on tape just for one scene . I didn 't know who was involved at this point . " The succeeding day , his agent called him about the development of the pilot . Lincoln described the moment as " kind of like a dream list " . He later communicated with Darabont via Skype ; " We spoke for about 40 minutes about his ideas for the project , about what I liked about Episode One and then he asked would I fly over to come and test . " Lincoln flew to Darabont 's home , where he viewed " Days Gone Bye " in his garage . He opined that was " brilliant " and " very intimate " . Bernthal was extremely comfortable with his character on set . " The second he opened his mouth and started reading the scene , I knew it was him , " he said . " There was no question . I saw Frank and I knew it . He 's the guy . He 's a wonderful actor , and he 's going to kill it in this role . " Bernthal admitted that he had no prior knowledge of The Walking Dead . He reminisced that he reacted so " organically " to the script that he " didn 't want to be colored by anything else . When I did read the comic , I was shocked . Look , I 'm not going to sit here and regret . One of the great things about doing TV versus film is to be surprised yourself , to not let where you 're going color where you are . " The pilot episode 's script was amongst several other scripts for proposed television pilots that Bernthal skimmed through ; He felt that this script overshadowed the others . " [ It was ] pilot season , and I read everything that was out there . I still remember the day that I got this script . I told my agent that I 'd be thrilled to be an extra in this , it 's so good . It just blew the rest of them right out of the water . " Shortly after the announcement , Sarah Wayne Callies was approached to play the role of Rick 's wife Lori Grimes , the lead female . The following month , Laurie Holden claimed the role of Andrea ; Holden had previously worked with Darabont in the science @-@ fiction horror film The Mist ( 2007 ) . Other actors garnering roles in the main cast include Steven Yeun , Chandler Riggs , and Jeffrey DeMunn . " Days Gone Bye " featured guest appearances from actors and actresses such as Emma Bell ( Amy ) , Andrea 's younger sister . Bell would later become part of the main cast as a recurring character . Lennie James played Morgan , and Jim Coleman guest performed Lam Kendal . Samuel Witwer , who had collaborated with Darabont in The Mist ( 2007 ) , appeared as a dying soldier . = = = Filming = = = The producers chose to film in Atlanta because of its proximity to Cynthiana , Kentucky , Kirkman 's hometown and the setting of the his comic 's first issue . " At the beginning they talk about how some of the people in neighboring states would have gone to larger cities so they could fortify them and protect the population . " Kirkman had considered other cities , particularly New York City , Miami , and Chicago . Hurd had previously filmed in the city for Lifetime . Darabont felt that Atlanta offered the essentials ; " Atlanta and Georgia all @-@ told is proving to be brilliant for us in terms of what it has to offer , in terms of what the story needed , in terms of the variety of locations — it really is a fantastic place to shoot . " Prior to filming , Kirkman toured with Darabont around the central business district . He stated , " I tagged along on a location @-@ scouting expedition , and that was pretty fun — watching Frank Darabont walking through the streets of Atlanta as if he owned the entire city , daring cars to hit him . That was a lot of fun . " Darabont ventured onto the middle of a street to grasp a perfect shot , oblivious to oncoming traffic . Atlanta 's climate was cited as a potential issue that would hinder production . Darabont recalled that he found it difficult to adjust to the sweltering heat , adding that he " never had clothes stick to me like this in my life " . Lincoln retorted that it was " becoming a running joke that people arrive on set ready for the day and then they are battered and beaten up by the weather . " Despite such assertions , he opined that it added to the episode 's overall emotion . " There 's a lot of hard @-@ earned sweat on camera . It 's not comfortable and it 's not pleasant , but it 's as you would imagine it would be trying to survive in this world . " Principal photography took place in the city on May 15 , 2010 , after AMC had officially ordered the production of six episodes for the series . Filming took place over two months , ending in early July . Locations were set up in various spots within the central business district , particularly in the Fairlie @-@ Poplar District . The season premiere was shot completely in anamorphic format on 16 mm film . David Tattersall was the director of photography , while production design was headed by Greg Melton and Alex Hajdu . The special effects team included veteran makeup designer Gregory Nicotero , special effects coordinator Darrell Pritchett , and visual effects supervisors Sam Nicholson and Jason Sperling . Computer @-@ generated imagery was used in much of " Days Gone Bye " , particularly when Rick encounters a legless walker . " The woman was wearing basically blue stockings and then everything was cleaned out . There is an alarming amount of CGI in the pilot episode and in the whole show , and you would never know it , " articulated Robert Kirkman . Kirkman felt that Stargate Studios , which was chosen by producers to edit the pilot episode , did a splendid job . He stated : " There 's a shot where Rick is riding off on the horse and his hat actually blew off , and they really liked that shot , and so they had Stargate go in and digitally put the hat back on his head . " = = = Marketing = = = The show 's website released a motion comic based on the first issue of the original comic and voiced by Phil LaMarr . The site also posted a making @-@ of documentary , and other behind @-@ the @-@ scenes videos and interviews . In the documentary , Kirkman as well as artist Charlie Adlard expressed pleasure that the show is faithful to the comic and remark on the similarities between the actors and the comic 's original character drawings . Several scenes were screened July 23 , 2010 as part of the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . Hurd asserted that " [ they ] really are doing six one @-@ hour movies " , and Darabont insisted that the series would closely reflect the development in the comics . " The path is a very strong template . But we 're going to take every interesting detour we feel like taking . As long as were staying on the path of what Robert has done , I don 't see any reason not to . If they have patience we 'll eventually catch up to what Robert is doing . " The Walking Dead debuted during the same week in 120 countries . " Days Gone Bye " premiered in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl on August 30 , 2011 , while it expanded in international markets during the first week of November . Two weeks prior to its official US premiere , the contents of the episode leaked online . As part of an expansive campaign to advertise and heighten anticipation for the premiere , international broadcasting affiliates of AMC and Fox coordinated a worldwide zombie invasion event days prior to the US premiere . The event occurred in twenty six cities worldwide , in select locations including the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City , Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , Palace of Westminster in London , Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul , Acropolis of Athens in Athens , and the Museo del Prado in Madrid . The campaign events commenced in Hong Kong and Taipei , and culminated in Los Angeles . = = Themes = = Romance is an underlying theme in " Days Gone Bye " . After returning from the hospital , Grimes unsuccessfully looks for signs of his family . Determined to find them , he travels to Atlanta , which is imagined to be a haven because of its proximity to the CDC . Kirkman said of the developing storyline : Well , I didn ’ t know how long the comic book series was going to last . I hoped that it would become a success and survive for years and years . But at that time in my career , it was very early , I had had a lot of books canceled , just because of poor sales . So early on in the book I would move past storylines very quickly . I set up this love triangle and I resolved that story and moved along within the first [ few ] issues . But there 's a lot of story potential to mine there . One of the things that the TV show is able to do is to look at the comic book series with hindsight and go , ' This would probably be something that we could explore more . ' And that 's what we 're going to be doing . So we 'll be seeing a lot more of the Lori @-@ Shane @-@ Rick love triangle . The scene in which Grimes regains consciousness and investigates his situation is reminiscent of the British horror films The Day of the Triffids ( 1962 ) and 28 Days Later ( 2002 ) . Kirkman insisted that the similarities especially with 28 Days Later was coincidental . " I saw 28 Days Later shortly before the first issue of Walking Dead was released , " he stated . " That first issue came out in October of 2003 and 28 Days Later was released in the States in June of 2003 . So we were working on our second issue by the time I saw it . It was going to be a matter of somehow trying to restage the entire first issue , because it was a very similar coma opening . I made a decision — which I pretty much regret at this point — I said , ' You know what ? It 's so different [ from that point on ] , I will probably never hear anything about this . ' And I was wrong . " = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = The episode attained 5 @.@ 35 million viewers , making it the most @-@ viewed series premiere in AMC history . It garnered a 2 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic , translating to 3 @.@ 6 million viewers according to Nielsen ratings . It subsequently attained the highest rating in the 18 – 49 demographic among cable television programs that year . Following two encore presentations , total viewership reached 8 @.@ 1 million . " Days Gone Bye " became the highest @-@ rated cable telecast ever , hitting significantly higher numbers than predecessors Swamp People and Ice Road Truckers on the History channel . It obtained 2 @.@ 1 million viewers from the 18 – 34 demographic and 3 @.@ 1 million from the 25 – 54 demographic . It became the highest @-@ rated non @-@ sport cable program of the week , as well as the third highest @-@ rated overall program of the week dated October 30 ; " Days Gone Bye " was outperformed by a game between the Miami Heat and the Boston Celtics as part of the 2010 – 11 NBA season and a match between the New York Giants and the Dallas Cowboys as part of the 2010 NFL season . It is the third most @-@ watched installment of The Walking Dead 's first season , scoring less than " Wildfire " ( 5 @.@ 56 million ) , and " TS @-@ 19 " ( 5 @.@ 97 million ) . " Days Gone Bye " garnered the highest total viewership for a season premiere out of any cable program up until the airing of its successor , " What Lies Ahead " , which attracted 7 @.@ 3 million viewers . " Days Gone Bye " achieved similar success in European markets . It debuted in 120 countries in 33 languages . In the United Kingdom , the episode acquired 579 @,@ 000 viewers , with an estimated 315 @,@ 000 from the 18 – 49 demographic . It became the most @-@ watched FX telecast of the week dated November 5 . The terrestrial premiere ( including Ireland and Scotland ) aired on Channel 5 on April 10 , 2011 , garnering 1 @.@ 5 million viewers . In Italy , " Days Gone Bye " became the highest @-@ rated telecast of the night on pay television , delivering 360 @,@ 000 spectators . In Spain , the pilot episode attained a 10 @.@ 2 % share in the television market amongst pay television programs , ultimately obtaining 105 @,@ 000 viewers . It became the highest @-@ rated series premiere on Fox that year . The episode performed strongly in Asian markets . In South Korea , " Days Gone Bye " secured 57 @,@ 000 spectators , subsequently becoming the highest @-@ rated program on Fox that year . In Southeast Asia , total viewership hit 380 @,@ 000 , beating out all Western television programs . " Days Gone Bye " saw its strongest figures in Singapore and the Philippines , where its ratings exceeded the time slot average by 425 % and 1 @,@ 700 % , respectively . " Days Gone Bye " achieved substantial ratings in the 18 – 49 demographic in several Latin American countries . In Argentina , the pilot episode attained a 3 @.@ 5 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , thereby outperforming the time slot average by 341 % and becoming the highest @-@ rated program in its time slot on pay television . It acquired a 2 @.@ 1 rating in Colombia and Peru , where it exceeded time slot averages by 176 % and 970 % , respectively . It became the highest @-@ rated program in its time slot on pay television in both countries . " Days Gone Bye " garnered a 1 @.@ 2 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic in Venezuela , becoming the highest @-@ rated television program of the day on pay television . = = = = Reaction = = = = Charlie Collier , the president of AMC , stated that it was " a good day to be dead . We are so proud of this series , its depth of storytelling and the remarkable talent attached . As the network dedicated to bringing viewers the best stories on television , we are so pleased to have the opportunity with The Walking Dead to raise the bar within this popular genre and continue our commitment to being the home of premium television on basic cable . " Senior Vice President Joel Stillerman ascribed that much of its success came from the storytelling presented in the episode ; " The Walking Dead is that rare piece of programming that works on so many levels . It is legitimately great storytelling that is not only highly entertaining , but incredibly thought provoking as well . People who are familiar with the comic books know what 's coming , but suffice it to say , this is only the beginning of a long , intense , and powerful ride . Long live The Walking Dead . " = = = Critical response = = = " Days Gone Bye " was critically acclaimed . Sebastian Liver of Der Tagesspiegel insisted that the episode was setting new standards , and elaborated that it illuminates even during its timid moments . Mike Ryan of Vanity Fair reflected parallel sentiments , calling it the " best new television show of the year . " Ryan felt that the series would broaden the audience of the horror genre , as well as attract new fans . " Finally , a horror show on television for people who hate horror . It 's not that The Walking Dead isn 't scary or doesn 't contain gratuitous amounts of gore [ ... ] but , where other horror projects opt for camp , The Walking Dead grounds itself in reality . " Writing for The Atlantic , Scott Meslow affirmed that The Walking Dead was " as dark , intelligent , and uncompromising as any of AMC 's other dramas . " St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch 's Gail Pennington appraised " Days Gone Bye " as " genuinely terrifying " , adding that despite being too gruesome for her tastes , it was " too engrossing not to watch . " Pennington commended the character development in the episode , stating that Darabont " finds time for the human tragedy of the situation . " In an A- grade review , Boston Herald journalist Mark Perigard said that the pilot episode was a " suspenseful thriller " , while Robert Bianco of USA Today avouched that it was " one killer of a zombie show . " The Wall Street Journal writer Nancy deWolf Smith felt that " Days Gone Bye " contained a cinematic quality to it ; " The pilot episode [ is ] so good that it has hooked even a zombie hater like me . " Steve West of Cinema Blend praised the episode , calling it " the best pilot since Lost 's introduction " and " a brilliant examination of what makes us human . " Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club gave the episode an ' A- ' grade , and described it as a " stunning debut " . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe said that the installment was " fully dynamic and engaging " . " The Walking Dead is a promising human story built over a sea of grunting corpses . It 's a scare @-@ fest at points [ ... ] and it 's definitely extremely bloody , as zombie guts splatter all over the place like chunky borscht . The 90 @-@ minute premiere is a gory Halloween horror event , for sure . " Liz Kelly and Jen Chaney of The Washington Post reacted positively to the series premiere , deeming it as a " chilling show " , and exclaiming that it had a " very real sense that the world can go completely mad , and stay that way for good . " Kris King of Starpulse said that it was " a welcome reprieve from the camp @-@ laden world of zombie culture . " Josh Jackson of Paste gave the episode an 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 . Jackson praised the final moments of the episode , describing it as " epic " . IGN 's Eric Goldman issued " Days Gone Bye " a nine out of ten , signifying an " amazing " rating . Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly evaluated the pilot episode as intense , and felt that it delivered above expectations . He added that it was an " instant classic " . Fellow journalist Dan Snierson agreed with Jensen 's opinion , complimenting the show for its unpredictability . James Poniewozik of Time reacted positively to the episode , exclaiming that it " paints a thoroughly convincing postapocalyptic world , both visually and emotionally . " Variety 's Brian Lowry avouched that " Days Gone Bye " was " surprisingly fresh " , despite having initial thoughts of a stale premise . He wrote : " The Walking Dead draws the audience in almost instantly with its cinematic 90 @-@ minute pilot , then incorporates tasty soap @-@ like elements meant to animate the ensuing episodes . Although we 've seen no shortage of zombies and post @-@ apocalyptic stories , producer @-@ writer @-@ director Frank Darabont has deftly tackled the seemingly perilous task of adapting a comic book about zombies into a viable episodic series . " In a three out of four star review , Linda Stasi of New York Post summarized , " The zombies are truly scary and disgusting . The survivors are terrific characters , and the gore is enough for any lunatic to love . " Critics were polarized over Andrew Lincoln 's performance . Despite citing that his accent was " dodgy " , Pierce lauded Lincoln 's acting . " his body language and expression here is totally different now than when we saw him before , " he opined . " He 's a fast learner . " Gilbert referred to his accent as " spotty " , while Goldman professed that Lincoln fit into character very well ; " For much of the pilot , he 's on his own and exudes a lot of believable , shocked emotion , as Rick tries to process what he is seeing . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter felt that Lincoln 's performance was one of the episode 's drawbacks . He wrote : " One drawback in [ The Walking Dead ] is that Lincoln plays his emotion a little too close to his deputy 's badge . We 're told – by him – that all he wants to do is find his wife and kid . His belief that they still are alive is the emotional drive of the story , but there 's not enough deep pain that seeps up to coat the dialogue Lincoln delivers . " = = = Accolades = = = The episode received three Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations for the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards , for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series , and won for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special . = = = = Awards and nominations = = = =
= Han van Meegeren = Henricus Antonius " Han " van Meegeren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ɦɛnˈrikɵs ɑnˈtoːniɵs ˈɦɑn vɑn ˈmeːɣərə ( n ) ] ; 10 October 1889 – 30 December 1947 ) was a Dutch painter and portraitist and is considered to be one of the most ingenious art forgers of the 20th century . As a child , van Meegeren developed an enthusiasm for the paintings of the Dutch Golden Age , and later set out to become an artist himself . Art critics , however , decried his work as tired and derivative , and van Meegeren felt that they had destroyed his career . Thereupon , he decided to prove his talent to the critics by forging paintings of some of the world 's most famous artists , including Frans Hals , Pieter de Hooch , Gerard ter Borch , and Johannes Vermeer . He so well replicated the styles and colours of the artists that the best art critics and experts of the time regarded his paintings as genuine and sometimes exquisite . His most successful forgery was Supper at Emmaus , created in 1937 while living in the south of France . This painting was hailed as a real Vermeer by famous art experts such as Abraham Bredius . Bredius acclaimed it as " the masterpiece of Johannes Vermeer of Delft " and wrote of the " wonderful moment " of being " confronted with a hitherto unknown painting by a great master " . During World War II , wealthy Dutchmen wanted to prevent a sellout of Dutch art to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , and they avidly bought van Meegeren 's forgeries , thinking them the work of the masters . Nevertheless , a falsified " Vermeer " ended up in the possession of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring . Following the war , the forgery was discovered in Göring 's possession , and van Meegeren was arrested on 29 May 1945 as a collaborator , as officials believed that he had sold Dutch cultural property to the Nazis . This would have been an act of treason , the punishment for which was death , so van Meegeren confessed to the less serious charge of forgery instead . He was convicted on falsification and fraud charges on 12 November 1947 , after a brief but highly publicized trial , and was sentenced to a modest punishment of one year in prison . He did not serve out his sentence , however ; he died 30 December 1947 , in the Valerius Clinic in Amsterdam , after two heart attacks . It is estimated that van Meegeren duped buyers , including the government of the Netherlands , out of the equivalent of more than thirty million dollars in 1967 's money . = = Early years = = Han ( a diminutive version of Henri or Henricus ) van Meegeren was born in 1889 as the third of five children of middle @-@ class Roman Catholic parents in the provincial city of Deventer . He was the son of Augusta Louisa Henrietta Camps and Hendrikus Johannes van Meegeren , a French and history teacher at the Kweekschool ( training college for schoolteachers ) in the city of Deventer . Early on , Han felt neglected and misunderstood by his father , as the elder van Meegeren strictly forbade his artistic development and constantly derided him . He was often forced by his father to write a hundred times , " I know nothing , I am nothing , I am capable of nothing . " While attending the Higher Burger School , he met teacher and painter Bartus Korteling ( 1853 – 1930 ) who became his mentor . Korteling had been inspired by Johannes Vermeer and showed the young van Meegeren how Vermeer had manufactured and mixed his colours . Korteling had rejected the Impressionist movement and other modern trends as decadent , degenerate art , and his strong personal influence probably later led van Meegeren to rebuff contemporary styles and paint exclusively in the style of the Dutch Golden Age . Van Meegeren 's father did not share his son ’ s love of art ; instead , he encouraged Han to study architecture . In 1907 , van Meegeren , compelled by his father 's demands , left home to study at the Technische Hogeschool ( Delft Technical College ) in Delft , the hometown of Johannes Vermeer . He received drawing and painting lessons , as well . He easily passed his preliminary examinations but , because he did not wish to become an architect , he never took the Ingenieurs ( final ) examination . He nevertheless proved to be an apt architect and designed the clubhouse for his rowing club DDS in Delft ( see image ) . This building still exists . In 1913 , van Meegeren gave up his architecture studies and concentrated on drawing and painting at the art school in The Hague . On 8 January 1913 , he received the prestigious Gold Medal from the Technical University in Delft for his Study of the Interior of the Church of Saint Lawrence ( Laurenskerk ) in Rotterdam . The award was given every five years to an art student who created the best work , and was accompanied by a gold medal . On 18 April 1912 , van Meegeren married fellow art student Anna de Voogt who was expecting their first child . The couple went to live with Anna ’ s grandmother in Rijswijk . Their son Jacques Henri Emil was born on 26 August 1912 in Rijswijk . Jacques van Meegeren also became a painter ; he died on 26 October 1977 in Amsterdam . = = Career as a legitimate painter = = In the summer of 1914 , van Meegeren moved his family to Scheveningen . That year , he completed the diploma examination at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague . The diploma allowed him to teach , and he took a position as the assistant to Professor Gips , the Professor of Drawing and Art History , for the small monthly salary of 75 guldens . In March 1915 , his daughter Pauline was born , later called Inez . To supplement his income , Han sketched posters and painted pictures for the commercial art trade , generally Christmas cards , still @-@ life , landscapes , and portraits . Many of these paintings are quite valuable today . Van Meegeren showed his first paintings publicly in The Hague , where they were exhibited from April to May 1917 at the Kunstzaal Pictura . In December 1919 , he was accepted as a select member to the Haagse Kunstkring , an exclusive society of writers and painters who met weekly on the premises of the Ridderzaal . He painted the tame roe deer belonging to Princess Juliana in his studio at The Hague , opposite the Royal Palace Huis ten Bosch . He made many sketches and drawings of the deer , and painted Hertje ( The fawn ) in 1921 , which became quite popular in the Netherlands . He undertook numerous journeys to Belgium , France , Italy , and England , and acquired a name for himself as a talented portraitist . He earned stately fees through commissions from English and American socialites who spent their winter vacations on the Côte d 'Azur . His clients were impressed by his understanding of the 17th @-@ century techniques of the Dutch masters . Throughout his life , van Meegeren signed his own paintings with his own signature . By all accounts , infidelity was responsible for the breakup of van Meegeren ’ s marriage to Anna de Voogt ; they were divorced on 19 July 1923 . Anna left with the children and moved to Paris where van Meegeren visited his children from time to time . He now dedicated himself to portraiture and began producing forgeries to increase his income . He married actress Johanna Theresia Oerlemans in Woerden in 1928 , with whom he had been living for the past three years . Jo was also known under her stage name of Jo van Walraven , and she had previously been married to art critic and journalist Dr. C H. de Boer ( Karel de Boer ) . She brought their daughter Viola into the van Meegeren household . = = The forgeries = = In the Netherlands , Han van Meegeren had become a well @-@ known painter . Hertje ( 1921 ) and Straatzangers ( 1928 ) were particularly popular . His first legitimate copies were painted in 1923 – his Laughing Cavalier and Happy Smoker – both in the style of Frans Hals . By 1928 , the similarity of van Meegeren ’ s paintings to those of the old masters began to draw the reproach of Dutch art critics , who were more interested in Cubist , Surrealist , and other movements . It was said that van Meegeren ’ s gift was in imitation and that his talent was limited , outside of copying other artists ' work . One critic wrote that he was " a gifted technician who has made a sort of composite facsimile of the Renaissance school , he has every virtue except originality . " In response to these comments , van Meegeren published a series of aggressive articles in the monthly magazine De Kemphaan ( " The Game Cock " ) . He raged against the art community together with journalist Jan Ubink between April 1928 and March 1930 , and lost any sympathy with the critics in the process . Van Meegeren felt that his genius had been misjudged , and he set out to prove to the art critics that he could not only copy the style of the Dutch masters in his paintings , but produce a work of art so magnificent that it would rival the works of master painters . He moved with Jo to the South of France and began preparations for this ultimate forgery , which took him six years , from 1932 to 1937 . In a series of early exercises , he forged works by Frans Hals , Pieter de Hooch , Gerard ter Borch , and Johannes Vermeer . Finally , he chose to forge a painting by Vermeer as his masterpiece . Vermeer had not been particularly well @-@ known until the beginning of the twentieth century ; his works were both extremely valuable and scarce — only about 35 had survived . Van Meegeren delved into the biographies of the old masters , studying their lives , occupations , trademark techniques , and catalogues . In October 1932 , famous art connoisseur and Rembrandt expert Dr. Abraham Bredius published an article about a recently discovered Vermeer which he described as a painting of a Man and Woman at a Spinet . The painting was later sold to Amsterdam banker Dr. Fritz Mannheimer . = = = Inventing the " perfect forgery " = = = In 1932 , van Meegeren moved to the village of Roquebrune @-@ Cap @-@ Martin with his wife . There he rented a furnished mansion called " Primavera " and set out to define the chemical and technical procedures that would be necessary to create his perfect forgeries . He bought authentic 17th century canvases and mixed his own paints from raw materials ( such as lapis lazuli , white lead , indigo , and cinnabar ) using old formulas to ensure that they were authentic . In addition , he created his own badger @-@ hair paintbrushes similar to those that Vermeer was known to have used . He came up with a scheme of using phenol formaldehyde ( Bakelite ) to cause the paints to harden after application , making the paintings appear as if they were 300 years old . After completing a painting , van Meegeren would bake it at 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) to 120 ° C ( 248 ° F ) to harden the paint , and then roll it over a cylinder to increase the cracks . Later , he would wash the painting in black India ink to fill in the cracks . It took van Meegeren six years to work out his techniques , but ultimately he was pleased with his work on both artistic and deceptive levels . Two of these trial paintings were " Vermeers " : Lady Reading Music , after Vermeer ’ s Woman in Blue Reading a Letter at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam ; and Lady Playing Music , after Vermeer ’ s Woman with a Lute near a Window hanging in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . Van Meegeren did not sell these paintings ; both are now at the Rijksmuseum . Following a journey to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , van Meegeren painted The Supper at Emmaus using the ultramarine blues and yellows preferred by Johannes Vermeer and other Dutch Golden Age painters . The experts assumed that Vermeer had studied in Italy , so van Meegeren used The Supper at Emmaus by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio located at Italy ’ s Pinacoteca di Brera as a model . He had always wanted to walk in the steps of the masters , and he felt that his forgery was a fine work in its own right . He gave it to his friend , attorney C. A. Boon , telling him that it was a genuine Vermeer , and asked him to show it to Dr. Abraham Bredius in Monaco . Bredius examined the forgery in September 1937 and he accepted it as a genuine Vermeer and praised it highly . The painting was purchased by The Rembrandt Society for fl.520.000 ( € 235 @.@ 000 or about € 4 @.@ 640 @.@ 000 today ) , with the aid of wealthy shipowner Willem van der Vorm , and donated to the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam . In 1938 , the piece was highlighted in a special exhibition at the Rotterdam museum , along with 450 Dutch masterpieces dating from 1400 – 1800 . A. Feulner wrote in the " Magazine for [ the ] History of Art " , " In the rather isolated area in which the Vermeer picture hung , it was as quiet as in a chapel . The feeling of the consecration overflows on the visitors , although the picture has no ties to ritual or church . " In the summer of 1938 , van Meegeren moved to Nice , using the proceeds from the sale of The Supper at Emmaus to buy a 12 @-@ bedroom estate at Les Arènes de Cimiez . On the walls of the estate hung several genuine Old Masters . Two of his better forgeries were made here , Interior with Cardplayers and Interior with Drinkers , both displaying the signature of Pieter de Hooch . During his time in Nice , he painted his Last Supper I in the style of Vermeer . He returned to the Netherlands in September 1939 as the Second World War threatened . He remained at a hotel in Amsterdam for several months and moved to the village of Laren in 1940 . Throughout 1941 , van Meegeren issued his designs , which he published in 1942 as a large and luxurious book entitled Han van Meegeren : Teekeningen I ( Drawings nr I ) . He also created several forgeries during this time , including The Head of Christ , The Last Supper II , The Blessing of Jacob , The Adulteress , and The Washing of the Feet — all in the manner of Vermeer . On 18 December 1943 , he divorced his wife , but this was only a formality ; the couple remained together , but a large share of his capital was transferred to her accounts as a safeguard against the uncertainties of the war . In December 1943 , the van Meegerens moved to Amsterdam where they took up residence in the exclusive Keizersgracht 321 . His forgeries had earned him between 5 @.@ 5 and 7 @.@ 5 million guilders ( or about $ 25 – 30 million today ) . He used this money to purchase a large amount of real estate , jewelry , and works of art , and to further his luxurious lifestyle . In a 1946 interview , he told Marie Louise Doudart de la Grée that he owned 52 houses and 15 country houses around Laren , among them grachtenhuizen , beautiful mansions along the famous Amsterdam canals . = = = The forger fools Hermann Göring = = = During the German occupation of the Netherlands , one of van Meegeren ’ s agents sold the Vermeer forgery Christ with the Adulteress to Nazi banker and art dealer Alois Miedl in 1942 . Experts could probably have identified it as a forgery ; as van Meegeren 's health declined , so did the quality of his work . He chain @-@ smoked , drank heavily , and became addicted to morphine @-@ laced sleeping pills . Fortunately for van Meegeren , there were no genuine Vermeers available for comparison , since most museum collections were in protective storage as a prevention against war damage . Miedl then sold it to Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring for 1 @.@ 65 million guilders ( $ 625 @,@ 000 or $ 7 million today ) . Göring showcased the Vermeer forgery at his residence in Carinhall ( about 65 kilometers north of Berlin ) . On 25 August 1943 , Göring hid his collection of looted artwork , including Christ with the Adulteress , in an Austrian salt mine , along with 6 @,@ 750 other pieces of artwork looted by the Nazis . On 17 May 1945 , Allied forces entered the salt mine where Captain Harry Anderson discovered the previously unknown " Vermeer " . In May 1945 , the Allied forces questioned banker and art dealer Alois Miedl regarding the newly discovered Vermeer . Based on Miedl 's confession , the painting was traced back to van Meegeren . On 29 May 1945 , he was arrested and charged with fraud and aiding and abetting the enemy . He was remanded to Weteringschans prison as an alleged Nazi collaborator and plunderer of Dutch cultural property , threatened by the authorities with the death penalty . He labored over his predicament , but eventually confessed to forging paintings attributed to Vermeer and Pieter de Hooch . He exclaimed , " The painting in Göring ’ s hands is not , as you assume , a Vermeer of Delft , but a Van Meegeren ! I painted the picture ! " It took some time to verify this and he was detained for several months in the Headquarters of the Military Command at Herengracht 468 in Amsterdam . He painted his last forgery between July and December 1945 in the presence of reporters and court @-@ appointed witnesses : Jesus among the Doctors , also called Young Christ in the Temple in the style of Vermeer . After the trial painting was finished , he was transferred to the fortress prison Blauwkapel . Van Meegeren was released from prison in January or February 1946 . = = Trial and prison sentence = = The trial of Han van Meegeren began on 29 October 1947 in Room 4 of the Regional Court in Amsterdam . The collaboration charges had been dropped , since the expert panel had found that the " Vermeer " sold to Hermann Göring had been a forgery and was , therefore , not the cultural property of the Netherlands . Public prosecutor H. A. Wassenbergh brought charges of forgery and fraud and demanded a sentence of two years in prison . The court commissioned an international group of experts to address the authenticity of van Meegeren 's paintings . The commission included curators , professors , and doctors from the Netherlands , Belgium , and England , and was led by the director of the chemical laboratory at the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium , Paul B. Coremans . The commission examined the eight Vermeer and Frans Hals paintings which van Meegeren had identified as forgeries . With the help of the commission , Dr. Coremans was able to determine the chemical composition of van Meegeren 's paints . He found that van Meegeren had prepared the paints by using the phenolformaldehyde resins Bakelite and Albertol as paint hardeners . A bottle with exactly that ingredient had been found in van Meegeren 's studio . This chemical component was introduced and manufactured in the 20th century , proving that the " Vermeers " and " Frans Halses " examined by the commission were in fact made by van Meegeren . The commission 's other findings suggested that the dust in the craquelure was too homogeneous to be of natural origin . The matter found in the craquelure appeared to come from India ink , which had accumulated even in areas that natural dirt or dust would never have reached . The paint had become so hard that alcohol , strong acids , and bases did not attack the surface , a clear indication that the surface had not been formed in a natural manner . The craquelure on the surface did not always match that in the ground layer , which would certainly have been the case with a natural craquelure . Thus , the test results obtained by the commission appeared to confirm that the works were forgeries created by van Meegeren , but their authenticity continued to be debated by some of the experts until 1967 and 1977 , when new investigative techniques were used to analyze the paintings ( see below ) . On 12 November 1947 , the Fourth Chamber of the Amsterdam Regional Court found Han van Meegeren guilty of forgery and fraud , and sentenced him to a minimal one year in prison . = = Death = = While waiting to be moved to prison , van Meegeren returned to his house at 321 Keizersgracht , where his health continued to decline . During this last month of his life , he strolled freely around his neighborhood . Van Meegeren suffered a heart attack on 26 November 1947 , the last day to appeal the ruling , and was rushed to the Valeriuskliniek hospital in Amsterdam . While at the hospital , he suffered a second heart attack on 29 December , and was pronounced dead at 5 : 00 pm on 30 December 1947 at the age of 58 . His family and several hundred of his friends attended his funeral at the Driehuis Westerveld Crematorium chapel . In 1948 , his urn was buried in the general cemetery in the village of Diepenveen ( municipality of Deventer ) . = = Aftermath = = After his death , the court ruled that Van Meegeren ’ s estate be auctioned and the proceeds from his property and the sale of his counterfeits be used to refund the buyers of his works and to pay income taxes on the sale of his paintings . Van Meegeren filed for bankruptcy in December 1945 . On 5 and 6 September 1950 , the furniture and other possessions in his Amsterdam house at Keizersgracht 321 were auctioned by order of the court , along with 738 other pieces of furniture and works of art , including numerous paintings by old and new masters from his private collection . The house was auctioned separately on 4 September , estimated to be worth 65 @,@ 000 guilders . The proceeds of the sale together with the house amounted to 123 @,@ 000 guilders . Van Meegeren ’ s unsigned The Last Supper I was bought for 2 @,@ 300 guilders , while Jesus among the Doctors ( which van Meegeren had painted while in detention ) sold for 3 @,@ 000 guilders ( about $ 800 or about $ 7 @,@ 000 today . ) Today the painting hangs in a Johannesburg church . The sale of the entire estate amounted to 242 @,@ 000 guilders ( $ 60 @,@ 000 , or about $ 500 @,@ 000 today ) . Throughout his trial and bankruptcy , Van Meegeren maintained that his second wife Jo had nothing to do with the creation and sale of his forgeries . A large part of his considerable wealth had been transferred to her when they were divorced during the war and the money would have been confiscated if she had been ruled to be an accomplice . Van Meegeren told the same story to all authors , journalists , and biographers : " Jo didn ’ t know " , and apparently most believed him . Some biographers believe , however , that Jo must have known the truth . Her involvement was never proven and she was able to keep her substantial capital . Jo outlived her husband by many years , always in great luxury , until her death at the age of 91 . = = = M. Jean Decoen 's objection = = = M. Jean Decoen , a Brussels art expert and restorer , stated in his 1951 book that he believed The Supper at Emmaus and The Last Supper II to be genuine Vermeers . Decoen went on to state that conclusions of Dr. Paul Coremans 's panel of experts were wrong and that the paintings should again be examined . Daniel George van Beuningen was the buyer of The Last Supper II , Interior with Drinkers , and The Head of Christ , and he demanded that Dr. Paul Coremans publicly admit that he had erred in his analysis . Coremans refused and van Beuningen sued him , alleging that Coremans ’ s wrongful branding of The Last Supper II diminished the value of his " Vermeer " and asking for compensation of £ 500 @,@ 000 ( about $ 1 @.@ 3 million or about $ 10 million today ) . The trial was set for 2 June 1955 but was delayed owing to van Beuningen 's death on 29 May 1955 . Approximately seven months later , the court heard the case on behalf of van Beuningen 's heirs . The court found in favour of Coremans , and the findings of his commission were upheld . = = = Further investigations = = = In 1967 , the Artists Material Center at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh examined several of the " Vermeers " in their collection , under the direction of Robert Feller and Bernard Keisch . The examination confirmed that several of their paintings were in fact created using materials invented in the 20th century . They concluded that the " Vermeers " in their possession were modern and could thus be Van Meegeren forgeries . This confirmed the findings of the 1946 Coremans commission , and refuted the claims made by M. Jean Decoen . The test results obtained by the Carnegie Mellon team are summarized below . Han van Meegeren knew that white lead was used during Vermeer ’ s time , but of course he had to obtain his stocks through the modern colour trade , which had changed significantly since the 17th century . During Vermeer ’ s time , Dutch lead was mined from deposits located in the Low Countries ; however , by the 19th century , most lead was imported from Australia and the Americas , and differed from the white lead that Vermeer would have used both in the isotope composition of the lead and in the content of trace elements found in the ores . Dutch white lead was extracted from ores containing high levels of trace elements of silver and antimony , while the modern white lead used by Van Meegeren contained neither silver nor antimony , as those elements are separated from the lead during the modern smelting process . Forgeries in which modern lead or white lead pigment has been used can be recognized by using a technique called Pb ( Lead ) -210 @-@ Dating . Pb @-@ 210 is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of lead that is part of the uranium @-@ 238 Radioactive decay series , and has a half life of 22 @.@ 3 years . To determine the amount of Pb @-@ 210 , the alpha radiation emitted by another element , polonium @-@ 210 ( Po @-@ 210 ) , is measured . Thus it is possible to estimate the age of a painting , within a few years ' span , by extrapolating the Pb @-@ 210 content present in the paint used to create the painting . The white lead in the painting The Supper at Emmaus had polonium @-@ 210 values of 8 @.@ 5 ± 1 @.@ 4 and radium @-@ 226 ( part of the uranium @-@ 238 radioactive decay series ) values of 0 @.@ 8 ± 0 @.@ 3 . In contrast , the white lead found in Dutch paintings from 1600 – 1660 had polonium @-@ 210 values of 0 @.@ 23 ± 0 @.@ 27 and radium @-@ 226 values of 0 @.@ 40 ± 0 @.@ 47 . In 1977 , another investigation was undertaken by the States forensic labs of the Netherlands using up @-@ to @-@ date techniques , including gas chromatography , to formally confirm the origin of six van Meegeren forgeries that had been alleged to be genuine Vermeers , including the Emmaus and the Last Supper . The conclusions of the 1946 commission were again reaffirmed and upheld by the Dutch judicial system . In 1998 , A & E ran a program called Scams , Schemes & Scoundrels highlighting Van Meegeren 's life and art forgeries , many of which had been confiscated as Nazi loot . The program was hosted by skeptic James Randi and also featured the stories of Victor Lustig and Soapy Smith . In July 2011 , the BBC TV programme Fake or Fortune investigated a copy of Dirck van Baburen 's The Procuress owned by the Courtauld Institute . Opinion had been divided as to whether it was a 17th @-@ century studio work or a van Meegeren fake . The programme used chemical analysis of the paint to show that it contained bakelite and thus confirmed that the painting was a 20th @-@ century fake . = = Legacy = = Van Meegeren played different roles , some of which were shrouded in fraudulent intentions , as he sought to fulfill his goal of besting his critics . Han ’ s father was said to have once told him , " You are a cheat and always will be . " On the other hand , his brothers and sisters perceived him as loyal , generous , and affectionate , and he was always loving and helpful to his own children . The question " what was his character " cannot be answered unequivocally . Indeed , recent works question many of the existing assumptions about van Meegeren and the motivations for his career in forgery . With Han van Meegeren , everything was double @-@ edged , and his character presents itself as fragments rather than unity . In 2008 , Harvard @-@ trained art historian Jonathan Lopez had become fluent in Dutch and published ' The Man who made Vermeers , Unvarnishing the legend of master Forger Han Van Meegeren ' . His extensive research confirmed that van Meegeren started to make forgeries , not so much by feeling misunderstood and undervalued by art critics as for the income that it generated , income which he needed to support his addictions and promiscuity . Lopez confirmed the veracity of Jan Spierdijk 's article in ' De Waarheid ' in which Spierdijk reported that the book ' Tekeningen 1 ' by van Van Meegeren was in Hitler 's library , signed by the artist and dedicated to the Führer . Van Meegeren continued to paint after he was released from prison , signing his works with his own name . His new @-@ found popularity ensured quick sales of his new paintings , often selling at prices that were many times higher than before he had been unmasked as a forger . Van Meegeren also told the news media that he had " an offer from a Manhattan gallery to come to the U.S. and paint portraits ' in the 17th century manner ' at $ 6 @,@ 000 a throw . " A Dutch opinion poll conducted in October 1947 placed Han van Meegeren ’ s popularity second in the nation , behind only the Prime Minister 's and slightly ahead of Prince Berhard , the husband of Princess Juliana . The Dutch people viewed Van Meegeren as a cunning trickster who had successfully fooled the Dutch art experts and , more importantly , Hermann Göring himself . In fact , according to a contemporary account , Göring was informed that his " Vermeer " was actually a forgery and " [ Göring ] looked as if for the first time he had discovered there was evil in the world " . Lopez indicates that Han van Meegeren 's defense during his trial in Amsterdam was a masterpiece of trickery , forging his own personality into a true Dutchman eager to trick his critics and also the Dutch people by pretending that he sold Christ and the Adulteress , a fake Vermeer , to Göring because he wanted to teach the Nazi a lesson . Van Meegeren remains one of the most ingenious art counterfeiters of the 20th century . After his trial , however , he declared , " My triumph as a counterfeiter was my defeat as [ a ] creative artist . " = = List of forgeries = = = = = Known forgeries = = = List of known forgeries by Han van Meegeren : A counterpart to Laughing Cavalier after Frans Hals ( 1923 ) once the subject of a scandal in The Hague in 1923 , its present whereabouts is unknown . The Happy Smoker after Frans Hals ( 1923 ) hangs in the Groninger Museum in the Netherlands Man and Woman at a Spinet 1932 ( sold to Amsterdam banker , Dr. Fritz Mannheimer ) Lady reading a letter 1935 – 1936 ( unsold , on display at the Rijksmuseum . ) Lady playing a lute and looking out the window 1935 – 1936 ( unsold , on display at the Rijksmuseum . ) Portrait of a Man 1935 – 1936 in the style of Gerard ter Borch ( unsold , on display at the Rijksmuseum . ) Woman Drinking ( version of Malle Babbe ) 1935 – 1936 ( unsold , on display at the Rijksmuseum . ) The Supper at Emmaus , 1936 – 1937 ( sold to the Boymans for 520 @,@ 000 – 550 @,@ 000 guldens , about $ 300 @,@ 000 or $ 4 Million today ) Interior with Drinkers 1937 – 1938 ( sold to D G. van Beuningen for 219 @,@ 000 – 220 @,@ 000 guldens about $ 120 @,@ 000 or $ 1 @.@ 6 million today ) The Last Supper I , 1938 – 1939 Interior with Cardplayers 1938 - 1939 ( sold to W. van der Vorm for 219 @,@ 000 – 220 @,@ 000 guldens $ 120 @,@ 000 or $ 1 @.@ 6 million today ) The Head of Christ , 1940 – 1941 ( sold to D G. van Beuningen for 400 @,@ 000 – 475 @,@ 000 guldens about $ 225 @,@ 000 or $ 3 @.@ 25 million today ) The Last Supper II , 1940 – 1942 ( sold to D G. van Beuningen for 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 guldens about $ 600 @,@ 000 or $ 7 million today ) The Blessing of Jacob 1941 – 1942 ( sold to W. van der Vorm for 1 @,@ 270 @,@ 000 guldens about $ 500 @,@ 000 or $ 5 @.@ 75 million today ) Christ with the Adulteress 1941 – 1942 ( sold to Hermann Göring for 1 @,@ 650 @,@ 000 guldens about $ 624 @,@ 000 or $ 6 @.@ 75 million today , now in the public collection of Museum de Fundatie ) The Washing of the Feet 1941 – 1943 ( sold to the Netherlands state for 1 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 guldens about $ 500 @,@ 000 or $ 5 @.@ 3 million today , on display at the Rijksmuseum . ) Jesus among the Doctors September 1945 ( sold at auction for 3 @,@ 000 guldens , about $ 800 or $ 7 @,@ 000 today ) The Procuress given to the Courtauld Institute as a fake in 1960 and confirmed as such by chemical analysis in 2011 . Posthumously , van Meegeren 's forgeries have been shown in exhibitions around the world , including exhibitions in Amsterdam ( 1952 ) , Basel ( 1953 ) , Zurich ( 1953 ) , Haarlem in the Kunsthandel de Boer ( 1958 ) , London ( 1961 ) , Rotterdam ( 1971 ) , Minneapolis ( 1973 ) , Essen ( 1976 – 1977 ) , Berlin ( 1977 ) , Slot Zeist ( 1985 ) , New York ( 1987 ) , Berkeley , CA ( 1990 ) , Munich ( 1991 ) , Rotterdam ( 1996 ) , The Hague ( 1996 ) and more recently at the Haagse Kunstkring , The Hague ( 2004 ) and Stockholm ( 2004 ) , and have thus been made broadly accessible to the public . = = = Potential forgeries = = = It is possible that other fakes hang in art collections all over the world , probably in the style of 17th @-@ century Dutch masters , including works in the style of Frans Hals and the school of Hals , Pieter de Hooch , and Gerard ter Borch . Jacques van Meegeren suggested that his father had created a number of other forgeries , during interviews with journalists regarding discussions with his father . Some of these paintings include : Boy with a Little Dog and The Rommelpotspeler after Frans Hals . The Frans Hals catalogue by Frans L. M. Dony mentions four paintings by this name attributed to Frans Hals or the " school of Frans Hals " . One of these could easily be by van Meegeren . A counterpart to Vermeer ’ s Girl with a Pearl Earring . A painting called Smiling Girl hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. ( bequest Andrew W. Mellon ) that could fit with Jacques ’ description and has been recognized by the museum as a fake . It was attributed to Theo van Wijngaarden , friend and partner of van Meegeren , but may have been painted by van Meegeren . Lady with a Blue Hat after Vermeer which was sold to Baron Heinrich Thyssen in 1930 . Its present whereabouts are unknown . = = Original artwork = = Van Meegeren was a prolific artist and produced thousands of original paintings in a number of diverse styles . This wide range in painting and drawing styles often irritated art critics . Some of his typical works are classical still lifes in convincing 17th century manner , Impressionistic paintings of people frolicking on lakes or beaches , jocular drawings where the subject is drawn with rather odd features , Surrealistic paintings with combined fore- and backgrounds . Van Meegeren 's portraits , however , are probably his finest works . Among his original works is his famous Deer , pictured above . Other works include his prize @-@ winning St. Laurens Cathedral ; a Portrait of the actress Jo Oerlemans ( his second wife ) ; his Night Club ; from the Roaring Twenties ; the cheerful watercolor A Summer Day on the Beach and many others . = = = The forger forged = = = Van Meegeren ’ s own work rose in price after he had become famous , and it consequently became worthwhile to fake his paintings , as well . Existing paintings obtained a signature " H. van Meegeren " , or new pictures were made in his style and falsely signed . When van Meegeren saw a fake like that , he ironically remarked that he would have adopted them if they had been good enough , but regrettably he had not yet seen one . Later on , however , his son Jacques van Meegeren started to fake his father ’ s work . He made paintings in his father ’ s style – although of much lower quality – and was able to place a perfect signature on these imitations . Many fakes – both by Jacques and by others – are still on the market . They can be recognized by their low pictorial quality , but are not always regarded as such .
= Back to the Shack = " Back to the Shack " is a song by the American rock band Weezer . It was released as the first single from their ninth studio album Everything Will Be Alright in the End on July 22 , 2014 . The song was sent to radio stations and uploaded to Weezer 's YouTube channel a day before the single 's official release . It was written in response to the band 's past several albums , with lead vocalist Rivers Cuomo wanting to return to their roots . The song received generally favorable reviews . = = Background and composition = = " Back to the Shack " was written by Rivers Cuomo and Jacob Kasher Hindlin . The song was produced by Ric Ocasek . Cuomo wrote a majority of the song , with Karl Koch describing Jacob Kasher Hindlin 's contribution to the song as " randomly singing out the title while hanging out on the couch listening to [ Rivers Cuomo ] strumming the song . It doesn 't take much to get half a songwriting credit . " At one point , the song was performed with the bridge containing the lyric " we belong in the rock zone " , before Cuomo , based on fan suggestions changed it from " rock zone " to " rock world " . Regarding the composition of the song , Cuomo stated that he " tried to find different melodies and different beats and all these different things . " Further , he stated that as he " couldn 't crack the code " they had to go ahead and record it anyway . Ocasek introduced a synth melody line to the song during this period . Cuomo explained that the lyrics refer to how he feels bad for the direction the band has taken on some of their past material . He admitted that sometimes he " went over the edge " . He explained his desire to create " a classic alt @-@ rock record . " The word " shack " serves as a reference to Amherst house , a home where some of the original Weezer members had lived and recorded a few of their demos . Lyrically , " Back to the Shack " deals with the theme of nostalgia and a wish to return " to [ the band 's ] 1994 roots " . Dave Lewis stated the song serves as a thematic continuation of two previous Weezer songs , " In the Garage " and " Memories " . It also deals with Weezer 's relationship with their fans and serves as " basically an apology for the past two decades and a promise to embrace their nerdy roots . " The song 's opening lines — " I 'm sorry guys , I didn 't realize that I needed you so much " — in particular reinforce this theme . The song has been categorized under alternative rock and power pop . = = Critical reception = = " Back to the Shack " received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics . Carolyn Menyes from Music Times regarded " Back to the Shack " to be instrumentally similar to the band 's second album Pinkerton , and stated that the song " features hooks for days , and the turn of events in the chorus is nothing short of a pure earworm . " Mike Ayers of The Wall Street Journal described the song as " three minutes of pure Weezer joy " , particularly for " its simple , yet heavy riffs and self @-@ deprecating lyrics " , while Spin critic Colin Joyce complimented the song for its " anthemic choruses and guitar anti @-@ heroics " . HitFix reviewer Dave Lewis called the song " generic rock " , although he went on to compliment the middle eight and considered the song as a whole to be " a lot more promising " , than their more recent releases . Chris Payne of Billboard ranked it as the band 's fifth best lead single , beating out " Hash Pipe " , " ( If You 're Wondering If I Want You To ) I Want You To " , " Pork and Beans " , and " Memories " . Hilary Hughes of Fuse praised it as a return to the band 's old sound , saying " a promising look at what 's sure to be a satisfying listen for new and old fans alike . " Ian Rogers from The Vine commented that it " Sounds exactly like a highly professional , crassly commercial L.A. rock band performing a Weezer @-@ styled song about Weezer returning to their roots . " = = Release and live performances = = " Back to the Shack " was released as the first single from Everything Will Be Alright in the End on July 22 , 2014 . The day before its release , the song was sent to radio stations , and uploaded to the band 's YouTube channel . Prior to release , the song was performed in February during the 2014 Weezer Cruise . The band performed it on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on July 23 , the song 's first performance on television . In August , the song was played during Musikfest . = = Music video = = The music video for " Back to the Shack " was directed by Warren Fu and released on September 29 , 2014 . The video features the band playing the song on the moon . = = Chart performance = =
= Feng Tianwei = Feng Tianwei ( simplified Chinese : 冯天薇 ; traditional Chinese : 馮天薇 ; pinyin : Féng Tiānwēi , pronounced [ fə ̌ ŋ tjɛ ́ nwéi ] ) is a Singapore table tennis player . Born in China , she moved to Singapore under the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme in March 2007 and commenced her international career in competitive table tennis the following month . She received Singapore citizenship in January 2008 . Feng represented Singapore for the first time in the Olympic Games at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . On 15 August 2008 , the Singapore team comprising Feng and her teammates Li Jiawei and Wang Yuegu defeated South Korea 3 – 2 in the semifinals . The team lost to China in the final , obtaining the silver medal . This was Singapore 's first Olympic medal in 48 years and its first as an independent nation . On 30 May 2010 , the trio of Feng Tianwei , Wang Yuegu and Sun Beibei stunned the reigning champions China 3 – 1 in the Liebherr World Team Table Tennis Championships in Moscow , making Singapore world champion for the first time . On 1 August 2012 , Feng defeated Kasumi Ishikawa of Japan 4 – 0 to win the women 's singles bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Singapore 's first Olympic singles medal since the 1960 Summer Olympics . On 7 August 2012 , she was part of the women 's team with Li and Wang that achieved the bronze against South Korea . This was the first time Singapore had won two medals at an Olympic Games . On 15 March 2015 , Feng defeated Zhu Yuling and Liu Shiwen at the 2015 Asian Cup in Jaipur to be crowned Asian Cup Champion for the first time . At the same time , she broke China 's 7 consecutive years of dominance in this tournament . = = Early years = = Feng Tianwei was born on 31 August 1986 in Harbin , Heilongjiang , People 's Republic of China . She is the only daughter of Feng Qingzhi , a granary worker , and his wife Li Chunping , an employee of a department store . Feng 's parents , who were poor , lived frugally for years to pay for her table tennis training . Her father suffered from multiple sclerosis , but she was not told how severe his illness was . He died in 2002 , weeks before Feng tried out for China 's national B squad . Although Feng topped the qualifying matches a month later and was called up for the national team in 2003 , she suffered from a long illness ; a source close to her said it was " because she missed her father too much " . Feng left China in 2005 to play in the Japanese professional league . While there she was spotted by Liu Guodong , then a coach with the Singapore Table Tennis Association , in 2006 . In March 2007 she was invited to train in Singapore under the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme . She became a Singapore citizen in January 2008 . = = Career as national player = = Feng made her international début for Singapore in June 2007 as an under @-@ 21 player at the International Table Tennis Federation ( ITTF ) Pro Tour Volkswagen Korean Open . As a singles player , Feng was ranked 73rd in the world in August 2007 . Nonetheless , that month she achieved a silver medal in the singles at the ITTF Pro Tour Chinese Taipei Open , her compatriot Li Jiawei beating her to take the gold . Feng was a member of the silver medal @-@ winning team at the World Team Championships in Guangzhou in 2008 and defeated the top seed Zhang Yining from China in the Quarter @-@ finals of the Asian Cup held in Sapporo between 29 and 30 March 2008 , eventually achieving second place behind China 's Guo Yue . Due to her outstanding records in international competitions , she rose to the top 10 world rankings within a year . = = = 2008 Summer Olympics = = = Feng represented Singapore for the first time at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the women 's team tournament . She contributed significantly to Singapore 's 3 – 2 win against South Korea in the semifinals by defeating Dang Ye @-@ Seo and Park Mi @-@ Young in two singles matches . Feng 's match against Park was closely fought , with Feng eventually overcoming Park 3 – 1 . Singapore was assisted by the implementation of the expedite system when the game failed to be completed in ten minutes . Under the system , players serve on alternative points rather than on every two points . A receiving player scores a point if she manages 13 returns , which disadvantages defensive play by the server . The system unsettled Park , and Feng won two minutes after its introduction in the match when Park committed a service fault . Interviewed afterwards , Feng said : " I definitely did not expect that [ Park 's error ] . It was a surprise and the best birthday present I 've ever gotten . " On 17 August 2008 , Feng and her teammates achieved a silver medal in women 's table tennis after losing to China in three matches . Feng played the starting singles match , winning the first game but eventually losing to China 's Wang Nan 1 @-@ 3 . This was the first time Singapore had won an Olympic medal since its independence in 1965 . The medal came 48 years after Tan Howe Liang won the country 's first medal , a silver in weightlifting in the lightweight category at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . Feng received byes into the third round of the women 's singles tournament . Feng defeated South Korea 's Dang Ye @-@ Seo 4 – 0 in the third round , Netherlands ' Li Jie 4 @-@ 1 in the fourth round , but fell 1 @-@ 4 to China 's Zhang Yining in the quarter @-@ finals . Feng made the world number one work for her win , with the final scores being 11 – 13 , 14 – 12 , 12 – 14 , 10 – 12 , 11 – 13 . According to the Straits Times , Zhang leveraged on her experience by stalling for time at crucial stages of the game , which broke Feng 's rhythm . Interviewed after the match , Feng said : " I 'm sure I 'll win a medal at the next Olympics . " At a victory celebration in Singapore on 25 August 2008 , Vivian Balakrishnan , the Minister for Community Development , Youth and Sports , announced that Feng , Li and Wang would be presented with the Pingat Jasa Gemilang ( Meritorious Service Medal ) . This is only the third time the medal will be awarded to athletes , the two previous recipients being weightlifter Tan Howe Liang ( 1962 ) and swimmer Joscelin Yeo ( 2006 ) . = = = Competitions between 2008 and 2012 = = = On 9 September 2008 , Feng beat her compatriot Wang to clinch the bronze medal at the ITTF Women 's World Cup in Kuala Lumpur . Despite crashing out of the singles event earlier , Feng and her teammates Li and Wang won the top title at the ITTF Pro Tour ERKE German Open in Berlin on 22 November 2008 . Feng won her first professional singles title at the Polish Open in Warsaw on 30 November 2008 , in an all @-@ Singapore final against Wang . Feng and Yu Mengyu also took silver in the doubles . On 2 December 2008 , the ITTF announced that Feng was ranked sixth in the world . This made her the top Singapore female table tennis player and the highest @-@ ranked player in the world not representing China . She was third in Today newspaper 's list of athletes of the year for 2008 . On 23 August 2009 , Feng achieved her second Pro Tour singles title at the KAL Cup Korean Open in Seoul . Feng took part in the 25th Southeast Asian Games in Vientiane , Laos . She was a member of the Singapore women 's team with Sun Beibei and Wang Yuegu that defeated Thailand 3 – 0 to win Gold on 10 December 2009 . On 14 December 2009 , she and her partner Wang Yuegu were defeated by compatriots Sun Beibei and Yu Mengyu in an all @-@ Singapore final in the women 's doubles . The following day , in her maiden appearance at the Games , she achieved gold in the singles competition after defeating Wang 4 – 1 . The Singapore Table Tennis Association made Feng the inaugural winner of its Best Player of the Year award on 12 February 2010 . As of 8 April 2010 , she had worked her way up to a second @-@ place ranking in the world . On 3 May 2010 , the Singapore National Olympic Council named her Sportswoman of the Year for 2009 . The national table tennis women 's team , composed of Feng , Li Jiawei , Wang Yuegu and Sun Beibei were awarded the Team of the Year prize at the Singapore Sports Awards . Together with Sun and Wang , Feng was a member of the team at the Liebherr World Team Table Tennis Championships in Moscow that defeated China , 17 @-@ time winner and the reigning world champion , with a score of 3 – 1 . In the two games she played , Feng defeated Liu Shiwen and Ding Ning , ranked number one and four in the world respectively and Wang contributing another point to the team by defeating Liu Shiwen . This was the first time Singapore had lifted the Corbillon cup . = = = 2012 Summer Olympics = = = Feng represented Singapore at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , and was the nation 's flagbearer at the Parade of Nations segment of the opening ceremony . She entered the women 's singles competition seeded sixth , and progressed until she was defeated 2 @-@ 4 by China 's Ding Ning in the semi @-@ finals . On 1 August 2012 , she overcame Kasumi Ishikawa of Japan 4 – 0 ( 11 – 9 , 11 – 6 , 11 – 6 , 11 – 5 ) to take the bronze medal , becoming the second Singaporean to win an individual Olympic medal . ( The first was Tan Howe Liang who won a silver for weightlifting in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . ) Interviewed after her win , Feng said : " I 'm really happy , although I feel it 's come a little too suddenly . My form wasn 't very good lately , so I didn 't dare to carry too much expectations coming into the London Olympics . It was just a relief to win . " Feng also participated in the women 's team competition with Li Jiawei and Wang Yuegu . They were beaten 0 – 3 by Japan in the semifinals , but took the bronze medal by edging out South Korea 3 – 0 . Feng defeated Kim Kyung Ah 11 – 9 , 11 – 8 , 4 – 11 , 13 – 11 , Li also successfully fended off Seok Ha Jung 11 – 5 , 11 – 8 , 6 – 11 , 11 – 8 . Li and Wang then succeeded in the doubles game against Seok and Dang Ye Seo 11 – 9 , 11 – 6 , 6 – 11 , 11 – 5 . This marked the first time Singapore had won more than one medal at an Olympic Games . Feng commented : " Against Japan , we gave ourselves too much pressure and lost the psychological battle . After that , I told myself that I must prepare myself well mentally and it 's only when I do what I 'm capable of that I can win . " Singles Event Team Event = = = 2016 Summer Olympics = = = Feng participated in ITTF Asian @-@ Olympics Qualifier ( South @-@ East Asian region ) at Hong Kong from 13 @-@ 17 April 2016 . She was the winner for SEA group and was given a direct entry to the singles event at Rio de Janeiro Olympics . This will be her third Olympics participation . In the qualifier match , She defeated Nanthana Komwong in the Quarter @-@ Finals , Suthasini Sawettabut in Semi @-@ Finals & Yu Mengyu in the Finals . According to July world ranking published by ITTF , Feng was seeded second in Olympics singles . This was her highest @-@ ever Olympic seeding . = = Key Career Records = = Legend : Gold Silver Bronze QR : Qualifying Round = = Singapore Contingent in Summer Olympics = = Singapore at the 2008 Summer Olympics Table tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics Singapore at the 2012 Summer Olympics Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics Singapore at the 2016 Summer Olympics Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics
= Robert of Cricklade = Robert of Cricklade ( died after 1188 ) was a medieval English writer and prior of St Frideswide 's Priory in Oxford . He was a native of Cricklade and taught before becoming a cleric . He wrote a number of theological works as well as a lost biography of Thomas Becket , the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury . = = Life = = Robert was from Cricklade in Wiltshire , and was of Anglo @-@ Saxon descent . At some point he taught in the schools , where he was called " master " for his learning . He became an Augustinian canon at Cirencester Abbey before becoming prior of the priory of St Frideswide in Oxford , an office he occupied from sometime before the end of 1139 , when he is first securely attested in the office , until after 1174 , his last appearance as prior . In 1158 he went to Rome , extending his travels to Sicily and Paris on the same trip . Another trip was to Scotland in the 1160s . Possibly he also travelled to Rome in 1141 and Paris in 1147 , but these trips are not securely attested . Although earlier historians claimed that he was chancellor of Oxford , this office did not yet exist during Robert 's lifetime . There were students at Oxford in his lifetime , who probably did listen to Robert 's sermons and possibly his teaching at his priory . His successor was in office by 3 March 1185 . = = Writings = = Robert was the author of a number of works , including De connubio Iacob , which was dedicated to Lawrence of Westminster ; Defloratio Historiae naturalis Plinii , an epitome of Pliny the Elder 's Natural History which was dedicated to King Henry II of England ; Honiliae super Exechielem ; the Speculum fidei ; and Vita et miracula Sancta Thomae Cantuariensis , a story of the life and martyrdom of Thomas Becket . Two other works are attributed to him – a commentary on the Psalms , and a saint 's life of Frideswide . A letter of his to Benedict of Peterborough also survives in quotations by Benedict . Of these works , the life of Thomas Becket has been lost . The others survive in manuscript , though only one has been published – the Defloratio Historiae naturalis Plinii in the early 20th century . The epitome of Pliny is of some importance in the transmission of Pliny 's ideas to medieval Europe . It appears to have originally been composed in the 1130s , perhaps as a text for his students , and only later dedicated it to King Henry . The De connubio Iacob was written while Robert was at Cirencester and was an allegorical treatment of the Jacob story from the Bible . The Speculum fidei was a theological work that mainly collected texts from the Old and New Testament discussing various theological concepts , only delving into great depth with the sections dealing with Robert 's refutation of the views of Peter Lombard 's theology . The Honiliae super Exechielem were 42 homilies on the Book of Ezekiel and were written about 1172 . Robert 's life of Becket , written about 1173 to 1174 , was one of the main sources for an Icelandic saga on Becket titled Thómas saga Erkibyskups , which survives in a copy dating from the first half of the 14th century . This saga preserves a number of otherwise unknown details about Becket 's life and remains one of the main sources for Becket studies . Robert 's life also was a source for the work of Benet of St Albans , another biographer of Becket . From these sources , a modern historian reconstructed Robert 's biography partially and published the reconstituted work in the journal Analecta Bollandiana in 1966 . A major source for Robert 's work on Becket was the writings of John of Salisbury . Robert may have written the work on Becket because the saint cured the author 's bad leg . = = Death and legacy = = Robert died sometime after 1188 , and was probably buried in his priory . A modern biographer of Becket , the historian Frank Barlow , speculates that Robert 's biography was lost because it favoured the king 's side of the story , rather than Becket 's . Besides his theological works , Robert also searched throughout England for Hebrew texts of the works of Josephus , according to Gerald of Wales , who claimed that Robert had a knowledge of the Hebrew language .
= The World of Strawberry Shortcake = The World of Strawberry Shortcake is a 1980 animated television special written by Romeo Muller , directed by Charles Swenson , and produced by Swenson , Muller and Fred Wolf . Starring the voices of Romeo Muller , Russi Taylor , Julie McWhirter and Joan Gerber , it was made by animators from Murakami @-@ Wolf @-@ Swenson in the United States and by Toei Doga in Japan . The music was written and performed by Flo & Eddie of the rock group , The Turtles . The title character , Strawberry Shortcake , lives in a fictional place called Strawberryland . In the special , narrated by Romeo Muller ( as Mr. Sun ) , she and her friends celebrate her sixth birthday . While preparations for her party are underway , a villain called the Peculiar Purple Pieman plots to steal the berries from Strawberry 's home in order to make his pies . Produced and sponsored by the Kenner toy company , The World of Strawberry Shortcake was the first special to feature the American Greetings character , Strawberry Shortcake . Bypassing network television , it debuted on March 28 , 1980 , in syndication across more than 90 U.S. cities , and was later released on 16 mm film , VHS , Beta and DVD . The special received generally favorable reviews in the School Library Journal , which reviewed it in 1983 and 2007 . = = Plot = = Strawberry Shortcake lives in a place called Strawberryland , with her calico cat Custard ; her house resembles a shortcake . Her friends – Huckleberry Pie , Blueberry Muffin , Raspberry Tart , Plum Puddin ' and toddler Apple Dumplin ' – also live close by . One morning , during their Market Day , Strawberry 's friends discuss plans for her sixth birthday – all except for lazy Huckleberry Pie . Strawberry 's villain , the Peculiar Purple Pieman , lives atop the Pie Tin Palace on a black hill called Porcupine Peak . While she is doing chores , the Pieman sends his crows – " berry birds " – to retrieve some berries for his pies . Strawberry tries shooing the flock away with her broom , but a moving tree helps out as a scarecrow , and she thanks him for helping . In desperation , the Pieman heads down to Strawberryland himself to get his supply , dressed as a kind old peddler . At noon , Strawberry calls her friends over for lunch , but they leave her behind and go to Lilac Park to prepare for her surprise party . Soon after , the disguised Pieman meets her and offers watering cans for sale . To his chagrin , Strawberry cannot afford to buy a magical one guaranteed to produce strawberries seven feet tall . Assisted by Lucky Bug , Huckleberry 's ladybug aide , he goes to the Park , where Huckleberry pays for the equipment . Strawberry soon arrives at the venue to see her friends , who greet her with " Happy Birthday " and give her a present : the Pieman 's watering can . The device fails to grow anything and spills over instead , flooding the Park and much of Strawberryland . The children are dismayed that the Pieman tricked them for his berry @-@ stealing plot , and soon they harvest every bit of that supply over to him . The group travels to the Pie Tin Palace on rafts made of flotsam . Landing upon a mud field , they find out from Lucky Bug that Apple Dumplin ' ended up at the Palace ; they now have no way to rescue her . Mr. Sun , the narrator of the story , grants Strawberry a wish . She wishes to defeat the Pieman , and a grove of marching trees help her accomplish this ; their stomping causes the Palace to collapse . Afterward , Apple Dumplin ' gives him a note demanding that he surrender and do good deeds ; he reluctantly does so , giving the toddler and berries back to Strawberry and company . At the end of the special , Strawberry Shortcake offers him a chance to sell his pies at Strawberry Market , and become friends with her . = = Cast = = = = Production = = Produced and sponsored by the Kenner toy company , The World of Strawberry Shortcake was the first of six television specials to star the title character . The franchise began in 1977 , when American Greetings staff member Muriel Fahrion drew the first designs of Strawberry and her pet cat Custard . In 1979 , she appeared in greeting cards ; dolls , books and games soon followed . The special was made by Murakami @-@ Wolf @-@ Swenson , which previously worked on The Point ! and Frank Zappa 's 200 Motels , both from 1971 ; RLR Associates of New York City was another production partner . Animation work was also handled by Japan 's Toei Doga . At the time of production , the producers called it a " morality play for tots " . One of the crewmembers was Romeo Muller , writer for several Rankin / Bass television specials . Muller served as writer , co @-@ producer and lyricist of the Strawberry Shortcake special ; he also voiced Mr. Sun , the narrator . After he proposed the idea to Kenner , the company and American Greetings agreed to do it . According to Jack Chojnacki , co @-@ president of Those Characters from Cleveland , a subsidiary of American Greetings , the card manufacturer considered new additions to the script , and reminded the writer that every character should be marketable . With those suggestions in mind , Muller came up with a villain called the Peculiar Purple Pieman . The Toy Group division of General Mills , which owned Kenner at the time , spent US $ 400 @,@ 000 on the special . = = Release = = Upon completion , Muller was satisfied with how The World of Strawberry Shortcake turned out . Although he pointed out the lack of such influences in the special , he told The New York Times in April 1981 : " I suppose the show is a commercial , in the largest sense of the word . " Some time after the title character 's debut at the 1980 American International Toy Fair , major television networks in the U.S. were offered a chance to air the special . They also deemed it an advertisement for the toy line , and rejected it . On March 28 , 1980 , the special debuted on independent stations in over 90 U.S. cities ; it aired on WNEW ( now WNYW ) in the New York City market , and on KTLA in Los Angeles . Kenner launched a collection of dolls and toys based on the special , concurrently with the original broadcast . This led John J. O 'Connor of The New York Times to proclaim , " Onward and upward with the art of marketing ! " In 1981 , the Lexington Broadcast Services Company acquired syndication rights to The World of Strawberry Shortcake , along with its follow @-@ up , Strawberry Shortcake in Big Apple City . By 1986 , the Television Program Source took over the rights for the first special . It was released on 16 mm film by the Coronet company in 1982 , and on VHS and Beta in October 1985 by Family Home Entertainment . A Region 1 DVD from Allumination FilmWorks , featuring this special and Big Apple City , was released on March 6 , 2007 . In Germany , the original special premiered on ZDF on April 4 , 1983 , as Emily im Erdbeerland . A soundtrack album , with contributions by Flo & Eddie of The Turtles , was released by Kid Stuff Records the same year as the original airing . The track list featured the " Strawberry Shortcake Theme " , along with " Smile a Sunny Morning " , " Sunflower Market " , " Monster Trees " and " Berry Talk " . = = Reception = = The World of Strawberry Shortcake was reviewed twice by the School Library Journal . In the December 1983 issue , Margaret Bush said that the " Story , characters , dialogue and bits of stage business are busy , bright , contrived , and will appeal of young children . " She added , however , that " Some of the lyrics and dialogue are not easily understood – it sounds as if adult voices may be attempting to simulate the voices of small children . " In August 2007 , Kirsten Martindale gave the DVD set a positive review . She wrote that " Fans [ ... ] will be thoroughly engaged by these two episodes " , and recommended it " For nostalgic moms and their young daughters . " She however singled out the audio and video quality : " [ F ] or those who haven 't experienced the charm and simplicity of older cartoons , this may be annoying , but the nostalgic effect of the original presentation is relaxed and welcome . " In 1987 , Kathleen Pulcini of The Video Directory called it " Delightful fun for children . "
= Space Hulk ( 1993 video game ) = Space Hulk is a 1993 real @-@ time tactical video game for DOS , Amiga and PC @-@ 98 . The game was based on Games Workshop 's 1989 board game of the same name . Set in the fictional Warhammer 40 @,@ 000 universe , the player directs squads of Space Marines , genetically enhanced armoured soldiers , in their missions to protect the human race from deadly aliens . Space Hulk was developed and published by Electronic Arts , with support from Games Workshop . The game takes place aboard huge derelicts known as space hulks . Drifting in and out of the Warp — an alternate dimension used to cross interstellar distances — these vessels are infested with the four @-@ armed Genestealers . Using overhead maps , the player orders the Marine squads , and controls individual Marines via first @-@ person shooter interfaces . The game features a time @-@ limited option to pause the action while enabling the player to continue issuing commands . Space Hulk 's theme of pitting slow and heavily armed Marines against fast , deadly Genestealers produced moments of frantic gameplay and a scary atmosphere for its reviewers , earning positive ratings for the game . A few reviewers , however , felt the game was too difficult and proved to be too frustrating . Space Hulk was followed up by Space Hulk : Vengeance of the Blood Angels in 1996 . = = Gameplay = = The game features 51 missions that involve exterminations , retrieval of objects , and rearguard actions . A campaign , comprising 21 of these missions played in sequence , centres around a story about a Space Marine investigation of a distress beacon in a region of space threatened by Genestealers . The remaining missions are tutorials designed to help players learn the game and standalone missions . Before a mission , the game briefs the player on the objectives and shows a small map of the operational area . Marines are equipped with a gun — the Storm Bolter — for long @-@ range combat , and an energised glove — the Power Fist — for hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting . For certain missions , the player can customise the squads ' armaments , selecting from 10 other weapons , such as Power Swords and Heavy Flamers . In the campaign , Marines who survive a mission gain experience , improving their combat abilities and chances of survival for future missions . The player 's Marines begin each mission grouped together at one or two starting points of the operational area , while Genestealers continually enter the mission from marked entry points . Gameplay at this stage takes place between two separate interfaces : the Terminator View Screen , where the player takes direct control of individual Marines , and the Planning Screen , where orders are issued to the Marines by clicking on command icons . The Planning Screen has two maps ; the smaller one on the bottom @-@ left shows the operational area and the larger map a close @-@ up view of the region selected by the player . Shown on the maps are the continuously updated positions of the Marines and their enemies . The game simulates fog of war by blacking out unexplored areas on the maps and representing unseen Genestealers as blips , unveiling them as Marines come within sight . Switching to the Terminator View Screen offers a first @-@ person perspective of the mission through the Marines ' eyes . The Screen contains five monitors : a large primary monitor at the bottom and four smaller secondary displays arrayed above . The primary monitor displays the view of the Marine under the player 's control . The character is moved by pressing the keyboard 's cursor keys or clicking the directional arrows next to the monitor . The mouse is also used to aim and shoot at targets , although the computer determines if an accurate shot kills the target . The secondary monitors show the views of other squad members . Although the player cannot control the movements of these Marines through these interfaces , he or she can click them to shoot the Marines ' weapons at the centre of their views . However , the player can take full control of a Marine by switching the character 's view to the primary monitor . At any time , Marines armed with Storm Bolters and not under the player 's control assume " Overwatch " mode , automatically firing at obstacles and enemies that come into their paths . Storm Bolters may jam under sustained firing , rendering the weapon useless for a few seconds until the malfunction is cleared . Although the action unfolds in real @-@ time , the player can pause the game by clicking the " Freeze " button and entering " Freeze Time " . While in this mode , every unit stops its motion while a timer runs down ; the player can freely issue and modify orders to the Marines . Once the timer is depleted or the Freeze button is clicked again , every unit resumes its movement . The timer for Freeze Time slowly replenishes , as long as the game stays in real @-@ time . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = Space Hulk is a video game based on a 1989 board game of the same name . Set in the fictional Warhammer 40 @,@ 000 universe , the video game tasks the player to take control of genetically enhanced soldiers called Space Marines . Wearing powered exoskeletons known as Terminator suits , these Marines embark on missions aboard the eponymous derelict starships that drift in and out of the Warp , an alternate region of space through which vast interstellar distances can be traversed in a short time . The vessels are infested with Genestealers , four @-@ armed aliens , who invade worlds encountered in the ships ' paths . Sworn to protect the human race , the Marines aim to eradicate the alien threat . = = = Plot = = = Space Hulk 's campaign is mostly exposited through pre @-@ mission briefings . The prologue in the game manual states the Dark Angels , a force of Space Marines , had repelled a Genestealer incursion in the Tolevi system many centuries before current events in the game . A Dark Angel hero was leading his men aboard the invading space hulk , Sin of Damnation , when it vanished into the warp . The first mission in the campaign sends the player 's squad to investigate the Tolevi system for a distress call of Dark Angels ' origin . A nest of Genestealers is uncovered on the planet Ma 'Caellia , and the player 's forces are ordered to destroy the aliens ' Hive Mind . However , there are too many Genestealers , and the Marines are forced to withdraw . Without any other options , the Marines destroy the infestation and all other life forms on the planet through exterminatus with virus bombs — biological weapons of mass destruction . As they are doing so , the Sin of Damnation re @-@ enters the system , and the player receives orders to invade the hulk . Aboard the vessel , the player 's squads destroy the Genestealers ' gene banks and their Patriarch . The end of the campaign tasks the player to control a lone Marine as he goes deep into the hulk to find the source of the distress call . = = Development = = The original Space Hulk board game was published by Games Workshop . It was the company 's third board game that was adapted as a video game ; the previous two board games were HeroQuest and Space Crusade , whose video game adaptations were both published by Gremlin Graphics . The board game version of Space Hulk is played between two players , who assume the roles of the Marines and Genestealers . The players take turns moving their pieces to accomplish their objectives ; the Marines ' player , however , is given a certain amount of time to complete each of his or her turn . The game is designed to encourage the two players to adopt different tactics in their play — the slow @-@ moving Space Marines with long @-@ range guns versus the fast @-@ moving Genestealers who fight hand @-@ to @-@ hand . Conversion of Space Hulk into a video game was initiated in 1991 by video game company Electronics Arts , who also managed the project 's development . Instead of following Gremlin 's approach and creating exact copies of the board games in digital form , Electronic Arts and Games Workshop opted to develop a video game , based on Space Hulk , with features that took advantage of the personal computer 's technological advancements . The interior walls of the space hulks were rendered by ray tracing , passing much of the graphical work to computers . This method reduced the time needed to introduce new sets of walls into the game from two weeks to twelve hours . Although digital speech was a relatively new technology at the time , the team made use of sound card technologies to produce alien screeches and roars that permeate the hulks , and warning cries from Marines under attack . The game 's opening tune , " Get Out Of My Way " , was recorded by British hard rock band D @-@ Rok , with Brian May of Queen as guest guitarist . Games Workshop helped Electronic Arts keep the game true to its Warhammer 40 @,@ 000 roots by providing the writers with materials and answers on the fictional universe . The development team created the tutorial missions , but adapted the other missions straight from the board game and the Deathwing Campaign expansion set . Initially released in June 1993 on floppy disks for IBM Personal Computers and their clones that ran DOS , Space Hulk was later published for other platforms and media . The CD @-@ ROM version of Space Hulk included nine new missions , new cinematic animations , and new digital sound effects and speech ( which required a sound card ) . Unlike the versions that ran on DOS , the Amiga version ( published in Autumn 1993 ) cannot be installed on a hard drive ; Amiga users have to swap floppy disks at several points of the game while playing it . In Japan , the game was ported to the NEC PC @-@ 9821 in Japan by a local video game company , Starcraft . In 1996 , Electronic Arts produced a sequel , Space Hulk : Vengeance of the Blood Angels , to Space Hulk . = = Reception = = Reviewers noted the atmosphere experienced while playing Space Hulk , describing it as similar to the science @-@ fiction film Aliens ( 1986 ) . Aside from the concept of pitting heavily armed soldiers against aliens that looked like H. R. Giger 's " exo @-@ skeletal nightmares " , Space Hulk 's Terminator View Screen was reminiscent of a sequence in the film where a marine lieutenant monitored and ordered his troops as they executed a mission in a dark , dank environment . Handling slow , cumbersome Marines against fast , deadly Genestealers proved to be intense sessions of panic and fear for the game 's critics . They were stressed from monitoring several Marines at the same time while Genestealers probed the flanks and sent decoys to lure Marines to their deaths . Despite playing in a well @-@ lit , noisy office , David Upchurch of The One said the game " [ scared ] the pants off " him , and Jeff James of Computer Gaming World stated that because of the combination of " excellent use of digitized sound " and " Genestealers rendered in sickening purple hue " , " More than once I jumped out of my command chair " . Similarly , CU Amiga 's Tony Dillon believed the game was not for those with " a weak heart " . Compute ! ' s Scott May declared the game " a bug blaster 's nightmare come true . " The game further evoked a sense of esprit de corps with its monastic @-@ style briefings , according to Amiga User International . However , video game journalist Alec Meer remembered the briefings as " one of videogame history 's greatest atmosphere @-@ spoilers " for their flat deliveries . Besides its atmosphere , Space Hulk 's game mechanics received close attention . Lester Smith of Dragon said the video game was an excellent adaptation of its original tabletop form . He praised Electronic Arts for conveying the " bug @-@ hunting experience on its own merits , using the computer 's strength " , rather than attempting to imitate those aspects of the board game . Upchurch , along with Rik Skews of Computer and Video Games , agreed , pointing out that the electronic version was better off with the concept of Freeze Time than implementing a recreation of dice rolls and sequence of turns found in the board game . A few reviewers disagreed . Dee and Jay of Dragon wanted a " computer game that was faithful to the elements of the board game " , and said the video game 's design proved too difficult for them ; they found controlling five or more Marines in real @-@ time against Genestealers impossible . Similarly , Amiga Force 's Mark Smith and Ian Osborne were flustered by having to command several Marines at the same time while they came under sudden attacks from several directions . The Marines ' slow speed were another frustration . Offering another insight , Meer opined the Marines ' slow response was integral to the game 's atmosphere : made slow and cumbersome by the game 's design and interface , the Marines ' battles against fast and deadly foes became nerve @-@ wrecking affairs for the player . Likewise , May found the multitasking nature of the game crucial to its intensity . Rob Mead offered an opinion not from a player of the board game in his article for Amiga Format . He rated the video game " very good but not brilliant " , and suggested it would appeal more to aficionados of the board game because such players tend to appreciate attention to detail , planning , and tactics . Amiga reviewers had a common grouse : the frequent disk swaps required were tedious . Regardless , the game 's tense atmosphere — generated by the combination of game mechanics , use of sounds , and artificial intelligence — provided memorable moments to many reviewers . As one of them — Simon Clays of Amiga Computing — put it , Space Hulk was " a very difficult strategy @-@ cum @-@ 3D dungeon @-@ esque title with plenty of action and gripping play . " May said the game offered " demented " violence but was " irresistibly exhiliarating when the action erupts in nonstop , heartpounding carnage . " A decade after the game 's release , several reviewers mentioned Space Hulk as a Warhammer 40 @,@ 000 video game worthy of praise . Meer reflected on replaying the game fifteen years after its release , " The panic and terror of facing 90 degrees away from your enemy , and knowing that you can 't do a damn thing about it before your lower intestine spills onto your feet , is still something pretty special . "
= Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen = Pokémon FireRed Version and LeafGreen Version are enhanced remakes of the original Pokémon Red and Green video games , which were released in 1996 . The new titles were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance and have compatibility with the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter , which originally came bundled with the games . FireRed and LeafGreen were first released in Japan in January 2004 and released to North America and Europe in September and October respectively . Nearly two years after their original release , Nintendo re @-@ marketed them as Player 's Choice titles . FireRed and LeafGreen are members of the Pokémon series of role @-@ playing video games . As in previous games , the player controls the player character from an overhead perspective , and participates in turn @-@ based combat encounters . However , new features such as a contextual help menu and a new region the player may access have also been added . Throughout the games , the player captures and raises Pokémon for use in battle . The games received mostly positive reviews , obtaining an aggregate score of 81 percent on Metacritic . Most critics praised the fact that the games introduced new features while still maintaining the traditional gameplay of the series . Reception of the graphics and audio was more mixed , with some reviewers complaining that they were too simplistic and lacked improvement compared to the previous games , Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . FireRed and LeafGreen were commercial successes , selling a total of around 12 million copies worldwide . = = Gameplay = = As with all Pokémon role @-@ playing games released for handheld consoles , FireRed and LeafGreen are in third @-@ person , overhead perspective . The main screen is an overworld , in which the player navigates the protagonist . Here a menu interface may be accessed , in which the player may configure his or her Pokémon , items , and gameplay settings . When the player encounters a wild Pokémon or is challenged by a trainer , the screen switches to a turn @-@ based battle screen that displays the player 's Pokémon and the engaged Pokémon . During battle , the player may select a move for his or her Pokémon to perform , use an item , switch his or her active Pokémon , or attempt to flee . All Pokémon have hit points ( HP ) ; when a Pokémon 's HP is reduced to zero , it faints and can no longer battle until it is revived . Once an enemy Pokémon faints , all of the player 's Pokémon involved in the battle receive a certain amount of experience points ( EXP ) . After accumulating enough EXP , a Pokémon may level up . Capturing Pokémon is another essential element of the gameplay . During battle with a wild Pokémon , the player may throw a Poké Ball at it . If the Pokémon is successfully caught , it will come under the ownership of the player . Factors in the success rate of capture include the HP of the target Pokémon and the type of Poké Ball used : the lower the target 's HP and the stronger the Poké Ball , the higher the success rate of capture . While FireRed and LeafGreen are remakes of Red and Green ( Pokémon Green was only released in Japan , whereas the American version was Blue ) , they contain usability enhancements such as a contextual tutorial feature which allows players to look up data at any point in the game . Additionally , when continuing a saved game , players are shown the last four actions they performed , allowing them to remember what they were doing . The games support the Game Boy Advance Game Link Cable , through which connected players may trade or battle . Players may also connect with Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire , as well as with Pokémon Colosseum , allowing them to obtain over 350 Pokémon . FireRed and LeafGreen also have the ability to connect to the Nintendo GameCube and interact with Pokémon Box : Ruby and Sapphire . In Box , the player may organize and view his or her collected Pokémon , and in Colosseum , Pokémon may be used in battle . FireRed and LeafGreen are also the first games in the series to be compatible with the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter , which comes prepackaged with the games . The adapter can be plugged into the link port of the Game Boy Advance system , and allows players within a radius of 30 – 50 feet ( 9 – 15 meters ) to wirelessly interact with each other . In addition , as many as 30 players at a time may join a special location called the " Union Room " , where they can trade , battle , or chat . Nintendo has set up " JoySpots " at Japanese retail locations for this purpose . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen takes place mostly in the fictional region of Kanto . This is one distinct region of many in the Pokémon world , which includes varied geographical habitats for the Pokémon species , human @-@ populated towns and cities , and routes between locations . Some areas are only accessible once the player acquires a special item or one of the player 's Pokémon learns a special ability . Near the end of the plot , the protagonist is able to venture to the Sevii Islands , a new area not present in the original Red and Blue games . The Sevii Islands are an archipelago of seven islands , and contain Pokémon normally exclusive to the Johto region , as well as several post @-@ game missions . After the aforementioned missions on the Sevii Islands are completed , trading with Pokémon of the Hoenn region becomes available . = = = Synopsis = = = The silent protagonist of FireRed and LeafGreen is a child who lives in a small town . After players start a journey and venture alone into deep grass , a voice warns them to stop . Professor Oak , a famous Pokémon researcher , explains to the player such grass is often the habitat of wild Pokémon , and encountering them alone can be very dangerous . He takes the player to his laboratory where the player meets Oak 's grandson , another aspiring Pokémon Trainer . The player and the rival are both instructed to select a starter Pokémon for their travels . The rival then challenges the player to a Pokémon battle with their newly obtained Pokémon , and continues to battle the player at certain points throughout the games . After reaching the next city , the player is asked to deliver a parcel to Professor Oak . Upon returning to the laboratory , the player is presented with a Pokédex , a high @-@ tech encyclopedia that record the entries of any Pokémon that are encountered . Oak asks the player to fulfill his dream of compiling a comprehensive list of every Pokémon in the game . While visiting the region 's cities , the player encounters special establishments called Gyms . Inside these buildings are Gym Leaders , each of whom the player must defeat in a Pokémon battle to obtain a Gym Badge . Once a total of eight badges are acquired , the player is given permission to enter the Pokémon League , which consists of the best Pokémon trainers in the region . There the player battles the Elite Four . Also throughout the game , the player has to fight against the forces of Team Rocket , a criminal organization that abuses Pokémon . They devise numerous plans to steal rare Pokémon , all of which the player must foil , meeting and defeating the organization boss Giovanni . After the first time the player defeats the Elite Four one of the members , Lorelei , disappears . After gaining access to the Sevii Islands , an entirely new region , the player discovers Lorelei in her house and convinces her to come back with him . Once more , the protagonist must thwart the Team Rocket 's plans on several occasions , recover two artifacts , the Ruby and the Sapphire , and put them in the main computer at One Island . After that , the player can communicate , battle , trade , etc . , with games other than FireRed or LeafGreen . = = Development = = FireRed and LeafGreen were first announced in September 2003 as upcoming remakes of the original Pocket Monsters Red and Green games that were released in Japan in 1996 . Game director Junichi Masuda stated the new titles would be developed around the idea of simplicity , as the game engine was a slightly modified version of the one used in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . As a result , FireRed and LeafGreen were made fully backward compatible with Ruby and Sapphire , allowing players to trade Pokémon between games . FireRed and LeafGreen 's connectivity with the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter was heralded by Nintendo president Satoru Iwata as being able " to enhance head @-@ to @-@ head battles , exchange of information , and communication with others . " An enhanced interface was created for the game to increase usability for new players , as well as a contextual in @-@ game help system that could aid lost or confused players during their journey . President of The Pokémon Company Tsunekazu Ishiharu noted , " We don 't feel that this a remake at all . We feel that this is a new game , with wireless technology " , referring to the bundled wireless adapter . The music used in the titles was derived from the classic game consoles , and arranged by Go Ichinose . Masuda and Ichinose decided not to change the reused music from the basic background sounds used in the originals , and instead updated them by adding additional sounds . A two @-@ disc set of the music entitled GBA Pokémon FireRed & LeafGreen Super Complete was released , with the first disc featuring all the music used normally in @-@ game , while the second disc featured bonus tracks based on and inspired by the music in the games . Among these are two vocal tracks . Track list of GBA Pokémon FireRed & LeafGreen Super Complete : The exclusive Japanese production run for FireRed and LeafGreen was limited to half a million copies , despite the success of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . IGN speculated that Nintendo was expecting less demand for the new games , or that it was limited by the production of the bundled wireless adapter . The east American versions of FireRed and LeafGreen were secondly indirectly announced at DICE in 2004 . Although the original games were released as Red and Blue in North America , the remakes retained the Japanese names of " Red " and " Green " . Masuda noted this as a choice on his part , stating the leaf represented a peaceful icon , in contrast to the alternative of water which he saw as suggesting conflict with the icon of fire used by the other game . = = Reception = = During its first week of release in Japan , FireRed and LeafGreen sold a combined total of 885 @,@ 039 copies , which was less than the amount sold by Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire in that time period , but IGN reasoned that the smaller sales were due to the new titles being remakes . In the first half of August before FireRed and LeafGreen were released in the U.S. , the games received over 150 @,@ 000 pre @-@ orders , over twice the amount that Ruby and Sapphire received . Nintendo 's Senior Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Communication George Harrison remarked , " This pre @-@ sell indicates more than twice the player interest ! " Over one million copies of FireRed and LeafGreen were sold in the US less than one month after their release in that region . As of March 31 , 2008 , the games had sold 11 @.@ 82 million copies worldwide . The games later entered Nintendo 's Player 's Choice line in North America , and were re @-@ marketed with a significantly lower retail price . However , unlike the original release , the Player 's Choice edition games did not include a bundled Wireless Adapter . Reviews of FireRed and LeafGreen were mostly positive , and the games currently hold an aggregate score of 81 percent on Metacritic . Craig Harris of IGN gave the games an " Outstanding " 9 @.@ 0 / 10 rating and praised the creators of the games for creating a game that " works extremely well for the handheld market . It doesn 't have quite the same variety as Ruby / Sapphire , but it 's still incredibly satisfying . " Harris was less positive about the games ' graphics , which he thought were " limited " and " basic " . GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin , who gave the games 8 @.@ 4 out of 10 , commented that " though Pokémon could probably use a few new twists after all these years , FireRed and LeafGreen are great role @-@ playing games on their own merits , filled with lots more content and more challenges than last year 's Ruby and Sapphire , and offering up plenty of addictive gameplay that can be a lot of fun for players of all ages . " Unlike Harris , Kasavin praised the games ' graphics for their " colorful good looks and the endearing character designs that the series is known for . " Game Informer rated the games a " Very Good " 8 / 10 for being " a lot of fun " , yet they saw the graphics as " utterly unremarkable " when compared to other handheld games . GameSpy reviewer Phil Theobald , who awarded the games four out of five stars , stated , " Before I knew it , I was hooked all over again . The engrossingly simple gameplay combined with the more @-@ strategic @-@ than @-@ they @-@ first @-@ appear battles was just too much to resist . And yeah , the ' gotta catch ' em all ' gimmick is still effective , not to mention necessary to build a well balanced party . There 's just something about tracking down , capturing , and training all those Pokémon that really draw you into the game 's world . " He justified the games ' graphics by comparing them to the " ugly " original Red and Blue versions . Additional praise was given to the new features such as the contextual tutorial , and flashbacks when loading a saved game , as well as the games ' multiplayer capabilities via the Wireless adapter . Nintendo Power , which gave the games a 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 average , stated " [ t ] here 's a great game hiding under all the Pikachu cuteness , and you have to play it for only a bit to find yourself addicted . "
= Humbug ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Humbug " is the twentieth episode of the second season of American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by Darin Morgan and directed by Kim Manners . Morgan had previously appeared in a guest role as the Flukeman in an earlier episode of that season called " The Host " . " Humbug " aired in the United States on March 31 , 1995 on the Fox network . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Humbug " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 3 , being watched by 9 @.@ 8 million households in its initial broadcast . The episode received generally positive reviews and critics appreciated Morgan 's unique writing style . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a series of murders in a community of former circus sideshow performers . Mulder believes the murderer to be the mysterious " Fiji mermaid " , which Scully argues is only a hoax — a mere humbug . " Humbug " was the first explicitly comedic episode in the series and Morgan later wrote three more scripts for the series that continued his comic take on the show . According to critical analysis of the episode , " Humbug " explored themes of " Otherness " and difference . Guest stars included real @-@ life sideshow performers Jim Rose and The Enigma , as well as actors Michael J. Anderson and Vincent Schiavelli . " Humbug " was nominated for an Edgar Award and a Cinema Audio Society Award . = = Plot = = In the town of Gibsonton , Florida one night , two brothers are playing in their home outdoor swimming pool . A mysterious figure approaches them from the woods surrounding their home and jumps into the pool without them noticing . As the brothers play , they notice something is wrong and before they leave the pool , the figure emerges from the water . It 's revealed to be the boys ' father , " Alligator Man " , who scares his sons for fun . After some laughs in the pool , the " Alligator Man " tells his children to go back into the house as it 's late and time for them to go to bed . The boys leave the pool and their father stays behind to swim . An unknown mysterious figure approaches the pool from the woods . It attacks and kills " Alligator Man " in his pool . Agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) travel to Gibsonton to investigate a 28 @-@ year series of attacks by an unknown assailant in a community of former circus sideshow performers . They attend the funeral of the " Alligator Man " ( who suffered from Ichthyosis ) . Among the people they meet afterwards are " self @-@ made freaks " human blockhead Dr. Blockhead ( Jim Rose ) ( who interrupted the funeral by hammering a railroad spike into his own chest ) and his " geek " sidekick The Conundrum ( The Enigma ) , who will eat anything , but says nothing . The agents also meet former performer Jim Jim , the Dogface Boy , who later became the local sheriff after his face went through hair loss . Mulder and Scully stay at the Gulf Breeze trailer court , whose name is a reference to the 1987 Gulf Breeze UFO incident , also mentioned in season 1 episode , " Fallen Angel " . Here , they meet the distrustful manager Mr. Nutt ( Michael J. Anderson ) , and Lanny ( Vincent Schiavelli ) , an alcoholic with an underdeveloped conjoined twin named Leonard . The agents hear a story about the legendary Fiji mermaid , a common sideshow act in the 19th century that generally turned out to be a monkey with a fish tail attached — the " humbug " referred to by the episode 's title . Despite Scully 's usual skepticism , Mulder is intrigued because of what look like simian tracks left by the mystery attacker . One night , Mr. Nutt is fatally attacked by a creature . The agents eventually discover that the attacker is Lanny 's twin , Leonard , who is able to detach himself from Lanny 's body . According to Lanny , Leonard attacks people and attempts to burrow into them because he is looking for a new brother to replace Lanny , who is dying from liver failure due to years of alcohol abuse . Lanny voluntarily locks himself in the local jail in an effort to keep Leonard from escaping , but dies during the night , and Leonard is able to slip through the bars on the cell window and flee . Mulder and Scully try to capture Leonard , who goes inside a funhouse , but he manages to get away . Upon leaving the funhouse , they find The Conundrum lying on the ground , rubbing his stomach , apparently having been attacked by Leonard . As Dr. Blockhead prepares to leave town with The Conundrum the following morning , he comments to Scully that with modern science eradicating genetic anomalies , it will be up to self @-@ made freaks like him to remind people that " nature abhors normality . " The Conundrum looks unwell and Mulder asks what the matter is . The Conundrum — in his only line of the episode — replies , " probably something I ate . " As Dr. Blockhead drives away with The Conundrum , Mulder and Scully turn to each other with confused and somewhat shocked expressions . = = Production = = " Humbug " was written by Darin Morgan ; it was his first script for the series . Earlier in the second season , he appeared in the second episode " The Host " as the Flukeman . He also helped his brother Glen Morgan — already a regular writer on The X @-@ Files — with the script for the following episode , " Blood " . Series creator Chris Carter offered Darin Morgan a permanent place on The X @-@ Files writing team , which he reluctantly accepted . Morgan said he was uncomfortable initially , stating " One of the reasons I was uncomfortable joining the staff is that I 'm a comedy writer and this isn 't a comedy show , so I was trying more or less to have an episode with a little bit of humor , without telling anybody what I was doing . " Glen suggested that he write an episode about sideshow performers . Before writing the episode Darin Morgan watched a tape of Jim Rose 's circus sideshow and subsequently cast Rose and The Enigma as Dr. Blockhead and The Conundrum , respectively . Other guest stars were Twin Peaks regular Michael J. Anderson as Mr. Nutt and Vincent Schiavelli as Lanny . Morgan 's script turned out to be the most comedic episode of the series so far . The departure from The X @-@ Files ' usual style made some of the crew , including director Kim Manners , uncomfortable , and some of the more explicitly comic scenes were cut . After " Humbug " , Morgan went on to write three more comedy @-@ infused stories for the show : " Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose " , " War of the Coprophages " and " Jose Chung 's From Outer Space " . David Duchovny later commented , " what I loved about his scripts was that he seemed to be trying to destroy the show . " = = Themes = = In his 2002 book Strange TV , M. Keith Booker describes " Humbug " as an important episode in the show 's " ironization " of its exploration of " Otherness " ; from the start it challenges the characters ' — and viewers ' — assumptions about difference . In the teaser , what appears to be a monster is in fact a suburban father and eventual murder victim . When Mulder and Scully are quick to suspect the freak show performers of murder , Dr. Blockhead , a self @-@ made freak and " postmodern celebration of difference " , confronts their prejudice and bemoans a future with no genetic anomalies . The agents , with their conventional appearance are considered outsiders , and are quickly ( and correctly ) judged to be working for the FBI . According to Booker , the freak show characters from the episode exemplify the concept of the Other . He contrasts the perspective of " Humbug " , which celebrates Otherness , with that of The X @-@ Files overall in which " Other " is generally synonymous with danger and evil , much like Leonard . Despite this association between difference and malevolence generally found in The X @-@ Files , the show meets the audience 's need for difference and diversity , in its sheer number of strange and different characters . This need for something beyond everyday existence is mirrored by the main characters in Mulder 's " wanting to believe " in the paranormal and Scully 's Catholic faith . In " Humbug " , this is highlighted by Dr. Blockhead 's argument that the freaks add a richness to life that will be eliminated by genetic advancements . According to Rhonda Wilcox and J. P. Williams in " What Do You Think ? The X @-@ Files , Liminality , and Gender Pleasure " , " Humbug " is about " difference , sex , and looking " . Regarding The X @-@ Files as a whole , they say that the relationship between Mulder and Scully is non @-@ sexual and " quasi @-@ marital " . Although sharing a degree of intimacy that allows them to share each other 's space , they avoid a sexual or objectifying gaze : " They look into each other 's eyes and argue ideas , rather than gazing at each other 's bodies . " This status quo is challenged in this episode as the objectifying gaze is highlighted and deconstructed , although not between the partners themselves . According to Wilcox and Williams , a key scene involves Agent Scully and Lanny . When Lanny goes to wake Scully in her trailer one morning , he catches a glimpse of her breasts ; she inadvertently exposes herself as she in turn catches sight of Lanny 's uncovered parasitic twin ; " each gaze involves the objectification of difference " . This objectification is emphasized by the fact that Scully 's body is not normally revealed in this way . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Humbug " was first broadcast in the United States on March 31 , 1995 , on the Fox network . In its original broadcast it was watched by 9 @.@ 8 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It received a 10 @.@ 3 rating / 18 share among viewers meaning that 10 @.@ 3 percent of all households in the US , and 18 percent of all people watching television at the time , viewed the episode . The episode was nominated for an Edgar Award for ' Best Episode in a Television Series ' and a Cinema Audio Society Award for ' Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Series ' . = = = Reviews = = = " Humbug " received praise from critics . In a 2010 review of the episode , The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff gave it a " Grade A " rating . He noted the difference between the style of the episode and previous stories of the series , saying that at first , it " feel [ s ] like it might be a very special Murder , She Wrote or something , " and that later , " we 're clearly in some other show entirely , the only links in the continuity chain being Mulder and Scully themselves . " Including Morgan 's other scripts for the show , VanDerWerff called his writing " deeply , deeply funny " , but said that " Humbug " " may be [ his ] weakest script " . He particularly praised the ending of the episode , saying " there are few other TV writers that would come up with something as haunting and as perfectly understanding of the human condition as the final reveal of who the killer is . " Also writing for The A.V. Club in 2010 , Zack Handlen called it " a terrific episode ... well @-@ written and odd " . Ted Cox of the Daily Herald called " Humbug " " the pivotal episode of The X @-@ Files . " Robert Goodwin said of the episode " Talk about offbeat . It 's very theatrical and grandiose . The trick was being careful that it didn 't become like a bad Vincent Price movie , but it worked out well . " Jessica Morgan of Television Without Pity gave the episode an A grade . Reviewers for website IGN named " Humbug " the tenth best standalone X @-@ Files episode of the entire series . Topless Robot named it the sixth funniest episode of the series .
= Ann Romney = Ann Lois Romney ( née Davies ; born April 16 , 1949 ) is the wife of American businessman and politician , Mitt Romney . From 2003 to 2007 , Romney was First Lady of Massachusetts , while her husband served as Governor . She was raised in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , and attended the private Kingswood School there , where she dated Mitt Romney . She converted to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) in 1966 . She attended Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , married Mitt Romney in 1969 , and in 1975 received a Bachelor of Arts degree in French . As First Lady of Massachusetts , Romney served as the governor 's liaison for federal faith @-@ based initiatives . She was involved in a number of children 's charities , including Operation Kids . She was an active participant in her husband 's U.S. presidential campaigns in 2008 and again in 2012 , when he was the Republican Party nominee . Romney was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1998 and has credited a mixture of mainstream and alternative treatments with giving her a lifestyle mostly without limitations . In one activity , equestrianism , she has consequently received recognition in dressage as an adult amateur at the national level and competed professionally in Grand Prix as well . In 2008 , she was also diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ , a non @-@ invasive type of breast cancer . She underwent a lumpectomy in December of the same year and has since been cancer @-@ free . Ann and Mitt Romney have five sons , born between 1970 and 1981 , and twenty @-@ three grandchildren . = = Early life = = Born Ann Lois Davies in Detroit on April 16 , 1949 , she was raised in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , by parents Edward Roderick Davies and Lois Davies . She has two brothers . Her father , originally from Caerau near Maesteg , Wales , was a self @-@ made businessman who in 1946 co @-@ founded Jered Industries , a maker of heavy machinery for marine use located in Troy , Michigan . He had also held the part @-@ time position of Mayor of Bloomfield Hills . Raised in the Welsh Congregationalists , he had become strongly opposed to all organized religion , although on her request the family very occasionally attended church , and she nominally identified as an Episcopalian . At times , she helped out at her father 's plant . Ann Davies knew of Mitt Romney since elementary school . She went to the private Kingswood School in Bloomfield Hills , which was the sister school to the all @-@ boys Cranbrook School that he attended . The two were re @-@ introduced and began dating in March 1965 ; they informally agreed to marriage after his senior prom in June 1965 . While he was attending Stanford University for a year and then was away starting two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years of Mormon missionary duty in France , she decided on her own to convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints during 1966 . In doing so she accepted the guidance of Mitt 's father George Romney , the Governor of Michigan . George included her in Romney family events while Mitt was away ; she appreciated his treating her as an equal and picked him to baptize her . Ann graduated from high school in 1967 and began attending Brigham Young University ( BYU ) . She also spent a semester at the University of Grenoble in France during her freshman year and was there during the 1968 Winter Olympics . The Mormon missionary rules allowed her only two brief visits with Mitt and very rare telephone calls with him . She involved herself in campus life at BYU , spending several days a week as a volunteer in the academic affairs office . While at BYU , she dated future business academic Kim S. Cameron . She sent Mitt a " Dear John letter " of sorts , while Mitt sent letters back imploring her to wait for him . = = Marriage and children = = Immediately after Romney 's return from France in December 1968 , the pair reconnected and agreed to get married as soon as possible . Ann Davies and Mitt Romney were married in a civil ceremony on March 21 , 1969 , at her Bloomfield Hills home , with a reception afterward at the Bloomfield Hills Country Club . It was presided over by Edwin B. Jones , a banker and Romney family friend then serving as an LDS Church Regional representative of the Twelve . Among the 250 – 300 guests were U.S. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford and automotive executives such as Semon Knudsen and Edward Cole , and President Richard Nixon sent congratulations . The following day the couple flew to Utah for a wedding ceremony inside the Salt Lake Temple ; her parents could not attend since they were non @-@ Mormons , but were present at a subsequent wedding breakfast held for them across the street . ( Both her brothers converted to Mormonism within a year of her doing so . Her mother converted just before her death in 1993 . Her father never did , but the family performed a baptism for the dead regarding him a year after his 1992 death . ) The couple 's first son was born in 1970 while both were undergraduates at BYU ( to where Mitt had transferred based upon her request ) . After Mitt graduated , the couple moved to Belmont , Massachusetts , so that he could attend Harvard Business School and Harvard Law School . Slowed down by parenthood , she later finished her undergraduate work by gaining a semester and half 's worth of credits via taking night courses at Harvard University Extension School . Ann Romney received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a concentration in French language from BYU in 1975 . A stay @-@ at @-@ home mother , Romney raised the family 's five sons : Taggart ( known as " Tagg " , born in 1970 ) , Matthew ( " Matt " , 1971 ) , Joshua ( " Josh " , 1975 ) , Benjamin ( " Ben " , 1978 ) , and Craig ( 1981 ) . She faced criticism from her parents over her decision to marry and start a large family so young . She also felt snubbed by her peers , at a time when the feminist movement was blooming and educated women were establishing careers . She later said , " My parents were questioning my choices , my peers were . But [ ... ] I was pretty resolute , pretty confident in what I was doing . " She taught early morning seminary to them and other children while her husband worked , first in business , then in politics . She wanted to go on for a master 's degree , perhaps in art history , but first taking care of her children , and later her health issues , forestalled that . She was active in the local PTA and with the League of Women Voters . With a friend , she held local cooking classes for a brief period . Naturally athletic , she began playing tennis and became one of the best players around the local country clubs . = = Early involvement in politics = = Ann Romney ran for the position of town meeting representative in Belmont in 1977 . She studied local issues and engaged in door @-@ to @-@ door campaigning , and won the election . It was partly due to her urging that her husband entered politics and ran in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts against incumbent Democrat Ted Kennedy . The race constituted her first prolonged public exposure as she campaigned for him on a nightly basis . She was seen as superficial and too deferential to him and some columnists labelled her a " Stepford wife " . Late in that campaign , she gave a long interview to The Boston Globe . Her statement in it that she and her husband had never had a serious argument during their married years came in for ridicule , and her portrayal of the couple 's student years as financially impoverished , while they lived off of sales of George Romney 's stock and loans , made her seem privileged and naïve and brought a harsh public reaction . Boston University political science professor later said , " She definitely hurt him in that race . " Asked following her husband 's loss if she would be involved in future campaigns , Ann said , " Never . You couldn 't pay me to do this again . " She later termed the experience " a real education " . = = Multiple sclerosis = = During 1997 , Ann Romney began experiencing severe numbness , fatigue , and other symptoms , and just before Thanksgiving in 1998 , she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis . Mitt Romney described watching her fail a series of neurological tests as the worst day of his life . He later said : " I couldn 't operate without Ann . We 're a partnership . We 've always been a partnership so her being healthy and our being able to be together is essential . " She initially experienced a period of severe difficulty with the disease , and later said : " I was very sick in 1998 when I was diagnosed . I was pretty desperate , pretty frightened and very , very sick . It was tough at the beginning , just to think , this is how I 'm going to feel for the rest of my life . " Since then , she credits a mixture of mainstream and alternative treatments with giving her a lifestyle mostly without limitations . She initially used corticosteroids , including intravenously , and credited them with helping stop the progression of the disease . She then dropped them and other medications due to counterproductive side effects . She has partaken of reflexology , acupuncture , and craniosacral therapy , and has said , " There is huge merit in both Eastern and Western medicine , and I 've taken a little bit from both . " She is a board member for the New England chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society . = = Equestrianism = = Romney is an avid equestrian , crediting her renewed involvement in it while in Park City , Utah ( where the couple had built a vacation home and where they lived when he was in charge of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games ) , for much of her recovery after her multiple sclerosis diagnosis and for her continued ability to deal with the disease . She has said that riding " saved my life " , explaining that , " I was losing most of the function of my right side . And I decided I needed to go back and do what I loved before I couldn 't do it anymore . " At first she could barely stay on a horse without getting tired , but gradually the muscle control required for riding proved directly beneficial , and psychologically , " Riding exhilarated me ; it gave me a joy and a purpose . When I was so fatigued that I couldn 't move , the excitement of going to the barn and getting my foot in the stirrup would make me crawl out of bed . " As a result , she said , " My desire to ride was , and is , so strong that I kept getting healthier and healthier . " She has received recognition in dressage as an adult amateur at the national level , including earning her 2006 Gold Medal and 2005 Silver Medal at the Grand Prix level from the United States Dressage Federation . She also sometimes competes in professional dressage events and has broken the 60 % level at Grand Prix . Romney works with California trainer Jan Ebeling , who schools her and her horses in dressage and works with her importing new stock from Europe . The pair qualified for the Pan @-@ Am games in 2004 . By 2011 , the horses she owned and kept at Ebeling 's Moorpark , California , stables , which she is a partner in , were valued at more than $ 250 @,@ 000 . The Romneys helped fund Ebeling 's aspirations for equestrian competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and Ann was present in Gladstone , New Jersey , in June 2012 when Ebeling , riding on the horse Rafalca ( co @-@ owned by him and Ann ) won a spot on the U.S. dressage team . At the London games in August 2012 , she watched the pair place 28th in the competition . = = Charitable work = = Ann Romney has been involved in a number of children 's charities , including having been a director of the inner city @-@ oriented Best Friends , which seeks to assist inner @-@ city adolescent girls . She advocated a celibacy @-@ based approach to the prevention of teen pregnancy . She worked extensively with the Ten Point Coalition in Boston and with other groups that promoted better safety and opportunities for urban youths . She was an honorary board member of Families First , a parent education program in Cambridge , Massachusetts . She was a volunteer instructor of middle @-@ school girls at the multicultural Mother Caroline Academy in Boston . She has said her interest in helping underprivileged children dates back to when she and her five boys saw a vehicle carrying a group of boys to a Massachusetts Department of Youth Services detention center . She began volunteering for the United Way of Massachusetts Bay soon after that , and by 2002 was serving as one of that organization 's board members . She was on the Faith in Action Committee for the United Way , working with local religious establishments to assist at @-@ risk children and helping to found United Way Faith and Action . Earlier , by 1996 , she was a member of the Massachusetts Advisory Board of Stand for Children . During the 2002 Winter Olympics effort , she co @-@ chaired the Olympic Aid charity , which provides athletic activities and programs for children in war @-@ torn regions . = = First Lady of Massachusetts = = Romney joined in her husband 's campaign in the 2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election from the start , and nominated him at the state party convention . A commercial entitled " Mitt and Ann " , highlighting their romance and marriage , began the campaign 's television advertising . She avoided media interviews like the one that plagued her in 1994 , but was a force behind the scenes during the eventually successful campaign . In January 2003 , following his election , Romney became First Lady of Massachusetts , a position she held through January 2007 . In that role , she generally kept a low public profile , with by her husband 's initial indications no public role in administration or its policies . In 2006 , The Boston Globe characterized her as " largely invisible " within the state ( although by then she was becoming more visible outside the state , due to national appearances in connection with her husband 's possible presidential campaign ) . Romney was president of the Doric Docents , the volunteer tour directors who inform visitors to the State House about its architecture and history and the Massachusetts legislative process . While Massachusetts First Lady , she was active in teenage pregnancy prevention efforts . In 2004 , she said she was in favor of stem cell research as long as it was done " morally and ethically " . One of her rare public appearances at the Massachusetts State House came in 2004 when she lobbied the legislature to raise awareness about multiple sclerosis . In 2005 , the governor appointed his wife as head of a new special office whose purpose was to help the state 's faith @-@ based groups gain more federal monies in association with the White House Office of Faith @-@ Based and Community Initiatives . This came after the state had seen its share of faith @-@ based grants decline over the preceding three years . In this unpaid Governor 's Liaison position , Ann Romney was termed a " dynamo " by Jim Towey , director of the White House office . At the conclusion of her time as Massachusetts First Lady , Romney said that the role " doesn 't need to change your life at all . I think it 's an opportunity for service and an opportunity to see people of all walks of life from across the Commonwealth ... It 's an enriching part of your life [ and one will ] treasure it forever . " Her health was still a primary factor in family decisions about her husband 's career , and Mitt said in 2005 that if her multiple sclerosis flared up , " I wouldn 't be involved in politics anymore ; that would be over . " = = Role in 2008 presidential campaign = = Ann Romney was an active participant in her husband 's 2008 presidential campaign . One past issue that arose involving her was disclosure of her donation of $ 150 to Planned Parenthood in 1994 , when her husband was a pro @-@ choice candidate for the U.S. Senate . She said she did not remember the contribution ; her own public stance on abortion has evolved in a similar manner to his , and by this time she was co @-@ chair of the capital campaign for Massachusetts Citizens for Life . By late 2007 , she had become an integral part of his campaign , and was doing more trips and appearances on her own , despite the risk that added stress would aggravate her condition . Her political message was often mixed with discussions of her family , her recipes , or managing her affliction . Romney 's television advertisements in the early primary states prominently featured her and by the close of 2007 , she was the most visible of all the Republican candidates ' wives in campaigning . Regarding having to witness criticism of her husband , she later acknowledged that she sometimes wanted to " come out of my seat and clock somebody [ but ] you learn to just take a deep breath . " By the time he ended his campaign in February 2008 , she had become openly distasteful of the whole process . = = Between campaigns = = In late 2008 , Romney was diagnosed with mammary ductal carcinoma in situ , a non @-@ invasive type of breast cancer , and had the lump removed via lumpectomy ; she subsequently underwent radiation therapy . Her prognosis from this condition was excellent , and she later reflected that " I was really lucky " to have caught it so early . President @-@ elect Barack Obama was among the well @-@ wishers who called her . She has been cancer @-@ free since . In June 2009 , due to her husband 's request , Ann Romney became the first spouse to be included in the official Massachusetts State House gubernatorial portrait . For many years the couple 's primary residence was a house in Belmont , Massachusetts , but this and the Utah home were sold in 2009 . They resided in Wolfeboro , New Hampshire , along Lake Winnipesaukee , and at an oceanfront home in La Jolla , San Diego , California , that they had bought the year before . Both locations were near some of the Romneys ' grandchildren and the La Jolla location was near where she rides horses and was well @-@ situated for her multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her cancer treatments . They also bought a smaller condominium in Belmont during 2010 . = = Role in 2012 presidential campaign = = Regarding another possible run for office by her husband in the 2012 presidential election , Romney said in March 2010 that this time the process would hold no surprises , and that if he decided in favor of doing it , " I 'm up to saying , go storm the castle , sweetie . " Although still not liking the political process , which she referred to as " a very difficult game " , she urged her husband to run again and was one of the few family members to initially support the notion . Once the campaign began , she stumped for her husband in early primary states and criticized the record and ideological direction of the Obama administration . As part of trying to lighten her husband 's image , she sometimes participated in comic setup routines with him . Romney said that if she became First Lady of the United States , she would seek to work with at @-@ risk youths and on behalf of those with multiple sclerosis . She expressed admiration for three former first ladies , Mamie Eisenhower , Nancy Reagan , and Barbara Bush . By December 2011 , Romney assumed an even more prominent role in the campaign , as she tried to offer a more rounded and compelling portrait of her husband while he fell behind Newt Gingrich for a stretch in polls . Her emphasis on their 42 years of marriage and his steadfastness following the onset of her disease offered an implicit but clear contrast with Gingrich 's own personal history . She had long been known within the family as the " Mitt @-@ stabilizer " , due to the calming effect she had on her husband , and continued to perform that role during the up @-@ and @-@ down campaign . In particular , she began appearing with him more often during February 2012 as he dueled with Rick Santorum during the Republican presidential primaries . Regarding the couple 's net worth , she alluded to her health problems and said , " Look , I don 't even consider myself wealthy , which is an interesting thing , it can be here today and gone tomorrow . And how I measure riches is by the friends I have and the loved ones that I have and the people that I care about in my life . " In April 2012 , Ann Romney was spotlighted when Democratic commentator Hilary Rosen declared Romney to be unfit to address women 's economic issues because as a stay @-@ at @-@ home mother , she had " never worked a day in her life " . In response , Ann Romney issued her first tweet , saying " I made a choice to stay home and raise five boys . Believe me , it was hard work . " Rosen apologized the following day . Like all presidential candidates ' wives , her fashion choices came under scrutiny , with some critics praising her for a contemporary look that avoided standard campaign appearance clichés , while others said she lacked consistency and did not seem to be using the services of a stylist . On August 28 , Romney gave a prime @-@ time speech before the 2012 Republican National Convention in Tampa , Florida , in which she stressed her own background and her family experiences , in an appeal to women voters . By early October , she and son Tagg had convinced the campaign to spend more time emphasizing her husband 's personal nature and character , rather than simply present issue and record arguments against Obama . In the November 6 , 2012 , general election , Mitt Romney lost as President Obama was re @-@ elected . The couple , along with the senior campaign staff , had thought they were going to win up until polls closed that evening and returns started coming in . Ann cried as her husband concluded their chances were over , then appeared stricken as she went on stage with him following his concession speech . = = Subsequent activities = = Following the election , Ann Romney received an offer to appear on the spring 2013 season of Dancing with the Stars , but although she was a fan of the show , she declined : " I would 've loved to have done it , and I am turning 64 , and I started thinking about it . I 'm not really as flexible as I should be . " She still mourned the election loss , perhaps more than her husband did . In a late February 2013 interview , she said , " And you know , the other part of it was an amazing thing , and it was really quite a lot of energy and a lot of passion and a lot of – a lot of people around us and all of a sudden , it was nothing , " then adding , " But the good news is we like each other . " In October 2013 , she published , and made promotional appearances for , The Romney Family Table : Sharing Home @-@ Cooked Recipes & Favorite Traditions , a cookbook that made the New York Times Best Seller list . Most of the couple 's time was spent seeing their grandchildren , who by 2015 numbered twenty @-@ three . They purchased a house in the Deer Valley area of Park City , Utah , in a return to that state , followed by a property capable of equestrian use in Holladay , Utah , where they plan to tear down an existing house and build a new one . The Romneys also gained long @-@ sought permission to replace their La Jolla home with a much bigger one . With the new acquisitions the couple briefly had five homes , located near each of their five sons and respective families . They then sold the condominium in Belmont and decided to make their main residence in Utah , including switching voter registration . In 2014 , the Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases was opened at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital in Boston . With a fundraising goal of $ 50 million , the center was created to focus on research into Alzheimer 's disease , multiple sclerosis , Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Parkinson 's disease , and brain tumors . The center has some 250 scientists and researchers on its staff . She gives inspirational talks based on overcoming the challenges of living with a disease . During 2014 , speculation about Mitt Romney staging a third presidential run increased . Ann Romney 's reaction was to say it would not happen : " Done . Completely . Not only Mitt and I are done , but the kids are done . Done . Done . Done . " However , like her husband , she left open the slight possibility that things could change in this regard , and by January 2015 was reported by Romney advisors to be supporting the possibility as he seriously considered a third presidential bid . In any event , he soon decided against making a run . In March 2015 , her book Whatever You Choose to Be : 8 Tips for the Road Ahead was published , based upon a commencement address she gave the year before at Southern Utah University . This was followed in September 2015 when her memoir In This Together : My Story was published . In it she discussed her diagnosis of multiple sclerosis , the different treatments she found beneficial , and the important role her family played . The book became popular among those afflicted with the disease . During the course of the 2016 election cycle , Romney expressed sympathy toward Democratic front @-@ runner Hillary Clinton since she had also experienced claims of not being relatable . She was also puzzled by Republican front @-@ runner Donald Trump 's success despite touting his wealth whereas the Romneys had not , yet still were criticized for not relating to common voters because of theirs . Though highly critical of her husband after he spoke negatively of the Trump candidacy in March 2016 , Trump praised Ann Romney as " a lovely woman " . = = Awards and honors = = In 2005 , Ann Romney received an honorary degree from Mount Ida College . In 2006 , she received the MS Society Inspiration Award from the Central New England Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the 2006 Lifetime Achievement Award from Salt Lake City @-@ based Operation Kids . In May 2008 , she shared with her husband the Canterbury Medal from The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty , for " refus [ ing ] to compromise their principles and faith " during that year 's presidential campaign . In 2014 , Romney received an honorary degree in public service from Southern Utah University , for " her contributions of time , funding and support on behalf of children and families . "
= French ironclad Thétis = The French ironclad Thétis was a wooden @-@ hulled armored corvette built for the French Navy in the late 1860s . She was named for the Greek sea @-@ goddess Thetis . During the Franco @-@ Prussian War she was assigned to a squadron of French ships that attempted to blockade the Prussian ports in the Baltic Sea in 1870 . She accidentally rammed her sister Reine Blanche in 1877 . En route to the Pacific in 1884 her propeller fell off and she had to return to France under sail . Thétis was eventually hulked in New Caledonia . = = Design and description = = The Alma @-@ class ironclads were designed as improved versions of the armored corvette Belliqueuse suitable for foreign deployments . Unlike their predecessor the Alma @-@ class ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal @-@ reinforced ram . Thétis measured 69 @.@ 03 meters ( 226 ft 6 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 @.@ 13 meters ( 46 ft 4 in ) . She had a mean draft of 6 @.@ 26 meters ( 20 ft 6 in ) and displaced 3 @,@ 569 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 513 long tons ) . Her crew numbered 316 officers and men . = = = Propulsion = = = The ship had a single horizontal return connecting @-@ rod steam engine driving a single propeller . Her engine was powered by four oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 1 @,@ 676 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 250 kW ) and the ship reached 11 @.@ 99 knots ( 22 @.@ 21 km / h ; 13 @.@ 80 mph ) . Unlike all of her sisters except Jeanne d 'Arc , she had two funnels , mounted side @-@ by @-@ side . Thétis carried 250 metric tons ( 250 long tons ) of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1 @,@ 620 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 000 km ; 1 @,@ 860 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She was barque @-@ rigged and had a sail area of 1 @,@ 453 square meters ( 15 @,@ 640 sq ft ) . = = = Armament = = = Thétis mounted her four 194 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) Modèle 1864 breech @-@ loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck . The other two 194 @-@ millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship . The four 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns were also mounted on the upper deck . She may have exchanged her Mle 1864 guns for Mle 1870 guns . The armor @-@ piercing shell of the 20 @-@ caliber Mle 1870 gun weighed 165 @.@ 3 pounds ( 75 @.@ 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 7 @.@ 83 long tons ( 7 @.@ 96 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 739 ft / s ( 530 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12 @.@ 5 inches ( 320 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . = = = Armor = = = Thétis had a complete 150 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) wrought iron waterline belt , approximately 2 @.@ 4 meters ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) high . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness . The barbette armor was 100 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick , backed by 240 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of wood . The unarmored portions of her sides were protected by 15 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) iron plates . = = Service = = Thétis , named for the Greek sea @-@ goddess Thetis , was laid down at Toulon in 1865 and launched on 22 August 1867 . The ship began her sea trials on 1 May 1868 and was put into reserve at Brest the following year . She was commissioned on 20 July 1870 for the Franco @-@ Prussian War and assigned to the Northern Squadron . On 24 July 1870 she departed Cherbourg in company with the rest of the Northern Squadron and they cruised off the Danish port of Frederikshavn between 28 July and 2 August until they entered the Baltic Sea . The squadron , now renamed the Baltic Squadron , remained in the Baltic , attempting to blockade Prussian ports on the Baltic until ordered to return to Cherbourg on 16 September . The ship was assigned to the Evolutionary Squadron in 1871 and detached to the Levant Squadron the following year . During the Cantonal Revolution Thétis and her sister Reine Blanche spent much of September – October 1873 in the port of Cartagena , Spain where they could protect French citizens . She became the temporary flagship of Vice Admiral Roze after 31 October 1875 when the armored frigate Magenta caught fire and exploded in Toulon . Thétis was paid off on 1 March 1876 , but was recommissioned on 18 April 1877 for service with the Evolutionary Squadron . On 3 July 1877 she accidentally rammed Reine Blanche who had to be run ashore to prevent her from sinking . The ship was in reserve between 1878 and 1881 although she was intended to be used as the flagship of the Pacific Squadron . Her sister Montcalm was sent instead . On 8 October 1885 she was commissioned as the flagship of Rear Admiral Marcq de St. Hilaire and sailed for the Pacific . Thétis lost her propeller off Madeira and had to return to Cherbourg under sail where the admiral transferred his flag to the Champlain . She ended her days as a hulk in Nouméa , New Caledonia .
= Gwoyeu Romatzyh = Gwoyeu Romatzyh ( pinyin : Guóyǔ luómǎzì , literally " National Language Romanization " ) , abbreviated GR , is a system for writing Mandarin Chinese in the Latin alphabet . The system was conceived by Y. R. Chao ( Zhao Yuanren ) and developed by a group of linguists including Chao and Lin Yutang from 1925 to 1926 . Chao himself later published influential works in linguistics using GR . In addition a small number of other textbooks and dictionaries in GR were published in Hong Kong and overseas from 1942 to 2000 . GR is the better known of the two romanization systems which indicate the four tones of Mandarin by varying the spelling of syllables ( " tonal spelling " ) . These tones are as fundamental to the Chinese language as vowels are to English ; their presence lets speakers discriminate between otherwise identical syllables and words . Other systems indicate the tones with either diacritics ( for example Pinyin : āi , ái , ǎi and ài ) or numbers ( Wade – Giles : ai1 , ai2 , etc . ) . GR spells the same four tones ai , air , ae and ay . These spellings , which follow specific rules , indicate the tones while retaining the pronunciation of the syllable ai . Chao claimed that , because GR embeds the tone of each syllable in its spelling , it may help students to master Chinese tones . One study however , found the opposite to be true in a study of GR . GR uses a complicated system of tonal spelling that obscures the basic relationship between spelling and tone ; for example , the difference between tones 1 and 2 is variously indicated as mha vs. ma , ching vs. chyng , chang vs. charng , etc . Although tonal spelling has been adopted as part of the normal romanization of a number of Asian languages ( e.g. Hmong ) , all such systems indicate different tones in a simple and consistent fashion by adding letters to the end of a syllable ( e.g. in Hmong , -b indicates high tone , -s indicates low tone , -j indicates high @-@ falling tone , etc . ) . In 1928 China adopted GR as the nation 's official romanization system . GR was used to indicate pronunciations in dictionaries of the National ( Mandarin @-@ based ) Language . Its proponents hoped one day to establish it as a writing system for a reformed Chinese script . But despite support from a small number of trained linguists in China and overseas , GR met with public indifference and even hostility due to its complexity . Another obstacle preventing its widespread adoption was its narrow basis on the Beijing dialect , in a period lacking a strong centralized government to enforce its use . Eventually GR lost ground to Pinyin and other later romanization systems . However , its influence is still evident , as several of the principles introduced by its creators have been used in romanization systems that followed it . Its pattern of tone spelling was retained in the standard spelling of the Chinese province of Shaanxi ( shǎnxī ) , which cannot be distinguished from Shanxi ( shānxī ) when written in pinyin without diacritics . = = History = = Tonal spelling , Gwoyeu Romatzyh 's most distinctive feature , was first suggested to Y.R. Chao by Lin Yutang . By 1922 Chao had already established the main principles of GR . The details of the system were developed in 1925 – 1926 by a group of five linguists , led by Chao and including Lin , under the auspices of the Preparatory Commission for the Unification of the National Language . In 1928 GR was officially adopted by the government . GR was intended to be used alongside the existing Juhin ( Zhùyīn ) phonetic symbols : hence the alternative name for GR , " Second Pattern of the National Alphabet . " Both systems were used to indicate the revised standard of pronunciation in the new official Vocabulary of National Pronunciation for Everyday Use of 1932 . The designers of GR had greater ambitions : their aim was complete reform of the script , using GR as a practical system of writing . In the 1930s two shortlived attempts were made to teach GR to railway workers and peasants in Hénán and Shāndōng provinces . Support for GR , being confined to a small number of trained linguists and Sinologists , " was distinguished more for its quality than its quantity . " During this period GR faced increasing hostility because of the complexity of its tonal spelling . Conversely , Sinologist Bernhard Karlgren criticised GR for its lack of phonetic rigour . Ultimately , like the rival ( toneless ) system Latinxua Sinwenz , GR failed to gain widespread support , principally because the " National " language was too narrowly based on Beijing speech : " a sufficiently precise and strong language norm had not yet become a reality in China " . A vestigial use of GR can be seen in the official spelling of the first syllable of Shaanxi for Shǎnxī province , to distinguish it from Shānxī province , particularly in foreign @-@ language text where the tone marks are often omitted . Some prominent Chinese have used GR to transliterate their names : for example the mathematician Shiing @-@ Shen Chern . The romanization system was changed by the government of the People 's Republic of China in 1958 to the current system used now in the country , and other foreign and international institutions , like the United Nations , the Library of Congress , the International Organization for Standardization , and is widely used to teach Mandarin Chinese to foreign students : Hanyu Pinyin . Meanwhile , in the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , GR survived until the 1970s as a pronunciation aid in monolingual dictionaries such as Gwoyeu Tsyrdean [ Guóyǔ Cídiǎn ] and Tsyrhuey [ Cíhuì ] , but was officially replaced in 1986 by a modified form known as Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II . = = Description = = Note : In this section the word " tone " is abbreviated as " T " : thus T1 stands for Tone 1 ( first tone ) , etc . To assist readers unfamiliar with GR , Pinyin equivalents have been added in brackets . = = = Basic forms ( Tone 1 ) = = = An important GR innovation , later adopted by Pinyin , was to use contrasting unvoiced / voiced pairs of consonants from Latin to represent aspirated and unaspirated sounds in Chinese . For example b and p represent / p / and / pʰ / ( p and p ‘ in Wade ) . Another distinctive feature of GR is the use of j , ch , and sh to represent two different series of sounds . When followed by i these letters correspond to the alveolo @-@ palatal sounds ( Pinyin j , q , and x ) ; otherwise they correspond to the retroflex sounds ( Pinyin zh , ch , and sh ) . Readers used to Pinyin need to pay particular attention to these spellings : for example , GR ju , jiu , and jiou correspond to Pinyin zhu , ju , and jiu respectively . GR orthography has these additional notable features : iu represents the close front rounded vowel / y / spelled ü or in many cases simply u in Pinyin . Final -y represents the [ ɨ ] allophone of i : GR shy and sy correspond to Pinyin shi and si respectively . el corresponds to Pinyin er ( -r being reserved to indicate Tone2 ) . The most important use of - ( e ) l is as a rhotacization suffix , as in ideal = i dean + - ( e ) l , " a little " ( yìdiǎnr ) . A number of frequently occurring morphemes have abbreviated spellings in GR . The commonest of these are : -g ( -ge ) , -j ( -zhe ) , -m ( -me ) , sh ( shi ) and -tz ( -zi ) . = = = Tonal modifications = = = By default , the basic GR spelling described above is used for Tone1 syllables . The basic form is then modified to indicate tones 2 , 3 and 4 . This is accomplished in one of three ways : either a vowel is changed to another vowel resembling it in sound ( i to y , for example , or u to w ) or a letter is doubled or a silent letter ( r or h ) is added after the vowel . Wherever possible the concise first method is used . The following rules of thumb cover most cases . Tone 1 ( basic form ) shiue , chuan , chang , hai , bau ( xuē , chuān , chāng , hāi , bāo ) Tone 2 : i / u → y / w ; or add -r shyue , chwan , charng , hair , baur ( xué , chuán , cháng , hái , báo ) Tone 3 : i / u → e / o ; or double vowel sheue , choan , chaang , hae , bao ( xuě , chuǎn , chǎng , hǎi , bǎo ) Tone 4 : change / double final letter ; or add -h shiueh , chuann , chanq , hay , baw ( xuè , chuàn , chàng , hài , bào ) Neutral tone : precede with a dot ( full stop ) perng.yeou , dih.fang ( péngyou , dìfang ) . Exception Syllables with an initial sonorant ( l- / m- / n- / r- ) use the basic form for T2 rather than T1 . In these syllables the ( rarer ) T1 is marked with -h- as the second letter . For example mha is T1 ( mā ) , whereas ma is T2 ( má ) . T3 and T4 are regular : maa ( mǎ ) and mah ( mà ) . = = Compounds as words = = An important principle of GR is that syllables which form words should be written together . This strikes speakers of European languages as obvious ; but in Chinese the concept of " word " is not easy to pin down . The basic unit of speech is popularly thought to be the monosyllable represented by a character ( 字 tzyh , zì ) , which in most cases represents a meaningful syllable or morpheme , a smaller unit than the " linguistic word " . Characters are written and printed with no spaces between words ; yet in practice most Chinese words consist of two @-@ syllable compounds , and it was Chao 's bold innovation in 1922 to reflect this in GR orthography by grouping the appropriate syllables together into words . This represented a radical departure from hyphenated Wade – Giles forms such as Kuo2 @-@ yü3 Lo2 @-@ ma3 @-@ tzu4 ( the Wade spelling of GR ) . = = Use in published texts = = Chao used GR in four influential works : A Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese ( in collaboration with Lien Sheng Yang ) ( 1947 ) Mandarin Primer ( 1948 ) This course was originally used in the Army Specialized Training Program at the Harvard School for Overseas Administration in 1943 – 1944 and subsequently in civilian courses . A Grammar of Spoken Chinese ( 1968a ) " Sayable " in this context means colloquial , as opposed to the vernacular Chinese ( bairhuah , Pinyin báihuà ) style often read by students . Readings in Sayable Chinese was written " to supply the advanced student of spoken Chinese with reading matter which he can actually use in his speech . " It consists of three volumes of Chinese text with facing GR romanization . They contain some lively recorded dialogues , " Fragments of an autobiography , " two plays and a translation of Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking @-@ Glass ( Tzoou daw Jinqtz lii ) . Two extracts from Tzoou daw Jinqtz lii with facing translations can be read online . In 1942 Walter Simon introduced GR to English @-@ speaking sinologists in a special pamphlet , The New Official Chinese Latin Script . Over the remainder of the 1940s he published a series of textbooks and readers , as well as a Chinese @-@ English Dictionary , all using GR . His son Harry Simon later went on to use GR in scholarly papers on Chinese linguistics . In 1960 Y.C. Liu , a colleague of Walter Simon 's at SOAS , published Fifty Chinese Stories . These selections from classical texts were presented in both classical and modern Chinese , together with GR romanizations and romanized Japanese versions prepared by Simon ( by that time Professor Emeritus of Chinese in the University of London ) . Lin Yutang 's Chinese @-@ English dictionary ( 1972 ) incorporated a number of innovative features , one of which was a simplified version of GR . Lin eliminated most of the spelling rules requiring substitution of vowels , as can be seen from his spelling Guoryuu Romatzyh , in which the regular -r is used for T2 and a doubled vowel for T3 . The first 3 issues of the Shin Tarng magazine ( which would be Xin Tang in Pinyin ; published in 1982 @-@ 1989 ) used a Simplified Romanisation ( 簡化羅馬字 Jiannhuah Rormaatzyh ) based on Gwoyeu Romatzyh ; the fourth edition , entitled Xin Talng , used Pinyin with Gwoyeu Romatzyh @-@ like tone marking . The simplified GR tone marking method is also used in Wikibooks ' Pinyin reading materials . = = Language learning = = Most learners of Chinese now start with Hanyu Pinyin , which Chao himself believed easier to learn than GR . Chao believed that the benefit of GR was to make tonal differences more salient to learners : For example , it may be easier to memorize the difference between GR Beeijing ( the city ) and beyjiing ( " background " ) than the Pinyin versions Běijīng and bèijǐng , where the tones seem to be almost an afterthought . One study conducted at the University of Oregon in 1991 – 1993 , compared the results of using Pinyin and GR in teaching elementary level Chinese to two matched groups of students , and concluded that " GR did not lead to significantly greater accuracy in tonal production . " GR continues to be used by some teachers of Chinese . In 2000 , the Princeton Chinese Primer series was published in both GR and Pinyin versions . = = Example = = Here is an extract from Y.R. Chao 's Sayable Chinese . The topic is scholarly ( " What is Sinology ? " ) , but the style colloquial . The tonal spelling markers or " clues " are again highlighted using the same colour @-@ coding scheme as above . Versions in Chinese characters , Pinyin and English are given below the GR text .
= Provenance ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Provenance " is the ninth episode of the ninth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on March 3 , 2002 . The episode was written by series creator Chris Carter and executive producer Frank Spotnitz , and directed by Kim Manners . " Provenance " helps to explore the series ' overarching mythology . The episode received a Nielsen household rating of 5 @.@ 5 and was watched by 5 @.@ 8 million households and 9 @.@ 7 million viewers . It received mixed to positive reviews from critics . The show centers on special agents of the FBI who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files ; this season focuses on the investigations of John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) . In this episode , when rubbings from the spaceship resurface the FBI hides its investigation from the X @-@ Files . Meanwhile , Scully is forced to take drastic measures when she discovers a threat to William . " Provenance " introduced the character of the Toothpick Man , played by Alan Dale . This character became the leader of the New Syndicate and worked within the FBI during the show 's ninth season . The episode makes reference to rubbings from an alien wreck , a direct continuation from the plots of the sixth season finale " Biogenesis " and the seventh season opener " The Sixth Extinction " . = = Plot = = Navajo rubbings are found in the satchel of a motorcyclist who crashed while attempting to cross the Canada – United States border . Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) is called into a meeting with Alvin Kersh ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) , Brad Follmer ( Cary Elwes ) and a few unknown men . She is shown a copy of the rubbings and is asked whether she can identify them . After the meeting , Scully explains to John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) and Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) that the rubbings are similar to ones she found on a wrecked spacecraft three years prior . Meanwhile , the motorcyclist uses an alien artifact which begins to heal the wounds from his crash . Meanwhile , in Alberta , Canada , a downed spacecraft is being excavated under the direction of Josepho , the leader of a UFO religion . At the FBI , Doggett breaks into Skinner 's office and steals the rubbings , along with an FBI personnel file belonging to Agent Robert Comer , the motorcyclist . Reyes reveals that Comer 's rubbings do not match those from Africa , suggesting the existence of a second craft . Meanwhile , Comer goes to Scully 's apartment , overpowers Margaret Scully ( Sheila Larken ) and locks himself in William 's room . Scully arrives and , after a struggle , is forced to shoot Comer when he tries to smother the baby . The mortally wounded Comer tells Scully that William " has to die " . Scully searches Comer 's jacket and discovers the artifact . Later , in Calgary , one of the cultists , the Overcoat Woman , sees a newspaper headline about Comer 's shooting ; she rushes to the dig site and informs Josepho . In Washington , Kersh admits to Scully and Doggett that Comer had gone undercover into Josepho 's cult , and reveals that Josepho is a former U.S. military officer . Kersh explains that Comer was given the assignment to investigate a series of death threats against Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) . As Reyes brings William back to Scully 's apartment , Comer 's artifact flies over William and hovers above his head . Scully , realizing something is wrong , plans to drive William to somewhere safe . At the same time , Doggett notices the Overcoat Woman watching them nearby . As Scully and Reyes drive away , Doggett confronts the woman at gunpoint , but she runs him over . Scully places William under the care of The Lone Gunmen , but they are soon ambushed by the Overcoat Woman . With Melvin Frohike ( Tom Braidwood ) and Richard Langly ( Dean Haglund ) incapacitated , the woman opens the back door of the van to find John Fitzgerald Byers ( Bruce Harwood ) holding William . The woman puts a gun to Byers ' head . = = Production = = " Provenance " was written by series creator Chris Carter and executive producer Frank Spotnitz , and directed by Kim Manners . Manners was very pleased with Anderson 's performance in the episode . He later noted , " There was something about Gillian that was very sexual . " He further elaborated , " There 's some burning within her that really comes across on screen . She really is brilliant , and she brings so much ; the camera loves her . " A large portion of the episode was based on the ancient astronaut theory ; a theory that proposes intelligent extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth in antiquity or prehistory and made contact with humans . The themes had previously been visited in the " Biogenesis " / " The Sixth Extinction " / " Amor Fati " story arc . The episode marked the first appearance of Alan Dale as the Toothpick Man , the leader of the New Syndicate who works within the FBI . An interview with Digital Spy described him as " effectively [ stepping ] into the nicotine @-@ stained chair of the departed Cigarette Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) as the head of a shady new syndicate , although he was later exposed as an alien . " Laura Leigh Hughes makes her third and final appearance as Kersh 's Assistant . She had previously appeared in the sixth season episodes " Triangle " and " Dreamland . " The scenes in Calgary were actually shot in the back of the Universal Studios lot in Los Angeles . In order to convert the Los Angeles cityscape into Calgary 's , Mat Beck created a matte of the shot ; the background buildings were then edited out . A separate shot of Calgary was superimposed in the background and the scenes were mixed . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Provenance " first premiered on the Fox network in the United States on March 3 , 2002 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 5 @.@ 5 , meaning that it was seen by 5 @.@ 5 % of the nation 's estimated households and was viewed by 5 @.@ 8 million households . " Provenance " was viewed by 9 @.@ 7 million viewers and was the 61st most watched episode of television that aired during the week ending March 3 . The episode eventually aired on BBC Two on January 12 , 2003 . " Provenance " was later included on The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 4 – Super Soldiers , a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien super soldiers arc . " Provenance " received mixed to positive reviews from television critics . Jessica Morgan from Television Without Pity awarded the episode an A – grade . John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it a 9 out of 10 . He wrote , " Overall , this was a powerfully intense episode with plenty of strong characterization and ties to former continuity . In short , this episode had something for everyone . I only hope that the next episode manages to live up to this beginning . " Jeffrey Robinson from DVD Talk concluded that " Provenance " , along with its follow @-@ up " Providence " , " does a fairly good job without including Duchovny " due to its adherence to " the series ' main storyline [ about ] the government conspiracies . " Other reviews were more negative . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode one star out of five . The two noted that Anderson was constantly playing " a mother who 's always crying , shouting or looking miserable " in the episode . They wrote that the episode 's " characters no longer make sense " and that the plot has " been so required to dance through the little conspiracy hoops that there 's no consistency any more . " Furthermore , Shearman and Pearson criticized the idea to suggest that Mulder died in the episode , due to the fact that Carter announced Duchovny would return for the season finale . M.A. Crang , in his book Denying the Truth : Revisiting The X @-@ Files after 9 / 11 , criticised the plot of the episode , saying that it " throws up many elements that we 've seen the series do better elsewhere ... in the hope that something will stick " .

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