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= Through the Rain =
" Through the Rain " is a song by American singer Mariah Carey , taken from her ninth studio album , Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) . It was written by Carey and Lionel Cole , and produced by the former and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis . The song was released as the album 's lead single on October 17 , 2002 , and a shorter version was used as the ending credits theme for a 2002 Japanese drama known as You 're Under Arrest . Classified by Carey as a ballad , it is influenced by pop and R & B music genres , and features a simple and under @-@ stated piano melody , backed by soft electronic synthesizers . " Through the Rain " was meant to be an insight into Carey personal struggles throughout 2001 , and lyrically talks about encouraging others .
The song has been well @-@ received , with many complimenting its inspirational lyrical content , and described it as an open window into Carey 's personal life for listeners . Commercially it was Carey 's lowest charting lead single to date on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and her first lead single to that point to not reach the top ten in the United States . Though stalling at number 81 , it managed to achieve higher placements in international markets , reaching the top in Spain and peaking within the top ten in Canada , the Netherlands , Italy , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom .
Carey performed " Through the Rain " live on several television and award show appearances around the world . She debuted the song at the 2002 NRJ Awards , and features it on a one @-@ hour special titled Mariah Carey : Shining Through the Rain , which aired three days later on MTV . In the United States , Carey performed the song on Today , The Oprah Winfrey Show , and American Music Awards of 2003s . Throughout Europe , Carey performed the song on The Graham Norton Show and on talent competition , Fame Academy . Additionally , " Through the Rain " was included on the set @-@ list of Carey 's Charmbracelet World Tour : An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey , which spanned throughout 2003 – 04 .
The music video , directed by Dave Meyers , was set in the late 1960s . It features a past and present story @-@ line based on Carey 's childhood , and stars J. D. Williams and Jamie @-@ Lynn Sigler as the singer 's parents . The video begins with past scenes of Carey 's mother being disowned by her family after becoming romantically involved with a black man , and finds the singer in the present walking through a heavy rainstorm in New York . The song was covered on live television by Filipino singers Regine Velasquez and Charice Pempengco .
= = Background = =
In 2000 , Carey parted from Columbia Records and signed a record @-@ breaking $ 100 million five @-@ album recording contract with Virgin Records America ( EMI Records ) . She often stated that Columbia had regarded her as a commodity , with her separation from Tommy Mottola exacerbating her relations with label executives . However , in July 2001 , Carey had suffered a physical and emotional breakdown . Due to this situation , Virgin and 20th Century Fox delayed the release of Carey 's film Glitter , as well as its soundtrack of the same name . Both the releases received negative feedback and were commercially unsuccessful . This also resulted in her deal with Virgin being bought out for $ 50 million . Soon after , Carey flew to Capri , Italy for a period of five months , in which she began writing material for her new album , stemming from all the personal experiences she had endured throughout the past year . Carey later said that her time at Virgin was " a complete and total stress @-@ fest [ ... ] I made a total snap decision which was based on money and I never make decisions based on money . I learned a big lesson from that . " Later that year , she signed a contract with Island Records , valued at more than $ 24 million , and launched the record label MonarC . To add further to Carey 's emotional burdens , her father , with whom she had little contact since childhood , died of cancer that year .
= = Release = =
Throughout the first years of her career , Carey 's musical styles mainly involved pop influenced R & B. Additionally , her image was of a reserved and modestly dressed female , or as Carey 's later described it " the 90s version of Mary Poppins " . As the 1990s wore on , Carey began featuring rappers on remixes , and began infusing hip @-@ hop into her musical palette . As her music changed , so too did her image , which became more sexual , and aimed at younger audiences than the more contemporary appeal of her earlier works . According to Michael Paoletta from Billboard , " Through the Rain " was used not only as a vehicle for listeners to become more in @-@ tune with Carey 's personal struggles , but also as a means to " re @-@ capture " her audience throughout the earlier stages of her career . A contemporary and pop ballad , he felt the song would find " much embrace " from her older fans , while her audience that grew accustomed to her hip @-@ hop flavored music would feel " lost and abandoned " . In an interview with MTV News , the song 's co @-@ producer Jimmy Jam described why Carey chose to release it as the lead single : " I think ' Through the Rain ' is a great way to start the record , because it is emotional and it kind of speaks directly to the questions people might have about the last year of her life . It 's a good idea to get that out of the way and move on to happy , less emotional songs . "
= = = Remix = = =
The song 's official remix features guest vocals from Kelly Price and Joe . The remix incorporates a more up @-@ tempo background , and differs melodically from the original . While the album 's co @-@ producer , Jimmy Jam , described it as a " star search , " Sarah Rodman from the Boston Herald felt that even though the remix was more up @-@ beat than the original , it " failed to quicken the pulse . "
= = Composition = =
" Through the Rain " is a mid @-@ tempo ballad , which is influenced by pop and R & B music genres . The song is built around a piano melody , and features a beat that is accentuated by synthesizers . Aside from its pop @-@ driven melody and structure , Jeff Vrabel of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times noted an hint of gospel towards the song 's crescendo , describing it as " lite @-@ gospel " . Vocally , " Through the Rain " finds Carey singing in a " restrained " style for the duration of most of the song , as the first verse and chorus are sung in breathy vocals . After the second chorus , the bridge is linked to the song 's climax through a long belted note . The Daily Union 's David Germain felt the song 's composition , as well as Carey 's vocal performance were " simple and reserved " , with Carey in " complete control " of her voice . " Through the Rain " was written by Carey and Lionel Cole and produced by the former and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Ltd . , " Through the Rain " is set in common time with a tempo of 64 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of A @-@ flat major but with the transposing key to B @-@ major , with Carey 's vocal range spanning from the low @-@ note of E ♭ 3 to the high @-@ note of F ♯ 5 .
Lyrically , the song features an inspirational message of inner strength , and finds Carey reaching out to listeners . The song uses a rainstorm as a metaphor for troubles in life , while encouraging others to " make it through the rain " through perseverance . The fist chorus begins : " When you get caught in the rain / With no where to run / When your distraught and in pain without anyone / When you keep crying out to be saved " , illustrating a moment in an individual 's life where they are surrounded by conflict . The chorus then serves as a guide to those still suffering , " I can make it through the rain , I can stand up once again on my own / And I know that I 'm strong enough to mend / And every time I feel afraid I hold tighter to my faith / And I live one more day and I make it through the rain " . Similarly , the second verse once again revisits difficult times when " shadows grow close " , before continuing into the second chorus and climax . While the song in meant for listeners to gain confidence and strength , it also allows them into Carey 's personal struggles she endured throughout 2001 . Lola Ogunnaike of The New York Times described the song as a " triumph over adversity " , while a writer from the Sydney Morning Herald wrote " it 's an insight into her recent troubles . " In an interview with MTV News , Carey described the song 's lyrical content in depth :
I 've always tried to insert positivity into my songs wherever I can , to inspire other people who go through stuff . I mean the stuff they talked about in tabloids and the things that were so overly exaggerated , that 's one aspect . I also went through a lot of personal stuff , a lot of family stuff this year . Losing a parent is an intense thing for anybody . It 's brought me to another place . People are going to read into it as , ' This is Mariah and her struggle ' . But the way I try to word it is , ' It 's OK once you say I can make it through the rain . ' Not just me going , ' I can make it through the rain , ' it 's me telling people that if you believe you can get through whatever you 're going through , you can get to the other side .
= = Critical reception = =
" Through the Rain " received positive reviews from music critics ; many complimented Carey 's restrained vocal performance , as well as the song 's simple instrumental accompaniment , while others criticized it for being overly @-@ dramatic . Jon Pareles of The New York Times described it as " inspirational " , and felt that due to its vagueness , the song is would be applicable to all listeners , not just Carey . The Daily Union 's David Germain commented how the song 's simple musical arrangement and Carey 's " restrained " vocal delivery aided it in becoming " modest and reserved " . Writing for Billboard , Michael Paoletta chose " Through the Rain " as a top pick from the album , as did Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine . He described it as a song that was designed as " ' Vision of Love ' meets ' Hero ' " , and wrote , " Mariah is back in the adult contemporary camp , no longer trying to prove that she 's real . " Cara DiPasquale from the Chicago Tribune called it a " powerhouse ballad " , while Entertainment Weekly 's Tom Sinclair wrote " embellished with her trademark vocal pyrotechnics , it is one of those highly personal songs about finding your way out of an emotional wilderness , but it sinks in its own sodden sentimentality " . Similarly , a writer from Newsday also described " Through the Rain " as a " powerhouse ballad " , and felt it was reminiscent of Carey 's previous single " One Sweet Day " ( 1995 ) . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Randy Lewis noted how the song was able to effectively take listeners right into Carey 's personal struggles from the previous year . Tina Brown from Newsweek felt that while Carey 's personal troubles may not have been fully solved , the song made her appear " strong and triumphant " .
= = Commercial performance = =
After premiering in the United States , " Through the Rain " managed to peak at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Though accompanied by several live promotional appearances , the song failed to garner sufficient airplay to make much of an impact on radio stations . While barely managing to crack the primary US charts , it reached number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs . While radio appeal was primarily weak throughout the United States , the song managed to sustain strong airplay throughout Asia . In Canada , " Through the Rain " peaked at number five on the singles chart , and was certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) , denoting shipments of over 50 @,@ 000 units . Throughout Australasia and Europe , the song managed to peak within the top five in several countries . In Australia , " Through the Rain " debuted at its peak position of number fifteen on the singles chart , during the week of November 14 , 2002 . The following week , the song began its decline , and had a total chart trajectory of ten weeks . On November 11 , 2002 , " Through the Rain " debuted at number forty @-@ eight on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart . The song peaked at number forty @-@ five the next week , and fell out of the chart in its eleventh week , while it was at sixty @-@ eight .
The song achieved relatively weak charting in both the Flemish and Wallonian territories in Belgium , peaking at numbers forty @-@ four and twenty @-@ nine , respectively . Making its debut at its peak position of number sixteen , " Through the Rain " charted for a total of nineteen weeks in France , before falling out on March 22 , 2003 . On the Dutch Top 40 chart , the song made its debut at number thirty @-@ two . Four weeks later , the song peaked at number nine , before dropping outside the top 40 five weeks later , ending its eleven @-@ week run . " Through the Rain " entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number thirty @-@ seven , during the week dated December 1 , 2002 . In total , the song spent three weeks at its peak position of number thirty @-@ seven , and a total of seven weeks on the chart . In both Denmark and Norway , the song saw moderate success , peaking at numbers thirteen and fifteen , and lasting on the chart for one and three weeks , respectively . On November 28 , 2002 , " Through the Rain " debuted at number twelve on the Swedish Singles Chart , and reached a peak of number seven . Though released at the end of the year , it managed to finish at number 83 on the year @-@ end chart . Similarly in Switzerland , the song peaked at number seven , and finished at number 98 on the end of year chart . On the UK Singles Chart , " Through the Rain " debuted at its peak of number eight . The following week , the song dropped to number twenty @-@ one on the chart , before dropping outside the top @-@ forty two weeks later .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
The music video , directed by Dave Meyers , was filmed on location in New York City on September 30 , and October 1 , 2002 . It is loosely based on the singer 's parents , Alfred and Patricia Carey , during the times that she was conceived . The characters are played by J. D. Williams and Jamie @-@ Lynn Sigler respectively and incorporates themes from Charmbracelet as well as from Carey 's life . In an interview with MTV News , Carey said that originally , the plot for the video wasn 't going to have anything to do with her parent 's past experiences with racism , but was changed a few days before shooting began . During the interview , she described how to plot came into reality :
Originally it wasn 't going to have anything to do with that , but people were looking through my photo albums this year . My father and I had made some photo albums together of his relatives and different people in the family . A couple people saw [ the albums ] and they were like , ' This is amazing that you have this . ' I guess everybody was like , ' How would you feel about this type of concept [ for a video ] ? ' So I guess I thought if someone 's going to do it might as well be me . The story line [ of the video ] is about an interracial couple . It 's sort of Romeo and Juliet but it 's set in the ' 60s and they 're kind of torn apart . It 's about their struggle and I 'm sort of the narrator . I don 't want to give too much away about it , but it 's nice . Something I could relate to , being the product of an interracial union , though [ my parents ] did not wind up happily ever after standing in church together .
Sigler , who was offered the role only days before filming commenced , said that she had always been a fan of Carey , and accepted the offer immediately . She described that the shoot was set in the 1960s , and that she played the singer 's mother during and after her pregnancy . Sigler described the plot : " With my character , she 's basically going against her parent 's wishes to be with this gentleman . She 's pregnant with a baby , which is Mariah , and they run away together . So it 's kind of an epic love story , it 's nice . " Carey revealed that the video would incorporate a rainstorm scene in New York City . Carey jokingly explained how she originally did not intend to get wet , but felt it added a lot to the video .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video begins with a view of a Carey 's personal family album . As the pages open , the camera zooms to one particular photograph , of her young mother facing a wall , with her back turned . As the picture comes into full view , it turns into actual footage . Her mother turns around in anguish , as her own mother begins shouting at her and calling her a disgrace to the family . This is due to the fact that she is pregnant with the child of a black man , with whom she wants to move out with . As she goes to leave the home , her mother grabs her arm and rips off a " charmbracelet " from her wrist . As she picks it up off the floor , she tells her mother she hates her and leaves in a taxi . From the clothing and scenery , it is notable that the scenes depicted are happening in the late 1960s , prior to Carey 's birth . As the song starts playing , the video focuses on Carey , walking down the street in New York City . As she continues singing and walking down the street , the camera aims to the sky , which is darkened with cloud while light starts to peer through .
While rain starts to fall , and people start to clear the streets , Carey remains walking on the pathway . The girl now reaches her destination , and is welcomed into the home of her lover . They soon board a bus , and travel to a new home where they will live together . As they are about to enter the bus , the girl 's mother is seen screaming in tears for her daughter to return to her . She hesitates , and then continues with her lover onto the transport . The scene once again focuses on Carey , who is standing in the midst of a torrential downpour , singing to the heavens . As she reaches the song 's climax , Carey , now dry and dressed in a long black gown , is shown singing at the altar of a church . As she sings at the church , scenes of the girl lighting a candle , and her lover laying together with her on a bed are shown , before focusing back on Carey . She stares at an elderly couple in the first row at the church , an inter @-@ racial couple now revealed to be her parents , and smiles while wearing her mother 's charmbracelet . The elderly woman begins crying , as her husband holds her hand as they intently stare at Carey . Their faces rejuvenate to show them as a young couple , as their photo is taken and placed into the family album from the beginning of the video .
= = Live performances = =
Following the release of " Through the Rain " , Carey embarked on several stateside , European and Asian promotional tours in support of Charmbracelet , as well as its accompanying singles . Promotion for the former song began at the 2002 NRJ Awards , where Carey appeared on stage sporting a long wavy style and wearing a long black skirt and denim blazer . Three days prior to the album 's stateside release , a one @-@ hour special titled Mariah Carey : Shining Through the Rain aired on MTV , in which Carey was interviewed and sang several songs from Charmbracelet and of her catalog . During the interview , Carey addressed rumors of her breakdown and its cause , as well as of the album and its inspiration , followed by a question and answer with fans . During the album 's month of release , Carey appeared on several television talk shows , launching her promotional tour on Today , where she performed a four song set @-@ list at Mall of America for a crowd of over 10 @,@ 000 . On December 3 , 2002 , Carey appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show , where she performed " Through the Rain " and " My Saving Grace " , and covered a highly publicized interview regarding Carey 's hospitalization . On December 4 , Carey traveled to Brazil for South American promotion of Charmbracelet , appearing on the popular Brazilian program , Fantástico . She sang " My All " , and reprised performances of " Through the Rain " and " I Only Wanted " wearing a long pink gown . On December 7 , 2002 , Carey performed " Through The Rain " in front of a crowd of 50 @,@ 000 people , at the closing concert of the Mexican Teletón , which took place in the country 's Azteca Stadium .
One month later , Carey was featured as one of the headlining performers at the 30th annual American Music Awards , held on January 13 , 2003 . Introduced by Sharon Osbourne , Carey performed " Through the Rain " alongside a complete live gospel choir , and wore a long black evening gown . During the recital , images of newspaper headlines describing Carey 's breakdown were projected on a large curtain behind her , with one reading " When you fall down , you get back up . " Following the song 's completion , Carey received a standing ovation . Towards the end of March , Charmbracelet saw release throughout Europe , prompting Carey to appear on several programs in promotion of the album . She first performed the album 's leading two singles on the British music chart show , Top of the Pops , followed by a similar set on The Graham Norton Show and Fame Academy . On the latter program , Carey was joined on stage by the show 's finalists , as they all sang the climax on " Through the Rain " alongside her . " Through the Rain " was only performed on Carey 's Charmbracelet World Tour : An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey , which spanned throughout 2003 – 04 . During the performances , Carey wore a sparkling bra and mini @-@ skirt . During most of the song , Carey performed it while sitting on a large sofa , before standing for the climax . At her concert in Manila , Rito P. Asilo from Philippine Daily Inquirer praised Carey 's live rendition of the song , describing it as one of the show 's high @-@ lights .
= = = Cover versions = = =
The song was covered by several Asian artists . In 2003 , singer Regine Velasquez performed a live rendition of " Through the Rain " as part of an intimate concert that was later broadcast on Asian television .
The song was also covered by Rachelle Ann Go in the 2004 singing competition Search for a Star as her winning song . Additionally , while promoting her debut EP in the Philippines in 2007 , Charice Pempengco sang an a cappella version of the song 's bridge and climax .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for " Through the Rain " adapted from the Charmbracelet liner notes .
Mariah Carey – songwriting , producer , vocals
Lionel Cole – songwriting
James Wright – keyboard , co @-@ producer
James Harris III – producer
Terry Lewis – producer
Steve Hodge – engineer ( vocals )
Brad Yost – engineer ( assistant ) , audio mixing
Xavier Smith – engineer ( assistant ) , audio mixing
Bob Ludwig – mastering
= = Charts = =
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= Jane Williams =
Jane Williams ( née Jane Cleveland ; 21 January 1798 – 8 November 1884 ) was a British woman best known for her association with the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley . Jane was raised in England and India , before marrying a naval officer and settling in London . She soon left him for another military officer , Edward Ellerker Williams . After Edward and she left England for Italy , they became acquainted with Percy and Mary Shelley . Though she never had a romantic relationship with Shelley , near the end of his life he became deeply infatuated with her and addressed several of his poems to her . After Shelley and Edward Williams perished in a boating accident , she lived with Thomas Jefferson Hogg , also a close friend of Shelley , and had two children with him . The rest of her life was spent as a housewife in London .
= = Early life and first marriage = =
Jane was born in Marylebone into a wealthy family who owned an extensive library . Her mother gave birth to her when she was close to forty years old . Her father , who had spent much of his life working in India , died shortly after her birth . Her mother soon gambled away much of the family fortune .
As a girl , she learned to sing and to play the harp , the guitar , and the piano . By her mid teens , Jane possessed an annual annuity of only ₤ 30 . Jane spent much of her early life around military officers . Her brother , John Wheeler Cleavland , was an officer in the British Army who eventually reached the rank of general . He was deployed to India as a young man . Jane spent part of her childhood in India . While in India , she learned Hindustani and remained proficient in the language throughout her life . She often incorporated Indian harmonies into her music .
After returning to London , she fell in love with John Edward Johnson , who was the captain of an East Indiaman . This was a potentially lucrative career , and they were married at St Pancras Old Church in 1814 . Though she could have travelled with him , Jane remained at home . They soon separated , most likely due to abuse by John . Jane later said that she suffered " irreparable injuries " while married to him .
= = Relationship with Edward Williams = =
After John Johnson left on a voyage in May 1817 Jane decided to leave him for Edward Ellerker Williams , to whom she may have been introduced by John . Williams was an Eton College graduate who had served in the Navy before becoming a lieutenant in the 8th Dragoons . Edwards had inherited enough money from his father , a military historian and descendant of Oliver Cromwell , to allow them to live comfortably . Although they never legally married , she became his common @-@ law wife and began referring to herself as Mrs. Jane Williams . Their relationship initially drew disapprobation from their families , with Jane 's brother and Edward 's stepmother reproaching them for their decisions . Jane 's brother later apologised , and declared Johnson a " vile fellow " . Edward 's stepmother , however , always resented Jane . Though long distance mail moved very slowly then , Jane and her husband exchanged angry letters shortly after she left him for Edward . When John returned to London in late 1818 , he made no attempt to force Jane to return to him , although it was his legal right to do so .
Jane and Edward decided to leave London in 1819 after listening to Edward 's friend Thomas Medwin discuss his travels of Europe . They travelled to Geneva in September 1819 and stayed in a house that Medwin had found for them . By the time they arrived , Jane was four months pregnant . In February 1820 , she gave birth to their first child , Edward Medwin Williams . That summer , Jane became pregnant again . Medwin left Geneva in September 1820 to visit his cousin , Percy Shelley , in Pisa . Jane and Edward then travelled to France for several months , before joining Medwin and the Shelleys in Pisa in January 1821 .
= = = In Italy = = =
Jane and Edward enjoyed living in Italy and immediately got along well with Percy and Mary Shelley . Medwin soon left them to travel to Rome . Their second child , Jane Rosalind , was born in March 1821 . While they lived in Pisa the Shelleys and the Williamses often dined and went for walks together . Edward and Percy Shelley soon became close friends and often went boating , though this practice made their wives nervous . Percy Shelley often read his poetry to Edward , who was very impressed by its quality . Shelley also encouraged Edward to begin writing a play himself .
That summer , both couples moved into nearby summer homes . In November , they returned to Pisa and met Lord Byron , who had recently arrived there himself . The two couples later shared a house in a remote location near Lerici , where they were visited in early 1822 by Edward John Trelawny . Though they enjoyed each other 's company , the house was small and the arrangements led to numerous conflicts between the servants of each family .
= = Shelley 's infatuation = =
In June 1822 , Mary Shelley suffered a miscarriage that left her depressed and irritable . After the conflicts this caused in her marriage , Percy Shelley developed strong feelings for Jane . He was particularly taken by her musical gifts and skill as a housewife . Shelley saw Jane as an ideal or even utopian woman , the embodiment of the qualities that he had always sought in a woman . This attraction and the close quarters in which the couples lived caused what has been described as " an extraordinary and mounting tension within the isolated household " . Though she was flattered by the attention , Jane was careful not to reciprocate openly in order to avoid arousing her husband 's suspicions . She was successful in her attempts to prevent Edward from suspecting infidelity on her part .
= = = Poetry = = =
Shelley wrote eleven poems for Jane during that time . She served as the primary inspiration for the last poems that he wrote before his death . This did not bother Edward ; he was proud that his wife inspired such poetry . Some biographers of Shelley have maintained that Shelley 's feelings for Jane were strictly platonic , although different scholars have observed themes of frustrated sexual desires in Shelley 's poetry during this period . Other critics have noted that Shelley 's poems during this period struggle to define his feelings .
Having previously been drawn to other musical women , Shelley greatly appreciated her talents . Jane could skilfully play the flute , harp , and guitar . Shelley was particularly captivated by Jane 's singing voice , to the extent that some commentators have suggested it had a hypnotic effect on him . Shelley once purchased a guitar for Jane , and commemorated the gift in the poem " With a Guitar , to Jane " . In this poem , he ascribes to her voice the ability to alter the consciousnesses of her audience . Jane kept the guitar for her entire life and played it often . Shelley also purchased her a flageolet and wanted to give her a harp , but abandoned that plan due to its expense .
Shelley attempted to disguise his feelings for her in these poems because he expected that Edward and she would read them together . In some cases , Shelley addressed the poems that were inspired by his feelings for Jane to both Edward and Jane . After writing poems in which his affections were less disguised , such as " The Serpent is shut out from Paradise " , he hinted to Edward that he did not want Jane to see the poem . Shelley also used Edward as a stand @-@ in for himself , having Edward read poems to Jane that Shelley had filled with ambiguous pronouns and innuendos . During this time , Percy Shelley concealed many of his interactions with Jane from his wife Mary . Jane later passed on the poems that Shelley had given her to Thomas Medwin and Edward John Trelawny ; Trelawny later published them .
= = Return to England = =
In July 1822 , Edward Williams and Percy Shelley drowned when their boat sank during a storm while returning to Lerici from Pisa . Shortly before their deaths , Jane dreamed of floods and on one occasion thought that she had seen Shelley 's ghost through a window . After hearing of their deaths , Jane and Mary travelled back to Pisa for the funerals of their husbands ; Williams and Shelley were cremated on consecutive days in August 1822 . After Shelley 's cremation , Jane was forced to settle a dispute between Mary Shelley and Leigh Hunt over what to do with what they believed was the unburnt heart of Percy Shelley . Though Hunt had initially taken it from Shelley 's pyre , Mary insisted that he return it to her . Though Hunt was initially unwilling to do so , Jane later convinced him that it should be returned . Mary Shelley and Jane Williams briefly settled in Albaro , before proceeding to Genoa together . There they separated in September due to Jane 's desire to quickly return to England . Jane brought Edward 's ashes with her back to England .
Upon returning to England , Jane initially stayed with her elderly mother and often visited Vincent Novello and his family . Leigh Hunt was acquainted with Novello and had provided Jane with a letter of introduction . Novello enjoyed her company due to her excellent knowledge of music . When Edward 's stepmother learned that Jane had returned , she unsuccessfully attempted to gain control of Edward 's ashes and their children .
Though she initially contemplated returning to Italy , Jane remained in England , though she described it as a " vile country " . Part of the reason she disliked England was the climate , which she blamed for her poor health upon returning to England . Though her legal husband , John Edward Johnson , lived in London as well , Jane referred to herself as a widow during that period . While Jane was in Italy , John Johnson had also told people that he was widowed in order to freely attempt to find a new wife . Soon after her return to England , Jane met Thomas Jefferson Hogg , a lawyer who had been a longtime friend of Percy Shelley , after Mary suggested that Jane consult him about Edward 's estate . Hogg had been a schoolmate and a close friend of Percy Shelley , and was drawn to Jane immediately upon her return from Italy . Hogg immediately began pursuing her and in early 1823 they began regularly spending time together . In March 1823 , Jane moved out of her mother 's home into a home of her own due to renovations at her mother 's house . This allowed Hogg to visit her more freely . In the summer and early autumn of 1823 , however , Hogg left for northern England on business .
After Mary returned to England in 1823 , Jane and Mary initially remained close friends and lived together in Kentish Town . During that time , Jane helped introduce Mary into society .
= = Relationship with Hogg = =
Hogg 's father died in late 1823 . This removed one of the potential obstacles to him openly living with Jane , the possibility of his father disinheriting him . Jane was initially hesitant to pursue a relationship with Hogg , however . As a condition of her acceptance , she insisted that he qualify by taking a tour of Europe . He left England in August 1825 and returned nine months later . She moved into his house in April 1827 , and shortly after became pregnant . Few people in London knew that they were not married , with the exception of Hogg 's family and their close friends . Mary Shelley was particularly approving of their union .
In November 1827 , Jane gave birth to Mary Prudentia Hogg after a difficult pregnancy . Mary Prudentia only lived 18 months , however , dying in May 1829 . During Jane 's pregnancy , Mary Shelley learned that Jane had spoken openly of Percy Shelley 's attraction to her and coolness towards Mary late in his life . These revelations significantly hurt Mary 's feelings . Their friendship survived , however , and Mary Shelley was selected as the godmother of Jane 's daughter Prudentia Sarah Jefferson Hogg in 1836 .
Jane 's legal husband , who was still living in London , attempted to blackmail her in 1838 by publishing the details of her marital status in Barnard Gregory 's The Satirist . Johnson published the notice after learning that she was living with a Mr. Hogg . He was mistaken as to the identity of her lover , however , and attempted to blackmail James Hogg , a Member of Parliament for Beverly . After James Hogg prepared to bring a libel suit , Johnson quickly disappeared . Although one journalist initially planned to publish the correct identities of the parties involved , at Mary Shelley 's request Leigh Hunt convinced him not to publish the story . Johnson died in Hammersmith in 1840 , ensuring an end to the matter . Though they were now free to marry , Jane and Thomas declined to marry in order not to draw attention to the fact that they had been unmarried for so long .
When Jane Rosalind and Henry , Leigh Hunt 's son , became romantically involved , Jane strongly disapproved of the relationship . She sent Jane Rosalind to live with her old friend Claire Clairmont in France in an attempt to thwart the match . Clairmont , however , took Jane Rosalind 's side and sent her back to England to be with Henry . Jane then relented and allowed them to marry , which they did in 1842 . Jane 's disapproval of the match caused serious offence to Leigh Hunt and his family .
After Hogg 's father died , he had to opportunity to move into his family home north of London . Although he initially considered doing so , he chose to stay in London due to the expense that maintaining a large home would involve . Jane also enjoyed living in London , she visited with friends and often gardened with her husband in his later years . The family led a quiet and stable life together , though at times their finances were strained .
= = Widowhood = =
Thomas Jefferson Hogg died in 1862 . Though the bulk of Hogg 's estate was left to their daughter Prudentia , Jane was provided for in the will as well .
Though Jane never used her connection with Shelley to gain any publicity , she did entertain prominent admirers and biographers of Shelley , including George Eliot and William Michael Rossetti . In the years before Hogg 's death , a nephew of Jane 's , one of John Cleveland 's seven children , came to live with them after leaving the military due to an illness . Jane and her nephew , Harry Cleveland , became close friends and he began to run her household as she grew older . In her later years , Jane often read novels , played the piano , and spent time with Harry 's daughter and her grandchildren .
She lived a long life , and in her later years often wrote on census forms that she was born later than she actually was . Shortly before she died in 1884 , she suffered a stroke that left her deaf and bedridden . After her death , she was buried along with the ashes of Edward Williams next to Thomas Jefferson Hogg in Kensal Green Cemetery .
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= Sand Point and Middle Hope =
Sand Point in Somerset , England , is the peninsula stretching out from Middle Hope , an 84 @.@ 1 @-@ hectare ( 208 @-@ acre ) biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest . It lies to the north of the village of Kewstoke , and the stretch of coastline called Sand Bay north of the town of Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . On a clear day it commands views over Flat Holm , of the Bristol Channel , South Wales , Clevedon , the Second Severn Crossing and the Severn Bridge . A line drawn between Sand Point and Lavernock Point in South Wales marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary and the start of the Bristol Channel .
Middle Hope is a sequence of carboniferous limestone with unusual geological features including a Pleistocene @-@ aged fossil cliff and as a result has been designated as a regionally important geological site . The underlying geology and soil types support scarce plants such as the smallflower buttercup , honewort , Cheddar pink and Somerset hair grass . Human use of the sites is shown by a bowl barrow and disc barrow from late Neolithic or Bronze Age and the site of a likely motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle . Woodspring Priory , a former Augustinian priory which was founded in the early 13th century , sits just inland of the rocky promontory . The priory and surrounding land is owned by the National Trust and is a popular place for walking .
= = Geology = =
At Middle Hope a sequence of carboniferous limestone is exposed , which includes thick volcanic tuffs and lavas , demonstrating Tournaisian carbonate sections . The site contains a Pleistocene @-@ aged fossil cliff and shore platform . These features have led to the designation of Middle Hope as a regionally important geological site ( RIGS ) .
The raised beach of wave @-@ cut platforms has been created by changes in sea level of the Bristol Channel since the Quaternary period . The arrangement of volcanic and sedimentary rocks , including the Black Rock Limestone , illustrates the events of 350 million years ago . The strata have been tilted and compressed during the variscan orogeny .
= = Flora = =
Among scarce plants found on Sand Point are smallflower buttercup , and honewort . The range of soils at the site support various flora and fauna . The calcareous grassland is dominated by Festuca species and Dactylis glomerata , while the scrub towards the west of the site is dominated by hawthorn ( Crataegus monogyna ) and blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa ) , while that to the east consists of common gorse ( Ulex europaeus ) and bramble ( Rubus fruticosus agg ) . Less common plants include the cheddar pink ( Dianthus gratianopolitanus ) and Somerset hair grass ( Koeleria vallesiana ) .
= = History = =
Evidence of early human occupation if provided by a bowl barrow and disc barrow from the late Neolithic or Bronze Age have been identified on the higher ground . The bowl barrow is 10 metres ( 33 ft ) in diameter and approximately 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 ft 8 in ) high . Slightly west of the bowl barrow is a disc barrow surrounded by a bank and ditch which enclose an area about 8 metres ( 26 ft ) across . These are situated at the highest point where the Ordnance Survey have constructed a triangulation station .
A motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle may have been constructed after the Norman Conquest . The site is known as Castle Mound or Castle Batch and can be seen as a 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) high mound which is approximately 30 metres ( 98 ft ) in diameter and marked by a ditch on the landward eastern edge . The mound was damaged by the construction of a building during World War II . The medieval date for the construction is in doubt with some sources suggesting that the mound may have been a watchtower constructed in the 16th century . The walls of the sheep fold were built by prisoners from the Napoleonic Wars . Hope Cove on the northern coast had a reputation for smuggling as it was " well away from the men of HM Customs and Excise " .
Woodspring Priory was an Augustinian priory . It was founded by William de Courtney , in the early 13th century , and dedicated to Thomas Becket . The small community built a church and monastic lodgings during the next hundred years . They were Victorine Canons who were influenced by the Cistercians emphasis on manual labour and self @-@ sufficiency . As a result , the clerks who had taken holy orders worked on the farm , as well as providing clergy for surrounding churches . Despite endowments of land the priory was not wealthy until the 15th century when further building work , including the current priory church , infirmary and barn was undertaken . It was dissolved in 1536 and then owned by local noblemen and leased to local farmers . In 1969 the priory was taken over by the Landmark Trust who spent 20 years on restoration work , and since the 1990s have rented out the farmhouse as holiday accommodation . The surviving buildings include the priory church , which was a 15th @-@ century replacement for the earlier 13th century structure , infirmary , barn and 16th century prior 's lodging which was converted into a farmhouse . The whole site was arranged around a central cloister from which only the east wall and west wall of the chapter house remain , the sacristy , refectory , chapter house , lady chapel and parlour having been demolished .
Because of the biological and geological interest the site was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1952 . In 1968 the priory and adjoining land of Middle Hope was purchased by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty as part of Project Neptune .
During World War II weapons were tested at Sand Point , in association with the base at Birnbeck Pier which was commissioned as " HMS Birnbeck " by the Admiralty as part of the Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development ( DMWD ) for research into new weapons . To support this buildings were constructed at St Thomas Head , east of Middle Hope . Some of these have since been removed and the site is now used by QinetiQ as an explosives and shock test facility .
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= Drakengard 3 =
Drakengard 3 is an action role @-@ playing game developed by Access Games and published by Square Enix exclusively for the PlayStation 3 . The game was released in December 2013 in Japan and in May 2014 in North America and Europe . It is the third game in the Drakengard series and a prequel to the original game . The game , like the rest of the series , features a mixture of ground @-@ based hack @-@ and @-@ slash combat and aerial battles . The story focuses on Zero , a woman who can manipulate magic through song . Partnering with a dragon named Mikhail , Zero set out to kill her five sisters , who rule the world 's regions . As she travels , the player discovers the true reason behind Zero 's rampage .
The game , created to cater for hardcore role @-@ playing game audiences , was developed by the same team who created the original Drakengard and series spin @-@ off Nier , including producer Takamasa Shiba , director Taro Yoko and writer Sawako Natori . The music was composed by Keiichi Okabe , who also scored Nier . Unlike previous titles in the series , the team developed the game at Access Games , due to the company 's experience at developing action titles and the team 's wish to address criticisms laid at the gameplay of previous Drakengard games . Drakengard 3 received mixed to positive reviews and sales in Japan and mixed reviews in the west . The ground @-@ based gameplay and story were generally praised , while common criticisms included the dragon gameplay , graphics and multiple technical issues .
= = Gameplay = =
Drakengard 3 features hack @-@ and @-@ slash gameplay and aerial combat on a dragon , as with previous entries in the series . The player controls the main protagonist Zero during the entire campaign and for most levels is accompanied by up to two AI @-@ controlled companions . In ground @-@ based combat , Zero performs multiple attacks on various enemies . These can be combined into combos , which fill up Zero 's Tension Gauge . When the gauge is filled to any degree , Zero can temporarily enter Intoner Mode , a hyperactive state which enables her to move quickly and deal high damage to enemies while also making her immune to attack . As Zero levels up , weapons grow more powerful and Zero gains access to multiple weapon types as the game progresses . Each weapon type produces a different set of attacking moves . Unlike previous titles in the series , the player does not have to pause the games to switch weapons , instead being able to do it at any time without pausing .
Zero can switch between four weapon types : swords , spears , combat bracers and chakrams . Each weapon has a four @-@ level cap and can be leveled up either through combat or by spending money acquired during levels . Each weapon has different effects depending on enemy @-@ type and combat situation , with spears being useful against heavily @-@ armored or shielded enemies and swords being a default weapon . While exploring levels , Zero can collect items from chests and fallen enemies which earn money for buying potions , as well as buying and leveling weapons . Zero can also complete sidequests as the player progresses through the game : these sidequests place within areas of normal levels and limitations on the player 's abilities . The player 's performance during them earns special items and the number of items you earn increases with the number of enemies killed .
For aerial combat , Zero mounts her dragon Mikhail . The two main types of aerial combat are rail shooter @-@ style missions and free @-@ roaming combat which enables both aerial and ground @-@ based combat . Mikhail has multiple attack types at his disposal : while on the ground , after Zero has mounted , the dragon can perform a sweeping attack using his wings and snap at them . During combat in the air , Mikhail can breathe fire down onto the ground and at airborne enemies . Mikhail is fully controllable while in the air , flying through the environment and being able to evade enemy fire . Mikhail 's main attack , breathing fire , features a lock @-@ on feature which can take in multiple enemies . Mikhail can also enter Intoner Mode while Zero is mounted , which magnifies the amount of damage he can deal . During ground @-@ based missions , Zero can also call in Mikhail to deal damage to enemy units .
= = Story = =
= = = Setting and characters = = =
Drakengard 3 takes place roughly one hundred years before the events of Drakengard , acting as a prequel to the first two games in the series . Despite being a prequel , Drakengard 3 mostly follows separate timelines unrelated to the events of Drakengard . In earlier times , the land was ravaged by conflict between warlords . At the height of the carnage , five mysterious figures called Intoners appeared and using their ability to utilize magic through song , defeated the warlords and ended the conflict . Due to this , they become worshiped as deities and became rulers of various regions of the land . An unspecified time later , in the game 's present , the strongest Intoner , One , wishes to unite the five once again and bring stability to the land . The source of the Intoners ' power is an evil flower that saved Zero from death to use her as an instrument for mankind 's destruction . Zero was its original host and she now wishes to destroy all those affected by its power , herself and ' sisters ' spawned when Zero attempted suicide and ensure the safety of the world .
The player controls Zero ( ゼロ , Zero ) , the main protagonist and antihero , considered a traitor by the Intoners and their followers because of her mission to kill them . Aiding her on her quest is the dragon Mikhail ( ミハイル , Mihairu ) , who aids her and is her mount in aerial battle . The other five Intoners are : One ( ワン , Wan ) , the current ruler of the Intoners ; Two ( トウ , Tou ) , the more cheerful member of the group and ruler of the Country of Sand ; Three ( スリイ , Surii ) , ruler of the Country of Forest and an obsessive over dolls ; Four ( フォウ , Fou ) , ruler of the Country of Mountain and the only virgin of the group ; and Five ( ファイブ , Faibu ) , ruler of the Country of Sea and a woman consumed by greed for everything . Traveling with Zero on her quest are the disciples , a group who formerly served the Intoners and accompany Zero after their original mistresses are killed . They include : Cent ( セント , Sento ) , a dumb and overconfident man , as well as the lover of the Intoner Two ; Octa ( オクタ , Okuta ) , an old and cunning man obsessed with sex ; Decadus ( デカート , Decāto ) a gentlemanly warrior with a masochistic streak ; and Dito ( ディト , Dito ) , a sadistic young man . Each of the disciples helps the Intoner summon angels and daemons into battle . The game is narrated to the player by Accord ( アコール , Akōru ) , an android created by the " old world " to monitor and document all timelines .
= = = Plot = = =
Zero and her dragon Michael slaughter their way into the Cathedral City , the center of power for the Intoners . Zero 's attempt to kill them directly ends disastrously : she and Michael are gravely wounded by One 's own dragon , Gabriel . A year later , Zero and her dragon , now a childlike reincarnation named Mikhail , set off to try killing the Intoners again . They first travel to the Land of Seas to face Five : during the fight , Five is killed by her disciple Dito , whom Zero takes into her service . The group then journey to the Land of Mountains and face Four : after Four 's death , Zero recruits Decadus . They then proceed to the Land of Forests . There , Three 's disciple Octa attempts to betray his mistress , but she forces him to help her fight Zero . She is killed by Mikhail , who is then attacked and captured by daemons summoned by Two and Cent . Zero pursues them to the Land of Sand , freeing Mikhail from captivity and facing the two . Mikhail kills Two and Cent joins Zero . The group then fight their way into the Cathedral City , where Zero transforms the Disciples into their true dove forms , freeing them from their service to her . During her battle with One , Mikhail dies wounding Gabriel , allowing a distraught Zero to finish off Gabriel and One . Zero is then killed by a male clone of One , who decides to create a new religious order in memory of his " sister " .
After this , Accord tells of three alternate series of events or " branches " , caused by a group of singularities ( Zero , her sisters , and the disciples ) coming together . In the second branch , while in the Land of Forests and having already recruited Cent , Zero finds the surviving sisters being driven insane by the power of the flower : Three dies of unknown causes , causing her soldiers to go mad . Eventually , the group find One has been killed by a deranged Two . Brought back under her influence , Cent turns on the group , killing Octa and Dito . Two and Decadus kill each other , while Zero kills Cent : before dying , Two and Cent summon their angel Raphael , which poisons Mikhail before being killed . In order to save Mikhail , Zero activates the flower 's power and forms a " pact " , resurrecting him . In the third branch , after rescuing Mikhail from Two 's stronghold , the dragon is devolved back to his child form by Two 's powers . Upon arrival in the Cathedral City , the group faces Two , who destroys the four disciples when they kill her . Zero then faces One , who reveals that she knows the true nature of the Intoners and reveals the reason behind Zero 's partnership with Mikhail : once the other Intoners were dead , Mikhail was to kill Zero , destroying the flower 's power . Gabriel and Mikhail kill each other and Zero and One engage in an enraged battle . After killing One , Zero , still in shock from Mikhail 's death , sets off to try to find another dragon who can kill her . It is implied in Accord 's closing report that she fails .
In the fourth and final branch of Zero 's set of timelines , as she proceeds on her quest , she encounters each of her sisters possessed by the flower 's power , as well as interacting directly with Accord . In each battle with the sisters , the Disciples summon their angels and transform into doves until only Octa remains . In the Cathedral City , Zero and Octa face off against One while Mikhail challenges Gabriel . Octa sacrifices himself to restrain One . Finally , Accord decides to intervene and sacrifices herself so Zero can kill One , which in turn kills Gabriel . Upon absorbing the power of all five Intoners , Zero transforms into a stone monster and goes with Mikhail to another realm , where they engage in a rhythm game @-@ style battle . Upon winning , Mikhail destroys the monster and Accord 's voice declares that the flower 's evil has been sealed away , although there is still the possibility of it reappearing in another time and place . She also suspects that Zero might have survived . In a post @-@ credits scene , a new version of Accord replaces the one destroyed by Zero and many others join her in helping record world events . As they disperse , the new Accord speaks to the player , hoping to see them again and thanking them for playing , before the screen goes black .
= = Development = =
Drakengard 3 was conceived when Takamasa Shiba and Taro Yoko , the respective producer and director of the original game , met up years after Cavia , the company where they created the series , was absorbed into AQ Interactive . The two resurrected early plans to create a third entry in the series . As part of the brainstorming process , the company used fan questionnaires , from which the team learned that many wanted a dark story similar to Nier for the next entry in the series . Speaking about the creation of the game , Shiba said that Drakengard 3 was made partly because the company was making fewer single @-@ player RPG console games and he wished to capture the atmosphere of earlier days . Alongside that was Shiba 's ambition to show that the RPG fanbase was now a mainstream community that wanted a more hardcore gaming experience . The game was developed by Access Games , who were noted for the survival horror Deadly Premonition . Shiba noted that the company was " just really good at creating action games " , which would enable the team to address criticisms laid at the previous games in the series for their poor combat while still being able to craft a story true to the Drakengard series . By the time the game was unveiled in early 2013 , it was 60 % complete , and Yoko commented " It 's not Drakengard or Nier . If you 're expecting that , you 'll be disappointed . "
= = = World design = = =
Kimihiko Fujisaka , character designer for the previous entries in the series , reprised his role . In designing the characters , Fujisaka used the previous two games ' " Medieval Europe " inspiration for the enemies , while leaning towards more modern designs for the main characters . In addition to Fujisaka , actor Shinnosuke Ikehata , who had voiced key characters in previous games in the series , returned to do voice work , and writer Sawako Natori , who had worked on Drakengard , Drakengard 2 and Nier , returned to write the scenario with Yoko . The story was written to have " a good balance of darkness and humor " , according to Shiba : he said that there was " actually a good bit of [ darkness ] , in the in @-@ game dialogue for example . " The team did not want to turn it into a completely dark story , instead still having scenes that people could laugh at . Yoko did not want the emotions of the various characters to fall into simple stereotypes , or for there to be a simplistic take on the situation . He also wanted to create a strange " abnormal " picture for the players : the cited instance was the contrast between the fear and terror displayed by enemy soldiers and the often vulgar dialogue between Zero and her companions . He also stated that he went through a large part of the game 's development " half @-@ laughing " .
During the story development process , the team decided upon a female protagonist as the game 's lead , in contrast to the previous games which had featured male protagonists , along with a large number of other female characters : this was primarily because all other proposals had been rejected or scrapped . Many aspects of Zero 's design and abilities were intended to evoke the game 's gritty atmosphere , while the flower growing from her eye was almost cut when Shiba thought it would be too much of a risk for the series when coupled with the character 's gender . A couple of Yoko 's ideas that were cut out or rejected during development included a fully contemporary setting with a school @-@ girl protagonist , and calling the game Drakengard 4 instead of Drakengard 3 , with the story revolving around searching for the missing installment in the series . Yoko , Natori and supplementary writer Emi Nagashima were jointly responsible for creating the disciples ' personalities . Yoko wanted Nagashima to write Cent to be as much of an idiot as possible , while she received some negative feedback for her portrayal of Decadus despite her best efforts . Octa was the character Natori and Nagashima best understood , though Nagashima found it difficult writing his novella . While writing Mikhail 's dialogue , Natori was asked by Yoko to embody the good qualities of animals and children in him . Instead of being realistic , Natori borrowed elements from other fiction to create his personality , finding him the most fun to write . The dialogue between Zero and her disciples was written by Yoko to contrast in content with the violent combat . Elements of fourth @-@ wall breaking were included in the game , such as some of Zero 's dialogue or Accord 's actions during the final ending : this both acted as a callback to Drakengard , and to suggest that the real world was simply another branch of the Drakengard universe .
Fujisaka 's design for Zero was the first to be approved by Yoko . The other Intoners were designed fairly quickly after that : Yoko told Fujisaka to " think Puella Magi Madoka Magica " when designing them . Each character had different design themes : for example , Five 's was nudity and knitwear , Four 's was her being a female captain , and Two 's were underwear and " lolita " . Three was meant to have bangs covering her face and multiple hairpins , but this was dropped . The characters ' number @-@ based names and differing eye colors were meant to help players identify them , while aspects of Zero 's design were incorporated into the other Intoners to emphasize their connections . The Apostles were designed and approved quickly as they were not a high priority . They were designed around prime male archetypes : Cent , originally the group 's sadist , was the " pretty boy " , Octa was the " old man " , Decadus was the " middle @-@ aged man " , and Dito was the " little boy " .
= = = Music = = =
The game 's music was composed by Keiichi Okabe , who also created the score for Nier . Okabe wished to match the work of Nobuyoshi Sano , finding creating it a new experience . He was also requested by Yoko not to follow the musical route of either Drakengard or Nier and was inspired by the games theme of " the sense of contrast " . One of the game 's theme songs , " Kuroi Uta " ( クロイウタ , Black Song ) , was sung by Eir Aoi , a singer native to Hokkaido who was a self @-@ confessed fan of the Drakengard series . Her liking of the series was the reason Shiba selected her to perform the theme song . The lyrics were written by Kikuchi Hana , one of Nier 's scenario writers . The game 's second theme song , " This Silence Is Mine " , used in the game 's Tokyo Game Show trailer , was specially written and sung by Onitsuka Chihiro . Drag @-@ on Dragoon 3 Original Soundtrack was released on January 21 , 2014 under the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10414 ~ 5 . The theme songs were released both as part of the soundtrack and as singles .
= = Release and merchandise = =
Drakengard 3 received few gameplay previews and was promoted in the form of novellas : this was because Shiba wished for the game 's story to be a mystery for players . The game was originally meant to be released in October 2013 in Japan , but was pushed back to December due to Square Enix wanting to improve the overall quality of the game and ensure it met fan expectation . While it received a physical and digital release in Japan and North America , Drakengard 3 was released in digital format only in Europe . It was also localized into Chinese with the assistance of Sony Computer Entertainment Japan Asia , in an attempt to actively tap into the Chinese @-@ speaking market . The collector 's edition released in Japan also included an outfit inspired by Kainé , the female protagonist of Nier . A limited collector 's edition was also released in North America , Europe and Australia through Square Enix . It contained a prequel novel concerning the game 's main characters , a scenario involving One , and DLC for both Japanese voice acting and a costume for Zero inspired by the first game 's protagonist .
Alongside the game , there were also two manga released in Japan written by Emi Nagashima under her pen name Jun Eishima : Drag @-@ On Dragoon : Utahime Five , a prequel focusing on the other Intoners , and Drag @-@ On Dragoon : Shi ni Itaru Aka , which acts as the game 's sequel . Both manga were created and written with Yoko 's supervision . The game was complemented with multiple DLC packs : they included multiple character outfits for Zero inspired by previous series protagonists , cosmetic adornments for Mikhail , and six prequel chapters detailing past events in the lives of both Zero and her sisters . This DLC was later released in the west along with alternate music for Zero 's Intoner Mode sequences . ASCII Media Works also published a complete guide to the game , which included guides to the series history and a novella following on from Shi ni Itaru Aka which retold the events of Drakengard . A novel , Drag @-@ on Dragoon 3 Side Story , was released on 28 August 2014 . The novel detailed a fifth series of events connecting the narratives of Drakengard 3 and Drakengard , as none of the game 's endings did so .
= = Reception = =
During its first week on sale in Japan , Drakengard 3 sold 114 @,@ 024 copies , coming fourth in Japanese sale charts and reached 125 @,@ 500 units by the end of the year . Total physical sales in Japan as of May 2014 have reached 150 @,@ 866 units . It reached 79th place on Famitsu 's list of 100 best @-@ settling titles of the year , while it reached 62nd place Dengeki Online 's list . Drakengard 3 received a 34 / 40 from Famitsu , with the four reviewers giving it scores of 9 , 9 , 8 and 8 . The game received " average " reviews , according to Western video game review aggregator Metacritic . Anime News Network 's Todd Ciolek named Drakengard 3 Game of the Year in 2014 .
The story received mixed reviews . Dengeki PlayStation called it the best story of the Drakengard series , while Famitsu was generally positive about the world and characters , praising the character dialogue . Destructoid 's Chris Carter stated that the story compelled him to " truck forward and figure it all out for [ himself ] " , while he found the dialogue between the characters funny and their relationships entertaining . Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace was less enthusiastic , saying that while there were a few interesting scenes , " the narrative and characters make a lot of missteps . " IGN 's Meghan Sullivan criticized the story for being too slow and too reliant on foreknowledge of the previous games , while calling the main characters " poorly written " . Gamespot 's Heidi Kemps generally praised the story , especially the ways it poked fun at the genre and focus on the many paths the game took players down , while GamesRadar 's Becky Cunningham called the story " the main reason to play [ the game ] , especially as it approaches medieval fantasy with dark comedy instead of straight @-@ laced tropes . " Eurogamer 's Chris Schilling said that the game played out " like a jet @-@ black comedy " , calling its narrative far colder than that of Nier , while praising Zero 's characterization .
In contrast to previous titles in the series , the gameplay received praise . Dengeki praised the redesigned battle system , citing the ability to switch weapons instantly as its best feature . Famitsu was also positive , despite it not having many distinguishing features to separate it from other video games in the genre . Sullivan praised the ground aspect of gameplay , especially Zero 's Intoner Mode , but criticized the dragon gameplay as awkward and exacerbated by the poor control layout . Cunningham said that the combat will " keep [ players ] on [ their ] toes " , praising the balance between character and enemy power and the weapon switching ability , but being more mixed about the dragon gameplay . Carter called the action gameplay his " favorite part " , referring to it as a faster and smoother version of combat from the Dynasty Warriors series , while Kemps found it generally satisfactory despite its simplicity , while citing the dragon sections as " a welcome , if not always particularly well @-@ designed , break from stabbing troops directly . " Wallace was positive about many aspects of the system , but stated that it got bogged down by the level design and predictable enemy movements . Schilling enjoyed the ground @-@ based gameplay despite its simplicity , comparing it to " a cross between [ DmC : Devil May Cry ] and Dynasty Warriors " , but cited the dragon gameplay as far less enjoyable . Poor AI for Zero 's companions and dragon drew criticism .
The graphics and level design were generally criticized . Cunningham called the environments " very bland " when compared to the narrative , while Wallace generally criticized the in @-@ game level and character design , though cited the cinematic cutscenes as an improvement . In contrast , Carter praised the character design and called the other visuals " absolutely beautiful " . Sullivan was generally negative , citing the level design and narrow color palate as part of her critique , and comparing the graphics to a game from the PlayStation 2 era . Schilling generally faulted the game for its textures , graphics and character design , despite noting the developers ' attempts to lampoon gaming conventions . Technical issues such as frequent frame rate drops , an erratic camera and screen tearing were cited as general faults with the game .
= = = Game quotes = = =
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= Slipknot ( band ) =
Slipknot is an American heavy metal band from Des Moines , Iowa . The band was founded in September 1995 by percussionist Shawn Crahan and bassist Paul Gray . After several lineup changes in its early years , the band settled on nine members for more than a decade : Corey Taylor , Mick Thomson , Jim Root , Paul Gray , Craig Jones , Sid Wilson , Shawn Crahan , Chris Fehn and Joey Jordison . Gray died on May 24 , 2010 , and was replaced from 2011 – 14 by former guitarist Donnie Steele . Jordison left the band on December 12 , 2013 . Steele left during the recording sessions for .5 : The Gray Chapter because he wanted to focus on his marriage . The band is now touring with replacement musicians Alessandro Venturella on bass and Jay Weinberg on drums . After the departure of Jordison , as of December 2015 the only founding member in the current lineup is percussionist Shawn Crahan ; the other remaining members of Slipknot have been members since the release of the band 's 1999 eponymous debut .
Slipknot is well known for its attention @-@ grabbing image , aggressive style of music , and energetic and chaotic live shows . The band rapidly rose to success following the release of their eponymous debut album in 1999 . The 2001 follow @-@ up album , Iowa , made the band more popular . After a brief hiatus , Slipknot returned in 2004 with Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) , before going on another hiatus and returning in 2008 with its fourth album , All Hope Is Gone , which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart . After another long hiatus , Slipknot released its fifth studio album , .5 : The Gray Chapter , in 2014 . The band has released a live album titled 9 @.@ 0 : Live , a compilation album titled Antennas to Hell , and four live DVDs . In 2015 , Slipknot headlined the Download Festival in the UK for the third time .
= = History = =
= = = Early days = = =
In the years before Slipknot formed , a state of shifting band membership existed throughout the metal scene in Des Moines , Iowa . In 1991 , the biggest metal band in Des Moines was Atomic Opera , with Jim Root on guitar . Drummer Joey Jordison founded a thrash metal band called Modifidious , playing at a club called Runway . Modifidious opened for Atomic Opera on December 1 , 1991 , at the Runway , after which their guitarist left for the more successful Atomic Opera . Jordison replaced him with local guitarist Craig Jones . Drummer Shawn Crahan formed another Des Moines band called Heads on the Wall , playing funk metal cover songs at clubs and releasing a demo tape in July 1992 . A fourth Des Moines band called Vexx played death metal with Anders Colsefni on drums , Paul Gray on bass , and Josh Brainard on guitar and vocals . Colsefni later took over vocal duties , but Vexx never recorded . During this time , Crahan often went to the Runway on Sundays when the club opened to all ages , where he met other young musicians with whom he could jam . By March 1993 , Crahan was jamming with vocalist Colsefni , bassist Gray and guitarist Pat Neuwirth , writing and playing songs in Gray 's basement , discussing possible band names such as Pull My Finger , but never making a final decision . One of the songs they recorded was titled " Slipknot " ; another was titled " Painface " , which Colsefni later used to name his band Painface .
In 1993 , a new band called Inveigh Catharsis formed in Des Moines , with Gray on bass , Brainard on guitar and Colsefni on drums . Jordison jammed occasionally with this group . Brainard eventually left to join Jordison and Jones in Modifidious , participating in demo recordings at the end of ' 93 and early in ' 94 . During 1994 Modifidious sometimes played the same shows as Crahan 's Heads on the Wall band . Gray formed a death metal band called Body Pit , soon becoming popular in the local scene . Modifidious stopped playing in the wake of death metal 's increasing pull . Gray failed to get Jordison to join Body Pit , but soon after he recruited local guitar teacher Mick Thomson , the band broke up .
In September 1995 , Crahan and Gray started a band named the Pale Ones . The lineup was made up of friends who met through the local music scene , including vocalist Colsefni and guitarist Donnie Steele . Not long after their inception , Gray invited Jordison to a rehearsal because the band was interested in experimenting with additional drum elements . Jordison subsequently joined the band as their main drummer , moving Crahan to custom percussion . Furthermore , Colsefni also took up custom percussion while remaining the band 's vocalist . The band then decided to invite Brainard as their second guitarist , bringing their lineup to six members . On December 4 , the band made their live debut ; playing a benefit show using the name Meld .
Much of the band 's early development was retrospectively attributed to late @-@ night planning sessions between Gray , Crahan and Jordison at a Sinclair gas station where Jordison worked nights . It was there , in late 1995 , that Jordison suggested changing the band name to Slipknot after their song of the same name . In December , Slipknot began recording material at SR Audio , a studio in the band 's hometown . Without a recording budget , the band was forced to self @-@ finance the project , the costs of which came to an estimated $ 40 @,@ 000 . In February 1996 , guitarist Donnie Steele decided to leave Slipknot due to his Christian beliefs . When questioned in 1999 about Steele 's departure , Jordison explained : " We were prepared to keep him on , but he didn 't want to stay . " During the mixing stages of their project at SR Audio , Craig Jones was recruited as Steele 's replacement on guitar . However , throughout their time in the studio , the band were adding samples to their recordings but could not produce these sounds live . Subsequently , Jones became the band 's sampler and Mick Thomson was brought in as the replacement guitarist . After a complicated time with mixing and mastering , the band self @-@ released Mate . Feed . Kill . Repeat. on Halloween , October 31 , 1996 .
Distribution for the demo was initially left to the band and their producer Sean McMahon , before it was handed over to the distribution company Ismist in early 1997 . Slipknot received a small amount of airplay on local radio stations off the back of the demo . However , it did not lead to any kind of interest from record labels , so the band returned to the studio to develop new material . It was at this time that the band sought more melodic vocals for their music . As a result , Corey Taylor was recruited from fellow Des Moines band Stone Sour ; this moved Colsefni to backing vocals and percussion . While working in the studio , Slipknot continued to do local shows , during one of which in September 1997 , Colsefni announced on stage that he was leaving the band . The gap on percussion was filled by Greg Welts , who was affectionately known as " Cuddles . " In early 1998 , Slipknot produced a second demo featuring five tracks exclusively for record labels . The band began to receive a lot of attention from record labels , and in February 1998 , producer Ross Robinson offered to produce their debut album after attending rehearsals in Des Moines . Soon after , DJ Sid Wilson was recruited as the band 's ninth member after showing great interest and impressing band members . In late June , Slipknot received a $ 500 @,@ 000 , seven @-@ album deal , from Roadrunner Records ; the band signed the deal publicly on July 8 , 1998 . Two days prior to this , Welts was fired from the band , something which Slipknot refuse to comment on . Welts was replaced by Brandon Darner , who departed from the band shortly after joining .
= = = Slipknot and emergence ( 1998 – 2000 ) = = =
Chris Fehn was brought in to replace Darner on percussion before Slipknot traveled to Malibu , California , to work on their debut album in September 1998 . Partway through the recording process of the album , Slipknot returned to Des Moines for the Christmas period . During that period , guitarist Brainard decided to leave the band . Brainard said , " some decisions were made that I wasn 't particularly happy with " . Slipknot later recruited Jim Root to complete their lineup and the band returned to Malibu to continue work on the album . Work on the album concluded in early 1999 , allowing the band to go on their first tour as part of the Ozzfest lineup in 1999 . Ozzfest greatly increased Slipknot 's audience , furthering the band 's success with their self @-@ titled album that was released on June 29 , 1999 . Slipknot released its first home video Welcome to Our Neighborhood , which was directed by Thomas Mignone , and the singles " Wait and Bleed " and " Spit It Out " , which were also directed by Mignone . The singles received some airplay , but Slipknot quickly developed a large following , mainly from touring and word of mouth . The band toured several countries throughout 1999 and 2000 in support of the album . In early 2000 , Slipknot was certified platinum ; a first for an album released by Roadrunner Records .
= = = Iowa and hiatus ( 2001 – 03 ) = = =
Anticipation for Slipknot 's second album was intense . In early 2001 , the band began recording the second album at Sound City and Sound Image studios in Los Angeles . Around this time , conflicts arose between band members due to extensive touring and recording schedules . Recording of their second album ended in February 2001 and the band embarked on their Iowa World Tour . Entitled Iowa , Slipknot 's second album was released on August 28 , 2001 ; it peaked at number three on the Billboard album charts and at number one on the UK album chart . The album produced three singles ; " The Heretic Anthem " ( promotional single ) , " Left Behind " , and " My Plague " , which appeared on the soundtrack for the film Resident Evil . In 2002 , Slipknot appeared in Rollerball ( 2002 ) , performing the song " I Am Hated " in a scene . The release and intense promotion of the album resulted in sold @-@ out shows in large arenas in several countries .
In mid @-@ 2002 , Slipknot went on hiatus because of internal conflicts . This temporary split allowed several band members to focus on various side projects . Vocalist Taylor and guitarist Root revived their band Stone Sour , drummer Jordison created Murderdolls , percussionist Crahan founded To My Surprise and DJ Wilson went solo as DJ Starscream . For a while , the future of Slipknot was uncertain and there was much speculation about whether there would be a third album , or if the split would become permanent . Despite this , on November 22 , 2002 , Slipknot released their second DVD , Disasterpieces .
= = = Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) and second hiatus ( 2003 – 2007 ) = = =
After several delays , Slipknot moved into The Mansion in Los Angeles , California , in mid @-@ 2003 to work on their third album alongside producer Rick Rubin . By early 2004 , work on the album had finished and the band began The Subliminal Verses World Tour with their appearance on the Jägermeister Music Tour in March 2004 . Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) was released on May 24 , 2004 ; it peaked at number two on the Billboard album charts . The album produced six singles ; " Duality " , " Vermilion " , " Vermilion , Pt . 2 " , " Before I Forget " , " The Nameless " , and The Blister Exists . Slipknot recorded its first live album , 9 @.@ 0 : Live , while touring in support of the band 's third album . Released on November 1 , 2005 9 @.@ 0 : Live peaked at number 17 on the Billboard album charts . Touring in support of Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) continued through 2004 and up to the end of 2005 before Slipknot went on hiatus for the second time .
In 2005 , several members of Slipknot were involved in Roadrunner United : The All @-@ Star Sessions , an collaborative album recorded by artists signed to Roadrunner Records . 2006 saw Slipknot win their first Grammy Award , picking up the Best Metal Performance award for the single " Before I Forget " . On December 5 , 2006 , Slipknot released its third DVD Voliminal : Inside the Nine . While Slipknot was on hiatus , several band members again focused their attentions on side projects ; vocalist Taylor and guitarist Root returned to Stone Sour , drummer Jordison toured with several bands and produced 3 Inches of Blood 's third album Fire Up the Blades , Crahan founded Dirty Little Rabbits and Wilson returned as DJ Starscream once again .
= = = All Hope Is Gone , third hiatus and Gray 's death ( 2008 – 2010 ) = = =
Preparation for Slipknot 's fourth album began towards the end of 2007 ; work began at Sound Farm Studio in Jamaica , Iowa , with producer Dave Fortman in February 2008 . The album was finished in June , and the band the All Hope Is Gone World Tour on July 9 , 2008 . Slipknot 's fourth album , All Hope Is Gone , was released on August 20 , 2008 , debuting at number one on the Billboard albums chart . The album produced five singles ; " All Hope Is Gone " , " Psychosocial " , " Dead Memories " , " Sulfur " and " Snuff " . 2009 marked the 10th anniversary of Slipknot 's debut album ; to commemorate the event , the band released a special edition version of Slipknot on September 9 , 2009 . The band toured in support of the album throughout 2008 and continued until October 31 , 2009 , resulting in Slipknot 's third hiatus .
During the hiatus , several band members focused on respective side projects ; Taylor founded Junk Beer Kidnap Band and returned to Stone Sour with guitarist Root ; Crahan continued working with his band Dirty Little Rabbits ; and drummer Jordison returned with his band Murderdolls and became the new permanent drummer of Rob Zombie . Percussionist Fehn is now a full @-@ time bassist with metalcore band Will Haven and Sid Wilson founded the eponymous band Sid .
In 2010 , Gray was planning to tour with the supergroup , Hail ! , but on May 24 , 2010 , he was found dead in a Urbandale , Iowa hotel room . Circumstances surrounding his death at the time were not immediately known ; an autopsy suspected his death was not intentional but did not reveal the cause . The day after his death , the remaining eight members of the band held a live , unmasked , press conference alongside Gray 's widow and brother . On June 21 , the cause of death was confirmed as an accidental overdose of morphine and synthetic morphine substitute fentanyl .
The band was hesitant to comment on the future of Slipknot . The members made conflicting statements in interviews ; drummer Jordison told The Pulse of Radio " there is another Slipknot record already kinda in the making " . Vocalist Taylor told FMQB Productions ' he was " very conflicted about whether or not [ he wants ] to do anything with Slipknot " . The band released their fourth video album ( sic ) nesses on September 28 , 2010 ; it debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Music Video Charts . The DVD features Slipknot 's entire live performance at the 2009 Download Festival and a 45 @-@ minute film documenting their tour in support of All Hope Is Gone , and served as a tribute to Paul Gray .
= = = Return to the stage , Antennas to Hell and Knotfest ( 2010 – 2012 ) = = =
Regarding the continuation of Slipknot , Taylor told NME Gray would want them to continue and he felt they should but he was ambivalent about returning to the band . Slipknot returned to touring in 2011 , performing a small number of shows in Europe . They headlined the Sonisphere Festival and Rock in Rio alongside Iron Maiden and Metallica , and performed at Belgium 's Graspop Metal Meeting . Donnie Steele substituted for Gray in the concerts ; he was positioned behind Jordison and obscured from the audience 's view .
Slipknot also said the band would complete and release the band 's fifth studio album , and that there were no plans to replace Gray . Jordison said the writing process for the album had already begun and that he had written 17 songs . Slipknot performed at Mayhem Festival 2012 .
On May 29 , 2012 , Roadrunner Records posted a teaser video titled Antennas to Hell on its website . Later that day , on Twitter , Corey Taylor said Slipknot will release a greatest hits album on June 17 , 2012 . He also said the band was not yet recording new material but was putting together demos for a new album .
Slipknot 's first annual music festival , called Knotfest , was held on August 17 , 2012 , at Mid @-@ America Motorplex near Pacific Junction , Iowa , and on August 18 , 2012 , in Somerset , Wisconsin . Deftones , Lamb of God , Serj Tankian also performed at the festival . The festival shows also debuted a Slipknot museum . On 14 , June 2013 , Slipknot headlined the Download Festival for a second time . The band performed to roughly 90 @,@ 000 people and was twice forced to stop the set — once in the middle of a song — to allow the front barricade , which had split open under crowd pressure , to be repaired .
= = = Jordison 's departure , .5 : The Gray Chapter and new members ( 2013 – present ) = = =
Production of the band 's fifth album began in late 2013 . Taylor described the album as " very dark " and a cross between Iowa and Vol . 3 ( The Subliminal Verses ) . Guitarist Jim Root did not participate in Stone Sour 's January tour so he could write material for Slipknot .
On December 12 , 2013 , the band announced through its official website that Joey Jordison had left the band after 18 years , citing personal reasons . On his official Facebook page , Jordison later said he " did not quit Slipknot " and that he was " shocked " and " blindsided " by the news . Both Jordison and Slipknot independently promised to release further details about the split . Taylor said Jordison would not be appearing on the new album because he did not participate in any songwriting sessions before his departure .
In July 2014 , Slipknot began releasing teasers for the new album on the band 's website and social media using cryptic messages and gory imagery . " The Negative One " , the band 's first song in six years , was released on August 1 ; it was accompanied by a music video directed by Crahan that was released four days later . The video did not feature any band members . On August 24 , Slipknot released an official radio single titled " The Devil In I " , and the name of the upcoming album was announced as .5 : The Gray Chapter on iTunes , with an expected release date of October 28 . The release was later preponed to October 17 for the Netherlands and Australia , October 20 for the UK and October 21 worldwide .
Slipknot began touring North America in support of the album on October 25 at the second iteration of Knotfest . The tour dubbed the " Prepare for Hell " was co @-@ headlined by Korn with King 810 as support . The band also performed at 2015 's Soundwave festival in Australia . A bassist and drummer were brought in to replace Gray and Jordison respectively ; Crahan designing a mask that would differentiate them from the band . The official video for " The Devil In I " , featuring musicians wearing modified versions of the band 's old masks — with the exception of Taylor who wore a new mask — was released on September 12 . Fans speculated upon the identities of the drummer and bassist shown in the video but the band did not officially name them .
Taylor later said he was upset at the leak of the identity of the bassist , alleged to be Alessandro Venturella because of a unique tattoo on his hand . Root told Guitar World the drummer 's identity would not be released , and that the bassist and the drummer were not permanent members of the band . On December 3 , a former Slipknot road crew member posted a photograph of a touring band personnel list that confirmed bassist Alessandro Venturella and drummer Jay Weinberg were members of the tour . The new musicians had been viewed unfavorably by some of the band members ; Shawn Crahan told Kerrang ! magazine , " This is Slipknot , fuck both of those guys ... [ t ] hey 'll never be in the band . Never . " Taylor also said the two " got a crack at designing their own masks and they failed miserably " , and they were wearing masks given to them by the band .
" The Negative One " was nominated for the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards .
On March 11 , 2015 , while the band was not touring , guitarist Mick Thomson was hospitalized after a drunken knife fight with his brother at Thomson 's home in Iowa . The pair sustained serious , but non life @-@ threatening , injuries . On August 2 , 2015 , during a concert in Hartford , Connecticut , the band was forced to stop performing after Venturella was suddenly rushed to hospital , after undergoing a medical emergency . After 20 minutes , singer Taylor told the audience the band would continue the concert , performing without Venturella . It was later discovered that Venturella had collapsed because of extreme dehydration . During the band 's following three concerts , Venturella played bass from backstage , returning to the stage on August 8 .
= = Style and lyrical themes = =
Slipknot 's music is influenced by many styles and bands including hard rock and heavy metal bands Kiss , Anthrax , Black Sabbath , Iron Maiden , Faith No More , Helmet , Tool , Slayer , Fear Factory , Skinny Puppy , Neurosis , Judas Priest , Metallica , Led Zeppelin and Beastie Boys . The band is regarded as a pioneer of the New Wave of American Heavy Metal ; its output has been compared to that of Pantera , Machine Head , Hatebreed , Life of Agony , and Prong , among others .
Slipknot is considered a nu metal band . The band 's members prefer to distance themselves musically from other nu metal bands such as Korn and Limp Bizkit . Slipknot describes its sound as " metal metal " and regards the link to nu metal as coincidental and a result of nu metal 's emergence being concurrent with that of Slipknot . The band 's sound typically features a heavily down @-@ tuned guitar setup , a large percussive section , samples , and turntables . Using a variety of vocal styles , the music typically features growled vocals , screaming , backing vocals , and occasional melodic singing . The band has continually experimented with its sound — most notably developing tracks led by acoustic guitars and melodic singing that first appeared on Vol . 3 ( The Subliminal Verses ) .
Slipknot 's lyrics are generally very aggressive ; they sometimes include profanity while exploring themes such as darkness , nihilism , anger , disaffection , love , misanthropy , and psychosis . They often draw upon topics including the music industry , politics , personal strife , and reflection , among others . Rick Anderson of Allmusic said , " those lyrics that are discernible are not generally quotable on a family website " . On Vol . 3 , Taylor deliberately avoided using profanity in response to claims he relied on it . The album All Hope is Gone saw a change to a standard metal style that includes elements of groove metal , death metal , and thrash metal . The band has also been considered alternative metal .
= = Legacy = =
Slipknot is known for its chaotic , energetic live shows that contributed to the band 's success . During performances , most of the band 's members headbang , stage dive , and fight . The band 's early performances included extreme acts such as stage dives from high balconies and band members setting each other on fire . In recent years , they tended to refrain from acts this extreme . Ex @-@ bassist Gray said this was due to receiving lawsuits and to avoid harming other people , and that it was a " better move " for the longevity of the band . Along with the energetic and unpredictable performances , Slipknot often use elaborate stage setups that use pyrotechnics , elevated stage areas , hydraulic drum risers , and computer screens . Reviewing a Slipknot performance , Alistair Lawrence of Kerrang ! said , " the choreographed chaos is too multi @-@ faceted to fully describe " . and NME described one Slipknot show as " a scene of chaos " .
= = Image and identities = =
The band is known for its attention @-@ grabbing image ; the members perform wearing unique , individual facemasks and matching uniforms — typically jumpsuits — while each member is typically assigned and referred to by number based on their role in the band ( # 0 through # 8 ) , although the latter practice has diminished following the death of Paul Gray .
The band has said the idea of wearing masks stemmed from a clown mask that Crahan took to rehearsals when the band first started . Crahan later became known for his clown masks , adopting the pseudonym " Shawn the Clown " . The concept developed ; by late 1997 , the band decided every band member would wear a unique mask and matching jumpsuit . Taylor said in 2002 , " it 's our way of becoming more intimate with the music . It 's a way for us to become unconscious of who we are and what we do outside of music . It 's a way for us to kind of crawl inside it and be able to use it . " The concept of wearing matching jumpsuits has been described as a response to commercialism in the music industry and led to the idea of assigning the band members numerical aliases . According to Taylor , " Originally , we were just going to wear the jumpsuits ... we figured we might as well take that further and number ourselves ... We were basically saying , ' Hey , we 're a product ! ' " .
During their careers , the members of Slipknot have developed their images , updating their uniforms and each member 's mask upon the release of each album . The appearance and style of the masks do not usually differ significantly between albums ; members typically maintain the established theme of their mask while adding new elements . Jordison , in an interview in 2004 , said the masks are updated to show growth within each individual . Slipknot 's members have worn special masks for specific occasions , most notably for the music video and live performances of " Vermilion " in 2004 and 2005 when they wore life masks made from casts of their own faces . In 2008 , the band wore a set of large masks titled " purgatory masks " during photograph shoots before the release of All Hope Is Gone ; in the music video for " Psychosocial " they are seen burning them . Shortly after its inception , Slipknot 's masks were homemade , but since 2000 they have been custom @-@ made by special effect artist and musician Screaming Mad George .
The band 's image has been the subject of much criticism and controversy , with critics generally accusing it of being a sales gimmick . The band 's members object to these claims ; according to them the masks are used to divert attention from themselves and put it on the music . Several band members have said wearing the masks helps to maintain privacy in their personal lives . During an interview in 2005 , percussionist Fehn said the masks were a " blessing " because they meant the members are not recognized in public . In 2012 , Slipknot released an app for iOS and Android called " Slipknot : Wear the Mask " , which invites fans to construct their own masks , defining the kind of Slipknot fans they are .
= = Clothing brand = =
The clothing line , ' Tattered and Torn ' , was launched by the band Slipknot in 2008 and runs as an imprint of Bravado , a company that runs the band 's merchandising . While the band recognize that their merchandise is their biggest revenue income , they insist Tattered and Torn is more than just band merchandising . Vocalist Corey Taylor said , " It 's a way for [ the fans ] to get cool clothing at affordable prices . " The first items from the clothing line went on sale in late July 2008 through Hot Topic stores across North America and the Hot Topic website . Currently the line is limited to shirts and hoodies but was expected to develop into a full @-@ range clothing line .
= = Controversies = =
Slipknot 's music and image have been the subject of many controversies throughout its career . The lyrical content of some of Slipknot 's songs has been linked to several violent and criminal incidents . In 2003 , two young killers blamed the lyrics of " Disasterpiece " for their crime . In 2006 , the lyrics of " Surfacing " were found at the site of a grave robbery .
In 2008 , Corey Taylor commented on a slashing incident at a South African school to which Slipknot was linked ; he said :
... obviously , I 'm disturbed by the fact that people were hurt and someone died , as far as my responsibility for that goes , it stops there , because I know our message is actually very positive ... there are always going to be mental disorders and people who cause violence for no other reason than the fact that they 're fucked up and lost .
The band 's image has also been the subject of several controversies . Slipknot had a longstanding feud with the band Mushroomhead which — along with their fans — said Slipknot " stole their image " . While Slipknot acknowledged their images had similarities , its members were not actively involved in the feud , saying the similarities were coincidental . Taylor said , " we both started at the same time — neither one of us knowing anything about each other " . Taylor also said that at a live show in Cleveland , Ohio , several Mushroomhead fans threw objects including a padlock at Slipknot and that when Slipknot 's set was finished , Mushroomhead , Machine Head , and Amen went into the crowd and " handled it right there " . In 2009 , Mushroomhead vocalist Waylon Reavis said his band 's members were no longer interested in feuding with Slipknot , saying , " they 're not the first masked band , we 're not , no one was " .
Slipknot 's 2005 lawsuit against Burger King said the company created the advertising @-@ based band Coq Roq to capitalize on Slipknot 's image . Burger King responded with a countersuit , saying many other bands , such as Mr. Bungle , Mushroomhead , Mudvayne , Kiss , Insane Clown Posse , and Gwar have used masks as part of their images . After negotiations , the advertising campaign and lawsuit were withdrawn .
= = Band members = =
Current members
( # 0 ) Sid Wilson – turntables , keyboards ( 1998 – present )
( # 3 ) Chris Fehn – custom percussion , backing vocals ( 1998 – present )
( # 4 ) Jim Root – guitars ( 1999 – present )
( # 5 ) Craig " 133 " Jones – samples , media , keyboards ( 1996 – present )
( # 6 ) Shawn " Clown " Crahan – custom percussion , backing vocals ( 1995 – present )
( # 7 ) Mick Thomson – guitars ( 1996 – present )
( # 8 ) Corey Taylor – vocals ( 1997 – present )
Alessandro Venturella – bass ( 2014 – present )
Jay Weinberg – drums ( 2014 – present )
Former members
Anders Colsefni – lead vocals , custom percussion ( 1995 – 1997 ) ; samples , programming ( 1996 ) ; custom percussion , backing vocals ( 1997 )
Josh Brainard – guitar , backing vocals ( 1995 – 1999 )
Greg Welts – custom percussion ( 1997 – 1998 )
Brandon Darner – custom percussion ( 1998 )
( # 2 ) Paul Gray – bass , backing vocals ( 1995 – died in 2010 )
( # 1 ) Joey Jordison – drums ( 1995 – 2013 )
Donnie Steele – guitar ( 1995 – 1996 ) ; bass ( 2011 – 2014 )
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Slipknot ( 1999 )
Iowa ( 2001 )
Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) ( 2004 )
All Hope Is Gone ( 2008 )
.5 : The Gray Chapter ( 2014 )
= = Awards = =
= = = RIAA certifications = = =
These statistics were compiled from the RIAA certification online database .
= = = Grammy Awards and Nominations = = =
Slipknot have been nominated for ten Grammy Awards and have won one .
= = Tours = =
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= The Substitute ( Glee ) =
" The Substitute " is the seventh episode of the second season of the American television series Glee , and the twenty @-@ ninth episode overall . It was written by Ian Brennan , directed by Ryan Murphy , and premiered on Fox on November 16 , 2010 . The episode guest stars Gwyneth Paltrow as Holly Holliday , a substitute teacher who takes the place of glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) while he is ill . Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) becomes principal of William McKinley High School , and glee club members Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) and Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) experience tension in their friendship .
The episode features cover versions of six songs , which received mixed reviews from critics . While the Glee cover of Cee Lo Green 's " Forget You " and mash @-@ up of " Singin ' in the Rain " with Rihanna 's " Umbrella " attracted critical praise and charted both on the Billboard Hot 100 and internationally , the episode 's dance @-@ based performances were criticized for their choreography and strict adherence to the original versions . The episode was watched by 11 @.@ 70 million US viewers , and was the top scripted show among adults aged 18 – 49 for the week of broadcast .
Paltrow 's guest appearance attracted positive commentary , but the episode 's sub @-@ plots were less well received . Aly Semigran of MTV , Robert Canning of IGN and Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack all deemed the episode one of the best of the season . Time 's James Poniewozik felt that it was a relatively subdued , mediocre episode , and Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club found it to be an improvement on the previous two episodes , if not genuinely good . The National Alliance on Mental Illness criticized the episode for its depiction of bipolar disorder . Paltrow won the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance .
= = Plot = =
Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) is appointed acting principal of William McKinley High School after having Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) infected with the flu . Glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) is also infected , and takes time off work to recover . He is cared for by his ex @-@ wife Terri ( Jessalyn Gilsig ) , which leads to them sleeping together .
Glee club co @-@ captain Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) attempts to take over for Will , but this results in chaos . At the request of Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , club lessons are instead covered by substitute teacher Holly Holliday ( Gwyneth Paltrow ) , whose unconventional methods include discussing Lindsay Lohan 's rehabilitation in Spanish , singing " Conjunction Junction " to her English class , and roleplaying as a bipolar Mary Todd Lincoln for the History class . When Holly first arrives at glee club rehearsal , she impresses the club with her rendition of Cee Lo Green 's " Forget You " . Rachel is annoyed and worries that Holly may be unable to sufficiently prepare them for the upcoming Sectionals competition . Holly later wins over Rachel by duetting with her on " Nowadays / Hot Honey Rag " from Chicago .
Kurt neglects his best friend Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) in favor of his new friend Blaine Anderson ( Darren Criss ) . Mercedes is offended when Kurt tries to set her up on a date with a football player on the basis that they are both black , and feels left out when she accompanies Kurt and Blaine to dinner , where conversation is dominated by gay issues and icons . When Sue begins a healthy eating initiative and declares a ban on " Potater Tots " , Mercedes organizes a student protest and fills the tailpipe of Sue 's car with Tots , causing $ 17 @,@ 000 worth of damage .
Sue 's initiative proves popular with the students ' parents , and her appointment as principal is made permanent . She fires Will , who is later visited by Holly seeking advice . Holly feels out of her depth as a teacher , having enabled Mercedes ' behavior . She confesses that she originally took her work seriously , until a student ( Lindsay Sims @-@ Lewis ) punched her in the face , prompting her more laid @-@ back approach . Terri arrives while they are talking and is angered by Holly 's presence . Will asks her to leave , telling her that their reunion was a mistake and concluding their relationship for good .
Kurt confronts Mercedes , suggesting that she is substituting food for love and their friendship for a romantic relationship . Mercedes decides to talk to the student Kurt attempted to set her up with . As she departs , Kurt is approached by school bully Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) , who threatens to kill him if Kurt reveals his closeted homosexuality .
At the urging of the glee club members , Sue reinstates Will . He suggests a group performance of " Singin ' in the Rain " , but asks for Holly 's help to modernize it , resulting in a mash @-@ up with Rihanna 's " Umbrella " .
= = Production = =
Paltrow 's Glee appearance marked her first ever scripted @-@ series guest performance . The role of Holly was created for her by series creator Ryan Murphy , a personal friend who suggested that she showcase her vocal and dancing talent ahead of the December 2010 release of the film Country Strong , in which Paltrow plays a country singer . Upon announcing her casting in September 2010 , BBC News reported that she would appear in two episodes of the series . E ! Online 's Kristin dos Santos stated that Holly would serve as a love interest for Will , with Murphy later confirming that Holly 's appearance would create a love quadrangle between herself , Will , guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) and her boyfriend Carl Howell ( John Stamos ) . However , Fancast later reported that Paltrow 's guest @-@ arc had been reduced to a single episode , and neither Mays nor Stamos appear in " The Substitute " . Post @-@ broadcast , Murphy stated that both he and Paltrow hoped that she would appear on Glee again in the future , depending on the right storyline . In December 2010 , Paltrow confirmed that she would return to the series for another episode at a later date , and in January 2011 , Murphy confirmed her reappearance , this time as a sex education teacher planned for episodes 15 and 16 . Paltrow won the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her appearance in " The Substitute " .
" The Substitute " includes a fantasy sequence in which Will hallucinates the club members as kindergarten @-@ aged children . Child actors were hired to portray the characters ' younger selves , including Jake Vaughn and Lauren Boles as a young Finn and Rachel . The episode also features the return of Gilsig , following an absence spanning several episodes . The actress felt that Will 's illness allowed viewers to see the couple with their defences down for the first time , and that the addition of Holly highlighted a double standard in their relationship . She explained that while Terri is not " the most palatable person " , she is at least faithful to Will , while he has " a wandering eye " and treats Terri badly in " The Substitute " . Recurring characters in this episode include glee club members Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) and Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , Principal Figgins , school bully Dave Karofsky , cheerleader Becky Jackson ( Lauren Potter ) , wrestler Lauren Zizes ( Ashley Fink ) and Kurt 's friend Blaine Anderson .
The episode features cover versions of six songs . Paltrow performs on four , which she recorded in a single afternoon . Her numbers include " Conjunction Junction " from Schoolhouse Rock ! , and a clean version of Cee Lo Green 's " Fuck You ! " entitled " Forget You " . The producers considered having Paltrow sing a Coldplay song , but decided to save the band 's work for a competition episode . Morrison and Shum , Jr. enact a frame @-@ by @-@ frame recreation of " Make ' Em Laugh " from the musical film Singin ' in the Rain . Paltrow and Michele duet on " Nowadays / Hot Honey Rag " from the musical Chicago , and the glee club with Morrison and Paltrow perform a mash @-@ up of " Singin ' in the Rain " with " Umbrella " by Rihanna featuring Jay @-@ Z. The staging of " Singin ' in the Rain / Umbrella " required the cast to spend twelve hours filming in a tank of water .
All of the songs performed , with the exception of " Conjunction Junction " , were released as singles , available for download , and " Forget You " is featured on the soundtrack album Glee : The Music , Volume 4 . " Forget You " and " Singing in the Rain / Umbrella " charted both on the Billboard Hot 100 and internationally . The former reached number 11 in the US and 12 in Canada , while the latter peaked at number 10 in Ireland . Green 's " Fuck You ! " entered the top ten of the Hot 100 for the first time following the Glee cover , with sales rising 94 % in a week .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
During its original broadcast , " The Substitute " was watched by 11 @.@ 70 million US viewers . It attained a 5 @.@ 0 / 14 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , making it the top @-@ rated show of the night amongst adults aged 18 – 49 . In the weekly program rankings , Glee was the top scripted show among adults 18 – 49 , and placed twentieth in overall viewers . Viewership and ratings both increased from the previous episode , " Never Been Kissed " , which was watched by 10 @.@ 99 million viewers and attained a 4 @.@ 6 / 13 rating / share . In Canada , viewership also improved on " Never Been Kissed " , with " The Substitute " drawing 2 @.@ 29 million viewers and ranking ninth for the week , up from 1 @.@ 97 million and twelfth for the previous episode . In Australia , the episode drew 1 @.@ 06 million viewers , making Glee the seventh most @-@ watched show of the night , and nineteenth of the week . Viewership declined from " Never Been Kissed " , which was watched by 1 @.@ 08 million viewers ; despite this , the series registered a rise from eighth and twenty @-@ seventh in the daily and weekly program rankings respectively . In the UK , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 55 million viewers — 2 @.@ 11 million on E4 , and 439 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 — becoming the most @-@ watched show on cable for the week .
= = = Critical response = = =
The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Aly Semigran of MTV , Robert Canning of IGN and Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack all deemed it one of the best of the season , with Canning rating it an " incredible " 9 @.@ 5 / 10 , and Semigran stating that it contained all of the series ' best elements : " surprising musical numbers , with the right balance of humor and life lessons . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club found it to be an improvement on the previous two episodes , writing that if not genuinely good , " The Substitute " at least proved that Glee has not been entirely subsumed by its own hype . Time 's James Poniewozik felt that it was a relatively subdued , mediocre episode , which contained " a collection of good small moments " . Brett Berk of Vanity Fair criticized the focus it placed on the adult characters at the expense of the teenagers and the disregard for continuing plot strands in favor of a celebrity cameo , but concluded that " despite all that , some of it kind of worked . " The National Alliance on Mental Illness ( NAMI ) took exception to this episode , which , it stated , " mocked and trivialized bipolar disorder " during Paltrow 's history classroom scene , in which she role @-@ plays as Mary Todd Lincoln . NAMI encouraged people to contact Murphy and Fox TV to convey their disappointment with the scene .
Paltrow 's guest appearance attracted critical praise . Both Stack and E ! Online 's Kristin dos Santos called it Emmy @-@ worthy , with the former rating it amongst her best ever performances , and the latter stating that Holly received " some of Glee 's best @-@ ever one @-@ liners . VanDerWerff enjoyed her role , and wrote that Holly injected an effortless sense of fun , despite much of her plot being nonsensical . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker praised Paltrow for being one of the first guest stars to perform well alongside Sue , and wrote that her classroom scenes made the episode " one in which the guest star both stood out and meshed with the cast " . The Atlantic 's Meghan Brown commented that Paltrow " brought a massive spark to what could have been a one @-@ note role " , and her Atlantic co @-@ author Kevin Fallon wrote that her energetic performance saved an episode that might have been " in shambles without her presence " . Canning stated that Paltrow 's casting could have been distracting , but instead she fit the role " seamlessly " , and CNN 's Lisa Respers France compared her performance favorably to Britney Spears 's cameo in the episode " Britney / Brittany " . Several critics stated that they enjoyed Paltrow 's appearance despite experiencing trepidation about it prior to broadcast . Berk found her " surprisingly great " , and Poniewozik ssid that while her casting was somewhat distracting , she was able to make Holly a sympathetic character without overdoing her neediness and commitment @-@ phobia . Jen Chaney of The Washington Post recommended a " lengthy moratorium " on internet criticism of Paltrow , suggesting that with her Glee appearance , her " mission to charm the American public may be complete " .
Critics were divided over the Schuester sub @-@ plot . Both Semigran and Poniewozik enjoyed Will 's characterization , with Poniewozik commenting that he became an " identifiable human " again , following a season throughout which his behavior has been erratic and unreliable . In contrast , VanDerWerff criticized the sub @-@ plot for ignoring Will 's culpability in the breakdown of his marriage , and expressed displeasure at his inconsistent characterization , deeming it one of the season 's biggest problems . Stack commented negatively on the return of Terri , finding her dislikeable and unnecessary , as Glee already has a villain in Sue .
The Mercedes storyline attracted criticism . Fallon took offence at Glee 's sole overweight black character turning into a " fried potato @-@ addicted junkie " , and both Berk and Stack commented that while they had hoped for Mercedes to receive a major storyline , they did not want it to be centered on her weight issues . Semigran called it " rather disposable " but appreciated the " silliness and levity " it introduced , and Respers France noted that she did not mind the storyline itself , but disliked Kurt lecturing his supposed best friend . VanDerWerff felt that the Tots plot was " one element too many " in what could have been a " pretty potent emotional storyline " , but praised the performances by Colfer and Riley . Stack appreciated their dinner with Blaine , finding it representative of what he enjoys about the show , commenting : " Last week , Kurt 's sexuality was the central emotional storyline of the episode , and this week it was played for laughs . Kurt 's character has to walk that fine line between being a role model and becoming too saintly . I think the writers are navigating that tightrope quite , quite well . "
= = = = Music = = = =
Musical performances also received mixed reviews . Anthony Benigno of the Daily News gave " Conjunction Junction " a grade of " A " ; he noted that ordinarily he would have declined to review it due to its short length , but said " what a glorious ten seconds it is " . Benigno and Poniewozik criticized the sanitization of " Forget You " , but while the latter found it inferior to the original version , the former preferred Paltrow 's deeper voice and graded the song " A " . Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman felt the censorship of the song did not adversely affect its success , and deemed Paltrow 's rendition " charming and sassy " . Megan Vick of Billboard called it " the most exciting number " of the episode , and Stack went further in his praise : he bestowed a grade of " A + " and lauded it as " one of the most memorable and energetic Glee performances ever , thanks in no small part to Paltrow " . Green told MTV that he was flattered by the cover , particularly as he was not aware Paltrow would perform it when granting Glee clearance . He called her performance " great " , and commented that he had not been aware she was such an accomplished vocalist .
Benigno and Stack praised the choreography of " Make ' Em Laugh " , but both graded it lower than " Forget You " , at a " B " and " B + " respectively . Futterman called the recreation an " impressive feat " , but likened it to hallucinatory Britney Spears covers in the episode " Britney / Brittany " in that it " stands alone better than it fits into the plot . " Vick was critical of the performance , observing that Glee covers from musicals often introduce classic songs to viewers with a modern twist , an element which was absent in " Make ' Em Laugh " . The Chicago cover also left some critics wanting , and Futterman , The Wall Street Journal 's Raymund Flandez and The Atlantic 's Patrick Burns all found its choreography lacking . Fallon suggested that Glee should be wary of overusing recreations , having already done so in " The Power of Madonna " , " Britney / Brittany " and " The Rocky Horror Glee Show " , and VanDerWerff criticized the performances as " outright plagiarism , not homage " .
Benigno and Futterman compared " Singin ' in the Rain / Umbrella " favorably to mash @-@ ups performed in the preceding episode . Benigno graded it " B " , though he said that by using " Singin ' in the Rain " as the chorus , the song lacked catharsis , a sentiment echoed by Flandez , who praised the costumes , props and staging , but wished the rendition had had more " bite " and " attitude " . Futterman described it as a " buoyant and catchy homage to the old and the new [ that ] perfectly captures Glee 's musical spirit " . In contrast , Vick felt the song could not compare to the previous episode 's mash @-@ ups . She deemed the staging implausible , questioning how a glee club in financial difficulty could afford elaborate water features for a rehearsal number . Stack was willing to overlook such improbability ; he wrote that he loved the mash @-@ up and graded it an " A − " . Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times appreciated the choreography and the manner in which " Paltrow 's sassiness undercuts [ Morrison 's ] overripe sweetness " , and named it potentially her favorite group number of the season .
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= Sherron Collins =
Sherron Marlon Collins ( born March 18 , 1987 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Windsor Express of the National Basketball League of Canada ( NBL ) . He formerly played for the Charlotte Bobcats of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He has also played for the Texas Legends and Maine Red Claws of the NBA D @-@ League and Hacettepe Üniversitesi in the Turkish Basketball League . As an All @-@ American member of the Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball team , he earned a national championship in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , three Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament championships , and four consecutive Big 12 Conference regular season championships . He was regarded as one of the leaders of the team and was its captain during his senior year .
Collins grew up in Chicago where he was a multisport standout athlete at Crane High School . He was regarded as the second best point guard in the nation by Scout.com and was considered one of the two best class of 2006 basketball prospects in the state of Illinois ( along with Jon Scheyer ) .
Collins was a well @-@ decorated basketball player at Kansas . He was unanimously selected to the Big 12 All @-@ Freshman Team for the 2006 – 07 Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball team . After leading the 2008 – 09 Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball team to the Big 12 Conference regular season title , Collins was named to the 2009 first team All @-@ Big 12 team . That season , he was named a consensus second team 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ American . He was also a consensus first team 2010 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ American as a senior and earned the Most Outstanding Player award while leading his team to the 2010 Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament championship . He was included on many of the watchlists for the most prestigious college basketball awards as both a junior and senior . Collins holds the school record for most consecutive free throws .
Following his senior season , Collins was eligible for the 2010 NBA Draft but went undrafted . Shortly after , he signed a free @-@ agent contract with the Charlotte Bobcats and participated in their summer camp . He represented them in the Orlando Summer League before being signed for the regular season . In October 2012 , he signed with the San Antonio Spurs , but he did not make their final roster .
= = Personal = =
Collins was born in Chicago , Illinois to Stacey Harris . While growing up in Chicago he overcame the adversity of a father who periodically spent time in jail as well as an environment filled with gang life . He lost his best friend to gunfire at the age of 16 . Collins had had two children by the time of his National Championship season : Sherron Jr. and Sherr 'mari Marlon Collins ( born April 6 , 2007 ; mother is Re 'Quiya Aguirre ) . In 2006 , he dealt with the death of his first born and the following year , he endured a sex scandal .
Growing up , Collins was very active playing several sports including football , basketball , and baseball . In 2002 , Collins began his high school career at Crane Tech Prep High School . During his time at Crane , Collins was a standout multi @-@ sport athlete , playing wide @-@ receiver / free safety on the football team and pitching for the baseball team . On the basketball court , Collins averaged 19 @.@ 8 points , 3 @.@ 1 rebounds and 5 @.@ 1 assists as a junior during the 2004 @-@ 05 season . During his senior season , he averaged 33 points , 8 rebounds and 6 assists for the Cougars . He was regarded as the number 2 Chicago metropolitan area and Illinois basketball prospect in the class of 2006 behind Jon Scheyer . As a result , he was named a McDonald 's All @-@ American as well as a third @-@ team Parade All @-@ American . He was selected as a First @-@ Team All @-@ State selection in 2006 . Additionally , Collins played in the Michael Jordan All @-@ American Classic in April 2006 . Scout.com ranked him as the number 2 point guard in the nation . He was the No. 21 @-@ ranked player in the class of 2006 and the No. 4 @-@ ranked point guard by Rivals.com. Collins helped guide Crane to the 2003 and 2005 conference and city championship titles . His best game was a 45 @-@ point performance against Whitney Young Magnet High School during his senior season . In 2009 , ESPN named Collins to the Illinois Prep All @-@ Decade Team .
= = College career = =
= = = Freshman season = = =
As a freshman , Collins was an honorable mention All @-@ Big 12 selection and a unanimous selection to the Big 12 All @-@ Rookie team . He averaged 22 @.@ 3 minutes and 9 @.@ 3 points per game . He led Kansas in scoring five times and in assists on 12 occasions . On January 15 , 2007 , Collins scored 23 points vs. Missouri . He scored 20 points at Kansas State on February 19 and he had 20 vs. Texas on March 11 in the 88 – 84 overtime 2007 Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament championship game victory . Collins was also a solid student earning Athletic Director 's and Big 12 Commissioner 's honor rolls in the spring of 2007 .
= = = Sophomore season = = =
In his second season with the Jayhawks , Collins won the 2008 Big 12 Sixth Man Award . For the week of March 12 , he earned Big 12 Player of the week . Collins helped the Jayhawks capture the 2008 national championship , averaging 8 @.@ 3 points and 3 @.@ 8 assists in the NCAA tournament . He made two key plays in the title game versus the Memphis Tigers , first stealing an inbound pass with under two minutes remaining in regulation and Kansas trailing by seven , then hitting a three to cut the deficit to four . Later , with seconds remaining in regulation and with Kansas trailing by three , he took the ball down the court following a Memphis free throw , barely escaping fouls , and passed the ball to teammate Mario Chalmers , who made a three @-@ pointer to tie the game with two seconds remaining . Kansas would go on to win in overtime . He missed six games due to a stress fracture of his foot . Following the season , he had arthroscopic surgery on his left knee .
= = = Junior season = = =
Collins was the top returning scorer for the 2008 – 09 Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball team his junior year ; every starter from the previous year 's National Championship team graduated or departed for the NBA . Collins was on the early season Top 50 watchlist for the Naismith Award . He was also selected as being among the 17 Bob Cousy Award finalists , the Top 30 midseason Wooden Award candidates , the Top 30 midseason Naismith Award candidates and the Top 15 Oscar Robertson Trophy candidates . The team captain and vocal leader of the team , Collins was awarded the team 's Danny Manning MVP award with Cole Aldrich following the season . Collins led the 2008 – 09 Jayhawks in points , minutes , assists and free @-@ throw percentage . He led the team in scoring in 27 games , including the final 10 of the season . In the Big 12 , he ranked third in scoring and fourth in assists . Collins made 35 consecutive free @-@ throws over an eight @-@ game span from January 10 – February 2 to set KU 's all @-@ time record . Over the course of the season he was named Big 12 Player of the Week three times . He was a unanimous selection to the 2008 – 09 Big 12 All @-@ conference first team . He was a second @-@ team 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ American by the United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBW ) and the National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) and was a third @-@ team All America selection by the Associated Press and The Sporting News . On Monday , April 13 , Collins announced that he would return to KU for his senior season .
= = = Senior season = = =
After having been named a consensus second @-@ team All @-@ American selection the at the end of his junior year , he was a unanimous selection to the preseason All @-@ Big 12 first @-@ team . The 2009 @-@ 10 Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball team were the preseason number @-@ one ranked team in the 2009 – 10 Big 12 Conference poll , marking the third time in Collins ' career the Jayhawks were preseason number one in conference . Collins was a preseason top 50 watchlist candidate for both the 2010 Naismith Award and the 2010 Wooden Award . As the season progressed , Collins was named to the Midseason top 30 candidates list for the Wooden Award , Midseason top 30 list for the Naismith Trophy , 20 finalists list for the 2010 Bob Cousy Award and the finalist list for the 2010 Oscar Robertson Trophy . At the end of the regular season , he was selected as a first @-@ team All @-@ Big 12 member by the league 's coaches . Then , he earned the Most Outstanding Player Award of the 2010 Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament after leading Kansas to the championship . Collins has been recognized as a first team 2010 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ American by the USBW and NABC , making him a consensus first team selection . He was a second team selection by Associated Press , Fox Sports , The Sporting News , and Yahoo ! Sports . He was also included on the final 26 @-@ man ballot for the Wooden Award and subsequently selected to the ten @-@ man Wooden All @-@ American team as one of ten finalists for the award . At the end of the year he was recognized as the inaugural recipient of the Lute Olsen Award as National Player of the Year at the collegeinsider.com awards banquet . He was recognized along with Jon Scheyer , Scottie Reynolds , and Greivis Vasquez for the NABC Career Achievement Awards . Collins was awarded the 2010 Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award , which recognizes a seniors male basketball player 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) and shorter , who excel in both academics and athletics . He was one of five finalists flown out to Los Angeles for the announcement of the Wooden Award along with eventual winner Evan Turner , John Wall , Wesley Johnson and Da 'Sean Butler . Collins went undrafted in the 2010 NBA Draft .
= = = College stats = = =
= = Professional career = =
After going undrafted in the 2010 NBA draft , Collins joined the Charlotte Bobcats for the 2010 NBA Summer League . During the Orlando Summer League , he played four games , including a 32 @-@ point performance in his finale . On August 6 , 2010 , the Bobcats signed Collins to a two @-@ year deal . He made his NBA debut on November 3 , 2010 against the New Jersey Nets and posted two assists in four minutes . On December 4 , 2010 , he scored his first NBA points . On December 8 , 2010 , Collins was assigned to the Maine Red Claws of the NBA Development League . The Bobcats recalled Collins on December 21 , 2010 . That night , he played a career @-@ high 14 minutes , made his first three point shot , recorded his first two steals and scored five points for the first time in his career in a 99 – 81 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder .
On February 24 , 2011 , Collins was waived by the Bobcats to create roster room following a trade between the Bobcats and Portland Trail Blazers . On March 18 , 2011 , it was reported that he signed contract with Lietuvos Rytas until the end of the season . However , a few days later , another player was reported to be the choice to fill the roster slot . In June , he signed with Quebradillas Pirates of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional , but he supposedly failed a physical and returned to the United States before appearing in a game for them .
In August 2011 , Collins signed with Hacettepe Universitesi of the Turkish Basketball League . He had been slated to play in Russia and Puerto Rico before signing in Turkey . In June 2012 , he was rehabilitating a knee injury with hopes of signing an NBA Summer League contract the following month .
On October 1 , 2012 , Collins signed with the San Antonio Spurs . However , he was later waived by the Spurs on October 5 , 2012 .
On April 3 , 2014 , Collins was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League , where he spent the rest of the 2013 – 14 season . However , he did not appear in a game for the Legends .
On October 31 , 2015 , Collins returned to the Legends . He played in two games for the team before being waived on November 20 .
On January 21 , 2016 , Collins signed a contract to play with the Chicago Blues of the Midwest Professional Basketball Association . In March , he signed with the Windsor Express of the National Basketball League of Canada with no indication that he ever played for the Blues .
= = = NBA statistics = = =
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= Forest cobra =
The forest cobra ( Naja melanoleuca ) , also called the black cobra and black and white @-@ lipped cobra , is an elapid native to Africa , mostly the central and western parts of the continent . It is the largest true cobra species with a length up to 3 @.@ 1 meters . Although it prefers lowland forest and moist savanna habitats , this cobra is highly adaptable and can be found in drier climates within its geographical range . It is a very capable swimmer and is often considered to be semi @-@ aquatic . The forest cobra is a generalist in its feeding habits , having a highly varied diet : anything from large insects to small mammals and other reptiles . This species is alert , nervous and is considered to be a very dangerous snake . When cornered or molested , it will assume the typical cobra warning posture by raising its fore body off the ground , spreading a narrow hood and hissing loudly . Bites to humans are less common than for other African cobras due to various factors , though a bite from this species is a life @-@ threatening emergency .
= = Etymology = =
The forest cobra is classified under the genus Naja of the family Elapidae . Naja melanoleuca was first described by American herpetologist Edward Hallowell in 1857 . The generic name Naja is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word nāgá ( नाग ) meaning " cobra " . The specific epithet melanoleuca is Ancient Greek and means " of black and white " . The word melano is Greek for " black " , while leuca comes from the Ancient Greek word for " white " . This species is also known as the black cobra and black and white @-@ lipped cobra .
= = Taxonomy and evolution = =
The forest cobra is classified under the genus Naja of the family Elapidae . The genus was first described by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768 . The species Naja melanoleuca was first described by Edward Hallowell in 1857 . The genus Naja was split into several subgenera based on various factors , including morphology , diet , and habitat . Naja melanoleuca is part of the subgenus Boulengerina , along with three other species : Naja annulata , Naja christyi , and Naja multifasciata . The subgenus is united by their restriction to central and west African forest and / or forest @-@ edge type habitat . They are also more aquatic and feed more on aquatic species . The species of the subgenus Boulengerina show great diversity in size , however , ranging from the forest cobra ( Naja melanoleuca ) which can attain lengths of 2 @.@ 7 metres ( 8 @.@ 9 feet ) to the burrowing cobra ( Naja multifasciata ) which doesn 't grow larger than 0 @.@ 8 metres ( 2 @.@ 6 feet ) in length . The below cladogram illustrates the taxonomy and relationships among species of Naja :
= = Description = =
The forest cobra is Africa 's largest cobra of the genus Naja and possibly the largest of all the true cobra ( Naja ) species in the world . The length of an average adult is 1 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 2 m ( 4 @.@ 6 to 7 @.@ 2 ft ) , but they may attain lengths of 2 @.@ 7 metres ( 8 @.@ 9 feet ) , and lengths up to 3 @.@ 1 metres ( 10 feet ) are also possible in rare cases . Males and females grow to be similar in length , as there is no sexual dimorphism within this species . The head of this snake is large , broad , flattened and is slightly distinct from the neck . It is a slightly depressed , tapered and moderately thick bodied snake with a slender tail that is medium in length . The body is compressed dorsoventrally ( where the dorsal upper scales and the ventral lower scales meet at either side of the body ) and sub @-@ cylindrical posteriorly ( the tail end of the body ) . The forest cobra has long cervical ribs capable of expansion to form a long , wedge shaped hood when threatened . The angle between the crown of the head and the side of the head between the eye , also known as the canthus is distinct , while the snout is rounded . Its eyes are large with round pupils .
= = = Scalation = = =
Like other snake species , the forest cobra has skin covered in scales . Snakes are entirely covered with scales or scutes of various shapes and sizes , known as snakeskin as a whole . Scales protect the body of the snake , aid it in locomotion , allow moisture to be retained within , and alter the surface characteristics such as roughness to aid in camouflage . The dorsal scales of the forest cobra are smooth , glossy and strongly oblique . The colour of this species is variable , with three main colour morphs . Those from the forest or forest fringe , from Sierra Leone east to western Kenya and south to Angola are glossy black , the chin , throat and anterior region of the belly are cream or white , with broad black cross @-@ bars and blotches . The sides of the head are strikingly marked with black and white , giving the impression of vertical black and white bars on the lips . The second colour morph , from the west African savanna , is banded black and yellow , with a black tail , the head is brownish @-@ yellow on top , the lips , chin and throat are yellow . The third colour morph , from the coastal plain of east Africa , south to KwaZulu @-@ Natal , inland to Zambia and southern Democratic Republic of Congo , is brownish or blackish @-@ brown above , paler below , the belly is yellow or cream , heavily speckled with brown or black , and specimens from the southern part of its range have black tails . Melanistic ( all black ) specimens have been documented from west Africa .
The head , body and tail scalation of the forest cobra :
= = = Venom = = =
The venom of this cobra is a postsynaptic neurotoxin and bites result in severe neurotoxicity . Ernst and Zug et al . 1996 list a value of 0 @.@ 225 mg / kg SC . According to Brown and Fry of the Australian Venom and Toxin Database , the murine intraperitoneal LD50 value is 0 @.@ 324 mg / kg . The average venom yield per bite is 571 mg and the maximum venom yield is 1102 mg . This snake can be highly dangerous due to the quantity of venom it can inject in a single bite and its aggressive nature when defending . Death can occur rapidly , within 30 to 120 minutes in severe cases of envenomation . Signs and symptoms of envenomation include ptosis , drowsiness , limb paralysis , hearing loss , inability to speak , dizziness , ataxia , shock , hypotension , abdominal pain , fever , pallor , and other neurological and respiratory symptoms .
The forest cobra is one of the least frequent causes of snake bite among the African cobras , largely due its forest @-@ dwelling habits but a bite by this species should be taken very seriously because it ranks as the 4th most venomous Naja ( True Cobra ) species . The symptomology is thought to be very similar to that of the Egyptian cobra ( Naja haje ) . Clinical experience with this species has been very sparse , and few recorded bites have been documented . Deaths from respiratory failure due to severe neurotoxicity have been reported , but most victims will survive if prompt administration of antivenom is undertaken as soon as clinical signs of envenomation have been noted . Rare cases of spontaneous recoveries without the use of specific antivenom have also been seen ; however , neglecting the use of antivenom places the patient at increased risk for major morbidity and mortality . If the snake becomes cornered or is agitated , it can quickly attack the aggressor , and because a large amount of venom is injected , a rapidly fatal outcome is possible . The mortality rate of an untreated bite is not exactly known but it is thought to be quite high . The forest cobra does not spit or spray its venom . This species is considered to be among the most intelligent of the African elapids by herpetologists .
Two cases from Liberia experienced severe neurological symptoms , including ptosis , nausea , vomiting , tachychardia , and respiratory distress . A child in Ghana died within 20 minutes after being bitten by a snake suspected to be from this species .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The forest cobra occurs mainly in western and central Africa . It is found from Senegal , Guinea @-@ Bissau , Guinea , southeastern Mali , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Côte d 'Ivoire , Burkina Faso , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Equatorial Guinea , Cameroon , and Gabon in western Africa to the Republic of Congo , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Central African Republic , and northern Angola in central Africa to western Kenya , Uganda , Rwanda , and Burundi in eastern Africa , and to fragmented parts of southern Africa , including the Natal .
A snake of forest or woodland , it is the only one of Africa 's cobras that will live in high forest . The forest cobras are snakes that are well adapted to many environments and the habitat of the forest cobra is strongly dependent on what part of its African range the snake originates from . Forest cobras originating in the southern African regions are typically found in savanna and grassland , but they can also be found in broken rock country . They are mainly found in the tropical and subtropical rainforest regions of west and central Africa . It also inhabits mangroves in western Africa . The banded form of forest cobra in west Africa lives in savanna and grassland ( but usually along streams ) and well vegetated areas , especially riverine forest , up to latitude 14 N. The species ' preferred habitat are lowland forest and moist savanna where it favours coastal thickets . This snake seems to be highly adaptable and will readily move into drier areas if it can . In western Kenya , the forest cobra has been found in wide stretched grassland areas . The population of forest cobras in Uganda are almost always found close to water . The brown colour phase occurs in coastal and high altitude forest , woodland and thicket , and grassland areas ( i.e. Nyanga , Zimbabwe ) . Due to its secretive habits , and fondness for living in holes , it often persists in quite well @-@ inhabited areas , common in and around many central African towns , even long after most vegetation has gone . They are also found on fruit plantations where they live in the trees . It occurs through a wide altitude range , from sea @-@ level to forested mountains at 2 @,@ 800 metres ( 9 @,@ 200 feet ) above sea @-@ level .
= = Behavior = =
The forest cobra is an agile , diurnal species that climbs well and is one of the most aquatic of the true cobras of the genus Naja . It is terrestrial , but it is fast , graceful climber , known to ascend trees to a height of 10 metres ( 33 feet ) or more . It is quick moving and alert . It swims well and readily takes to the water ; in some areas its main diet is fish and could be regarded as semi @-@ aquatic . Although it is active mostly during the day ( diurnal ) in uninhabited areas , it can also be active by night ( nocturnal ) where it goes into urban areas . When not active , it takes cover in holes , brush piles , hollow logs , among root clusters or in rock crevices , or in abandoned termite mounds at forest fringe or clearings . In certain areas , it hides along river banks , in overhanging root systems or bird holes , and in urban areas will hide in junk piles or unused buildings . When agitated , it rears up to a considerable height and spreads a long , narrow hood . It can strike quickly , to quite a long distance , and if molested and cornered , it will rush forward and make a determined effort to bite . It is an alert and agile species of cobra . Some authorities believe it is one of the most dangerous African snakes to be kept as many captive forest cobras are described to be particularly aggressive when handled . This species is not able to " spit " its venom .
= = = Diet = = =
Forest cobras will feed on a wide variety of prey , including amphibians , fish , other snakes , monitor lizards and other lizards , bird eggs , rodents , and other small mammals . It has been recorded as taking mudskippers , and in west Africa , one specimen had eaten a Gifford 's giant shrew , an insectivore with a smell so noxious , most other snakes would not touch it .
= = = Reproduction = = =
This is an oviparous species . In the summer , females will lay between 11 and 26 smooth white eggs , each roughly 30 to 60 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 4 inches ) . The eggs stick together in a bunch . The eggs are laid in hollow trees , termite mounds , holes in the ground or females will make their own nests . Before mating , a pair of will " dance " , raising their heads a foot or more off the ground and moving to and fro . This may continue for an hour before mating takes place , when the male presses his cloaca ( the chamber into which the reproductive , urinary , and intestinal canals empty ) against that of the female . Female forest cobras may stand guard and are irritable and aggressive during the breeding period . A female is liable to attack without provocation , with potentially fatal consequences for passers @-@ by if her nest is near a footpath . Hatchlings are born completely independent and are usually 22 to 25 centimetres ( 8 @.@ 7 to 9 @.@ 8 inches ) in length . Although some sources claim that hatchlings may measure up to 47 centimetres ( 19 inches ) Incubation period is anywhere from 55 to 70 days ( or over 80 days in one captive study ) at temperatures of 27 – 30 ° C ( 81 – 86 ° F ) . These snakes are known to have a long lifespan . One captive specimen lived for 28 years , which is the record for the longest lived venomous snake in captivity . Another specimen held at the Melbourne Zoo in Australia turned 35 on September 1 , 2014 .
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= Acércate =
" Acércate " ( English : " Come Closer " ) is a song recorded by Puerto Rican reggaetón recording artist Ivy Queen and duo Wisin & Yandel for Queen 's seventh studio album Drama Queen ( 2010 ) . It was composed by Queen and Marcos Masis alongside the duo , while being produced by Luny Tunes and Tainy . Originally entitled " No Te Equivoques " , the song was leaked onto the Internet prior to the album 's release , which prompted Ivy Queen and Wisin & Yandel to re @-@ record the song .
Wisin & Yandel released a solo version of the song with lead vocals performed by them under the original title . While failing to chart on main Latin songs charts in Billboard magazine , it did manage to debut and peak at number sixteen on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Digital Songs chart , charting simultaneously with the lead single off the album " La Vida Es Así " which obtained the number two position . The song brings together the first studio album released by Ivy Queen in three years and first for Machete Music , after being with Univision Records since 2005 .
= = Background = =
After the success of her 2007 effort Sentimiento , which was certified Platinum by the United States Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , a substantial live album was distributed by Machete in 2008 . Subsequently , Queen signed a new record deal with the label in April 2010 , as they celebrated their fifth anniversary . The signing , described as a 360 deal , includes profit sharing in tours , sponsorships and merchandising . Ivy Queen was previously signed to a distribution deal with Univision Records , which in turn was acquired by Machete 's parent company Universal Music Latin Entertainment in 2008 .
President of Universal Music Latino and Machete , Walter Kolm , commented in a press release that : " It 's a privilege to have Ivy Queen apart of over artistic roster . Ivy is an extraordinary woman with incomparable talent , and she 's number one in her genre . We 're happy to be able to work with her on her new album as well as future projects " . " I 'm very proud to be a part of Machete Music . They are a young , vibrant company that has created a name for itself in Latin music in the United States and the world . They are a strong and important company that has been recognized for nurturing their artists ’ creative talents , " said Ivy Queen , regarding the partnership . Ivy Queen told Efe that the composition process started while she was heartbroken at home . Her emotions then burst out in the recording studio . She added the song is one of 26 songs she wrote during this period .
= = Music and lyrics = =
The song was composed by Queen , Marcos Masis , Juan Luis Morera Luna and Llandel Veguilla Malavé ; the duo known as Wisin & Yandel . Musically , it features minor key tonality and synthesizers . Production was handled by the Dominican @-@ born duo of Luny Tunes and Tainy . Frances Tirado from Primera Hora described the song as being pure reggaeton and as a song that brings out the figure in Ivy Queen . " Acércate " , along with the rest of the album , was recorded at Mas Flow Studios in Carolina , Puerto Rico . A version with lead male vocals by Wisin & Yandel without lead vocals from Ivy Queen remains unreleased , with a running time of two minutes and fifty @-@ three seconds . It too was produced by Luny Tunes and Tainy .
" Acércate " was leaked onto the Internet prior to the album 's release ; a first in Queen 's 15 @-@ year career . Originally entitled " No Te Equivoques " , it was re @-@ recorded in response to the infringement and included on the album retitled " Acércate " . Reflecting on the situation Queen stated : " Sometimes they try to hurt you are when you do well . I 'm proud and grateful that Wisin & Yandel have gone with me to the studio to record the song . We have good chemistry and friendship . We tried to change the song and lyrics , but with their agenda , which is tight , and mine too , we could not do it again . We have no idea who hacked , all the music was in a studio and to mobilize it to another was what someone did . " The collaboration stemmed from Queen 's previous collaboration with Wisin & Yandel on their seventh studio album La Revolución ( 2009 ) on " Perfecto " which also featured Yaviah .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from Allmusic
Recording
Recorded at Mas Flow Studios in Carolina , Puerto Rico
Personnel
José Cotto — Mixing
Ivy Queen — Primary Artist , Composer
Marcos " Tainy " Masis — Composer , Producer
Francisco Saldaña — Composer
Luny Tunes — Producer
Wisin & Yandel — Composers , Featured Artist
= = Charts = =
While failing to chart on main Latin songs charts in Billboard magazine , it did manage to debut and peak at number sixteen on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Digital Songs chart , for the week of July 31 , 2010 . It charted simultaneously with the lead single " La Vida Es Así " , which was at number two on the chart .
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= Frank Black ( character ) =
Frank Black is a fictional character in the crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . Black serves as the primary character of the series , which centers his investigation into unusual crimes as part of the private investigative organisation the Millennium Group . Black appeared in all but one of the series ' sixty @-@ seven episodes , with " Anamnesis " being the exception ; the character was portrayed by Lance Henriksen throughout the series .
The character of Black was conceived by series creator Chris Carter as a modern Western hero , and has been considered the main constant throughout the series ' changes in tone and direction . Henriksen was described by Carter as his " first and last " choice for the role , and has garnered critical acclaim for his portrayal , including three Golden Globe Award nominations .
= = Character arc = =
Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) started his career as an offender profiler for the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , where his unusual gift for empathising with the killers he was investigating aided in their capture . However , Black retires when he finds that his family — wife Catherine ( Megan Gallagher ) and daughter Jordan ( Brittany Tiplady ) — are being threatened by an unknown stalker , who is mailing polaroid photographs of the family to Black . After retiring from the FBI , Black moves to Seattle , Washington , and begins to consult for the Millennium Group , a private investigative organisation that aid law enforcement in violent criminal cases .
Despite the change in career , the stalker ( Doug Hutchison ) catches up with Black , kidnapping Catherine . Black is able to track them down and rescue Catherine , stabbing the stalker to death in the process . Disturbed by both the abduction and Black 's rage , Catherine moves out of their family home with Jordan for a time . Before they can reconcile , Catherine dies in a virus outbreak orchestrated by the Millennium Group , who Black discovers are attempting to control the possibility of the end of the world at the turn of the millennium . Disgusted by the group 's motives and actions , Black breaks rank and returns to work with the FBI in order to take them down .
Working with his new partner Emma Hollis ( Klea Scott ) , Black finds himself struggling to combat the far @-@ reaching influence of the Millennium Group . Due to the workings of the Group , Black is framed for the death of a fellow agent , prompting his resignation from the FBI and fleeing Washington D.C. with Jordan ; likewise , Hollis is convinced to abandon Black and work with the Group . Several months later , Black is able to work with FBI agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) to foil a last @-@ ditch effort by the Group to bring about the end of the world ; vindicated , he reunites with Jordan after the case .
= = Conceptual history = =
Millennium 's creator Chris Carter conceived Frank Black 's character early in the series ' genesis , knowing that he wanted to build the show around a retired law enforcement agent ; the tone of Millennium came to Carter later in the process but shaped Black 's character . Carter saw Black as an archetypal Western hero , describing him as " self @-@ reliant , quiet , capable , dangerous " and comparing him to the title character of the 1953 film Shane . Actor William Hurt was considered for the role early in the conception of the series , although Carter denies that Hurt was seriously approached for the part , saying Henriksen was their " first and last choice " . David Nutter , a frequent director for the series , described Henriksen as an " everyman " who appears to have " seen hell , and has reached for heaven but not often had it " .
When Henriksen first received the script for " Pilot " , he was impressed with what he saw as " vivid and edgy " writing , but was incredulous as the possibility of it being a television script , having initially mistaken it for a feature film . He also held reservations about working on television , as he was primarily a known for acting in films . The initial casting of Henriksen was not well received by executives at Fox Broadcasting Company , who had envisioned the lead role being played by " someone hot and in his mid @-@ thirties , at worst " according to producer Ken Horton .
Producer John Peter Kousakis has noted that Black remained the main constant throughout the series , as each season featured a marked change in tone and plotting . Black appeared in every episode of the series bar one — the second season episode " Anamnesis " did not feature the character at all , focussing instead on another Millennium Group member . Henriksen used the break from production to take a trip to Hawaii . Following the cancellation of Millennium , character of Black — again portrayed by Henriksen — appeared in " Millennium " , an episode of The X @-@ Files which served as a crossover between the two programmes .
= = Reception = =
Henriksen 's portrayal of Black has been met with positive criticism . Henriksen was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Drama for each of the series ' three seasons , without winning . Henriksen 's first loss was to David Duchovny 's role as Fox Mulder in The X @-@ Files , followed by a loss to Anthony Edwards as ER 's Mark Greene , and finally coming in behind Dylan McDermott 's portrayal of Bobby Donnell in The Practice .
Writing for The A.V. Club , Zack Handlen noted that " Henriksen invests [ Black 's ] world @-@ weariness with a soothing , almost beautiful patience , and those few moments of delight he 's allowed on the show [ ... ] are sincere instead of cloying " . DVD Talk 's Randy Miller considered the character to have been " masterfully played " by Henriksen . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , felt that Henriksen " seiz [ ed ] the part with a confidence that makes him immediately a more credible character " than Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , the lead roles in Millennium 's sister show The X @-@ Files . Writing for Slant magazine , Keith Uhlich described Henriksen 's portrayal of Black as " the perfect actorly complement to Carter 's thematic obsessions " , calling the character a " mortal survivalist pushing ever @-@ forward , even in the face of the devil 's idle temptations " .
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= Hail =
Hail is a form of solid precipitation . It is distinct from American sleet ( called ice pellets outside of the United States ) , though the two are often confused . It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice , each of which is called a hailstone . Sleet ( ice pellets ) falls generally in cold weather while hail growth is greatly inhibited during cold surface temperatures .
Unlike graupel , which is made of rime , and ice pellets , which are smaller and translucent , hailstones consist mostly of water ice and measure between 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) and 15 centimetres ( 6 in ) in diameter . The METAR reporting code for hail 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) or greater is GR , while smaller hailstones and graupel are coded GS .
Hail is possible within most thunderstorms as it is produced by cumulonimbi , and within 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) of the parent storm . Hail formation requires environments of strong , upward motion of air with the parent thunderstorm ( similar to tornadoes ) and lowered heights of the freezing level . In the mid @-@ latitudes , hail forms near the interiors of continents , while in the tropics , it tends to be confined to high elevations .
There are methods available to detect hail @-@ producing thunderstorms using weather satellites and weather radar imagery . Hailstones generally fall at higher speeds as they grow in size , though complicating factors such as melting , friction with air , wind , and interaction with rain and other hailstones can slow their descent through Earth 's atmosphere . Severe weather warnings are issued for hail when the stones reach a damaging size , as it can cause serious damage to human @-@ made structures and , most commonly , farmers ' crops .
= = Definition = =
Any thunderstorm which produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm . Hail has a diameter of 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) or more . Hailstones can grow to 15 centimetres ( 6 in ) and weigh more than 0 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) .
Unlike ice pellets , hailstones are layered and can be irregular and clumped together . Hail is composed of transparent ice or alternating layers of transparent and translucent ice at least 1 millimetre ( 0 @.@ 039 in ) thick , which are deposited upon the hailstone as it travels through the cloud , suspended aloft by air with strong upward motion until its weight overcomes the updraft and falls to the ground . Although the diameter of hail is varied , in the United States , the average observation of damaging hail is between 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 in ) and golf ball @-@ sized ( 1 @.@ 75 in ) .
Stones larger than 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 80 in ) are usually considered large enough to cause damage . The Meteorological Service of Canada issues severe thunderstorm warnings when hail that size or above is expected . The US National Weather Service has a 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 in ) or greater in diameter threshold , effective January 2010 , an increase over the previous threshold of ¾ -inch hail . Other countries have different thresholds according local sensitivity to hail ; for instance grape growing areas could be adversely impacted by smaller hailstones . Hailstones can be very large or very small , depending on how strong the updraft is : weaker hailstorms produce smaller hailstones than stronger hailstorms ( such as supercells ) .
= = Formation = =
Hail forms in strong thunderstorm clouds , particularly those with intense updrafts , high liquid water content , great vertical extent , large water droplets , and where a good portion of the cloud layer is below freezing 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . These types of strong updrafts can also indicate the presence of a tornado . The growth rate is maximized where air is near a temperature of − 13 ° C ( 9 ° F ) .
= = = Layer nature of the hailstones = = =
Like other precipitation in cumulonimbus clouds , hail begins as water droplets . As the droplets rise and the temperature goes below freezing , they become supercooled water and will freeze on contact with condensation nuclei . A cross @-@ section through a large hailstone shows an onion @-@ like structure . This means the hailstone is made of thick and translucent layers , alternating with layers that are thin , white and opaque . Former theory suggested that hailstones were subjected to multiple descents and ascents , falling into a zone of humidity and refreezing as they were uplifted . This up and down motion was thought to be responsible for the successive layers of the hailstone . New research , based on theory as well as field study , has shown this is not necessarily true .
The storm 's updraft , with upwardly directed wind speeds as high as 110 miles per hour ( 180 km / h ) , blows the forming hailstones up the cloud . As the hailstone ascends it passes into areas of the cloud where the concentration of humidity and supercooled water droplets varies . The hailstone ’ s growth rate changes depending on the variation in humidity and supercooled water droplets that it encounters . The accretion rate of these water droplets is another factor in the hailstone ’ s growth . When the hailstone moves into an area with a high concentration of water droplets , it captures the latter and acquires a translucent layer . Should the hailstone move into an area where mostly water vapour is available , it acquires a layer of opaque white ice .
Furthermore , the hailstone ’ s speed depends on its position in the cloud ’ s updraft and its mass . This determines the varying thicknesses of the layers of the hailstone . The accretion rate of supercooled water droplets onto the hailstone depends on the relative velocities between these water droplets and the hailstone itself . This means that generally the larger hailstones will form some distance from the stronger updraft where they can pass more time growing . As the hailstone grows it releases latent heat , which keeps its exterior in a liquid phase . Because it undergoes ' wet growth ' , the outer layer is sticky ( i.e. more adhesive ) , so a single hailstone may grow by collision with other smaller hailstones , forming a larger entity with an irregular shape .
The hailstone will keep rising in the thunderstorm until its mass can no longer be supported by the updraft . This may take at least 30 minutes based on the force of the updrafts in the hail @-@ producing thunderstorm , whose top is usually greater than 10 km high . It then falls toward the ground while continuing to grow , based on the same processes , until it leaves the cloud . It will later begin to melt as it passes into air above freezing temperature .
Thus , a unique trajectory in the thunderstorm is sufficient to explain the layer @-@ like structure of the hailstone . The only case in which multiple trajectories can be discussed is in a multicellular thunderstorm , where the hailstone may be ejected from the top of the " mother " cell and captured in the updraft of a more intense " daughter " cell . This , however , is an exceptional case .
= = = Factors favoring hail = = =
Hail is most common within continental interiors of the mid @-@ latitudes , as hail formation is considerably more likely when the freezing level is below the altitude of 11 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 400 m ) . Movement of dry air into strong thunderstorms over continents can increase the frequency of hail by promoting evaporational cooling which lowers the freezing level of thunderstorm clouds giving hail a larger volume to grow in . Accordingly , hail is less common in the tropics despite a much higher frequency of thunderstorms than in the mid @-@ latitudes because the atmosphere over the tropics tends to be warmer over a much greater altitude . Hail in the tropics occurs mainly at higher elevations .
Hail growth becomes vanishingly small when air temperatures fall below − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) as supercooled water droplets become rare at these temperatures . Around thunderstorms , hail is most likely within the cloud at elevations above 20 @,@ 000 feet ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) . Between 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) and 20 @,@ 000 feet ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) , 60 percent of hail is still within the thunderstorm , though 40 percent now lies within the clear air under the anvil . Below 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) , hail is equally distributed in and around a thunderstorm to a distance of 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) .
= = Climatology = =
Hail occurs most frequently within continental interiors at mid @-@ latitudes and is less common in the tropics , despite a much higher frequency of thunderstorms than in the mid @-@ latitudes . Hail is also much more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards ( known as orographic lifting ) , thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely . The higher elevations also result in there being less time available for hail to melt before reaching the ground . One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India , which reported one of the highest hail @-@ related death tolls on record in 1888 . China also experiences significant hailstorms . Central Europe and southern Australia also experience a lot of hailstorms . Popular regions for hailstorms are southern and western Germany , northern and eastern France and southern and eastern Benelux . In south @-@ eastern Europe , Croatia and Serbia experience frequent occurrences of hail .
In North America , hail is most common in the area where Colorado , Nebraska , and Wyoming meet , known as " Hail Alley " . Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours , with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September . Cheyenne , Wyoming is North America 's most hail @-@ prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season .
= = Short @-@ term detection = =
Weather radar is a very useful tool to detect the presence of hail @-@ producing thunderstorms . However , radar data has to be complemented by a knowledge of current atmospheric conditions which can allow one to determine if the current atmosphere is conducive to hail development .
Modern radar scans many angles around the site . Reflectivity values at multiple angles above ground level in a storm are proportional to the precipitation rate at those levels . Summing reflectivities in the Vertically Integrated Liquid or VIL , gives the liquid water content in the cloud . Research shows that hail development in the upper levels of the storm is related to the evolution of VIL . VIL divided by the vertical extent of the storm , called VIL density , has a relationship with hail size , although this varies with atmospheric conditions and therefore is not highly accurate . Traditionally , hail size and probability can be estimated from radar data by computer using algorithms based on this research . Some algorithms include the height of the freezing level to estimate the melting of the hailstone and what would be left on the ground .
Certain patterns of reflectivity are important clues for the meteorologist as well . The three body scatter spike is an example . This is the result of energy from the radar hitting hail and being deflected to the ground , where they deflect back to the hail and then to the radar . The energy took more time to go from the hail to the ground and back , as opposed to the energy that went direct from the hail to the radar , and the echo is further away from the radar than the actual location of the hail on the same radial path , forming a cone of weaker reflectivities .
More recently , the polarization properties of weather radar returns have been analyzed to differentiate between hail and heavy rain . The use of differential reflectivity ( <formula> ) , in combination with horizontal reflectivity ( <formula> ) has led to a variety of hail classification algorithms . Visible satellite imagery is beginning to be used to detect hail , but false alarm rates remain high using this method .
= = Size and terminal velocity = =
The size of hailstones is best determined by measuring their diameter with a ruler . In the absence of a ruler , hailstone size is often visually estimated by comparing its size to that of known objects , such as coins . Using the objects such as hen 's eggs , peas , and marbles for comparing hailstone sizes is imprecise , due to their varied dimensions . The UK organisation , TORRO , also scales for both hailstones and hailstorms . When observed at an airport , METAR code is used within a surface weather observation which relates to the size of the hailstone . Within METAR code , GR is used to indicate larger hail , of a diameter of at least 0 @.@ 25 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 mm ) . GR is derived from the French word grêle . Smaller @-@ sized hail , as well as snow pellets , use the coding of GS , which is short for the French word grésil .
= = = Hail records = = =
Megacryometeors , large rocks of ice that are not associated with thunderstorms , are not officially recognized by the World Meteorological Organization as " hail , " which are aggregations of ice associated with thunderstorms , and therefore records of extreme characteristics of megacryometeors are not given as hail records .
Heaviest : 1 @.@ 02 kg ( 2 @.@ 25 lb ) ; Gopalganj District , Bangladesh , 14 April 1986 .
Largest diameter officially measured : 7 @.@ 9 inches ( 20 cm ) diameter , 18 @.@ 622 inches ( 47 @.@ 3 cm ) circumference ; Vivian , South Dakota , 23 July 2010 .
Largest circumference officially measured : 18 @.@ 74 inches ( 47 @.@ 6 cm ) circumference , 7 @.@ 0 inches ( 17 @.@ 8 cm ) diameter ; Aurora , Nebraska , 22 June 2003 .
Terminal velocity of hail , or the speed at which hail is falling when it strikes the ground , varies . It is estimated that a hailstone of 1 centimetre ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) in diameter falls at a rate of 9 metres per second ( 20 mph ) , while stones the size of 8 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) in diameter fall at a rate of 48 metres per second ( 110 mph ) . Hailstone velocity is dependent on the size of the stone , friction with air it is falling through , the motion of wind it is falling through , collisions with raindrops or other hailstones , and melting as the stones fall through a warmer atmosphere . As hail stones are not perfect spheres it is difficult to calculate their speed accurately .
= = Hazards = =
Hail can cause serious damage , notably to automobiles , aircraft , skylights , glass @-@ roofed structures , livestock , and most commonly , farmers ' crops . Hail damage to roofs often goes unnoticed until further structural damage is seen , such as leaks or cracks . It is hardest to recognize hail damage on shingled roofs and flat roofs , but all roofs have their own hail damage detection problems . Metal roofs are fairly resistant to hail damage , but may accumulate cosmetic damage in the form of dents and damaged coatings .
Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft . When hailstones exceed 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 mm ) in diameter , planes can be seriously damaged within seconds . The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft . Hail is also a common nuisance to drivers of automobiles , severely denting the vehicle and cracking or even shattering windshields and windows . Wheat , corn , soybeans , and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage . Hail is one of Canada 's most expensive hazards . Rarely , massive hailstones have been known to cause concussions or fatal head trauma . Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history . One of the earliest known incidents occurred around the 9th century in Roopkund , Uttarakhand , India , where 200 to 600 nomads seem to have died of injuries from hail the size of cricket balls . The largest hailstone in terms of diameter and weight ever recorded in the United States fell on July 23 , 2010 in Vivian , South Dakota ; it measured 7 @.@ 9 inches ( 20 cm ) in diameter and 18 @.@ 62 inches ( 47 @.@ 3 cm ) in circumference , weighing in at 1 @.@ 94 pounds ( 0 @.@ 88 kg ) . This broke the previous record for diameter set by a hailstone 7 inches diameter and 18 @.@ 74 inches circumference ( still the greatest circumference hailstone ) which fell in Aurora , Nebraska in the United States on June 22 , 2003 , as well as the record for weight , set by a hailstone of 1 @.@ 67 pounds ( 0 @.@ 76 kg ) that fell in Coffeyville , Kansas in 1970 .
= = Accumulations = =
Narrow zones where hail accumulates on the ground in association with thunderstorm activity are known as hail streaks or hail swaths , which can be detectable by satellite after the storms pass by . Hailstorms normally last from a few minutes up to 15 minutes in duration . Accumulating hail storms can blanket the ground with over 2 inches ( 5 @.@ 1 cm ) of hail , cause thousands to lose power , and bring down many trees . Flash flooding and mudslides within areas of steep terrain can be a concern with accumulating hail .
Depths of up to 18 in ( 0 @.@ 46 m ) have been reported . A landscape covered in accumulated hail generally resembles one covered in accumulated snow and any significant accumulation of hail has the same restrictive effects as snow accumulation , albeit over a smaller area , on transport and infrastructure . Accumulated hail can also cause flooding by blocking drains , and hail can be carried in the floodwater , turning into a snow @-@ like slush which is deposited at lower elevations .
On somewhat rare occasions , a thunderstorm can become stationary or nearly so while prolifically producing hail and significant depths of accumulation do occur ; this tends to happen in mountainous areas , such as the July 29 , 2010 case of a foot of hail accumulation in Boulder County , Colorado . On June 5 , 2015 , hail up to four feet deep fell on one city block in Denver , Colorado . The hailstones , described as between the size of bumble bees and ping pong balls , were accompanied by rain and high winds . The hail fell in only the one area , leaving the surrounding area untouched . It fell for one and a half hours between 10 p.m. and 11 : 30 p.m. A meteorologist for the National Weather Service in Boulder said , " It 's a very interesting phenomenon . We saw the storm stall . It produced copious amounts of hail in one small area . It 's a meteorological thing . " Tractors used to clear the area filled more than 30 dump @-@ truck loads of hail .
Research focused on four individual days that accumulated more than 5 @.@ 9 inches ( 15 cm ) of hail in 30 minutes on the Colorado front range has shown that these events share similar patterns in observed synoptic weather , radar , and lightning characteristics , suggesting the possibility of predicting these events prior to their occurrence . A fundamental problem in continuing research in this area is that , unlike hail diameter , hail depth is not commonly reported . The lack of data leaves researchers and forecasters in the dark when trying to verify operational methods . A cooperative effort between the University of Colorado and the National Weather Service , for the summer of 2016 , is in progress . The joint project 's goal is to enlist the help of the general public to develop a database of hail accumulation depths .
= = Suppression and prevention = =
During the Middle Ages , people in Europe used to ring church bells and fire cannons to try to prevent hail , and the subsequent damage to crops . Updated versions of this approach are available as modern hail cannons . Cloud seeding after World War II was done to eliminate the hail threat , particularly across the Soviet Union – where it was claimed a 70 to 98 percent reduction in crop damage from hail storms was achieved by deploying silver iodide in clouds using rockets and artillery shells . Hail suppression programs have been undertaken by 15 countries between 1965 and 2005 .
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= Roderigo Lopez =
Roderigo Lopez ( also called Ruy Lopes , Ruy Lopez or Roger Lopez ; c . 1517 – 7 June 1594 ) served as physician @-@ in @-@ chief to Queen Elizabeth I of England from 1581 until his death by execution , having been found guilty of plotting to poison her . A Portuguese converso or New Christian of Jewish ancestry , he is the only royal doctor in English history to have been executed , and may have inspired the character of Shylock in Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice , which was written within four years of his death .
The son of a Portuguese royal physician of Jewish descent , Lopez was raised a Catholic and educated at the University of Coimbra . Amid the Portuguese Inquisition he was accused of secretly practising Judaism , and compelled to leave the country . He settled in London in 1559 , joined the Church of England and became house physician at St Bartholomew 's Hospital . Gaining a reputation as a careful and skilled physician , he acquired several powerful clients , including the Earl of Leicester and Sir Francis Walsingham , and eventually the Queen of England herself .
The Earl of Essex accused Lopez of conspiring to poison the Queen by in January 1594 . Insisting his innocence , the doctor was convicted of high treason in February and hanged , drawn and quartered in June , reportedly after averring from the scaffold that " he loved the Queen as well as he loved Jesus Christ " — a statement that , from a man of Jewish background , prompted mocking laughter from the crowd . Elizabeth 's three @-@ month delay signing Lopez 's death warrant is sometimes interpreted as evidence that she doubted the case against him . In any case she returned almost all of his estate to his widow and children .
= = Early life and family = =
Roderigo ( or Rodrigo ) Lopez was born into a family of Jewish origin in Portugal around 1517 . His father , António Lopes , was physician to King John III of Portugal , and had been baptised into the Roman Catholic Church under coercion in 1497 . Lopez was baptised and raised in the Catholic faith as a converso or New Christian , and educated at the University of Coimbra . He received a BA degree under the name Ruy Lopes on 7 February 1540 , then an MA on 4 December 1541 ; he enrolled for a medical course on 23 December that year . Records do not survive regarding his doctorate , but according to his biographer Edgar Samuel it is probable that he received it in 1544 .
Amid the Portuguese Inquisition , Lopez was alleged to be a Crypto @-@ Jew or marrano — one of Jewish descent who professed the Christian faith , but secretly adhered to the Judaism of his ancestors — and was compelled to leave Portugal . He settled in England in 1559 , anglicising his first name as " Roger " , and successfully resumed his practice as a doctor in London . He joined the Church of England . He soon became the house physician at St Bartholomew 's Hospital in Smithfield . A colleague there , the surgeon William Clowes , noted in 1591 that " Lopez showed himself to be both careful and very skilful ... in his counsel in dieting , purging and bleeding . "
Around 1563 Lopez married Sarah Anes ( b . 1550 ) , the eldest daughter of another New Christian refugee from the Portuguese Inquisition , the merchant Dunstan Anes , who had settled in London in 1540 . According to Samuel , both the Anes and Lopez households secretly practised Judaism , which was then illegal in England , while outwardly conforming as Anglicans . Other scholars are ambivalent on the matter ; Lopez would always insist that he was a Christian . Roderigo and Sarah had four sons and two daughters , of whom at least the eldest five — Ellyn ( Elinor ) , Ambrose , Douglas , William and Ann — were baptised within the hospital precincts at St Bartholomew @-@ the @-@ Less between 1564 and 1579 . Lopez 's brother Lewis lived with them in Holborn ; a second brother , Diego Lopes Aleman , became a merchant in Antwerp and Venice .
= = Royal physician = =
Lopez developed a large practice among powerful people , including Robert Dudley , Earl of Leicester and the principal secretary Sir Francis Walsingham , and in 1581 he was made physician @-@ in @-@ chief to Queen Elizabeth I of England and her household , with a life pension of £ 50 per year . In June 1584 , Elizabeth granted him a monopoly on the importation of aniseed and sumac to England for ten years ; this was renewed in January 1593 . In 1588 he was given land and tithes in Worcestershire belonging to the Bishop of Worcester Edmund Freke . Gabriel Harvey , an English scholar of the era , remarked on Lopez 's rise on the title page of a book he owned , Judaeorum Medicastrorum calumnias :
Doctor Lopus , the Queenes physitian , is descended of Jewes : but himselfe A Christian , & Portugall . He none of the learnedest , or expertest physitians in ye Court : but one , that maketh as great account of himself , as the best : & by a kind of Jewish practis , hath growen to much wealth , & sum reputation : aswell with ye Queen herselfe as with sum of ye greatest Lordes , & Ladyes .
There were sections of English society at the time that believed there to be a plot , orchestrated by Catholics and carried out by Jewish physicians , to poison patients . Converso doctors in Iberia were similarly often accused of murdering their patients or attempting to poison them . In 1584 , an anonymous Catholic pamphlet denouncing the Earl of Leicester suggested that " Lopez the Jewe " was one of the earl 's agents " for poysoning & for the arte of destroying children in women 's bellies " .
Fluent in five languages , Lopez was involved in diplomatic intrigue , as many Christians of Jewish origin were at this time . Amid England 's war with Spain in the 1580s , Lopez became an important member of a circle of Portuguese exiles in England , and the Queen 's intermediary with the Portuguese pretender Dom António , Prior of Crato , who was staying near Windsor Castle . Lopez supported Dom António , but in 1586 one of the pretender 's entourage , António da Veiga , wrote to the Spanish Ambassador in Paris , Don Bernardino de Mendoza , claiming that he could persuade Lopez to poison Dom António . The Spanish did not act on this idea .
In 1590 , Lopez approached Mendoza , possibly on Walsingham 's behalf , with the intention of opening peace negotiations . The Spanish gave Manuel de Andrada , Lopez 's intermediary , a jewelled ring worth £ 100 as a gift for Lopez 's daughter . After Walsingham 's death in 1591 , Lopez continued exchanging letters with Spanish officials without the English government 's knowledge or authority . There is no surviving evidence to suggest that Lopez conspired against England or Elizabeth personally , but these Spanish connections would come back to punish him — according to Samuel , " Lopez had acted stupidly and dishonestly " .
= = Trial and execution = =
By the early 1590s , Lopez was wealthy and generally respected . He owned a comfortable house in Holborn and had his youngest son Anthony enrolled at Winchester College . He incurred the fury of one of his former patients , Queen Elizabeth 's favourite Robert Devereux , Earl of Essex , when he described to Dom António and the Spanish statesman Antonio Pérez occasions on which he had treated Essex for venereal diseases . Learning of this from Perez , Essex began to assemble evidence implicating Lopez as some sort of fifth columnist in the pay of King Philip II of Spain . The Lord High Treasurer Lord Burghley initially thought Essex 's allegations against Lopez absurd ; the Queen herself also rebuked Essex .
Late in 1593 , Essex discovered a secret correspondence between Estevão Ferreira da Gama , one of Dom António 's former supporters , and officials in the Spanish Netherlands , and had a messenger , Manuel Luis Tinoco , arrested . Lopez 's courier Gomez d 'Avila , a London @-@ based Portuguese New Christian , was also arrested . Both implicated Lopez during interrogation . On 28 January 1594 Essex wrote to Anthony Bacon of " a most dangerous and desperate treason " , the target of which was Queen Elizabeth : " The executioner should have been Dr Lopus . The manner by poison . " Parallels were drawn with a letter written by Andrada to Burghley in 1591 , in which reference was made to a plot whereby the King of Spain would deploy " three Portuguese to kill her Majesty and three more to kill the King of France " . Tinoco was tortured and Ferreira da Gama threatened with torture until they confessed along the lines Essex suspected ; Ferreira da Gama , asked if Lopez might have been willing to poison the Queen , replied in the affirmative . Lopez was arrested and held first at Essex House , then the Tower of London . He confessed when threatened with torture , but promptly recanted this statement .
Revelations regarding Lopez 's secret correspondence with Spanish officials did not help his case , particularly when it emerged that he had given the Spanish information about the English court , and apparently donated money to a secret synagogue in Antwerp . Burghley and the spymaster William Wade were soon " ready to believe the worst " , to quote Samuel . Lopez , Ferreira da Gama and Tinoco were tried by a commission headed by Essex at Guildhall on 28 February 1594 . Lopez insisted that he was innocent . The prosecutor , Sir Edward Coke , denounced the doctor as " a perjured , murdering villain and a Jewish doctor worse than Judas himself ... [ not ] a new Christian ... [ but ] a very Jew " . The three were convicted of high treason and sentenced to death .
The Queen waited over three months before signing the death warrant ; this delay is sometimes interpreted as evidence that the Queen doubted the case against her doctor . Lopez , Ferreira da Gama and Tinoco were hanged , drawn and quartered at Tyburn on 7 June 1594 . Lopez insisted to the end that he was innocent and that his professed Christian faith was genuine . He fell into a state of depression , but on the scaffold gathered his resolve and , according to the 16th @-@ century historian William Camden , declared that " he loved the Queen as well as he loved Jesus Christ " . The crowd roared with derision and laughter , taking this , from a man of Jewish background , for a thinly veiled confession .
Lopez 's property was forfeited on his attainder . His widow Sarah petitioned the Queen to be allowed to keep his estate ; the Queen kept the ring given to Lopez 's daughter by the Spanish , but returned the rest . Elizabeth also granted £ 30 per year to Anthony Lopez to support him at Winchester . A letter written by the Spanish diplomat Count Gondomar to King Philip III of Spain a decade after the trial seems to indicate that Lopez and Ferreira da Gama had been unjustly convicted , and that there had been no plot involving the Portuguese doctor : " the King our master [ Philip II ] had never conceived nor approved such measures ... the Count of Fuentes neither received nor gave such an order , moreover it is understood that Dr Lopez never passed through his thoughts , because he was a friend of the Queen and a bad Christian . " Lopez remains the only royal physician executed in English history .
= = Possible literary legacy = =
Some historians and literary critics consider Lopez and his trial to have been an influence on William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice ( written c . 1596 – 98 ) , specifically as a prototype for the play 's principal antagonist Shylock , a Venetian Jewish moneylender who hates Christians . The Lopez case prompted a revival of Christopher Marlowe 's play The Jew of Malta ( c . 1589 – 90 ) , which according to Elizabeth Lane Furdell began rehearsals in London the same day Lopez was taken to Essex House . There is a mention of Lopez in Marlowe 's Doctor Faustus ( c . 1592 ) , comparing him to the title character : " Doctor Lopus was never such a doctor ! " This was probably added after Marlowe 's death in 1593 .
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= Systemin =
Systemin is a plant peptide hormone involved in the wound response in the Solanaceae family . It was the first plant hormone that was proven to be a peptide having been isolated from tomato leaves in 1991 by a group led by Clarence A. Ryan . Since then other peptides , with similar functions have been identified in tomato and outside of the Solanaceae . Hydroxyproline @-@ rich glycopeptides were found in tobacco in 2001 and AtPEPs ( Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Elicitor Peptides ) were found in Arabidopsis thaliana in 2006 . Their precursors are found both in the cytoplasm and cell walls of plant cells , upon insect damage , the precursors are processed to produce one or more mature peptides . The receptor for systemin was first thought to be the same as the brassinolide receptor but this is now uncertain . The signal transduction processes that occur after the peptides bind are similar to the cytokine @-@ mediated inflammatory immune response in animals . Early experiments showed that systemin travelled around the plant after insects had damaged the plant , activating systemic acquired resistance , now it is thought that it increases the production of jasmonic acid causing the same result . The main function of systemins is to coordinate defensive responses against insect herbivores but they also affect plant development . Systemin induces the production of protease inhibitors which protect against insect herbivores , other peptides activate defensins and modify root growth . They have also been shown to affect plants ' responses to salt stress and UV radiation . AtPEPs have been shown to affect resistance against oomycetes and may allow A. thaliana to distinguish between different pathogens . In Nicotiana attenuata , some of the peptides have stopped being involved in defensive roles and instead affect flower morphology .
= = Discovery and structure = =
In 1991 a research group led by Clarence A. Ryan , isolated an 18 amino acid polypeptide from tomato leaves that induced the production of protease inhibitor proteins ( PIs ) in response to wounding . Experiments using synthetic radio @-@ labelled forms of the polypeptide demonstrated that it was able to travel systemically through the plant and induce PI production in unwounded leaves . Because of the systemic nature of the wounding signal , it was named systemin , it was the first polypeptide found to function as a hormone in plants. mRNA encoding for systemin is found in all tissues of the plant except the roots . Later studies identified homologs of tomato systemin in other members of the Solanaceae including potato , black nightshade and bell pepper . Systemins have only been identified in the Solaneae subtribe of the Solanaceae , but other members of the family , such as tobacco , also respond to wounding by systemically producing protease inhibitors .
= = = Peptides with similar functions = = =
In 2001 , biologically active hydroxyproline @-@ rich glycopeptides were isolated from tobacco which activated the production of protease inhibitors in a similar way to systemin in tomatoes . Although they are structurally unrelated to systemins , their similar function resulted in them being named hydroxyproline @-@ rich systemins ( HypSys ) . Following the initial discovery other HypSys peptides were found in tomato , Petunia and black nightshade . In 2007 , HypSys were found outside the Solanaceae , in sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) and sequence analysis identified HypSys analogs in poplar ( Populus trichocarpa ) and coffee ( Coffea canephora ) . Systemins are highly conserved between species , whereas HypSys are more divergent but all contain a conserved proline or hydroxyproline @-@ rich central domain .
In 2006 , AtPEP1 , a 23 amino acid polypeptide was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana , which was found to activate components of the innate immune response . Unlike HypSys , AtPEP1 is not post @-@ translationally modified by hydroxylation or glycosylation . Six paralogs of the precursor have been identified in A. thaliana as well as orthologs in grape , rice , maize , wheat , barley , canola , soybean , medicago and poplar , although the activity of these orthologs has not been tested in assays . The predicted structures of the paralogs of AtPEP1 are varied within A. thaliana but all contain a SSGR / KxGxxN sequence motif . The orthologs identified in other species are more varied but still contain components of the sequence motif .
= = Localisation and precursors = =
Systemin and AtPEP1 are found in the cell cytosol . The precursor to tomato systemin is transcribed as a 200 amino acid polypeptide . It does not contain a putative signal sequence suggesting that it is synthesised on free ribosomes in the cytosol . The precursor to AtPEP1 is a 92 amino acid polypeptide and also lacks a signal sequence . In tomato , mRNA encoding the precursor for systemin is present at very low levels in unwounded leaves but accumulates upon wounding , particularly in the cells surrounding the sieve elements of the phloem in vascular bundles of mid veins . The precursor accumulates exclusively in the phloem parenchyma cells of leaves in tomato after wounding . The precursor to potato systemin is also localised in a similar manner suggesting it is under the same cell @-@ type @-@ specific regulation in both species .
HypSys are localised in the cell wall . The precursor for tobacco HypSys is transcribed as a 165 amino acid polypeptide which has no structural homology to the precursor for systemin in tomato . The structural properties of HypSys , containing hydroxyproline and being glycosylated , indicate that they are synthesised through the secretory system . The precursor to HypSys in tomato is a 146 amino acid polypeptide , exclusively synthesised within the vascular bundles of leaves and petioles associated with parenchyma cells of phloem bundles . Unlike systemin , it is primarily associated with the cell wall . The precursors to HypSys appear to represent a distinct subfamily of hydroxyproline @-@ rich proteins found in cell walls . Upon wounding it is thought that a protease from the cytosol , the cell wall matrix , or the pathogen , processes the precursor producing active HypSys peptides .
= = = Processing of precursors = = =
The precursors for systemin and AtPEP1 are both processed to yield one active peptide from the C @-@ terminus of the precursor . It has been speculated that ProAtPEP1 is processed by CONSTITUTIVE DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 , an apoplastic aspartic protease . The precursors to HypSys are processed into more than one active peptide . In tobacco , it is processed into two peptides , in petunia into three , and in sweet potato , possibly into six . At 291 amino acids long , the precursor to HypSys in sweet potato is the longest precursor described . The production of multiple signalling peptides from one precursor is a common feature found in animals .
= = Receptors = =
Exceedingly small amounts of tomato systemin are active , femto @-@ molar concentrations of the peptide are sufficient to elicit a response at the whole plant level , making it one of the most potent gene activators identified . A receptor for tomato systemin was identified as a 160KDa leucine @-@ rich repeat receptor like kinase ( LRR @-@ RLK ) , SR160 . After being isolated it was found that was very similar in structure to BRI1 from A. thaliana , the receptor that brassinolides bind to on the cell membrane . This was the first receptor which was found to be able to bind both a steroid and a peptide ligand and also to be involved in both defensive and developmental responses . Recent studies have found that the initial conclusion that BRI1 is the receptor for tomato systemin may be incorrect . In cu3 mutants of tomato , a null allele with a stop codon present in the extracellular LRR domain of BRI1 prevents the receptor from being localised correctly and it also lacks the kinase domain , required for signalling . These mutants are insensitive to brassinolide yet still respond to tomato systemin by producing protease inhibitors and causing an alkalisation response . This led Holton et al. to suggest that there is another mechanism by which systemin is perceived . Further investigation showed that binding of systemin to BRI1 does not cause the receptor to become phosphorylated , as when brassinolides bind , suggesting that it does not transduce a signal . When BRI1 is silenced in tomato , the plants have a similar phenotype to cu3 mutants yet are still able to respond normally to systemin , strengthening the view that BRI1 is not the systemin receptor .
In 1994 , tomato systemin was found to bind to a 50KDa protein in the cell membrane of tomato . The protein has a structure similar to proteases of the Kex2p @-@ like prohormone convertases . This led Schaller and Ryan to suggest that it is not a receptor , but instead is involved in the processing of ProSys into the active form , or the degradation of Sys . Synthetic forms of tomato systemin , with substituted amino acids at the predicted dibasic cleavage site , remained stable in cell cultures for longer than the native form . Later studies have noted that the enzymes responsible for processing ProSys remain unidentified . No further research has been reported on the 50KDa protein to date , and the gene has not been identified .
No receptors for HypSys have so far been reported , but it is thought that they are perceived on the cell membrane by a LRR @-@ RLK .
The receptor for AtPep1 has been identified as a 170KDa LRR @-@ RLK and has been named AtPEPR1 . AtPep1 is active at 0 @.@ 1 nano @-@ molar ( nM ) concentrations and the receptor saturates at 1nM . An analysis of the structure of the AtPEPR1 receptor has shown that it is a member of the LRR XI subfamily of LRR @-@ RLKs in A. thaliana which includes the receptor for another peptide hormone CLAVATA3 . Transforming tobacco cell cultures with AtPEPR1 allowed them to respond to AtPep1 in an alkalisation assay , whereas normal tobacco did not show such a response . BRI1 @-@ associated receptor kinase 1 ( BAK1 ) is an LRR @-@ RLK found in A. thaliana , which has been proposed to function as an adaptor protein that is required for the proper functioning of other RLKs . Yeast two @-@ hybrid assays have shown that AtPEPR1 and its closest analog , AtPEPR2 , interact with BAK1 .
= = Signal transduction = =
Although the receptors for systemins and HypSys remain poorly understood , we have a better understanding of the signal transduction that occurs once the peptide had bound to its receptor . Jasmonic acid is an essential , albeit late component , in the systemin and wound @-@ signalling pathways . In tomato , the signal is transduced from the receptor by mitogen @-@ activated protein kinases ( MAPKs ) . Cosilencing of two MAPKs , MPK1 and MPK2 , in tomato compromised their defence response against insect larvae compared to wild type plants . Cosilencing these genes also decreased production of jasmonic acid and of jasmonic acid @-@ dependent defence genes . Applying methyl jasmonate to cosilenced plants rescued them , indicating that jasmonates are the signal responsible for causing changes in gene expression . The alkalisation of the apoplast is a downstream effect of signalling processing by MAPKs . Applying fusicoccin , which activates the H + ATPase inhibited by systemin , along with systemin still activates MAPKs , even though the pH of the apoplast does not change .
Within minutes of systemin perception , the cytosolic Ca2 + concentration increases , and linolenic acid is released from cell membranes after a phospholipase has been activated . Linolenic acid is then converted to jasmonic acid via the octadecanoid pathway and jasmonic acid activates defensive genes . Production of methyl jasmonate is induced by systemins and also upregulates systemin precursor genes creating a feedback loop , amplifying the defensive signal . Methyl jasmonate is volatile and can therefore activate systemic acquired resistance in neighbouring plants , preparing their defences for attack . These signalling events are analogous to the cytokine @-@ mediated inflammatory immune response in animals . When the inflammatory response is activated in animals , MAPKs are activated which in turn activate phospholipases . Lipids in the membrane are converted to arachidonic acid and then to prostaglandins , which are analogs of jasmonic acid . Both pathways can be inhibited by suramin .
Early experiments with radiolabelled systemin in tomato demonstrated that it is transported through the phloem sap in tomato plants and was therefore thought to be the systemic signal that activated systemic acquired resistance . This view was challenged by grafting experiments which showed that mutants deficient in jasmonic acid biosynthesis and perception were unable to activate systemic acquired resistance . It is now thought that jasmonic acid is the systemic signal and that systemin upregulates the pathways for jasmonic acid synthesis .
= = Functions = =
= = = Defence = = =
Systemin plays a critical role in defence signalling in tomato . It promotes the synthesis of over 20 defence @-@ related proteins , mainly antinutritional proteins , signaling pathway proteins and proteases . The over @-@ expression of the prosystemin resulted in a significant decrease of the larvae damage , indicating that a high level of constitutive protection is superior to an inducible defence mechanism . However , the continuous activation of prosystemin is costly , affecting the growth , the physiology and the reproductive success of tomato plants . When systemin was silenced , production of protease inhibitors in tomato was severely impaired and larvae feeding on the plants grew three times as fast . HypSys caused similar changes in gene expression in tobacco , for example polyphenol oxidase activity increased tenfold in tobacco leaves and protease inhibitors caused a 30 % decrease in chymotrypsin activity within three days of wounding . When HypSys was over @-@ expressed in tobacco , larvae feeding on transgenic plants weighed half as much after ten days feeding , as those feeding on normal plants . The concentration of hydrogen peroxide increased in the vasculature tissues when the production of systemin , HypSys or AtPep1 is induced , this may also be involved in initiating systemic acquired resistance .
Tomato plants over @-@ expressing systemin also accumulated HypSys but did not if the systemin precursor was silenced , indicating that in tomato , HypSys is controlled by systemin . Each of the three HypSys peptides in tomato is able to activate the synthesis and accumulation of protease inhibitors . When HypSys is silenced the production of protease inhibitors induced by wounding is halved compared to wild type plants indicating that both systemin and HypSys are required for a strong defence response against herbivores in tomato .
When applied through cut petioles in Petunia , HypSys did not induce the production of protease inhibitors , but instead increased expression of defensin , a gene which produces a protein that inserts into microbial membranes , forming a pore . Defensin expression is also induced by AtPEP1 .
Tomato plants over @-@ expressing systemin produced more volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) than normal plants and parasitoid wasps found them more attractive . Systemin also upregulates the expression of genes involved in the production of biologically active VOCs . Such a response is crucial if antinutritional defences are to be effective , since without predators , developing insects would consume more plant material while completing their development . It is likely that VOC production is upregulated through different pathways , including oxylipin pathway that synthesises jasmonic acid aldehydes and alcohols that function in wound healing .
Different AtPeps may allow A. thaliana to distinguish between different pathogens . When inoculated with a fungus , oomycete and a bacterium , the increases in AtPep expression varied depending on the pathogen . A. thaliana overexpressing AtProPep1 was more resistant to the oomycete Phythium irregulare .
Silencing systemin did not affect the ability of black nightshade to resist herbivory and , when competing against normal plants , silenced plants produced more above @-@ ground biomass and berries . Upon herbivory , systemin was down @-@ regulated in black nightshade in contrast to the other peptides which are up @-@ regulated after herbivory . By contrast HypSys were up @-@ regulated and activated the synthesis of protease inhibitors . The down @-@ regulation of systemin was associated with increased root mass but did not decrease shoot mass , demonstrating that systemin can cause developmental changes as a result of herbivory , allowing the plant to tolerate , rather than directly resist attack . Tomato roots were also affected by tomato systemin , with root growth increasing at high tomato systemin concentrations . By allocating more resources to the roots , plants under attack are thought to store carbon and then use it to re @-@ grow when the attack ends . Overexpressing AtPEP1 also increased root and shoot biomass in A. thaliana .
= = = Abiotic stress resistance = = =
Overexpression of systemin and HypSys has been found to improve plants ' tolerance to abiotic stress , including salt stress and UV radiation . When prosystemin was over @-@ expressed in tomato , transgenic plants had lower stomatal conductance than normal plants . When grown in salt solutions , transgenic plants had higher stomatal conductances , lower leaf concentrations of abscisic acid and proline and a higher biomass . These findings suggest that systemin either allowed the plants to adapt to salt stress more efficiently or that they perceived a less stressful environment . Similarly , wounded tomato plants were less susceptible to salt stress than unwounded plants . This may be because wounding decreases the growth of the plant and therefore slows the uptake of toxic ions into the roots . An analysis of salt @-@ induced changes in gene expression found that the differences measured between the transgenic and normal plants could not be accounted for by changes in conventional salt stress @-@ induced pathways . Instead Orsini et al. suggested that the activation of the jasmonic acid pathway determines a physiological state that not only directs resources towards the production of compounds active against pests , but also pre @-@ adapts plants to minimize water loss . These effects are achieved by negatively regulating the production of hormones and metabolites that will force plants to invest additional resources to counteract water loss , a secondary effect of herbivores .
Plants grown under UVB light are more resistant to insect herbivory compared with plants grown under filters that exclude the radiation . When tomato plants are exposed to a pulse of UVB radiation and then weakly wounded , PIs accumulate throughout the plant . By themselves , neither the radiation nor weak wounding is sufficient to induce systemic PI accumulation . Tomato cell cultures respond similarly , with systemin and UVB acting together to activate MAPKs . Short pulses of UVB also cause alkalisation of the culturing medium .
= = = Development = = =
In Nicotiana attenuata HypSys is known to not be involved in defence against insect herbivores . Silencing and over @-@ expression of HypSys does not affect the feeding performance of larvae compared to normal plants . Berger silenced HypSys and found that it caused changes in flower morphology which reduced the efficiency of self @-@ pollination . The flowers had pistils that protruded beyond their anthers , a similar phenotype to CORONATINE @-@ INSENSITIVE1 @-@ silenced plants which lack a jasmonate receptor . Measurement of jasmonate levels in the flowers revealed that they were lower than in normal plants . The authors suggested that HypSys peptides in N. attenuata have diversified from their function as defence related peptides to being involved in controlling flower morphology . The signalling processes remain similar however , being mediated through jasmonates .
Systemin also increases root growth in Solanum pimpinellifolium suggesting that it may also play some role in plant development .
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= Radical Dreamers =
Radical Dreamers : Nusumenai Hōseki ( Japanese : ラジカル ・ ドリーマーズ -盗めない宝石- , lit . " Radical Dreamers : The Unstealable Jewel " ) is a Japanese video game developed by Square in 1996 for the Satellaview add @-@ on for the Super Famicom . It is a text @-@ based visual novel in which the player takes the role of Serge , a young adventurer accompanied by Kid , a teen @-@ aged thief , and Gil , a mysterious masked magician .
The game belongs to the Chrono series and is a gaiden , or side story , to the 1995 game Chrono Trigger . It was released to complement its predecessor 's plot , and later served as inspiration for Chrono Cross . It features text @-@ based gameplay with minimal graphics and sound effects , and was scored by composer Yasunori Mitsuda . Unlike many Satellaview titles , Radical Dreamers was not designed to lock after a certain number of playthroughs , so players owning an 8M Memory Pack onto which the game was downloaded can still play today .
Square tried to integrate Radical Dreamers into the Japanese PlayStation port of Chrono Trigger as an Easter egg . Writer and director Masato Kato halted this and other releases , unhappy with the quality of his work . Though the game was never officially released abroad , ROM hackers completed an English fan translation in 2003 .
= = Gameplay = =
Gameplay consists of word @-@ based scenarios presented to the player through the narration of the main character , Serge . As the narrative progresses , the game presents a list of possible actions and the player must choose his or her course . Depending on the choices made , the player may enter a new area , be presented with a new situation or character , or have to choose again if the previous selection was incorrect . In combat with enemies , the player must select from options such as " Fight " , " Magic " , " Run " , and often more complex situational commands like " Run my knife into the goblin 's chest ! " or " Quickly slash at its hand ! " . Some decisions must be made before an invisible timer runs out ; in combat , hesitation results in injury or death . Serge 's health is tracked by an invisible point count , restored by various events ( such as finding a potion ) . The game also tracks Kid 's affection for Serge , influenced by battles and scripted events . Her feelings determine whether Serge survives the story 's climactic fight .
Radical Dreamers features minimal graphics and animation ; most areas are rendered with dim , static backgrounds . The game also uses atmospheric music and sounds . Like other Chrono games , Radical Dreamers contains a variant of New Game + mode . Only one scenario is available on the first play @-@ through ; after finishing it and obtaining one of three possible endings , players can explore six others . These later stories often feature comical situations or allusions to Chrono Trigger .
= = Characters and story = =
Radical Dreamers features three protagonists — Serge , Kid , and Magil — who seek out treasure as venturesome , reputable thieves . The young adult narrator , Serge , is a drifting musician who met Kid by chance three years ago in a remote town . Serge enjoys adventure with a carefree attitude . Kid , only sixteen years old , is a renowned professional thief with a reputation for boisterous behavior . Possessing a turbulent history , Kid dubiously fancies herself as a kind of Robin Hood . Magil is an enigmatic , handsome masked man skilled in magic who rarely speaks and can fade into shadow at will . Crowned by flowing , blue hair , Magil accompanied Kid well before Serge joined the group . They seek the Frozen Flame , a mythic artifact capable of granting any wish . It is hidden in Viper Manor — the home of a terrible and powerful aristocrat named Lynx , who gained control of the estate after usurping power from and killing the Acacia Dragoons , a familial unit of warriors .
Following Kid , the group infiltrates Viper Manor on the night of a full moon . While sneaking through the corridors , they battle goblins and other creatures of legend while unraveling the history of the manor and its occupants . Magil explains that the Frozen Flame is a fragment of the massive , extraterrestrial creature known as Lavos , splintered off when Lavos impacted the planet in prehistory and burrowed to its core . The thieves locate Lynx and the Frozen Flame deep within an underground ruin of the Kingdom of Zeal — an ancient , airborne civilization destroyed after it awakened Lavos in search of immortality . Serge discovers that Kid is an orphan , hoping to exact revenge upon Lynx for killing her caretaker , Lucca . Kid attempted to find Lynx in her childhood after Lucca 's death , but was stopped and saved from certain defeat by Magil , who accompanied her thereafter .
The trio battle Lynx for the Frozen Flame , and Lynx gains the upper hand after trapping Magil with a powerful spell . He plans to acquire Kid 's special gift from Lucca — a Time Egg , or Chrono Trigger . With a Time Egg and the Frozen Flame , Lynx boasts that he shall achieve control over time . Kid lunges at him , but Lynx easily parries her attack and wounds her . She desperately removes the Chrono Trigger from her back pocket . The Trigger shatters and causes a localized temporal distortion , leading Serge to see various scenes in history . Kid learns of her heritage as princess Schala of Zeal , a meek girl who was coerced to help awaken Lavos with her magical power . As Zeal collapsed , Schala was wracked with anguish and guilt for her role in the incident . Nearby in the Ocean Palace , the Frozen Flame felt her grief and changed her to a baby , sending her to the modern era where Lucca found her . It is also circumstantially revealed that Magil is in fact Magus , Schala 's wayward brother who searched for her after battling Lavos in Chrono Trigger . Once the distortion subsides , an army from Porre — a large nation in search of the Frozen Flame — storms the mansion . Lynx withdraws as Kid , Serge , and Magil flee . Kid tells Serge that she is aware of her true origin , and knowing that is a treasure which cannot be stolen . She bids him goodbye before disappearing into the darkness with Magil .
Other scenarios are available after players complete the first . These include both humorous and serious variations of the main plot .
" Magil : Caught Between Love and Adventure " – Magil is actually a lifelong friend of Riddel who courts her . When the manor is alerted to his presence , Magil throws Riddel over his shoulder and dashes off into the morning sun as her proud father Lynx tearily bids goodbye .
" Kid and the Sunflower " – Kid insults a lecherous sunflower who transforms her into a malicious monster . Serge must kiss her to change her back , or use a special dagger to take her soul at risk of his own soul 's capture . Three endings are available .
" SuperXtreme Alphacosmos Police Case EX Ultra " – Magil is a space cop searching for Lynx , secretly a green Martian creature with tentacles . Magil 's rock guitar forces Lynx out of hiding , and Serge assaults him with a Martian Forest League Concealed Lesser Armament Bunny .
" Homecoming : Shea 's Light " – Kid learns that Lynx and her caretaker Shea are trapped in a magical seal as part of Lynx 's effort to escape a spirit prison . Shea selflessly instructs Magil to destroy the Frozen Flame , killing Lynx forever .
" The Enigmatic Gigaweapon : Paradise X " – Serge finds an odd crystal inhabited by an entity named Gange , who tests his strength with gladiatorial combat . Using Gange 's Paradise X mecha , Serge and Gange challenge Mecha @-@ Lynx for the Frozen Flame .
" The Shadow Realm and the Goddess of Death " – Kid accidentally summons Lilith , the Goddess of Death . She tries to take Kid 's soul , but Magil intervenes . The outcome is slightly affected by Kid 's affection for Serge .
= = Development = =
Masato Kato wrote Radical Dreamers after Chrono Trigger 's release , feeling that Trigger concluded with " unfinished business " . He composed the main story and drafted the concepts for the sub @-@ scenarios , leaving them to be completed by his peers . He allowed Makoto Shimamoto to write the entire " Kid and the Sunflower " segment , later joking that he " avoided having any part in that episode , " while Miwa Shoda was in charge of the " Shadow Realm and the Goddess of Death " segment . According to scenario writer Daisuke Fukugawa ( responsible for the game 's " The Enigmatic Gigaweapon : Paradise X " subplot ) , the game 's graphical content pushed the Satellaview 's technical limits , requiring developers to redraw prerendered models until functional gameplay could be ensured . Kato remarked that his " savage feelings " from Chrono Trigger 's hectic development manifested in Kid 's " unusually nihilistic attitude " . He explained his approach towards the project in 1999 :
... due to the fact that this was a text @-@ based game , the contents of the game ended up being rather serious and emotional . The game itself was a real life @-@ or @-@ death kind of survival adventure game . I think there was a feeling somewhere deep in my heart that said , ' I wanna try making a horror game ! ' But soon after that , they came out with Biohazard , so I quickly got over that phase ( laughs ) .
... the comical sub @-@ scenarios were written to be extremely comical beyond any measurement , so I think it sorta ' balances out ... But I can say that since this game wasn 't expected to be widely sold on the market , and also since there wasn 't any profit on our part , there was a feeling that I wanted to make this game out of my sole interest . In a way , I think that ' Radical ' helped me to find my own path ... But then again , I guess you could say that I strayed away from the paths of normal people .
Kato 's team completed Radical Dreamers in only three months under a rushed production schedule , prompting him to label the game " unfinished " in an interview for the Ultimania Chrono Cross guide . Kato regretted that the schedule hampered the quality of his work , and explained that the connections to Chrono Trigger were evoked towards the end of the project :
When I originally started working on Radical Dreamers , I never thought that it would have such an ending . We only had three months for development , and I was just making up the story while inputting data . When I finally realized the connection of the identities of Kid and Magil near the final stage of development , I even amazed myself , saying , ' So , that 's who they were ! ? ' ( laughs ) Also , since there were issues with the media , the connections between Radical Dreamers and Chrono Trigger were intentionally left blurred in the background so that it 'd only be recognizable by those who would understand .
= = = Music = = =
The music of Radical Dreamers was written by composer Yasunori Mitsuda , who scored Chrono Trigger and later Chrono Cross . The soundtrack includes several ambient pieces , including the sound of water running in a fountain and wind accompanied by strings . Players can listen to the game 's songs by accessing a hidden menu in the " Gil : Caught Between Love and Adventure " scenario . Several themes and musical patterns were later adapted for Chrono Cross on the suggestion of director Masato Kato ; many appear unchanged except for new instrumentation .
= = Fan translation = =
In April 2003 , the ROM hacking group Demiforce released a fan translation rendering Radical Dreamers in English . The patch works by modifying the ROM image of Dreamers used for playing console @-@ based video games on personal computers through emulation . The ability to save games was not enabled with the first patch , and some minor typos were left in , later remedied by successive releases . On Christmas Day 2005 , Demiforce and Radical R released the final version ( 1 @.@ 4 ) of the translation , which fixed remaining minor bugs . The French team Terminus Traduction made a French translation patch soon after . Masato Kato did not perceive significant demand to include Radical Dreamers as a bonus with the release of Chrono Trigger DS , and omitted it to preserve continuity between Trigger and Cross . He expressed concern in 2009 over re @-@ releasing Radical Dreamers " as @-@ is " , citing a need to revise the work .
A reviewer for Home of the Underdogs lauded the game 's excellent writing and the " superb " English translation patch , noting that the " interesting plot " would appeal to fantasy fans if they could stomach the limited interactivity . Having never played a Chrono game prior , the reviewer stated , " I was still able to follow the story and be drawn into the world of colorful characters . " While praising the replay value afforded by the extra scenarios , the critic derided the random battles of Radical Dreamers , writing that " RPG @-@ style random combat doesn 't translate well to [ a ] text @-@ only medium . " The website awarded Dreamers " Top Dog " status , and the game maintains a voter score of 8 @.@ 95 out of 10 .
Radical Dreamers preceded Chrono Cross , a full role @-@ playing video game sequel to Chrono Trigger . Masato Kato cited the desire to " redo Radical Dreamers properly " as the genesis of Cross , attributing the latter 's serious atmosphere to the influence of Dreamers . Kato 's desire to finish the story of the characters Kid and Serge principally shaped the plot of Cross . Chrono Cross borrowed certain thematic elements , story points , characters , music , and objects introduced in Radical Dreamers — including the infiltration of Viper Manor , the Frozen Flame , the name Radical Dreamers for Kid 's thievery , and the characters of Kid , Lynx , and Serge ( who became a non @-@ speaking protagonist ) . Though these characters and items were not presented in the same context , their general traits survived the transition . Gil , confirmed by Kato to be Magus , was also going to be featured in Chrono Cross . This idea was scrapped due to difficulties in representing the story of Magus among the game 's numerous other characters ; the unrelated , enigmatic magician Guile was created instead . Since the release of Chrono Cross , Radical Dreamers is considered an alternate continuity of the Chrono series . Chrono Cross addressed this through an easter egg hinting that Radical Dreamers took place in a different dimension . In the English version of Chrono Cross , this easter egg refers to Gil as " Magil " . Kato intended Dreamers and Cross to prompt players to pursue their personal dreams in life .
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= Ruth Martin ( Lassie ) =
Not to be confused with Ruth Martin ( Neighbours ) , or Ruth Martin ( All My Children )
Ruth Martin is a fictional character on the long @-@ running television series Lassie ( 1954 – 1973 ) . She was briefly played by Cloris Leachman before June Lockhart stepped into the role . The character makes her first appearance mid @-@ fourth season ( 1957 ) and her last in the first episode of the eleventh season ( 1964 ) ; she appears in 208 episodes in total .
Ruth is married to Paul Martin , an agricultural school graduate and a farmer . The couple buys a small farm and adopt Timmy , a foster child living on the farm . Ruth is portrayed as a practical , competent woman , a loving wife and mother , and an active community member .
In 1957 , Cloris Leachman joined the cast as Ruth but eventually her feuds with co @-@ stars , her unwillingness to sign a contract , and other troubles forced show producer Jack Wrather to fire her at the close of the season 's filming . June Lockhart replaced her at the top of the 1958 season and remained in the role until the cancellation of her character in the first episode of the 1964 season .
Lockhart appeared as Ruth Martin in Campbell 's Soup commercials , a feature film edited from a multi @-@ part episode of the television show , and show @-@ related merchandise such as Whitman novels and Dell comic books . The actress received an Emmy nomination for her performance in the role in 1959 .
= = Role = =
Ruth Martin is the wife of Paul Martin , a young agriculture college graduate and farmer . At the start of the series , the couple buys a small weatherbeaten farm on the outskirts of fictional Calverton from war @-@ widowed Ellen Miller . The two adopt Timmy , a foster child living on the farm ; and his companion , a rough collie called Lassie .
Throughout the series , Ruth performs housewifely chores such as cooking meals , ironing and mending , hanging laundry and baking cakes . She milks the cow , gathers eggs , drives about the county in the pickup truck , and participates in Sunday school carnivals , community square dances , and her son 's cub scout troop . When her husband is out of the county on business , Ruth manages the farm with the occasional help of neighbor Cully Wilson .
Ruth 's housekeeping is sometimes interrupted by Timmy 's adventures . She helps him rescue a child trapped in a culvert rapidly filling with flood water , assists him in his 4 @-@ H projects , pitches a tent for their overnight accommodation at a Coon Dog Race , and flies into the Canadian wilderness when Timmy and Lassie are swept away in a hot air balloon . Marital affection between Ruth and her husband is only represented through brief kisses and hugs . The role ends when Ruth and Paul emigrate to Australia where Paul will teach agriculture , leaving Lassie with neighbor Cully Wilson . Timmy was reclaimed by the County and eventually adopted by a family named McCullough and began using his middle name , Steven . Ruth and Timmy ( Steven ) are reunited 25 years later in the seventh episode of the first season of the syndicated television show The New Lassie , entitled " Roots " .
= = Portrayal = =
Ruth Martin portrayer June Lockhart joked with co @-@ star Hugh Reilly that she had been married to him longer than to any of her real husbands and commented after leaving the show , " In six sexless years of playing a country wife and mother , I was hardly ever allowed to kiss Hugh Reilly on the cheek . "
In a conversation with John Barron of the New York Times in 2004 , Lockhart was asked what Lassie was all about and why it remains something of a magical memory for those who were children in the 1950s and 1960s . She responded , " This was a fairy tale about people on a farm in which the dog solves all the problems in 22 minutes , in time for the last commercial . Often , if the scene had gone well , and maybe we hadn 't gotten the dialogue quite right , if the dog was right , they 'd print it . "
= = Production details = =
= = = Creation = = =
Lassie debuted September 1954 in the Sunday 7 : 00 P.M. time slot . Former Broadway star Jan Clayton portrayed Ellen Miller , a war @-@ widow living on a farm with her young son Jeff ( Tommy Rettig ) , and her father @-@ in @-@ law ( George Cleveland ) . The show was an instant hit , winning the Best Children 's program Emmy in 1955 and receiving a host of additional honors .
As the 1957 season approached , Rettig wanted to leave the show and Clayton considered returning to her roots in musical theater . Producers planned to ease their characters out of the show while introducing new ones . Six @-@ year @-@ old Jon Provost was hired to play Timmy , a foster child living on the farm . Rettig hoped the plot would be restructured to allow his departure , but producers were content with the status quo , the show was more popular than ever , and it was hoped Rettig and Clayton would reconsider .
Producers were forced to overhaul the show when actor George Cleveland died suddenly on July 17 , 1957 . The plot was revised with new characters Ruth and Paul Martin buying the Miller farm , and becoming foster parents to Timmy and Lassie . Ellen and Jeff were written out of the show .
= = = Casting = = =
= = = = Cloris Leachman = = = =
With the new storyline ready , Cloris Leachman was quickly hired to play Ruth Martin . As the season 's filming progressed , Leachman tired of playing a farm woman . She wouldn 't sign a contract , and refused to do PR for the show 's sponsor , Campbell 's Soup , telling the company , " I make my own soup . I don 't eat yours . " Audiences found Leachman and co @-@ star Jon Shepodd as Paul Martin " too stiff " . The two worked adult glances and touches such as holding hands , hugs , pecks on the lips into their on @-@ screen performances in order to give their characters more depth . Toward the end of the season , George Chandler was hired to play a grandfatherly character and to bring some warmth to the show , but Leachman was soon feuding with him ; their disagreements appeared in the gossip columns . With ratings plummeting and public resentment aroused , show owner Jack Wrather summarily fired Leachman and Shepodd in February 1958 when filming for the 1957 – 1958 season was completed .
= = = = June Lockhart = = = =
Wanting to protect his $ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 investment , Wrather began a search at once for two new stars to fill the roles of Ruth and Paul Martin . Casting Paul involved a good deal of effort , but Hugh Reilly , a Broadway actor with a reputation for being a solid and cooperative performer , was signed . Actress June Lockhart , who had appeared in the second of MGM 's popular Lassie films ( Son of Lassie ) , had been considered for the role of Ruth Martin before Leachman was signed . Lockhart however was working in New York at the time and declined the role . Eight months later , she had moved back to California and was working on both coasts . Once again , she was offered the role , but , stipulating she only would be interested in a one year commitment , producers were forced to decline . Then she reconsidered :
... I thought about what I had been offered and I said to myself , " What am I being so damn grand about ? I have two children to support , the part they want me to play has a lot of dignity , the show is already on the air , I wouldn 't have to film a pilot , and they have a sponsor . This is really a great gift that has been offered me . I 'd be stupid not to at least look into it . "
Lockhart was finally hired to play Ruth Martin and debuted with Reilly in the opener of the fifth season , " The Storm " ( 1958 ) . No explanation was offered the audience regarding the new faces on the show . In order to protect the All @-@ American perception of the show and its sponsor , Campbell 's Soup , the producers wrote long clauses into cast contracts fobidding them from appearing in anything that would damage their wholesome image .
In 1963 , the multi @-@ part episode " The Journey " was filmed in the High Sierra and later edited into a feature film called Lassie 's Great Adventure . The plot follows Timmy and Lassie as they are swept away in a carnival hot air balloon . Ruth and Paul fly into the wilderness to be at hand when Timmy is found . The episode was the only episode filmed in color during the Ruth Martin seasons . Ratings skyrocketed .
= = = Cancellation = = =
As filming for the 1964 season approached , fourteen @-@ year @-@ old Jon Provost chose not renew his contract . Stars Lockhart and Reilly were fired . With only Provost and the producers knowing the real reason for the changes , the press was told the show had done all the " boy and his dog " stories possible , but Lockhart speculated that Provost 's mother wanted too much money. and Reilly later stated that the producers ' decision was based upon trading four advanced salaries for future star Robert Bray 's starting salary . Lockhart loved her role as " Lassie 's mother " , but accepted her fate , telling columnist Bob Thomas :
It was an actor 's dream -- steady work , excellent pay , a wonderful cast and crew , and a chance to do a good scene now and then ... Now I 'm ready to go back playing all those tramps and neurotic and alcoholic women . They 're good fun , but motherhood pays off better in the long run .
In " The Wayfarers " , the first @-@ part of the three @-@ part 1964 season opener , producers shipped Ruth and her family off to Australia where Paul would teach agriculture . Lassie was forced to remain in the States due to Australia 's strict quarantine regulations and would become the companion animal of Corey Stuart , a forestry service worker . Lockhart commented , " We were supposed to go over there so that Paul could show the Australians how to grow things . We hadn 't had a successful bean crop in six seasons . What could they possibly learn from us ? "
The actress later recalled :
Back then I didn 't realize the power of my character . I didn 't realize the image I had created and what it meant to so many people . Ruth was so underwritten , so what I was able to bring to it was what made it special to me . The looks , the affection , the pats on the head , the tone and inflection . I got to bring that to her character , and that was all I thought there was . I didn 't know what was being received on the other side of the screen .
Lockhart joked with Reilly that she had been married to him longer than to any of her real husbands and commented after leaving the show , " In six sexless years of playing a country wife and mother , I was hardly ever allowed to kiss Hugh Reilly on the cheek . "
According to one writer , " the character who really held the series and the family together was the mother " . In commenting on her Ruth Martin character , Lockhart said , " Without a doubt it was the mother who ran the farm . Mother was the strong one . She was certainly a liberated woman who didn 't take any guff off anyone . "
= = = Reprise = = =
Lockhart and Provost reprised their Lassie roles in " Roots " , the seventh episode of the syndicated television show , The New Lassie . After the episode , Ruth disappeared and was never mentioned again . In " Roots " , the viewer learns Ruth and Paul never properly adopted Timmy , and he was forced to remain in the States while his parents emigrated to Australia . Timmy was then adopted by a family called the McCulloughs .
= = Reception = =
= = = Merchandising = = =
Adventure Books , Golden Books , coloring books , puzzles , Halloween costumes , and other items were all manufactured around the show . Ruth Martin appeared in several Lassie Dell comic books as well as in Whitman novels , and a Whitman punch out book . Ruth Martin appeared in television ads for Campbell 's Soup .
= = = Ratings = = =
In its seventeen @-@ year run on CBS , Lassie placed first in its Sunday 7 : 00 p.m. EST time slot . The highest rankings in the Nielsen ratings for Lassie were the Martin family years : # 24 in 1957 , # 22 in 1958 , # 15 in 1959 , # 15 in 1961 , # 21 in 1962 , # 13 in 1963 , and # 17 in 1964 . The only year the show did not climb into the top twenty @-@ five was 1960 , when it ran opposite Walt Disney Presents on ABC and Shirley Temple Theatre on NBC . With the departure of the Martin family in the eleventh season , the show began a steady decline in ratings .
= = = Nominations and honors = = =
June Lockhart received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6362 Hollywood Boulevard for her television work . The actress also received a 1959 Emmy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Continuing Character ) in a Dramatic Series for Lassie .
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= High @-@ pressure area =
A high @-@ pressure area , high or anticyclone is a region where the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the planet is greater than its surrounding environment .
Winds within high @-@ pressure areas flow outward from the higher pressure areas near their centers towards the lower pressure areas further from their centers . Gravity adds to the forces causing this general movement , because the higher pressure compresses the column of air near the center of the area into greater density – and so greater weight compared to lower pressure , lower density , and lower weight of the air outside the center .
However , because the planet is rotating underneath the atmosphere , and frictional forces arise as the planetary surface drags some atmosphere with it , the air flow from center to periphery is not direct , but is twisted due to the Coriolis effect , or the merely apparent force that arise when the observer is in a rotating frame of reference . Viewed from above this twist in wind direction is in the same direction as the rotation of the planet .
The strongest high @-@ pressure areas are associated with cold air masses which push away out of polar regions during the winter when there is less sun to warm neighboring regions . These Highs change character and weaken once they move further over relatively warmer water bodies .
Somewhat weaker but more common are high @-@ pressure areas caused by atmospheric subsidence , that is , areas where large masses of cooler drier air descend from an elevation of 8 to 15 km after the lower temperatures have precipitated out the lighter water vapor . ( H2O is about half of the molecular weight of the other two main constituents of the atmosphere — Oxygen , O2 , and Nitrogen , N2 . )
Many of the features of Highs may be understood in context of middle- or meso @-@ scale and relatively enduring dynamics of a planet 's atmospheric circulation . For example , massive atmospheric subsidences occur as part of the descending branches of Ferrel cells and Hadley cells . Hadley cells help form the subtropical ridge , steer tropical waves and tropical cyclones across the ocean and is strongest during the summer . The subtropical ridge also helps form most of the world 's deserts .
On English @-@ language weather maps , high @-@ pressure centers are identified by the letter H. Weather maps in other languages may use different letters or symbols .
= = Wind circulation in the northern and southern hemispheres = =
The direction of wind flow around an atmospheric high @-@ pressure area and a low @-@ pressure area , as seen from above , depends on the hemisphere .
The scientific terms in English used to describe the weather systems generated by highs and lows were introduced in the mid @-@ 1800s , mostly by the British . The scientific theories which explain the general phenomena originated about two centuries earlier .
The term Cyclone was coined by Henry Piddington of the British East India Company to describe an especially destructive storm in Mauritius , during February 1845 . A cyclone forms around a low @-@ pressure area . Anticyclone , the term for the kind of weather around a high @-@ pressure area , was coined in 1877 by Francis Galton to indicate an area whose winds revolved in the opposite direction of a cyclone . In British English , the opposite direction of clockwise is referred to as anticlockwise , making the label anticyclones a logical extension .
A simple rule of thumb is that for high @-@ pressure areas , where generally air flows from the center outward , the coriolis force given by the earth 's rotation to the air circulation is in the opposite direction of earth 's apparent rotation if viewed from above the hemisphere 's pole . So , both the earth and winds around a low @-@ pressure area rotate counter @-@ clockwise in the northern hemisphere , and clockwise in the southern . The opposite to these two cases occurs in the case of a high . These results derive from the Coriolis effect ; that article explains in detail the physics , and provides an animation of a model to aid understanding .
= = Formation = =
High @-@ pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere , the atmospheric layer where weather occurs . Preferred areas within a synoptic flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs .
On weather maps , these areas show converging winds ( isotachs ) , also known as confluence , or converging height lines near or above the level of non @-@ divergence , which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere , and about half the atmospheric pressure at the surface .
High @-@ pressure systems are alternatively referred to as anticyclones . On English @-@ language weather maps , high @-@ pressure centers are identified by the letter H in English , within the isobar with the highest pressure value . On constant pressure upper level charts , it is located within the highest height line contour .
= = Typical conditions = =
Highs are frequently associated with light winds at the surface and subsidence through the lower portion of the troposphere . In general , subsidence will dry out an air mass by adiabatic , or compressional , heating . Thus , high pressure typically brings clear skies . During the day , since no clouds are present to reflect sunlight , there is more incoming shortwave solar radiation and temperatures rise . At night , the absence of clouds means that outgoing longwave radiation ( i.e. heat energy from the surface ) is not absorbed , giving cooler diurnal low temperatures in all seasons . When surface winds become light , the subsidence produced directly under a high @-@ pressure system can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge , leading to widespread haze . If the low level relative humidity rises towards 100 percent overnight , fog can form .
Strong , vertically shallow high @-@ pressure systems moving from higher latitudes to lower latitudes in the northern hemisphere are associated with continental arctic air masses . Once arctic air moves over an unfrozen ocean , the air mass modifies greatly over the warmer water and takes on the character of a maritime air mass , which reduces the strength of the high @-@ pressure system . When extremely cold air moves over relatively warm oceans , polar lows can develop . However , warm and moist ( or maritime tropical ) air masses that move poleward from tropical sources are slower to modify than arctic air masses .
= = In climatology = =
In terms of climatology , high pressure forms at the horse latitudes , or torrid zone , between the latitudes of 20 and 40 degrees from the equator , as a result of air that has been uplifted at the equator . As the hot air rises it cools , losing moisture ; it is then transported poleward where it descends , creating the high @-@ pressure area . This is part of the Hadley cell circulation and is known as the subtropical ridge or subtropical high , and is strongest in the summer . The subtropical ridge is a warm core high @-@ pressure system , meaning it strengthens with height . Many of the world 's deserts are caused by these climatological high @-@ pressure systems .
Some climatological high @-@ pressure areas acquire regionally based names . The land @-@ based Siberian High often remains quasi @-@ stationary for more than a month during the most frigid time of the year , making it unique in that regard . It is also a bit larger and more persistent than its counterpart in North America . Surface winds accelerating down valleys down the western Pacific ocean coastline , causing the winter monsoon . Arctic high @-@ pressure systems such as the Siberian High are cold core , meaning that they weaken with height . The influence of the Azores High , also known as the Bermuda High , brings fair weather over much of the North Atlantic Ocean and mid to late summer heat waves in western Europe . Along its southerly periphery , the clockwise circulation often impels easterly waves , and tropical cyclones that develop from them , across the ocean towards landmasses in the western portion of ocean basins during the hurricane season . The highest barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth was 1 @,@ 085 @.@ 7 hectopascals ( 32 @.@ 06 inHg ) measured in Tonsontsengel , Mongolia on 19 December 2001 .
= = Connection to wind = =
Wind flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure . This is due to density differences between the two air masses . Since stronger high @-@ pressure systems contain cooler or drier air , the air mass is more dense and flows towards areas that are warm or moist , which are in the vicinity of low pressure areas in advance of their associated cold fronts . The stronger the pressure difference , or pressure gradient , between a high @-@ pressure system and a low @-@ pressure system , the stronger the wind . The coriolis force caused by the Earth 's rotation is what gives winds within high @-@ pressure systems their clockwise circulation in the northern hemisphere ( as the wind moves outward and is deflected right from the center of high pressure ) and counterclockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere ( as the wind moves outward and is deflected left from the center of high pressure ) . Friction with land slows down the wind flowing out of high @-@ pressure systems and causes wind to flow more outward than would be the case in the absence of friction . This is known as a geostrophic wind .
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= The Angels Take Manhattan =
" The Angels Take Manhattan " is the fifth episode of the seventh series of the revived British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which was first broadcast on BBC One on 29 September 2012 . It is the last in the first block of episodes in the seventh series , followed by the 2012 Christmas special " The Snowmen " . The episode was written by head writer Steven Moffat and directed by Nick Hurran .
In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) takes his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and her husband Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) to Central Park in New York City . There , recurring monsters the Weeping Angels send Rory back to the 1930s , where he is reunited with River Song ( Alex Kingston ) , Amy and Rory 's daughter . Amy and the Doctor attempt to rescue Rory , but the Doctor realises along the way that this adventure will be his last with Amy and Rory . Actors Gillan and Darvill both departed the series with this episode .
Amy 's departure from the series was a compromise between Gillan and Moffat . Moffat wrote several endings and situations for the couple , eventually deciding to incorporate the Weeping Angels . Despite being Amy and Rory 's last episode , it was not the last episode Gillan and Darvill filmed . Production took place in April 2012 , with location filming in Wales and a small crew filming in the United States in Central Park . " The Angels Take Manhattan " was watched by 7 @.@ 82 million viewers in the UK and received mostly positive reviews , though critics noted some plot holes and other logical issues .
= = Plot = =
The Doctor , Amy , and Rory enjoy a picnic in New York 's Central Park in 2012 , with the Doctor reading from a pulp novel about a 1930s detective named Melody Malone . Despite Amy 's insistence , the Doctor refuses to read ahead to reveal spoilers and tears out the last page of the book . Meanwhile , Rory goes to get coffee and is sent back to the 1930s by a cherub Weeping Angel . There , he meets River Song , who is playing the part of Melody Malone . In the present , the Doctor and Amy are shocked to find Rory written into the book . Amy insists on reading ahead , but the Doctor warns her that anything she reads will be destined to happen . Instead , they attempt to take the TARDIS back to the 1930s , finding the time machine struggling to make the journey .
Rory and River are captured by Mr. Grayle , who has a weakened Weeping Angel in his possession . Mr. Grayle orders Rory locked in the cellar with a number of the cherub angels , while he has the Angel grab River by the wrist while he interrogates her . River is able to use her vortex manipulator to set a beacon for the TARDIS , allowing the Doctor and Amy to arrive . Amy , aware of River having written the book to help guide them , uses the table of contents of the book to look for Rory . The Doctor is dismayed when he reads about River 's wrist being broken and the title of the last chapter , " Amelia 's Last Farewell " . He refuses to help River escape , hoping that the future can be changed . However , River breaks her own wrist to free herself , and the Doctor uses his regeneration energy to heal her . Amy finds the cellar empty and the Doctor is able to use River 's vortex manipulator to locate Rory at the nearby Winter Quay apartment building .
Inside , Rory finds himself drawn to an apartment with his name on it . Just as the Doctor and the others arrive , Rory finds an elderly version of himself in the bedroom . The Doctor warns that Rory 's fate is now sealed — he will die in that room , without having seen Amy for a very long time beforehand . He deduces that the Angels have been using the Quay as a battery farm , sending the victims to their past while feeding off their time energy . Rory and Amy refuse to accept their fate , and as the Angels converge , they flee to the roof , where the Statue of Liberty , revealed to be a Weeping Angel , waits for them . Rory surmises that if he kills himself by jumping off the roof , he 'll create a paradox that will destroy the building and the Angels , resetting the future . Refusing to allow him to die alone , Amy joins him and the two jump off the roof .
The Doctor , River , Amy , and Rory suddenly find themselves near the TARDIS in a New York graveyard back in 2012 , Rory 's plan having worked . As the four prepare to depart , Rory catches sight of a tombstone with his name on it . He is then touched by a surviving , albeit weakened , Angel and sent into the past . The Doctor is unable to take the TARDIS back to get him , due to the paradox Rory and Amy created . Amy refuses to be parted from Rory and willingly allows herself to be touched by the same Angel in the hopes of being sent back to the same time as he was . Her name then appears along with Rory 's on the tombstone . The Doctor is distraught , but River reminds him that while their fates are now sealed , Amy likely published the Melody Malone book in the past and may have left him a message . The Doctor races back to where they had their picnic and recovers the final page , finding the afterword written by Amy to him . Amy explains that she and Rory lived out a good and happy life for themselves , and asks the Doctor to visit her childhood self to assure her that he will come back for her to take her on amazing journeys . The episode ends with a young Amelia Pond sitting in her back garden , then looking up and smiling as the TARDIS engines are heard .
= = = Continuity = = =
Images from " The Eleventh Hour " of a young Amelia Pond going to the garden and awaiting the Doctor are shown at the episode 's conclusion . Amy 's afterword contains several references to her adventures with the Doctor : fighting pirates ( " The Curse of the Black Spot " ) ; falling in love with " a man who will wait two thousand years to keep her safe " ( " The Big Bang " ) ; giving hope to " the greatest painter who ever lived " ( " Vincent and the Doctor " ) ; and saving " a whale in outer space . " ( " The Beast Below " )
= = Production = =
In December 2011 , Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat announced that Amy and Rory would leave in the seventh series in " heartbreaking " circumstances . Amy 's exit was a mutual decision between Moffat and Gillan . Gillan stated that she wanted to go " on a high when the character was at her prime " and to " go with everything that she wants " . She wanted her character to have a final ending , and ruled out returning to the show in the future as she felt it would take away from the impact of her final scene . Moffat stated he felt " tremendous pressure " writing Amy and Rory 's ending . He later revealed that he " completely changed " the ending as he was writing it , feeling the emphasis was wrong . During rewrites Moffat went back and forth deciding whether or not Amy and Rory should live or die . He eventually decided that death would complement the storyline involving the " old , sentimental " and " dangerous " characterisation of the Doctor . At one point he considered making the story that involved the Daleks , but felt the Weeping Angels were a " better fit " . Moffat was also interested in coming up with a new form for the Angels , and so he introduced the cherubs . He also said that since the Angels had debuted in " Blink " , fans had suggested that the Statue of Liberty could be a Weeping Angel .
Gillan refused to read the script for a few weeks after she received it because she " didn 't want to make it real " . She said in an interview , " I literally couldn 't read it without crying . It was the most highly @-@ charged read @-@ through I 've ever experienced . But I couldn 't have asked for a better exit . I don 't think it 'll be what people expect . " A scene written by Chris Chibnall showing how Rory 's father Brian ( Mark Williams ) became aware of Amy and Rory 's fate did not make it into production . However , on 12 October 2012 , the BBC released an animated storyboard entitled " P.S. " that depicted the scene with narration by Darvill . It takes place one week later in Brian 's timeline after " The Power of Three " when a man named Anthony delivers him a letter from Rory , telling him that they will never return and that Anthony is their son they adopted in 1946 . The scene was written to be a DVD extra , and was not filmed due to time constraints .
The read @-@ through for " The Angels Take Manhattan " took place in the Upper Boat Studios on 23 March 2012 , alongside that for the episode " Asylum of the Daleks " . The final episode Gillan and Darvill actually shot as Amy and Rory was actually the previous episode , " The Power of Three " . Nevertheless , Gillan and Smith got very emotional filming the final graveyard scene . Amy and Rory 's scene on the rooftop was filmed in a car park in Cardiff , Wales , with a greenscreen standing in for the New York skyline . To create the effect of the two plunging down , Gillan and Darvill were suspended upside @-@ down by wires and raised and lowered . Much of the episode was filmed in Central Park in New York City in April 2012 . The filming was attended by thousands of American fans , which surprised the cast and crew . Other scenes were shot at night in the city , as well as by the East River in front of the Brooklyn Bridge and in the Tudor City apartment complex . Moffat was in New York City when he came up with the story , and thought it was appropriate for the Weeping Angels . He described the city as " a different backdrop " to shoot a Doctor Who story in , and made use of its architecture . Fellow executive producer Caroline Skinner felt that the location " has such scale and romance " which " [ gave ] the episode a real atmosphere and a very different tone for Doctor Who " . The week spent filming in the city was done by a " small unit by American standards " according to producer Marcus Wilson . They did not take any props of Angels or the TARDIS , which were instead added in post @-@ production . Filming for the episode also occurred at a cemetery in Llanelli . During post @-@ production , the New York skyline was inserted into the cemetery scenes . Gillan insisted on reading Amy 's afterword to Smith when his reaction was filmed . They were not expecting it to be in front of a crowd in Central Park , and Smith said he had to " treat this like a play " . Because the content was so secret , Gillan had to read very quietly and Smith could not hold the real page because a spectator might take a picture of it . Gillan found that she only had one page of the script , and had to improvise the rest .
The Doctor Who logo in the title sequence featured a texture showing the Statue of Liberty 's crown , in keeping with the varied " blockbuster " themes for each of the opening five episodes of the series . The beginning of the episode features the song " Englishman in New York " by Sting . On 4 October 2012 , BBC Books released the ebook The Angel 's Kiss : A Melody Malone Mystery , a prequel to the story that the Doctor was reading in the episode .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" The Angels Take Manhattan " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 29 September 2012 on BBC One , and on the same date in the United States on BBC America . Overnight ratings showed that it was watched by 5 @.@ 9 million viewers live , an increase of 400 @,@ 000 from the previous week . The final consolidated rating rose to 7 @.@ 82 million viewers , making it the thirteenth most @-@ watched programme of the week on British television . The episode also received 0 @.@ 92 million requests on BBC 's online iPlayer , placing it seventh for the month on the site despite only being available for a few days . It also received an Appreciation Index of 88 , the second highest of the series behind " Asylum of the Daleks " ( 89 ) .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode received mostly positive reviews . Dan Martin of The Guardian gave a positive review , writing , " This was a fitting end to a golden era , and bravo to Steven Moffat for telling such an involving , emotional story with such style " . He also praised the concept of the cherubs and the Angels in New York . However , he noted that he was " flummoxed " as to where in River 's timeline the episode took place . The Daily Telegraph reviewer Gavin Fuller gave it five out of five stars , concluding " ' The Angels Take Manhattan ' brought this mini @-@ run of the series to a close with easily the best episode of the five : a powerful , taut , compelling , filmic , emotionally punchy affair which re @-@ established the Angels as one of the standout monsters of the series and gave Amy Pond a fine send off " . While he praised the four actors he felt Gillan was the star , and noted that Rory did not " get any sort of send @-@ off " . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave " The Angels Take Manhattan " a grade of A , attributing its success to " the way it does double duty as a twist adventure and a highly emotional story of farewells " .
Sam Wollaston , also writing for The Guardian , wrote positively of the scare factor in the episode , as well as the sadness . Neela Debnath of The Independent described it as a " wonderful swansong to the duo " and particularly praised the " stylish " cinematography and sense of danger . However , she considered the " only flaw " to be " the rule that time cannot be changed if one knows what is going to happen ... though it is probably best not to question the timey wimey side of things and just accept it and enjoy the adventure " . IGN 's Matt Risley rated the episode 9 out of 10 , writing that it " stood strong as a heartfelt , emotional end for the TARDIS ' longest serving companions ( since the show 's noughties ' return at least ) , and the best episode of the season thus far " . Risley also praised the three leads , though he did admit the episode " left a few nitpicky questions " .
Digital Spy reviewer Morgan Jeffery gave " The Angels Take Manhattan " five out of five stars , despite noting " plotholes ... and slightly @-@ too @-@ convenient plot contrivances " and that Rory did not get a heroic exit . Jeffery particularly praised the build @-@ up to Amy and Rory 's departure as well as the " superb production design " . Dave Golder of SFX awarded the episode four out of five stars , believing that the " bittersweet exit " of the Ponds distracted the viewer from various narrative problems , such as the Statue of Liberty . He felt that Gillan and Darvill " were on top form " as well as Smith 's " brilliant performance " and a " less over @-@ the @-@ top River " , and also wrote positively about the noir theme and the Angels using the Winter Quay as a battery farm . The Huffington Post writer Maureen Ryan was more critical of the episode , worrying that the BBC 's international promotion of the show was to the detriment of the quality of the writing . She felt that Amy deserved a better exit and " was crowded out by the distracting presence of River Song and by the fact that Rory was the one to make the essential choices first " . She also personally disliked the " timey @-@ wimey " devices , and commented that the " big and operatic tone the director was clearly going for clashed with the mood of film noir " and that the Angels " felt less menacing " and the " pace was a little too frantic " .
The episode was nominated for the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) , alongside " Asylum of the Daleks " and " The Snowmen " .
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= Zersenay Tadese =
Zersenay Tadese ( Tigrinya : ዘርኢሰናይ ታደሰ ; born 8 February 1982 ) is an Eritrean long @-@ distance track , and road running athlete . He currently holds the men 's half marathon world record . His bronze medal in the 10 @,@ 000 metres at the 2004 Athens Olympics made him the first ever Eritrean Olympic medallist , and his 20 km title at the 2006 IAAF World Road Running Championships also made him the country 's first athlete to win at a world championship event . He does not use a sprint finish to win races : his strategy relies upon a combination of efficient running and fast pace setting .
Zersenay ( ' Tadese ' is his father 's name ) has found most of his success over the half marathon distance , with four consecutive victories in the World Half Marathon Championships from 2006 to 2009 , a fifth title in 2012 , and a world record at the Lisbon Half Marathon in 2010 . He has also excelled in cross country running , winning a gold , one silver , and two bronze medals in the long distance race over five IAAF World Cross Country Championships . He is a three @-@ time Olympian ( 2004 , 2008 and 2012 ) .
In 2009 Zersenay became only the second man ( after Paul Tergat ) to win three World Championship medals over three different surfaces in the same year : winning World Cross Country bronze , 10 @,@ 000 metres World Championship silver on the track , and gold in road running at the World Half Marathon Championships . He is a popular public figure in his home country ; 2500 guests attended his wedding to Merhawit Solomon , which was broadcast live on Eritrean television . His brother , Kidane Tadese , is also a professional distance runner .
= = Career = =
= = = Early life = = =
Zersenay Tadese was born in Adi Bana , Eritrea , and had a peaceful , rural upbringing with his six siblings , largely avoiding the troubles of the Eritrean War of Independence . He became interested in cycling in his teenage years and , after winning a number of races , he set his sights upon becoming a professional cyclist in Europe . However , the races of 30 – 50 km fell short of the distances needed to compete on the European circuit and he was ill @-@ prepared for a transition to top @-@ level cycling .
He was a relative late @-@ comer to competitive running : in his late teens , scouts from a local athletics club suggested that his cycling stamina might translate to running and invited him to compete . He won the race and was spurred on by the victory to start taking the sport seriously and focus on running . Zersenay was adamant that his early years in cycling had given him a firm foundation for endurance running .
His first foray into the international athletics circuit came in 2002 , when he attended the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Dublin . Although he was wearing ill @-@ fitting shoes and was somewhat puzzled at hearing a starting gun for the first time , he managed to finish in 30th place with a time of 36 minutes and 37 seconds . However , he remained some distance off the winner Kenenisa Bekele . He competed at his first IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in May of that year , finishing just outside the top twenty runners with a time of 1 : 03 : 05 . He competed on the track at the African Athletics Championships , taking sixth place in the 10 @,@ 000 metres race in Radès , Tunisia , rounding off a modest debut year .
The 2003 season saw Zersenay establish himself as an emerging force in cross country : he broke into the top ten at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , and finished in the top three in all of his six races in Europe that winter . A 5000 metres win at the KBC Night of Athletics brought Zersenay an Eritrean record of 13 : 11 @.@ 07 , and a place at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics . At the 2003 World Championships , he improved his record further to 13 : 05 @.@ 57 and finished in eighth place in the 5000 metres final . More improvements came at the World Half Marathon Championships in Vilamoura , Portugal , where he recorded a personal best of 1 : 01 : 26 to finish in seventh position .
= = = Olympic medallist = = =
The 2004 season represented a breakthrough for Zersenay and he established himself as a serious contender in distance running . He signed a contract with Adidas Spain and brought the team victory at the European Clubs ' Cross Country Cup in February . The following month he bettered his previous showings at the World Cross Country Championships with a sixth @-@ place finish . With the help of team mates Yonas Kifle and Tesfayohannes Mesfen , among others , he took Eritrea to third position in the team competition – the first time the country had reached the podium at a world cross country event . Two months later he finished second in the 10 km Great Manchester Run ; his time of 27 : 59 was five seconds behind winner Craig Mottram . He took to the track in June at a meeting in Gavà , Spain , and recorded another national record , this time in the 10 @,@ 000 m with a time of 27 : 32 @.@ 61 .
The peak of his season came at the 2004 Athens Olympics , where he became the first person in Eritrean sporting history to win an Olympic medal . Zersenay took the bronze in the 10 @,@ 000 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece behind Kenenisa Bekele , and Sileshi Sihine . His performance of 27 : 22 @.@ 57 represented a dramatic improvement as he had beaten his previous best by ten seconds , despite unfavourably hot conditions . Zersenay refused to politicise his medal win behind his Ethiopian counterparts , stating : " we have always been friends with the Ethiopians . Now we are a nation ... I can say I am very happy . " The Eritrean @-@ born runner Meb Keflezighi , representing the United States , won silver in the marathon a few days later , highlighting the country 's improving standards . Zersenay finished his first Olympics by reaching another event final : he took seventh place in the men 's 5000 metres race , confirming his position as a world @-@ class runner .
He opened 2005 with a second win in the European Clubs ' Cross Country Cup . He won his first World Cross Country Championship medal soon after , finishing second to Bekele to take silver at the 2005 edition . On the track , he recorded a 5000 m personal best of at the Qatar Grand Prix in Doha , and qualified to compete at the World Championships in both the 5000 and 10 @,@ 000 m . At the 2005 World Championships , he broke the national record in the 10 @,@ 000 m final , but his time of 27 : 12 @.@ 82 was only enough for sixth . The 5000 m final held little reprieve for the Eritrean as he finished in second last position . He ended the season on a positive note , however , improving his 10 @,@ 000 m best to 27 : 04 @.@ 70 at the Memorial Van Damme , and winning the Great North Run with a world best time of 59 : 05 – which was only his second outing over the half marathon distance .
= = = Road and cross country world champion = = =
Zersenay failed to make the podium for a second time at the 2006 World Cross Country Championships , but his fourth @-@ place finish headed the Eritrean team towards silver medal in the team competition . The following month , Zersenay overcame both Fabiano Joseph and Boniface Kiprop to win the Great Manchester Run . He sprinted to the line with a finishing time of 27 : 36 ; an Eritrean record and the second fastest that year . In August that year , he significantly improved his 10 @,@ 000 m best at Memorial Van Damme ; his time of 26 : 37 @.@ 25 knocked almost thirty seconds off his previous mark , but he still finished behind the emerging Micah Kogo who ran the tenth fastest ever time . A new best of 59 : 16 by Zersenay at the Rotterdam Half Marathon equalled Samuel Wanjiru 's course record and boded well for the upcoming championship race .
He scored a striking victory at the 2006 IAAF World Road Running Championships in Debrecen , Hungary , finishing the 20 km race in 56 : 01 – a time which was second only to Haile Gebrselassie 's world record and was forty seconds faster than the silver medallist Robert Kipchumba . It was first time that an Eritrean had won a major world title in sport . As Zersenay did not possess a strong sprint finish ( crucial for success on the track ) commentators suggested that a move to the marathon distance seemed an obvious career progression , but he downplayed the idea , stating that he would not change distances in the near future . He closed the season with a run at the New Year 's Eve 10 km road race : the San Silvestre Vallecana in Madrid . Zersenay and Eliud Kipchoge were awarded the same time of 26 : 54 , but Kipchoge was announced as the race winner . Although this was faster than Haile Gebrselassie 's world record of 27 : 02 at the time , it was not ratifiable as the runners benefited from the race 's downhill circuit .
The 2007 season brought Zersenay his greatest medal haul , as he succeeded on grass , track and road . For the first time in his career he overcame all opposition , including five @-@ time champion Kenenisa Bekele , to become the 2007 World Cross Country Champion . The hot conditions in Mombasa forced a number of runners out of the race , but Zersenay maintained his pace to finish over twenty seconds ahead of the next runner . At the Cáceres Half Marathon , he stated his intention to try for the world record and , although he won the race , poor pacing left him some distance from a record time . He returned to the Great Manchester Run and again improved his best , recording 27 : 24 , but this was not enough to beat Micah Kogo who won in a UK all @-@ comers record time . He competed at the Prefontaine Classic for the first time , and set a two miles best of 8 : 19 @.@ 34 , although he was some distance behind winner Craig Mottram .
The 2007 All @-@ Africa Games represented a double landmark victory for Zersenay : he became the first Eritrean medallist in the competition 's history , and won his first ever gold medal on the track , sealing victory in the 10 @,@ 000 m final with a Games record time of 27 : 00 @.@ 30 . The following month he competed at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics , and he edged closer to a podium finish – he led the 10 @,@ 000 m race up to the 8 km mark , setting a fast pace , but ultimately ended up in fourth position . Preparing for the road championships that year , he ran the 10 @-@ mile Dam tot Damloop race in September and won in 45 : 51 ( the world 's fastest that season ) , finishing some distance ahead of runners up Bernard Kipyego and James Rotich . Zersenay emphasised his position as one of the world 's most dominant half marathon runners with a second victory at the 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships in Udine , Italy . Although he was close to world record pace at the 15 km point , he slowed behind the leading pack of Makau Musyoki , Evans Kiprop Cheruiyot and Deriba Merga . In the final kilometre , he burst away to take the lead and the gold medal , setting a national and championship record time of 58 : 59 in the process . Following these achievements , a medical team did a study of his running economy and found him to be one of the most efficient runners ever to be tested .
= = = World Half Marathon champion = = =
Bekele was keen to regain his cross country title from Zersenay and the 2008 cross country season was a competitive one . At the Great Edinburgh International Cross Country race , Zersenay was pipped by the Ethiopian at the line , finishing just one second behind . The following month , Zersenay beat Eliud Kipchoge to win the Cinque Mulini race in the buildup to the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . On the day of the Championship race in Edinburgh , Scotland , Zersenay took the lead early on and set a strong pace at the mid @-@ race point . However , near the finish Bekele and Kenyan Leonard Komon surged ahead to leave Zersenay as the bronze medallist .
A win at the World 10K Bangalore , where he beat Moses Kipsiro in 27 : 51 , was the highlight of a low @-@ key build up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics . In August , Zersenay was among some forty runners competing for the medals in the 10 @,@ 000 metres Olympic final . Zersenay 's brother , Kidane , was also competing and he led for most of first half of what was a quick race . Zersenay Tadese had the lead at the 7 – 8000 m mark but Bekele and Sihine sprinted into first and second . Although Zersenay 's time almost equalled the previous Olympic record for the event , he ended up one second behind Kenyans Moses Masai and Micah Kogo , taking fifth place overall .
After the Olympics , Zersenay returned to Eritrea and trained for one month to prepare for the 2008 World Half Marathon Championships in Rio de Janeiro . He won his third consecutive title over the half marathon distance with ease , taking the lead early on and beating the second @-@ placed Patrick Makau Musyoki by almost two minutes . His success caused much celebration in his home country , so much so that the President of Eritrea greeted him at the airport upon his return . With a strong history in the half marathon , Zersenay announced he would try the full marathon distance the following season .
Zersenay took third place at the 2009 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in a closely contested race , finishing just behind a resurgent Gebregziabher Gebremariam and Ugandan runner Moses Kipsiro . He competed in his first ever full @-@ length marathon in April , signing up for the London Marathon . His first appearance over the distance was much anticipated following his cross country and track success , but he could not finish the race , pulling out around the 35 km mark .
He rebounded , however , taking silver in the 10 @,@ 000 metres at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics , finishing behind Kenenisa Bekele . Zersenay had led for a large part of the race , setting a fast pace , but he was beaten to the gold by Bekele 's sprint finish . Following this , he won his third World Half Marathon title , setting a Championship record of 59 : 35 and also winning a silver medal with Eritrea in the team competition . The gold medal over the half marathon distance made him the second runner ever to win a World Championship medal in cross country , track and road racing all in the same year , a feat achieved previously by only Paul Tergat .
= = = Half marathon world record = = =
Zersenay 's first road race of 2010 was the Lisbon Half Marathon . The organisers had modified the course and assembled a field of fast runners in order to facilitate a quick race . Despite the top five athletes all running personal best times , Zersenay was alone at the very front from 10 km onwards . He fell four seconds short of the 15 km world record , but significantly revised Haile Gebrselassie 's four @-@ year @-@ old 20 km world mark to 55 : 21 , beating it by almost half a minute . Samuel Wanjiru 's half marathon world record was next to fall as Zersenay crossed the line at 58 : 23 minutes , a clear ten seconds ahead of the previous mark .
He managed to finish his first full @-@ marathon at the 2010 London Marathon , although his time of 2 : 12 : 03 for seventh place was not as strong a transition as expected . He made his first appearance at the Giro di Castelbuono in Sicily in July and , although he described the course as " very hard " , he won the race ahead of Samuel Wanjiru . He attempted for yet another title at the 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , but Wilson Kiprop brought an end to his four @-@ year reign – the Eritrean took the silver medal , labouring towards the end and pulling up in injured at the line . He was still suffering from the injury at the San Silvestre Vallecana some two months later , although he managed to beat Ayad Lamdassem to win the race .
He was at full strength at the 2011 Lisbon Half Marathon : he missed his world record mark but ran the second fastest of all @-@ time ( 58 : 30 minutes ) . In the outdoor track season he ran 26 : 51 @.@ 09 minutes for the 10 @,@ 000 m at the Prefontaine Classic and came close to a personal best with a win at the Barcelona Meeting with a time of 12 : 59 @.@ 32 minutes . Making his fourth consecutive appearance in the event , he took fourth place in the men 's 10 @,@ 000 m at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics . He ended the year with road wins at the Porto Half Marathon and the São Silvestre de Luanda , setting course records of 59 : 30 minutes and 27 : 44 minutes , respectively .
At the 2012 World 's Best 10K he came third , beaten by Sammy Kitwara and Vincent Chepkok . He won the Lisbon Half Marathon for the third straight year , but was slower than previous times ( 59 : 34 ) due to warm conditions and having the flu . A run at the 2012 London Marathon saw him perform better than he did in 2010 , but he lost touch with the leading pack after the half @-@ way point and came fourteenth with a time of 2 : 10 : 41 hours . He was chosen as Eritrea 's flag bearer at the 2012 London Olympics and ran in the 10 @,@ 000 metres final . He set the pace early on in the race but was defeated in the sprint finish , finishing in sixth place some three seconds behind the winner Mo Farah . After the Olympics he ran at the 2012 World Half Marathon Championships . He dominated the race from just beyond the 5 km point , and won it convincingly in a time of 1 : 00 : 19 hours , 32 seconds ahead of the runner @-@ up , Deressa Chimsa . Only two weeks later he entered the Great Birmingham Run , but he appeared tired and finished third in a race where the top three all dipped under Haile Gebrselassie 's course record .
= = = 2013 – 14 seasons = = =
Zersenay managed only seventh at the World 's Best 10K in February but returned to the top of the podium in his speciality at the Prague Half Marathon , edging out his training partner Amanuel Mesel with a time of 60 : 10 . He clocked another win over the distance at the Gifu Seiryu Half Marathon , beating the defending champion Martin Mathathi and setting a course record of 60 : 31 minutes . In October , he attempted to run the Chicago Marathon , but dropped out shortly after the halfway point . He did not compete again until February 2014 , when he won at the small Cáceres cross country in Spain .
= = Personal life = =
A quietly spoken athlete , he frequently states that his victories are a tribute to his country . Eritrea is one of Africa 's newest and least populous countries , and Zersenay 's achievements on the world athletics stage have made him one of the country 's most identifiable sportsmen . He is a popular public figure in his home country ; 2500 guests attended his wedding to Merhawit Solomon , which was broadcast live on Eritrean television . His brother , Kidane Tadese , is also a professional distance runner who has competed at the World Cross Country Championships and the 2008 Summer Olympics .
= = Personal bests = =
All information taken from IAAF profile .
= = Major competition record = =
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= Teesside EfW plant =
Teesside Energy from Waste plant ( also known as Teesside WTE power station or Haverton Hill incinerator ) is a municipal waste incinerator and waste @-@ to @-@ energy power station , which provides 29 @.@ 2 megawatts ( MW ) of electricity for the National Grid by burning 390 @,@ 000 tonnes of household and commercial waste a year . It is located on the River Tees at Haverton Hill , east of Billingham in North East England . Operated by SITA UK since its conception , the plant replaced the Portrack Incinerator and opened in 1998 .
The station is one of the most modern incinerators operating in England ; it is noted for its innovative operation . In 2009 , an extension was completed at the station , with the construction of an extra furnace line and a rail head . This increased the capacities of the plant from 19 @.@ 2 MW and 250 @,@ 000 tonnes of waste per year to its current levels . The plant initially burned only waste from Teesside , but this was extended to include Northumberland with the 2009 extension . A second plant , the North East Energy Recovery Centre ( NEERC ) , has planning permission to be built on land adjacent to the current plant . If built , this will extend the plant 's catchment to include waste from south Tyne and Wear .
= = History = =
= = = Replacement for Portrack = = =
See also Portrack Incinerator
Between 1975 and 1996 , the Portrack Incinerator on the River Tees burned 200 @,@ 000 tonnes of Teesside 's waste every year , generating 20 megawatts of electricity in doing so . In November 1996 , the plant was closed down after it failed to meet emission regulations ; it was then demolished in stages between 1998 and 2000 . Following the closure of the Portrack plant , a new facility to burn Teesside 's refuse was constructed . Teesside Energy from Waste plant was opened in May 1998 as a collaboration between SITA UK ( the station 's operator ) and the local authorities of Stockton @-@ on @-@ Tees , Middlesbrough , Hartlepool and Redcar & Cleveland .
= = = Third incineration line = = =
In December 2006 , SITA UK signed a 28 @-@ year private finance initiative contract worth £ 70 million with Northumberland County Council , to provide them with waste management services and to reduce the county 's reliance upon landfill . This included the construction of an extra incineration line at the Teesside plant . Civil construction of the extension began in April 2007 , with heavy erection beginning that November . Von Roll was the general contractor for the entire extension . In May 2009 , the third line , which cost £ 70 million to build , was brought into operation . It was officially opened on 8 October 2009 by former MP Hilary Armstrong , SITA UK Chief Executive David Palmer @-@ Jones , and Northumberland County Councillor Jeff Reid . At various times , between 60 and 100 people were employed in building the third line , and an additional 20 full @-@ time jobs were created for its operation once open . Built on time and within budget , the extension surpassed expectations in its first year of operation . A year after the opening of the third line , only a fifth of the amount of waste that was being sent to landfill in Northumberland prior to its opening was still being sent there .
= = Design and specification = =
The plant is a large metal @-@ clad building . The metal is finished in the colour ' Goosewing Grey ' , accented in ' Solent Blue ' and ' Petra Red ' . The plant 's clean , clear lines and colours are said to " contrast favourably " with the nearby industrial buildings .
Until 2009 , the station had two operating furnace lines , which together were capable of burning a total of 250 @,@ 000 tonnes of waste per year , and generated 20 MW of electricity . However , in May 2009 a third line was brought into operation . The plant currently burns 360 @,@ 000 tonnes of waste a year and generates 29 @.@ 2 MW of electricity . This is enough electricity to power 60 @,@ 000 homes .
The original plant uses Babcock & Wilcox Volund boilers to provide steam for a single Ansaldo turbo generator rated at 19 @.@ 2 MW . The third line uses a Von Roll Inova reciprocating grate to burn the waste , and generates electricity using a single Von Roll Inova three @-@ pass steam generator , rated at 10 MW .
= = Operations = =
The station operates constantly , burning municipal household waste from the local councils of Stockton @-@ on @-@ Tees , Hartlepool , Middlesbrough , Redcar & Cleveland , North Tyneside and Northumberland . When there is a shortfall in household waste , non @-@ hazardous industrial and commercial waste are used to make up capacity . The station burns only residual waste , which is material left over after recycling . The incinerator operates 24 hours a day , seven days a week .
Waste is delivered to the station by road , using up to 100 waste collection vehicles . Up to 2 @,@ 800 tonnes of waste a week or as much as 1 @,@ 000 tonnes of waste a day , can be delivered at the plant . A rail head was also built on the railway sidings adjacent to the site in 2009 . This allows for waste to be delivered to the plant by rail , rather than just by road . This is more sustainable as it reduces the amount of traffic on local roads . In December 2011 , it was announced that the rail head would be used to receive up 500 @,@ 000 tonnes of residual waste per year from Merseyside via a rail waste transfer facility at Knowley Industrial Park , Kirby , in a contract worth £ 400 million .
Waste arriving at the plant is checked in and weighed , before being delivered to the plant 's reception hall . The large reception hall allows the vehicles to dump their waste safely . Air for the combustion of the waste later in the plant is drawn from the reception hall so that odour and dust doesn 't pollute the building 's surroundings . From the hall waste is tipped into a large concrete bunker . Here the feedstock is homogenefied by a crane operator , who mixes and removes unsuitable waste . A grab crane then manoeuvers waste from the bunker to the hoppers that feed the furnace . This crane is operated from a control room . This room also monitors the equipment in the plant , the combustion gases and maximises the efficiency of the plant .
From the hoppers , the waste falls onto the furnace @-@ charging chute and from there onto the incinerating grate . Here it is burned at a temperature in excess of 1 @,@ 200 ° C. This heat is then converted into super heated steam through the plant 's boilers . This in turn powers steam turbines , much in the same way as a conventional thermal power station . Electricity is generated at 11 kilovolts . After exiting the turbines , the steam is condensed back to water . For the original two incinerating lines use river water from the Tees as a cooling medium , whereas in the third line , water is condensed through air cooled condenser . The cooled water is treated and reused in the boilers .
Gases from the furnace are cleaned using selective non @-@ catalytic reduction ( SNCR ) , spray absorbers and active carbon injection . These processes remove nitrogen oxides , acidic gasses , dioxins and heavy metals from the plants emissions . The remaining gases are passed through fine @-@ fabric bag filters to remove and solid particles , before it is released from the chimney . Each incineration line has its own independent stack in the chimney , and the flue gases are continuously monitored before being released . This information is relayed to the control room . The remaining fly ash from the filters contains particles from the incineration , lime from the spray absorbers , salt and carbon dust , and so is stored in a sealed silo until it is taken from the site for disposal . Incinerator bottom ash left on the incineration grate after the burning is moved by converyor to a bunker . Whilst on the conveyor , a magnet removes ferrous metal from the ash for recycling . The remaining ash is then used as an aggregate in the construction industry .
A recycling centre operates next to the plant , which opened in December 2001 . In 2006 a composting facility was opened .
= = Environmental impact = =
Waste to energy plants are strictly monitored , and the plant has achieved various ISO external certificates . The plant is seen to be at the forefront of sustainable energy production and waste disposal . The plant not only reduces the amount of waste sent to landfill , but displaces the burning of depleting fossil fuels , and makes significant contributions to meeting the North East region 's waste recovery and recycling targets .
= = The future : North East Energy Recovery Centre = =
In 2008 , it was announced SITA had plans to build another EfW plant adjacent to the current one , named the North East Energy Recovery Centre ( NEERC ) . SITA UK began consulting key partners , stakeholders and local residents on these plans in April 2008 , before submitting a formal planning application that summer . Permission for the plant 's construction was granted on 15 October 2008 . On 17 September 2010 , it was announced that SITA had signed a contract with the South Tyne and Wear Waste Management Partnership for their waste to be burned at NEERC once the plant was completed . Construction is expected to begin in early 2011 , in time for a 2013 completion date .
NEERC is expected to be capable of handling up to 190 @,@ 000 tonnes of waste per year . This waste will be burned to generate electricity for the National Grid and cogenerate to provide heat for local industries in the form of steam . NEERC will have two processing lines , capable of generating 21 MW of electricity , enough to provide for 37 @,@ 500 homes . This means that over the two facilities , 640 @,@ 000 tonnes of waste will be burned annually , and over 50 MW of electricity generated . This would make Teesside the largest operational EfW centre in the UK outside London . The plant will be a mirror image of the current one , and will create 160 jobs ; 25 in South Tyne and Wear , 100 in the construction of the plant , and the rest once the plant is operational .
In August 2010 , SITA teamed up with Sembcorp UK to build another waste @-@ to @-@ energy facility in the Teesside region . Wilton 11 on the Wilton International complex is to burn a further 400 @,@ 000 tonnes of waste in the region whilst generating 35 MW of electricity . The plant is expected to be operational by 2015 .
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= Secret trusts in English law =
In English law , secret trusts are a class of trust defined as an arrangement between a testator and a trustee , made to come into force after death , that aims to benefit a person without having been written in a formal will . The property is given to the trustee in the will , and he would then be expected to pass it on to the real beneficiary . For these to be valid , the person seeking to enforce the trust must prove that the testator intended to form a trust , that this intention was communicated to the trustee , and that the trustee accepted his office . There are two types of secret trust — fully secret and half @-@ secret . A fully secret trust is one with no mention in the will whatsoever . In the case of a half @-@ secret trust , the face of the will names the trustee as trustee , but does not give the trust 's terms , including the beneficiary . The most important difference lies in communication of the trust : the terms of a half @-@ secret trust must be communicated to the trustee before the execution of the will , whereas in the case of a fully secret trust the terms may be communicated after the execution of the will , as long as this is before the testator 's death .
Secret trusts do not comply with the formality requirements ( such as witnessing ) laid down in the Wills Act 1837 . Despite this , the courts have chosen to uphold them as valid . Although various justifications have been given for this , they are generally categorised as either based on preventing fraud , or as regarding secret trusts as outside ( dehors ) the operation of the Wills Act . The first is considered the traditional approach – if the courts do not recognise secret trusts , the trustee given the property in the will would be able to keep it for himself , committing fraud . The fraud theory utilises the equitable maxim that " equity will not allow a statute to be used as a cloak for fraud " . A more modern view is that secret trusts exist outside the will altogether , and thus do not have to comply with it . Accepting this theory would undermine the operation of the Wills Act , since the Wills Act is designed to cover all testamentary dispositions . To avoid this problem , one approach has been to reclassify the secret trust as inter vivos ( " between the living " ) but this creates other problems . There have also been attempts to conclude that half @-@ secret trusts rest on a different basis to fully secret trusts , although this has been disapproved by the House of Lords , primarily on practical grounds .
This debate is also of importance when classifying the trust as either constructive or express , a matter of considerable debate . On one view , if the traditional theory is correct , secret trusts are created by the courts , and are thus constructive ; if the more modern view is correct , the trusts exist without the court 's permission , and are express trusts . However , a secret trust does not have to obey the separate formalities of the Law of Property Act 1925 , even when it concerns land and one solution to this problem is to consider them constructive . Some commentators believe that half @-@ secret trusts may fall into a different category to fully secret trusts in this regard .
= = Definition = =
A secret trust is an arrangement between a testator and a trustee to benefit a person without having to specify that person in a will . The trustee is transferred property under the terms of the will which he or she then holds on trust for others .
The courts recognise two forms of secret trust . Fully secret trusts are trusts not referred to at all on the face of the will . Instead , an agreement made between the testator and trustees elsewhere . The trustee will instead be named only a beneficiary . In the case of a half @-@ secret trust , the fact that the beneficiary holds as trustee only is declared on the face of the will , but not the other terms of the trust .
Alastair Hudson , Professor of Equity and Law at Queen Mary , University of London , suggests the potential for a third class of secret trust . This is where the dying person is encouraged not to make a will so that his property passes to the next @-@ of @-@ kin , on the agreement that the next @-@ of @-@ kin give effect to his wishes via a secret trust . If this is the case , the next @-@ of @-@ kin would be obliged to hold the property on trust and fulfil the dying person 's wishes .
A secret trust must be contrasted with merely placing a moral obligation upon the beneficiary to deal with the legacy in particular way ( as in Re Snowden ) and must impose a binding obligation , without discretion to act within its terms or not .
= = Justification = =
The secret trust has proved difficult to reconcile these trusts with Section 9 of the Wills Act 1837 , which provides that a will is only valid when :
( a ) it is in writing , and signed by the testator , or by some other person in his presence and by his direction ; and
( b ) it appears that the testator intended by his signature to give effect to the will ; and
( c ) the signature is made or acknowledged by the testator in the presence of two or more witnesses present at the same time ; and
( d ) each witness either -
( i ) attests and signs the will ; or
( ii ) acknowledges his signature , in the presence of the testator ( but not necessarily in the presence of any other witnesses ) .
As such , such trusts are not enforceable because they are invalid . Equity has been willing to accept their validity in the common law to prevent the trustee committing fraud and keeping the property ; justifications for this acceptance are debated .
In practical terms , there are several reasons why admitting the language of fraud to justify a fully secret trust , but not a half @-@ secret trust , would be sub @-@ optimal . This is considered one principal reason why the court in Blackwell v Blackwell established that both types of secret trust shared a single justification . A half @-@ secret trust appears closer to fulfilling the formality requirements as laid down in the Wills Act , so the conclusion that it is less likely to be enforced seems contradictory . Also , such a rule would encourage fully secret trusts , with a wider possibility for fraud . It would also spark considerable litigation on whether a particular clause resulted in a fully secret or half @-@ secret trust . Thus it may be argued that despite the difficulties , a half @-@ secret trust should be enforced if fully secret trusts are .
= = = Fraud theory = = =
The secret trust was originally conceived to prevent fraud enabled by statute or the common law , in line with the equitable maxim that " equity will not allow a statute to be used as a cloak for fraud " . The " fraud " referred to is the denial of the existence of the trust by the intended trustee of the will , thus allowing him to apply it for his own purposes . Thus in McCormick v Grogan , Lord Westbury justified secret trusts , saying :
the court has , from a very early period , decided that even an Act of Parliament shall not be used as an instrument as fraud ; and that equity will fasten on the individual who gets a title under that Act , and impose upon him a personal obligation , because he applies the Act as an instrument for accomplishing a fraud . In this way , a court of equity has dealt with the Statute of Frauds , and in this manner , also , it deals with the Statute of Wills .
There have been two grounds on which this rule has been based . The narrower ground is that the trustee should be debarred from denying the existence of the trust because of his wrongful conduct at the time he made the undertaking , as identified by Lord Westbury in McCormick v Grogan . The wider ground extends to attempting to renege on the promise made during the testator 's lifetime , even when his intention at the time of making the promise may have been to fulfill the testator 's wishes . The wider ground appears to have been adopted by the Court of Appeal in Bannister v Bannister . D. R. Hodge has argued that " acceptance of the narrower view would not only impose upon a person seeking to establish a secret trust the heavy onus of showing at what point of time the secret trustee decided to resile from his promise , but would also make the validity of the secret trust dependent upon what is in fact an irrelevant consideration " .
Since allowing the trustee of the will to retain the property is at the heart of the " fraud " , it is not clear why courts have considered the appropriate remedy to recognise a trust on behalf of others , rather than a resulting trust in favour of the estate ( the residuary legatee ) . To this it has been argued that , since the testator is dead , a resulting trust is often fatal to the beneficiary 's claims since the testator is not in a position to attempt again . Having admitted external evidence to establish the trust exists , any claim that the formality requirement is further weakened by enforcing the trust is not strong . A resulting trust would be a result not party intended . The enforcement of the secret trust as a response to perceived fraud also opens the door to a further form of deceit , whereby the trustee funnels the trust monies to the wrong beneficiary . If considered significant , this might , however , be countered with a higher evidential burden when establishing the identity of the secret beneficiary .
Two further problems are apparent when considering the fraud theory in the context of half @-@ secret trusts . Since the will mentions the trust , it is impossible for the trustee to deny the existence of the trust . Whether or not the intended beneficiaries can be ascertained , the trustee cannot benefit personally and his possibility for fraud ( under any meaning ) seems small . Indeed , it appears to create an alternative route : the trustee may bring false oral testimony in favour of a third party who was not the intended beneficiary , a party that cannot benefit if the law did not uphold half @-@ secret trusts . Secondly , a half @-@ secret trust ought to fail for uncertainty , being a trust with no terms , with a resulting trust to the residuary legatee . Those in favour of its enforcement must therefore displace this resulting trust , and the " fraud " theory seems insufficient to do so , since there is not potential for fraud and no conduct on the part of the trustee to warrant it . The deceased 's intended disposition remains imperfectly constituted and the intended beneficiary 's claim is thus weaker than the residuary legatee 's . Whilst one response has been to suggest that whether a resulting trust or enforcement of the secret trust is most appropriate remedy is a question for the courts , subsequent cases have typically defined the automatic resulting trust , as in this case , as operating as a matter of law and not a question for the courts .
Alastair Hudson has also argued that the fraud argument is significantly flawed . The theory suggests that liability for the property comes about from fraud ; in fact , liability comes about as soon as the trustee accepts the property to hold on trust , and so the fraud theory is not necessary to bind the trustee 's hands .
Based on the fraud theory , secret trusts are sometimes classified as constructive trusts ; the reason they do not have to follow the Wills Act 1837 is because they are created by the courts .
= = = " Outside ( dehors ) the will " theory = = =
A more modern argument is that secret trusts are independent and operate outside the will . This would mean that the trust is not testamentary in nature but falls within the ordinary equitable jurisdiction of the court . The trust was created by the donor and trustee during the donor 's life , and simply not constituted until his death ; it does not have to follow the Wills Act , because it was not created by a will . This view was expressed by Megarry VC in Re Snowden , where he said " The whole basis of secret trusts ... is that they operate outside the will , changing nothing that is written in it , and allowing it to operate according to its tenor , but then fastening a trust on to the property in the hands of the recipient " . This suggests that secret trusts are not constructive trusts but rather express trusts .
It has been suggested that the dehors theory is based on a misunderstanding of the operation of the Wills Act . In particular , whilst the term " will " is commonly used to refer to a specific document , the WIlls Act is designed to cover all documents that are to take effect after the testator 's death . Indeed , the formality requirements of the Wills Act created the need for a single document , like the one commonly referred to . Therefore to refer to an arrangement as outside the Wills Act because it is not in the single document commonly referred to is incorrect . The response has been to view the secret trust as a disposition inter vivos ( " between the living " ) rather than testamentary in nature . Although the testator is unlikely to consider the trust having come into existence at the time of the execution of the will , whether a disposition is inter vivos is a question for the courts . However , other types of inter vivos trust are incapable of binding after @-@ acquired property or operating so as to automatically bind such property as and when it is received . No separate declaration of trust is required in the case of property acquired after the execution of a will for it to form part of a secret trust . Looking at the definition of a " testamentary disposition " as applied in other sorts of cases is inconclusive .
= = Classification = =
Whether secret trusts are express or constructive trusts is unclear . Snell 's Equity includes them in its section on express trusts , as does Underhill and Hayton , although both opine that they are better classified as constructive .
53 ( 1 ) ( b ) of the Law of Property Act 1925 requires that " a declaration of trust respecting any land or any interest therein must be manifested and proved by some writing signed by some person who is able to declare such trust or by his will " . Constructive trusts are removed from the operation of this section by section 53 ( 2 ) . Two cases , Re Baillie and Ottaway v Norman , have concerned secret trusts over land . In neither case were the formality requirements of 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) met , but neither judgment considered why 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) did not apply . This has been used to support the theory that secret trusts are constructive . However , an express trust may still be exempted from the requirements of 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) by a separate application of the maxim " equity will not allow a statute to be used as a cloak for fraud " – the fraud would be for the trustee to deny the existence of the secret trust , but this time the statute concerned would be the Law of Property Act , a line of reasoning dependent upon the case of Rochefoucauld v Boustead .
Some authors place fully secret and half @-@ secret trusts in different categories , including Alastair Hudson and Lionel Astor Sheridan . To this it has been argued that , if the " outside the will " theory is the true basis for the secret trust , whether the mention of the existence of the trust on the face of the will should affect its nature . In Hudson 's opinion , fully secret trusts are constructive trusts , because they exist to prevent fraud . Half @-@ secret trusts are not , because their mention in wills makes fraud unlikely ; they are instead express trusts . The House of Lords in Blackwell v Blackwell , however , considered the half @-@ secret trust to have the same basis as the fully secret trust .
= = Fully secret trusts = =
Fully secret trusts are awkward because of the lack of evidence pertaining to their existence and terms . In Ottaway v Norman , Brightman J set out the test for proving the existence of a fully secret trust . This is :
It will be convenient to call the person on whom such a trust is imposed the ' primary donee ' , and the beneficiary under that trust the ' secondary donee ' . The essential elements which must be proved to exist are : ( i ) the intention of the testator to subject the primary donee to an obligation in favour of the secondary donee ; ( ii ) communication of that intention to the primary donee ; and ( iii ) the acceptance of that obligation by the primary donee either expressly or by acquiescence . It is immaterial whether these elements precede or succeed the will of the donor .
For a fully secret trust to be valid , therefore , it must be proved that there was intention , that this was communicated to the trustee , and that the trustee accepted his obligations . Intention is one of the three certainties , and applies to fully secret trusts in the same way as it does to other express trusts .
The second requirement is that both the secret trust and its terms are communicated to the trustee . This may be done after the writing of the will , as long as it is prior to death ; without it , the secret trust is void . Exactly what must be communicated depends on the nature of the property and trust ; if there are multiple beneficiaries for example , this will need to be communicated . In Re Boyes , Kay J came to the conclusion that communication requires allowing the trustee the chance to refuse his office ; as such , it cannot be done after death . Lastly , the office of trustee must be accepted by the trustee . The two ways this can be done were laid out by Wood VC in Wallgrave v Tebbs , when he said :
Where a person , knowing that a testator is making a disposition in his favour intends it to be applied for purposes other than his own benefit , either expressly promises , or by silence implies , that he will carry on the testator 's intention into effect , and the property is left to him upon the faith of that promise or understanding , it is in effect a case of trust " .
Acceptance , therefore , can be communicated in one of two ways ; either by the trustee directly stating his acceptance , or by implying it through not declining .
If a secret trust cannot be established , the beneficiary will hold outright . If a secret trust can be shown , but not its terms ( or communication post @-@ dated the testator 's death ) , then the would @-@ be trustee will hold on resulting trust for the testator 's estate .
= = Half @-@ secret trusts = =
With a half @-@ secret trust , the fact that the beneficiary of the will holds as trustee only is declared on the face of the will , but not the other terms of the trust . This must go further than the mere " hope " that the beneficiary ( again I believe this should read " trustee " - the beneficiary is the passive party to a trust ) of the will will act in accordance with its terms . The requirements for a half @-@ secret trust to be valid are similar to those for fully secret trusts , and were laid out in Blackwell v Blackwell , where a testator gave five trustees pieces of property , instructing them ( in the will ) to hold on to this property as they had been asked . Prior to the testator 's death , the trustees had all been told what to do with the property . Lord Sumner said that :
The necessary elements [ to create a half @-@ secret trust ] , on which the question turns , are intention , communication and acquiescence . The testator intends his absolute gift to be employed as he and not as the donee desires ; he tells the proposed donee of this intention and , either by express promise or by the tacit promise , which is satisfied by acquiescence , the proposed donee encourages him to bequeath the money on the faith that his intention will be carried out .
The most important distinction between half @-@ secret and fully secret trusts concerns the communication of the terms of the trust . Communication must be either at or before the execution of the will , in contrast to fully secret trusts , when it may postdate the will so long as it predates the death of the testator . In Blackwell , Viscount Sumner said that : " [ a ] testator cannot reserve to himself a power of making future unwitnessed dispositions by merely naming a trustee and leaving the purposes of the trust to be supplied afterwards " , a passage given its traditional interpretation in cases such as Re Keen , becoming a " cornerstone " of the what has become known as the ' prior acceptance rule ' . Although that interpretation has been confirmed as the law in further cases , it has been argued by Professor John Mee that Viscount Sumner was instead merely reconfirming the general principle that acceptance by the trustee ( whether of a half @-@ secret or fully secret trust ) must take place within the testator 's lifetime . Mee favours the law in Ireland , that no prior acceptance rule exists and therefore the law regarding acceptance is the same between half @-@ secret and fully secret trusts . Acceptance of the half @-@ secret trust is again similar to fully secret trusts ; it can be communicated either directly , or tacitly .
The failure of a half @-@ secret trust , such as where the beneficiaries of the trust cannot be shown , or communication is not at or before the execution of the will .
= = Practice = =
There are a variety of practical rules in these trusts ' use , which span both fully secret and half @-@ secret trusts . If a testator alters the terms of the trust or the trust property , he must inform the intended trustee ; if not , as in Re Colin Cooper , the trustee will be permitted to keep the newly added property . Where the trustees are co @-@ owners of the property , informing them of the trust 's terms or amendments becomes complicated . If they hold the property as tenants @-@ in @-@ common , only those tenants who were informed of the trust are bound to follow it . Where they hold the property as joint tenants , they are all bound by the trust if even one tenant accepts it before the execution of the will . Where they hold the property as joint tenants and some accept it , but only after the execution of the will , only those who accepted it are bound . This area has been called " rather illogical " .
The result of the emergence of the " outside the will " theory has been seen with respect to witnesses to the will . Section 15 of the Wills Act states that any person " [ attesting ] the execution of any will to whom or to whose wife or husband any beneficial [ legacy ] ... shall be thereby given or made , such [ legacy ] ... shall , so far only as concerns such person attesting the execution of such will , or the wife or husband of such person , or any person claiming under such person or wife or husband , be utterly null and void " . In Re Young , an attesting witness was the beneficiary of a secret trust . The court decided that " the Wills Act 1837 had nothing to do with it " and the secret trust valid . The effect of the Wills Act 1968 has been to allow the trustee of a half @-@ secret trust to attest the will and this may also apply to the fully secret trust .
Where a beneficiary under a secret trust predeceases the testator , his or her personal representative will inherit instead , as in Re Gardner . If the gift had been made directly as part of testator 's will it would have lapsed and formed part of his or her residuary estate by the beneficiary 's death , but since he or she inherits as a result of a separate secret trust that rule does not apply . Where the trustee of a secret trust predeceases the testator , or renounces his trusteeship before the death of the testator , the position of the secret trust in unclear . In the case of a half @-@ secret trust , the trust ought to be good on the basis that " equity will not allow a trust to fail for want of a trustee " . Of a fully secret trust , it was indicated by Lord Buckmaster in Blackwell v Blackwell that such a trust might not fail : " the [ trustee- ] legatee might defeat the whole purpose by renouncing the legacy ... I entertain no doubt that the Court , having once admitted the evidence of the trust , would interfere to prevent its defeat . " Against this , it has been argued that the arrangement is the result of a personal obligation as thus fails if renounced or if the trustee predeceases the testator .
Evidential issues also exist . Because secret trusts are by definition secret , they are difficult to prove in court . The parol evidence rule states that where there is written evidence , oral testimony cannot be introduced to the court if it contradicts that evidence . Since secret trusts are oral and normally exist outside of the will ( a written document ) this causes problems . In Re Keen , the issue came up , and the Court of Appeal decided that the parol evidence rule extended to secret trusts , and such trusts could not be enforced if they contradicted written documents . More generally , the problem is proving that the testator intended to create a trust . As in McCormic v Grogan , the standard is high ; the person trying to enforce the trust must show " most clearly and distinctly " that it exists .
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= Willie Nelson =
Willie Hugh Nelson ( born April 29 , 1933 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter , author , poet , actor , and activist . The critical success of the album Shotgun Willie ( 1973 ) , combined with the critical and commercial success of Red Headed Stranger ( 1975 ) and Stardust ( 1978 ) , made Nelson one of the most recognized artists in country music . He was one of the main figures of outlaw country , a subgenre of country music that developed in the late 1960s as a reaction to the conservative restrictions of the Nashville sound . Nelson has acted in over 30 films , co @-@ authored several books , and has been involved in activism for the use of biofuels and the legalization of marijuana .
Born during the Great Depression , and raised by his grandparents , Nelson wrote his first song at age seven and joined his first band at ten . During high school , he toured locally with the Bohemian Polka as their lead singer and guitar player . After graduating from high school in 1950 , he joined the Air Force but was later discharged due to back problems . After his return , Nelson attended Baylor University for two years but dropped out because he was succeeding in music . During this time , he worked as a disc jockey in Texas radio stations and a singer in Honky @-@ tonks . Nelson moved to Vancouver , Washington , where he wrote " Family Bible " and recorded the song " Lumberjack " in 1956 . In 1958 , he moved to Houston , Texas after signing a contract with D Records . He sang at the Esquire Ballroom weekly and he worked as a disk jockey . During that time , he wrote songs that would become country standards , including " Funny How Time Slips Away " , " Hello Walls " , " Pretty Paper " , and " Crazy " . In 1960 he moved to Nashville , Tennessee , and later signed a publishing contract with Pamper Music which allowed him to join Ray Price 's band as a bassist . In 1962 , he recorded his first album , ... And Then I Wrote . Due to this success , Nelson signed in 1964 with RCA Victor and joined the Grand Ole Opry the following year . After mid @-@ chart hits in the late 1960s and the early 1970s , Nelson retired in 1972 and moved to Austin , Texas . The ongoing music scene of Austin motivated Nelson to return from retirement , performing frequently at the Armadillo World Headquarters .
In 1973 , after signing with Atlantic Records , Nelson turned to outlaw country , including albums such as Shotgun Willie and Phases and Stages . In 1975 , he switched to Columbia Records , where he recorded the critically acclaimed album , Red Headed Stranger . The same year , he recorded another outlaw country album , Wanted ! The Outlaws , along with Waylon Jennings , Jessi Colter , and Tompall Glaser . During the mid @-@ 1980s , while creating hit albums like Honeysuckle Rose and recording hit songs like " On the Road Again " , " To All the Girls I 've Loved Before " , and " Pancho and Lefty " , he joined the country supergroup The Highwaymen , along with fellow singers Johnny Cash , Waylon Jennings , and Kris Kristofferson .
In 1990 , Nelson 's assets were seized by the Internal Revenue Service , which claimed that he owed US $ 32 million . The difficulty of paying his outstanding debt was aggravated by weak investments he had made during the 1980s . In 1992 , Nelson released The IRS Tapes : Who 'll Buy My Memories ? , the profits of the double album , destined to the IRS , and the auction of Nelson 's assets cleared his debt . During the 1990s and 2000s , Nelson continued touring extensively , and released albums every year . Reviews ranged from positive to mixed . He explored genres such as reggae , blues , jazz , and folk . Nelson made his first movie appearance in the 1979 film The Electric Horseman , followed by other appearances in movies and on television . Nelson is a major liberal activist and the co @-@ chair of the advisory board of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws , which is in favor of marijuana legalization . On the environmental front , Nelson owns the bio @-@ diesel brand Willie Nelson Biodiesel , which is made from vegetable oil . Nelson is also the honorary chairman of the Advisory Board of the Texas Music Project , the official music charity of the state of Texas .
= = Early life = =
Willie Nelson was born in Abbott , Texas on April 29 , 1933 , during the Great Depression , to Myrle Marie ( née Greenhaw ) and Ira Doyle Nelson . He was born on April 29 , but his birth was recorded by doctor F. D. Sims on April 30 . He was named Willie by his cousin Mildred , who also chose Hugh as his middle name , in honor of her recently deceased younger brother . Nelson 's ancestry includes Cherokee , English , and Irish . His parents moved from Arkansas in 1929 , to look for work . Nelson 's grandfather , William , worked as a blacksmith , while his father worked as a mechanic .
His mother left soon after he was born , and his father remarried and also moved away , leaving Willie and his sister Bobbie to be raised by their grandparents . The Nelsons , who taught singing back in Arkansas , started their grandchildren in music . Nelson 's grandfather bought him a guitar when he was six , and taught him a few chords , and with his sister Bobbie , he sang gospel songs in the local church . He wrote his first song at age seven , and when he was nine , played guitar for the local band Bohemian Polka . During the summer , the family picked cotton along with other citizens of Abbott . Nelson disliked picking cotton , so he earned money by singing in dance halls , taverns , and honky tonks from age 13 , and continuing through high school . Nelson 's musical influences were Hank Williams , Bob Wills , Lefty Frizzell , Ray Price , Ernest Tubb , Hank Snow , Django Reinhardt , Frank Sinatra and Louis Armstrong .
Nelson attended Abbott High School , where he was a halfback on the football team , guard on the basketball team and shortstop in baseball . He also raised pigs for the Future Farmers of America organization . While still at school he sang and played guitar in The Texans , a band formed by his sister 's husband , Bud Fletcher . The band played in honky tonks , and also had a Sunday morning spot at KHBR in Hillsboro , Texas . Meanwhile , Nelson had a short stint as a relief phone operator in Abbott , followed by a job as a tree trimmer for the local electrical company , as well as pawn shop employee . After leaving school , in 1950 , he joined the United States Air Force for eight to nine months .
Upon his return , in 1952 , he married Martha Matthews , and from 1954 to 1956 studied agriculture at Baylor University . Nelson joined the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity , but dropped out to pursue a career in music . He worked as a bouncer for a nightclub , as a partsman in an autohouse , saddle maker , tree trimmer again and as an oilfield worker . He later joined Johnny Bush 's band . Nelson moved with his family to Pleasanton , Texas , where he auditioned for a disc jockey job in KBOP . The owner of the station , Dr. Ben Parker , gave Nelson the job despite his lack of experience working on radio . With the equipment of the station , Nelson made his first two recordings in 1955 : " The Storm Has Just Begun " and " When I 've Sung My Last Hillbilly Song " . He recorded the tracks on used tapes , and sent the demos to the local label SARG Records . SARG rejected the recordings .
Nelson then had stints working for KDNT in Denton , Texas , KCUL and KCNC in Fort Worth , Texas , where he hosted The Western Express , taught Sunday school and he played in nightclubs . He then decided to move to San Diego . He was unable to find a job , and decided to go to Portland , Oregon , where his mother lived . Nelson tried to hitchhike , but after nobody picked him up , he slept in a ditch . He then found a nearby railroad yard and boarded a freight train that left him in Eugene . A truck driver then drove Nelson to a bus station and loaned him US $ 10 for a ticket to reach Portland .
= = Music career = =
= = = Beginnings ( 1956 – 1971 ) = = =
Nelson was hired by KVAN in Vancouver , Washington and appeared frequently on a television show . He made his first record in 1956 , " No Place For Me " , that included Leon Payne 's " Lumberjack " on the B @-@ side . The recording failed . Nelson continued working as a radio announcer and singing in Vancouver clubs . He made several appearances in a Colorado nightclub , later moving to Springfield , Missouri . After failing to land a spot on the Ozark Jubilee , he started to work as a dishwasher . Unhappy with his job , he moved back to Texas . After a short time in Waco , he settled in Fort Worth , and quit the music business for a year . He sold bibles and vacuum cleaners door @-@ to @-@ door , and eventually became a sales manager for the Encyclopedia Americana .
After his son Billy was born in 1958 , the family moved to Houston , Texas . On the way , Nelson stopped by the Esquire Ballroom to sell his original songs to house band singer Larry Butler . Butler refused to purchase the song " Mr. Record Man " for US $ 10 , instead giving Nelson a US $ 50 loan to rent an apartment and a six @-@ night job singing in the club . Nelson rented the apartment near Houston in Pasadena , Texas , where he also worked at the radio station as the sign @-@ on disc jockey . During this time , he recorded two singles for Pappy Daily on D Records " Man With the Blues " / " The Storm Has Just Begun " and " What a Way to Live " / " Misery Mansion " . Nelson then was hired by guitar instructor Paul Buskirk to work as an instructor in his school . He sold " Family Bible " to Buskirk for US $ 50 and " Night Life " for US $ 150 . " Family Bible " turned into a hit for Claude Gray in 1960 .
Nelson moved to Nashville , Tennessee in 1960 , but was unable to find a label to sign him . During this period he often spent time at Tootsie 's Orchid Lounge , a bar near the Grand Ole Opry frequented by the show 's stars and other singers and songwriters . There Nelson met Hank Cochran , a songwriter who worked for the publishing company Pamper Music , owned by Ray Price and Hal Smith . Cochran heard Nelson during a jam session with Buddy Emmons and Jimmy Day . Cochran had just earned a raise of US $ 50 a week , but convinced Smith to pay Nelson the money instead to sign him to Pamper Music . On hearing Nelson sing " Hello Walls " at Tootsie 's , Faron Young decided to record it . After Ray Price recorded Nelson 's " Night Life " , and his previous bassist Johnny Paycheck quit , Nelson joined Price 's touring band as a bass player . While playing with Price and the Cherokee Cowboys , his songs became hits for other artists , including " Funny How Time Slips Away " ( Billy Walker ) , " Pretty Paper " ( Roy Orbison ) , and , most famously , " Crazy " by Patsy Cline . Nelson and Cochran also met Cline 's husband , Charlie Dick at Tootsie 's . Dick liked a song of Nelson 's he heard on the bar 's jukebox . Nelson played him a demo tape of " Crazy . " Later that night Dick played the tape for Cline , who decided to record it . " Crazy " became the biggest jukebox hit of all time .
Nelson signed with Liberty Records and was recording by August 1961 at Quonset Hut Studio . His first two successful singles as an artist were released by the next year , including " Willingly " ( a duet with his soon @-@ to @-@ be second wife , Shirley Collie , which became his first charting single and first Top Ten at No. 10 ) and " Touch Me " ( his second Top Ten , stalling at No. 7 ) . Nelson 's tenure at Liberty yielded his first album entitled ... And Then I Wrote , released in September 1962 . In 1963 Collie and Nelson were married in Las Vegas . He then worked on the west coast offices of Pamper Records , in Pico Rivera , California . Since the job did not allow him the time to play music of his own , he left it and bought a ranch in Ridgetop , Tennessee , outside of Nashville . Fred Foster of Monument Records signed Nelson in early 1964 , but only one single was released : " I Never Cared For You " .
By the fall of 1964 , Nelson had moved to RCA Victor at the behest of Chet Atkins , signing a contract for US $ 10 @,@ 000 per year . Country Willie – His Own Songs became Nelson 's first RCA Victor album , recorded in April 1965 . That same year he joined the Grand Ole Opry , and he met and became friends with Waylon Jennings after watching one of his shows in Phoenix , Arizona . In 1967 , he formed his backing band " The Record Men " , featuring Johnny Bush , Jimmy Day , Paul English and David Zettner . During his first few years on RCA Victor , Nelson had no significant hits , but from November 1966 through March 1969 , his singles reached the Top 25 in a consistent manner . " One in a Row " ( # 19 , 1966 ) , " The Party 's Over " ( # 24 during a 16 @-@ week chart run in 1967 ) , and his cover of Morecambe & Wise 's " Bring Me Sunshine " ( # 13 , March 1969 ) were Nelson 's best @-@ selling records during his time with RCA .
By 1970 , most of his songwriting royalties were invested in tours that did not produce significant profits . In addition to the problems in his career , Nelson divorced Shirley Collie in 1970 . In December , his ranch in Ridgetop , Tennessee burned down . He interpreted the incident as a signal for a change . He moved to a ranch near Bandera , Texas , and married Connie Koepke . In early 1971 his single " I 'm a Memory " reached the top 30 . After recording his final RCA single – " Mountain Dew " ( backed with " Phases , Stages , Circles , Cycles and Scenes " ) in late April 1972 , RCA requested that Nelson renew his contract ahead of schedule , with the implication that RCA would not release his latest recordings if he did not . Due to the failure of his albums , and particularly frustrated by the reception of Yesterday 's Wine , although his contract was not over , Nelson decided to retire from music .
= = = Outlaw country and success ( 1972 – 1989 ) = = =
Nelson moved to Austin , Texas , where the burgeoning hippie music scene ( see Armadillo World Headquarters ) rejuvenated the singer . His popularity in Austin soared as he played his own brand of country music marked by country , folk and jazz influences . In March , he performed on the final day of the Dripping Springs Reunion , a three @-@ day country music festival aimed by its producers to be an annual event . Despite the failure to reach the expected attendance , the concept of the festival inspired Nelson to create the Fourth of July Picnic , his own annual event , starting the following year .
Nelson decided to return to the recording business , he signed Neil Reshen as his manager to negotiate with RCA , who got the label to agree to end his contract upon repayment of US $ 14 @,@ 000 . Reshen eventually signed Nelson to Atlantic Records for US $ 25 @,@ 000 per year , where he became the label 's first country artist . He formed his backing band , The Family , and by February 1973 , he was recording his acclaimed Shotgun Willie at Atlantic Studios in New York City .
Shotgun Willie , released in May 1973 , earned excellent reviews but did not sell well . The album led Nelson to a new style , later stating that Shotgun Willie had " cleared his throat " . His next release , Phases and Stages , released in 1974 , was a concept album about a couple 's divorce , inspired by his own experience . Side one of the record is from the viewpoint of the woman , and side two is from the viewpoint of the man . The album included the hit single " Bloody Mary Morning . " The same year , he produced and starred in the pilot episode of PBS ' Austin City Limits .
Nelson then moved to Columbia Records , where he signed a contract that gave him complete creative control , made possible by the critical and commercial success of his previous albums . The result was the critically acclaimed , and massively popular 1975 concept album Red Headed Stranger . Although Columbia was reluctant to release an album with primarily a guitar and piano for accompaniment , Nelson and Waylon Jennings insisted . The album included a cover of Fred Rose 's 1945 song " Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain " , that had been released as a single previous to the album , and became Nelson 's first number one hit as a singer . Throughout his 1975 tour , Nelson raised funds for PBS @-@ affiliated stations across the south promoting Austin City Limits . The pilot was aired first on those stations , later being released nationwide . The positive reception of the show prompted PBS to order ten episodes for 1976 , formally launching the show .
As Jennings was also achieving success in country music in the early 1970s , the pair were combined into a genre called outlaw country , since it did not conform to Nashville standards . The album Wanted ! The Outlaws in 1976 with Jessi Colter and Tompall Glaser cemented the pair 's outlaw image and became country music 's first platinum album . Later that year Nelson released The Sound in Your Mind ( certified gold in 1978 and platinum in 2001 ) and his first gospel album Troublemaker ( certified gold in 1986 ) .
In the summer of 1977 , Nelson discovered that Reshen had been filing tax extensions and not paying the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) since he took over as his manager . In June , a package containing cocaine was sent from Reshen 's office in New York to Jennings in Nashville . The package was followed by the DEA , and Jennings was arrested . The charges were later dropped , since Reshen 's assistant , Mark Rothbaum stepped in and took the charges . Rothbaum was senteced to serve time in jail . Impressed by his attitude , Nelson fired Reshen and hired Rothbaum as his manager . In 1978 , Nelson released two more platinum albums . One , Waylon & Willie , was a collaboration with Jennings that included " Mammas Don 't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys " , a hit single written and performed by Ed Bruce . Though observers predicted that Stardust would ruin his career , it went platinum the same year . Nelson continued to top the charts with hit songs during the late 1970s , including " Good Hearted Woman " , " Remember Me " , " If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time " , and " Uncloudy Day " .
During the 1980s , Nelson recorded a series of hit singles including " Midnight Rider " , a 1980 cover of the Allman Brothers song which Nelson recorded for The Electric Horseman , the soundtrack " On the Road Again " from the movie Honeysuckle Rose , and a duet with Julio Iglesias titled " To All the Girls I 've Loved Before " .
In 1982 , Pancho & Lefty , a duet album with Merle Haggard produced by Chips Moman was released . During the recording sessions of Pancho and Lefty , session guitarist Johnny Christopher and co @-@ writer of " Always on My Mind " , tried to pitch the song to an uninterested Haggard . Nelson , who was unaware of Elvis Presley 's version of the song asked him to record it . Produced by Moman , the single of the song was released , as well as the album of the same name . The single topped Billboard 's Hot Country Singles , while it reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . The release won three awards during the 25th Annual Grammy Awards : Song of the Year , Best Country Song and Best Male Country Vocal Performance . The single was certified platinum ; while the album was certified quadruple @-@ platinum , and later inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008 .
Meanwhile , two collaborations with Waylon Jennings were released ; WWII in 1982 , and Take it to the Limit , another collaboration with Waylon Jennings was released in 1983 . In the mid @-@ 1980s , Nelson , Jennings , Kristofferson , and Johnny Cash formed The Highwaymen , who achieved platinum record sales and toured the world . Meanwhile , he became more involved with charity work , such as singing on We are the World in 1984 . In 1985 , Nelson had another success with Half Nelson , a compilation album of duets with a range of artists such as Ray Charles and Neil Young . In 1980 , Nelson performed on the south lawn of the White House . The concert of September 13 featured First Lady Rosalynn Carter and Nelson in a duet of Ray Wylie Hubbard 's " Up Against the Wall Redneck Mother " . Nelson frequently visited the White House , where according to the biography by Joe Nick Patoski , Willie Nelson : An Epic Life , he smoked marijuana on the White House roof .
= = = IRS and later career ( 1990 – present ) = = =
In 1990 , the IRS seized most of Nelson 's assets , claiming that he owed US $ 32 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . In addition to the unpaid taxes , Nelson 's situation was worsened by the weak investments he had made during the early 1980s . In 1978 , after he fired Reshen , Nelson was introduced by Dallas lawyer Terry Bray to the accounting firm Price Waterhouse . To repay the debt Reshen had created with the IRS , Nelson was recommended to invest in tax shelters that ultimately flopped . While the IRS disallowed his deductions for 1980 , 1981 and 1982 ( at a time that Nelson 's income multiplied ) , due to penalties and interests , the debt increased by the end of the decade .
His lawyer , Jay Goldberg , negotiated the sum to be lowered to US $ 16 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . Later , Nelson 's attorney renegotiated a settlement with the IRS in which he paid US $ 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , although Nelson did not comply with the agreement . Nelson released The IRS Tapes : Who 'll Buy My Memories ? as a double album , with all profits destined for the IRS . Many of his assets were auctioned and purchased by friends , who donated or rented his possessions to him for a nominal fee . He sued Price Waterhouse , contending that they put his money in illegal tax shelters . The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed amount and Nelson cleared his debts by 1993 .
During the 1990s and 2000s , Nelson toured continuously , recording several albums including 1998 's critically acclaimed Teatro , and performed and recorded with other acts including Phish , Johnny Cash , and Toby Keith . His duet with Keith , " Beer for My Horses " , was released as a single and topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts for six consecutive weeks in 2003 , while the accompanying video won an award for " Best Video " at the 2004 Academy of Country Music Awards . A USA Network television special celebrated Nelson 's 70th birthday , and Nelson released The Essential Willie Nelson as part of the celebration . Nelson also appeared on Ringo Starr 's 2003 album , Ringo Rama , as a guest vocal on " Write One for Me " .
Nelson headlined the 2005 Tsunami Relief Austin to Asia concert to benefit the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , which raised an estimated US $ 75 @,@ 000 for UNICEF . Also in 2005 , a live performance of the Johnny Cash song " Busted " with Ray Charles was released on Charles ' duets album Genius & Friends . Nelson 's 2007 performance with jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis at the Lincoln Center , was released as the live album Two Men with the Blues in 2008 ; reaching number one in Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums and number twenty on the Billboard 200 . The same year , Nelson recorded his first album with Buddy Cannon as the producer , Moment of Forever . Cannon acquainted Nelson earlier , during the production of his collaboration with Kenny Chesney on the duet " That Lucky Old Sun " , for Chesney 's album of the same name . In 2009 Nelson and Marsalis joined with Norah Jones in a tribute concert to Ray Charles , which resulted in the Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles album , released in 2011 .
In 2010 , Nelson released Country Music , a compilation of standards produced by T @-@ Bone Burnett . The album peaked number four in Billboard 's Top Country Albums , and twenty on the Billboard 200 . It was nominated for Best Americana Album at the 2011 Grammy Awards . In 2011 Nelson participated in the concert Kokua For Japan , a fund raising event for the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan which raised US $ 1 @.@ 6 million .
In February 2012 , Legacy Recordings signed a deal with Nelson that included the release of new material , as well as past releases that would be selected and complemented with outtakes and other material selected by him . With the new deal , Buddy Cannon returned to produce the recordings of Nelson . After selecting the material and the sound of the tunes with the singer , Cannon 's work method consisted in the recording of the tracks with studio musicians , with the takes later completed on a separate session by Nelson with his guitar . Cannon 's association to Nelson also extended to songwriting , with singer and producer composing the lyrics by exchanging text messages .
Nelson 's first release for the Legacy Recordings was Heroes , that included guest appearances by his sons Lukas and Micah of the band Insects vs Robots , Ray Price , Merle Haggard , Snoop Dogg , Kris Kristofferson , Jamey Johnson , Billy Joe Shaver and Sheryl Crow . The album reached number four on Billboard 's Top Country Albums . His 2013 release To All the Girls ... , a collection of duets with all female partners , featured among others Dolly Parton , Loretta Lynn , Rosanne Cash , Sheryl Crow , Mavis Staples , Norah Jones , Emmylou Harris , Carrie Underwood and Miranda Lambert . The album entered Billboard 's Top Country Albums at number two , marking his highest position on the chart since the release of his 1989 A Horse Called Music , and extending his record to a total of forty @-@ six top ten albums on the country charts . Nelson scored as well his second top ten album on the Billboard 200 , with the release entering at number nine .
His following release was Band of Brothers , in 2014 , the first Nelson album to feature the most newly self @-@ penned songs since 1996 's Spirit . Upon its release , it topped Billboard 's Top Country albums chart , the first time since 1986 's The Promiseland , the last Nelson album to top it . The release reached number five on the Billboard 200 , Nelson 's highest position on the chart since 1982 's Always on My Mind . In December 2014 , a duet with Rhonda Vincent , " Only Me " , topped Bluegrass Unlimited 's National Airplay chart . In June 2015 , his collaboration with Haggard Django and Jimmie topped Billboard 's Top Country albums chart and reached number seven on the Billboard 200 .
His two sons Lukas and Micah with the band Promise of the Real have backed Neil Young on his single " A Rock Star Bucks A Coffee Shop " which is from Young 's concept album The Monsanto Years which was set for release at the end of June 2015.The song is aimed at Starbucks , Monsanto , and genetically modified food . By the end of May 2015 , the song was Video of the week on the Food Consumer website .
= = Other ventures = =
Nelson 's acting debut was in the 1979 film , The Electric Horseman , followed by appearances in Honeysuckle Rose , Thief , and Barbarosa . He played the role of Red Loon in Coming Out of the Ice in 1982 and starred in Songwriter two years later . He portrayed the lead role in the 1986 film version of his album Red Headed Stranger . Other movies that Nelson acted in include Wag the Dog , Gone Fishin ' ( as Billy ' Catch ' Pooler ) , the 1986 television movie Stagecoach ( with Johnny Cash ) , Half Baked , Beerfest , The Dukes of Hazzard , Surfer , Dude and Swing Vote.He has also made guest appearances on Miami Vice ( 1986 's " El Viejo " episode ) , Delta , Nash Bridges , The Simpsons , Monk , Adventures in Wonderland , Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman , King of the Hill , The Colbert Report , Swing Vote and Space Ghost Coast to Coast .
In 1988 his first book , Willie : An Autobiography , was published . The Facts of Life : And Other Dirty Jokes , a personal recollection of tour and musical stories from his career , combined with song lyrics , followed in 2002 . In 2005 he co @-@ authored Farm Aid : A Song for America , a commemorative book about the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of Farm Aid . His third book , co @-@ authored with long @-@ time friend Turk Pipkin , The Tao of Willie : A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart , was published in 2006 . In 2007 a book advocating the use of bio @-@ diesel and the reduction of gas emissions , On The Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm , was published . His next book , A Tale Out of Luck , published in 2008 and co @-@ authored by Mike Blakely , was Nelson 's first fictional book . In 2012 , it was announced the release of a new autobiography by Nelson , Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die : Musings from the Road . Released on November 13 , it was named after the song from his album Heroes . The book contained further biographical details , as well as family pictures and stories about Nelson 's political views , as well as his advocation for marijuana . The artwork of the book was designed by Nelson 's son , Micah , and the foreword written by Kinky Friedman . In 2015 , the publication of a second Nelson autobiography entitled It 's a Long Story : My Life was announced . Co @-@ authored with David Ritz , the book was published on May 5 , 2015 .
In 2002 , Nelson became the official spokesman of the Texas Roadhouse , a chain of steakhouses . Nelson heavily promoted the chain and appeared on a special on Food Network . The chain installed Willie 's Corner , a section dedicated to him and decked out with Willie memorabilia , at several locations .
In 2008 , Nelson reopened Willie 's Place , a truck stop in Carl 's Corner , Texas . The U.S. Bankruptcy Court allowed Nelson to invest in it . The establishment had about 80 employees and was used as a concert hall with a bar and a 1 @,@ 000 square feet ( 93 m2 ) dance floor . It closed in 2011 after defaulting on a loan , leading to foreclosure and bankruptcy . In 2010 , Nelson founded with the collaboration of producers and filmmakers Luck Films , a company dedicated to produce feature films , documentaries and concerts . The next year , he created Willie 's Roadhouse , aired on channel 56 of SiriusXM radio . The channel was a result of the merger of his two other channels The Roadhouse and Willie 's Place .
In November 2014 , it was announced that Nelson would be the host of the television series Inside Arlyn , shot at Arlyn Studio in Austin , Texas . The thirteen @-@ episode first season would feature artists being interviewed by Nelson and Dan Rather , followed by a performance . The series concept received attention from cable channels that requested to see the pilot episode .
Following the legalization of marijuana in different states , Nelson announced in 2015 through spokesman Michael Bowman the establishment of his own marijuana brand , Willie 's Reserve . Plans to open chain stores in the states were marijuana was legalized were announced , to be expanded state @-@ to @-@ state if marijuana legalization is further expanded . Bowman called the brand " a culmination of ( Nelson 's ) vision , and his whole life " .
= = Music style = =
Nelson uses a variety of music styles to create his own distinctive blend of country music , a hybrid of jazz , pop , blues , rock and folk . His " unique sound " , which uses a " relaxed , behind @-@ the @-@ beat singing style and gut @-@ string guitar " and his " nasal voice and jazzy , off @-@ center phrasing " , has been responsible for his wide appeal , and has made him a " vital icon in country music " , influencing the " new country , new traditionalist , and alternative country movements of the ' 80s and ' 90s " .
= = = Guitars = = =
In 1969 , the Baldwin company gave Nelson an amplifier and a three @-@ cord pickup electric guitar . During a show in Helotes , Texas , Nelson left the guitar on the floor of the stage , and it was later stepped on by a drunk man . He sent it to be repaired in Nashville by Shot Jackson , who told Nelson that the damage was too great . Jackson offered him a Martin N @-@ 20 Classical guitar , and , at Nelson 's request , moved the pickup to the Martin . Nelson purchased the guitar unseen for US $ 750 and named it after Roy Rogers ' horse " Trigger " . The next year Nelson rescued the guitar from his burning ranch .
Constant strumming with a guitar pick over the decades has worn a large sweeping hole into the guitar 's body near the sound hole — the N @-@ 20 has no pick @-@ guard since classical guitars are meant to be played fingerstyle instead of with picks . Its soundboard has been signed by over a hundred of Nelson 's friends and associates , ranging from fellow musicians to lawyers and football coaches.The first signature on the guitar was Leon Russell 's , who asked Nelson initially to sign his guitar . When Nelson was about to sign it with a marker , Russell requested him to scratch it instead , explaining that the guitar would be more valuable in the future . Interested in the concept , Nelson requested Russell to also sign his guitar . In 1991 , during his process with the IRS , Nelson was worried that Trigger could be auctioned off , stating : " When Trigger goes , I 'll quit " . He asked his daughter , Lana , to take the guitar from the studio before any IRS agent got there , and bring it to him on Maui . Nelson then hid the guitar in his manager 's house until his debt was paid in 1993 .
= = Activism = =
Nelson is active in a number of issues . Along with Neil Young and John Mellencamp , he set up Farm Aid in 1985 to assist and increase awareness of the importance of family farms , after Bob Dylan 's comments during the Live Aid concert that he hoped some of the money would help American farmers in danger of losing their farms through mortgage debt . The first concert included Bob Dylan , Billy Joel , B.B. King , Roy Orbison , and Neil Young among many others , and raised over $ 9 million for America 's family farmers . Besides organizing and performing in the annual concerts , Nelson is the president of the board of Farm Aid .
Nelson is a co @-@ chair of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws ( NORML ) advisory board . He has worked with NORML for years , fighting for marijuana legalization . In 2005 Nelson and his family hosted the first annual " Willie Nelson & NORML Benefit Golf Tournament " , leading to a cover appearance and inside interview in the January 2008 issue of High Times magazine . After his arrest for possession of marijuana in 2010 , Nelson created the TeaPot party under the motto " Tax it , regulate it and legalize it ! " .
In 2001 , following the September 11 attacks , he participated in the benefit telethon America : A Tribute to Heroes , leading the rest of the celebrities singing the song " America the Beautiful " . In 2010 , during an interview with Larry King , Nelson expressed his doubts with regards to the attacks and the official story . Nelson explained that he could not believe that the buildings could collapse due to the planes , attributing instead the result to an implosion .
Nelson supported Dennis Kucinich 's campaign in the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries . He raised money , appeared at events , and composed the song " Whatever Happened to Peace on Earth ? " , criticizing the war in Iraq . He recorded a radio advertisement asking for support to put musician / author Kinky Friedman on the ballot as an independent candidate for the 2006 Texas gubernatorial election . Friedman promised Nelson a job in Austin as the head of a new Texas Energy Commission due to his support of bio @-@ fuels . In January 2008 , Nelson filed a suit against the Texas Democratic Party , alleging that the party violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution by refusing to allow co @-@ plaintiff Kucinich to appear on the primary ballot because he had scratched out part of the loyalty oath on his application .
In 2004 , he and his wife Annie became partners with Bob and Kelly King in the building of two Pacific Bio @-@ diesel plants , one in Salem , Oregon , and the other at Carl 's Corner , Texas ( the Texas plant was founded by Carl Cornelius , a longtime Nelson friend and the namesake for Carl 's Corner ) . In 2005 , Nelson and several other business partners formed Willie Nelson Biodiesel ( " Bio @-@ Willie " ) , a company that is marketing bio @-@ diesel bio @-@ fuel to truck stops . The fuel is made from vegetable oil ( mainly soybean oil ) , and can be burned without modification in diesel engines .
Nelson is an advocate for better treatment for horses and has been campaigning for the passage of the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act ( H.R. 503 / S. 311 ) alongside the Animal Welfare Institute . He is on its board of directors and has adopted a number of horses from Habitat for Horses . In 2008 , Nelson signed on to warn consumers about the cruel and illegal living conditions for calves raised to produce milk for dairy products . He wrote letters to Land O 'Lakes and Challenge Dairy , two of the major corporations that use milk from calves raised at California 's Mendes Calf Ranch , which employs an intensive confinement practice that was the subject of a lawsuit and campaign brought by the Animal Legal Defense Fund .
A supporter of the LGBT movement , Nelson published in 2006 through iTunes a version of Ned Sublette 's " Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other " , that met instant success . During an interview with Texas Monthly in 2013 , regarding the Defense of Marriage Act and Same @-@ sex marriage in the United States , Nelson responded to a comparison the interviewer made with the Civil Rights Movement , stating : " We 'll look back and say it was crazy that we ever even argued about this " . He also presented two logos with the pink equal sign , symbol of the LBGT movement . The first one , featured the sign represented with two long braids ; while the second one , featured the sign represented with two marijuana cigarettes . The use of the logos became viral instantly in social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook .
= = Personal life = =
Nelson lives in Maui , Hawaii , in a largely self @-@ sustaining community where all the homes use only solar power . Neighbors include Kris Kristofferson , Woody Harrelson , and Owen Wilson . Nelson also owns a ranch near Austin , Texas .
Willie Nelson has married four times and fathered seven children . His first marriage was to Martha Matthews ; it lasted from 1952 to 1962 . The couple had three children : Lana , Susie and Willie " Billy " Hugh , Jr . Billy died by suicide in 1991 . The marriage was marked by violence , with Matthews assaulting Nelson several times , including one incident when she sewed him up in a bed sheet and then beat him with a broomstick . Nelson 's next marriage was to Shirley Collie in 1963 . The couple divorced in 1971 , after Collie found a bill from the maternity ward of a Houston hospital charged to Nelson and Connie Koepke for the birth of Paula Carlene Nelson . Koepke and Nelson married the same year and had two daughters , Paula Carlene and Amy Lee . Following a divorce in 1988 , he married his current wife , Annie D 'Angelo , in 1991 . They have two sons , Lukas Autry and Jacob Micah . Nelson traces his genealogy to the American Revolutionary War , in which his ancestor John Nelson served as a major .
While swimming in Hawaii in 1981 , Nelson 's lung collapsed . He was taken to the Maui Memorial Hospital and his scheduled concerts were canceled . Nelson temporarily stopped smoking cigarettes each time his lungs became congested , and resumed when the congestion ended . He was then smoking between two and three packages per day . After suffering from pneumonia several times , he decided to quit either marijuana or tobacco . He chose to quit tobacco . In 2008 he started to smoke marijuana with a carbon @-@ free system to avoid the effects of smoke . In 2004 Nelson underwent surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome , as he had damaged his wrists by continuously playing the guitar . On the recommendation of his doctor , he canceled his scheduled concerts and only wrote songs during his recovery . In 2012 he canceled a fund @-@ raising appearance in the Denver area . He suffered from breathing problems due to high altitude and emphysema and was taken to a local hospital . His publicist Elaine Schock confirmed soon after that Nelson 's health was good and that he was heading to his next scheduled concert in Dallas , Texas . After repeated instances of pneumonia and emphysema through the years , Nelson underwent stem @-@ cell therapy in 2015 to improve the state of his lungs .
During his childhood , Nelson grew interested in martial arts . He ordered self @-@ defense manuals on jujitsu and judo that he saw advertised in Batman and Superman comic books . Nelson started to formally practice kung fu after he moved to Nashville , in the 1960s . During the 1980s , Nelson began training in tae kwon do and now holds a second @-@ degree black belt in that discipline . During the 1990s , Nelson started to practice the Korean martial art GongKwon Yusul . In 2014 , after twenty years in the discipline , his Grand Master Sam Um presented him with a fifth @-@ degree black belt in a ceremony held in Austin , Texas . A 2014 Tae Kwon Do Times magazine interview revealed that Nelson had developed an unorthodox manner of training during the lengthy periods of time he was on tour . Nelson would conduct his martial arts training on his tour bus " The Honeysuckle Rose " and send videos to his supervising Master for review and critique .
= = = Legal issues = = =
Nelson has been arrested several times for marijuana possession . The first occasion was in 1974 in Dallas , Texas . In 1977 after a tour with Hank Cochran , Nelson traveled to The Bahamas . Nelson and Cochran arrived late to the airport and boarded the flight without luggage . The bags were later sent to them . As Nelson and Cochran claimed their luggage in the Bahamas , a customs officer questioned Nelson after marijuana was found in a pair of his jeans . Nelson was arrested and jailed . As Cochran made arrangements to pay the bail , he took Nelson a six @-@ pack of beer to his cell . Nelson was released a few hours later . Inebriated , he fell after he jumped celebrating and was taken to the emergency room . He then appeared before the judge , who dropped the charges but ordered Nelson to never return to the country .
In 1994 , highway patrolmen found marijuana in his car near Waco , Texas . His requirement to appear in court prevented him attending the Grammy awards that year . While traveling to Ann W. Richards ' funeral in 2006 , Nelson , along with his manager and his sister , Bobbi , were arrested in St. Martin Parish , Louisiana and charged with possession of marijuana and hallucinogenic mushrooms . Nelson received six months probation .
On November 26 , 2010 , Nelson was arrested in Sierra Blanca , Texas , for possession of six ounces of marijuana found in his tour bus while traveling from Los Angeles back to Texas . He was released after paying bail of US $ 2 @,@ 500 . Prosecutor Kit Bramblett supported not sentencing Nelson to jail due to the small amount of marijuana involved , but suggested instead a US $ 100 fine and told Nelson that he would have him sing " Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain " for the court . Judge Becky Dean @-@ Walker said that Nelson would have to pay the fine but not to perform the song , explaining that the prosecutor was joking . Nelson 's lawyer Joe Turner reached an agreement with the prosecutor . Nelson was set to pay a US $ 500 fine to avoid a two @-@ year jail sentence with a 30 @-@ day review period , which in case of another incident would end the agreement . The judge later rejected the agreement , claiming that Nelson was receiving preferential treatment for his celebrity status ; the offense normally carried a one @-@ year jail sentence . Bramblett declared that the case would remain open until it was either dismissed or the judge changed her opinion .
= = Legacy = =
Nelson is widely recognized as an American icon . He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1993 , and he received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1998 . In 2011 , Nelson was inducted to the National Agricultural Hall of Fame , for his labor in Farm Aid and other fund risers to benefit farmers . In 2015 Nelson won the Gershwin Prize , the lifetime award of the Library of Congress . He was included by Rolling Stone on its 100 Greatest Singers and 100 Greatest Guitarists lists .
In 2003 , Texas Governor Perry signed bill No. 2582 , introduced by State Representative Elizabeth Ames Jones and Senator Jeff Wentworth , which funded the Texas Music Project , the state 's official music charity . Nelson was named Honorary Chairman of the Advisory Board of the project . In 2005 , Democratic Texas Senator Gonzalo Barrientos introduced a bill to name 49 miles ( 79 km ) of the Travis County section of State Highway 130 after Nelson , and at one point 23 of the 31 state Senators were co @-@ sponsors of the bill . The legislation was dropped after two Republican senators , Florence Shapiro and Wentworth , objected , citing Nelson 's lack of connection to the highway , his fund raisers for Democrats , his drinking , and his marijuana advocacy .
An important collection of Willie Nelson materials ( 1975 – 1994 ) became part of the Wittliff collections of Southwestern Writers , Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas . The collection contains lyrics , screenplays , letters , concert programs , tour itineraries , posters , articles , clippings , personal effects , promotional items , souvenirs , and documents . It documents Nelson 's IRS troubles and how Farm Aid contributions were used . Most of the material was collected by Nelson 's friend Bill Wittliff , who wrote or co @-@ wrote Honeysuckle Rose , Barbarosa and Red Headed Stranger . In 2014 , Nelson donated his personal collection to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History . The items include photographs , correspondence , song manuscripts , posters , certificate records , awards , signed books , screenplays , personal items and gifts and tributes from Nelson 's fans .
In April 2010 , Nelson received the " Feed the Peace " award from The Nobelity Project for his extensive work with Farm Aid and overall contributions to world peace . On June 23 , 2010 he was inducted into the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry . Nelson is an honorary trustee of the Dayton International Peace Museum . In 2010 , Austin , Texas renamed Second Street to Willie Nelson Boulevard . The city also unveiled a life @-@ size statue to honor him , placed at the entrance of Austin City Limits ' new studio . The non @-@ profit organization Capital Area Statues commissioned sculptor Clete Shields to execute the project . The statue was unveiled on April 20 , 2012 . The date selected by the city of Austin unintentionally coincided with the number 4 / 20 , associated with cannabis culture . In spite of the coincidence and Nelson 's advocacy for the legalization of marijuana , the ceremony was scheduled also for 4 : 20 pm . During the ceremony , Nelson performed the song " Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die " . The same year , Nelson was honored during the 46th Annual Country Music Association Awards as the first recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award , which was also named after him . In 2013 , he received an honorary doctorate from the Berklee College of Music . The following year , he was part of the inaugural class inducted into the Austin City Limits Hall of Fame . Also included among the first inductees was his friend Darrell Royal , whose jamming parties that Nelson participated in were the source of inspiration for the show .
For many years , Nelson 's image was marked by his red hair , often divided into two long braids partially concealed under a bandanna . In the April 2007 issue of Stuff Magazine Nelson was interviewed about his long locks . " I started braiding my hair when it started getting too long , and that was , I don 't know , probably in the 70 's . " On May 26 , 2010 , the Associated Press reported that Nelson had cut his hair , and Nashville music journalist Jimmy Carter published a photograph of the pigtail @-@ free Nelson on his website . Nelson wanted a more maintainable hairstyle , as well helping him stay cool more easily at his Maui home . In October 2014 , the braids of Nelson were sold for US $ 37 @,@ 000 at an auction of the Waylon Jennings State . In 1983 , Nelson cut his braids and gave them to Jennings as a gift during a party celebrating Jennings ' sobriety .
Nelson 's touring and recording group , the Family , is full of longstanding members . The original lineup included his sister Bobbie Nelson , drummer Paul English , harmonicist Mickey Raphael , bassist Bee Spears , Billy English ( Paul 's younger brother ) , and Jody Payne . The current lineup includes all the members but Jody Payne , who retired , and Bee Spears , who died in 2011 . Willie & Family tours North America in the bio @-@ diesel bus Honeysuckle Rose , which is fueled by Bio @-@ Willie . Nelson 's tour buses were customized by Florida Coach since 1979 . The company built the Honeysuckle Rose I in 1983 , which was replaced after a collision in Nova Scotia , Canada , in 1990 . The interior was salvaged and reused for the second version of the bus the same year . Nelson changed his tour bus in 1996 , 2005 and 2013 , currently touring on the Honeysuckle Rose V.
= = Discography and other works = =
As well as recording over sixty studio albums , Nelson has appeared in over thirty films and TV shows . His acting debut was in the 1979 film , The Electric Horseman , followed by appearances in Honeysuckle Rose , Thief , and Barbarosa .
Recordings
Films
Books
Willie : An Autobiography , Simon & Schuster , 1988 , with Bud Shrake
The Facts of Life and Other Dirty Jokes , Random House , 2002
Farm Aid : A Song for America , Rodale Books , foreword by Willie Nelson , 2005
The Tao of Willie : A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart , Gotham , 2006 , with Turk Pipkin
On The Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm , Fulcrum Publishing , 2007
A Tale Out of Luck ( a novel ) , Center Street , 2008 , with Mike Blakely
Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die : Musings From the Road , William Morrow , foreword by Kinky Friedman , 2012
It 's a Long Story : My Life , Little , Brown and Company , 2015 with David Ritz
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= Smells Like Nirvana =
" Smells Like Nirvana " is a parody of Nirvana 's song " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , written and performed by " Weird Al " Yankovic ; it was released both as a single and as part of Yankovic 's Off the Deep End album in April 1992 . " Smells Like Nirvana " was written during a three @-@ year career low for Yankovic after the financial failure of his film UHF , but captured the quickly @-@ rising popularity of the grunge style and Nirvana 's success . The song was written to poke fun at the fact that many people had a hard time understanding Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain 's lyrics in the original song . After being unable to contact Nirvana by conventional means , Yankovic called Cobain while the band was on the set of Saturday Night Live , where Cobain quickly gave permission to record the parody .
Recording the song was a change for Yankovic and his band . Usually , the group were forced to record several overdubs . However , " Smells Like Nirvana " was relatively straightforward in terms of the musical composition . To promote the single , Yankovic created an associated video for the song that parodied the " Smells like Teen Spirit " video . The parody video closely mirrored the original ; Yankovic even went so far as to hire several of the same actors and use the same set .
" Smells Like Nirvana " was met with critical praise and helped to re @-@ energize Yankovic 's career . Cobain considered the parody as a sign that they had " made it " as a band . The song is one of Yankovic 's most successful singles , reaching number 35 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the US Mainstream Rock Tracks . The song 's video was nominated for a 1992 MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video .
= = Background = =
Prior to writing " Smells Like Nirvana " , Yankovic 's music career had suffered from the poor financial performance of his 1989 feature film , UHF and the associated soundtrack . Yankovic called that " the beginning of three years where it was kind of hard for me to recover " . He started work on a new studio album around 1990 . To revitalize his career , he considered creating a parody of a Michael Jackson song , which had proven successful twice before with " Eat It " and " Fat " . He had composed a parody of Jackson 's " Black or White " , entitled " Snack All Night " , but Jackson said he was uncomfortable with the parody , given that the original song was intended to be a political statement . Yankovic would later believe that Jackson 's refusal was , in the long run , a blessing ; he felt that " Snack All Night " was not one of his better works . While he had compiled other original songs for a new album , he feared the lack of a good parody song would doom the album to failure , and held off from releasing anything until an idea presented itself .
At that time , the band Nirvana started to become a name in the music scene , creating " big , seismic shifts in pop culture " according to Yankovic . Yankovic felt that the band 's 1991 album Nevermind , which featured " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , was " really great " , but feared that at its release , the band was not popular enough to warrant a parody . By early 1992 , Nevermind had reached platinum certification and led the Billboard charts , which led Yankovic to start working on a parody . Yankovic noted that much of the publicity around Nevermind dealt with the inability to comprehend the songs ' lyrics — both in their phrasing and the manner in which they were sung by the lead vocalist Kurt Cobain ; Yankovic decided to use this as the basis for his parody . Yankovic noted , " I try not to go the obvious route all the time , but sometimes the most obvious is actually the best . " Yankovic had initial difficulty getting permission for the parody , as his manager claimed he was unable to get through to the group numerous times . When Yankovic learned that Nirvana would be performing on the January 11 , 1992 show of Saturday Night Live , he called his UHF co @-@ star , Victoria Jackson , at the time a regular cast member of the show . Jackson got Cobain on the phone so that Yankovic could make his request . Cobain agreed , though initially he inquired if the song would be about food , a common theme in many of Yankovic 's songs . Yankovic explained that the song would be about Cobain 's incomprehensible lyrics , to which Cobain replied , according to Yankovic , " Oh , sure , of course , that 's funny . "
= = Recording and lyrics = =
The song was recorded around January 27 , 1992 at Santa Monica Sound Records , in Santa Monica , California . It was the final song recorded for the album , as Yankovic generally records the songs that he thinks will be released as singles last ; in this case , he knew that " Smells Like Nirvana " would be the lead @-@ off single for the new album . Recording took between three and four days . The band worked at trying to match the same tempos that were in the original " Smells Like Teen Spirit " song ; Jon Schwartz , Yankovic 's drummer , noted that " the [ drum ] part was pretty loose . [ ... ] Tempos were up and down . We adjusted the tempos on our song to meet the Nirvana version . It 's by no means steady . " Compared to previous parodies , where upwards of 20 @-@ some instruments had to be mixed together , the simpler composition of " Teen Spirit " made it much easier for the band to complete the song .
Yankovic later noted that recording the song 's vocals was particularly difficult , because he was singing " for eight to 12 hours a day " , which caused strain on his vocal cords . For the verse where Yankovic mumbles the lyrics to the song , he placed several cookies in his mouth to achieve the garbled effect . During the parody 's musical interlude , Yankovic gargled water to the tune of the original 's guitar solo . The solo also features kazoos and a tuba , with the latter being played by Tommy Johnson .
Lyrically , " Smells Like Nirvana " pokes fun at the original song 's difficult @-@ to @-@ understand words . The opening verse begins " What is this song / All about ? / Can 't figure any lyrics out " . At one point , Yankovic purposely garbles the lyrics : " It 's hard to bargle nawdle zouss [ sic ] / With all these marbles in my mouth " . He admitted in an interview that he woke up " in the middle of the night " and wrote down the phrase " bargle nawdle zouss " , thinking that it would " be important someday . "
= = Music video = =
The music video , directed by Yankovic 's manager Jay Levey , is a near shot @-@ for @-@ shot parody of the original video for " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , which depicts the band playing at a high school concert while it descends into riot . Yankovic is present on guitar and vocals as Kurt Cobain , with Steve Jay on bass as Krist Novoselic , and Jon " Bermuda " Schwartz on drums as Dave Grohl . All three wear clothing and long @-@ haired wigs to imitate the look of Nirvana in " Smells Like Teen Spirit " . Yankovic 's video uses many of the same props , actors and camera angles ; in particular , the video was shot in the same Culver City , California sound stage as Nirvana 's video , several of the cheerleaders and audience members were from the original video , and Tony De La Rosa reprises his role as the janitor . Levey stated that they were able to recreate much of the same setting with help of the producers of the original Nirvana video once they were aware that the song had Cobain 's blessing . Yankovic had a brief conversation with Samuel Bayer , the original director of " Smells Like Teen Spirit " in preparation for the video shoot . Although Yankovic noted that " he was certainly going along with it " , he felt that Bayer was " the least enthused " because " he was a true artiste " and was reluctant to see his work parodied .
The video includes actor Dick Van Patten in a guest role . Van Patten , being one of the few celebrities that could be reached through immediate contacts , was a last @-@ minute addition by Yankovic . Professional skateboarder Tony Hawk also appears as one of the many extras as a result of the Birdhouse Skateboards team providing " skater / punks " for the video , although Yankovic was not aware of this until a 2009 Twitter post by Hawk . Schwartz attempted to recreate Grohl 's wild headbanging during filming , leaving him with a stiff neck several days afterward .
= = Reception = =
= = = Release = = =
The single for " Smells Like Nirvana " was released on April 2 , 1992 , while the album containing it , Off the Deep End , saw its release on April 14 , 1992 . The single charted on several Billboard charts , making it Yankovic 's most successful single since his single " Eat It " , which charted in 1984 . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 25 , 1992 . It peaked at number 35 and remained on the chart for two weeks . The single also charted on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , also peaking at number 35 and remaining for two weeks . The single was also popular in the other countries . In Canada , the single charted at number 48 . In the United Kingdom , the single entered the charts on April 7 , 1992 , and peaked at number 58 , spending only one week on the charts . In Australia , " Smells Like Nirvana " was released on June 14 , 1992 , and spent six weeks on the charts . It peaked at number 24 .
After its release , " Smells Like Nirvana " was considered , at the time , the largest comeback in Yankovic 's career . The song was well @-@ received by the media . AllMusic reviewer Barry Weber wrote that the song illustrated " the kind of brilliant writing Yankovic was still capable of doing " . Anthony Violanti , a reporter for The Buffalo News , called the song " the high point " of one of Yankovic 's concerts . Nirvana itself was also pleased with the parody . Cobain is claimed to have considered that Nirvana had " made it " with the success of Yankovic 's parody . In his personal journals that were later published , he calls Yankovic " America 's modern pop @-@ rock genious [ sic ] " . Grohl is also reported to have realized his band was truly successful when Yankovic asked for permission to record the parody . Yankovic stated that an executive for DGC Records , the label for Nirvana at the time , claimed that the popularity of " Smells like Nirvana " helped sell an additional million copies of Nevermind . The video was nominated for the 1992 MTV Video Awards for " Best Male Video " , although it did not win . At the awards ceremony , Nirvana was initially asked to perform , but they declined . The offer was then extended to Yankovic , before Nirvana relented . Yankovic later joked that " I might 've been a bargaining chip " .
= = = Live performances = = =
During live performances , Yankovic dons clothing similar to what Cobain wore in the video for " Smells Like Teen Spirit " . This includes an electric left @-@ handed guitar , a shirt similar to Cobain 's , and a blonde wig . The costuming for the performance is critical ; Schwartz explained that " if anything 's missing , Al won 't do it " . The rest of Al 's band also participates . Steve Jay , who plays bass , uses two bass straps to emulate and exaggerate " Novoselic 's low @-@ hanging bass " . He explained that he positions his instrument " to where I can just barely touch the strings " . The members of the band also mock @-@ mosh . Jim West , the band 's guitarist , noted that moshing is usually tame , but that there " were a few collisions where people got hurt , but not the audience , just the band . " Sometimes during the third verse , after Yankovic sings " And I forgot the next verse , " he drops out for the next few lines , pretending to actually forget the lyrics .
= = = Legacy = = =
After Cobain committed suicide in 1994 , Yankovic and his band were hesitant to play the extremely popular " Smells Like Nirvana " during live shows . For several months after Cobain 's death , Yankovic would first perform a somber tribute to Cobain prior to playing the song itself . Shortly after Cobain 's death , Yankovic was scheduled to play a show in Seattle , where Nirvana first became famous . Due to this connection , Yankovic was worried about how the audience would react to the parody . He was told by journalists that the song would be " cathartic " for the area . Yankovic noted that the subsequent performance " went over extremely well " . Yankovic continues to play " Smells Like Nirvana " live , stating that " Kurt was a fan of the song " and " he would have wanted it that way . "
In The Simpsons episode " That ' 90s Show " , set primarily in flashback to the 1990s , Homer Simpson is shown creating one of the first grunge bands while trying to cope with Marge 's infidelity ; the band , called " Sadgasm " , becomes highly popular . At one point , Homer writes a new song called " Shave Me " — itself a loose parody of Nirvana 's real single " Rape Me " — which is later parodied as " Brainfreeze " in both song and video by " Weird Al " Yankovic , who voiced himself . Homer takes Yankovic 's parody as a sign that his band has become successful , but his depressed state after breaking up with Marge leaves him unable to enjoy the song 's humor and he gloomily notes " He who is tired of Weird Al , is tired of life " . The situation in the short is said to mirror much of the history of " Smells Like Nirvana " , including Kurt Cobain 's reaction to the parody .
= = Track listing = =
U.S. pressing
" Smells Like Nirvana " – 3 : 42
" Trigger Happy " – 3 : 46
" Waffle King " – 4 : 26
U.S. cassette single
" Smells Like Nirvana " – 3 : 42
" Waffle King " – 4 : 26
= = Charts = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
" Weird " Al Yankovic – vocals , background vocals , production , arrangement
Jim West – guitar
Steve Jay – bass guitar
Jon " Bermuda " Schwartz – drums
Tommy Johnson – tuba
Tony Papa – engineering
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= Déjà Vu ( 2006 film ) =
Déjà Vu ( stylised onscreen without accents ) is a 2006 American science fiction action film starring Denzel Washington and directed by Tony Scott . The film co @-@ stars Paula Patton , Jim Caviezel , Val Kilmer , Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood . Déjà Vu involves ATF agent Douglas Carlin , who travels back in time in attempts to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love , Claire Kuchever . Filming took place in New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina .
The film was premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , and released widely in the United States and Canada two days later on November 24 , 2006 . It received mixed reviews from critics , and earning $ 64 million in the United States and $ 180 million worldwide . It was the 23rd most successful film worldwide for 2006 . The film was nominated for five awards , and also won the Golden Reel Award .
= = Plot = =
On Mardi Gras in New Orleans , the ferry Sen. Alvin T. Stumpf is carrying hundreds of the U.S. Navy sailors and their families across the Mississippi River from their base to the city . Suddenly , the ferry explodes and sinks , killing 543 passengers and crew members . Special Agent Douglas Carlin ( Denzel Washington ) from the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( BATF ) is sent to investigate and discovers evidence of a bomb planted by a domestic terrorist . Arriving at the scene he hears his unique ring tone coming from a nearby body bag . He then meets with local investigators and FBI Special Agent Paul Pryzwarra ( Val Kilmer ) , and informs them of his findings . He learns about a charred body pulled from the river , identified as Claire Kuchever ( Paula Patton ) . Unlike the other bodies from the ferry , though , this one appears to have been killed before the explosion .
Pryzwarra is impressed with Doug 's detective expertise , and asks him to join a newly formed governmental detective unit whose first case is to investigate the bombing . Led by Dr. Alexander Denny ( Adam Goldberg ) , they investigate the events before the explosion by using a program called " Snow White " , which enables them to look into the past ( 4 days , 6 hours , 3 minutes , 45 seconds , 14 @.@ 5 nanoseconds ) in detail by using several satellites to form a triangulated image of events . The system is limited in that they can only see past events once ; there is no fast forwarding or rewinding , although they can record everything in the process . Convinced that Claire is a vital link , Doug persuades them to focus on her . While investigating Claire 's past through " Snow White " , the bomber calls her to buy the SUV that she has for sale so he can use it for the bomb . Although he doesn 't buy her car , the " Snow White " team now knows exactly where and when the terrorist was during the call .
Doug finds out " Snow White " is actually a time window , and can send inanimate objects into the past . Despite Denny 's protests against tampering with the past , Doug has the team send a note back to his past self with the time and place to stop the ferry bomber . Instead , his partner Larry Minuti gets the note and while following up on it he is shot by the terrorist , and setting up his death in the present . The team attempts to follow the terrorist , who takes Minuti with him , but he moves outside of " Snow White " ' s range . However , Doug is able to follow him in the present using a " Snow White " like helmet that increases the machine 's range , and able to track him to the terrorist 's home . In the past time , Minuti regains consciousness , but is killed and burned by the terrorist . Still needing a vehicle big enough to hold the bomb ( and is not riddled with bullet holes ) the terrorist goes to Claire 's address , kidnaps her and takes her car .
Using face recognition technology the ferry bomber is identified and taken into custody . He turns out to be Carroll Oerstadt , angry at the military after being turned down by both Marines and Army , because their psychological profiling showed he was psychologically unstable . Considering the case now closed , the government shuts down the " Snow White " investigation . Despite the killer having been caught , Claire and the ferry victims remain dead , which unsettles Doug since he is convinced that the " Snow White " team can actually alter history . Doug convinces Denny to do one last experiment , that is : send Doug to the past to save Claire and stop the bombing ; a risky procedure , since no human has ever been sent back . Doug survives the trip , especially because he was sent back to a hospital emergency room , where they were able to revive him . He subsequently stops Claire from being murdered by Oerstadt in his very house .
However , Doug goes to the ferry where , with Claire 's help , he kills Oerstadt , but is unable to disarm the bomb . To save everyone , Doug and Claire purposely drive the bomb SUV off the end of the ferry before it explodes . Claire escapes but Doug , unable to get out of the vehicle , dies in the underwater explosion . As Claire mourns Doug 's death , she is approached by an identical Doug Carlin , the one from her present who consoles her .
= = Cast = =
Denzel Washington as ATF Special Agent Douglas Carlin
Paula Patton as Claire Kuchever
Jim Caviezel as Carroll Oerstadt
Val Kilmer as FBI Special Agent Paul Pryzwarra
Adam Goldberg as Dr. Alexander Denny
Bruce Greenwood as FBI Special Agent @-@ in @-@ Charge Jack McCready
Matt Craven as ATF Special Agent Larry Minuti
Enrique Castillo as Claire 's father
Elden Henson as Gunnars
Erika Alexander as Shanti
Julia Lashae as Eyewitness / Survivor
= = Background and production = =
The idea of a time travel thriller film originated between screenwriters Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio , who communicated via email in attempts to develop the plot due to communication difficulties . However , the creation of Déjà Vu 's progenitor was set aside by the September 11 , 2001 attacks that disrupted New York @-@ native Marsilii , and the advent of the 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which occupied Los Angeles @-@ native Rossio . However , by 2006 , the two screenwriters had completed the concept . Brian Greene from Columbia University was brought in as a consultant to help create a scientifically plausible feel to the script . Greene stated " the way I try to explain wormholes in terms of bending paper and connecting the corners , that 's there in the film and it was fun to see that that made it in . " The screenwriters submitted their work to Jerry Bruckheimer , who with Tony Scott were searching for new ideas for a feature film .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography in New Orleans , Louisiana , was delayed following Hurricane Katrina because of the devastation caused by the storm and the collapse of the levees . Many of the exteriors were set to be shot in New Orleans , including a key sequence involving the Canal Street Ferry across the Mississippi River . After the city was reopened , the cast and crew returned to New Orleans to continue filming . Some scenes of the post @-@ Katrina devastation were worked into the plot , including those in the Lower 9th Ward ; additionally , evidence of Katrina 's impact on the city was worked into the script . The filming crew spent two weeks filming a scene at the Four Mile Bayou in Morgan City , Louisiana .
According to director Tony Scott , Déjà Vu was written to take place on Long Island , but after a visit to New Orleans Scott felt that it would be a far better venue . Jerry Bruckheimer reportedly said that Denzel Washington was " adamant about returning to New Orleans to film after Hurricane Katrina devastated the region " , but Washington recalled to be neutral on the subject , while agreeing that it was " a good thing to spend money there and put people to work there " .
To create a sense of realism , Scott and Washington interviewed numerous men and women whose real @-@ life occupations pertained to positions in the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ; Washington has noted that he and Scott conducted similar research during the productions of Man on Fire and Crimson Tide .
= = = Visual effects = = =
Visual effects editor Marc Varisco , who had previously collaborated with director Scott on the 2005 film Domino , worked again with Scott to develop Déjà Vu into a fully @-@ fledged work . In total , approximately 400 visual effects scenes were shot during the production of Déjà Vu . They had acquired a LIDAR device , which incorporated lasers to scatter light with the intent of mapping out a small region , during the production of Domino ; Scott and Varisco decided to use the apparatus again during the production of Déjà Vu . Additionally , the two utilized the Panavision Genesis high definition camera to film the shots that would encompass the past that the Snow White team would peer at throughout the film , as well as the various night scenes . The LIDAR apparatus , which was operated by a hired Texan company devoted to the device , performed scans of Claire Kuchever 's apartment , the ferry , the ATF office , and actress Paula Patton , among others . Effects editor Zachary Tucker combined the elements created by the Texan LIDAR company with computer @-@ generated graphics to make possible the scenes of time @-@ travel experienced in the film .
The explosion of the Stumpf was filmed using an actual New Orleans ferry in a portion of the Mississippi River sectioned off especially for the event ; the occurrence took over four hours to prepare . Under the supervision of pyrotechnics expert John Frazier , the ferry was coated entirely with fire retardant and rigged with fifty gasoline bombs including black dirt and diesel , each one set to detonate within a five @-@ second range . People and cars were added in later as elements of computer @-@ generated graphics . Chris Lebenzon was largely responsible for moving clips from each of the sixteen cameras in place to create the sensation of an extended explosion sequence . The spectacular explosion actually caused no significant structural damage to the ferry ; after a bout of sandblasting and repainting , the ferry was very similar to its previous state . The ferry was returned into service four days after the production of the film 's scene concluded . During filming of the underwater car scenes , actual cars were dropped into the water ; computer @-@ generated effects were later added , simulating the entities ' explosions . Compositing was done on the Autodesk Inferno special effects program .
= = = Similarities between Timothy McVeigh and Carroll Oerstadt = = =
Jim Caviezel 's character , Carroll Oerstadt , seemed to mirror in several ways the story of Timothy McVeigh , a domestic terrorist who destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City with a bomb in 1995 . Caviezel and Scott did not deny this , and both admitted that the Oerstadt character was at least partly based on McVeigh . Ross Johnson of The New York Times also compared the ferry bombing at the film 's beginning to the Oklahoma City bombing .
= = Reception = =
The film @-@ critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 55 % positive reviews based on 156 reviews and a weighted average score of 5 @.@ 9 out of 10 . The consensus states , " Tony Scott tries to combine action , science fiction , romance , and explosions into one movie , but the time travel conceit might be too preposterous and the action falls apart under scrutiny . " At the review aggregator Metacritic , the film has a normalized score of 59 out of 100 , based on 32 reviews , indicating " mixed or average reviews " .
Joel Siegel of ABC News called the film technically " well @-@ made , " but criticized its attempt to describe a supposedly scientific basis for time travel as both silly and dull , as did Manohla Dargis of The New York Times , who additionally found the depiction of parishes decimated by Hurricane Katrina " vulgar " . Todd Gilchrist from IGN rated the film eight out of ten , calling it a " bravura set piece " , despite an ending that " feels inappropriate given the urgency ( and seeming inevitability ) of the story 's dénouement . " Likewise , Michael Wilmington of the Orlando Sentinel rated the film three out of four stars , citing the " good cast , Tony Scott 's swift direction , and unyielding professionalism " as rationale for his rating . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film 's exploration of the nature of time and the implications of time travel as having been a " sci @-@ fi staple for generations " .
= = = Film writers and director = = =
Both Terry Rossio and Bill Marsilii have acknowledged that the film was not shot the way they had wanted it to be , shifting the blame to director Tony Scott and his goal to focus more on the action aspect of the film than on the more meaningful plot the screenplay had called for . Marsilii , although " quite critical of the mistakes made , " said he was proud of the finished product . Rossio , however , was so put off during filming that he , as of May 2008 , had not seen the film . Rossio complained that Scott had ignored the inclusion of important plot details from the screenplay whenever " there was something he wanted to do " instead . In the DVD commentary , Scott admits that he thought he did a mediocre job shooting [ the chase scene ] .
Rossio and Marsilii believe that many of the negative reviews of Déjà Vu are a direct result of Scott 's direction of the film , and have stated that " Tony Scott added nothing to Déjà Vu and made several hundred small mistakes and about eight or nine deadly mistakes " , which makes the film seem like it has many unforgivable plot holes , when it should not have had any . " [ T ] here are no plot holes at all , and scrutiny reveals the plot to be air tight . " says Rossio . " We had years to think of all this and work it out . " It was felt there were many misunderstandings that Scott 's take on the plot introduced into the film . In his own defense , Scott cited in an interview with Iain Blair of BNET that only nineteen weeks were provided for the production of the film , which " isn 't a lot for a film like Déjà Vu . "
= = = Box office = = =
Déjà Vu premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , two days before its wide release in all of the United States and Canada . Alongside Mexico , the three countries were the sole nations to open the film in November . The United Kingdom opened the film on December 15 , 2006 , and was followed shortly thereafter by New Zealand on December 22 . Australia was the last English @-@ speaking country where the film premiered , on January 18 , 2007 .
The film opened in the # 3 spot with $ 20 @.@ 5 million in 3 @,@ 108 theaters , an average of $ 6 @,@ 619 per theater . Déjà Vu ran for fourteen weeks , staying in the top ten for its first three weeks . The U.S. domestic box office earnings for the film were $ 64 @,@ 038 @,@ 616 , and the total worldwide box office earnings were $ 180 @,@ 557 @,@ 550 . These earnings made Déjà Vu the 23rd most successful film of 2006 worldwide .
= = = Awards = = =
Although reviews from critics were mixed , Déjà Vu was nominated for six different awards , winning one .
Déjà Vu was nominated for the Saturn Award in the category " Best Science Fiction Film " , but lost to Children of Men .
Paula Patton , who played Claire Kuchever , was nominated for " Best Breakthrough Performance " for the Black Reel Awards . The award was won by Brandon T. Jackson for his performance in the film Roll Bounce .
Harry Gregson @-@ Williams , the composer of the film 's soundtrack , was nominated for the " Film Composer of the Year " division of the World Soundtrack Academy Awards ( the award was won by Alexandre Desplat for his score with The Queen ) .
Déjà Vu received two nominations pertaining to the " Best Fire Stunt " and the " Best Work with a Vehicle " , while it won the International Gold Reel Award at the Nielsen EDI Gold Reel Awards ceremonies .
= = Home media = =
Déjà Vu was released on DVD and home video approximately five months after its release in American theaters , on April 24 , 2007 . In the two weeks succeeding the day of the DVD 's release , the film was the second most purchased DVD in the United States . It was second only to Night at the Museum during this period in time .
Special features on the disc include an audio commentary from director Tony Scott for both the film and its deleted scenes . The DVD cover also includes a " Surveillance Window " feature , which includes featurettes on the film 's production in New Orleans .
= = Soundtrack = =
The track listing for Déjà Vu largely borrows music not originally produced for the film ; three of the songs that make an appearance in Déjà Vu uphold elements of soul and gospel . " Don 't Worry Baby " by The Beach Boys simulated the actual concept of déjà vu , as detailed in the plot .
Songwriters such as Harry Gregson @-@ Williams contributed music to the film ; artists like Charmaine Neville and Macy Grey performed music especially for the film .
The music featured in the film 's trailer was titled " Hello Zepp " , the main theme for Saw .
The soundtrack was released by Hollywood Records .
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= Hurricane Gloria =
Hurricane Gloria was the first significant system to strike the northeastern United States since Hurricane Agnes in 1972 and the first major storm to affect New York and Long Island directly since Hurricane Donna in 1960 . It was a powerful Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane that formed during the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season , originating from a tropical wave on September 16 in the eastern Atlantic Ocean . After remaining a weak tropical cyclone for several days , Gloria intensified into a hurricane on September 22 north of the Lesser Antilles . During that time , the storm had moved generally westward , although it turned to the northwest due to a weakening of the ridge . Gloria quickly intensified on September 24 , and the next day reached peak winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) . The hurricane weakened before striking the Outer Banks of North Carolina on September 27 . Later that day , Gloria made two subsequent landfalls on Long Island and later western Connecticut , before becoming extratropical on September 28 over New England . The remnants moved through Atlantic Canada , eventually dissipating on October 2 .
Before Gloria made landfall , the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings at some point for the East Coast of the United States from South Carolina to Maine . Hundreds of thousands of people evacuated , and the hurricane was described as the " storm of the century " . In general , Gloria 's strongest winds remained east of the center , which largely spared locations from North Carolina to New Jersey , and the passage at low tide reduced storm surge . Hurricane @-@ force winds and gusts affected much of the path , which knocked down trees and power lines . This left over 4 million people without power , including the worst power outage in Connecticut history related to a natural disaster . The extended power outage on Long Island , affecting 1 @.@ 5 million people at some point , caused the Long Island Lighting Company to be shut down and be replaced with a public company . Fallen trees caused six of the storm 's fourteen deaths .
In North Carolina , high waves damaged many homes along the Outer Banks and caused heavy beach erosion . High waves also damaged piers , boats , and docks throughout the Mid @-@ Atlantic states . Flooding forced several highways to close , and in Pennsylvania , thousands were forced to evacuate their homes . The storm surge destroyed 48 homes on Long Island , while the winds damaged the roofs of many more . Widespread crop damage occurred , amounting to about $ 20 million ( 1985 USD ) . Overall damage in the United States was estimated at $ 900 million , which was less than expected . In neighboring Canada , the remnants of Gloria caused minor power outages in New Brunswick , although confusion related to the storm 's arrival led to the creation of the Canadian Hurricane Centre .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 15 . Based on data from satellite imagery , it is estimated that a tropical depression formed on September 16 near Cape Verde , with an associated low @-@ level circulation . The next day , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Gloria , but there was no further intensification . On September 18 , Gloria weakened back to tropical depression status , but re @-@ intensified into a tropical storm on September 20 . During this time , it moved generally westward due to a strong ridge to the north . On September 21 , the Hurricane Hunters began flying into Gloria to measure the storm 's intensity , and the next day , a flight observed winds of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) at a height of 1 @,@ 500 ft ( 460 m ) . As a result , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) upgraded Gloria to a hurricane about 465 mi ( 750 km ) east @-@ northeast of the Lesser Antilles .
After having moved generally to the west , Gloria turned more to the west @-@ northwest on September 22 . This occurred after tropical storms Fabian and Henri weakened the ridge . On September 23 , Gloria passed about 155 miles ( 250 km ) to the north of Anegada , the northernmost island in the Lesser Antilles . It initially remained a minimal hurricane until September 24 when it began quickly intensifying . That day , it became a major hurricane while passing northeast of the Bahamas . Gloria developed a 10 mi ( 16 km ) wide eye , surrounded by an eyewall , and was producing the stadium effect . At 0120 UTC on September 25 , Hurricane Hunters extrapolated a barometric pressure of 919 mbar ( 27 @.@ 1 inHg ) , and reported flight @-@ level winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) . At the time , this was the lowest pressure measured by reconnaissance aircraft over the northern Atlantic ocean . Because there was little difference in the flight @-@ level winds and the surface winds , this was estimated to have been Gloria 's peak intensity , making it a Category 4 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . However , a preliminary reanalysis released in 2008 suggested peak winds of 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) . At peak intensity , the hurricane was located about 930 mi ( 1500 km ) southeast of Cape Hatteras in North Carolina , and had an eye diameter of only 8 mi ( 13 km ) .
After peak intensity , Gloria weakened while turning to the north , moving around the western end of the ridge , toward a cold front . By September 26 , the winds had decreased to 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) , just 30 hours after its peak intensity . Later that day , a buoy about 60 mi ( 100 km ) east of the center recorded a wave height of 46 @.@ 9 ft ( 14 @.@ 3 m ) , which at the time was the highest buoy wave recording in an Atlantic hurricane . While accelerating toward North Carolina , Gloria re @-@ intensified slightly to winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) , making it a Category 2 hurricane . At 0530 UTC on September 27 , the hurricane struck southern Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks . After weakening further , Gloria passed just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey and interacted with a cold front . Its strongest winds remained on the eastern edge of the circulation , and the storm was gradually losing tropical characteristics . At 1600 UTC on September 27 , the hurricane made landfall with a broad and poorly defined center between John F. Kennedy International Airport and Islip , New York , with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) on western Long Island . This was only about three days after Henri struck the same general area as a much weaker tropical storm .
About an hour after striking Long Island , Gloria made its final landfall in western Connecticut near Westport , and proceeded to move through New England while weakening . The NHC estimated that Gloria became extratropical over Maine early by 0000 UTC on September 28 . The storm continued to the northeast through Atlantic Canada passing south of Greenland on September 30 . The extratropical circulation of Gloria was last noted on October 2 , although the remnants later affected Europe .
= = Preparations = =
Early in Gloria 's duration , it threatened the northern Lesser Antilles , prompting a hurricane watch and later warning for the area . Gloria also threatened the Bahamas , prompting that government to issue hurricane watches and warnings .
While Gloria was off the east coast of Florida , the NHC issued a hurricane watch from Edisto Beach , South Carolina to Cape Henry , Virginia , which was upgraded to a hurricane warning at 1000 UTC on September 26 , or 19 @.@ 5 hours before landfall . By later that day , a hurricane watch was issued for the rest of the eastern United States to Eastport , Maine . By two hours before Gloria 's landfall on Long Island , a hurricane warning was in effect for the same area , after warnings were gradually extended further north . Officials anticipated higher winds and storm surge than what occurred , due to the hurricane weakening as it approached landfall .
Officials in Delaware and Maryland declared a state of emergency before the storm struck , and thousands of people from coastal communities evacuated to shelters . Schools closed in Delaware , and non @-@ emergency workers were sent home . Along Long Island in New York , hundreds of thousands of people evacuated their homes , and a state of emergency was declared for several counties . In Connecticut , about 20 @,@ 000 people evacuated along the coast , and 7 @,@ 300 evacuated from neighboring Rhode Island . Residents also evacuated portions of Cape Cod .
As Gloria approached the East Coast of the United States , National Hurricane Center director Neil Frank called it the " Storm of the Century " , due to its intensity and potential track over the densely populated region of New England . Such a track gathered the attention of many people , and led to the evacuation of 380 @,@ 000 people along the coast from North Carolina to Connecticut . In Maryland , officials implemented lane reversing to expedite the evacuation process , a policy many other coastal states use .
Officials advised 95 @,@ 000 citizens along the New Jersey coastline , an area that rarely experiences hurricanes , to evacuate . Cape May County — the most vulnerable part of the state and among the most susceptible in the entire country — would require 36 hours in 2005 to evacuate the 100 @,@ 000 citizens and 900 @,@ 000 tourists that were commonly present during busy summer weekends .
Offices and classes of Harvard University closed only for the third time in the 20th century , the previous cases being the New England Hurricane of 1938 and the Blizzard of ' 78 . Although Gloria 's winds downed numerous trees and caused tens of thousands in damage in the area , overall effects were much less than expected .
At the same time Gloria was making landfall on Long Island , a storm warning was issued for western New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . Across Atlantic Canada , the threat of Hurricane Gloria caused many citizens to rely on American media for storm coverage .
= = Impact = =
Hurricane Gloria was a large hurricane that affected much of the northeastern United States . Gloria brought strong wind gusts , which downed trees and left hundreds of thousands without power . Overall damage was estimated at $ 900 million , and there were eight deaths . Gloria was the first significant hurricane to affect New England since Hurricane Donna in 1960 .
= = = Carolinas and Mid @-@ Atlantic = = =
While offshore the eastern United States , the hurricane 's strongest winds were on the eastern periphery , which reduced the winds over land . In North Carolina , where Gloria made its first landfall , the strongest winds were 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) at a station near Buxton at the Cape Hatteras National Weather Service office ; a gust of 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) was also observed there . At Diamond Shoal Light , located offshore , sustained winds reached 98 mph ( 158 km / h ) , with gusts to 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . A peak storm surge of 5 @.@ 9 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) was estimated at the Neuse River . A minimal surge of around 1 @.@ 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 4 ft ) occurred in neighboring South Carolina , where winds were below tropical storm force . The highest rainfall related to Gloria was 9 @.@ 7 in ( 250 mm ) , recorded in Edenton , North Carolina . High waves and storm surge resulted in heavy coastal flooding and beach erosion along the Outer Banks , and several new inlets were created . Coastal flooding damaged several homes in the Outer Banks . Damage in the state was estimated at $ 8 @.@ 1 million , including $ 2 @.@ 4 million in crop damage . There was one death in North Carolina when a man was struck by a fallen tree .
Throughout much of the Mid @-@ Atlantic , the winds remained generally below hurricane force ; however , winds reached 92 mph ( 147 km / h ) along the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel in Virginia and gusts to 89 mph ( 144 km / h ) in Ocean City , Maryland . The strongest winds in the region occurred after the center passed the area . Due to Gloria 's fast motion , there was minimal coastal flooding because the highest storm surge occurred during low tide , generally less than 4 @.@ 9 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) . Beach erosion was reported in both Maryland and Delaware . The heaviest rainfall was west of the center . Statewide peaks included 9 @.@ 17 in ( 233 mm ) at Valley Forge National Historical Park in Pennsylvania , 8 @.@ 6 in ( 220 mm ) in Holland , Virginia , and 7 @.@ 19 in ( 183 mm ) in Annapolis , Maryland . Rainfall spread as far inland as West Virginia .
High waves washed away 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) of a fishing pier in Virginia Beach , Virginia . The rainfall caused minor flooding , and high tides flooded coastal portions of the Hampton Roads region . There was minor damage to trees , roofs , and signs in southeastern Virginia . The center of Gloria passed about 30 mi ( 48 km ) offshore eastern Maryland . In Ocean City , waves of 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) severely damaged the boardwalk , washing sand and debris a block inland . Downed trees left about 150 @,@ 000 people in Maryland . High winds forced the Chesapeake Bay Bridge to close , and there was little damage outside of eastern Maryland . High waves in Delaware eroded beaches , wrecked dunes , and damaged oceanfront buildings and boardwalks . Storm flooding closed several highways , including Delaware Route 1 . Damage was heaviest in Sussex County , although the storm damaged corn and soybean crops in northern Delaware . Monetary damage totaled over $ 500 @,@ 000 in the state . In neighboring Pennsylvania , wind gusts reached 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) in Allentown , which knocked down many trees and left thousands without power . Heavy rainfall flooded many streams , which closed or damaged several highways , bridges , and rail lines . About 3 @,@ 000 houses were flooded , forcing thousands to evacuate .
While just off the New Jersey coast , Gloria produced strong winds , peaking at 81 mph ( 130 km / h ) in Ocean City , where a gust of 101 mph ( 162 km / h ) was also reported . In the town , an F0 tornado was reported damaging a house . Rainfall in the state reached 6 @.@ 00 in ( 152 mm ) at the Charlotteburg Reservoir near West Milford . Heavy beach erosion occurred along the coast , and several coastal towns sustained damage to boardwalks . Strong winds downed trees and power lines , which damaged homes and cars . One person was killed in Long Branch after touching a downed power line .
Though Gloria moved quickly through the region , it dropped moderate rainfall in locations , including 6 @.@ 04 inches ( 153 mm ) at Baltimore – Washington International Airport . In addition , some unofficial reports in southeastern Virginia indicated amounts of up to 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of rain . Because much of the Mid @-@ Atlantic experienced the western , weaker side of this hurricane , damage was relatively light . High winds downed numerous trees throughout the area , leaving hundreds of thousands without power , including 237 @,@ 000 in New Jersey , 124 @,@ 000 in Maryland , and 56 @,@ 000 in Virginia . Extreme rainfall in Virginia resulted in $ 5 @.@ 5 million ( 1985 USD ) in damage . Intense flood waters split Long Beach Island in half for a period of time .
= = = Long Island and New York = = =
While making its second landfall , Gloria was accompanied by a storm surge of 6 @.@ 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) at Battery Park , the highest along its path . The highest wind report was a gust of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) at Islip . Central Park reported a gust of 51 mph ( 83 km / h ) . Rainfall in the state reached 8 @.@ 04 in ( 204 mm ) at Unadilla , although was much less near the coast , reaching 3 @.@ 48 in ( 88 @.@ 4 mm ) in Central Park .
Along Long Island , the high storm surge flooded hundreds of streets and caused heavy beach erosion . High winds downed thousands of trees and damaged hundreds of homes , causing widespread power outages . About 1 @.@ 5 million people in the state lost power , including two @-@ thirds of the Long Island Lighting Company customers , making it one of the worst power outages in the state . There were four deaths on Long Island , two of whom related to heart attacks and the other two related to fallen trees . There were also 14 injuries in the region , many of them due to downed tree branches . In the New York mainland , heavy rainfall flooded rivers and alleviated drought conditions . Rough waves damaged boats and docks along the Hudson River . Unsettled weather contributed to a traffic fatality and an airplane crash that killed one in the New York mainland .
It is believed peak gusts reached 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) in eastern Long Island . Weather forecasters believe that damage across parts of Long Island indicated winds in the Category Three range , as evidence of the damage received at MacArthur Airport . Gloria 's high winds caused significant damage across Long Island and southeastern New York . The area hit the worst was eastern Long Island , where high wind gusts blew thousands of trees into buildings and across roads . The broadcast tower of WBLI @-@ FM toppled on Bald Hill in Farmingville . In addition , the winds ripped roofs off of many buildings , including hangars at the MacArthur Airport , a hangar at the Bayport Aerodrome and the roof of the Islip Police Station . Prolonged exposure to high winds and waves led to moderate beach erosion , washing away several piers and docks . The storm surge , though relatively weak , destroyed 48 houses on the ocean side of the island . Gloria 's high winds left 683 @,@ 000 people in New York without power , with some lacking electricity for over eleven days .
= = = New England and Canada = = =
While moving across New England , Gloria was a weakened hurricane that passed quickly through the area . Though still a large hurricane , Gloria hit at low tide , resulting in low to moderate storm surges of 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in Groton , Connecticut , 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in New Bedford , Massachusetts , and 3 feet ( 1 m ) in Portland , Maine . The high waves caused heavy beach erosion in Connecticut and Rhode Island . The highest sustained winds were reports of 83 mph ( 135 km / h ) in Waterbury , Connecticut and Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Massachusetts , although neither locations were at sea level . Gusts peaked at 110 mph ( 176 km / h ) in Chatham , Massachusetts , and widespread areas across New England reported hurricane @-@ force gusts . It is estimated that hurricane @-@ force winds occurred in Connecticut , Massachusetts , and New Hampshire . Rainfall in the region peaked at 6 @.@ 90 in ( 175 mm ) at Borden Brook Reservoir in Springfield , Massachusetts .
In Connecticut , Gloria crossed from Westport along the Long Island Sound , passed near Hartford , and exited into Massachusetts . Wind gusts peaked at 92 mph ( 148 km / h ) in Bridgeport , and also reached 82 mph ( 132 km / h ) in Hartford . The winds downed thousands of trees , many of which knocked down power lines . This left about 727 @,@ 000 residents without power , setting a record for the state related to a weather event . High waves damaged or sunk hundreds of boats along the coast , and several beachfront homes and docks were damaged . Light rainfall caused some minor flooding , mostly in northwestern Connecticut . Statewide there was about $ 6 million in crop damage . Damage was heaviest near Hartford , and overall storm damage was estimated at $ 91 million . Fallen trees contributed to two of the three deaths in the state , as well as several other injuries .
Hurricane @-@ force gusts affected Rhode Island , peaking at 92 mph ( 148 km / h ) in Westerly . The winds uprooted thousands of trees and caused widespread roof damage . About 300 @,@ 000 people statewide lost power , the greatest since the Northeast blackout of 1965 . Coastal flooding was minimized due to the storm striking at low tide , although were high enough in Narragansett Bay to damage docks and hundreds of boats . Damage in the state was estimated at $ 20 million , including the cost for restoring the power outages . There were two deaths in Rhode Island ; one was related to a fallen tree , and one occurred when a man was trying to secure his boat .
In Massachusetts , the hurricane moved from Connecticut through the Springfield area . There was a small F1 tornado in Middlesex County that damaged trees . High winds knocked over thousands of trees , and about 500 @,@ 000 people statewide lost power . Heavy rainfall caused stream flooding , although the heaviest damage was from the winds . The hurricane destroyed a radio tower in Framingham and damaged hundreds of homes in the eastern portion of the state . Along the coast , the storm tide caused minor coastal flooding and damaged hundreds of boats . Across Massachusetts , damage was estimated at $ 61 million , including $ 6 million from crop damage .
By the time Gloria reached New Hampshire , it had weakened and was becoming extratropical , although hurricane @-@ force wind gusts were reported across the state . On the top of Mount Washington , wind gusts reached 127 mph ( 204 km / h ) . The winds were strong enough to knock down large trees , many over 50 years old and 50 ft ( 15 m ) . Downed trees cut power lines , which left 97 @,@ 116 people without power , mostly along the coast . Fallen trees also damaged 16 homes and several vehicles . High rainfall damaged portions of North Woodstock , although water damage was generally minor . There was one death in the state , when an elderly woman was knocked over by the strong winds and died two weeks later . There was about $ 2 @.@ 5 million in crop damage , mostly to the apple crop . In neighboring Maine , about 600 @,@ 000 people lost power due to the storm , the most since the passage of hurricanes Carol and Edna in 1954 . Winds in Maine reached 86 mph ( 138 km / h ) , and the storm knocked down about 100 power poles in addition to the downed lines . Downed trees blocked roads and damaged houses and cars . The winds damaged roofs , including the 127 ‑ year ‑ old spire of a church in Groveville . Crop damage to the apple crop was estimated at $ 3 million . High waves along the coast damaged lobster traps and dozens of boats , many of which were driven ashore .
Gloria 's high winds downed numerous trees across New England , causing minor to moderate damage . In the region , Connecticut received the worst of the hurricane , where tree and structural damage was greatest . Along the coastline , storm surge and strong waves washed away several fishing piers , and some roadways were underwater during the storm 's passage . New Hampshire was affected only slightly from the hurricane , and was limited to minor wind damage and localized flooding . In Maine , damage was more severe , where strong wind gusts ripped off roofs and uprooted hundreds of trees . High winds across New England resulted in significant power outages , leaving 250 @,@ 000 in Maine . In all , seven deaths occurred in New England , many of which occurred from falling tree limbs .
While the remnants of Gloria were moving through Atlantic Canada , they produced rainfall to the north of the track , reaching as high as 4 @.@ 53 in ( 115 mm ) in Quebec . The highest winds in the country were 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) , peaking in the Bay of Fundy and to the northeast of Newfoundland . The remnants of Gloria caused wind and wave damage in Nova Scotia . Wind gusts of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) in Fredericton , New Brunswick knocked down power lines , affecting more than 1 @,@ 800 people .
= = Aftermath = =
On Long Island , thousands were left without power for over a week , until the last outages were restored two weeks after the storm on October 8 . The long duration without electricity forced hundreds of schools to close , extended train times by six hours due to lack of powered crossings , and price gouging on food , ice , and generators . The lack of power led to a general disdain for the Long Island Lighting Company ( LILCO ) , which increased further when the company left the $ 40 million ( 1985 USD ) repair bill to the ratepayers , citing the company 's lack of hurricane insurance . Citizens quickly protested LILCO 's decision , and within years the publicly owned Long Island Power Authority was formed .
Residents in both Massachusetts and Connecticut were also without power for up to one week , which caused many food products to spoil due to lack of refrigeration . The states brought in workers from other states , although the delay in restoring the widespread outages caused many schools to remain closed . In Connecticut , one man was electrocuted while repairing downed power lines . About 477 @,@ 000 Connecticut Light & Power customers in the state lost power , a record that was surpassed by the 754 @,@ 000 who lost power during Hurricane Irene in 2011 . Later in 2011 , a nor 'easter in October left over 830 @,@ 000 people statewide without power , also breaking the record set by Gloria . In New Hampshire , most power outages were quickly restored , and all were restored within six days . In Maine , all power outages were restored in 11 days .
In Maine , most citizens remained indoors during the passage of the hurricane . One police officer noted that even the criminals stayed home . In the Lewiston area , restaurants experienced a great surge in business . During the power outage after the storm , several businesses stored frozen goods for houses without a generator .
After the storm , President Ronald Reagan declared several counties in New Jersey , Pennsylvania , New York , Rhode Island , Connecticut , and Massachusetts as federal disaster areas . This declaration allowed those counties to apply for disaster assistance .
In Canada , the damage was less than expected , but confusion related to the storm threat prompted Environment Canada to research the need for a dedicated hurricane centre in 1986 . The following year , the Canadian Hurricane Centre was established with offices on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts .
Due to its impact , the name Gloria was retired from the Atlantic tropical storm naming list . It will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane . It was replaced with Grace in the 1991 season .
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= Government in early modern Scotland =
Government in early modern Scotland included all forms of administration , from the crown , through national institutions , to systems of local government and the law , between the early sixteenth century and the mid @-@ eighteenth century . It roughly corresponds to the early modern era in Europe , beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation and ending with the last Jacobite risings and the beginnings of the industrial revolution . Monarchs of this period were the Stuarts : James IV , James V , Mary Queen of Scots , James VI , Charles I , Charles II , James VII , William II and Mary II , Anne , and the Hanoverians : George I and George II .
The crown remained the most important element of government throughout the period and , despite the many royal minorities , it saw many of the aspects of aggrandisement associated with " new monarchy " elsewhere in Europe . Theories of limited monarchy and resistance were articulated by Scots , particularly George Buchanan , in the sixteenth century , but James VI advanced the theory of the divine right of kings , and these debates were restated in subsequent reigns and crises . The court remained at the centre of political life , and in the sixteenth century emerged as a major centre of display and artistic patronage . The Privy Council and the great offices of state , remained central to the administration of the government , even after the departure of the Stuart monarchs to rule in England from 1603 , but they were often sidelined and was abolished after the Act of Union of 1707 , with rule direct from London . Parliament was also vital to the running of the country , providing laws and taxation , but it had fluctuating fortunes and never achieved the centrality the national life of its counterpart in England before it was disbanded in 1707 .
Revenue remained a continual problem for Scottish government , even after the introduction of regular taxation from the 1580s , with receipts insufficient for the business of government and , after 1603 , much of the costs being paid out of English revenues . In local government , attempts were made increase its effectiveness , with the creation of Justices of Peace and Commissioners of Supply . The continued existence of courts baron and introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds . In law there was an expansion of central institutions and professionalisation of lawyers as a group . Scottish law was maintained as a separate system after the union in 1707 and from 1747 the central courts gained a clear authority over local institutions .
= = Crown = =
James V was the first Scottish monarch to wear the closed imperial crown , in place of the open circlet of medieval kings , suggesting a claim to absolute authority within the kingdom . His diadem was reworked to include arches in 1532 , which were re @-@ added when it was reconstructed in 1540 in what remains the Crown of Scotland . The idea of imperial monarchy emphasised the dignity of the crown and included its role as a unifying national force , defending national borders and interests , royal supremacy over the law and a distinctive national church within the Catholic communion . New monarchy can also be seen in the reliance of the crown on " new men " rather than the great magnates , the use of the clergy as a form of civil service , developing standing armed forces and a navy .
Major intellectual figures in the Reformation included George Buchanan ( 1506 – 82 ) , whose works De Jure Regni apud Scotos ( 1579 ) and Rerum Scoticarum Historia ( 1582 ) were among the major texts outlining the case for resistance to tyrants . Buchanan was one of the young James VI 's tutors and although they succeeded in producing a highly educated Protestant prince , who would publish works on subjects including government , poetry and witchcraft , they failed to intellectually convince him of their ideas about limited monarchy and he would debate with Buchanan and others over the status of the crown and kirk . James asserted the concept of " Divine right " , by which a king was appointed by God and thus gained a degree of sanctity . These ideas he passed on to Charles I , whose ability to compromise may have been undermined by them , helping to lead to his political difficulties . When he was executed in 1649 , the Scottish Covenanters objected , but avoided advancing the sanctity of kings as a reason . In 1689 , when the Scottish Estates had to find a justification for deposing James VII they turned to Buchanan 's argument on the contractual nature of monarchy in the Claim of Right .
= = Court = =
The royal court consisted of leading nobles , office holders , ambassadors and supplicants who surrounded the king or queen . At its centre was the monarch and members of the Privy Chamber . Gentleman of the chamber were usually leading nobles or individuals with kinship links to the leading noble families . They had direct access to the monarch , with the implication of being to exert influence , and were usually resident at the court . Although increasingly based at the royal palace of Holyrood in Edinburgh , the monarch and the court were often itinerant , spending time at one of the royal palaces , such as Linlithgow , Sterling and Falkland , or undertaking a royal progress to a part of the kingdom to ensure that the rule of law , royal authority or smooth government was maintained .
In the sixteenth century , the court was central to the patronage and dissemination of Renaissance works and ideas . It was also central to the staging of lavish display that portrayed the political and religious role of the monarchy . This display was often tied up with ideas of chivalry , which was evolving in this period from a practical military ethos into a more ornamental and honorific cult . Tournaments provided one focus of display and were also pursued enthusiastically by James V , proud of his membership of international orders of knighthood . During her brief personal rule Mary , Queen of Scots brought many of the elaborate court activities that she had grown up with at the French court , with balls , masques and celebrations , designed to illustrate the resurgence of the monarchy and to facilitate national unity . Under James VI the court returned to being a centre of culture and learning and he cultivated the image of a philosopher king , evoking the models of David , Solomon and Constantine . After James VI inherited the English throne in 1603 the Scottish court effectively ceased to exist , ending its role as a centre of artistic patronage , political display and intrigue .
= = Officers of state = =
The Chancellor was effectively the first minister of the kingdom . His department , the chancery , was responsible for the Great Seal , which was needed to process the inheritance of land titles and the confirmation of land transfers . His key responsibility was to preside at meetings of the privy council , and on those rare occasions he attended , at meetings of the court of session . The second most prestigious office was the Secretary , who was responsible for the records of the Privy council and for foreign policy , including the borders , despite which the post retained its importance after the Union of Crowns in 1603 . The Treasurer was the last of the major posts and , with the Comptroller , dealt with the royal finances until the Comptroller 's office was merged into the Treasurer 's from 1610 .
The Lord President of the Court of Session , often known simply as the Lord President , acted as a link between the Privy Council and the Court . The king 's advocate acted as the legal council . The post emerged in the 1490s to deal with the king 's patrimonial land rights and from 1555 there were usually two king 's councillors , indicating the increase in the level of work . From 1579 they increasingly became a public prosecutor . After the union most of the offices remained , but political power was increasingly centred in London . John Ker , 1st Duke of Roxburghe , became the first Secretary of State for Scotland until the post was abolished in 1746 after the Jacobite Rising of 1745 .
= = Privy council = =
The Privy Council developed out of the theoretically larger king 's or queen 's council of leading nobles and office holders in the sixteenth century . " Secret Councils " had been maintained during the many regencies of the later medieval era , but the origins of the Privy Council were in 1543 , during the minority of Mary , Queen of Scots . After her majority it was not disbanded , but continued to sit and became an accepted part of government . Until 1707 , while in session in Edinburgh , the Privy Council met in what is now the West Drawing Room at the Palace of Holyroodhouse . When the monarch was at one of the royal palaces or visiting a region of the kingdom on official business , the council would normally go with them and as a result of being away from its servants , records and members , its output tended to decrease . While the monarch was away on a holiday or hunting trip , the council usually stayed in session in Edinburgh and continued to run the government .
The Privy Council 's primary function was judicial , but it also acted as a body of advisers to the king and as a result its secondary function was as an executive in the absence or minority of the monarchy . Although the monarch might often attend the council , their presence was not necessary for the council to act with royal authority . Like parliament , it had the power to issue acts that could have the force of law . After James VI 's departure to England in 1603 , it functioned as a subservient executive carrying out his instructions from London . Although the theoretical membership of the council was relatively large , at around 30 persons , most of the business was carried out by an informal inner group , consisting mainly of the officers of state . Before 1610 the council was presided over by the Lord Chancellor , but in 1610 James VI decreed that the President of the College of Justice should preside in the Chancellor 's absence , and by 1619 the additional title of President of the Privy Council had been added . The two presidencies were separated in 1626 as part of Charles I 's reorganisation of the Privy Council and Court of Session . The Lord President of the Council was accorded precedence as one of the King 's chief officers in 1661 . After the Restoration , Charles II nominated his own privy councillors and set up a council in London through which he directed affairs in Edinburgh , a situation that continued after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 – 9 . The council was abolished after the Act of Union on 1 May 1708 .
= = Parliament = =
In the sixteenth century , parliament usually met in Stirling Castle or the Old Tolbooth , Edinburgh , which was rebuilt on the orders of Mary Queen of Scots from 1561 . King Charles I ordered the construction of Parliament Hall , at the expense of the Edinburgh burgesses , which was built between 1633 and 1639 and remained the parliament 's home until it was dissolved in 1707 . By the end of the Middle Ages the Parliament had evolved from the King 's Council of Bishops and Earls into a ' colloquium ' with a political and judicial role . The attendance of knights and freeholders had become important , and burgh commissioners joined them to form the Three Estates . It acquired significant powers over particular issues , including consent for taxation , but it also had a strong influence over justice , foreign policy , war , and other legislation , whether political , ecclesiastical , social or economic . Much of the legislative business of the Scottish parliament was carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the Lords of the Articles , chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full assembly to be confirmed . Like many continental assemblies the Scottish Parliament was being called less frequently by the early sixteenth century and might have been dispensed with by the crown had it not been for the series of minorities and regencies that dominated from 1513 . The crown was also able to call a Convention of Estates , which was quicker to assemble and could issue laws like parliament , making them invaluable in a crisis , but they could only deal with a specific issue and were more resistant to the giving of taxation rights to the crown .
Parliament played a major part in the Reformation crisis of the mid @-@ sixteenth century . It had been used by James V to uphold Catholic orthodoxy and asserted its right to determine the nature of religion in the country , disregarding royal authority in 1560 . The 1560 parliament included 100 lairds , who were predominantly Protestant , and who claimed a right to sit in the Parliament under the provision of a failed shire election act of 1428 . Their position in the parliament remained uncertain and their presence fluctuated until the 1428 act was revived in 1587 and provision made for the annual election of two commissioners from each shire ( except Kinross and Clackmannan , which had one each ) . The property qualification for voters was for freeholders who held land from the crown of the value of 40s of auld extent . This excluded the growing class of feuars , who would not gain these rights until 1661 . The clerical estate was marginalised in Parliament by the Reformation , with the laymen who had acquired the monasteries sitting as ' abbots ' and ' priors ' . Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567 , but a small number of Protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate . James VI attempted to revive the role of the bishops from about 1600 . They were abolished by the Covenanters in 1638 , when Parliament became an entirely lay assembly . A further group appeared in the Parliament from the minority of James IV in the 1560s , with members of the Privy Council representing the king 's interests , until they were excluded in 1641 . James VI continued to manage parliament though the Lords of the Articles , who deliberated legislation before it reached the full parliament . He controlled the committee by filling it with royal officers as non @-@ elected members , but was forced to limit this to eight from 1617 .
Having been officially suspended at the end of the Cromwellian regime , parliament returned after the Restoration of Charles II in 1661 . This parliament , known disparagingly as the ' Drunken Parliament ' , revoked most of the Presbyterian gains of the last thirty years . Subsequently Charles ' absence from Scotland and use of commissioners to rule his northern kingdom undermined the authority of the body . James VII 's parliament supported him against rivals and attempted rebellions , but after his escape to exile in 1689 William 's first parliament was dominated by his supporters and , in contrast to the situation in England , effectively deposed James under the Claim of Right , which offered the crown to William and Mary , placing important limitations on royal power , including the abolition of the Lords of the Articles . Rosalind Mitchison argues that the parliament became a focus of national political life , but it never reached the position of a true centre of national identity attained by its English counterpart . The new Williamite parliament would subsequently bring about its own demise by the Act of Union in 1707 . The English and Scottish parliaments were replaced by a combined Parliament of Great Britain , but it sat in Westminster and largely continued English traditions without interruption . Forty @-@ five Scots were added to the 513 members of the House of Commons and 16 Scots to the 190 members of the House of Lords .
= = Taxation and revenue = =
For the early part of the era , the authority of the crown was limited by the large number of minorities it had seen since the early fifteenth century , with every monarch coming to the throne as a minor between 1406 and 1625 . This tended to decrease the level of royal revenues , as regents , lacking the royal authority to create support , often alienated land and revenues , with Margaret Tudor reducing royal income from about £ 30 @,@ 000 Scots to £ 13 @,@ 000 in the minority of James V. James V was able to extract the heaviest taxation every levied on the Scottish church in exchange for his continued loyalty to the papacy , taking £ 72 @,@ 000 in four years . Regular taxation was adopted from 1581 and afterwards was called on with increasing frequency and scale until a demand of £ 240 @,@ 000 in 1612 resulted in serious opposition . A new tax on annual rents amounting to five per cent on all interest on loans , mainly directed at the merchants of the burghs was introduced in 1621 , but the 1621 levy was still being collected over a decade later . Under Charles I the annual income from all sources in Scotland was under £ 16 @,@ 000 sterling and inadequate for the normal costs of government , with the court in London now being financed out of English revenues . The sum of £ 10 @,@ 000 a month from the county assessment was demanded by the Cromwellian regime , which Scotland failed to fully supply , but it did contribute £ 35 @,@ 000 in excise a year . Although Parliament made a formal grant of £ 40 @,@ 000 a year to Charles II , the rising costs of civilian government and war meant that this was inadequate to support Scottish government . Under William I and after the Union , engagement in continental and colonial wars led to heavier existing taxes and new taxes , including the Poll and Hearth Taxes .
= = Local government = =
From the sixteenth century , the central government became increasingly involved in local affairs . The feud was limited and regulated , local taxation became much more intrusive and from 1607 regular , local commissions of Justices of the Peace on the English model were established to deal with petty crimes and infractions . Greater control was exerted over the lawless Borders through a joint commission with the English , set up in 1587 . James VI was much more hostile to the culture and particularism of the Highlands than his predecessors . He sent colonists from Fife to parts of the region and forced the Highland chiefs to accept Lowland language and culture through the Statues of Iona of 1609 . From the seventeenth century the responsibilities of shires expanded from judicial functions into wider local administration . In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were appointed in each sheriffdom or shire to collect the cess land tax .
The parish also became an important unit of local government after three major pieces of legislation , in 1574 , 1579 and 1592 , established what would become known as " the Old Poor Law " . Pressured by Justices , the parish became responsible for taking care of the destitute in periods of famine , to prevent the impoverished from taking to the roads and causing general disorder . By the mid @-@ seventeenth century the system had largely been rolled out across the Lowlands , but was limited in the Highlands . It was able to cope with the general level of poverty and minor crises , helping the old and infirm to survive and provide life support in periods of downturn at relatively low cost , but was overwhelmed in major subsistence crisis like that of the " seven ill years " of the 1690s . Behaviour could be regulated through kirk sessions , composed of local church elders , which replaced the church courts of the Middle Ages , and which dealt with moral and religious conduct . The local court baron remained important in regulating minor interpersonal and property offences . They were held at the behest of the local baron when there was a backlog of cases and could appoint birleymen , usually senior tenants , who would resolve disputes and issues . The combination of kirk sessions and courts baron gave considerable power to local lairds to control the behaviour of the populations of their communities .
= = Law = =
In the late Middle Ages , justice in Scotland was a mixture of the royal and local , which was often unsystematic with overlapping jurisdictions , undertaken by clerical lawyers , laymen , amateurs and local leaders . Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised , with a royal Court of Session meeting daily in Edinburgh to deal with civil cases . In 1514 the office of justice @-@ general was created for the earl of Argyll ( and held by his family until 1628 ) . The study of law was popular in Scotland from the Middle Ages and many students travelled to Continental Europe to study canon law and civil law . In 1532 the Royal College of Justice was founded , leading to the training and professionalisation of an emerging group of career lawyers . The Court of Session placed increasing emphasis on its independence from influence , including from the king , and superior jurisdiction over local justice . Its judges were increasingly able to control entry to their own ranks . In 1605 the professionalisation of the bench led to entry requirements in Latin , law and a property qualification of £ 2 @,@ 000 , designed to limit the danger of bribery , helping to create an exclusive , wealthy , powerful and professional caste , who also now dominated government posts in a way that the clergy had done in the Middle Ages . In 1672 the High Court of Justiciary was founded from the College of Justice as a supreme court of appeal . The Act of Union in 1707 largely persevered the distinct Scottish legal system and its courts , separate from English jurisdiction . The major reform to Scottish law came as a result of the Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1747 , which was part of the government reaction to the Jacobite rising of 1745 and which limited the powers of burgh courts , abolished hereditary offices and made the barony and regality courts obsolete , strengthening the reach of the central judicial courts .
This period also saw widespread attempts to codify and comment on the Scottish legal system . The first substantive account of Scottish law was the Practicks of Bishop John Sinclair ( d . 1566 ) , senator of the College of Justice . This was followed by James Balfour 's ( c . 1525 – 83 ) Practicks , who with Sir John Skene of Curriehill ( c . 1543 – 1617 ) , was a major figure in the move to codification . Skene produced an edition of the Acts of Parliament and a legal dictionary , De Verborum Significatione and edited Regiam Maisestatem , a history of the Scottish law , which attributed much of its creation to David I. Thomas Craig of Riccarton ( c . 1538 – 1608 ) produced two large works , Jus Feudale , which examined feudal law , and De Unione Regnorum Britanniae , which explored the possibilities of unifying the English and Scottish legal systems . Often seen as the beginning of modern Scottish legal study is James Dalrymple , 1st Viscount of Stair 's ( 1619 – 95 ) The Institutions of the Law of Scotland ( 1681 ) .
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= Superman : Krypton Coaster =
Superman : Krypton Coaster is a Bolliger & Mabillard Floorless Coaster at the Six Flags Fiesta Texas amusement park in San Antonio , Texas , USA . Opened in 2000 , Superman : Krypton Coaster was one of the first floorless roller coasters in the world . The well @-@ received ride held the title for the world 's tallest vertical loop ( 145 feet ) from its opening until 2013 . It is also known as for being the world 's tallest and fastest floorless coaster at 168 ft ( 51 m ) high and a top speed of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Six Flags describes the coaster Thrill Level at MAXIMUM . Six Flags has announced plans to add Virtual Reality to Superman : Krypton Coaster to enchance the experience .
= = History = =
In 1999 , Six Flags Great Adventure spent $ 42 million on new attractions including a prototype Floorless Coaster by Bolliger & Mabillard , Medusa ( later Bizarro ) . The immediate popularity of the ride , led to Six Flags Fiesta Texas and three other amusement parks to announce plans to install Floorless Coasters in 2000 ; aside from the announcement of Superman : Krypton Coaster on November 1 , 1999 , Six Flags Discovery Kingdom announced Medusa , Geauga Lake announced Dominator , and SeaWorld Orlando announced Kraken . The $ 20 million Superman : Krypton Coaster was announced as part of a wider multimillion @-@ dollar expansion of Six Flags Fiesta Texas .
At the time of the ride 's announcement , construction had already begun on unused land bordered by quarry walls and an irrigation pond . The initial plans for the ride specified it would have seven inversions including a 114 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 35 m ) vertical loop and a 96 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 29 m ) dive loop . Following the ride 's announcement , the design was altered to remove the dive loop and increase the size of the vertical loop to 145 feet ( 44 m ) . This saw Superman : Krypton Coaster obtain the record for the world 's tallest vertical loop when it officially opened to the public on March 11 , 2000 .
On March 6 , 2010 , Six Flags Fiesta Texas offered exclusive ride time on Superman : Krypton Coaster to help celebrate the ride 's 10th anniversary . On June 22 , 2013 , Superman : Krypton Coaster lost the title of having the world 's tallest vertical loop since Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia , California opened Full Throttle which features a 160 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 49 m ) vertical loop , 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) taller than the loop on Superman : Krypton Coaster .
On March 3 , 2016 , Six Flags announced that the ride would be one of several rides at various Six Flags parks to feature a VR system . Riders have the option of wearing a Samsung Gear VR headset , powered by Oculus to create a 360 @-@ degree , 3D experience while riding . It is themed to Superman saving a city from Lex Luthor 's Lex Bots who are causing chaos with an anti @-@ gravity ray . This theming will also come to the Superman : The Ride at Six Flags New England and Superman - Ride of Steel at Six Flags America .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Statistics = = =
The 4 @,@ 025 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 227 m ) Superman : Krypton Coaster stands 168 feet ( 51 m ) tall . With a top speed of 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) , the ride will tie with Iron Rattler as the fastest roller coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas . The ride features six inversions including a 145 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 44 m ) vertical loop , a zero @-@ g roll , a 78 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 24 m ) cobra roll and two corkscrews .
= = = Trains = = =
Superman : Krypton Coaster operates with three floorless trains . Each train seats 32 riders in eight rows of four . This gives the ride a theoretical hourly capacity of 1600 riders per hour . The open @-@ air trains feature seats which leave riders ' legs dangling above the track . Riders are restrainted with over @-@ the @-@ shoulder restraints ( OTSRs ) . As the trains are floorless , the station has a retractable floor for safe boarding .
= = Ride experience = =
After riders have boarded and the station floor is retracted , Superman : Krypton Coaster departs with a left turn out of the station . This leads directly to the 168 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 51 m ) chain lift hill . At the top , the train crests the lift hill and follows a fairly level 180 degree turn to the right above the quarry wall . This leads into a 168 @-@ foot ( 51 m ) drop off the quarry wall directly into the 145 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 44 m ) vertical loop . With the quarry wall on the track 's right , the train inclines to the top of the wall where it performs a helix to the right . After dropping from the quarry wall again , the train enters the zero @-@ g roll where riders experience a feeling of weightlessness . This is followed by the 78 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 24 m ) cobra roll and a mid @-@ course brake run . The exit from the mid @-@ course brake run banks down to the right into the two interlocking corkscrews . This leads to a final turn before the final brake run and return to the station .
= = Reception = =
Prior to launch , General Manager of Six Flags Fiesta Texas John Odum stated Superman : Krypton Coaster was " the big @-@ league ride we have really needed " . He stated the design of the ride , which interacts with the quarry wall , would make a thrilling ride : " being that close to the wall there is a good sense of speed " . In May 2000 , two months after Superman : Krypton Coaster opened , it was reported that the park was " off to a flying start " for the season . Six Flags Fiesta Texas officials stated the ride proved popular in its first year of operation .
In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , Superman : Krypton Coaster was ranked in the top 50 steel roller coasters numerous times since its opening . It peaked at position 24 in 2002 , before it dropped to 50 in 2008 and rose again to 38 in 2011 .
In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , Superman : Krypton Coaster entered at position 20 in 2001 and peaked at 17 in 2004 . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below .
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= Sanctuary ( season 1 ) =
The first season of the Canadian science fiction – fantasy television series Sanctuary premiered on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States on October 3 , 2008 , and concluded on ITV4 in the United Kingdom on January 5 , 2009 , after 13 episodes . It follows the actions of a secret organization known as the Sanctuary , who track down a series of creatures known as abnormals , and then bring them to the Sanctuary for refuge . The main story arc of the season involves the Sanctuary working against the Cabal , an organization who seek to control all abnormals for their own gain . Amanda Tapping , Robin Dunne , Emilie Ullerup , and Christopher Heyerdahl are billed in the opening credits as the main cast .
Initially an eight @-@ part web series , Sanctuary was successful enough for Sci Fi to commission a television series . Series creator and head writer Damian Kindler hired Sam Egan , and the two wrote all the episodes and composed the season @-@ long storyline . Many episodes had been written throughout the 2007 Christmas season before the season was green @-@ lit . Principal photography started in May 2008 . It was the first instance in North American television where RED cameras were used . Most of the season was filmed using green screen in a warehouse in Burnaby , British Columbia , though there are instances throughout that were filmed on location , including the Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam and the North Shore Mountains outside Vancouver . Anthem Visual Effects produced the season 's visual effects . The virtual sets meant that they produced around 400 visual effects per episode . Other forms of special effects , including prosthetics , were used to present the abnormals . The first season was budgeted at an estimated $ 21 million .
Sanctuary 's first season aired in over 50 countries worldwide . The season premiere drew the largest audience with 2 @.@ 7 million viewers , the highest rated Sci Fi premiere since Eureka in July 2006 . Including time @-@ shifted viewing , the season was seen by an average of 2 @.@ 35 million viewers per episode ; the ratings success allowed Sci Fi to renew Sanctuary for a second season . Critical reactions of the season were mixed . Some reviewers noted that , although the first six episodes were " hit and miss " , they liked the later episodes . In total , it won five awards : one Gemini and four Leos . The first season was released on a four @-@ disc set on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc on September 9 , 2009 , in Region 4 , September 15 in Region 1 , and October 15 in Region 2 .
= = Episodes = =
In this table , the number in the first column refers to the episode 's number within the entire series , whereas the number in the second column indicates the episode 's number within this particular season . " U.S. viewers in millions " refers to how many Americans watched the episode live or on the day of broadcast .
= = Cast = =
= = = Regular cast = = =
The first season consists of four principal cast members . Amanda Tapping plays series protagonist Helen Magnus , a 157 @-@ year @-@ old English scientist who runs the Sanctuary network . Tapping darkened her hair color for the role . Robin Dunne plays Will Zimmerman , a former forensic psychiatrist and then Magnus ' protégé since the pilot . Damian Kindler noted that Dunne 's portrayal as Zimmerman differed vastly between the webisodes and the first season , often joking that Zimmerman was played by two different Dunnes . Emilie Ullerup plays Ashley , Magnus ' daughter . Ullerup enjoyed working with the cast during the first season . She felt that Tapping was " such a teacher " to her , and that it had been " such a treat " working with Tapping as a young and new actress .
Christopher Heyerdahl plays two characters : Bigfoot , an abnormal who works in the Sanctuary , and John Druitt , Magnus ' former fiancé and father to Ashley . As Bigfoot , Heyerdahl had to wear prosthetics . Tapping believed that Heyerdahl " has this incredible gift wearing prosthetics and acting through them and creating real humanity , and he does it with Bigfoot . " Ullerup also felt nervous , yet excited playing every scene with Heyerdahl when he plays Druitt .
= = = Recurring cast and guest appearances = = =
Ryan Robbins plays Henry Foss , who runs the Sanctuary 's computer and security systems . The producers wanted Henry to set a lighter tone to the series and add " goofy and fun " humor , including in somewhat dire situations . The producers cast Robbins , and were pleased with his performance . Chuck Campbell plays " two @-@ faced guy " , a character with another face at the back of his head . The back face was accomplished using visual effects . Panou plays Sylvio , an associate of Ashley 's . The character was originally named Ernie and was played by director Peter DeLuise in the webisodes , but he was unavailable to reshoot his scenes for the season premiere . Jonathon Young stars as Nikola Tesla . Heyerdahl suggested Young to the producers , who ended up being highly impressed by his performance . Young also played Tesla in a one @-@ man show before appearing in the series . Whilst filming the second part of " Revelations " , Young 's scenes in the underground city were filmed first , as he was scheduled for another play while the episode was shot .
At the time of filming " The Five " , the actors who played Watson and Griffin had not been cast yet . The producers would later cast Peter Wingfield as Watson . According to Amanda Tapping , casting Wingfield was " so easy " as " he has this sensibility about him , much like [ Christopher Heyerdahl ] does . " While filming his scenes , Wingfield did not want his exoskeleton prop to be removed between takes , as he wanted to stay in character . When the producers conceived Clara Griffin , the granddaughter of Nigel Griffin , they were looking for a young local actress to play the part who would look like a potential love interest to Will Zimmerman . Christine Chatelain would later play the part after she was recommended by Dunne , as they had worked together before .
When Adrien Dorval auditioned for his part on " Kush " , Kindler did not like his performance , but Wood did , as he believed the actor 's performance was perfect for a character who was stranded on a plane . For the same episode , Sarah Strange and Thai @-@ Hoa Lee had to learn how to speak Standard Tibetan phonetically a week in advance of filming . Katharine Isabelle guest starred in " Nubbins " as Sophie . While filming her scenes , Isabelle complained of a dry eye problem , which kept making her almost tear up . However , it ended up being beneficial for her portrayal of her character . Canadian actor Daryl Shuttleworth guest stars as a fight promoter in " Warriors " . During a readthrough of the script , Shuttleworth decided his character should speak with a British accent like in the film Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels . The producers wanted to cast Rekha Sharma in " Instinct " as she appeared in several other Vancouver @-@ based productions , including Battlestar Galactica . The producers felt she " rocked " her audition , as she brought a lot of energy to her character .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Series creator Damian Kindler conceived the pilot in 2001 . When he became a Stargate SG @-@ 1 writer , he later asked Martin Wood , a director from the same show , if there was potential for a series , which Wood believed there was . A few years later , Kindler asked Amanda Tapping to take part in the project , and she accepted . Sanctuary originally started as an eight @-@ part bi @-@ weekly web series in 2007 , produced by Vancouver @-@ based Stage 3 Media . The producers of the series were looking to expand the series on other mediums , including television . Due to the success of the web series , in January 2008 , the Sci Fi Channel announced the commissioning of a first season of 13 episodes . The move to television has allowed the producers to widen the scope for the season . According to actress and executive producer Amanda Tapping , the season " is very different from what you 've seen on the Web " . However , her character , Helen Magnus , would still be a " crazy character ; [ ... ] very eccentric and very sexy and very unapologetic " . The season was given an estimated budget of $ 21 million .
= = = Writing = = =
All episodes of the first season were written by Sam Egan and Kindler ; Kindler hired Egan to assist in writing the first season , as he believed Egan to be creative , passionate , and talented . Several episodes of the first season were written throughout the Christmas season in 2007 . After the series was given the green @-@ light , they were rewritten to establish a season @-@ long storyline . Some of the episodes finished their writing stage as little as two and a half weeks before filming commenced . At times after the scripts were written , Sci Fi executive Mark Stern fed back to the writers , asking for certain elements to be explained so the audience could understand .
Kindler wrote both parts of " Sanctuary for All " , as well " Fata Morgana " , " Kush " , " The Five " , " Requiem " , " Instinct " , and the second part of " Revelations " . He penned his scripts quickly , with " Kush " being written in three and a half days . Wood contributed to the story of " Fata Morgana " by bringing up the idea of incorporating the Morrígan from Irish mythology , which would start giving the season an ancient and mythological feel . " Kush " introduces a series of episodes involving the working relationship between Will and Magnus . " The Five " became a significant part of the series mythology , revealing the Five , which Magnus is a part of , how Magnus got her longevity , and that Henry Foss is actually part werewolf . Tapping believed that introducing the Five was a " cool concept " . Kindler introduced vampires in the episode , and felt it would be best to introduce them as a dead species . He also felt that including real @-@ life historic figures such as Tesla was a " very ballsy thing " . In " Requiem " , Kindler wanted a scenario in which Will has to make a difficult decision to deal with Magnus when she becomes the threat of the episode . Though Kindler at first believed it was not a good episode , it ended up as a highlight of the season according to the producers . In writing " Instinct " , Kindler , inspired by Cloverfield , wanted to show the audience the protagonists hunting an abnormal in real @-@ time , where it does not always go according to plan .
Egan meanwhile , wrote " Folding Man " , " Nubbins " , " Edward " , " Warriors " , and the first part of " Revelations " . He also co @-@ wrote " Sanctuary for All " with Kindler . Egan liked to include the Rashomon effect in some of his scripts , a plot device which interprets scenes from different points of view . After writing " Folding Man " , Egan realized that he inadvertently based it on an episode of The X @-@ Files . " Nubbins " was inspired by the Star Trek original series episode " The Trouble With Tribbles " . " Edward " was inspired by Egan hearing of a young English man with savant syndrome , who flew over a city he had not visited before , and was able to accurately draw the city on a mural some 20 feet wide . Because the episode involved an abnormal , Egan wanted the boy to draw much faster . In writing " Warriors " , Egan wanted to reintroduce Magnus ' father Gregory Magnus from the webisodes ; there were plans to introduce him in " Fata Morgana " , but the idea did not make it to the final episode . Gregory was written not to have the longevity of his daughter . Egan decided not to include a full explanation of how he survived a hundred years without aging , but wanted to hint to the audience that he was in fact cryogenically frozen by the Cabal . The intention behind " Revelations " was to tie some of the previous episodes together , particularly involving the Cabal , and then set them up for the second season . The main issue with writing the finale was showing Ashley being interrogated , where in fact she was experimented on to turn her to the Cabal . Because Kindler wrote his script quickly , he believed that the misdirect did not turn out the way he hoped .
= = = Differences from the webisodes = = =
Differences were made between the original webisodes and the first episodes of the season . One example is the introduction of Druitt . In the webisodes , Druitt murders a prostitute after arriving in Old City , but in the pilot , writer Damian Kindler included dialogue between the two characters before Druitt murders her , as a way of proving to the audience how evil he is . Another is the ending of " Fata Morgana " , where the Morrígan leave the Sanctuary with the Cabal mercenaries ; in the webisodes , the sisters escape . Druitt directly tells Ashley in one of the first webisodes that he is her father . In the first season , the producers decided that she would not be aware of this until midway through , and even then , they did not want Druitt to tell her directly , but rather hint it to her , so that Ashley can pick up the pieces herself .
= = = Filming = = =
Initial photography started in May 2008 , and took place mostly in a warehouse in Burnaby , British Columbia . Each episode took around seven days to film , though some were completed in as little as five and a half . The first three episodes of the season were reshot from the original eight webisodes ; the two @-@ part premiere " Sanctuary for All " was reshot from the first four webisodes , while the third episode , " Fata Morgana " , was reshot from the final four . Eighteen months passed between shooting the web series and the first three episodes . Difficulties with this included the fact that Cainan Wiebe , who portrays Alexi , grew taller , and the actors consciously played the characters to be more open to each other . It was filmed using Red One cameras , the first series in North America to use them . The Red camera system does away with tape and film and records straight to a hard drive , allowing Anthem Visual Effects and the series ' post production team immediate access to the day 's footage , and is capable of recording at 4K resolution — four times the resolution of current high @-@ definition .
The season was filmed using five directors . Wood directed eight of the thirteen episodes ; he spent 17 days preparing to film the premiere . He found that " Requiem " was his favorite episode to direct , while " The Five " was his least favorite , as he had to keep reorganizing six styrofoam sets . Among the remaining five episodes , James Head directed " Folding Man " , Peter DeLuise directed " Nubbins " , Brenton Spencer directed " Edward " and " Warriors " , and Steven A. Adelson directed " Instinct " ; Adelson filmed the episode with 40 long takes to accomplish a real @-@ time perspective . DeLuise was approached by Wood to direct " Nubbins " as it was considered a lighter episode , which DeLuise preferred over a dramatic episode . In the past DeLuise would make cameo appearances in his works , but broke tradition in directing this episode .
According to Head , about 70 % of the season was filmed using green screen in the Burnaby warehouse . Unlike many other shows , elaborate sets were not built for the scenes to be filmed ; instead , they are created using CGI technology . Because of the virtual sets , the actors had to visualise what the rooms they were in looked like . To aid them , practical props were placed . The production crew also used rain and wind machines to film scenes set outdoors . However , practical sets were also used throughout the season . The first 20 minutes of " Sanctuary for All " was filmed at the partially decommissioned Riverview Hospital , described by Kindler as a " Swiss Army knife of locations " . Elsewhere , the studio parking lot and alleyways of The Bridge Studios provided a surrogate for several different types of locations , like city streets . A Volvo warehouse provided the filming location for " Instinct " . The final filming days were spent on the North Shore Mountains outside Vancouver .
The fifth episode , " Kush " , was filmed on a damaged fuselage set , which was built by production designer Bridget McGuire . The episode 's cast disliked the episode the most because they had to act as if they were in freezing temperatures , where in fact it was around 40 degrees Celsius . Because it was an expensive set , the producers wanted to reuse it . It was later redesigned to look like the inside of a submarine for " Requiem " . It was redressed again for " Revelations " . Although released third , " Fata Morgana " was filmed as the fourth episode , and was considered to be aired after " Folding Man " . However , Tapping felt strongly that it would make a great stand alone episode after " Sanctuary for All " , and the characters appeared more comfortable with each other in " Folding Man " . Swapping the episodes caused a major continuity issue , in which Ashley appears to show scratches on her neck from " Sanctuary for All " in " Folding Man " , but not in between .
= = = Effects = = =
The season 's visual effects were produced by Anthem Visual Effects , with the company 's Lee Wilson serving as co @-@ producer and visual effects supervisor . Because it was filmed in green screen , each episode contains an estimated 400 visual effect shots . In contrast , an average episode of Stargate SG @-@ 1 , which Tapping starred in , contained only 12 . One of the larger visual effects sequences was the opening sequence of the premiere , which took three months to produce . Each visual effect produced in the original webisodes was remastered . Among the characters , the movement of two @-@ faced guy 's rear face were made with Computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) , though it was a difficult effect to produce . A prosthetic application was added to the back of Campbell 's head when the second face is not talking . The mermaid character , Sally , was entirely a visual effect , with the face of Mandy May , wife of director Steven A. Adelson , rendered onto it . Creating the eponymous abnormals in " Nubbins " and their predator was what Sam Egan described as " a proper budget @-@ driven issue " because rendering several CGI creatures at once and having them move would be difficult . It was decided to have them camouflaged in an attempt to make work easier for the visual effects team , but it did not work out as well as the producers hoped . To achieve Nubbin interaction with the cast , guide versions , nicknamed Oompa @-@ Loompas , were made for them to carry . In designing Tesla 's transition to a vampire , the producers , realizing vampires were included in several other works in the past , wanted to make them look unique . Wilson based the vampire look to the 2007 film 30 Days of Night .
Because of the hard work by Anthem , the producers made " Kush " and " Requiem " into bottle episodes , to give the visual effects team a break . Instead , other forms of special effects were used . To create the Himalayan feel of " Kush " , the production crew used wind machines and paper snow . However , the fake snow became a problem for the cast , as they suffered from bloodshot eyes and scratchy throats when exposed to it . Aquariums were placed outside each port hole of the set in " Requiem " . To complete the effects where Druitt teleports , Heyerdahl would walk out of the shot while every other cast member has to stay still , until the directors signal them to react ; the shot of Heyerdahl walking out of frame would later be cut . Another effect involving Heyerdahl is a scene between both his characters , Bigfoot and Druitt , in " Revelations " . To complete the shot , Heyerdahl had to film two different shots : one with him as Druitt talking to nothing , and another with him as Bigfoot talking to nothing . When both characters can be seen walking together , a stand @-@ in would replace Heyerdahl as Bigfoot .
Another form of special effects are prosthetics used to create abnormals . They were composed by a team of make @-@ up artists . Todd Masters stated that his team tried to make them interesting and unique every week . The abnormal shown at the end of " Kush " was a stand @-@ in who wore a full prosthetic suit ; the costume took a long time to apply . Among the prosthetics used in " Warriors " , Dunne wore a muscle suit that was previously worn by Vinnie Jones during the 2006 film X @-@ Men : The Last Stand .
The corpses used in the beginning of " Sanctuary for All " were mannequins the props department had in their possession , with holes added in the foreheads . Using mannequins was easier than using actors . The drawings in " Edward " were produced by Sanctuary 's art department . The season 's stunts were coordinated by Marshall Virtue . To develop the Fight Club scenes in " Warriors " , fight coordinator Rob Hader helped with choreographing the stunts . While filming the scenes , Hader played one of the fighters . He replaced an actor who broke a knee after filming for six seconds .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
= = = Broadcast = = =
Originally airing on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States , the first season was broadcast in over 50 countries worldwide . Tapping believed the channel was a " good home base " , because she had worked with the network for several years before , adding " they understand the genre . They understand the fans . " The season commenced with both parts of " Sanctuary for All " on October 3 , 2008 . The following episodes aired almost every Friday during the 10 to 11 pm time slot from October 10 , 2008 , until January 9 , 2009 . In Canada , it aired on Movie Channel One of The Movie Network . In the United Kingdom , the season was picked up for broadcast by ITV4 . The first episode was broadcast on October 6 , 2008 , only three days after the release on the Sci Fi Channel . In Australia , the season debuted on ABC2 on March 1 , 2010 .
= = = Ratings = = =
" Sanctuary for All " started off the season with over 2 @.@ 7 million viewers and a household rating of 2 @.@ 2 after its original broadcast . It became Sci Fi Channel 's highest rated series premiere since the pilot episode of Eureka in July 2006 . It was the number one prime time cable entertainment program among adults aged 25 through 54 years , and fourth among adults aged 18 through 49 years . Because of the high ratings , views of Sci Fi 's Sanctuary page rose to 1 @.@ 2 million , as well as 287 @,@ 000 video streams the day it was broadcast . Viewing figures for the following episodes were somewhat under 2 million , but the finale drew its biggest audience since the premiere ; " Revelations ( Part 2 ) " was seen by 2 million viewers and received a 1 @.@ 6 household rating . Including timeshifted viewings , the first season averaged 2 @.@ 35 million viewers , and a 1 @.@ 8 rating . The first season of Sanctuary beat the fifth season of its lead in Stargate Atlantis by two tenths of a point . Because of the success , Sci Fi ordered a second season on November 2008 . In the United Kingdom , the first part of " Sanctuary for All " was seen by 565 @,@ 000 viewers . The second part received 608 @,@ 000 viewers the following week . Since then , ratings have steadily declined to 398 @,@ 000 by the season finale . The penultimate episode received the lowest ratings of the season , with only 279 @,@ 000 viewers .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The season received generally mixed reviews from critics . Metacritic gave the season a normalized rating of 56 out of 100 based on seven reviews , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . Linda Stasi of the New York Post stated " the monsters are first rate , the virtual sets are very cool , the acting is excellent . Why I was fighting fatigue while watching , I can 't say . It was either the martinis from Steve Dunleavy 's farewell party – or the plot . " Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune felt the pace was " a little on the stately side " , and was unclear why Tapping " speaks with an iffy English accent " , but believed the " low @-@ key , low @-@ budget but well @-@ intentioned sci @-@ fi / action hybrid might be of interest to fans of Tapping 's earlier work as Samantha Carter on Stargate SG @-@ 1 " . Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times felt that " much of it feels dreadfully slow , not so much moody as stretched for time . Hard @-@ to @-@ sell dialogue such as ' Such imperfect children are often adopted by well @-@ meaning immigrant families ' doesn 't make it flow any faster " , but still stated " it looks great " .
Brian Lowry of Variety called the first two episodes " competent but uninspiring " , and said it " suffers by comparison with any number of similarly themed dramas , most recently BBC America 's fun @-@ loving Torchwood " . Lowry also believes that " it 's hard to imagine this series doing much more than satisfying some of the odd humanoids still pining for ( and emailing on behalf of ) Stargate " . Mike Hale of The New York Times felt that Sanctuary " sits at about the same level of writing and performance as the Stargate shows , which means it doesn 't have the narrative force of Battlestar Galactica or the wit and creativity of Sci Fi 's best original series , Eureka " , adding that " it 's not an embarrassment for the channel , but it doesn 't raise the stakes either " . Hale also noted that there is a connection with Stargate , which is " in its 12th year and still going strong " .
David Blackwell of Enterline Media thought that Sanctuary was an " interesting concept " , but felt the first six episodes were " hit @-@ or @-@ miss " . Of the series ' use of green screen for sets , Blackwell stated " sometimes it really works and sometimes the CGI sets could use improvement " . He also felt that Amanda Tapping was convincing as a British scientist . In conclusion , Blackwell stated " Sanctuary does take a while to kick in , but it is a very good series once the writers actually write something with depth . " Alex Walker of Den of Geek rated the first season three stars out of five , stating " the acting and scripting is good , but Sanctuary lacks the wit and charm of the genre 's top shows like Doctor Who and Battlestar Galactica . Also , the way some episodes alternate between fighting and exposition gives the impression of watching someone else play a videogame . " Walker also dubbed it a " poor man 's Buffy The Vampire Slayer , but said that it " makes for " agreeable early @-@ evening viewing " . Walker also believed that the DVD of the first season should really be for " die @-@ hard fans only " .
Paul Simpson of Total Sci @-@ Fi rated the season 7 out of 10 , and summed it up as " although frequently predictable , Sanctuary usually provides an entertaining hour . " John Sinnott of DVD Talk , being a fan of Tapping 's earlier work of Stargate SG @-@ 1 , believes the first season is " highly recommended " . Sinnott also noticed that while " the first six shows are so @-@ so [ ... ] the last seven are great " .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
The season won a total of five awards . The pilot episode " Sanctuary for All " won a 2009 Gemini Award for Best Visual Effects . The other four were Leo Awards . " Warriors " won " Best Make @-@ Up in a Dramatic Series " . Actor Ryan Robbins won " Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series " for his role as Henry Foss in " Edward " , beating co @-@ star Jonathan Young . Gabrielle Rose won " Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series " for the same episode . Amanda Tapping won " Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series " for her role as Helen Magnus in " Requiem " . The most prestigious nomination for the season was for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for " Sanctuary for All " , but it lost the award to Heroes .
= = Home video releases = =
A DVD box set of the first season , published by E1 Entertainment , was first released in Region 1 on September 15 , 2009 , in Region 2 on October 12 , 2009 , and in Region 4 on September 9 , 2009 . The season was later released on Blu @-@ ray Disc in the United States on June 15 , 2010 , and in Australia on June 9 , 2010 . The four @-@ disc set consists of all 13 episodes , each with audio commentaries from cast and crew , as well as the original webisodes in two installments . The set also includes three behind the scenes featurettes : Welcome to the Sanctuary , The Sanctuary Residents , and Sanctuary Visual Effects , as well as a blooper reel , photo gallery , and sneak preview of season two . John Sinnott of DVD Talk reacted positively to the number of extras , rating it four and a half stars out of five ; Sinnott was also " very pleased " to see the original webisodes included in the set .
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= Fox @-@ y Lady =
" Fox @-@ y Lady " ( stylized as " FOX @-@ y Lady " ) is the tenth episode of the seventh season of the animated television series Family Guy . It premiered on Fox in the United States on March 22 , 2009 . The episode is centered on housewife Lois Griffin 's employment at Fox News Channel , despite the warnings of anthropomorphic dog Brian . On her first day on the job , she is assigned to do a report on Michael Moore 's perceived homosexuality , but it is rejected when the exposé involves conservative Republican Rush Limbaugh . Meanwhile , husband Peter and son Chris decide to create their own animated sitcom . The pilot episode is a success with the CEO , but Peter decides not to air it when it is suggested that it be edited .
The episode was written by Matt Fleckenstein and directed by Pete Michels . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode was watched by 7 @.@ 45 million viewers in its original airing in the United States . The episode featured guest performances by Seth Rogen , Meredith Baxter , Peter Chernin , Fred Savage , Daniel Stern , Ed Helms , Sharon Tay , John Moschitta , Jr. and Mark DeCarlo . " Fox @-@ y Lady " , along with the six remaining episodes from Family Guy 's seventh season and the first eight episodes from the eighth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on June 15 , 2010 .
= = Plot = =
Rhonda Latimer , an aging reporter for Fox News Channel who is idolized by viewers because of her good looks , is dismissed when the network 's first high @-@ definition broadcast exposes her wrinkles , leaving a job opportunity open . Lois auditions for the part , ignoring Brian 's warnings that Fox News is a heavily biased network , and she is chosen as the new reporter . On her first day reporting , she is assigned to do an exposé on Michael Moore to prove that he is a homosexual . When she spies on him outside his house , she sees Rush Limbaugh coming out , leading her to conclude that Limbaugh and Moore are in a gay relationship . However , Fox News refuses to allow any material against fellow conservative Limbaugh to be broadcast , leading Lois to realize that Brian was right about them . The two decide to take the story into their own hands and confront who they expect to be Moore and a naked Limbaugh in the same bedroom , only to discover that the both of them are portrayed by Fred Savage , who has created bodysuits of them in order to continue his acting career . A flabbergasted Lois ultimately decides to report his story instead .
Meanwhile , Peter , with help from his children Chris and Meg , decides to create his own animated series about a trio of handicapped ducks entitled Handi @-@ Quacks . All of Meg 's reasonable and sometimes rational suggestions are shot down by Peter and Chris in favor of their more unusual and nonsensical ideas . Peter eventually fires Meg . He and Chris then decide on a joke involving a wood stove and a house of cards , and invite Cleveland , Quagmire and Joe to voice the characters . Although it is suggested that the crudely animated and developed pilot episode will likely fail , CEO Peter Chernin ( appearing as himself ) enjoys it and agrees to air the show , but Peter becomes angered when he suggests that the character Poopyface Tomato Nose 's nose be a plum instead of a tomato . Peter 's passion about his work impresses Chernin into allowing him to air the episode unedited , but he decides not to let the episode be aired at all , which he later regrets .
At the end of the episode , Lois is revealed to no longer work as a reporter . She does not bother to reveal how or why , since no one really cares .
= = Production = =
" Fox @-@ y Lady " is the tenth episode of Family Guy 's seventh season . The episode was written by former iCarly writer Matt Fleckenstein and directed by former supervising director Pete Michels .
" Fox @-@ y Lady " , along with the seven other episodes from Family Guy 's eighth season and seven from the seventh season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on June 15 , 2010 . The DVDs included brief audio commentaries by Seth MacFarlane , and various crew and cast members from several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes , a special mini @-@ feature that discussed the process behind animating " Road to the Multiverse " , and a mini @-@ feature entitled Family Guy Karaoke . The set also includes a reprint of the script for the episode .
In addition to the regular cast , actor Seth Rogen cameoed as himself , this being his second appearance on the show after " Family Gay " . Then @-@ Fox Entertainment Group CEO Peter Chernin and The Wonder Years star Fred Savage also guest @-@ starred , along with Daniel Stern as that series ' narrator , and Ed Helms , Sharon Tay , John Moschitta , Jr. and Mark DeCarlo appeared as well . Recurring voice actors Jackson Douglas , Jennifer Tilly , and Kim Parks , and writers Kirker Butler , Steve Callaghan , Mark Hentemann , Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , and John Viener made cameo appearances in the episode as well . Actress Meredith Baxter @-@ Birney voices herself in a cutaway . Actors Adam West and Patrick Warburton appeared in the episode as well .
= = Cultural references = =
When Lois is given her contract after getting a job at Fox News , she happily runs home in a way reminiscent of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory when that film 's protagonist , Charlie Bucket , runs home after receiving his golden ticket . She then falls and starts moaning , much like Peter did after he won a tour of the Pawtucket brewery in " Wasted Talent " , but instead of grabbing her kneecap as Peter did , she grabs her right breast . Later on at the studio , Stewie 's broadcast on Fox News is a parody of a viral video clip of an angry Bill O 'Reilly during a teleprompter malfunction . When Fred Savage is proven to be Rush Limbaugh and Michael Moore , he also reveals himself to be Tony Danza , Camryn Manheim , Malcolm @-@ Jamal Warner , Kevin Nealon , John Forsythe , and Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich . After Savage confesses to his multiple identities , the voice @-@ over from The Wonder Years is heard and Fred shouts at him , " I don 't need you anymore ! " .
= = Reception = =
In its original airing in the United States , " Fox @-@ y Lady " was watched by 7 @.@ 45 million viewers , surpassing the other shows in the " Animation Domination " block . It gained a 3 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , finishing second in its timeslot .
The episode received generally mixed reviews from television sources and critics . Alex Rocha of TV Guide called it a " pretty dull episode , but with some bright humorous spots [ ... ] The episode looked like it had potential , but definitely did not perform to its best . " Ahsan Haque of IGN called it " far from perfect " but " definitely a lot better than the terrible O.J. Simpson episode from last week . " He called the Handi @-@ Quacks scenes " fantastic " and called the episode overall " definitely a step in the right direction . " Robin Pierson of The TV Critic said : " More purpose in the plot and more jokes related to the story than usual " and gave the episode 40 out of 100 . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club wrote that " tonight 's Family Guy was the best it 's been in a looooong time " . He stated that in both plotlines " the game is established early [ ... ] and the show escalates nicely " , and graded the episode a B.
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= Rock Show ( Parks and Recreation ) =
" Rock Show " is the sixth episode and season finale of the first season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 14 , 2009 . It was written by Norm Hiscock and directed by Michael Schur . In the episode , Andy gets the casts removed from his legs , and Ann starts reevaluating their relationship when she learns he kept them on longer than necessary so she would keep pampering him . An intoxicated Mark flirts with Leslie , who feels conflicted about whether she wants to move forward when he is drunk .
The episode generated positive reviews . Several commentators claimed " Rock Show " represented a turning point in the series , in which the show found its own tone and broke away from similarities to The Office . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 4 @.@ 25 million viewers in its original airing , the lowest viewership for the season . " Rock Show " , along with an " Extended Producer 's Cut " of the episode , was included on the Parks and Recreation Season One DVD , which was released in the United States on September 8 , 2009 .
= = Plot = =
The parks and recreation department have cake to celebrate Andy ( Chris Pratt ) having his leg casts removed , and Ann ( Rashida Jones ) invites everybody to a local bar to hear Andy 's first rock concert since he broke his leg . Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) is disappointed she cannot go , because her mother ( Pamela Reed ) has set up a business meeting with a local town manager . Later at the hospital , Ann learns from Dr. Harris ( Cooper Thornton ) that Andy could have had his casts removed two weeks earlier , but that he postponed it because he wanted Ann to keep pampering him . Angry , Ann begins reevaluating her relationship with Andy . Later that evening , Leslie realizes the dinner with 62 @-@ year @-@ old George Gernway ( Ron Perkins ) is actually a blind date set up by her mother . George , who tells the documentary camera crew he is getting " very positive signals " , agrees to go with Leslie to the rock show .
Mark ( Paul Schneider ) feels lonely because he is the only one at the concert without a date : Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) is with his attractive surgeon wife Wendy Haverford ( Jama Williamson ) , Ron ( Nick Offerman ) is dating his ex @-@ wife 's sister Beth ( Stephanie Erb ) and April ( Aubrey Plaza ) is with , " like the gayest person I 've ever met , but I make out with him when I 'm drunk sometimes . " Noticing Ann is angry with Andy , Mark makes a pass at her , but Ann angrily rejects him . Leslie and George show up and are mocked by Tom . After the concert ends , Andy tries to stay as long as possible to avoid a fight with Ann , but she insists they leave . George goes home because he was falling asleep and Leslie starts to leave , but an intoxicated Mark asks her to stay and have a beer with him .
When Leslie notes to the camera crew that they seem to be getting along just like when they made love five years earlier , she realizes he was drunk then too . When the bar closes , the two decide to keep drinking alongside the pit outside Ann 's house , which Leslie plans to turn into a park . When Leslie asks whether he thinks the park will ever be made , a pragmatic Mark says it will be a difficult process with a lot of red tape , but she remains optimistic . During a fight , Andy admits to Ann that he postponed having the casts removed , but explains it was because , " I really , really like it when you serve me food . " Ann throws him out , and Andy sees Mark kiss Leslie . Leslie stops his advances because she does not want to move forward when he is drunk . As Mark starts to leave , he falls into the pit . An amused Andy tells Ann , who rushes out to help him while Andy goes back inside and watches television .
= = Production = =
" Rock Show " , the first season finale of Parks and Recreation was written by Norm Hiscock and directed by series co @-@ founder Michael Schur . Schur said he felt " Rock Show " marked a change in tone for the series and struck a better balance between personal and professional stories than any of the other episodes from the season . Schur said : " We treated that whole six @-@ episode season like a pilot . If you go back and watch those episodes now , you can see us making changes . The sixth episode is different in tone than the first . And we made some character tweaks , like every show ever does " . Amy Poehler said she believed " Rock Show " would end what she described as the inevitable comparisons between Parks and Recreation and The Office , which is also produced by Parks creators Schur and Greg Daniels . Poehler said , " I think it was something we had to work through in the beginning , and I ’ m kind of hoping we ’ re on the other side of that and people will start to judge the show on its own , for what it is and realize it ’ s just a completely different world in a similar style . ” Schur made his directorial debut with " Rock Show " , and had only one day of preparation before directing the episode . While preparing to direct the episode , Schur was asked to make an appearance on The Office as Mose Schrute , the cousin of Dwight Schrute and a popular minor character , in the fifth season finale episode , " Company Picnic " . Schur regretfully declined because he needed the time to work on " Rock Show " , leading Office episode writers Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta to create the character Rolf , Dwight 's friend played by James Urbaniak , as an alternative .
Andy 's bandmates during the rock show scene were played by Mark Rivers ( drums ) , Andrew Burlinson ( guitar ) and Alan Yang ( bass ) . All four actors performed their own instruments live during the filming . Originally , they planned to pre @-@ record the songs and pantomime them for the episode , but after practicing a few times around the extras , they decided to shoot it live . The band performed each song twice , and Schur said he tried to shoot and direct it as if it were a music video . Yang is a writer with Parks and Recreation , and wrote the previous first season episode , " Boys ' Club " . Rivers is a composer who has worked on the sketch comedy show Human Giant , which starred Parks star Aziz Ansari . Rivers wrote the songs performed in " Rock Show " , which Pratt said took him only " about fifteen minutes " . Hiscock wrote the lyrics for " The Pit " in the initial outline for the episode and they were handed to Rivers who then fleshed them out . The songs were designed to resemble the music of the American rock band Hootie & the Blowfish . The only song not written by Rivers was " Ann " , a romantic ballad Andy played for Ann , which was written by Pratt himself . " Ann " first appeared in " Boys ' Club " .
Like most episodes of Parks and Recreation , a great deal of the scenes in " Rock Show " were improvised by the actors . Paul Schneider made up his own dialogue during the scene in which he and Poehler sit next to the pit and he talks about it as if it is already a park . Poehler 's laughter at his jokes in this scene is her genuine reaction . Pratt also improvised much of his own dialogue , including his rationale to Ann for why he lied about his leg casts : " I really , really like it when you serve me food . " Pratt also changed the reaction his character had to Mark falling into the pit . The script originally called for Andy to be serious and concerned , but Pratt changed it so his character thought the fall was funny . Pratt also improvised the songs he sang during an early scene in the episode , in which Andy makes up songs about random items in Ann 's living room out of boredom from wearing the casts for so long . One of the songs he sings is about a lamp , and included the lyrics , " I wish you were a lamp that would light up when you get touched . " Pratt thought of the song because he had recently gotten such a lamp as a gift from a friend .
During a scene when Andy describes his style of music , April responds that she completely understands him , although the other characters seemingly do not . That line was improvised by Aubrey Plaza , and later helped inspire the writing staff to place the April and Andy characters into a romantic relationship . Schur said of this , " At the time , it was this little nothing , throwaway thing , but when we watched it , we thought there might be something there . " The scene with Mark making a pass at Ann at the rock show , and Ann 's angry reaction to the attempt , were a last @-@ minute addition to the episode . Although Mark and Ann would develop a romantic relationship in the second season , the Parks and Recreation writers had not decided what would happen between the developing romantic plotlines between Leslie and Mark , or Leslie and Ann , at time " Rock Show " aired . In the original pilot script , Mark helped Leslie solely because he was attracted to Ann and felt that green @-@ lighting Leslie 's project would give him an excuse to spend more time with her ; the shooting version was retooled to make Leslie less pathetic and Mark less unlikable , by having him won over by Leslie 's determination to fight against the odds . Immediately after " Rock Show " was originally broadcast , NBC set up an official website for " Scarecrow Boat " , Andy 's band featured in the episode . The site , at scarecrowboat.com , included ringtones , band posters , songs for download and photos .
George Gernway was played by Ron Perkins , the husband of Parks and Recreation casting director Nancy Perkins . Aubrey Plaza conceived the idea of her character dating a gay man who she occasionally makes out with . Her " gay boyfriend " would become a major part of April 's character in the second season . The scenes about Mark 's efforts to have a speed bump lowered were inspired by Scott Albright , a California city planner who works as a consultant on the show . Albright said it would only be realistic for a city planner to lower a speed bump if a large number of residents complained about it . The hospital scenes in " Rock Show " were filmed on @-@ location in an actual California hospital .
= = Cultural references = =
Andy describes the style of his band 's music as a mix between Matchbox Twenty and The Fray . George says his favorite rock band is The Everly Brothers , a country @-@ influenced rock band from the 1950s and 60s . Andy finds Ann 's lost iPod , a portable music player by Apple Inc . , inside his leg cast after it is removed . When Andy starts watching television while Ann rushes off to help Mark at the end of the episode , he is watching the reality series The Real Housewives of Atlanta .
The scene between Mark and Leslie at the pit was mirrored in the second season finale " Freddy Spaghetti " , which aired in May 2010 and was Mark 's final appearance as a regular cast member . During that scene , the two overlook what was once the pit , but was now a filled @-@ in lot , and Mark gives her construction plans for a park before kissing her goodbye on the cheek and leaving . Schur said of the scene , " It 's great because Leslie and Mark , it was such a disastrous moment last time ( at the pit ) and he didn 't really respect her , and a lot 's happened in a year . " Goor said of using that setting , " I liked the symmetry of having it play a critical , and opposite role in this finale . Last year , they sat on the bench and kissed , and it seemed like they might be getting back together . This year , they sat on the bench and Mark kissed Leslie goodbye . "
During one scene , Andy goes through a list of previous names his band has had . Pratt said about half the band names featured in the episode came directly from the script , but after he made up one on the spot , the directors encouraged him to keep improvising . Pratt said he went through about 200 fake band names during the take . The various names of Andy 's rock band include :
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on May 14 , 2009 , " Rock Show " was watched by 4 @.@ 25 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , marking the lowest viewership for the season . Although the rating was almost the same as the previous week 's episode , " The Banquet " , Bill Gorman of TV By the Numbers still called the rating " pitiful . " The episode received a 1 @.@ 9 rating / 7 share among viewers aged between 18 and 34 , and a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 6 share among viewers between 18 and 49 .
" Rock Show " received generally positive reviews , with many critics claiming it to be the best episode of the series up to that point . The scene in which Leslie rejects Mark 's kiss in the pit was considered by some reviewers to be a critical turning point both for the show and for the development of Leslie Knope 's character . Kona Gallagher of TV Squad wrote in a 2010 article , " Leslie finally realized that she can move on from Mark and the show realized that it could actually make her a real character " .
Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said after six episodes , he felt " Rock Show " was the episode where the Parks and Recreation found the right tone for the series and Leslie Knope character . Sepinwall said all the characters were very likable , the jokes seemed natural and the awkwardness of the show was turned down enough to work properly . The Hollywood Reporter writer Tim Goodman said while the first five episodes of the season had been disappointing , " Rock Show " marked an improvement in which " the characters were more defined , their quirks and rhythms understood " . Matt Fowler of IGN said he did not find the episode especially funny but that it did a good job of fleshing out the characters . He said Chris Pratt was especially funny , and that his band 's song " The Pit " was stuck in his head after the episode . The A.V. Club writer Keith Phipps , who had mixed feelings about Parks and Recreation throughout the season , said " Rock Show " was very funny and restored his faith in the potential of the series . Phipps said he believed the show would become very popular in the second season , and that people would later claim to like the first season more than they did the first time they saw it . In October 2009 , while reviewing the second season episode " Sister City " , A.V. Club writer Leonard Pierce said he believed Parks and Recreation showed a streak of vast improvement that started with " Rock Show " and continued into the second season .
Jeremy Medina of Entertainment Weekly said the episode was " solid all @-@ around " and especially liked Leslie 's blind date with the elderly man and Chris Pratt , especially his listing of all his previous band names . Medina said , " Parks and Recreation is only six episodes in , and it 's already better than I anticipated . It has its own tone , a talented cast , and a plot that 's advancing toward something , at least as fast as governmental red tape will allow it to . " Richard Lawson of Gawker said the episode was the best of the season and that he liked the wistful pacing and Poehler 's performance . Lawson said , " Anyone who dismissed this show after its first sorta underwhelming episode made a mistake . The show has only gotten tighter and sharper , culminating in last night 's funny / sad finale . " Time television reviewer James Poniewozik said the episode was the best yet for developing Poehler into a " more multi @-@ facted , less risible character " . He also said the supporting staff played " flawlessly " off each other in the rock show scene , and thinks there is " huge potential " in the dynamic between Leslie and her undermining mother . Not all reviews of the episode were positive . Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune said the Leslie Knope character was unappealing in " Rock Show " and throughout the first season , which she said surpassed the Friends spin @-@ off Joey as " the worst example of NBC 's tendency to extend its franchises well beyond what is desirable or logical . "
= = DVD release = =
" Rock Show " , along with the five other first season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a one @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on September 8 , 2009 . The DVD included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode , as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes . The disc also included an " Producer 's Extended Cut " of " Rock Show " , which incorporated scenes that were cut from the originally broadcast episode . Many of the deleted scenes were improvised dialogue from the actors in brief extensions of episodes already included in the originally broadcast episode . In one of the cut scenes , Marlene Knope tells the audience that Leslie 's business meeting is actually a date . The producers decided to cut the moment , so the audience would find out at the same time Leslie learns it . In another cut scene , Andy tries to convince Ann that the doctor lied to her about Andy requesting more time with the leg casts because the doctor wanted more money . One of the longest cut scenes from the extended edition was a conversation between Leslie and Mark at the bar , in which Mark explains his ideals about city planning when he attended college are much different than the practical , technical aspects of his job . Although the scene was cut , Michael Schur said the monologue did a great deal to help develop Mark 's character .
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= John Clough Holmes =
John Clough Holmes ( September 25 , 1809 – December 16 , 1887 ) was responsible for the establishment of Michigan State University . As the co @-@ founder of the Michigan State Agricultural Society , John Clough Holmes spearheaded the movement to build an agriculture college in Michigan . Holmes Hall , the home of the Lyman Briggs College , is named in his honor .
After moving to Detroit at age 26 , Holmes married into a merchant family . He later got involved in both the Detroit Horticultural Society and the Board of Education . In 1849 , his background in horticulture and education led him to co @-@ found the Michigan State Agricultural Society , a group dedicated to establishing a state @-@ funded agricultural college in Michigan . Holmes spent the next six years drafting legislation and gaining support for his cause , and in 1855 , the Michigan state governor signed a bill establishing the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan .
Holmes was keenly involved with the details of the Agricultural College , influencing everything from the purchase of land for the campus , layout of the buildings , and even the placement of the chairs and tables . Once the College opened , he assumed the role of treasurer and later Professor of Horticulture . By 1861 , Holmes had fallen out of favor with the other College administrators , and retired to his home in Detroit . Nevertheless , he continued to support and visit the college until his death in 1887 .
= = Biography = =
Born in Salem , Massachusetts , John Clough Holmes moved to Michigan in 1835 , and gained employment in a Detroit merchant store . Within five years he had married his boss 's daughter , and soon became a partner in the family business . Holmes served as president of the Detroit Horticultural Society in 1847 . The following two years he was a member of the Board of Education of Detroit . Then in 1849 he co @-@ founded the Michigan State Agricultural Society .
The Michigan State Agricultural Society immediately assumed a lofty goal to foster the establishment of a state @-@ funded agricultural college in Michigan . Holmes , who served as secretary of the Agricultural Society from 1849 to 1857 , was also the college 's most tenacious proponent . In conference with his fellow society members , he drafted a bill that would create the college . Significantly , Holmes ( among others ) vehemently admonished that this college be independent of both the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and the Normal School in Ypsilanti , for he " feared that agricultural studies would not receive the attention needed to survive and thrive " at those schools .
Holmes spent the next five years gathering supporters for his grassroots movement , traveling at his own expense to gather petition signatures from across the state . On January 14 , 1855 , Holmes went to the state capital of Lansing to lobby the legislature for an agricultural college . He spent the next four weeks championing the bill he wrote and cementing support in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . Though many legislators supported the basic concept of a state @-@ funded agricultural college , there was strong opposition from University of Michigan president Henry Tappan , who wanted the agriculture program to be part of his school . Nevertheless , Holmes prevailed . On February 12 , 1855 , Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Bingham signed Act 130 , establishing the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , the school that would become Michigan State University . The final draft of the bill held only two significant differences from the one that Holmes presented : that the purchase price not exceed US $ 15 per acre , rather than the $ 25 Holmes desired ; and that the site must be within ten miles ( 16 km ) of Lansing , a provision added to silence the various factions that wanted the new college built in their own backyards .
Holmes ' work had only begun : Act 130 put the Agricultural Society wholly in charge of selecting the site for the Agricultural College . In June 1855 , Holmes and the society 's executive committee visited nine sites of offered land , including some near the present towns of Holt , Millett , DeWitt , and Haslett . As a result of the low stipulated price of $ 15 per acre , all of the sites were uncleared land , and many were quite untenable for a campus . Eventually , Holmes wrote the proposal to purchase the 677 acres ( 274 ha ) Burr farm , located three miles due east of the capitol . He also included a second proposal , outlining both the college 's organization and " specific appointments for a staff . "
The State Board of Education approved the site purchase in July 1855 , but months later had proven unable to make any progress in deciding on basics for the college — including what buildings it might require . The Board turned to Holmes , who had continued to acquaint himself with the site by making some preliminary surveys . After some consideration , he reported back to the Board that the school required two main buildings : a combination classroom and office building , and a dormitory . Thus , John C. Holmes is the man responsible for the design of both College Hall and the original dormitory , now known as Saints ' Rest . In addition , although Professor Harold W. Lautner ( who , as the official Director of Campus Planning from 1945 to 1969 , was a direct successor to Holmes ) makes a point of noting that " who proposed the sites for these first buildings is not answered in any record , " he concurs that Holmes ' ubiquitous hand makes it unlikely that anyone else made that decision .
The buildings were completed , and the first classes commenced in May 1857 . As the College began operations , Holmes was appointed its treasurer . Showing that no decision was small enough to escape his view , he is said to have " supervised the placing of chairs and tables in College Hall . " The college 's 200 @-@ volume library was donated by the Michigan State Agricultural Society — curiously , this meant that Holmes ( as secretary of the society ) had conveyed the library to himself ( as treasurer of the college ) .
In addition to treasurer , Holmes was appointed as the school 's first superintendent of horticulture , responsible for campus planning and planting . This title was used alternately with Professor for a short period . On February 2 , 1858 , the Horticulture Professorship was suspended , ostensibly for financial reasons ( as well as the fact that the wild condition of the land hardly warranted a full @-@ time horticulturalist as yet ) . Even so , Holmes was allowed to continue residing in one of the original on @-@ campus Faculty Row houses until the end of the term .
Then , on March 8 , 1859 , Holmes was asked to resign as treasurer , and he complied . Some time in that year or the one following , he was appointed once again as Superintendent of Horticulture , guiding students in planting the College gardens and improving the grounds . Through 1861 he continued to be listed in the college catalog under various titles including Professor of Horticulture , Secretary , and Treasurer .
= = Legacy = =
In 1861 , a major reorganization of the College transferred control from the Board of Education to the newly formed Board of Agriculture . Holmes was " not retained despite the urging of his colleagues and the unquestioned spiritual debt which the College owed him . " Holmes returned to the Detroit area , lived another twenty @-@ six years , and remained active in his community . Although he continued to be , as President T. C. Abbot wrote circa 1883 , " a not infrequent and always welcome visitor at the college , and one of its warmest friends , " Holmes never again held any official position at the College . There is no known explanation for this change of fortune , but as Lautner wrote , " clearly there were troubles here other than financial ones that are not suggested in the minutes . "
Professor Lautner contrasts Holmes ' legacy with that of John Harvard , whose donation of a modest library and four hundred British pounds led to a major university that bears his name , implying that MSU 's debt to Holmes is far greater . Professor William J. Beal called him " the most important agent " of the school , while President Abbot said , " To no one man is the College so much indebted as John Clough Holmes . " One hundred years after the founding , Madison Kuhn 's high regard for Holmes was clear , using as the frontispiece of his book a painting clearly meant to signify the exact moment of the Agricultural College 's genesis with an almost mythological glow . Finally in 1965 , MSU named a new six story modernist residence hall after Holmes . The building still stands to this day , and is home to the Lyman Briggs College .
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= Lonely Among Us =
" Lonely Among Us " is the seventh episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation that originally aired on November 2 , 1987 , in broadcast syndication in the United States . It was written by D. C. Fontana , based on a story by Michael Halperin . It was the first episode of The Next Generation to be directed by Cliff Bole .
Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise @-@ D. In this episode , as the ship is en route to an interplanetary conference with delegates from the Selay and Antican races on board , a non @-@ corporeal alien entity takes possession of various Enterprise crew members , including Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) .
This episode marked the first appearance of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine recurring cast member Marc Alaimo in a Star Trek series , as well as the second appearance of Colm Meaney who would later play The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine character Miles O 'Brien . The Antican and Selay make @-@ up were created by Michael Westmore from designs by Andrew Probert . Following the airing of the episode , fans wrote in to complain about a scene referencing cannibalism . Reviews were mostly negative , with criticism directed at the writing in particular .
= = Plot = =
The Enterprise is en route to the planet " Parliament " with delegates from two warring planets in the Beta Renner system , the reptilian Selay and the canine Antican , when the ship encounters a strange energy cloud . Unseen by the crew , Lt. Worf ( Michael Dorn ) is hit with a strange energy discharge as the ship passes the cloud , causing him to become violent . Doctor Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) sedates Worf and brings him to the sickbay , but is also infused with the energy as she examines his body . Crusher begins to act oddly to those around her and goes to the bridge , asking questions about the ship 's navigational functions . When she questions Lt. Cdr . Data ( Brent Spiner ) at one of the science stations , the energy sparks between her and the console , leaving her confused as to why she is on the bridge .
The ship suddenly begins to malfunction and Captain Picard sends Assistant Engineer Singh ( Kavi Raz ) to investigate the cause . Singh is later found dead near a computer link , and Picard orders a murder investigation , considering the alien delegates to be prime suspects . Data investigates the murder in the manner of fictional detective Sherlock Holmes , and determines that the delegates were not responsible . Meanwhile , Counselor Deanna Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) uses hypnosis on both Worf and Crusher , finding that both recall being invaded by some entity during their blackouts . The ship suddenly drops again out of warp , and as Picard investigates the readouts at a bridge console , the strange energy transfers into him . The bridge crew becomes suspicious of Picard 's actions after noting that all Enterprise systems are back to normal and that Picard has ordered them to return to the cloud .
The senior officers attempt to plead with Picard to undergo a medical examination and to step down from command , but he refuses . When they return to the cloud , Picard announces that they had picked up an entity previously when they passed the cloud , and now Picard and the entity are one . Under its influence , Picard plans to transport themselves back into the cloud , and he shoots energy at the bridge crew when they try to stop him . The crew are unable to prevent Picard from beaming off the ship . The crew spend hours trying to locate Picard to no avail , so they are forced to accept he is beyond recovery and prepare to leave . However , Troi senses the Captain 's essence nearby , and Picard manages to signal the crew through the ship 's computers . Data is able to reverse the transport , reconstituting Picard without the entity . After determining that Picard is himself again , lacking the memories since he was taken over by the entity , the Enterprise continues onto Parliament .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and casting = = =
The original story by Michael Halperin contained a different subplot involving a problem with the dilithium in the warp drive of the Enterprise . The diplomatic conference was added by D.C. Fontana when it was developed into a teleplay . Fontana had previously worked on Star Trek : The Original Series , including the episode " Journey to Babel " . " Lonely Among Us " was subsequently compared to " Journey to Babel " , which Fontana denied , saying , " I wrote ' Journey to Babel ' and I wrote this too , and I feel there is a difference . There 's a definite delineation and separation here , both in intent and content . " Director Cliff Bole did not recall much of the episode later , but did not think much of the script , saying " The subject matter affects the end product . There 's some better written shows , obviously . " It was the first episode of The Next Generation to be directed by Bole , who had previously worked on shows such as V and The Six Million Dollar Man .
Colm Meaney made his second appearance in The Next Generation after he originally appeared in the pilot , " Encounter at Farpoint " , as a conn ensign on the bridge . In this episode he played a security ensign , as it was not until season two that he began to play the recurring character of Miles O 'Brien , which would later become a series regular on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Another Deep Space Nine actor who made his first Trek appearance in this episode was Marc Alaimo , who played an Antican who was unnamed on screen , but referred to in the script as Badar N 'D'D . Alaimo went on to play several other roles in The Next Generation including as the Cardassian Gul Macet in " The Wounded " , before being cast as Gul Dukat in DS9 . John Durbin appeared as the Selay leader , and would also go on to appear as a Cardassian later in the series , as Gul Lemec in " Chain of Command " . Kavi Raz played Assistant Engineer Singh , although as he was unavailable for a re @-@ shoot , in one scene he was replaced by a wig on a chair .
= = = Make @-@ up and costuming = = =
The Selay and the Anticans were nicknamed the " snakes and the dogs " by the production staff . The designs were created by Andrew Probert , who had previously been responsible for the design of the Enterprise @-@ D. The make @-@ up used on them were created by supervisor Michael Westmore , which involved full head pieces and hands for two Anticans and five Selays . Because of the limited space available , the Anticans were made internally in the Paramount make @-@ up studio while the Selays were outsourced to a different studio to sculpt the head . Once completed , a mold was made of the Selay head and the unpainted pieces were cast in latex and sent to Westmore to complete . It was intended to cast them out of lightweight polyurethane , but the first batch of Selay heads came out really heavy .
Westmore had time to re @-@ cast two of the heads from a soft foam rubber , but as each took five hours to make , there wasn 't enough time to re @-@ make all five . The heavier versions of the Selay heads were worn by actors in the background of the scenes , although Westmore described them as being " very uncomfortable " . The Antican mask didn 't allow for any movement at all with the exception of the actors being able to poke their tongues through the mouth opening . Although this is the only major appearance of either the Anticans or the Selay , they continued to be used as background extras in other episodes of The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine . Westmore repainted the Selay masks prior to reusing them in order to give the scales more of a three @-@ dimensional look .
This was the first appearance of The Next Generation era Starfleet dress uniforms . They were based on those used by the Royal Navy in the 18th century , but would be slightly altered when they re @-@ appeared during season two . One piece of a costume introduced in this episode which never returned was the surgical cap and eyepiece worn by Doctor Crusher .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" Lonely Among Us " originally aired in broadcast syndication on November 2 , 1987 . It received a 12 @.@ 1 rating , meaning that it was seen by 12 @.@ 1 percent of all households . This was an increase from the previous week 's " Where No One Has Gone Before " which received a rating of 10 @.@ 5 .
Following the broadcast , the producers received a significant amount of mail from fans criticising the apparent cannibalism on the part of the Anticans in this episode . Several reviewers rewatched the episode following the end of the series . Keith DeCandido reviewed " Lonely Among Us " for Tor.com in May 2011 . He gave it a score of three out of ten and was disinterested in the episode , finding the alien delegation subplot to be " mostly just silly " , and the majority of the episode was a " weak @-@ beer mystery that 's mostly an excuse for Gates McFadden and Sir Patrick Stewart to act weird and for Brent Spiner to be a silly Sherlock " . James Hunt thought that Spiner 's Sherlock impression was " completely brilliant " , in his review for the website Den of Geek in October 2012 . He thought that the episode shared some similarities with the third season of The Original Series , saying " By which I mean it looks cheap and appears to have been written by a child , in yellow crayon . "
Cast member Wil Wheaton rewatched the episode for AOL TV in November 2006 . He criticised the writing of Fontana in this episode , saying that around this time she appeared on a panel at a convention about how to solve " The Wesley Problem " , but when rewatching the episode he thought that " maybe instead of sitting on this panel and trashing me , D.C Fontana could have written intelligent dialogue for me and helped solve the " Wesley problem " herself . I don 't know , maybe she tried to do that and didn 't get a lot of support from the rest of the producers and writing staff , but even I know of Dr. Channing 's theory of not writing cliched dialogue for kids in science fiction , and then blaming the actor who is forced to deliver it . " Overall he criticised the " very stiff " dialogue throughout the episode , and called the set @-@ up " incredibly forced " . He did highlight that Data acting out as Sherlock Holmes laid the foundation of future episodes which would expand on this .
Zack Handlen reviewed the episode for The A.V. Club in April 2010 . He too thought that the alien delegation subplot was poorly executed in a comedic fashion , and said that this " combined with the slow pace and a number of dialog scenes that can be charitably described as ' character development ' ( or more accurately as ' padding ' ) , this is an unmemorable episode that shows a series still unsure of its greatest strengths . " He gave the episode a grade of C- .
The first home media release of " Lonely Among Us " was on VHS cassette , appearing on April 1 , 1992 in the United States and Canada . The episode was later included on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season one DVD box set , released in March 2002 . The most recent release was as part of the season one Blu @-@ ray set on July 24 , 2012 .
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= Ima Hogg =
Ima Hogg ( July 10 , 1882 – August 19 , 1975 ) , known as " The First Lady of Texas " , was an American philanthropist , patron and collector of the arts , and one of the most respected women in Texas during the 20th century . Hogg was an avid art collector , and owned works by Picasso , Klee , and Matisse , among others . Hogg donated hundreds of pieces of artwork to Houston 's Museum of Fine Arts and served on a committee to plan the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. An enthusiastic collector of early American antiques , she also served on a committee tasked with locating historical furniture for the White House . She restored and refurbished several properties , including the Varner plantation and Bayou Bend , which she later donated to Texas arts and historical institutions who maintain the facilities and their collections today . Hogg received numerous awards and honors , including the Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation , the Santa Rita Award from the University of Texas System , and an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Southwestern University .
Hogg was the daughter of Sarah Ann " Sallie " Stinson and James Stephen " Big Jim " Hogg , later Attorney General of Texas and Governor of the state . Ima Hogg 's first name was taken from The Fate of Marvin , an epic poem written by her uncle Thomas Hogg . She endeavored to downplay her unusual name by signing her first name illegibly and having her stationery printed with " I. Hogg " or " Miss Hogg " . Although it was rumored that Hogg had a sister named " Ura Hogg " , she had only brothers . Hogg 's father left public office in 1895 , and soon after , her mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis . When Sarah died later that year , Jim Hogg 's widowed elder sister moved to Austin to care for the Hogg children . Between 1899 and 1901 , Hogg attended the University of Texas at Austin ; she then moved to New York City to study piano and music theory for two years . After her father 's death in 1906 , she traveled to Europe and spent two years studying music under Xaver Scharwenka in Vienna . When she returned to Texas , she established and managed the Houston Symphony Orchestra and served as president of the Symphony Society .
The discovery of oil on her family 's plantation made Hogg very wealthy , and she used this income to benefit the people of Texas . In 1929 , she founded the Houston Child Guidance Center , which provides counseling for children with mental health problems or diagnoses and their families . Through her brother 's will , she established the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health at the University of Texas at Austin in 1940 . Hogg successfully ran for a seat on the Houston School Board in 1943 , where she worked to remove gender and race as criteria for determining pay and established art education programs for black students . Hogg never married , and died in 1975 . The Ima Hogg Foundation was the major beneficiary of her will , and carries on her philanthropic work today . Several annual awards have been established in her name , honoring her efforts to preserve cultural heritage in Texas .
= = Name = =
After the birth of his only daughter , Jim Hogg wrote to his brother , " Our cup of joy is now overflowing ! We have a daughter of as fine proportions and of as angelic mien as ever gracious nature favor a man with , and her name is Ima ! " Ima Hogg had no middle name , which was unusual for the time . Her first name was taken from her uncle Thomas Hogg 's epic Civil War poem The Fate of Marvin , which featured two young women named Ima and Leila . According to Virginia Bernhard 's biography of Ima Hogg , " there are some who believe that James Stephen Hogg … named his only daughter Ima Hogg to attract the attention of Texas voters " in a year when he was running in a close race for district attorney of the Seventh District in Texas , which he won . Alternatively , correspondence from Jim Hogg indicates he may not have been conscious of the combined effect of his daughter 's first and last names .
Ima Hogg later recounted that " my grandfather Stinson lived fifteen miles [ 24 km ] from Mineola and news traveled slowly . When he learned of his granddaughter 's name he came trotting to town as fast as he could to protest but it was too late . The christening had taken place , and Ima I was to remain . " During her childhood , Hogg 's elder brother William often came home from school with a bloody nose , the result of defending , as she later recalled , " my good name " . Throughout her adult years , Hogg signed her name in a scrawl that left her first name illegible . Her personal stationery was usually printed " Miss Hogg " or " I. Hogg " , and she often had her stationery order placed in her secretary 's name to avoid questions . Hogg did not use a nickname until several months before her death , when she began calling herself " Imogene " . Her last passport was issued to " Ima Imogene Hogg " .
Contrary to popular belief , Ima did not have a sister named Ura . Texas legend insists that when Jim Hogg ran for re @-@ election as Texas governor in 1892 he often travelled with Ima and a friend of hers and introduced them as his daughters Ima and Ura . Ima Hogg maintained throughout her life that this never happened . She was frequently forced to dispel the myth ; hundreds of people wrote her letters inquiring whether her name was real and if she really had a sister named Ura . The Kansas City Star even invented another sister , Hoosa .
In the early 1930s , Hogg worked on a collection of her father 's papers and speeches with his biographer , historian Robert C. Cotner ; she became a guardian of his place in history , often writing to clarify or refute articles published about her father . According to Bernhard , " the very fact that Ima had been burdened with a name that made a lifetime of explanations necessary also made her anxious to defend her father from all detractors . By doing so , she defended herself as well , and she did so with considerable skill and unfailing politeness . "
Ima Hogg has been the source of " unfortunate name " or " worst baby name " jokes , lists , and contests , including the incorrect lore that Jim Hogg had named his two daughters " Ima Hogg " and " Ura Hogg " . Similar unfortunate baby names according to United States Census records include Ima Pigg , Ima Muskrat , Ima Nut , Ima Hooker , Ima Weiner , Ima Reck , Ima Pain and Ima Butt .
= = Early years = =
Ima Hogg was born in Mineola , Texas in 1882 to Jim Hogg and Sarah Ann " Sallie " Stinson . She was the second of four children , including brothers William Clifford Hogg ( 1875 – 1930 ) , Michael Hogg ( 1885 – 1941 ) , and Thomas Elisha Hogg ( 1887 – 1949 ) . The Hogg family had long been active in public service . Her great @-@ grandfather , Thomas Hogg , served in the state legislatures of Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi . Her grandfather , Joseph Lewis Hogg , served in the Congress of the Republic of Texas and helped to write the Texas State Constitution . At the time of her birth , Hogg 's father was the district attorney of the Seventh District in Texas . His term expired in 1884 , and the family moved to Tyler , where he practiced law . Two years later , Jim Hogg was elected Texas Attorney General and the Hogg family moved to the state capital , Austin , where Ima began attending kindergarten . When Jim Hogg was elected the first native @-@ born Governor of Texas four years later , Ima accompanied her mother and elder brother to the swearing @-@ in ceremony and inauguration ball in January 1891 , thus witnessing the first inauguration in the newly erected Texas State Capitol . The family moved into the Governor 's Mansion . Built in 1855 , the building was in poor condition , with cracked walls and dilapidated furnishings . Ima and her siblings were expected to help renovate the building to a liveable state — she was required , among other things , to pry chewing gum from the furniture and door moldings .
Hogg and her younger brothers were rambunctious . She recalled that they particularly enjoyed sliding down the banisters in the Governor 's Mansion . Hogg 's parents allowed this to continue until Thomas cut his chin , after which Jim Hogg nailed tacks along the center of the railing to curb the activity through fear of bloodied posteriors ; the holes from the tacks remained visible in the banister for many decades after the Hogg family moved from the home . Hogg 's mother attempted to teach her ladylike skills such as needlework , but Hogg claimed that she " never had the patience to succeed " . Her mother also encouraged Hogg to learn German . Hogg and her siblings were frequently taken to the Millet Opera House in Austin to enjoy the performances .
The children liked animals , and their menagerie included dogs , cats , birds , raccoons , opossums , rabbits , a Shetland pony and a parrot . The children once used their animals to conduct a circus on the grounds of the Governor 's Mansion . Hogg charged each visitor five cents , but was forced to return the money when her father discovered the scheme . In later years , the family added a bear , a horse , a fawn , cockatoos , and two ostriches named Jack and Jill to their collection of animals . In response to a challenge from her brothers , Hogg once mounted one of the ostriches , but was thrown from its back after one of the boys hit it with a slingshot . Ima and her ostriches later became the protagonists of a picture book , Ima & the Great Texas Ostrich Race , by Margaret Olivia McManis and Bruce Dupree .
Her mother never regained her strength after Thomas 's birth , and for the remainder of her life was a semi @-@ invalid . Ima accompanied her to several health spas during their years in Austin . In 1895 , Sarah was diagnosed with tuberculosis , and on the recommendation of her doctor , she and Ima moved to Colorado , where they lived with Jim Hogg 's elder sister , Martha Francis Davis . Sarah Hogg died in Colorado on September 25 , 1895 .
Davis accompanied the family to Austin and spent several months caring for Hogg and her brothers . Davis , who had lost her husband to tuberculosis and watched her son fight the disease , believed that Hogg must have contracted the disease from her mother . Davis instructed Ima to never marry so as not to pass on the illness . By the end of 1895 , the children had been enrolled in a boarding school in San Marcos . The following year , they returned to Austin to live with their father . Although the family employed a housekeeper , Hogg was considered the lady of the house and supervised the housecleaning as well as the education of her younger brothers . In 1898 , Hogg accompanied her father to Hawaii , where they met Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani and watched the ceremony that delivered Hawaii to the United States . The two were scheduled to sail to Seattle , but Hogg refused to board the ship . Sobbing , she begged her father to make other arrangements because she " had an awful feeling " . He relented and they instead sailed to California , where they learned that their original ship had been lost at sea with no survivors .
= = Education and musical interests = =
Music was always present at the Hogg household , and Ima began learning to play the piano at age three . Although her younger brothers attended public school , Ima was enrolled at a private school and received private music lessons . In 1899 , she entered the University of Texas at Austin ( UT ) , where her favorite courses were German , Old English , and psychology . She later remarked that " No freshman was ever more immature , more unprepared , more frightened than I. " She joined the female social club known as the Valentine Club , and helped to inaugurate the first sorority on the UT campus , Pi Beta Phi . After two years at the university , she moved to New York City to study piano and music theory at the National Conservatory of Music .
Near the turn of the 20th century , Hogg 's father began speculating in oil . He purchased 4 @,@ 100 acres ( 17 km2 ) of land near West Columbia in 1901 , land that had been part of the Varner plantation . After two years of study in New York City , Ima Hogg returned to Texas , dividing her time between the plantation and Houston , where her father had a law practice . Under her supervision , the house was later remodeled and a portico was added to what had been the back of the house ; she made this the new front entrance , orienting the house away from Varner Creek .
On January 26 , 1905 , Jim Hogg suffered an injury in a train accident . For the next year Ima nursed him as he struggled to regain his health , but on March 3 , 1906 , she discovered her father dead in his bed . Ima was devastated ; to quell her grief , her brother William took her to New York City . During her stay she immersed herself in concerts and museums .
In 1907 , she vacationed in Germany , and enjoyed her time so much that she chose to remain in Europe to continue her piano studies . For the next two years she studied music in Vienna under Franz Xaver Scharwenka , pianist to the court of Francis Joseph I of Austria , and in Berlin under Martin Krause . After returning from Europe , Hogg settled in Houston with her brother William . Although the city had a population of about 100 @,@ 000 , it had no museums or parks and no professional theater , music , or ballet groups . Hogg chose to teach music and continued in this vocation for the next nine years . One of her first pupils was Jacques Abram , who later became a concert pianist . By 1913 , Hogg had become president of the Girls ' Musical Society and was on the entertainment committee of the College Women 's Club , which organized a small theater group known as the Green Mask Players . That year , she organized the Houston Symphony Orchestra . Hogg served as the vice @-@ president of the Symphony Society when the first session of the Board of Directors convened . In 1917 the Board of Directors requested that she serve as president ; she went on to serve 12 terms .
= = Philanthropist and community leader = =
Hogg was affectionately known as " Miss Ima " by those who knew her , and widely considered to be " The First Lady of Texas " . When John B. Connally was Governor of Texas , his wife Nellie declared , " The Governor 's wife is usually called the First Lady of the State , but Ima always has been and always will be the First Lady of Texas . " In 1957 , The New York Times featured prominent Texans in a series about high society , stating : " But one social figure celebrated throughout the state and even beyond its border is Miss Ima Hogg . She is now about 80 but still a civic beacon of Houston . "
After their father 's death in 1906 , Hogg and her brothers tried to sell the Varner plantation , but a provision in his will specified that the land be kept for 15 years . On January 15 , 1918 , oil was found on the Varner plantation . A second strike the following year provided oil income amounting to $ 225 @,@ 000 a month shared among the four siblings . According to Hogg biographer Gwendolyn Cone Neely , the Hoggs did not believe that the oil money was rightfully theirs , as it had come from the land and not hard work , and they were determined to use it for the good of Texas .
Hogg founded the Houston Child Guidance Center in 1929 to provide counseling for disturbed children and their families . Hogg was convinced that if children 's emotional and mental problems were treated , more serious illness could be prevented in adults . Her interest in mental health came from her father , who had read widely on mental health issues ; during his terms as governor , Ima had often accompanied him on visits to state institutions , including charity hospitals and asylums for the mentally ill . She furthered her knowledge of the field while she was a student at UT , taking several courses in psychology . Ima was convinced that her youngest brother , Tom , would have benefited from similar intervention , as he had reacted badly after their mother 's death and as an adult was " restless , impulsive , and alarmingly careless with money " . Although her ideas on mental health would be considered mainstream today , in 1929 they were pioneering . In 1972 , she told the Houston Chronicle that , of all her activities , she had derived most pleasure from her role in establishing the Houston Child Guidance Center .
Hogg had previously suffered from mental health problems . In late 1918 , she fell ill , probably from severe depression . She consulted with Dr. Francis Xavier Dercum , a specialist in the treatment of nervous and mental diseases , who treated her for the next three years . She was hospitalized for more than a year , and spent a further three years convalescing , primarily in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . By the summer of 1923 Hogg was fully recovered , but she permanently discarded her dream of being a concert pianist , ostensibly because of weakness after her illness .
Hogg joined her elder brother William on a vacation in Germany in 1930 . During their visit , he suffered a gallbladder attack and died on September 12 , 1930 after emergency surgery . Ima brought her brother 's body back to the United States . His will bequeathed $ 2 @.@ 5 million to UT ; his desire was that it be used alongside money donated by his sister for " far @-@ reaching benefit to the people of Texas " . Legal challenges tied up the grant until 1939 , when the University received $ 1 @.@ 8 million . In 1940 , after discussion with her brother Michael — the executor of the will — Hogg used the money to establish the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health at the University of Texas at Austin .
The San Antonio Express reported in 1939 that the funds granted to the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health would be used to establish mental hygiene clinics and conduct lectures and teacher training courses across Texas , for mental health research , and to survey mental hygiene conditions in Texas . On the entry of the United States into World War II , the Foundation researched methods to prevent mentally unsuitable candidates from enlisting in the military , and provided counseling to those traumatized by the war . After the war , the Foundation expanded its educational and philanthropic focus , providing mental health care to the poor and the aged . The Foundation continues to award five $ 5 @,@ 000 annual scholarships to individuals pursuing a Master 's degree in Social Work .
In 1943 , Hogg decided to run for a seat on the Houston School Board so that the board would include two female members . Hogg won with 4 @,@ 350 votes , more than 1 @,@ 000 ahead of the runner @-@ up . During her term , she worked to remove gender and race as criteria for determining pay . She championed a visiting teacher program for children with emotional problems and began art education programs in the schools for black students . Hogg declined to run for a second term .
= = = Furniture and art collector = = =
Hogg and her brothers were avid art collectors ; she owned a large collection , including Native American art and works by Picasso , Chagall , Matisse and Modigliani . Her interest in collecting began during her convalescence in Philadelphia . Her first purchase , in 1922 , was a Spanish foot chair or Queen Anne maple chair with carved feet . She researched the early American furniture market extensively , personally visiting Luke Vincent Lockwood , the author of the standard work on the topic , for more information . At the time , Hogg was one of a small number of people who believed that American antiques had value — by contrast , most collectors concentrated on furniture built in Europe . Other collectors soon saw the value in early American pieces . Hogg remained one of the few collectors not located on the East Coast . As her collection grew , she was often asked to loan pieces for exhibit in New England ; Hogg always refused , stating " they 've got plenty of these things up there " .
In the 1920s , Hogg 's brothers began to develop a new elite neighborhood , which they called River Oaks , which at that time was on the outskirts of Houston . For their home , the Hoggs chose the largest lot , 14 @.@ 5 acres ( 5 @.@ 9 ha ) . Ima worked closely with architect John Staub to design a house that would show off the art the family had purchased . William and Ima moved into the house , which she christened Bayou Bend , in 1928 . In 1939 , when she restored her estate along American lines , she donated more than 100 works on paper to Houston 's Museum of Fine Arts ( MFAH ) , including works by Cézanne , Sargent , Picasso , and Klee . Following the death of her brother Michael in 1941 , she donated his collection of Frederic Remington works to the museum . Consisting of 53 oil paintings , 10 watercolors , and one bronze , it is known as the Hogg Brothers Collection , and is " one of the most important groupings of Western paintings on display in an American museum " , according to Hogg biographer Neely . Hogg donated her collection of Native American art to MFAH in 1944 , including 168 pieces of pottery , 95 pieces of jewelry , and 81 paintings .
In 1960 , she was appointed by President Eisenhower to serve on a committee to plan the National Cultural Center , now called the Kennedy Center , in Washington , D.C. In 1961 , Jacqueline Kennedy named Hogg to the 18 @-@ member advisory committee to work with the Fine Arts Committee in seeking historical furniture for the White House .
= = = Restorations = = =
Although Hogg spent little time at the Varner plantation after Bayou Bend was constructed , she continued to purchase art and antique furniture on its behalf . In the 1950s , she restored the plantation , and each room was given a different theme from Texas history : colonial times , the Confederacy , Napoleonic times ( 1818 ) , and the Mexican – American War . One room was dedicated to her father , and contained his desk and chair as well as his collection of walking sticks . She donated the property to the state , and it was dedicated as the Varner – Hogg Plantation State Historical Site in 1958 , the 107th anniversary of Jim Hogg 's birth .
As the Varner – Hogg restoration wound to a halt , Hogg refocused her attention on her Houston home , Bayou Bend , which housed some of her personal collection of antiques and artwork . The New York Times described her " superb Early American furniture " collection in 1953 , and she had a large collection of Americana and colonial Mexican decorative arts , some of which are still in the house . In the late 1950s she said : " I had been collecting American furniture . I collected , and collected , and collected , until I had so much of it I didn 't know what to do with it . I decided to give it to a museum . " She collaborated with the original architect John Staub on structural changes that would prepare the home to be a museum . She denuded the home of personal items and items that did not meet her concept ; the only piece of non @-@ American furniture in the home was her English dining table , which had too many memories for her to remove it .
Several residents of River Oaks sued to prevent Bayou Bend becoming a museum , but Hogg prevailed in court . To alleviate the residents ' concerns over increased traffic , she asked the city of Houston to build a footbridge over Buffalo Bayou so that visitors could reach the house without having to drive through River Oaks . In the fall of 1965 , Hogg moved out of her home , telling the docents that " When you love something enough it 's easy to give it up in order to see it go on . " The MFAH opened the new museum to the public in 1966 as MFAH 's Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens . At its dedication , Charles Montgomery , a Senior Research Fellow at the Henry Francis DuPont Winterthur Museum , called Bayou Bend " the largest , finest collection this side of Winterthur " .
In 1963 , Hogg purchased property near Round Top , hoping to move its historic building to Bayou Bend . When that plan proved impractical , she decided to restore it in place and temporarily moved to Round Top . After personally supervising the restoration of the Winedale Inn , a stagecoach inn near Round Top , Hogg donated the property to the University of Texas at Austin . Known as the Winedale Historical Center , it is used primarily as an outdoor museum and music center , and annually hosts Shakespeare at Winedale . In 1969 , she restored her parents ' house in Quitman ; the town renamed it the Ima Hogg Museum in her honor . The museum holds items from the history of Wood County and northeast Texas . She later restored the home of her maternal grandfather and had it moved to the park .
= = Description and disposition = =
David Warren , the first curator of Bayou Bend , said Hogg was " small and dainty and feminine — and smart and sharp and knowledgeable — all rolled into one " . Her biographer Bernhard described her as " elegantly and stylishly dressed " , 5 feet 2 inches ( 157 cm ) tall and of fair complexion , " independent and self @-@ possessed " and noted that she could " sugarcoat her single @-@ mindedness with layers of charm " . At the age of 81 , she was described by The New York Times as a " blue @-@ eyed strawberry blonde " .
One morning in 1914 , Hogg was awakened by a burglar in her bedroom . She confronted the man , who was attempting to steal her jewelry , and not only convinced him to return the jewelry , but " wrote down a name and address , handed it to him and told him to go there that very day to get a job " . When asked why she did that , Hogg responded , " He didn 't look like a bad man . " Later that year , she sailed to Germany , alone . While she was en route , Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated , and the day before she arrived , Britain declared war on Germany . The United States was still neutral , however , so Hogg continued her tour of Europe , not leaving until several months later .
Though Bernard describes Hogg as a woman of " unfailing politeness " , the biographer suggests the philanthropist was not without adversaries . For instance , at a concert arranged by the Houston Symphony for her 90th birthday featuring the elderly pianist Arthur Rubinstein , he characterized her as a " tiresome old woman " . Hogg , in turn , regarded the musician as " a pompous old man " . By contrast , Hogg said of Vladimir Horowitz , whom she met backstage at a 1975 concert in Houston , " Such a nice man . Not at all like that Mr. Rubinstein . "
Hogg was a generous benefactor , and believed that " inherited money was a public trust " . She was described by the University of Houston as " compassionate by nature " , " progressive in outlook " , " concerned with the welfare of all Texans " , a " zealous proponent of mental health care " and " committed to public education " . Hogg was a lifelong Democrat .
= = Death = =
Hogg died on August 19 , 1975 , at the age of 93 , from a heart attack resulting from atheroma . She had been vacationing in London at the time , but fell as she was getting into a taxi , and died a few days later in a London hospital . An autopsy report revealed that her death was not related to the earlier fall . On receiving news of her death , the University of Texas declared two days of mourning and flew the flag at half @-@ staff .
At the time of her death , Hogg had employed her personal maid , Gertrude Vaughn , for 56 years , and her butler @-@ chauffeur , Lucious Broadnax , for over 40 years . She is buried next to her family in the Oakwood Cemetery in Austin . Hogg 's work lives on through the Ima Hogg Foundation , which she founded in 1964 and which was the major beneficiary of her will . Hogg never married ; her biographer Bernhard reports that she told a friend " she had gotten over 30 proposals of marriage but ' wouldn 't have any of them ' " .
= = Awards , recognition and legacy = =
Hogg received many awards for her contributions to the community . The Garden Club of America honored her in 1959 with the Amy Angell Colliers Montague Model for Civic Achievement . In 1966 , she was honored at the 20th annual awards banquet of the National Trust for Historic Preservation . She received the seventh annual Louise du Pont Crowninshield Award — the highest award given by the National Trust for Historic Preservation — for " superlative achievement in the preservation , restoration and interpretation of sites , buildings , architecture , districts , and objects of national historical or cultural significance " in Texas .
In 1968 , Hogg became the first recipient of the Santa Rita Award — the highest award given by the University of Texas System — for contributions to higher education . She was presented with an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Southwestern University in 1971 . In 1969 , she became the third woman ( after Lady Bird Johnson and Oveta Culp Hobby ) invited to become a member of the Academy of Texas , a society which recognized efforts to " enrich , enlarge or enlighten " knowledge in any field . She also became the first female president in the 110 @-@ year history of the Philosophical Society of Texas .
Her restoration work was recognized by many organizations . The National Society of Interior Designers named her to their International Honors List in 1965 and in 1972 presented her with their Thomas Jefferson Award for her contributions to cultural heritage . The Texas State Historical Survey Committee recognized Hogg in 1967 for her " meritorious service in historic preservation " and the American Association of State and Local History gave her an award of merit in 1969 .
The Houston Symphony established a scholarship in Hogg 's name , honored her on her 90th birthday with a special concert , and holds an annual Ima Hogg Young Artist Competition for musicians between the ages of 13 and 30 who perform on orchestral instruments or the piano . The Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin presents an annual Ima Hogg Award for Historical Achievement . She was a National Patroness of Delta Omicron , an international professional music fraternity . The Mental Health Association of Greater Houston presents an annual Ima Hogg Award " to an individual or couple who have advanced mental health causes " .
In 1963 , former Governor of Texas Allan Shivers — when presenting Hogg with the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Texas Ex @-@ Students Association ( the first woman so honored ) — said of " Miss Ima " :
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= Craig Kieswetter =
Craig Kieswetter ( born 28 November 1987 ) is a English former cricketer who appeared in 71 matches for England between 2010 and 2013 . A wicket @-@ keeper batsman , born and raised in South Africa , Kieswetter moved to England to complete his education , and began playing county cricket for Somerset in 2007 . Three years later , only two weeks after qualifying for the England cricket team , he made his international debut in a One Day International ( ODI ) against Bangladesh . He was considered a one @-@ day specialist , and all his international appearances came in ODIs or Twenty20 Internationals . He retired from professional cricket in June 2015 , aged 27 , due to an eye injury suffered while batting in 2014 .
Kieswetter played junior cricket for Western Province until the age of 18 , but a lack of progression led him to seek an alternative route in England . He studied at Millfield , where he was spotted by Somerset . The county 's lack of a strong wicket @-@ keeper gave Kieswetter his opportunity , and he made his debut for the team early in the 2007 season . He was qualified to play county cricket as his mother was Scottish , and his performances soon generated discussion about his potential to play for England . The captain of South Africa , Graeme Smith , made overtures to Kieswetter , inviting him to return to play in South Africa ; Kieswetter , however , affirmed his desire to qualify and play for England .
In early 2010 , Kieswetter achieved his target ; some strong performances for the England Lions , especially in a match against the senior England team , won him a place in the squad to face Bangladesh . His selection , along with the presence of other South African @-@ born players in the England team , was criticised , with some suggesting that there should be fewer foreign @-@ born players in the team . He scored his first — and only — international century in his third match , and a couple of months later he was named as the man of the match as England won the final of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 . After a promising start for England , he was inconsistent and was dropped before the end of 2010 . He returned to the team the following year , but his place in the team was always at risk , and in 2013 he was replaced by Jos Buttler , his team @-@ mate at Somerset .
Kieswetter 's career was cut short due to an injury sustained while batting for Somerset in July 2014 : a ball penetrated the gap between his helmet 's grille and visor and struck him in the face , damaging his vision . There was initially some hope of a full recovery and he was even named in a provisional England squad for the 2015 Cricket World Cup , however he continued to experience difficulties with his vision and , in June 2015 , announced his retirement from professional cricket .
= = Early life and career = =
Kieswetter was born in Johannesburg to an Afrikaner father , Wayne , and Scottish mother , Belinda . He grew up in South Africa , studying at Diocesan College in Cape Town , and played cricket for Western Province junior teams between the ages of 13 to 18 . Kieswetter was disappointed with the way he was treated by the provincial team , who had asked him to play two or three years of club cricket before returning to them , so he decided to pursue his cricket career in England . He studied for a year at Millfield , where he gained his A @-@ levels . Mark Davis , a former Somerset bowler , spotted him at Millfield , and he was quickly signed by the county . He represented South Africa in the 2006 Under @-@ 19s World Cup in Sri Lanka , and won a Man of the Match award in the game against the United States for his innings of 80 off just 66 balls .
Kieswetter made his first appearance for Somerset 's second team in May 2006 , taking over from Sam Spurway as wicket @-@ keeper midway through a match when the latter was injured . He scored 94 not out in his first innings of that match against Glamorgan , and by the end of the season he had scored 245 runs at an average of over 40 . His performances were so strong that Somerset chose to release Spurway at the start of the 2007 season , and named Kieswetter alongside Carl Gazzard as their two wicket @-@ keepers . In early April that year , he made his one @-@ day debut for Somerset against Glamorgan ; he made 69 not out off 58 deliveries and took a catch described as " world class " by Somerset 's director of cricket , Brian Rose . He made his first @-@ class debut the following month , keeping wicket while Derbyshire made 801 for 8 declared and scored 63 in the Somerset reply .
He continued to perform well during 2007 and 2008 , and was awarded the NBC Denis Compton Award , as the " most promising young player " , for Somerset in both seasons , scoring regular fifties in both first @-@ class and one @-@ day cricket . Notable among these innings was the 93 he scored against Glamorgan while batting at number eight . Kieswetter came in after two wickets had been lost in an over , with the score at 250 for 6 . His innings , which included a partnership of 130 with Andrew Caddick , helped Somerset to reach 402 and eventually win the match . Towards the end of the 2008 season , during a 40 @-@ over match against Gloucestershire , Kieswetter scored his first century for Somerset , scoring 121 runs from 107 deliveries , and sharing a competition @-@ record 302 @-@ run partnership with Marcus Trescothick .
In 2009 , Kieswetter passed 1 @,@ 000 first @-@ class runs in a season for the only time during his career . He scored his maiden first @-@ class century early in the year , accumulating an unbeaten 150 in a high @-@ scoring draw against Warwickshire . A few weeks later , he repeated the feat , scoring 106 runs against Durham to help his county avoid defeat . In his report for ESPNcricinfo , Andrew McGlashan described Kieswetter as " another likely South African to make the transition to England colours " . Kieswetter scored two further first @-@ class centuries during the year , both at Taunton , against Sussex and Lancashire ; he averaged just under 60 for his 1 @,@ 242 first @-@ class runs in the year . In one @-@ day cricket , Kieswetter opened the batting alongside Trescothick , and averaged 65 @.@ 83 , scoring an unbeaten 138 off just 131 balls in the opening group match against Warwickshire . In the quarter @-@ final of the 2009 Friends Provident Trophy , Kieswetter scored his second one @-@ day century of the season , but Somerset were defeated by six wickets and knocked out of the competition . His 248 runs in the 2009 Twenty20 Cup helped Somerset reach the final of that competition , where they were again beaten by Sussex . He was awarded his county cap during the final game of the 2009 County Championship against Worcestershire .
= = International cricketer = =
= = = International selection = = =
Following his strong performances for Somerset , Kieswetter was part of the England Performance Programme squad that spent eight weeks of the English winter training in Loughborough and Pretoria . The South African national cricket captain , Graeme Smith , said that he wanted Kieswetter to return to play cricket in South Africa ; rather than directly inviting him to play for the South Africa national cricket team , however , he was careful to state that " the challenge is to get him back into our franchise system first , but he is certainly someone we have seen and would like to get back into the system " . Kieswetter repeated his desire to play international cricket for England and , in January 2010 , he was named as part of the England Lions squad to tour the United Arab Emirates for a series against Pakistan A. The England head coach , Andy Flower , described Kieswetter 's performances during that tour as " a really good start " , and described the Twenty20 warm @-@ up match between the England Lions and the England senior team that followed the tour as " a chance for him to impress " . During that match , which was played on the day that he qualified for England , Kieswetter scored 81 runs to help the Lions beat the senior team . Kieswetter qualified to play for England on the basis of having a British passport , via his Scottish mother , and his residency in England . He had to wait until four years after his last appearance for South Africa , which was on 16 February 2006 during the Under @-@ 19s World Cup .
After England 's drawn T20I series with Pakistan , Kieswetter was added to the senior England squad for the ODI series against Bangladesh . He was immediately included in the team , playing as a specialist batsman alongside wicket @-@ keeper Matt Prior , in the first warm @-@ up match on 23 February against the " Bangladesh Cricket Board XI " . He scored 143 , his career @-@ best List A score , from 123 balls . These performances led to Kieswetter 's selection for the first ODI against Bangladesh on 28 February . Opening the innings alongside captain Alastair Cook , Kieswetter struggled in his first over , edging a chance that was missed by wicket @-@ keeper Mushfiqur Rahim , and surviving a leg before wicket appeal two balls later . He made 19 runs in an innings described by ESPNcricinfo 's Andrew Miller as " tinged with nerves " and " chancy " . In the next match , two days later , Kieswetter was dropped by Mushfiqur Rahim off a thick edge that went for four on first ball he faced ; he was then caught at first @-@ slip off a similar thick edge to first @-@ slip on the next delivery . In the third match , however , he scored his first international century – 107 runs – which helped England to 284 for five and a 45 @-@ run victory . England won the series 3 – 0 . In contrast to the " hard @-@ hitting batting " which Geoff Miller , the England selector , had cited as one of the reasons for his inclusion , Kieswetter 's century was patiently built after a nervous start .
When the England squad was announced for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 , Kieswetter was named as the only wicket @-@ keeper in the squad , replacing Prior . Kieswetter opened the innings with Michael Lumb throughout the tournament , and ESPNcricinfo 's Andrew McGlashan identified their performances as one of the reasons that England reached the final . During the final , Kieswetter was England 's top @-@ scorer , hitting 63 runs from 49 deliveries , and was named as the man of the match as England won their first ICC global title . During the tournament , Kieswetter scored 222 runs , the fourth @-@ most of any player , at an average of 31 @.@ 71 and a strike rate of 116 @.@ 84 .
= = = Dropped and recalled by England = = =
After returning to England , Kieswetter 's form dipped , and he scored 121 runs from eight ODIs against Australia and Bangladesh . As a result , when England played five ODIs against Pakistan in September , Kieswetter was omitted and Worcestershire 's Steven Davies was preferred , although Kieswetter was included in the T20I squad . Kieswetter opened the innings alongside Davies , who was playing as wicket @-@ keeper , in the two T20Is , but only made scores of six and sixteen . Although he was named in the T20I squad for the tour of Australia , he was not selected to play , and instead took part in the England Performance Programme XI tour , before joining up with the England Lions to take part in the Regional Four Day Competition in the West Indies . During the competition , Kieswetter scored two centuries , against the Leeward Islands and the Combined Campuses and Colleges .
Kieswetter began the 2011 season strongly for Somerset , scoring 308 runs in his first four one @-@ day matches , including two centuries . Another century , in the County Championship prompted Jeremy James of ESPNcricinfo to ask " whether Craig Kieswetter will regain his place in England 's one @-@ day side before Jos Buttler assumes it ahead of him " . His form earned him a recall to England 's one @-@ day squads for the series against Sri Lanka , with Geoff Miller saying " [ Kieswetter ] will offer some real fire power with the bat along with his ability with the gloves " . In his first match back for England , the Twenty20 match , Kieswetter only scored four runs , but he was England 's top @-@ scorer in the first ODI match , with 61 runs , and was described as " England 's most impressive batsman " . He struck another half @-@ century in the fourth match of the series : he scored 72 not out as England won by ten wickets . A week later , playing for Somerset against Nottinghamshire , he scored the highest score of his first @-@ class career , accumulating 164 runs as part of a 290 @-@ run partnership with James Hildreth .
Kieswetter remained England wicket @-@ keeper for the T20I and ODI matches against India late in the season . In the T20I , Jos Buttler , his fellow Somerset wicket @-@ keeper , made his debut , albeit as a specialist batsman ; Jonny Bairstow , the Yorkshire wicket @-@ keeper , made his debut in the final ODI in a similar role . In that series , Kieswetter struggled against the moving ball in English conditions ; he was praised , however , for his attacking batting , including 46 runs from 25 balls in the second match . Based on the number of appearances that he made for England , Kieswetter was awarded an incremental contract by the England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) in September 2011 . During England 's subsequent 5 – 0 ODI series loss in India , described by the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack 's Stephen Brenkley as " a tour too far for England " , Kieswetter was the only England batsman to maintain a strike rate above 100 . He scored one half @-@ century during the tour , and was included in the England Lions squad that toured Sri Lanka three months later .
= = = End of international career = = =
Playing for the Lions , Kieswetter moved into the middle @-@ order , rather than opening the batting ; this was intended to prepare him for a similar switch with the senior England team to allow Kevin Pietersen to open . He scored a century and a half @-@ century to help England win the series 3 – 2 , though he was outperformed by Buttler . In early 2012 , playing against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates , Kieswetter only batted twice in the ODI series , and was praised for his 43 @-@ run contribution in the fourth match , though George Dobell of ESPNcricinfo identified his wicket @-@ keeping as " still not as polished as he would like " . Although Kieswetter dropped down the order in ODIs , he retained his place opening the batting in T20Is . In contrast to the 2010 World Twenty20 , when the England players were told to attack bat selflessly , in 2012 the team was instructed to avoid losing early wickets , and Kieswetter struggled to adapt his game to score low @-@ risk singles and rotate the strike . During the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 , he lost his place in England 's T20I team after a match against New Zealand in which he scored four runs from fourteen balls . That was the final international Twenty20 match of his career . In his 25 matches , he scored 526 runs at an average of 21 @.@ 91 and a strike rate of 111 @.@ 91 . Despite his struggles in international cricket , Kieswetter had a successful season with Somerset ; he scored 848 first @-@ class runs at an average of just over 60 , including a century against Warwickshire and one for the Lions against Australia A.
The following year , Kieswetter retained his place in the ODI team for the tour of India , although ESPNcricinfo 's Alex Winter suggested that it might be due to " England 's desire to protect the workload of their players ahead of back @-@ to @-@ back Ashes series . " Winter 's colleague , Dobell , described the England ODI wicket @-@ keeper position as one of England 's key areas requiring resolution , citing both Bairstow and Buttler as candidates to take over , as well as the possibility of Matt Prior , the England Test wicket @-@ keeper , reclaiming the role . Kieswetter played the first three ODIs of the series , scoring 24 not out , 18 and 0 before he was dropped and replaced by Buttler . Dobell described Kieswetter as " perhaps ... a little unfortunate " , but cited his inability to adjust his game and the number of balls he blocked as the reasons for his removal . He played 46 ODIs , scoring 1 @,@ 054 runs at an average of 30 @.@ 11 .
= = Later domestic career = =
The competition between Kieswetter and Buttler for England 's one @-@ day wicket @-@ keeping role also caused conflict at Somerset for the 2013 season : both players wanted to fulfil the role for the county . Kieswetter began the season as the wicket @-@ keeper in the County Championship , but broke his thumb during the third match of the season , which kept him out of action for six weeks . Kieswetter had a particularly strong Twenty20 season , finishing as the leading run @-@ scorer in the 2013 Friends Life t20 with 517 runs , including five half @-@ centuries . He scored a late @-@ season century against Warwickshire in the County Championship , but in a season in which Somerset struggled against relegation , he scored a relatively modest 606 first @-@ class runs at an average of 31 @.@ 89 . At the end of the season , Buttler , whose contract with Somerset had expired , announced that he was joining Lancashire , leaving Kieswetter as the clear first @-@ choice wicket @-@ keeper at Somerset .
Kieswetter signed with the Brisbane Heat for the 2013 – 14 Big Bash League , During the tournament , he scored 192 runs from eight matches including two half @-@ centuries . He entered the 2014 Indian Premier League auction , but remained unsold , to the relief of the director of cricket at Somerset , David Nosworthy . He was called up as a late replacement for the injured Luke Wright for England 's squad in the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 , but was not selected to play . He began the 2014 season positively for Somerset , particularly in the Twenty20 competition , in which he scored six half @-@ centuries in ten innings , averaging just under 50 .
= = Injury and retirement = =
On 12 July 2014 , Kieswetter suffered a broken nose and fractured cheek bone while batting for Somerset against Northamptonshire in a County Championship match . The bowler , David Willey , delivered a short @-@ pitched bouncer which went through the gap between the grille and the visor on Kieswetter 's helmet and struck him in the face . The injuries were initially described by Somerset 's chairman , Andy Nash , as " serious but non @-@ career threatening " . He underwent facial surgery , and suffered from double vision for a while after . He returned to the Somerset side before the end of the 2014 season and scored a half @-@ century in his first match back , against Middlesex , though he admitted that his vision was still not fully recovered . Kieswetter signed for the South African franchise Warriors as their overseas player to play in the Ram Slam T20 Challenge for the 2014 – 15 season . He played all ten matches for the Warriors , scoring 199 runs at an average of 22 @.@ 11 , including two half @-@ centuries .
On 10 December 2014 , despite having been named in England 's 30 @-@ man provisional 2015 Cricket World Cup squad , Kieswetter revealed that he was still suffering vision problems . He announced that he would not play in the 2015 season and would seek further treatment . The following June , he announced his retirement from professional cricket , saying that , although he was still capable of playing , he could not play to the standard he wanted ; " In the end I just thought , there are too many mediocre players in county cricket – and good luck to them – but I don 't want to be another one . " He finished his career with similar statistics in first @-@ class and List A cricket ; in both he averaged just under 40 and had scored eleven centuries . In Twenty20 cricket , his highest score was 89 not out , and he averaged just over 30 . In an interview with ESPNcricinfo shortly after his retirement , Kieswetter said that he would be interested in working in the media , perhaps as part of a commentary team for Twenty20 matches .
= = Playing style = =
Kieswetter 's confident and attacking batting style was compared to that of Kevin Pietersen , another England batsman of South African origin . Although Kieswetter favoured the off @-@ side , he was also strong behind square on both sides , and stood with a typical South African stance , his bat held high . He was generally more highly regarded for his batting than his wicket @-@ keeping , often drawing criticism for the quality of his glovework . For a couple of matches during 2012 , he was used as an off spin bowler by Somerset , collecting three wickets .
Somerset experimented with Kieswetter throughout the order , trying to find the most effective place for him . He began as a middle @-@ order batsman , but by the end of the 2007 season , although he remained in the middle @-@ order in first @-@ class cricket , Kieswetter regularly found himself opening the batting alongside Marcus Trescothick in one @-@ day cricket , a role he would also take up in opening six matches of the 2009 Twenty20 Cup , although he later dropped back into the middle order to improve the balance of the side . On his international call @-@ up , England chose to utilise Kieswetter as an opening batsman . He was selected " because of his proven ability to pierce the field in the Powerplay overs , particularly with his booming drives up and over the covers . " He later moved down the order for England to accommodate Kevin Pietersen as opener .
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= John Nutter =
John Robert William Nutter ( born 13 June 1982 ) is a former professional footballer who played for Wycombe Wanderers , Aldershot Town , Grays Athletic , Stevenage Borough , Gillingham , Lincoln City and Woking as a defender .
Nutter began his career at Blackburn Rovers ' youth academy in 1998 , spending two years on the books with the club before being released . In early 2001 , he joined Wycombe Wanderers , and later signed for Aldershot Town in May 2001 . He enjoyed a promotion with Aldershot during the 2002 – 03 campaign , helping the club secure the Isthmian League Premier Division title . During his time at Aldershot , Nutter spent time out on loan at St Albans City and Gravesend & Northfleet respectively .
Nutter then enjoyed a fruitful two @-@ year spell at Grays Athletic , and was part of the side that won the Conference South title , as well as two FA Trophy successes . In May 2006 , he signed for Stevenage Borough , and again tasted FA Trophy success during the 2006 – 07 season . Nutter moved back into the Football League in November 2007 , signing for Gillingham . He spent three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half seasons there , with the club moving between League One and League Two during his tenure . He was released when his contract expired at the end of the 2010 – 11 campaign , subsequently signing for Lincoln City of the Conference National in July 2011 . He was loaned out to Woking in November 2012 , a move that was later made permanent in January 2013 .
Nutter decided to retire from playing football at the end of the 2014 – 15 season so he could focus on his career as a teacher of Physical Education at a school .
= = Club career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Nutter began his career on the books at Blackburn Rovers ' youth academy , joining the club 's YTS programme in 1998 at the age of 16 , before later becoming a first @-@ year scholar . During his time at Blackburn , he was part of the side that won the Under 17s Academy Cup as they beat Manchester City in the final . He was released by Blackburn in 2000 , and was subsequently signed by Wycombe Wanderers in the early part of 2001 . Nutter made one first @-@ team appearance for the club , making his Football League debut in the club 's 3 – 2 away defeat to Peterborough United on 24 February 2001 . He was also part of the squad that travelled to the FA Cup semi @-@ final against Liverpool at Villa Park , although did not feature . His time at Wycombe was hampered by an ankle injury , which resulted in " limited opportunities " . He subsequently left Wycombe at the end of the 2000 – 01 season .
In May 2001 , Nutter joined Aldershot Town , then of the Isthmian League Premier Division . He made his debut in Aldershot 's 3 – 1 home victory over Enfield on 18 August 2001 , and scored his first goal for the club shortly after in a 2 – 1 away win over Heybridge Swifts . Nutter made 19 appearances for Aldershot during the 2001 – 02 season , scoring twice . He also made eight appearances for divisional rivals St Albans City during a two @-@ month loan spell . Nutter remained at Aldershot the following season , making sporadic appearances throughout the campaign . He spent a month on loan at Conference National side Gravesend & Northfleet in November 2002 , making four appearances . During the campaign , he scored three times in 21 appearances for Aldershot , in a season that saw the club earn promotion to the Conference National after winning the Isthmian League Premier Division . Nutter featured regularly during Aldershot 's return to the highest tier of non @-@ League football , making 28 appearances in all competitions and netting once in a 4 – 2 away victory over Bishop 's Stortford in the FA Trophy in January 2004 . Aldershot narrowly missed out on back @-@ to @-@ back promotions , losing on penalties in the play @-@ off final to Shrewsbury Town . Although Nutter did not play in the final , he did feature in both legs of the semi @-@ final as Aldershot defeated Hereford United on penalties . During his three years at Aldershot , Nutter made 68 appearances in league , FA Cup and FA Trophy fixtures , scoring six times .
= = = Grays Athletic = = =
Ahead of the 2004 – 05 season , in July 2004 , Nutter signed for Conference South side Grays Athletic , managed by Mark Stimson . He made his Grays debut on the opening day of the season , playing the first 57 minutes in a 1 – 1 away draw against Hayes on 14 August 2004 . Three days later , he scored his only goal of the season as Grays beat Redbridge comfortably at the New Recreation Ground . In Nutter 's first season with Grays , the club secured the Conference South title in comprehensive fashion , winning the division by 23 points . During the same season , Grays also won the FA Trophy , beating Hucknall Town on penalties in the final at Villa Park , with Nutter playing the whole match . As a result of Grays ' promotion , the 2005 – 06 season gave Nutter another opportunity to play in the Conference National . He was almost ever @-@ present during yet another successful season for the Essex club , with Grays finishing third in the league . His only goal of the season came in the Conference play @-@ off semi @-@ final second leg , as Grays eventually lost to Halifax Town 5 – 4 on aggregate . Shortly after the play @-@ off defeat , Nutter was part of the side that secured back @-@ to @-@ back FA Trophy titles courtesy of a 2 – 0 win against Woking at Upton Park . It was to be Nutter 's last game for the club . On securing successive FA Trophy victories with Grays , Nutter stated — " The FA Trophy wins for Grays Athletic were great , a fantastic achievement for the club , we had some terrific players at the time " .
= = = Stevenage Borough = = =
With his Grays contract expiring in May 2006 , Nutter opted to sign for Conference National side Stevenage Borough at the end of the month . He joined on a free transfer and on a two @-@ year contract . The move reunited him with Stimson , who made Nutter his first signing following his switch from Grays to Stevenage . Nutter revealed that he had rejected the offer of a contract extension at Grays , as well as an offer from Peterborough United . He made his Stevenage debut against Altrincham on 12 August 2006 , playing the whole match in a 2 – 1 away defeat . Nutter scored his first goal for Stevenage in a 3 – 2 home win against Woking on 3 October 2006 , a late penalty to restore parity in the match , before Stevenage went on to score a winner in injury @-@ time . He went on to score further penalties in home victories against Gravesend & Northfleet and Cambridge United , and also scored against Burton Albion with a long @-@ range drive in a 2 – 1 win . He added to his most fruitful season in front of goal by scoring twice in April 2007 , both from the penalty spot , against Forest Green Rovers and Rushden & Diamonds respectively . He was ever @-@ present during his first season with the club , playing in all 46 leagues matches , as well as making a further ten appearances in cup competitions , scoring six times . Nutter was part of the squad that reached the FA Trophy final in May 2007 , the first competitive match at the new Wembley Stadium . He played the whole match in Stevenage 's 3 – 2 win over Kidderminster Harriers , a game in which Stevenage trailed by two goals , meaning he had won the FA Trophy for three successive years .
Nutter scored his first goal of the 2007 – 08 season in Stevenage 's 3 – 0 home victory over Weymouth in August 2007 , scoring a free kick that found the top corner of the goal . He was part of the defence that broke a club record and equalled a Conference National record when Stevenage went eight games without conceding a goal , spanning from August to October 2007 . Following the departure of manager Mark Stimson to Gillingham in November 2007 , it was revealed that Stevenage rejected several offers for Nutter from Gillingham . He remained at Stevenage for a further three weeks ; his last game for the club a 3 – 2 home loss to Halifax Town . He scored eight times in 73 appearances for the club in all competitions .
= = = Gillingham = = =
Later that month , Nutter joined Gillingham , along with Stevenage midfielder Adam Miller , for a combined fee of £ 65 @,@ 000 . The move was initially on loan until January 2008 , when the deal was made permanent . He made his debut for Gillingham in a 1 – 1 home draw with Southend United on 26 December 2007 , playing the whole match . Nutter went on to make 25 appearances for the club during the second half of the 2007 – 08 campaign , a season that witnessed Gillingham suffer relegation to League Two . He scored one goal during the campaign , netting in a 1 – 1 draw against Bristol Rovers at the Memorial Stadium in April 2008 . The 2008 – 09 campaign brought about Nutter 's first full season at Gillingham . He had been joined by former Stevenage players Barry Fuller , Alan Julian , and Stuart Lewis , as well as Dennis Oli , who he played alongside at Grays . Nutter made 54 appearances during the campaign , a season in which Gillingham earned promotion back to League One following a 1 – 0 win over Shrewsbury Town in the play @-@ off final at Wembley Stadium in May 2009 . Although he failed to find the scoresheet during the successful campaign , he did provide the assist for eleven goals . The promotion meant that it was the third of Nutter 's career , having also tasted league success at Aldershot and Grays .
Nutter started in the club 's first game of the 2009 – 10 season ; as Gillingham marked their return to the third tier of English football with a 5 – 0 victory over Swindon Town at Priestfield . He scored his only goal of the campaign , the second of his Gillingham career , in a 3 – 1 win over bottom @-@ placed Stockport County in December 2009 , marking his 100th appearance for the club with an " angled volley " that beat Owain Fôn Williams in the Stockport goal . Gillingham were relegated at the end of the season , finishing in 21st place . A 3 – 0 away loss to one of Nutter 's former employers , Wycombe Wanderers , cemented their fate . Nutter made 41 appearances during the campaign . Stimson left the club by mutual consent days after the Wycombe match , and was replaced by Andy Hessenthaler . This meant that Nutter would be playing under a manager other than Stimson for the first time in six years ( aside from a three @-@ week spell under Peter Taylor at Stevenage ) . Nutter 's contract was extended for a further year in June 2010 after he had " played sufficient games last season to trigger a new deal " . During the campaign , Nutter received the first red card of his career in a 2 – 0 home defeat to Dover Athletic in the FA Cup , earning the dismissal for a " professional foul " . He made 37 appearances during the 2010 – 11 season , scoring once , as Gillingham narrowly missed out on a play @-@ off position . In May 2011 , Nutter left Gillingham when his contract expired at the end of the month . During his three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year spell with the Kent side , he made 157 appearances and scored three goals .
= = = Lincoln City = = =
Nutter joined Conference National side Lincoln City on a free transfer in July 2011 . Signing a two @-@ year deal with Lincoln , Nutter stated — " I think it will benefit me to have a fresh start , play in front of new people and show what I can do . I feel I 'm better than this level but I 've got to show that and we have to show that as a team " . His Lincoln debut came on the opening day of the 2011 – 12 season , playing the whole match as Lincoln twice squandered a lead to draw 2 – 2 with Southport at Haig Avenue . He scored his first goal for the club in November 2011 , netting Lincoln 's third with a shot from outside the area in a 3 – 0 home win over Ebbsfleet United . Nutter would add to his goal tally once more during the campaign when he scored a 20 @-@ yard free @-@ kick in an important 2 – 0 win against relegation rivals Newport County on 24 March 2012 . Nutter played in all 51 of Lincoln 's matches during the season , with the club struggling to adapt during their first season back in non @-@ league , finishing just above the relegation places .
He was made club captain ahead of the 2012 – 13 season , and continued to play regularly during the early months of the new campaign . He opened his goalscoring account courtesy of free @-@ kick in a 3 – 3 home draw against Stockport County in October 2012 . Shortly after , Nutter admitted that his family struggled relocating to Lincolnshire , and a move down south was a much more suitable location given his personal circumstances . He scored three times in 66 appearances for Lincoln . On his time at Lincoln , Nutter stated — " Lincoln is a really nice , friendly club with very patient and loyal supporters . But with my personal circumstances , it was time to move on – I wish them well " .
= = = Woking = = =
In November 2012 , he joined fellow Conference National side Woking on a two @-@ month loan deal . He made his first appearance for Woking two days after signing , playing the whole match in a 2 – 1 loss to Alfreton Town at Kingfield , and went on to make a further four appearances during the loan agreement . He briefly returned to Lincoln , before it was agreed that he would leave the club by mutual consent at the end of 2012 . Nutter subsequently signed for Woking on a permanent basis on 6 January 2013 .
= = International career = =
Nutter has played for the England C team , who represent England at non @-@ league level . He has also made several appearances for the England futsal side .
= = Style of play = =
Nutter predominantly played as a left @-@ sided full @-@ back , although he did play on the left wing in the early stages of his career . He was left @-@ footed . Gillingham manager Mark Stimson described him as " an attacking full @-@ back with plenty of technical ability " , and stated that Nutter would " offer plenty of width down the left hand side " , in @-@ turn being " a constant attacking threat " . He expressed a passion to pass the ball along the floor , and always prefers to pass the ball out as opposed to hitting it long . Talking about his time at Stevenage , Nutter stated he would like to be remembered as a player " who tried to play football the right way , passing the ball , technically good to watch and an honest player " .
He also provided an attacking outlet from set @-@ pieces . Throughout his career , Nutter scored from several long @-@ range free @-@ kicks , and also regularly took corner kicks . During his time at Stevenage , he was the club 's penalty taker , and scored six out of seven penalties .
= = Personal life = =
Nutter is married to Hayley and has two sons , Walter and Benedict . He has a brother and a sister . His brother , Tom , has played football for Burnham and Beaconsfield SYCOB , and won a number of awards during a four @-@ year stint in America playing for West Texas A & M University .
He has stated that his closest friend in football is Adam Miller , who he played alongside at Stevenage and Gillingham . John is now a teacher at a school in Berkshire , teaching Physical Education to pupils at a Preparatory school .
= = Honours = =
Isthmian League Premier Division : 2002 – 03
FA Trophy : 2004 – 05 , 2005 – 06 , 2006 – 07
Conference South : 2004 – 05
League Two play @-@ offs : 2008 – 09
= = Career statistics = =
As of matches played 21 March 2015 .
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= William Goebel =
William Justus Goebel ( January 4 , 1856 – February 3 , 1900 ) was an American politician who served as the 34th Governor of Kentucky for four days in 1900 after having been mortally wounded by an assassin the day before he was sworn in . Goebel remains the only state governor in the United States to be assassinated while in office .
A skilled politician , Goebel was well able to broker deals with fellow lawmakers , and equally able and willing to break the deals if a better deal came along . His tendency to use the state 's political machinery to advance his personal agenda earned him the nicknames " Boss Bill " , " the Kenton King " , " Kenton Czar " , " King William I " , and " William the Conqueror " .
Goebel 's abrasive personality made him many political enemies , but his championing of populist causes , like railroad regulation , also won him many friends . This conflict of opinions came to a head in the Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1899 . Goebel , a Democrat , divided his party with self @-@ serving political tactics at a time when Kentucky Republicans were finally gaining strength , having elected the party 's first governor four years previously . These dynamics led to a close contest between Goebel and William S. Taylor . In the politically chaotic climate that resulted , Goebel was assassinated . Everyone charged in connection with the murder was either acquitted or pardoned , and the identity of his assassin remains uncertain .
= = Early life = =
Wilhelm Justus Goebel was born January 4 , 1856 , in Albany Township , Bradford County , Pennsylvania , the son of Wilhelm and Augusta ( Groenkle ) Goebel , immigrants from Hanover , Germany . The first of four children , he was born two months premature and weighed less than three pounds . His father served as a private in Company B , 82nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War , and Goebel 's mother raised her children alone , teaching them much about their German heritage . Wilhelm spoke only German until the age of six , but embraced the culture of his birth country as well , adopting the English spelling of his name .
Discharged from the army in 1863 , Goebel 's father moved his family to Covington , Kentucky . William attended school in Covington and was then apprenticed to a jeweler in Cincinnati , Ohio . After a brief time at Hollingsworth Business College , he became an apprentice in the law firm of John W. Stevenson , who had served as governor of Kentucky from 1871 to 1877 . Goebel eventually became Stevenson 's partner and executor of his estate . Goebel graduated from Cincinnati Law School in 1877 , then enrolled at Kenyon College in Gambier , Ohio , but withdrew to support his family on the death of his father . Goebel was in private practice for several years , before partnering with Kentucky state representative John G. Carlisle for five years . He then rejoined Stevenson in Covington as a partner .
= = Personal characteristics = =
Goebel was never known as a particularly genial person in public . He belonged to few social organizations , and greeted none but his closest friends with a smile or handshake . He was rarely linked romantically with a woman , and is the only governor of Kentucky who never married . His physical features bespoke his taciturn nature . Journalist Irvin S. Cobb remarked that Goebel 's appearance was " reptilian " , while others commented on his contemptuous lips , sharp nose , and humorless eyes . Neither was Goebel a gifted public speaker , eschewing flowery imagery and relying on his deep , powerful voice and forceful delivery to drive home his points .
While lacking in the social qualities common to politicians , one characteristic served Goebel well in the political arena – his intellect . Goebel was well @-@ read , and supporters and opponents both conceded that his mental prowess was impressive . Cobb concluded that he had never been more impressed with a man 's intellect than he had been with Goebel 's .
= = Political career = =
In 1887 , James W. Bryan vacated his seat in the Kentucky Senate to pursue the office of lieutenant governor . Goebel decided to seek election to the vacant seat representing the Covington area . His platform of railroad regulation and championing labor causes , combined with the influence of Stevenson , his former partner , should have given Goebel an easy victory , but this was not to be . A third political party , the Union Labor party , had risen to power in the area with a platform similar to Goebel 's . However , while Goebel had to stick close to his allies in the Democratic party , the Union Labor party courted the votes of both Democrats and Republicans , and made the election close – decided in Goebel 's favor by a mere fifty @-@ six votes .
With only the two years remaining in former senator Bryan 's term to distinguish himself before a re @-@ election bid , Goebel took aim at a large and popular target : the Louisville and Nashville Railroad . A proposal from pro @-@ railroad legislators in the Kentucky House of Representatives to abolish Kentucky 's Railroad Commission was passed and sent to the Senate . Senator Cassius M. Clay responded by proposing a committee to investigate lobbying by the railroad industry . Goebel served on the committee , which uncovered significant violations by the railroad lobby . Goebel also helped defeat the bill to abolish the Railroad Commission in the Senate . These actions made him a hero in his district . He ran for a full term as senator unopposed in 1889 , and won another term in 1893 by a three @-@ to @-@ one margin over his Republican opponent .
In 1890 , Goebel was a delegate to Kentucky 's fourth constitutional convention , which produced the current Kentucky Constitution . Despite the high honor of being chosen as a delegate , Goebel showed little interest in participating in the process of creating a new constitution . The convention was in session for 250 days ; Goebel was present for just 100 of them . He did , however , successfully secure the inclusion of the Railroad Commission in the new constitution . As a constitutional entity , the Commission could only be abolished by an amendment ratified by popular vote . This would effectively protect the Commission from ever being unilaterally dismantled by the General Assembly .
= = = Duel with John Sanford = = =
In 1895 , Goebel engaged in what many observers considered a duel with John Lawrence Sanford . Sanford , a former Confederate general staff officer turned banker , had clashed with Goebel before . Goebel 's successful campaign to remove tolls from some of Kentucky 's turnpikes had cost Sanford a good deal of money . It was widely believed that Sanford later blocked Goebel 's appointment to the Kentucky Court of Appeals , then the highest court in the state . In response to this , Goebel had written an article in a local newspaper referring to Sanford as " Gonorrhea John " .
The duel occurred as Goebel and two of his acquaintances went to cash a check in Covington . Goebel suggested they avoid Sanford 's bank , but Sanford , standing outside the bank , engaged the trio in conversation before they could cross the street to another bank . As Sanford greeted Goebel 's friends , he offered his left hand , his right remaining on a pistol in his pocket . Goebel , noticing this and being likewise armed , clutched the revolver in his own pocket . Sanford asked Goebel , " I understand that you assume authorship of that article ? " ; " I do " , replied Goebel . Witnesses agree that both men fired at each other , but none was sure who fired first . Goebel was uninjured , the bullet passing through his coat and ripping his trousers ; Sanford was struck in the head and died five hours later . Goebel was acquitted , pleading self @-@ defense , but the incident would haunt his political career . The acquittal was also significant because of prohibitions against duelling in the Kentucky Constitution . If Goebel had been convicted , he would have been ineligible to hold any public office .
= = = Goebel Election Law = = =
Democrats , who controlled the General Assembly , felt that county election commissioners had been unjust in selecting local election officials , and that this injustice had contributed to the election of Republican governor William O. Bradley in 1895 and Republican president William McKinley in 1896 . Goebel proposed a bill , known as the " Goebel Election Law " , which passed along sharp party lines and over Governor Bradley 's veto , created a three @-@ member state election commission , appointed by the General Assembly , to select county election commissioners . This system proved to be just as manipulable as the one it replaced , allowing the Democratically controlled General Assembly to appoint fellow Democrats to the election commission .
Many voters decried the bill as a self @-@ serving attempt by Goebel to increase his political power , and the election board remained a controversial issue until its abolition in a special session of the legislature in 1900 . Despite rising to the office of President Pro Tempore in 1896 , Goebel became the subject of much opposition from constituencies of both parties in Kentucky after the passage of the law .
= = = Gubernatorial election of 1899 = = =
Three men sought the Democratic nomination for governor at the 1899 party convention in Louisville – Goebel , Wat Hardin , and William J. Stone . When Hardin appeared to be the front @-@ runner for the nomination , Stone and Goebel agreed to work together against him . Stone 's supporters would back whomever Goebel picked to preside over the convention . In exchange , half the delegates from Louisville , who were pledged to Goebel , would vote to nominate Stone for governor . Goebel would then drop out of the race , but would name many of the other officials on the ticket . As word of the plan spread , Hardin dropped out of the race , believing he would be beaten by the Stone – Goebel alliance .
Goebel took a calculated risk by breaking the agreement once his choice was installed as presiding officer . Hardin , seeing that Stone had been betrayed and hoping he might now be able to secure the nomination , re @-@ entered the contest . Several chaotic ballots resulted in no clear majority for anyone , and Goebel 's hand @-@ picked chairman announced the man with the lowest vote total in the next canvass would be dropped . It turned out to be Stone . This put Stone 's backers in a difficult position . They were forced to choose between Hardin , who was seen as a pawn of the railroads , or Goebel , who had turned against their man . Enough of them sided with Goebel to give him the nomination . Goebel 's tactics , while not illegal , were unpopular and divided the party . A disgruntled faction calling themselves the " Honest Election Democrats " held a separate convention in Lexington and nominated John Y. Brown for governor .
Republican William S. Taylor defeated both Democratic candidates in the general election , but his margin over Goebel was only 2 @,@ 383 votes . Democrats in the General Assembly began making accusations of voting irregularities in some counties , but in a surprise decision , the Board of Elections created by the Goebel Election Law and manned by three hand @-@ picked Goebel Democrats , ruled 2 – 1 that the disputed ballots should count , saying the law gave them no legal power to reverse the official county results and that under the Kentucky Constitution the power to review the election lay in the General Assembly . The Assembly then invalidated enough Republican ballots to give the election to Goebel . The Assembly 's Republican minority was incensed , as were voters in traditionally Republican districts . For several days , the state hovered on the brink of a possible civil war .
= = Assassination and aftermath = =
While the election results remained in dispute , Goebel , despite being warned of a rumored assassination plot against him , walked flanked by two bodyguards to the Old State Capitol on the morning of January 30 , 1900 . Reports conflict about what happened , but some five or six shots were fired from the nearby State Building , one striking Goebel in the chest and wounding him seriously . Taylor , serving as governor pending a final decision on the election , called out the militia and ordered the General Assembly into a special session , not in Frankfort , but in London , Kentucky , a Republican area . The Republican minority obeyed the call and went to London . Democrats resisted the move , many going instead to Louisville . Both groups claimed authority , but the Republicans were too few to muster a quorum .
The day after being shot , the dying Goebel was sworn in as governor . In his only act , Goebel signed a proclamation to dissolve the militia called up by Taylor , which was ignored by the militia 's Republican commander . Despite the care of 18 physicians , Goebel died the afternoon of February 3 , 1900 . Journalists recalled his last words as " Tell my friends to be brave , fearless , and loyal to the common people . " Skeptic Irvin S. Cobb uncovered another story from some in the room at the time . On having eaten his last meal , the governor supposedly remarked " Doc , that was a damned bad oyster . " In respect of Goebel 's displeasure with the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , the governor 's body was transported not by the L & N direct line , but circuitously from his hometown of Covington north across the Ohio River to Cincinnati , and then south to Frankfort on the Queen and Crescent Railroad .
= = = Resolution of the election = = =
With Goebel dead , tensions began to ease . The idea of Goebel 's lieutenant governor , J. C. W. Beckham , as governor was more palatable to much of the opposition than civil war in the state , though many of them may have preferred war to a Goebel governorship . After a lengthy meeting , a bipartisan compromise was drafted which would have ended the matter . The terms called for Republican recognition of Goebel 's rightful election ( and Beckham 's subsequent right to govern ) . Republicans would also remove the militia from Frankfort . Democrats would , in turn , extend immunity to any Republican official found to have ties to the assassination , stop contesting elections for other state offices , and work to pass a nonpartisan election reform bill . The agreement needed only Taylor 's signature to become effective . Unwilling to relinquish his office , Taylor balked .
Compromise having been exhausted , both sides agreed to litigate the matter . The Kentucky Court of Appeals found that the General Assembly had acted legally in declaring Goebel the winner of the election . That decision was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States . Arguments were presented in the case ( Taylor v. Beckham ) on April 30 , 1900 , and on May 21 , the justices decided 8 – 1 not to hear the case , allowing the Court of Appeals ' decision to stand . The lone dissension was that of Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan , a Kentucky native. and member of the Republican Party ( United States ) .
= = = Trials and investigations = = =
During the ensuing assassination investigation , suspicion naturally focused on deposed governor Taylor , who fled to Indianapolis , Indiana under the looming threat of indictment . The governor of Indiana refused to extradite Taylor , and he was thus never questioned about his knowledge of the plot to kill Goebel . Taylor became a successful lawyer in Indiana , and was pardoned in 1909 by Beckham 's successor , Republican Augustus E. Willson .
Sixteen people , including Taylor , were eventually indicted in the assassination of Governor Goebel . Three accepted immunity from prosecution in exchange for testimony . Only five ever went to trial , two of those being acquitted . Convictions were handed down against Taylor 's Secretary of State Caleb Powers , Henry Youtsey , and Jim Howard . The prosecution charged that Powers was the mastermind , having a political opponent killed so that his boss , Governor Taylor , could stay in office . Youtsey was an alleged intermediary , and Howard , who was said to have been in Frankfort to seek a pardon from Taylor for the killing of a man in a family feud , was accused of being the actual assassin .
The trials were fraught with irregularities . All three judges were pro @-@ Goebel Democrats , and at one point the juror pool of 368 people was found to have only eight Republicans . Republican appeals courts overturned Powers ' and Howard 's convictions , though Powers was tried three more times , resulting in two convictions and a hung jury and Howard was tried and convicted twice more . Both men were pardoned in 1908 by Governor Augustus E. Willson .
Youtsey , who received a life sentence , did not appeal , but after two years in prison , he turned state 's evidence . In Howard 's second trial , Youtsey claimed that ex @-@ governor Taylor had discussed an assassination plot with Youtsey and Howard . He backed the prosecution 's claims that Taylor and Powers worked out the details , he acted as an intermediary , and Howard fired the shot . On cross examination , the defense pointed out contradictions in the details of Youtsey 's story , but Howard was still convicted . Youtsey was paroled in 1916 and was pardoned in 1919 by Democratic governor James D. Black .
Most historians agree that the assassin of Governor Goebel will never be conclusively identified .
= = Legacy = =
Goebel Avenue in Elkton , Kentucky and Goebel Park in Covington , Kentucky are named in honor of the late governor .
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= Octopussy and The Living Daylights =
Octopussy and The Living Daylights ( sometimes published as Octopussy ) is the fourteenth and final James Bond book written by Ian Fleming in the Bond series . The book is a collection of short stories published posthumously in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape on 23 June 1966 .
The book originally contained just two stories , " Octopussy " and " The Living Daylights " , with subsequent editions also carrying firstly " The Property of a Lady " and then " 007 in New York " . The stories were first published in different publications , with " Octopussy " first serialised in the Daily Express in October 1965 . " The Living Daylights " had first appeared in The Sunday Times on 4 February 1962 ; " The Property of a Lady " was published in November 1963 in a Sotheby 's publication , The Ivory Hammer , whilst " 007 in New York " first appeared in the New York Herald Tribune in October 1963 .
The two original stories , " Octopussy " and " The Living Daylights " , were both adapted for publication in comic strip format in the Daily Express in 1966 – 1967 . Elements from the stories have also been used in the Eon Productions Bond films . The first , Octopussy , starring Roger Moore as James Bond , was released in 1983 as the thirteenth film in the series and provided the back story for the film Octopussy 's family , while " The Property of a Lady " was more closely adapted for an auction sequence in the film . The Living Daylights , released in 1987 , was the fifteenth Bond film produced by Eon and starred Timothy Dalton in his first appearance as Bond .
= = Plots = =
= = = " Octopussy " = = =
The Secret Service operative James Bond , code name 007 , is assigned to apprehend a hero of the Second World War implicated in a murder involving a cache of Nazi gold . Bond appears briefly in this story , which is told mostly in flashback and from the point of view of Major Dexter Smythe , the villain . Bond chooses not to take Smythe into custody immediately , but Smythe 's guilt drives him to commit suicide by allowing a scorpion fish to sting him and his " pet " Blue @-@ ringed octopus to attack him , bringing on a fatal heart attack .
= = = " The Living Daylights " = = =
An unusually morose James Bond is assigned sniper duty to help British agent 272 escape from East Berlin . Bond 's duty is to prevent a top KGB assassin codenamed " Trigger " from killing 272 by eliminating the sniper . Bond waits for three nights for the agent to come over no man 's land and notices a female orchestra arriving and leaving for practice each night ; a beautiful , blonde cellist catches his eye while he waits . When he sees the agent start making his way over the broken ground , he sees the Russian sniper take up position and realises it is the cellist : a split second decision sees Bond deciding instead to shoot the butt of her rifle , preventing her from making the kill . The mission , while successful , is also considered a failure due to Bond 's last @-@ second decision , and it ends with Bond hoping that M fires him for it .
= = = " The Property of a Lady " = = =
Bond investigates a Secret Service employee , Maria Freudenstein , who is a double agent about to be paid by her Russian keepers by auctioning the " Emerald Sphere " , crafted by Peter Carl Fabergé , at Sotheby 's in her name . The Russians have sent the Resident Director of the KGB in London to attend the auction and underbid for the item to push the price to the necessary value to pay for her services as a double agent . Bond attends the auction in hopes of spotting this man ; after he does so , the man is expelled from London as persona non grata .
= = = " 007 in New York " = = =
A brief tale in which Bond muses about New York City and his favourite recipe for scrambled eggs , during a quick mission to the titular city to warn a female MI6 employee that her new boyfriend is a KGB agent . It is notable for including a rare humorous conclusion and for its mention of Solange , a young lady of Bond 's intimate acquaintance who works in a shop , Abercrombie 's , " appropriately employed in their Indoor Games Department " .
= = Characters and themes = =
Author of the " continuation " Bond stories , Raymond Benson , noted that in " The Living Daylights " Bond 's thoughts on killing are examined once again , showing that although 007 did not like doing it , he considered that he must as part of his duty to complete an assignment . Once the mission is completed , with Bond deliberately not killing the assassin , there is an attitude of complacency with Bond shrugging off his colleague 's complaints about the incident . Academic Jeremy Black sees the colleague , the officious Captain Spender , as the antithesis of Bond and an echo of Colonel Schreiber , the head of security at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) , who appeared in " From a View to a Kill " .
In the act of not killing the assassin , the theme of disobedience is raised in " The Living Daylights " , with Bond calling what he has to do " murder " and subsequently dismissing his actions by saying " with any luck it will cost me my Double @-@ 0 number " . Raymond Benson considered " Octopussy " to be a morality tale , with greed bringing repercussions years later to the main protagonist , Dexter Smythe .
= = Background = =
On the morning of 12 August 1964 , Fleming died of a heart attack ; eight months later , The Man with the Golden Gun was published . The rights to Fleming 's works were held by Glidrose Productions ( now Ian Fleming Publications ) and it was decided by the company that two short stories , " Octopussy " and " The Living Daylights " , would be published in 1966 .
= = = " Octopussy " = = =
The story " Octopussy " was written in early 1962 at Fleming 's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica . The story is told in the manner of " Quantum of Solace " , with Bond as catalyst for story told in flashback , rather than as a main character for action . The topics chosen for Fleming were familiar ground for him to cover , with hidden gold , tropical fish and the wartime exploits of commandos all coming from elements of his past . Also from the past , or from his acquaintance , were other references used in the story and Miscellaneous Objectives Bureau was a fictional version of Fleming 's 30 AU unit . One of Fleming 's neighbours in Jamaica , and later his lover , was Blanche Blackwell , mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records . Fleming had previously used Blackwell 's name as the guano @-@ collecting ship in Dr. No , calling it Blanche . Blackwell had given Fleming a coracle called Octopussy , the name of which Fleming used for the story . Octopussy was posthumously serialised in the Daily Express newspaper , 4 – 8 October 1965 .
= = = " The Living Daylights " = = =
Fleming originally titled " The Living Daylights " as " Trigger Finger " , although when it first appeared , in the The Sunday Times colour supplement of 4 February 1962 , it was under the title of " Berlin Escape " . It was also published in June 1962 issue of the American magazine Argosy under the same name . For The Sunday Times , Fleming had commissioned Graham Sutherland to undertake the artwork to accompany the piece , at a cost of 100 guineas , although the artwork wasn 't used in the published edition .
As background research to the story , Fleming corresponded with Captain E.K. Le Mesurier , secretary of the National Rifle Association at Bisley for information and to correct some of the more specialist areas of knowledge required for sniper shooting . Part of the background to the plot , of using the noise of the orchestra to cover the crossing over no man 's land , was inspired by Pat Reid 's escape from Colditz prisoner of war camp , with two escapers having to run across a courtyard under the cover of the noise from an orchestra . The conductor of the Colditz orchestra was Douglas Bader , who played golf with Fleming on a number of occasions . The assassin , Trigger , was partly based on Amaryllis Fleming , Ian 's half @-@ sister , a concert cellist with blonde hair , and Fleming managed to get a passing reference to her in the story , saying : " Of course Suggia had managed to look elegant , as did that girl Amaryllis somebody . "
= = = " Property of a Lady " = = =
" Property of a Lady " , which was written in early 1963 , was commissioned by Sotheby 's for use in their annual journal , The Ivory Hammer , and was published in November 1963 and later in Playboy ; Sotheby 's chairman Peter Wilson is mentioned by name in the story . Fleming was so unhappy with the final piece he wrote to Wilson and refused payment for something he considered so lacklustre .
= = = " 007 in New York " = = =
In 1959 Fleming was commissioned by The Sunday Times to write a series of articles based on world cities , material for which later was collected into a book entitled Thrilling Cities ; whilst travelling through New York for material , Fleming wrote " 007 in New York " from Bond 's point of view . " 007 in New York " was originally titled " Reflections in a Carey Cadillac " and it contains a recipe for scrambled eggs which came from May Maxwell , the housekeeper to friend Ivar Bryce who gave her name to Bond 's own housekeeper , May . The story was first published in the New York Herald Tribune in October 1963 as " Agent 007 in New York " , but was subsequently renamed as " 007 in New York " for the 1964 US editions of Thrilling Cities .
= = Release and reception = =
Octopussy and The Living Daylights was published in Britain on 23 June 1966 by Jonathan Cape and cost 10s.6d. The hardback edition of the book contained only the two stories mentioned in the title , although when the paperbacks editions were published , " The Property of a Lady " was also included . Once again artist Richard Chopping provided the cover art , although his fee rose once again , to 350 guineas . The book was published in US by New American Library with illustrations from Paul Bacon . By 2002 , " 007 in New York " had been added to the book by Penguin Books .
= = = Reviews = = =
Philip Larkin wrote in The Spectator that " I am not surprised that Fleming preferred to write novels . James Bond , unlike Sherlock Holmes , does not fit snugly into the short story length : there is something grandiose and intercontinental about his adventures that require elbow room and such examples of the form as we have tend to be eccentric or muted . These are no exception . " The critic for The Times Literary Supplement wrote that the book was " slight and predictable , and usual sex and violence yield to a plausible use of ballistics and marine biology " . Writing in The Listener , Anthony Burgess thought that " in their fascinated poring on things ... remind us that the stuff of the anti @-@ novel needn 't necessarily spring from a thought @-@ out aesthetic " , going on to note that " it is the mastery of the world that gives Fleming his peculiar literary niche " . On a personal note , Burgess added " I admired all the Bond books and I 'm sorry there 'll be no more . A sad farewell to Fleming " .
= = Adaptations = =
Comic strip adaptation ( 1966 – 1967 )
Two of the short stories were adapted for publication in comic strip format , which were published daily in the Daily Express newspaper and syndicated worldwide . " The Living Daylights " ran from 12 September to 12 November 1966 , adapted by Jim Lawrence and illustrated by Yaroslav Horak ; the same pair also worked on " Octopussy " , which ran from 14 November 1966 to 27 May 1967 . The story lines for the strips were altered from the original Fleming version to ensure that they contained a glamorous reason for being Bond involved and to include Bond in action . The strips were reprinted by Titan Books in 1988 and then again in The James Bond Omnibus Vol . 2 , published in 2011 .
Octopussy ( 1983 )
In 1983 Eon Productions loosely adapted elements of two of the stories , " Octopussy " and " The Property of a Lady " for the thirteenth film in their Bond series , starring Roger Moore as Bond . " Octopussy " provided the title of the film and the background for the character Octopussy , the daughter of a character Bond had allowed to commit suicide , rather than face the shame of arrest and imprisonment . The film also used the plot device of auctioning of a Fabergé egg at Sotheby 's from " The Property of a Lady " and , as with the story , the auction item was described as being the same " property of a lady " .
The Living Daylights ( 1987 )
In 1987 Eon used the plot of " The Living Daylights " , almost unchanged , for a section of their 1987 film of the same name . The film starred Timothy Dalton in his first role as Bond , whilst the character of Trigger became that of cello player Kara Milovy .
Casino Royale ( 2006 )
In 2006 Eon used the plot of Fleming 's first novel , Casino Royale , for its 21st film of the same name . However , a main character was named Solange , after the woman featured in " 007 in New York . "
Quantum of Solace ( 2008 )
In 2008 Eon used the basic premise from the short story " 007 in New York " as part of the film Quantum of Solace , in which Bond warns a female intelligence employee that her boyfriend is an enemy agent .
Spectre ( 2015 )
In Spectre , Hans Oberhauser , a background character in " Octopussy " is revealed to be the father of Ernst Stavro Blofeld and a former caretaker of Bond in his youth . In the film it is stated that Blofeld killed Oberhauser because he felt that Oberhauser loved Bond more than him , his own son .
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= The Dragon 's Call =
" The Dragon 's Call " is the first episode of the first series of the British fantasy @-@ adventure family television series Merlin . Written by Julian Jones and directed by James Hawes , the episode was first broadcast on BBC One on 20 September 2008 .
The episode tells the arrival of Merlin ( Colin Morgan ) as a young man in Camelot , where magic is banned by King Uther Pendragon ( Anthony Head ) . Taken under the wing of Camelot 's physician , Gaius ( Richard Wilson ) , he is warned that he must keep his innate magical ability a secret . In Camelot , he meets Uther 's heir , the arrogant Prince Arthur ( Bradley James ) , as well as Lady Morgana ( Katie McGrath ) and her handmaid , Guinevere ( Angel Coulby ) . As a witch ( Eve Myles ) plans revenge on the King 's heir for the execution of her son , Merlin is informed by a cryptic dragon ( John Hurt ) that his destiny is to protect Arthur .
Merlin was conceived by Julian Murphy and Johnny Capps to be an origin story for the characters of the Arthurian legends , with family @-@ centered entertainment . Young actors with little experience were cast as the four lead characters , while better @-@ known actors were cast in supporting roles . Many of the scenes in Camelot were filmed in France , at the Château de Pierrefonds , while the rest was filmed in England and Wales . Special effects were done by The Mill , who had the task of creating the talking dragon . " The Dragon 's Call " was watched by 7 @.@ 15 million viewers in the UK and 6 @.@ 3 million in the US on NBC . Critical reception was mixed , with some feeling the show had promise but lacked imagination , and the actual plot of " The Dragon 's Call " was deemed slight .
= = Plot = =
Merlin ( Colin Morgan ) , a young sorcerer , arrives in Camelot just in time to witness the execution of Thomas Collins , a man accused of sorcery , by the order of King Uther Pendragon ( Anthony Head ) , who has banned the practice of magic in his kingdom on pain of death . As soon as the man is beheaded , Uther declares to the watching crowd that he shall throw a festival to celebrate twenty years since he wiped out magic and magicians from the kingdom . When he finishes his announcements , a hideous old hag , Thomas ' mother Mary ( Eve Myles ) , swears revenge for the murder of her son , " a son for a son ! " , before vanishing to avoid arrest . The King 's ward , Morgana ( Katie McGrath ) , warns that Uther may be making enemies through his hatred and radical methods of wiping out magic .
Merlin reports to Camelot 's physician Gaius ( Richard Wilson ) and saves the old man 's life when he falls from a balcony by magically moving a mattress to cushion his fall . Though initially denying his abilities , Merlin later admits that he has had magical powers since birth , which Gaius warns him to keep secret . Reading a letter from Merlin 's mother , Gaius realises that the boy was sent to Camelot for protection . Meanwhile , in the forest outside Camelot , Mary kills Lady Helen ( Myles ) , a singer who is to perform at Uther 's court , with a poppet . Mary assumes Helen 's appearance using an enchantment , though her true hideous appearance can still be seen in her reflection ( like in mirrors or water ) .
Outside , Merlin stands up for a servant who is being bullied by his master , but as the master turns out to be the King 's spoiled son , Arthur ( Bradley James ) , Merlin is imprisoned . For the second night in a row , he hears a voice calling his name . Gaius frees him the next morning , though Merlin has to spend time in the stocks . There he meets Morgana 's handmaiden Guinevere or " Gwen " ( Angel Coulby ) , who commends him for being brave . Merlin confronts Arthur after being released , who tricks him into a fight with maces . Merlin keeps Arthur away using magic , which is met with ridicule by Gaius . Hearing the same voice calling his name that night , Merlin follows it to a cave where a dragon ( John Hurt ) informs him that he is destined to protect Arthur with his powers .
Gaius instructs Merlin to deliver elixirs to Morgana and Lady Helen ; in the latter 's room he finds the poppet , but bluffs his way out of discovery . Later , Helen kills a handmaiden who glimpses her true form in a mirror . At the feast , Mary sings an enchantment as Lady Helen , causing all the guests to fall asleep . Merlin , realising what is going on , covers his ears . Mary attempts to kill Arthur , but Merlin drops a chandelier on her with magic before she releases the dagger . As she has stopped singing , the enchantment is lifted and her true appearance is revealed . In a last effort she throws the dagger at Arthur , but Merlin slows time to pull him out of the way . Mary dies from her injuries , having failed in her attempt to avenge her son . Uther rewards Merlin by making him Arthur 's servant , though neither boy is thrilled with the idea . The next day , Gaius gives Merlin a book on magic , under condition that he keep it hidden .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and development = = =
Merlin was conceived by Shine Television producers Julian Murphy and Johnny Capps , who had worked together on Hex , a fantasy series produced by Shine for Sky One . The two had enjoyed presenting a " high @-@ concept " show , and wished to do more . The BBC had been interested in broadcasting a drama based on the character of Merlin for some time ; a little over a year before the Shine series was initiated , writer and producer Chris Chibnall had been developing a project aimed at a BBC One Sunday night slot , which was ultimately not commissioned . The programme was intended for family entertainment and designed to appeal to a wide audience .
As the Arthurian legends do not reflect genuine historical events , not being set in any one singular period in time , the show 's creators were more interested in conveying a world that felt " real " . Not constrained by historical accuracy , they had many opportunities to build the world in which they set their series ; for example , tomatoes were included despite being absent from Europe in the Medieval era , and there was never a dragon in the earliest texts involving Merlin . The series was intended to have an " epic scale " that would have a wide " cross @-@ generational " appeal ; films such as Raiders of the Lost Ark were cited as inspiration . Despite this , the creators strived to have smaller moments that the audience could relate to and comedy to lighten the darker tone . A fairy @-@ tale aspect was also incorporated - highlighted in " The Dragon 's Call " with the singing and cobwebs - to set the programme apart from others . Beauty and the Beast was an inspiration in this respect . Merlin was also influenced by the US show Smallville , about the early years of Superman ; Murphy and Capps said that Smallville helped provide the idea of a " Camelot that existed before its golden age " . The creators wanted to show Merlin , Arthur , Gwen and Morgana in their youth , " before they were famous " . Murphy and Capps intended for the four young characters and situations to be relatable to young viewers . They also put the characters in unusual positions with respect to their later , well @-@ known roles to make the audience wonder how they would reach those roles ; for example , Guinevere , the future Queen of Camelot and wife of Arthur , is a servant with a romantic interest in Merlin . Looking back at " The Dragon 's Call " , Murphy and Capps felt that it had so much to introduce in terms of world and characters that there was not enough of the main plot of the episode .
= = = Casting = = =
The producers were aware that they would be casting young actors with little experience in film and television . Hundreds were seen for the part of Merlin , with the part going to 22 @-@ year @-@ old Colin Morgan , whom Murphy and Capps felt possessed a broad acting range with good comedic timing and wonder , and who they felt would most importantly be likable to the audience . Bradley James was cast as Prince Arthur , whom the producers saw as a " medieval Prince Harry " . They felt that James ' sense of comedy balanced the fact that the character was intended to first appear acting like an " idiot " . Murphy and Capps had previously worked with James on a pilot , and kept him in the " back of [ their ] minds " when casting Arthur . Katie McGrath and Angel Coulby , who play Morgana and Gwen respectively , also had little previous professional acting experience . Despite this , it was noted that all four young actors took to their jobs maturely and with energy .
The series also incorporates more experienced and well @-@ known actors . Richard Wilson was cast as Gaius , who was conceived to have a dysfunctional father / son relationship with Merlin . Murphy and Capps had worked with Wilson before and considered him a broad actor with a " warmth " and " humanity " that would fit the character . The voice of the Great Dragon was given to John Hurt ; he was offered the part , though the producers did not expect him to accept . The role of King Uther went to veteran actor Anthony Head , who was best known for his role as Rupert Giles in Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Head had been one of the first choices for the part ; Murphy and Capps felt that he was good with " high @-@ concept " worlds . Murphy and Capps had also previously worked with Caroline Faber , who briefly appears as Merlin 's mother . The two liked her sense of humanity , though her scene — where Gaius reads her letter — was almost cut from " The Dragon 's Call " . Eve Myles guest stars in " The Dragon 's Call " as the villain Mary Collins and her host body Lady Helen . Murphy and Capps remarked that Myles gave a " big " but " truthful " performance , and really " embraced " being a villain . Myles sang during the filming of the climax , though her voice was replaced with a real operatic soprano in post @-@ production . Composer Rob Lane was given little time to complete the song and , though he was given Old English texts , the lyrics do not make actual sense .
= = = Filming = = =
Merlin began production in March 2008 ; as many as three episodes were filmed at a time , and not necessarily in the correct order . Many scenes in Camelot were filmed in France at the Château de Pierrefonds , which was hand @-@ picked by the production team . Castles in England had been looked at , but they were often in ruins and would require more computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) effects in post @-@ production . A medieval @-@ era road was built around Pierrefonds for some scenes to give the sense of a town , as the castle was in isolation . The execution scene was one of the first major scenes shot . As the production team had to be able to work with French extras , a bilingual crew was required . The cell Merlin is imprisoned in and the banquet hall at the end were both filmed in English stately homes , with real medieval architecture . Other studio filming took place in Wales . The scene at the camp where Lady Helen stays had to be reshot because the tent was seen as " too Monty Python " and distracting .
Myles ' Mary Collins prosthetic took six hours to accomplish , and the shot where she morphs into the younger Lady Helen took seven hours to complete because it required three stages of make @-@ up . Her first performance at the beheading scene was met with applause by the extras ; Head requested that he redo his part of the scene because he felt that it was not good enough . Gaius ' fall from the balcony was done by a stuntman and filmed with a high @-@ speed camera . The mattress that Merlin magically moves across the floor was achieved with rigging it up to hidden wires and pulleys under the set . The knives Arthur throws were actually shot out of a nitrogen gun ; James did throw them in a separate shot , but against a cloth that he still missed . Fake fruit was made for the stocks scene , but it was deemed too fake @-@ looking and was replaced with real tomatoes . The mace fight was originally filmed with plastic maces , but they were not believable as they did not have enough weight . The scene was then shot with real steel maces ; it was one of the most complex and hardest scenes to execute . The climax , where the guests all fall asleep and are covered by cobwebs , took many days to complete . The chandelier falling was also considered difficult .
CGI special effects for the series were provided by The Mill . The production team wanted a talking dragon , but they were worried about the lip sync and did not think it would be believable until they saw the first test . The Mill created a software that would read Hurt 's facial muscles and incorporated it into the animation . Another concern was that the eyes would not convey the character , but this was corrected by the final version . Additional sound effects , such as the clanging chain , were added to give the creature weight . The knife Mary throws at Arthur was also completely CGI , though the shot of it hitting the chair was real .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" The Dragon 's Call " was first broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 20 September 2008 . Overnight ratings showed that the episode had been wached by 6 @.@ 65 million viewers live , a 30 % audience share , placing Merlin second for the night behind ITV 's The X @-@ Factor . The episode received a final rating of 7 @.@ 15 million viewers , the sixth most @-@ watched programme of the week on BBC One .
In the United States , " The Dragon 's Call " was aired back @-@ to @-@ back with the following episode " Valiant " on 21 June 2009 on network station NBC , the first time since 1978 's The New Avengers that a British programme was picked up by one of the U.S. ' s four major terrestrial networks , rather than cable . The premiere was watched by an average 5 @.@ 2 million viewers , with an average of 6 @.@ 3 million during the slot for " The Dragon 's Call " .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The premiere of Merlin received generally mixed reviews . Sam Wollaston of The Guardian was optimistic towards the programme , despite the violent content . He wrote that " Morgan is a very likable young Merlin " and the show " looks splendid — colourful , exciting , and yes , magic " . Daniel Martin of the same paper felt that the series had potential , though " The Dragon 's Call " had " awful dialogue " and was " a flimsy caper memorable only for centring around the wonderful big @-@ eyed Eve Myles " . The Hollywood Reporter reviewer Randee Dawn felt that it would " hurt [ the ] eyes " of those who were familiar with the Arthurian legends , but " for those new to the legend , this is a fresh , and delightfully color @-@ blind , approach to the tale " . Alessandra Stanley , reviewing for The New York Times , was pleased with the diversity of the cast and the chemistry between Morgan and James , though she felt it " would be better if its creators had taken more liberties and shown more imagination in coloring in the background of their young hero 's world " .
Metro gave the episode three out of five stars , writing that " Colin Morgan makes a likeable boy wizard but there ’ s a bit too much formula – and not in the magical sense " . The review described the episode as a " test of patience " due to Merlin 's inability to use magic and the " hideously jaunty , distinctly non @-@ medieval soundtrack " . Tom Shales of The Washington Post criticised the " sluggish pace " of the premiere , noting that the episode was only " brightened " by the dragon , though similar creatures were common in the genre and it " lacks personality as well as panache " . Shales felt that the series took " the stuff of legend and imagination and makes it dry and commonplace " . Den of Geek reviewer Mark Pickavance felt that the episode was " uneven and often very stilted " , and failed at introducing both the characters and telling the story of the first meeting of Arthur and Merlin . He was displeased with the deviation from established mythology and the lapses in logic . The Times 's AA Gill described Merlin as " bland " , writing that it was for " a large untapped audience that yearns for Abercrombie & Fitch drama " . Hermione Eyre of The Independent called it " horrible " , disliking the " modern " feeling , the " awful " make @-@ up , and commented that " Guinevere looks like a supply teacher " .
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= Hero of the Russian Federation =
Hero of the Russian Federation ( Russian : Герой Российской Федерации ) is the highest honorary title of the Russian Federation . A person that has been bestown this title also receives a Gold Star medal , an insignia of honor that identifies recipients .
The title is awarded to persons for " service to the Russian state and nation , usually connected with a heroic feat of valor " . The title is bestowed by decree of the president of the Russian Federation . Russian citizenship or being in the service of the Russian state is not obligatory .
The title was established in 1992 , and has been awarded more than 970 times since then , including more than 440 times posthumously .
= = History = =
The title " Hero of Russia " is a successor to Hero of the Soviet Union ( Russian : Герой Советского Союза ) , which was established by Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union of May 5 , 1934 . The corresponding Gold Star is derived from the Soviet design , created by architect Miron Merzhanov and approved by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of August 1 , 1939 .
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Russian Federation under president Boris Yeltsin retained a modified award by Law of the Russian Federation № 2553 @-@ 1 of March 20 , 1992 . Article 71 of the Constitution of Russia permits titles , orders and medals to be presented by the government , and Article 89 gives the Russian president power to create state awards . This is the highest honour that can be presented by the Russian president to a citizen .
= = Statute = =
The title of Hero of the Russian Federation can be awarded for a heroic deed in the service of the state . It can be awarded to both civilian and military personnel . The title can also be awarded posthumously if the heroic act costs the recipient his or her life . The President of the Russian Federation is the main conferring authority of the award .
The insignia of Hero of the Russian Federation is worn on the left side of the chest above all other medals and decorations . Its medal is always worn in full size , there is no ribbon bar or rosette that can be worn in its lieu . When Soviet titles , such as Hero of the Soviet Union or Hero of Socialist Labour are worn together with the medal of the Russian title , the latter has precedence .
= = Description = =
The insignia of the title of " Hero of the Russian Federation " is also called the " Gold Star " medal ( Russian : медаль « Золотая Звезда » ) , its design is similar to the Soviet variant .
The " Gold Star " medal is a gold five @-@ pointed star with smooth 15mm dihedral rays on the obverse . The otherwise plain reverse bears the prominent relief inscription in 2mm high letters " HERO OF RUSSIA " ( Russian : " ГЕРОЙ РОССИИ " ) at its center , in the upper portion , the award serial number in 1mm high numbers .
The insignia is secured to a standard Russian square mount by a ring through the suspension loop . The mount is covered by a silk moiré tricolour ribbon of white , blue and red .
= = Recipients = =
The majority of the early recipients of the title fell into two categories : participants in the Chechnya conflicts or cosmonauts . On some occasions , the person who was awarded the title was killed while in the course of duty , such as Major Denis Vetchinov , who was killed early in the 2008 South Ossetia War . This includes those killed in battle as well as assassinated government officials . An example of such a recipient was Akhmad Kadyrov , the former governor of Chechnya . The pro @-@ Moscow leader was killed in a bomb attack during the 2004 Victory Day parade in the Chechen capital of Grozny . Several days after Akhmad was killed , President Vladimir Putin awarded him the title . Some time after the incident , Putin awarded Kadyrov 's son , Ramzan , the same title for his work in Chechnya .
All Russian cosmonauts are awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation following their voyage into space ; some may already have earned it , for example for long service as a test pilot . Cosmonauts are also awarded the title Pilot @-@ Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation . Some recipients of the title , such as Sergei Krikalev , had also received the Soviet hero title , along with the Order of Lenin . Most of the cosmonaut double heroes were awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Russia titles " for successful realization of flight and the courage and heroism shown . "
Outside of those two groups , athletes and other civilian and military officials have also received the title . Notable examples include :
Submarine captain Gennady Lyachin , of the Kursk , which sank after an explosion in 2000 . Due to his heroism during the explosion and his attempts at preserving the lives of the crew , Lyachin was posthumously awarded the title , and the members of his crew were awarded with the Order of Courage .
Athlete Larisa Lazutina was presented with the title for various medals won at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .
Alexander Karelin was awarded for his recognition as the greatest wrestler of all time ( from antiquity to the present day ) . He was a Greco @-@ Roman wrestler in the Olympics , and in his career he won 887 bouts and lost only 2 times . His losses are controversial because commentators believe they were caused by trivial rule changes , not a bona fide athletic defeat .
Arktika 2007 expedition members Anatoly Sagalevich , Yevgeny Chernyaev and Artur Chilingarov , who , on January 10 , 2008 , performed the first ever descent to the ocean bottom at the North Pole . Awarded the title " for courage and heroism showed in extremal conditions and successful completion of High @-@ Latitude Arctic Deep @-@ Water Expedition . "
Weapons designer Mikhail T. Kalashnikov , designer of the AK @-@ 47 assault rifle and PK machine gun . He received the honor on his 90th birthday , November 10 , 2009 .
The medal has been awarded posthumously approximately 340 times , primarily to people involved in the first and second wars in Chechnya . One of the more recent posthumous awards was made by President Dmitry Medvedev to Evgeny Chernyshov , the chief of the Moscow fire department on March 24 , 2010 . Chernyshov died March 20 , 2010 saving others ' lives .
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= Oxford Circus tube station =
Oxford Circus is a London Underground station serving Oxford Circus at the junction of Regent Street and Oxford Street , with entrances on all four corners of the intersection . The station is an interchange between the Bakerloo , Central and Victoria lines . It is the busiest station in the United Kingdom , with 98 @.@ 51 million entries and exits in 2014 . On the Central line it is between Bond Street and Tottenham Court Road , on the Bakerloo line it is between Regent 's Park and Piccadilly Circus , and on the Victoria line it is between Green Park and Warren Street . The station is in Travelcard Zone 1 .
The Central line station opened on 30 July 1900 , and the Bakerloo line station on 10 March 1906 . Both are Grade II listed . The station was rebuilt in 1912 to relieve congestion . Further congestion led to another reconstruction in 1923 . Numerous improvements were made as part of the New Works Programme and as a flood protection measure . To accommodate additional passengers on the Victoria line , a new ticket hall was built . The Victoria line station opened on 7 March 1969 , including cross @-@ platform interchange with the Bakerloo line .
= = History = =
= = = Central line = = =
In the 1890s , the Central London Railway ( CLR ) published a notice of a private bill that would be presented to Parliament for the 1890 parliamentary session . The bill planned an underground route between Shepherd 's Bush and Cornhill ( now Bank station ) . These plans were accepted by both Houses of Parliament on 5 August 1891 .
The CLR employed the engineers James Henry Greathead , Sir John Fowler , and Sir Benjamin Baker to design the railway . The official opening of the CLR ( now the Central line ) by the Prince of Wales took place on 27 June 1900 ; it was opened to the public on 30 July . Oxford Circus station opened as part of the first section of the line , between Shepherd 's Bush and Bank . As part of the 1935 — 40 New Works Programme , the misaligned tunnels of the central section on the Central line that slowed running speeds were corrected and the platforms lengthened to accommodate longer trains .
= = = Bakerloo line = = =
In November 1891 , notice was given of a private bill that would be presented to Parliament for the construction of the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway ( BS & WR , now the Bakerloo line ) . The railway was planned to run entirely underground from Marylebone to Elephant & Castle via Baker Street and Waterloo . The route was approved in 1900 . Construction commenced in August 1898 under the direction of Sir Benjamin Baker , W.R. Galbraith and R.F. Church . The works were carried out by Perry & Company of Tregedar Works , Bow . Oxford Circus was altered below ground following a Board of Trade inspection ; at the end of 1905 , the first test trains began running . The official opening of the BS & WR by Sir Edwin Cornwall took place on 10 March 1906 . The first section of the BS & WR was between Baker Street and Lambeth North .
= = = Victoria line = = =
A proposal for a new underground railway running from Victoria to Walthamstow was first proposed by a Working Party set up by the British Transport Commission in 1948 , though that largely followed a 1946 plan for an East Croydon to Finsbury Park line . A route was approved in 1955 with future extensions to be decided later , though funding for the construction was not approved by the government until 1962 . Construction began in 1962 on the initial Walthamstow to Victoria section . The Victoria line platforms opened on 7 March 1969 . The station opened as part of a second extension from Warren Street to Victoria . Cross @-@ platform interchange between the Bakerloo and Victoria lines was provided by constructing the Victoria line platforms parallel to the Bakerloo ones .
= = = Incidents and accidents = = =
On 23 November 1984 , during renovation works , the station suffered a severe fire which burned out the northbound Victoria line platform . It is believed that the fire was caused by smoking materials being pushed through a ventilation grille into a storeroom where they set several materials on fire . This caused the Victoria line between Warren Street and Victoria to be suspended until 18 December the same year . This incident also led to a smoking ban being introduced on trains in July 1984 .
On 3 March 1997 , a train derailment caused the northbound Bakerloo line service between Oxford Circus and Piccadilly Circus to be suspended for 12 days .
= = Station building = =
= = = Bakerloo and Central lines = = =
The CLR and BSWR had separate surface buildings and lift shafts . The station buildings , which remain today as exits from the station , were built on very confined plots on either side of Argyll Street on the south side of Oxford Street , just east of the circus itself . The stations as originally built were entirely separate , but connecting passages were soon provided at platform level . The surviving Central London Railway building to the east of Argyll Street is the best surviving example of stations designed by Harry Bell Measures , and the Bakerloo line building to the west is a classic Leslie Green structure . Both are Grade II listed since 20 July 2011 .
Almost from the outset , overcrowding has been a constant problem , and there have been numerous improvements to the facilities and below @-@ ground arrangements to deal with this . After much discussion between the then two separate operators , a major reconstruction began in 1912 . This entailed a new ticket hall , serving both lines , being built in the basement of the Bakerloo station , with the Bakerloo lifts removed and new deep @-@ level escalators opened down to the Bakerloo line level . Access to the CLR was by way of existing deep @-@ level subways . The new works came into use on 9 May 1914 with the CLR lifts still available for passengers . By 1923 even this rearrangement was unable to cope , so a second rebuilding began . This involved a second set of escalators being built directly down to the Central line and the CLR station building becoming exit @-@ only . On 2 October 1928 , a third escalator leading to the Bakerloo platforms was opened . Unusually , lifts came back into prominence at an Underground station when , in 1942 , a set of high @-@ speed lifts came into use , largely used as an exit route from the Central line platforms directly to the Argyll Street exit building .
The station was closed between 31 August and 20 November 1939 to facilitate flood protection works for the preparation of The Second World War . Although street access was closed , trains still called , and interchange between the Bakerloo and Central lines was still possible within the station .
= = = Victoria line = = =
To handle the additional Victoria line passenger loads , a new ticket hall was constructed directly under the road junction . To excavate the new ticket hall below the roadway , traffic was diverted for five years ( August 1963 to Easter 1968 ) onto a temporary bridge @-@ like structure known as the " umbrella " covering the Regent Street / Oxford Street intersection . Service tunnels were constructed to carry water mains and telecom cables past the new ticket hall . Construction of the Victoria line station tunnels with their platforms , the new escalator shafts and the linking passages to the Central line platforms was carried out from access shafts sunk from nearby Cavendish Square , Upper Regent Street and Argyll Street . With the additional escalators in place , a new one @-@ way circulation scheme was introduced and the remaining lifts were removed .
= = The station today = =
In 2007 the station underwent a major modernisation , removing the murals installed on the Central and Bakerloo line platforms in the 1980s and replacing them with plain white tiles , in a style similar to those used when the station opened in 1900 . One 1980s mural remains on one of the platforms . The Central line platform works were substantially complete and a new Station Operations Room at top level opened . This enabled the entire CCTV system to be switched over to new recordable digital technology . The original motifs designed by Hans Unger on the Victoria line platforms were restored .
Oxford Circus station has 14 escalators . Major escalator refurbishment took place in 2010 – 11 . Platform humps were also installed at the station to provide step @-@ free access to trains . The Victoria line humps resemble in form the Harrington Hump .
= = Services and connections = =
= = = Services = = =
= = = = Bakerloo line = = = =
On this line , it is between Regent 's Park and Piccadilly Circus stations . Trains generally run every 4 – 9 minutes between 06 : 17 and 00 : 15 in both directions , a little less frequently than the Central and Victoria lines .
= = = = Central line = = = =
On this line , the station is between Bond Street and Tottenham Court Road stations . The typical off @-@ peak service in trains per hour ( tph ) is as follows :
9tph eastbound to Epping
6tph eastbound to Hainault
3tph eastbound to Loughton
3tph eastbound to Woodford via Hainault
3tph eastbound to Newbury Park
9tph westbound to West Ruislip
9tph westbound to Ealing Broadway
3tph westbound to Northolt
3tph westbound to White City
= = = = Victoria line = = = =
On this line , the station is located between Warren Street and Green Park . The typical off @-@ peak service in trains per hour ( tph ) is :
12 tph northbound to Seven Sisters
9 tph northbound to Walthamstow Central
21 tph southbound to Brixton
= = = Connections = = =
London Bus routes 3 , 6 , 7 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 23 , 25 , 55 , 73 , 88 , 94 , 98 , 137 , 139 , 159 , 189 , 390 , 453 and C2 , and night routes N3 , N7 , N8 , N13 , N18 , N55 , N73 , N98 , N109 , N113 , N136 , N137 and N207 serve the station . Additionally , bus routes 6 , 10 , 12 , 23 , 25 , 88 , 94 , 139 , 159 , 189 , 390 , 453 and C2 provide a 24 @-@ hour bus service .
= = Nearby attractions = =
All Souls Church , Langham Place
BBC Broadcasting House
Carnaby Street
Langham Hotel
London College of Fashion , John Princes Street
London Palladium , Argyll Street
Oxford Street
Regent Street
St George 's , Hanover Square
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= I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer =
" I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer " is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the 62nd episode overall . Written by Jonathan Moskin and David Mulei and directed by Nick Marck , the episode premiered on The CW on May 15 , 2007 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective .
In this episode , when a Hearst student and former child soldier in Uganda named Apollo ( Nelsan Ellis ) publishes a memoir , Veronica receives a phone call from a man claiming to be his father . Meanwhile , Logan ( Jason Dohring ) and Dick ( Ryan Hansen ) plan to go on a surfing vacation in the summer , coming into conflict with several people . In addition , Piz ( Chris Lowell ) must decide between two summer internships .
" I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer " incorporates the organization Invisible Children , Inc. into its storyline and includes a public service announcement for the group at the end of the episode . Hansen and Bell are celebrity supporters of the organization , and series creator Rob Thomas was inspired to devote an episode to the subject of child soldiers when Hansen gave him a book about Uganda the previous Christmas . In its original broadcast , the episode received 2 @.@ 10 million viewers and generally positive reviews from television critics , with many praising the character development of Dick and the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week .
= = Synopsis = =
Veronica and Piz hang out at her house . Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) tests Veronica on her upcoming private investigator exam , and Piz states that he is interviewing a former child soldier , Apollo , and Hearst student for his radio show . Keith informs his deputies that a robbery wave has been occurring . Piz interviews the student before telling Veronica that he has been offered an internship by Pitchfork Media . Veronica receives a 95 % on the PI exam before being called by a man stating that Apollo is his son . Keith speaks to a suspect in some of the robberies and discovers that he is connected to the Fitzpatricks . Logan meets Parker ’ s ( Julie Gonzalo ) parents , who are very uptight . Veronica speaks to Apollo , posing as a reporter for the school newspaper , finding that Apollo ’ s mother ’ s handwriting is very similar to the letter his father claimed to have from his mother .
Logan tells Parker that he will not be seeing her in the summer because he will be on a surfing trip with Dick . Mac ( Tina Majorino ) and Max ( Adam Rose ) spend all their time together . Piz tells Veronica about another internship in Neptune , but she dodges his attempts to ask which one he should take . Keith meets Liam Fitzpatrick ( Rod Rowland ) , who states that the robberies will not stop . Apollo learns that Veronica was not assigned by the school paper , and Veronica tells him the truth , but he refuses a paternity test . Some people begin to grow dissatisfied with Keith ’ s handling of the robberies , while Apollo ’ s father claimant appears in Neptune . Veronica searches for Apollo , learning from his former roommate that Apollo did not actually write the book , and he was never a child soldier . However , Wallace ( Percy Daggs III ) urges her not to expose him as a hoax , as his book as actually helping charities that aid child soldiers .
Apollo tells Veronica that he actually does want the paternity test . Dick ’ s father , who was involved in a corporate crime , appears and berates him for going on the surfing trip in the summer . Apollo takes the paternity test , but the father doesn ’ t appear . However , Apollo informs Veronica that he actually was a child soldier , enlisting his former roommate to tell her that he wasn ’ t so that he could ensure his father was genuinely loving . The only reason the father did not show up to the paternity test was that he was detained for having the wrong license plates . Apollo and the father meet at the Sheriff ’ s office , where they have an emotional reunion . Dick angrily confronts his father , but the next time he is seen , he calls off his trip with Logan . Logan tells Parker this news , and she is disappointed .
= = Production = =
" I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer " was written by Jonathan Moskin and David Mulei and directed by Nick Marck , marking Moskin 's third and final writing credit , Mulei 's second and final writing credit , and Marck 's tenth and final directing credit . The episode contains several references to the charity Invisible Children , Inc . , which aims to increase awareness for the use of child soldiers in the Lord 's Resistance Army in Uganda . The episode also ends with a public service announcement delivered by Jason Dohring , Kristen Bell and Ryan Hansen out @-@ of @-@ character . Bell is an active supporter of the organization , while Hansen is the brother @-@ in @-@ law of founder Jason Russell .
Series creator Rob Thomas was initially worried about including the reunion between Apollo and Kizza because he thought that such scenes did not play to his strengths as a storyteller . However , he was pleased with the result because of the two actors ' performances . The two performers had never met each other prior to this scene , and they were filming within four minutes of setup time . One quip by Vinnie ( Ken Marino ) about the office 's secretaries was a callback to a similar joke in " Of Vice and Men " . Thomas was inspired to focus an episode on a former Ugandan child soldier by two incidents . The first was when he was initially informed about the situation by a former student of his mother 's , while at Christmas the previous year , Hansen had given books about Ugandan child soldiers to all the writers . In the episode , Apollo is scheduled to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show ; Oprah 's Book Club was discussing a book about a child soldier at the time , but this was a coincidence . In the episode , Piz states that he has been given an internship with Pitchfork Media at their headquarters in New York City ; however , the location is incorrect .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original broadcast , " I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer " received 2 @.@ 10 million viewers , ranking 87th of 90 in the weekly rankings . This was an increase in roughly 250 @,@ 000 viewers from the previous episode , " Debasement Tapes " , which earned 1 @.@ 85 million viewers .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics , many of whom praised the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week and the character development of Dick Casablancas . Eric Goldman of IGN graded the episode an 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 , indicating that it was " great " . He lauded the episode 's handling of its political subject matter and the return of older storylines . He argued that " I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer " used its political message much better than " Un @-@ American Graffiti " , which aired two weeks prior ; he thought that this episode 's story made its political message more subtle than the previous episode . The reviewer also enjoyed the development of Dick 's character that occurred with the return of his father , stating that the scene in which Dick yelled at his father " an excellent moment that helped bring a lot of new shading to the funny , but usually one @-@ note character . " Keith 's storyline was another center of praise , with the reviewer stating that he thought the Fitzpatricks ' plot line had been too rushed earlier in the season . Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly was generally positive as well , noting the romantic uncertainty between Veronica and Piz , Logan and Parker , and Mac and Max , drawing parallels between this aspect of the episode and the series ' uncertain future . In addition , the reviewer thought highly of Dick 's confrontation with his father and the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week . Television Without Pity graded the episode a " B + " .
In a review written during the success of the film campaign Kony 2012 on the internet , Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club thought that he found himself frequently comparing the episode 's treatment of child soldiers with the discussion of Invisible Children at the time . " This isn 't a bad thing . It 's a representation of how television , like any art form , can have multiple meanings , which evolve over time . " However , the reviewer knew that Apollo was not going to be a fraud given the cast members ' support of the organization . The reviewer also praised Hansen 's reaction to his father 's return . Kelly West of Cinema Blend wrote that " tonight 's episode of ' Veronica Mars ' was a cornucopia of emotions . "
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= Live While We 're Young =
" Live While We 're Young " is a song by English @-@ Irish boy band One Direction , released as the lead single from their second studio album , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) . Written by Savan Kotecha and its producers , Rami Yacoub and Carl Falk , the number was released by Syco Records on 28 September 2012 . Falk , Kotecha , and Yacoub had collaboratively helmed One Direction 's previous hits , " What Makes You Beautiful " and " One Thing " . The track is an uptempo , upbeat bubblegum pop song which features rock undertones , vocal harmonies , hand claps , prominent electric guitar riffs , and repetitive synthesizers . The chorus of the song is predominantly featured alongside the bridge , and is backed by wordless chants . Its opening guitar riff bears similarities with The Clash 's 1982 single , " Should I Stay or Should I Go " .
The track received mostly positive reviews from critics , who centred on its omnipresence and jubilant nature . The only negative feedback the song got was centered on the lyrics , which were interpreted as a thinly veiled euphemism for sexual intercourse . A commercial success , the song became a top ten hit in fifteen countries , while reaching the top of the charts in New Zealand and Ireland . In the United States , " Live While We 're Young " debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , marking the second @-@ highest bow among all UK acts , outpaced only by Elton John 's number one arrival with " Candle in the Wind 1997 " .
Following an unauthorized internet leak , the accompanying music video was officially released on 20 September 2012 , four days earlier than the intended release date . Directed by Vaughan Arnell , the clip , which has a camping festival theme , was generally well received by critics , who commended its carefree nature . Upon release , it broke the Vevo record for having the most views in a 24 @-@ hour period with 8 @.@ 24 million , besting the previous record which had been set by Justin Bieber 's " Boyfriend " ( 8 @.@ 00 million ) . Bieber subsequently regained the record with his music video for " Beauty and a Beat " ( 10 @.@ 6 million ) . One Direction performed " Live While We 're Young " on televised programs and during their two major concert tours : Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) and Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) . The track was featured in a Pepsi television commercial for the United States and was performed on an episode of Glee . This song is the first track on Now 45 .
= = Background and release = =
" Live While We 're Young " was written by Rami Yacoub , Carl Falk , and Savan Kotecha , and was produced by Yacoub and Falk . The trio had collaboratively helmed One Direction 's previous hits , " What Makes You Beautiful " and " One Thing " . In early 2012 , the group confirmed a follow @-@ up release for their debut album , Up All Night ( 2011 ) , was in development . " In the summer , we ’ re going to get back and start a new record . We want to bring out a record nearly every year , every year and a half , " member Niall Horan said , revealing they were arranging " meetings and stuff with different writers and producers . " The band began recording the album in May 2012 , in Stockholm , Sweden , at Kinglet Studios — " Live While We 're Young " is a result of those recording sessions . In June 2012 , Horan spoke to MTV News , elaborating that the lead single would probably be released in September 2012 .
The band confirmed the single by uploading a video to YouTube on 23 August 2012 . Globally , the song was made available for pre @-@ order at 24 : 00 GMT on 24 August , through the iTunes Store , while excluding , Canada , Japan , and the United States . The artwork was revealed on 14 September . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News described it as portraying " the fivesome enjoying the outdoors during a camping trip , goofing off outside a tent . " On 28 September , Sony Music Entertainment released it digitally in Australia , New Zealand , and most of Europe . It impacted the United Kingdom on 30 September , while in the United States it was released on 1 October . Due to a processing error , the US iTunes Store was selling the track for 99 cents — instead of the general $ 1 @.@ 29 . Label sources indicated the initial price was a mistake , but could not be corrected until midday 1 October . By the afternoon , the price had changed from 99 cents to $ 1 @.@ 29 .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Live While We 're Young " is an uptempo , upbeat bubblegum pop song which features rock undertones , vocal harmonies , hand claps , prominent electric guitar riffs , and repetitive synthesizers , reminiscent of the musical structures of their debut album . The opening guitar riff has been noted as similar to that of The Clash song " Should I Stay or Should I Go " ( 1982 ) . According to Alexis Petridis of The Guardian , the guitar is played thrice between the riff with the plectrum stroking the strings , while it is pressed . One note in the chord is changed , which Petridis surmised was probably to avoid paying any royalty to the Clash . Sam Lansky of Idolator noted that the song is musically similar to their breakthrough hit " What Makes You Beautiful " . In contrast to One Direction 's previous singles , the lead vocals are predominantly sung by Zayn Malik .
According to the digital sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , One Direction 's vocal range in the song span from the note of D4 to A5 . Written in the key of D major , the song is set in common time with a fast @-@ paced tempo of 126 beats per minute . The song follows a basic sequence of D – G – D – G – D – A as its chord progression . The chorus of the song is predominantly featured alongside the bridge , is backed by wordless chants , and encompasses the lines : " Let ’ s go crazy , crazy , crazy till we see the sun / I know we only met but let ’ s pretend it ’ s love / And never , never , never stop for anyone / Tonight let ’ s get some , and live while we ’ re young . " Several critics commonly concurred that the song 's lyrics interpret a thinly veiled euphemism for sexual intercourse . Kotecha quipped in a September 2012 interview with Sugarscape :
" The whole idea is that you have that nostalgic night out , so people who are older can listen to it too . None of us are naive enough not to know what kids do . It ’ s important not to patronise the youth of today , we ’ re not gonna be writing about ‘ oh let ’ s just hold hands for a while ’ you know ? They need their music to connect . A lot of songs are about sex and you have to be realistic about it . "
= = Critical response = =
Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave " Live While We 're Young " four out of five stars and wrote , " it 's little different from what we 've heard before — but when you 're the world 's biggest boyband , it 's no bad thing . " Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times summarised it as a " characteristically peppy piece of high @-@ gloss party pop . " Lansky praised its effectiveness and thought it was " perfectly tailored to top the charts . " Andrew Unterberger of Popdust acknowledged that " the song is smart to swipe the guitar @-@ only opening pattern from The Clash 's " Should I Stay or Should I Go ? " — akin to " What Makes You Beautiful " lifting the " Summer Nights " beginning — calling on pop history to get you excited for the song before you even really realise why . " Unterberger further highlighted the small lyrical plays for conveying " an incredible amount of urgency and fun without much clunky verbage [ sic ] , making singing along something of an inevitability . " A writer for The Huffington Post asserted that the song delivers for fans of their debut album : " a poppy , energetic , happy @-@ go @-@ lucky track . "
Sylvie Lesas of Evigshed Magazine gave it a rating of five out of five stars , called it " upbeat , fun and very fresh " , and proclaimed that " radios are going to love it . " Chris Younie of 4Music called it " insanely catchy " , lauding its production for combining a " simple " guitar riff with an " anthemic feel @-@ good chorus " . Alexandra Capotorto of PopCrush rated it four stars out of five , deeming it memorable and " irresistible " for any demographic . Vena opined that the " bit cheeky " song perfectly embodies a " joie de vivre message . " MSN Music 's Tina Hart concluded , " It 's fun , pure unadulterated pop and I like it . " Writing for The Vancouver Sun , Leah Collins quipped that even though the song lifts its main riff from a The Clash song , " this tune is as yummy and bubble @-@ gummy as anything " on One Direction 's debut studio album Up All Night ( 2011 ) . Newsday 's Glenn Gamboa acknowledged that the song is even more omnipresent than the band 's previous hits combined .
In a detailed review , HitFix 's Melina Newman denounced its lyrical content : " Even though they never are so blatant about it that booty call subtext can 't go right over their tween audience 's head , there 's no mistaking lines like “ if we get together , don ’ t let the pictures ever leave your phone ” for anyone who 's 13 or up . The lyrics are unwieldy and uncouth . That 's what happens when you 're not a boy , but not yet a man : One Direction can 't go straight from the G @-@ rated sweetness of “ What Makes You Beautiful ” to something akin to Enrique Iglesias 's " Tonight , I ’ m F * * * * * * You , " so instead they ’ re stuck with this in between clumsiness that the not @-@ so @-@ little girls will understand . " Grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly characterised it as " not @-@ so @-@ innocent " and a " party jam " . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard felt that its sexual suggestive lyricism " arrives too soon after the more accomplished puppy @-@ love odes of previous hits " What Makes You Beautiful " and " One Thing " to further the conversation . "
= = Commercial performance = =
" Live While We 're Young " debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number one on 4 October 2012 , becoming One Direction 's fourth top ten appearance and their second chart @-@ topper in Ireland . In the United Kingdom , the single became One Direction 's fourth UK Singles Chart top ten hit in twelve months , entering at number three on 7 October 2012 . Elsewhere in Europe , the song became a top ten hit in Austria , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Czech Republic , Denmark , Hungary , Italy , the Netherlands , Spain , and Switzerland . It was certified gold by both the Federation of the Italian Music Industry ( FIMI ) and IFPI Denmark , denoting collective shipments of 30 @,@ 000 . Additionally , it attained top forty positions in European territories such as Belgium ( Wallonia ) , France , Germany , Sweden , and Slovakia . The single debuted at number two on the Australian Singles Chart dated 14 October 2012 , with first @-@ week sales of 58 @,@ 659 copies . The single marks the group 's highest peaking song in Australia , passing up the number @-@ three peak of " One Thing " , and their third top ten hit . The track was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 140 @,@ 000 copies . The track made its New Zealand Singles Chart debut at number one on 8 October 2012 , marking the group 's first number @-@ one hit , and their second top five charting song in New Zealand . " Live While We 're Young " has received a platinum certification from Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) , indicating sales of 15 @,@ 000 copies . After three days of digital availability , the song made its Canadian Hot 100 debut at number 78 on 4 October 2012 . It surged to its peak position of number two the following week , recording the highest number of digital downloads in the tracking week for a song in Canada .
In the United States , One Direction made US chart history by achieving the biggest opening one @-@ week sales figure for a song by a non @-@ US artist ever ; the track entered the Digital Songs chart at number one on 10 October 2012 , selling 341 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . Additionally , it was the first time since January 2012 , when Adele 's " Set Fire to the Rain " was the top seller that a single by a British act had led that list and its weekly sales is also the highest by a British act since another Adele track " Rolling in the Deep " , sold 353 @,@ 000 units in a week in May 2011 . The single 's opening sales is also the third biggest debut ever for a download by a group , surpassed by the arrivals of Maroon 5 's 2012 single " Payphone " ( 493 @,@ 000 ) , and The Black Eyed Peas ' 2009 single " Boom Boom Pow " ( 465 @,@ 000 ) . " Live While We 're Young " debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , marking the highest bow by a British group and the second @-@ highest debut among all UK acts , outpaced only by Elton John 's number one arrival in 1997 with " Candle in the Wind 1997 " . In addition , that tracking week marked the first time two UK artists have simultaneously started in the Billboard Hot 100 top ten , as Adele 's " Skyfall " debuted at number eight . Billboard correspondent Keith Caufield noted its " huge sales " spurred its high entry on the Billboard Hot 100 , which blends sales , airplay and streaming data . " Live While We 're Young " also became the act 's highest peaking single , passing up the number @-@ four peak of " What Makes You Beautiful " . In the week ending 20 January 2013 , the song topped the one million mark in US sales . Likewise , the song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 23 January 2013 , and it has sold 1 @,@ 248 @,@ 000 copies in the US as of November 2013 .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Live While We 're Young " was directed by Vaughan Arnell . On 24 August 2012 , One Direction announced that an accompanying music video for " Live While We 're Young " was filmed at a " secret place . " Afterwards it was confirmed that this place was Tunbridge Wells , Kent , England . In August 2012 , images of the shoot leaked on to the internet , which featured members of One Direction along with a group of people having a party in a pool . According to a MTV News article published on 14 September 2012 , the video would feature a " summer music festival vibe " with the group " getting wet and wild , acting silly with props and getting soaked by water guns . " The official video was initially due to premier on 24 September 2012 . However , a poor quality version of the music video leaked online on 20 September 2012 : the same day it was officially published on One Direction 's Vevo channel on YouTube . In regard , the group released a statement : " We wanted our fans to see the video and hear the single in the proper way so we 've moved the premiere to tonight . We 're really excited about LWWY , we 've worked really hard on it and we can 't wait for everyone to see and hear it later today ! "
The video begins with One Direction waking up in a tent . Outside , Payne starts singing the opening lines , as others are seen playing guitars sitting on hay bales in a camp setting . Subsequent scenes inter cut featuring One Direction performing the song at the camp setting in a circle , on an open field , driving a car , and at a lake where members of the group play in plastic bubbles and boats . As it turns to nighttime , the camp is the main setting ; they conduct a football match and afterwards a pool party . The video ends with One Direction looking at the camera , with Malik singing the last line . Throughout the video , teenage boys and girls are showing with the band .
Upon release , the video broke the Vevo record for having the most views in a 24 @-@ hour period with 8 @.@ 24 million views , besting the previous record which had been set by Justin Bieber 's " Boyfriend " ( 8 @.@ 00 million ) . Bieber regained the record with the release of the music video for " Beauty and a Beat " ( 10 @.@ 6 million ) on 12 October 2012 . It received positive reviews from music critics , who generally complimented its carefree , jubilant nature . Smith quipped that it has " notable moments , " which he cited , " glowstick campfire dances , inflatable pool splashing , four wheeler racing , and an unfortunate blonde streak in Zayn [ Malik ] ' s hair . " The Hollywood Reporter writer Sophie A. Schillaci called it " fun @-@ filled " , and concluded that the video perfectly accompanies the track 's lyricism . Lansky called the " high quality " clip " fairly standard 1D fare " , elaborating : " the boys get up to some teenage shenanigans and , well , live while they ’ re young . When their festivities culminate in a pool party that reads more like a wet t @-@ shirt contest than anything else , it 's abundantly clear that 1D knows their audience . " The Huffington Post characterised it as an " epic summer adventure " , assessing : " from a camping trip to the ultimate beach party , complete with a shirtless Niall [ Horan ] and inflatable banana . " Collins described it as featuring the group " doing what they do best — scampering , singing , scampering some more . " ITN 's Lindsay Brown viewed the video as " wholesome " , showing them " having some good old fashioned fun . " Fuse editor Nicole James praised the apparent recurring trend of " how the group isn 't afraid to make fun of themselves . " James elaborated : " If it were any other boy band acting out the Monkees @-@ inspired hijinks in 1D 's new video " Live While We 're Young , " it would likely come off as super cheesy . But for these five guys , their sense of comfortable self @-@ awareness really comes through . " As of May 2016 , the video has over 460 million views.The music video also looks like similar to Big Time Rush 's song " Windows Down " music video
= = Live performances and usage in media = =
One Direction performed the track along with songs of their debut album at the 2012 BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards ( 7 October ) . The group performed " Live While We 're Young " on The X Factor Italy ( 1 November ) and on the The X Factor Sweden ( 2 November ) . They also performed " Live While We 're Young " and " Little Things " on The X Factor USA ( 8 November ) . The band performed the track alongside " What Makes You Beautiful " , " Little Things " , and " Kiss You " on The Today Show at the Rockefeller Center ( 13 November ) , to a record crowd of 15 @,@ 000 . The group performed " Live While We 're Young " and " Little Things " on the BBC 's Children in Need 2012 telethon ( 16 November ) . One Direction also performed the track at Germany 's Bambi Awards ( 22 November ) . " Live While We 're Young " was included in the set list of the group 's headlining sold @-@ out show at Madison Square Garden ( 3 December ) . It also was incorporated on the set list of the group 's worldwide Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) , utilised as the show 's twentieth song .
" Live While We 're Young " was featured in a Pepsi television commercial for the United States that featured both One Direction and the American football player Drew Brees . It premiered on Fox in the United States on 10 October 2012 . Vena called the clip comedic and assessed : " The brand @-@ new commercial not only allows the group to show off their funny bones , but it also serves as a reminder that their new album Take Me Home , featuring " LWWY , " is only a month away from dropping . " It was one of the songs covered by the cast of Glee during the 29 November 2012 episode " Thanksgiving " . The fictional character Sebastian Smythe , portrayed by Grant Gustin , sang lead vocals while the fictional Dalton Academy Warblers sang back @-@ up . The version was released on the studio album , Glee : The Music , Season 4 , Volume 1 . The track was also used for the opening scene of the Miss Universe 2012 pageant .
= = Formats and track listings = =
Digital download – EP
" Live While We 're Young " – 3 : 18
" Live While We 're Young " ( Dave Audé remix ) – 5 : 40
" Live While We 're Young " ( The Jump Smokers remix ) – 4 : 25
" I Want " ( Live ) – 3 : 06
" Moments " ( Live ) ( Pre @-@ order only ) – 4 : 44
UK and US CD single
" Live While We 're Young " – 3 : 18
" I Want " ( Live ) – 3 : 06
= = Credits and personnel = =
Carl Falk – writing , production , programming , instruments , guitar , background vocals
Kristoffer Fogelmark – background vocals
Niall Horan – additional guitar
Savan Kotecha – writing , background vocals
Rami Yacoub – writing , production , programming , instruments , bass
Marcus Thompson - Flute
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Take Me Home .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= = See Also = =
One Thing
Best Song Ever
Steal My Girl
What Makes You Beautiful
Drag Me Down
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= New York State Route 373 =
New York State Route 373 ( NY 373 ) is a short state highway in Essex County , New York , within Adirondack State Park . It begins at U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) and proceeds eastward , ending at a ferry landing on Lake Champlain . It intersects two county routes , several local roads , and a reference route — NY 912T — which connects it with US 9 . NY 373 is the only connector between US 9 and the hamlet of Port Kent and the ferry that serves it .
The hamlet of Port Kent and the connecting road were originally built in 1823 . The village was planned to act as a source of labor for iron manufacturing and to provide for the industrial needs of Essex County . The hamlet grew and eventually became connected to Burlington , Vermont , via an hour @-@ long ferry across Lake Champlain . The road that accessed Port Kent originally began in Keeseville , but became part of the longer Port Kent and Hopkinton Turnpike in the 1830s . The highway that is now NY 373 was also designated as part of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway in 1919 .
When NY 373 was assigned in 1930 , a small portion of it was maintained by the town of Chesterfield . This section was turned over to the State of New York during a maintenance swap with Essex County in 1985 .
= = Route description = =
NY 373 , located entirely within Adirondack State Park , begins at US 9 at the Ausable Chasm , a deep , wooded canyon in the town of Chesterfield . The route intersects with NY 912T , its southern connector to US 9 , about 0 @.@ 1 miles ( 160 m ) in . NY 373 continues farther along and intersects with County Route 71 ( CR 71 ) before heading east @-@ southeast just north of the Ausable River . The highway then intersects CR 17 and several local roads , and then turns east @-@ northeast .
The route then passes south of a golf course and enters Port Kent , where it intersects with more local streets , most of which serve homes and businesses . The highway turns northward soon afterward , crosses a pair of train tracks maintained by Canadian Pacific Railway and the Port Kent Amtrak station , makes a U @-@ turn and comes to an end at the Burlington – Port Kent Ferry landing .
The Burlington – Port Kent Ferry connects NY 373 and the hamlet of Port Kent to the city of Burlington , Vermont . This , one of three ferries to cross Lake Champlain , is the longest as it crosses the widest part of the lake . It is maintained by the Lake Champlain Transportation Company , and is open all seasons except winter .
= = History = =
= = = Port Kent and the early highway to Keeseville = = =
In 1823 , a company was funded to establish a settlement and fishing wharf opposite the city of Burlington , Vermont on Lake Champlain in order to assist in the growth of iron factories and to supply dormant energy to the Essex County area . The newly founded company chose the name " Port Kent " and located the new hamlet on a site north of Trembleau Point . The original alignment of what is now NY 373 began as a wide road that was built to access Port Kent from the nearby village of Keeseville .
NY 373 exists entirely within the boundaries of Adirondack Park , a protected area maintained by the State of New York . Adirondack Park was created in the 1880s after concerns arose about logging trees in the area . The logging was a substantial part of New York 's economy , but protests were lodged by The New York Times and others against the clearing of entire mountains and wilderness areas of trees . Public opinion turned firmly against the loggers by the 1880s , and the park was created in 1885 . It was the first State Forest Preserve in America . The park was further protected in 1894 when a clause was added to the New York State constitution which banned the selling of timber from state parks .
= = = Old roads and designation = = =
On April 16 , 1827 , a team of three surveyors were commissioned to determine a routing for a new highway leading from Hopkinton , a town in northeastern St. Lawrence County , to Lake Champlain . The task took 26 days , after which it was determined that the highway would meet Lake Champlain at Fort Kent . An act authorizing the construction of the highway was passed by the New York State Legislature on April 18 , 1829 . A total of approximately $ 38 @,@ 500 ( equivalent to $ 855 @,@ 542 in 2016 ) was devoted to the project by the state of New York through the same act .
The 75 @-@ mile ( 121 km ) highway opened in 1833 as a toll road named the Port Kent and Hopkinton Turnpike . The turnpike had only one toll gate , located near the center of the route . Two years later , the turnpike commissioners petitioned to the state of New York , asking for permission to replace the single gate with two gates at opposite ends of the turnpike that would collect half of the toll amount . The commissioners believed that the change in the toll gate locations would result in higher revenue , allowing them to continue maintaining the highway . The change was approved ; however , the toll road was dissolved anyway three years later on March 30 , 1838 . At that time , maintenance of the Port Kent – Hopkinton highway was transferred to the towns it ran through .
The Theodore Roosevelt International Highway , a transcontinental auto trail extending from Portland , Oregon , to Portland , Maine , was established in 1919 . In eastern New York , the highway went through Keeseville , Ausable Chasm , and Fort Kent along what used to be the Port Kent and Hopkinton Turnpike before entering Vermont by way of the Burlington – Port Kent Ferry across Lake Champlain .
The state of New York assumed maintenance of most of the Ausable Chasm – Port Kent roadway at some point after 1920 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the entirety of the highway from Ausable Chasm to the Port Kent ferry landing was designated as NY 373 , despite the fact that the small portion of the route east of Lake Street in Port Kent was not maintained by the state at the time . On April 1 , 1985 , ownership and maintenance of NY 373 east of Lake Street was transferred from the town of Chesterfield to the state of New York as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state and Essex County .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Chesterfield , Essex County .
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= New York City draft riots =
The New York City draft riots ( July 13 – 16 , 1863 ) , known at the time as Draft Week , were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working @-@ class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War . The riots remain the largest civil and racial insurrection in American history , aside from the Civil War itself .
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops from following up after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city . The rioters were overwhelmingly working @-@ class men , primarily ethnic Irish , resenting particularly that wealthier men , who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 5 @,@ 766 in 2015 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , were spared from the draft .
Initially intended to express anger at the draft , the protests turned into a race riot , with white rioters , mainly but not exclusively Irish immigrants , attacking blacks wherever they could find them . The official death toll was listed at 119 . The conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool , commander of the Department of the East , said on July 16 that " Martial law ought to be proclaimed , but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it . "
The military did not reach the city until after the first day of rioting , when mobs had already ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings , two Protestant churches , the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers , many black homes , and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue , which was burned to the ground .
The demographics of the city changed as a result of the riot . So many blacks left Manhattan permanently ( many moving to Brooklyn ) , that by 1865 their population fell below 10 @,@ 000 , the number in 1820 .
= = Background = =
New York 's economy was tied to the South ; by 1822 nearly half of its exports were cotton shipments . In addition , upstate textile mills processed cotton in manufacturing . New York had such strong business connections to the South that on January 7 , 1861 , Mayor Fernando Wood , a Democrat , called on the city 's Board of Aldermen to " declare the city 's independence from Albany and from Washington " ; he said it " would have the whole and united support of the Southern States . " When the Union entered the war , New York City had many sympathizers with the South .
The city was also a continuing destination of immigrants . Since the 1840s , most were from Ireland and Germany . In 1860 , nearly 25 percent of the New York City population was German @-@ born , and many did not yet speak English . During the 1840s and 1850s , journalists had published sensational accounts , directed at the working class , dramatizing the " evils " of interracial socializing , relationships , and marriages . Reformers joined the effort . Newspapers carried derogatory portrayals of blacks and ridiculed " black aspirations for equal rights in voting , education , and employment . " Pseudo @-@ scientific lectures on phrenology were popular , although countered by doctors . At the time , some areas of the city , such as Lower Manhattan , had mixed populations of residents .
The Democratic Party Tammany Hall political machine had been working to enroll immigrants as U.S. citizens so they could vote in local elections , and had strongly recruited Irish , most of whom already spoke English . In March 1863 , with the war continuing , Congress passed the Enrollment Act to establish a draft for the first time , as more troops were needed . In New York City and other locations , new citizens learned they were expected to register for the draft to fight for their new country . Black men were excluded from the draft as they were largely not considered citizens , and wealthier white men could pay for substitutes . Free blacks and immigrants competed for low @-@ wage jobs in the city .
New York political offices , including the mayor , were held by Democrats , but the election of Abraham Lincoln as president had demonstrated the rise in Republican political power nationally . The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 alarmed much of the working class in New York , who feared that freed slaves would migrate to the city and add further competition to the labor market . There had already been tensions between black and white workers since the 1850s , particularly at the docks . In March 1863 , white longshoremen had refused to work with blacks and rioted , attacking 200 black men . In this area of the city , there were a variety of interracial venues of brothels and bars , and neighborhoods were mixed in terms of residents . Men competed as hacks ( carriage drivers ) , craftsmen , and in other jobs .
= = Riots = =
= = = Monday = = =
There were reports of rioting in Buffalo , New York , and certain other cities , but the first drawing of draft numbers — on July 11 , 1863 — occurred peaceably in New York City . The second drawing was held on Monday , July 13 , 1863 , ten days after the Union victory at Gettysburg in southern Pennsylvania . At 10 a.m. , a furious crowd of around 500 , led by the volunteer firemen of Engine Company 33 ( known as the " Black Joke " ) , attacked the assistant Ninth District provost marshal 's office , at Third Avenue and 47th Street , where the draft was taking place . The crowd threw large paving stones through windows , burst through the doors , and set the building ablaze . When the fire department responded , rioters broke up their vehicles . Others killed horses that were pulling streetcars and smashed the cars . To prevent other parts of the city being notified of the riot , they cut telegraph lines . Many of the rioters were Irish laborers who feared having to compete with emancipated slaves for jobs .
Since the New York State Militia had been sent to assist Union troops in Pennsylvania , the New York City Police Department was the only force to try to suppress the riots . The police superintendent , John A. Kennedy , arrived at the site on Monday to check on the situation . Although not in uniform , people in the mob recognized him and attacked him . Kennedy was left nearly unconscious , his face bruised and cut , his eye injured , his lips swollen , and his hand cut with a knife . He had been beaten to a mass of bruises and blood all over his body .
Police drew their clubs and revolvers , and charged the crowd , but were overpowered . The police forces were badly outnumbered and unable to quell the riots , but they kept the rioting out of Lower Manhattan below Union Square . Immigrants and others in the " Bloody Sixth " Ward , around the seaport and Five Points area , refrained from involvement in the rioting .
The Bull 's Head hotel on 44th Street , which refused to provide alcohol to the mob , was burned . The mayor 's residence on Fifth Avenue , the Eighth and Fifth District police stations , and other buildings were attacked and set on fire . Other targets included the office of the New York Times . The mob was turned back at the Times office by staff manning Gatling guns , including Times founder Henry Jarvis Raymond . Fire engine companies responded , but some firefighters were sympathetic to the rioters , as they had also been drafted on Saturday . Later in the afternoon , authorities shot and killed a man as a crowd attacked the Armory at Second Avenue and 21st Street . The mob broke all the windows with paving stones ripped from the street .
Rioters turned against black people as their scapegoats and the primary target of their anger . Many immigrants and other poor people viewed free black men as competition for scarce jobs , and worried about more slaves being emancipated and coming to New York for work . The mob beat , tortured or killed numerous black people , including one man who was attacked by a crowd of 400 with clubs and paving stones , then lynched , hanged from a tree and set alight .
The Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue , a " symbol of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility " that then provided shelter for 233 children , was attacked by a mob at around 4 p.m. A mob of several thousand , including many women and children , looted the building of its food and supplies . However , the police were able to secure the orphanage for enough time to allow the orphans to escape before the building burned down . Throughout the areas of rioting , mobs attacked and killed at least 120 black people , and destroyed their known homes and businesses , such as James McCune Smith 's pharmacy at 93 West Broadway , believed to be the first owned by a black man in the United States .
Near the midtown docks , tensions brewing since the mid @-@ 1850s boiled over . As recently as March 1863 , white employers had hired blacks , with whom Irish men refused to work , as longshoremen . An Irish mob attacked two hundred blacks who were working on the docks , while other rioters went into the streets in search of " all the negro porters , cartmen and laborers ... " to attempt to remove all evidence of a black and interracial social life from the area near the docks . White dockworkers attacked and destroyed brothels , dance halls , boarding houses , and tenements that catered to blacks . Mobs stripped the clothing off the white owners of these businesses .
= = = Tuesday = = =
Heavy rain fell on Monday night , helping to abate the fires and sending rioters home , but the crowd returned the next day . Rioters burned down the home of Abby Gibbons , a prison reformer and the daughter of abolitionist Isaac Hopper . They also attacked white " amalgamationists " , such as Ann Derrickson and Ann Martin , two white women who were married to black men , and Mary Burke , a white prostitute who catered to black men . The women escaped personal physical harm .
Governor Horatio Seymour arrived on Tuesday and spoke at City Hall , where he attempted to assuage the crowd by proclaiming that the Conscription Act was unconstitutional . Gen. John E. Wool , commander of the Eastern District , brought approximately 800 soldiers and Marines in from forts in New York Harbor , West Point , and the Brooklyn Navy Yard . He also ordered the militias to return to New York .
= = = Wednesday and Thursday : order restored = = =
The situation improved on Wednesday , when assistant provost @-@ marshal @-@ general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer , Colonel James Barnet Fry , to postpone the draft . As this news appeared in newspapers , some rioters stayed home . But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining mobs .
Order began to be restored on Thursday . The New York State Militia and some federal troops were returned to New York , including the 152nd New York Volunteers , the 26th Michigan Volunteers , the 27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick , Maryland , after a forced march . In addition , the governor sent in the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York State Militia , which had not been in federal service , and a section of the 20th Independent Battery , New York Volunteer Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throgs Neck . The NYSM units were the first to arrive . By July 16 , there were several thousand Federal troops in the city .
A final confrontation occurred on Thursday evening near Gramercy Park . According to Adrian Cook 's analysis in Armies of the Streets ( 1974 ) , twelve people died on the last day of the riots in skirmishes between rioters , the police , and the Army , including one African American , two soldiers , a bystander , and two women .
The New York Times reported on Thursday that Plug Uglies and Blood Tubs gang members from Baltimore , as well as " Scuykill Rangers [ sic ] and other rowdies of Philadelphia , " had come to New York during the unrest to participate in the riots alongside the Dead Rabbits and " Mackerelvillers " . The Times editorialized that " the scoundrels cannot afford to miss this golden opportunity of indulging their brutal natures , and at the same time serving their colleagues the Copperheads and secesh [ secessionist ] sympathizers . "
= = Aftermath = =
The exact death toll during the New York Draft Riots is unknown , but according to historian James M. McPherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . In all , eleven black men were lynched over five days . The riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city . Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area .
The most reliable estimates indicate at least 2 @,@ 000 people were injured . Herbert Asbury , the author of the 1928 book Gangs of New York , upon which the 2002 film was based , puts the figure much higher , at 2 @,@ 000 killed and 8 @,@ 000 wounded , but this figure is not widely accepted . Total property damage was about $ 1 – 5 million ( $ 19 @.@ 2 million – $ 96 @.@ 1 million , adjusted for inflation ) . The city treasury later indemnified one @-@ quarter of the amount .
The historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that the riots were " equivalent to a Confederate victory " . Fifty buildings , including two Protestant churches and the Colored Orphan Asylum , were burned to the ground . During the riots , landlords , fearing that the mob would destroy their buildings , had driven blacks from their residences . As a result of the violence against blacks , hundreds left New York , including James McCune Smith , moving to Williamsburg , Brooklyn ( still a separate city until 1898 ) and New Jersey .
The white elite in New York organized to provide relief to black riot victims , helping them find new work and homes . The Union League Club and the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People provided nearly $ 40 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 500 victims of the riots . By 1865 the black population had dropped to under 10 @,@ 000 , the lowest since 1820 . The white working @-@ class riots had changed the demographics of the city , and whites exerted their control in the workplace ; they became " unequivocally divided " from blacks .
On August 19 , the government resumed the draft in New York . It was completed within 10 days without further incident . Fewer men were drafted than had been feared by the working class : of the 750 @,@ 000 selected nationwide for conscription , only about 45 @,@ 000 went into service .
While the rioting mainly involved the working class , middle and upper @-@ class New Yorkers had split sentiments on the draft and use of federal power or martial law to enforce it . Many wealthy Democratic businessmen sought to have the draft declared unconstitutional . Tammany Democrats did not seek to have the draft declared unconstitutional , but helped pay the commutation fees for those who were drafted . In December 1863 , the Union League Club recruited over 2000 black soldiers , outfitted and trained them , honoring and sending men off with a parade through the city to the Hudson River docks in March 1864 . A crowd of 100 @,@ 000 watched the procession , which was led by police and members of the Union League Club .
New York City 's support for the Union cause continued , however grudgingly , and gradually Southern sympathies declined in the city . New York banks eventually financed the Civil War , and the state 's industries were more productive than those of the entire Confederacy . By the end of the war , more than 450 @,@ 000 soldiers , sailors , and militia had enlisted from New York State , which was the most populous state at the time . A total of 46 @,@ 000 military men from New York State died during the war , more from disease than wounds .
= = Order of battle = =
= = = New York City Police Department = = =
New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.Commissioners Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots .
= = = New York State Militia = = =
1st Division : Major General Charles W. Sandford
= = = Union Army = = =
Department of the East : Major General John E. Wool headquartered in New York
Defenses of New York City : Brevet Brigadier General Harvey Brown , Brown was in overall command of the military fortresses in New York city at the time and volunteered his services to General Wool . Wool instructed Brown to serve under the command of militia General Sandford to which Brown initially refused but eventually offered to serve in whatever capacity needed . Brig. General Edward R. S. Canby
Artillery : Captain Henry F. Putnam , 12th United States Infantry Regiment .
Provost marshals tasked with overseeing the initial enforcement of the draft :
Provost Marshal General U.S.A. : Colonel James Fry
Provost Marshal General New York City : Colonel Robert Nugent ( During the first day of rioting on July 13 , 1863 , in command of the Invalid Corps : 1st Battalion )
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized five regiments from Gettysburg , mostly federalized state militia and volunteer units from the Army of the Potomac , to reinforce the New York City Police Department . By the end of the riots , there were more than 4 @,@ 000 soldiers garrisoned in New York City .
= = Fiction = =
The Banished Children of Eve , A Novel of Civil War New York ( 1995 ) by Peter Quinn
On Secret Service ( 2000 ) by John Jakes
Paradise Alley ( 2003 ) by Kevin Baker
New York : the Novel ( 2009 ) by Edward Rutherfurd
Newt Gingrich 's alternate history novel Grant Comes East ( 2004 )
Theatre and film :
The short @-@ lived 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn , starring Shirley Jones , was set in the Tobin Orphanage for black children ( modeled on the Colored Orphan Asylum ) .
Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) , a film directed by Martin Scorsese , includes a fictionalized portrayal of the New York Draft Riots .
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= Mary Seacole =
Mary Jane Seacole ( née Grant ; 1805 – 14 May 1881 ) was a Jamaican woman of Scottish and African descent who set up a " British Hotel " behind the lines during the Crimean War . She described this as " a mess @-@ table and comfortable quarters for sick and convalescent officers " , and provided succour for wounded servicemen on the battlefield . She was posthumously awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in 1991 . In 2004 she was voted the greatest black Briton .
She acquired knowledge of herbal medicine in the Caribbean . When the Crimean War broke out , she applied to the War Office to assist but was refused . She travelled independently and set up her hotel and assisted battlefield wounded . She became extremely popular among service personnel who raised money for her when she faced destitution after the war .
After her death , she was forgotten for almost a century , but today is celebrated as a woman who successfully combatted racial prejudice . Her biography , Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands ( 1857 ) , is one of the earliest autobiographies of a mixed @-@ race woman , although some aspects of its accuracy have been questioned . It has been claimed that Seacole 's achievements have been exaggerated for political reasons . The erection of a statue of her at St Thomas ' Hospital , London on 30 June 2016 , describing her as a " pioneer nurse " , has generated controversy . Further controversy broke out in the United Kingdom late in 2012 over reports of a proposal to remove her from the country 's National Curriculum .
= = Early life , 1805 – 25 = =
Mary Seacole was born Mary Jane Grant in Kingston , Jamaica , the daughter of James Grant a Scottish soldier in the British Army , a Lieutenant , and a free Jamaican woman . Her mother was a " doctress " , a healer who used traditional Caribbean and African herbal remedies . She ran Blundell Hall , a boarding house at 7 East Street , considered one of the best hotels in all Kingston . Here Seacole acquired her nursing skills . Seacole 's autobiography states that her early experiments in medicine were based on what she learned from her mother while ministering to a doll , then progressing to pets , before helping her mother treat humans .
Seacole was proud of her Scottish ancestry and called herself a Creole , a term that was commonly used in a racially neutral sense or to refer to the children of white settlers with indigenous women . In her autobiography , The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole , she records her bloodline thus : " I am a Creole , and have good Scots blood coursing through my veins . My father was a soldier of an old Scottish family . " Legally , she was classified as a mulatto , a multiracial person with limited political rights ; Robinson speculates that she may technically have been a quadroon . Seacole emphasises her personal vigour in her autobiography , distancing herself from the contemporary stereotype of the " lazy Creole " , She was proud of her black ancestry , writing , " I have a few shades of deeper brown upon my skin which shows me related - and I am proud of the relationship - to those poor mortals whom you once held enslaved , and whose bodies America still owns . "
The West Indies were an outpost of the British Empire in the late 18th century , and in the 1790s one @-@ third of Britain 's foreign trade was with the British West Indies . Britain 's economic interests were protected by a massive military presence , with 69 line infantry regiments serving there between 1793 and 1801 , and another 24 between 1803 and 1815 .
Seacole spent some years in the household of an elderly woman , whom she called her " kind patroness " , before returning to her mother . She was treated as a member of her patroness 's family and received a good education . As the educated daughter of a Scottish officer and a free black woman with a respectable business , Seacole would have held a high position in Jamaican society .
In about 1821 , Seacole visited London , stayed for a year , and visited relatives , the merchant Henriques family . Although London had a number of black people , she records that a companion , a West Indian with skin darker than her own " dusky " shades , was taunted by children . Seacole herself was " only a little brown " , nearly white according to Ramdin . She returned to London approximately a year later , bringing a " large stock of West Indian pickles and preserves for sale " . Her later travels would be as an " unprotected " woman , without a chaperone or sponsor — an unusual practice . Seacole returned to Jamaica in 1825 .
= = In the Caribbean , 1826 – 51 = =
After returning to Jamaica , Seacole nursed her " old indulgent patroness " through an illness , finally returning to the family home at Blundell Hall after the death of her patroness a few years later . Seacole then worked alongside her mother , occasionally being called to assist at the British Army hospital at Up @-@ Park Camp . Dure Caribbean , visiting the British colony of New Providence in The Bahamas , the Spanish colony of Cuba , and the new republic of Haiti . Seacole records these travels , but omits mention of significant current events , such as the Christmas Rebellion in Jamaica of 1831 , the partial abolition of slavery in 1834 , and the full abolition of slavery in 1838 .
She married Edwin Horatio Hamilton Seacole in Kingston on 10 November 1836 . Her marriage , from betrothal to widowhood , is described in just nine lines at the conclusion of the first chapter of her autobiography . His middle names are intriguing : Robinson reports the legend in the Seacole family that Edwin was an illegitimate son of Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson and his mistress Emma , Lady Hamilton , who was adopted by Thomas , a local " surgeon , apothecary and man midwife " ( Seacole 's will indicates that Horatio Seacole was Nelson 's godson : she left a diamond ring to her friend , Lord Rokeby , " given to my late husband by his godfather Viscount Nelson " , but there was no mention of this godson in Nelson 's own will or its codicils . ) Edwin was a merchant and seems to have had a poor constitution . The newly married couple moved to Black River and opened a provisions store which failed to prosper . They returned to Blundell Hall in the early 1840s .
During 1843 and 1844 , Seacole suffered a series of personal disasters . She and her family lost much of the boarding house in a fire in Kingston on 29 August 1843 . Blundell Hall burned down , and was replaced by New Blundell Hall , which was described as " better than before " . Then her husband died in October 1844 , followed by her mother . After a period of grief , in which Seacole says she did not stir for days , she composed herself , " turned a bold front to fortune " , and assumed the management of her mother 's hotel . She put her rapid recovery down to her hot Creole blood , blunting the " sharp edge of [ her ] grief " sooner than Europeans who she thought " nurse their woe secretly in their hearts " . She absorbed herself in work , declining many offers of marriage . She later became widely known and respected , particularly among the European military visitors to Jamaica who often stayed at Blundell Hall . She treated patients in the cholera epidemic of 1850 , which killed some 32 @,@ 000 Jamaicans . Seacole attributed the outbreak to infection brought on a steamer from New Orleans , Louisiana , demonstrating knowledge of contagion theory . This first @-@ hand experience would benefit her during the next five years .
= = In Central America , 1851 – 54 = =
In 1850 , Seacole 's half @-@ brother Edward moved to Cruces , Panama , which was then part of New Granada . There , approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) up the Chagres River from the coast , he followed the family trade by establishing the Independent Hotel to accommodate the many travellers between the eastern and western coasts of the United States ( the number of travellers had increased enormously , as part of the 1849 California Gold Rush ) . Cruces was the limit of navigability of the Chagres River during the rainy season , which lasts from June to December . Travellers would ride on donkeys approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) along the Las Cruces trail from Panama City on the Pacific Ocean coast to Cruces , and then 45 miles ( 72 km ) down @-@ river to the Atlantic Ocean at Chagres ( or vice versa ) . In the dry season , the river subsided , and travellers would switch from land to the river a few miles farther downstream , at Gorgona Most of these settlements have now been submerged by Gatun Lake , formed as part of the Panama Canal .
In 1851 , Seacole travelled to Cruces to visit her brother . Shortly after her arrival , the town was struck by cholera , a disease which had reached Panama in 1849 . Seacole was on hand to treat the first victim , who survived , which established Seacole 's reputation and brought her a succession of patients as the infection spread . The rich paid , but she treated the poor for free . Many , both rich and poor , succumbed . She eschewed opium , preferring mustard rubs and poultices , the laxative calomel ( mercuric chloride ) , sugars of lead ( lead ( II ) acetate ) , and rehydration with water boiled with cinnamon . While her preparations had moderate success , she faced little competition , the only other treatments coming from a " timid little dentist " , who was an inexperienced doctor sent by the Panamanian government , and the Roman Catholic Church .
The epidemic raged through the population . Seacole later expressed exasperation at their feeble resistance , claiming they " bowed down before the plague in slavish despair " . She performed an autopsy on an orphan child for whom she had cared , which gave her " decidedly useful " new knowledge . Towards the end of the epidemic , Seacole herself sickened but survived . Cholera was to return again : Ulysses S. Grant passed through Cruces in July , 1852 , on military duty ; a hundred and twenty men , a third of his party , died of the disease there or shortly afterwards en route to Panama City .
Despite the problems of disease and climate , Panama remained the favoured route between the coasts of the United States . Seeing a business opportunity , Seacole opened the British Hotel , which was a restaurant rather than an hotel . She described it as a " tumble down hut , " with two rooms , the smaller one to be her bedroom , the larger one to serve up to 50 diners . She soon added the services of a barber .
As the wet season ended in early 1852 , Seacole joined other traders in Cruces in packing up to move to Gorgona . She records a white American giving a speech at a leaving dinner in which he wished that " God bless the best yaller woman he ever made " and asked the listeners to join with him in rejoicing that " she 's so many shades removed from being entirely black " . He went on to say that " if we could bleach her by any means we would [ ... ] and thus make her acceptable in any company [ , ] as she deserves to be " . Seacole replied firmly that she did not " appreciate your friend 's kind wishes with respect to my complexion . If it had been as dark as any nigger 's , I should have been just as happy and just as useful , and as much respected by those whose respect I value . " She declined the offer of " bleaching " and drank " to you and the general reformation of American manners " . Salih notes the use of American pidgin , against Seacole 's clear English , as representational of a supposed white moral and intellectual superiority . Seacole also comments on the positions of responsibility taken on by escaped American slaves in Panama , as well as in the priesthood , the army , and public offices , commenting that " it is wonderful to see how freedom and equality elevate men " . She also records an antipathy between Panamanians and Americans , which she attributes in part to the fact that so many of the former had once been slaves of the latter .
In Gorgona , Seacole briefly ran a woman @-@ only hotel . In late 1852 , she travelled home to Jamaica . The journey was delayed and difficult when she encountered racial discrimination while trying to book passage on an American ship . She was forced to wait for a later British boat . In 1853 , soon after arriving home , Seacole was asked by the Jamaican medical authorities to minister to victims of a severe outbreak of yellow fever . She found that she could do little , because the epidemic was so severe . Her memoirs state that her own boarding house was full of sufferers and she saw many of them die . Although she wrote , " I was sent for by the medical authorities to provide nurses for the sick at Up @-@ Park Camp , " she did not claim to bring nurses with her when she went . She left her sister with some nurses at her house , went to the camp ( about a mile , or 1 @.@ 6 km , from Kingston ) , " and did my best , but it was little we could do to mitigate the severity of the epidemic . "
Seacole returned to Panama in early 1854 to finalise her business affairs , and three months later moved to the New Granada Mining Gold Company establishment at Fort Bowen Mine some 70 miles ( 110 km ) away near Escribanos . The superintendent , Thomas Day , was related to her late husband . Seacole had read newspaper reports of the outbreak of war against Russia before she left Jamaica , and news of the escalating Crimean War reached her in Panama . She determined to travel to England to volunteer as a nurse , to experience the " pomp , pride and circumstance of glorious war " as she described it in Chapter I of her autobiography .
= = Crimean War , 1854 – 56 = =
The Crimean War lasted from October 1853 until 1 April 1856 and was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the United Kingdom , France , the Kingdom of Sardinia , and the Ottoman Empire . The majority of the conflict took place on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea and Turkey .
Many thousands of troops from all the countries involved were drafted to the area , and disease broke out almost immediately . Hundreds perished , mostly from cholera . Hundreds more would die waiting to be shipped out , or on the voyage . Their prospects were little better when they arrived at the poorly staffed , unsanitary and overcrowded hospitals which were the only medical provision for the wounded . In Britain , a trenchant letter in The Times on 14 October triggered Sidney Herbert , Secretary of State for War , to approach Florence Nightingale to form a detachment of nurses to be sent to the hospital to save lives . Interviews were quickly held , suitable candidates selected , and Nightingale left for Turkey on 21 October .
Seacole travelled from Navy Bay in Panama to England , initially to deal with her investments in gold @-@ mining businesses . She then attempted to join the second contingent of nurses to the Crimea . She applied to the War Office and other government offices , but arrangements for departure were already underway . In her memoir , she wrote that she brought " ample testimony " of her experience in nursing , but the only example officially cited was that of a former medical officer of the West Granada Gold @-@ Mining Company . She also applied to the Crimean Fund , a fund raised by public subscription to support the wounded in Crimea , for sponsorship to travel there , but she again met with refusal .
Seacole finally resolved to travel to Crimea using her own resources and to open the British Hotel . Business cards were printed and sent ahead to announce her intention to open an establishment , to be called the " British Hotel " , near Balaclava , which would be " a mess @-@ table and comfortable quarters for sick and convalescent officers " . Shortly afterwards , her Caribbean acquaintance , Thomas Day , arrived unexpectedly in London , and the two formed a partnership . They assembled a stock of supplies , and Seacole embarked on the Dutch screw @-@ steamer Hollander on 27 January 1855 on its maiden voyage , to Constantinople . The ship called at Malta , where Seacole encountered a doctor who had recently left Scutari . He wrote her a letter of introduction to Nightingale .
Seacole visited Nightingale at the Barrack Hospital in Scutari , where she asked for a bed for the night , because she intended to travel to Balaclava the next day to join her business partner . In her memoirs , she reported that her meeting with Nightingale was friendly , with Nightingale asking " What do you want , Mrs. Seacole ? Anything we can do for you ? If it lies in my power , I shall be very happy . " Seacole told her of her " dread of the night journey by caique " and the improbability of being able to find the Hollander in the dark . A bed was then found for her and breakfast sent her in the morning , with a " kind message " from Mrs. Bracebridge , Nightingale 's helper . A footnote in the memoir states that Seacole subsequently " saw much of Miss Nightingale at Balaclava , " but no further meetings are recorded in the text .
After transferring most of her stores to the transport ship Albatross , with the remainder following on the Nonpareil , she set out on the four @-@ day voyage to the British bridgehead into Crimea at Balaclava .
Lacking proper building materials , Seacole gathered abandoned metal and wood in her spare moments , with a view to using the debris to build her hotel . She found a site for the hotel at a place she christened Spring Hill , near Kadikoi , some 3 ½ miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) along the main British supply road from Balaclava to the British camp near Sevastopol , and within a mile of the British headquarters .
The hotel was built from the salvaged driftwood , packing cases , iron sheets , and salvaged architectural items such as glass doors and window @-@ frames , from the village of Kamara , using hired local labour . The new British Hotel opened in March 1855 . An early visitor was Alexis Soyer , a noted French chef who had travelled to Crimea to help improve the diet of British soldiers . He records meeting Seacole in his 1857 work A Culinary Campaign and describes Seacole as " an old dame of a jovial appearance , but a few shades darker than the white lily " . Seacole requested Soyer 's advice on how to manage her business , and was advised to concentrate on food and beverage service , and not to have beds for visitors because the few either slept on board ships in the harbour or in tents in the camp .
The hotel was completed in July at a total cost of £ 800 . It included a building made of iron , containing a main room with counters and shelves and storage above , an attached kitchen , two wooden sleeping huts , outhouses , and an enclosed stable @-@ yard . The building was stocked with provisions shipped from London and Constantinople , as well as local purchases from the British camp near Kadikoi and the French camp at nearby Kamiesch . Seacole sold anything -- " from a needle to an anchor " — to army officers and visiting sightseers . Meals were served at the Hotel , cooked by two black cooks , and the kitchen also provided outside catering .
Despite constant thefts , particularly of livestock , Seacole 's establishment prospered . Chapter XIV of Wonderful Adventures describes the meals and supplies provided to officers . They were closed at 8 pm daily and on Sundays . Seacole did some of the cooking herself : " Whenever I had a few leisure moments , I used to wash my hands , roll up my sleeves , and roll out pastry . " When called to " dispense medications , " she did so . Soyer was a frequent visitor , and praised Seacole 's offerings , noting that she offered him champagne on his first visit . The Special Correspondent of The Times newspaper wrote approvingly of her work : " ... Mrs. Seacole ... doctors and cures all manner of men with extraordinary success . She is always in attendance near the battle @-@ field to aid the wounded , and has earned many a poor fellow ’ s blessings . "
To Soyer , near the time of departure , Florence Nightingale acknowledged favourable views of Seacole , consistent with their one known meeting in Scutari . Soyer 's remarks — he knew both women — show pleasantness on both sides . Seacole told him of her encounter with Nightingale at the Barrack Hospital : " You must know , M Soyer , that Miss Nightingale is very fond of me . When I passed through Scutari , she very kindly gave me board and lodging . " When he related Seacole 's inquiries to Nightingale , she replied " with a smile : ' I should like to see her before she leaves , as I hear she has done a deal of good for the poor soldiers . ' " Nightingale , however , did not want her nurses associating with Seacole , as she wrote to her brother @-@ in @-@ law .
Seacole often went out to the troops as a sutler , selling her provisions near the British camp at Kadikoi , and attending to casualties brought out from the trenches around Sevastopol or from the Tchernaya valley . She was widely known to the British Army as " Mother Seacole " .
Apart from serving officers at the British Hotel , Seacole also provided catering for spectators at the battles , and spent time on Cathcart 's Hill , some 3 ½ miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) north of the British Hotel , as an observer . On one occasion , attending wounded troops under fire , she dislocated her right thumb , an injury which never healed entirely . In a dispatch written on 14 September 1855 , William Howard Russell , special correspondent of The Times , wrote that she was a " warm and successful physician , who doctors and cures all manner of men with extraordinary success . She is always in attendance near the battle @-@ field to aid the wounded and has earned many a poor fellow 's blessing . " Russell also wrote that she " redeemed the name of sutler " , and another that she was " both a Miss Nightingale and a [ chef ] " . Seacole made a point of wearing brightly coloured , and highly conspicuous , clothing — often bright blue , or yellow , with ribbons in contrasting colours . While Lady Alicia Blackwood later recalled that Seacole had " ... personally spared no pains and no exertion to visit the field of woe , and minister with her own hands such things as could comfort or alleviate the suffering of those around her ; freely giving to such as could not pay ... " .
In late August , Seacole was on the route to Cathcart 's Hill for the final assault on Sevastopol on 7 September 1855 . French troops led the storming , but the British were beaten back . By dawn on Sunday 9 September , the city was burning out of control , and it was clear that it had fallen : the Russians retreated to fortifications to the north of the harbour . Later in the day , Seacole fulfilled a bet , and became the first British woman to enter Sevastopol after it fell . Having obtained a pass , she toured the broken town , bearing refreshments and visiting the crowded hospital by the docks , containing thousands of dead and dying Russians . Her foreign appearance led to her being stopped by French looters , but she was rescued by a passing officer . She looted some items from the city , including a church bell , an altar candle , and a three @-@ metre ( 10 ft ) long painting of the Madonna .
After the fall of Sevastopol , hostilities continued in a desultory fashion . The business of Seacole and Day prospered in the interim period , with the officers taking the opportunity to enjoy themselves in the quieter days . There were theatrical performances and horse @-@ racing events for which Seacole provided catering .
Seacole was joined by a 14 @-@ year @-@ old girl , Sarah , also known as Sally . Soyer described her as " the Egyptian beauty , Mrs Seacole 's daughter Sarah " , with blue eyes and dark hair . Nightingale alleged that Sarah was the illegitimate offspring of Seacole and Colonel Henry Bunbury . However , there is no evidence that Bunbury met Seacole , or even visited Jamaica , at a time when she would have been nursing her ailing husband . Ramdin speculates that Thomas Day could have been Sarah 's father , pointing to the unlikely coincidences of their meeting in Panama and then in England , and their unusual business partnership in Crimea .
Peace talks began in Paris in early 1856 , and friendly relations opened between the Allies and the Russians , with a lively trade across the River Tchernaya . The Treaty of Paris was signed on 30 March 1856 , after which the soldiers left Crimea . Seacole was in a difficult financial position , her business was full of unsalable provisions , new goods were arriving daily , and creditors were demanding payment . She attempted to sell as much as possible before the soldiers left , but she was forced to auction many expensive goods for lower @-@ than @-@ expected prices to the Russians who were returning to their homes . The evacuation of the Allied armies was formally completed at Balaclava on 9 July 1856 , with Seacole " ... conspicuous in the foreground ... dressed in a plaid riding @-@ habit ... " . Seacole was one of the last to leave Crimea , returning to England " poorer than [ she ] left it " .
Her contribution to the welfare of the British troops in the Crimea is summed up by sociology professor Lynn McDonald :
" Mary Seacole , although never the ' black British nurse ' she is claimed to have been , was a successful mixed @-@ race immigrant to Britain . She led an adventurous life , and her memoir of 1857 is still a lively read . She was kind and generous . She made friends of her customers , army and navy officers , who came to her rescue with a fund when she was declared bankrupt . While her cures have been vastly exaggerated , she doubtless did what she could to ease suffering , when no effective cures existed . In epidemics pre @-@ Crimea , she said a comforting word to the dying and closed the eyes of the dead . During the Crimean War , probably her greatest kindness was to serve hot tea and lemonade to cold , suffering soldiers awaiting transport to hospital on the wharf at Balaclava . She deserves much credit for rising to the occasion , but her tea and lemonade did not save lives , pioneer nursing or advance health care . "
= = Back in London , 1856 – 60 = =
After the end of the war , Seacole returned to England destitute and in poor health . In the conclusion to her autobiography , she records that she " took the opportunity " to visit " yet other lands " on her return journey , although Robinson attributes this to her impecunious state requiring a roundabout trip . She arrived in August 1856 , and considered setting up shop with Day in Aldershot , Hampshire , but nothing materialised . She attended a celebratory dinner for 2 @,@ 000 soldiers at Royal Surrey Gardens in Kennington on 25 August 1856 , at which Nightingale was chief guest of honour . Reports in The Times on 26 August and News of the World on 31 August indicate that Seacole was also fêted by the huge crowds , with two " burly " sergeants protecting her from the pressure of the crowd . However , creditors who had supplied her firm in Crimea were in pursuit . She was forced to move to 1 , Tavistock Street , Covent Garden in increasingly dire financial straits . The Bankruptcy Court in Basinghall Street declared her bankrupt on 7 November 1856 . Robinson speculates that Seacole 's business problems may have been caused in part by her partner , Day , who dabbled in horse trading and may have set up as an unofficial bank , cashing debts .
At about this time , Seacole began to wear military medals . These are mentioned in an account of her appearance in the bankruptcy court in November 1856 . A bust by George Kelly , based on an original by Count Gleichen from around 1871 , depicts her wearing four medals , three of which have been identified as the British Crimea Medal , the French Légion d 'honneur and the Turkish Order of the Medjidie medal . Robinson says that one is " apparently " a Sardinian award ( Sardinia having joined Britain and France in supporting Turkey against Russia in the war ) . The Jamaican Daily Gleaner stated in her obituary on 9 June 1881 that she had also received a Russian medal , but it has not been identified . However , no formal notice of her award exists in the London Gazette , and it seems unlikely that Seacole was formally rewarded for her actions in Crimea ; rather , she may have bought miniature or " dress " medals to display her support and affection for her " sons " in the Army .
Seacole 's plight was highlighted in the British press . As a consequence a fund was set up , to which many prominent people donated money , and on 30 January 1857 , she and Day were granted certificates discharging them from bankruptcy . Day left for the Antipodes to seek new opportunities , but Seacole 's funds remained low . She moved from Tavistock Street to cheaper lodgings at 14 Soho Square in early 1857 , triggering a plea for subscriptions from Punch on 2 May .
Further fund @-@ raising kept Seacole in the public eye . In May 1857 she wanted to travel to India , to minister to the wounded of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , but she was dissuaded by both the new Secretary of War , Lord Panmure , and her financial troubles . Fund @-@ raising activities included the " Seacole Fund Grand Military Festival " , which was held at the Royal Surrey Gardens , from Monday 27 July to Thursday 30 July 1857 . This successful event was supported by many military men , including Major General Lord Rokeby ( who had commanded the 1st Division in Crimea ) and Lord George Paget ; over 1 @,@ 000 artists performed , including 11 military bands and an orchestra conducted by Louis Antoine Jullien , which was attended by a crowd of circa 40 @,@ 000 . The one @-@ shilling entrance charge was quintupled for the first night , and halved for the Tuesday performance . However , production costs had been high and the Royal Surrey Gardens Company was itself having financial problems . It became insolvent immediately after the festival , and as a result Seacole only received £ 57 , one quarter of the profits from the event . When eventually the financial affairs of the ruined Company were resolved , in March 1858 , the Indian Mutiny was over .
A 200 @-@ page autobiographical account of her travels was published in July 1857 by James Blackwood as Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands , the first autobiography written by a black woman in Britain . Priced at one shilling and six pence ( 1 / 6 ) a copy , the cover bears a striking portrait of Seacole in red , yellow and black ink . Robinson speculates that she dictated the work to an editor , identified in the book only as W.J.S. , who improved her grammar and orthography . In the work Seacole deals with the first 39 years of her life in one short chapter . She then expends six chapters on her few years in Panama , before using the following 12 chapters to detail her exploits in Crimea . She avoids mention of the names of her parents and precise date of birth . A short final " Conclusion " deals with her return to England , and lists supporters of her fund @-@ raising effort , including Rokeby , Prince Edward of Saxe @-@ Weimar , the Duke of Wellington , the Duke of Newcastle , William Russell , and other prominent men in the military . The book was dedicated to Major @-@ General Lord Rokeby , commander of the First Division ; and William Howard Russell wrote as a preface , " I have witnessed her devotion and her courage ... and I trust that England will never forget one who has nursed her sick , who sought out her wounded to aid and succour them and who performed the last offices for some of her illustrious dead . "
= = Later life , 1860 – 81 = =
Seacole had joined the Roman Catholic Church circa 1860 , and returned to a Jamaica changed in her absence as it faced economic downturn . She became a prominent figure in the country . However , by 1867 she was again running short of money , and the Seacole fund was resurrected in London , with illustrious new patrons , including the Prince of Wales , the Duke of Edinburgh , the Duke of Cambridge , and many other senior military officers . The fund burgeoned , and Seacole was able to buy land on Duke Street in Kingston , near New Blundell Hall , where she built a bungalow as her new home , plus a larger property to rent out .
By 1870 , Seacole was back in London , and Robinson speculates that she was drawn back by the prospect of rendering medical assistance in the Franco @-@ Prussian War . It seems likely that she approached Sir Harry Verney ( the husband of Florence Nightingale 's sister Parthenope ) Member of Parliament for Buckingham who was closely involved in the British National Society for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded . It was at this time Nightingale wrote her letter to Verney insinuating that Seacole had kept a " bad house " in Crimea , and was responsible for " much drunkenness and improper conduct " .
In London , Seacole joined the periphery of the royal circle . Prince Victor of Hohenlohe @-@ Langenburg ( a nephew of Queen Victoria ; as a young Lieutenant he had been one of Seacole 's customers in Crimea ) carved a marble bust of her in 1871 that was exhibited at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1872 . Seacole also became personal masseuse to the Princess of Wales who suffered with white leg and rheumatism .
Seacole died in 1881 at her home in Paddington , London , the cause of death was noted as " apoplexy " . She left an estate valued at over £ 2 @,@ 500 . After some specific legacies , many of exactly 19 guineas , the main beneficiary of her will was her sister , ( Eliza ) Louisa . Lord Rokeby , Colonel Hussey Fane Keane , and Count Gleichen ( three trustees of her Fund ) were each left £ 50 ; Count Gleichen also received a diamond ring , said to have been given to Seacole ’ s late husband by Lord Nelson . A short obituary was published in The Times on 21 May 1881 . She was buried in St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Cemetery , Harrow Road , Kensal Green , London .
= = Recognition = =
While well @-@ known at the end of her life , Seacole rapidly faded from public memory . Her work in Crimea was overshadowed by Florence Nightingale 's for many years . However , in recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in her and efforts to properly acknowledge her achievements . Seacole has become a case study of racial attitudes and social injustices in Britain in the nineteenth century . She was cited as an example of " hidden " black history in Salman Rushdie 's The Satanic Verses , like Olaudah Equiano : " See , here is Mary Seacole , who did as much in the Crimea as another magic @-@ lamping lady , but , being dark , could scarce be seen for the flame of Florence 's candle . "
She has been better remembered in the Caribbean , where she was posthumously awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in 1991 . The headquarters of the Jamaican General Trained Nurses ' Association was christened " Mary Seacole House " in 1954 , followed quickly by the naming of a hall of residence of the University of the West Indies in Mona , Jamaica . A ward at Kingston Public Hospital was also named in her memory . Her grave was rediscovered in 1973 ; a service of reconsecration was held on 20 November 1973 , and her impressive gravestone was also restored by the British Commonwealth Nurses ' War Memorial Fund and the Lignum Vitae Club . The centenary of her death was celebrated with a memorial service on 14 May 1981 . An English Heritage blue plaque was erected by the Greater London Council at her residence in 157 George Street , Westminster , on 9 March 1985 , but it was removed in 1998 before the site was redeveloped . A " green plaque " was unveiled at 147 George Street , in Westminster , on 11 October 2005 . However , another blue plaque has since been positioned at 14 Soho Square , where she lived in 1857 .
By the 21st century , Seacole was much more prominent . Several buildings and entities , mainly connected with health care , were named after her . In 2005 , Boris Johnson ( former Mayor of London , then editor of The Spectator ) wrote of learning about Seacole from his daughter 's school pageant and speculated : " I find myself facing the grim possibility that it was my own education that was blinkered . " In 2007 Seacole was introduced into the National Curriculum , and her life story is taught at many primary schools in the UK alongside that of Florence Nightingale .
She was voted into first place in an online poll of 100 Great Black Britons in 2004 . The portrait identified as Seacole in 2005 was used for one of ten first @-@ class stamps showing important Britons , to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the National Portrait Gallery .
British buildings and organisations now commemorate her by name . One of the first was the Mary Seacole Centre for Nursing Practice at Thames Valley University , which created the NHS Specialist Library for Ethnicity and Health , a web @-@ based collection of research @-@ based evidence and good practice information relating to the health needs of minority ethnic groups , and other resources relevant to multi @-@ cultural health care . There is another Mary Seacole Research Centre , this one at De Montfort University in Leicester , and a problem @-@ based learning room at St George 's , University of London is named after her . Brunel University in West London houses its School of Health Sciences and Social Care in the Mary Seacole Building . New buildings at the University of Salford and Birmingham City University bear her name , as does part of the new headquarters of the Home Office at 2 Marsham Street . There is a Mary Seacole ward in the Douglas Bader Centre in Roehampton . There are two wards named after Mary Seacole in Whittington Hospital in North London .
An annual prize to recognise and develop leadership in nurses , midwives and health visitors in the National Health Service was named Seacole , to " acknowledge her achievements " . An exhibition to celebrate the bicentenary of her birth opened at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London in March 2005 . Originally scheduled to last for a few months , the exhibition was so popular that it was extended to March 2007 .
A campaign to erect a statue of Seacole in London was launched on 24 November 2003 , chaired by Clive Soley , Baron Soley . The design of the sculpture , which is planned to be erected in the grounds of St Thomas ' Hospital , was announced on 18 June 2009 . There was significant opposition to the siting of the statue , but it was unveiled on 30 June 2016 . A feature film is being made of her life by Seacole Pictures . A short animation about Mary Seacole was adapted from a book entitled Mother Seacole , published in 2005 as part of the bicentenary celebrations . Seacole is featured in BBC 's Horrible Histories , where she is portrayed by Dominique Moore .
A two @-@ dimensional sculpture of Seacole was erected in Paddington in 2013 .
= = = Controversies = = =
Seacole 's recognition has provoked a reaction . It has been argued that she has been promoted at the expense of Florence Nightingale , and in an attempt to promote multiculturalism . Professor Lynn McDonald has written that " ... support for Seacole has been used to attack Nightingale 's reputation as a pioneer in public health and nursing . " There was opposition to the siting of a statue of Mary Seacole at St Thomas ' Hospital on the grounds that she had no connection with this institution , whereas Florence Nightingale did . Dr Sean Lang has stated that she " does not qualify as a mainstream figure in the history of nursing " , while a letter to the Times from the Florence Nightingale Society and signed by members including historians and biographers asserted that " Seacole 's battlefield excursions ... took place post @-@ battle , after selling wine and sandwiches to spectators . Mrs Seacole was a kind and generous businesswoman , but was not a frequenter of the battlefield " under fire " or a pioneer of nursing . " An article by Lynn McDonald in the Times Literary Supplement asked " How did Mary Seacole come to be viewed as a pioneer of modern nursing ? " , comparing her unfavourably with Kofoworola Pratt who was the first black nurse in the NHS , and concluded " She deserves much credit for rising to the occasion , but her tea and lemonade did not save lives , pioneer nursing or advance health care " .
Seacole 's name appears in an appendix to the Key Stage 2 National Curriculum , as an example of a significant Victorian historical figure . There is no requirement that teachers include Seacole in their lessons . At the end of 2012 it was reported that Mary Seacole was to be removed from the National Curriculum . Opposing this , Greg Jenner , historical consultant to Horrible Histories , has stated that while her medical achievements have been exaggerated , removing Seacole from the curriculum would be a mistake . While Peter Hitchens has argued that Seacole 's accomplishments have been exaggerated because anybody who put a contrary view was afraid to be accused of racism , both Jenner and Hugh Muir have asserted that this is not the case . Susan Sheridan has argued that the leaked proposal to remove Seacole from the National Curriculum is part of " a concentration solely on large @-@ scale political and military history and a fundamental shift away from social history . " In The Daily Telegraph , Cathy Newman argues that Michael Gove 's plans for the new history curriculum " could mean the only women children learn anything about will be queens " .
In January 2013 Operation Black Vote launched a petition to request Education Secretary Michael Gove to drop neither her nor Oloudah Equiano from the National Curriculum Rev. Jesse Jackson and others wrote a letter to The Times protesting against the mooted removal of Mary Seacole from the National Curriculum . This was declared successful on 8 February 2013 , after approximately 35 @,@ 000 signatures forced Michael Gove to concede .
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= Caesar Hull =
Caesar Barrand Hull , DFC ( 26 February 1914 – 7 September 1940 ) was a Royal Air Force ( RAF ) flying ace during the Second World War , noted especially for his part in the fighting for Narvik during the Norwegian Campaign in 1940 , and for being one of " The Few " — the Allied pilots of the Battle of Britain , in which he was shot down and killed . From a farming family , Hull 's early years were spent in Southern Rhodesia , South Africa and Swaziland . He boxed for South Africa at the 1934 Empire Games . After being turned down by the South African Air Force because he did not speak Afrikaans , he joined the RAF and , on becoming a pilot officer in August 1936 , mustered into No. 43 Squadron at RAF Tangmere in Sussex .
A skilful pilot , Hull dedicated much of his pre @-@ war service to aerobatics , flying Hawker Audaxes , Furies and Hurricanes . He reacted to the outbreak of war with enthusiasm and achieved No. 43 Squadron 's first victory of the conflict in late January 1940 . Reassigned to Norway in May 1940 to command a flight of Gloster Gladiator biplanes belonging to No. 263 Squadron , he downed four German aircraft in an hour over the Bodø area south @-@ west of Narvik on 26 May , a feat that earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross . He was shot down the next day , and invalided back to England . Hull returned to action at the end of August , when he was made commander of No. 43 Squadron with the rank of squadron leader . A week later , he died in a dogfight over south London .
With eight confirmed aerial victories during the war , including five over Norway , Hull was the RAF 's first Gladiator ace and the most successful RAF pilot of the Norwegian Campaign . He was buried among fellow fighter pilots at Tangmere , and a monument to his memory was erected near his birthplace in Southern Rhodesia . This remained until 2004 , when the plaque was transported to England and donated to the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum . Other memorials to Hull were built in Bodø in 1977 and Purley , where his aircraft crashed , in 2013 .
= = Early life = =
Caesar Barrand Hull was born on 26 February 1914 at Leachdale Farm , a property near Shangani in Southern Rhodesia . His childhood years were divided between Rhodesia and South Africa , and in his early teens the family moved to Swaziland . He was educated at home until 1926 , when he began to board at St. John 's College in Johannesburg . A champion boxer , he was a member of South Africa 's boxing team at the 1934 Empire Games in London .
Hull attempted to join the South African Air Force in 1935 , but was turned down because he did not speak Afrikaans . He joined the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) instead , enlisting in England in September 1935 . Completing the pilot 's course on 3 August 1936 with the rank of pilot officer , he joined No. 43 Squadron at RAF Tangmere in Sussex five days later .
Much of Hull 's early air force career was dedicated to aerobatics . He and Peter " Prosser " Hanks perfected a routine in which they would change places in a two @-@ seater Hawker Audax in mid @-@ air . Along with Peter Townsend ( who joined the squadron at the same time as Hull ) and Sergeant Frank Reginald Carey , they formed an aerobatic flight that performed stunts such as loops , barrel rolls and stall turns . Piloting a Hawker Fury , Hull flew the individual aerobatics at the air show at Hendon in 1937 honouring the coronation of King George VI .
Hull was promoted to flying officer on 16 April 1938 . As war loomed , the squadron began to prepare for combat in late 1938 , and in December that year was re @-@ equipped with Hawker Hurricane Mk Is . Hull reacted to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 with great excitement ; according to Hector Bolitho , No. 43 Squadron 's intelligence officer , the Rhodesian leapt from one foot to the other in the officer 's mess , repeating the words " wizard , wizard " .
= = Air war in Europe = =
= = = Early war = = =
In November 1939 , No. 43 Squadron moved to RAF Acklington , near Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne , flying Hawker Hurricane Mk Is . Amid severe weather conditions , Hull scored the squadron 's first victory of the war on 30 January 1940 , when he shot down a Heinkel He 111 bomber of the Luftwaffe near the island of Coquet . On 26 February the squadron was transferred to RAF Wick in northern Scotland to help protect the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow . Hull , Carey and three others together downed another He 111 on 28 March 1940 . On 10 April 1940 , Hull took part in the destruction of a reconnaissance He 111 . The aircraft had been sent out in advance of a major raid launched by He 111s from Kampfgeschwader 26 and Kampfgruppe 100 , aimed at covering the German invasion of Norway .
When No. 43 Squadron returned to its home base at Tangmere in May 1940 , some of its leading pilots were reassigned to other units : among these were Townsend , who was assigned to No. 85 Squadron RAF as its commanding officer , and Hull , who was posted to No. 263 Squadron to command a flight of Gloster Gladiator biplanes during the unit 's second committal to the Norwegian Campaign .
= = = Norway = = =
No. 263 Squadron was deployed to the area around Narvik , a strategically valuable port city in northern Norway then under German control , but fiercely contested by the Norwegians and Allies . Crossing the Norwegian Sea aboard the aircraft carrier HMS Furious , the pilots took off on 21 May while at sea , in groups of three each led by a Fairey Swordfish of the Fleet Air Arm , and encountered thick mist around the island of Senja ; the Swordfish and two Gladiators from one of the groups crashed into a mountain . Hull led the first four aircraft through and landed safely at Bardufoss airfield , about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north @-@ east of Narvik , at 04 : 20 . A further 12 Gladiators followed four hours later . Fourteen Gladiators were operational and began flying patrols from Bardufoss on 22 May , carrying out 30 sorties on the first day . Hull and two other pilots together downed a He 111 over Salangen on 24 May 1940 , killing two of the five German crew ; the other three were captured by Norwegian troops after making an emergency landing at Fjordbotneidet . In all , during its two weeks of operations in northern Norway , No. 263 Squadron was to claim 26 confirmed kills and nine probable victories during 70 dogfights .
Hull and two other pilots , South African Pilot Officer Jack Falkson and Naval Lieutenant Tony Lydekker , volunteered to be detached to an improvised airstrip at Bodø , a port about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south @-@ west of Narvik , on 26 May 1940 to cover Allied troops who were retreating north for evacuation under Operation Alphabet . Arriving to find the airfield extremely muddy , the pilots had great difficulty moving their aircraft to drier ground to refuel from four @-@ gallon ( 18 @-@ l ) tin cans . A He 111 was spotted overhead while this was in progress , prompting the three pilots to scramble having only partially refuelled . Falkson 's plane crashed after mud clung to its wheels , and while Lydekker took off successfully , he had so little fuel that Hull almost immediately ordered him to land to add more .
The Rhodesian pursued the He 111 over the Saltdal valley and , with three attacks from astern , set the bomber ablaze , forcing it to crash . Hull then downed a Junkers Ju 52 transport plane and , after unsuccessfully chasing another He 111 , destroyed two more Ju 52s . The transports had been coming to the aid of the hard @-@ pressed German forces fighting around Narvik ; one was loaded with supplies , while the other two were carrying Fallschirmjäger paratroops . One of the latter aircraft successfully landed in German @-@ held territory before burning out , allowing the crew and paratroopers aboard to exit safely , but the second spiralled out of control and crashed , killing eight German paratroopers . Hull then attacked another He 111 , which soon retreated , giving off smoke . Having used up all his ammunition , Hull returned to Bodø . In the space of about an hour , in a technologically @-@ outdated aircraft and without assistance , he had destroyed four German planes and damaged a fifth .
Hull , Falkson and Lydekker spent the night of 26 / 27 May 1940 patrolling the area around Rognan , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) inland from Bodø . After driving German bombers away from British and Norwegian forces fighting at Pothus south of Rognan , the Gladiators strafed German ground forces . Around 08 : 00 on 27 May , Bodø was attacked by 11 Ju 87 " Stuka " dive bombers from I. / Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 ( StG 1 — Dive Bomber Wing 1 ) and three Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters attached to I. / Zerstörergeschwader 76 ( ZG 76 — Destroyer Wing 76 ) . Lydekker claimed one of the Stukas , but was ultimately forced to limp north to Bardufoss to land , his Gladiator heavily damaged . Having initially been caught on the ground by the German attack , Hull got his fighter airborne during a pause in the raid . After engaging the German aircraft and shooting down Feldwebel Kurt Zube 's Stuka , which fell into the sea , Hull was overcome by one of the Bf 110s , piloted by Oberleutnant Helmut Lent , and forced to crash near the Bodø airfield . Wounded in the head and the knee , he was initially treated at Bodø Hospital before being evacuated back to Britain for further treatment on a Sunderland flying boat via Harstad . Hull 's kills during the Norwegian Campaign made him the RAF 's first Gloster Gladiator ace , as well as the most successful RAF fighter pilot of the campaign . On 17 June , while convalescing , he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions in Norway .
= = = Battle of Britain = = =
Hull was declared fit to return to operational duty after about two months ' rest and recuperation in Guildford , and on 31 August 1940 he was appointed commanding officer of his former unit , No. 43 Squadron , replacing Squadron Leader John " Tubby " Badger , who had been shot down and grievously wounded the previous day . The unit was still based at Tangmere , flying Hurricanes , and was by now fighting in the Battle of Britain , the Allied participants of which would later be dubbed " The Few " . Concurrently promoted to squadron leader , Hull expressed disbelief at his sudden elevation and " as if to emphasise his surprise " , Andy Saunders records , suffixed his first description of himself on paper as " Commanding No. 43 Sqn " with four exclamation marks .
The first engagement of Hull 's command , on 2 September , resulted in three of the squadron 's Hurricanes being shot down in return for two Messerschmitt Bf 109s . On 4 September , Hull led a group of Hurricanes in a decisive aerial victory over coastal Sussex against a large group of Bf 110s from ZGs 2 and 76 . Flight Lieutenant Thomas Dalton @-@ Morgan destroyed a Bf 110 north of Worthing and chased another until it crashed near Shoreham @-@ by @-@ Sea , while Sergeant Jeffreys shot down another Bf 110 in a field . Pilot Officer A E A van den Hove d 'Ertsenrijck , from Belgium , pursued a fourth back out to sea and sent it crashing into the English Channel , but was hit himself and compelled to make an emergency landing at RAF Ford . Hull and Flight Officer Hamilton Upton together seriously damaged two more Bf 110s .
Around 16 : 00 on 7 September 1940 , nine Hurricanes of No. 43 Squadron scrambled to intercept a large formation of German aircraft over Kent on their way to London . Hull led six of the aircraft towards the German bombers while Flight Lieutenant John " Killy " Kilmartin , from Ireland , headed a section of three tasked with countering the fighter escort . Hull took his aircraft above the bombers , then dived towards them , telling his pilots to " smash them up " . A very fast engagement followed in which Hull was killed while diving to the aid of Flight Lieutenant Dick Reynell , an Australian pilot who had come under heavy attack . Hull was last seen firing at a Dornier Do 17 , and was shot down by a Bf 109 . Reynell was also killed . The Rhodesian ace 's body was discovered largely burnt inside the shell of his Hurricane , which had crashed in the grounds of Purley Boys ' High School in Purley , Surrey . He was 26 years old .
The loss of Hull and Reynell , two of the squadron 's most popular pilots , affected morale deeply . Kilmartin , arriving back at Tangmere on the evening of 7 September , simply muttered " My God , My God " . Dalton @-@ Morgan took over command of the squadron . Hull 's remains were recovered and returned to Tangmere , where he was buried among fellow fighter pilots at St Andrew 's Church . His final confirmed record for the war was four German aircraft destroyed , two damaged and four shared destroyed ( counted at half a victory each ) ; also noted were one unconfirmed destroyed , two probably destroyed and one shared probable .
= = Memorials = =
After Hull 's death , the people of Shangani organised the construction of a memorial in his honour — a granite plinth to which a brass plaque was affixed commemorating the pilot 's service and bravery . This monument was completed before the end of the war and erected alongside the main road between Bulawayo and Gwelo , near the bridge over the Shangani River . A memorial to the actions of Hull , Falkson and Lydekker at Bodø was built at the town 's airport three decades later , and inaugurated on 17 June 1977 with the Norwegian Minister of Defence , Rolf Arthur Hansen , in attendance .
After Rhodesia 's reconstitution as Zimbabwe in 1980 , Robert Mugabe 's government disowned many old monuments making reference to the fallen of the World Wars , including the Hull memorial at Shangani . The Hull family resolved in 2003 to take the plaque down and donate it to the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum , an idea that the museum welcomed . The plaque was removed , flown to England free of charge by MK Airlines — a freight carrier owned by a former Rhodesian Air Force pilot , Mike Kruger — and ceremonially delivered to the Tangmere museum curator on 17 April 2004 by Hull 's sister , Wendy Bryan .
A new monument to Hull was erected at Coulsdon Sixth Form College , which today occupies the Purley High School site , in 2013 . Depicting an aeroplane and a dove intertwined , it was formally dedicated on 11 November that year , Remembrance Day , with Bryan present .
= = Character and reputation = =
Hull was remembered by his comrades as an exceptional pilot and an affable , jovial personality . Jimmy Beedle , in his 1966 history of No. 43 Squadron , called Hull one of its all @-@ time great characters , citing him as a major factor in the squadron 's " high standard of flying and ... outstanding squadron spirit " . John Simpson , who joined the unit as a pilot officer two months after Hull , recalled finding " a confidence when flying with Caesar that was wholly lacking otherwise . " " I have never seen anyone who could throw a fighter about with so much confidence as old Caesar , " said another pilot , quoted by Beedle . " Nobody gave me so much confidence to have a lead from , nobody gave me so much exhilaration and fun . Following Caesar you found yourself getting more out of your machine than you had ever imagined was possible , doing things that done by yourself would have made your hair stand on end . "
" All the superlatives have already been written about Caesar , " Beedle wrote . " Caesar Barrand Hull , of the crinkly hair and the croaky voice , the laughing warrior whose idea of a lark was to change seats in the air ... who had a phobia about worms or slugs , who would look under the bed ' in case there are any feenies about ' , then kneel beside it and say his prayers . " Bolitho took a similar line in his 1943 book Combat Report , attesting to Hull 's " bubbling , unquenchable gaiety " . According to Bolitho , Hull was " possessed of a magic power of creating happiness in others ; making them belittle their cares , of inspiring them with confidence , not simply in him but in themselves . Of imbuing them with his own abounding love of life . Where Caesar was , laughter was . "
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= Josh Sims =
Joshua S. Sims ( born July 29 , 1978 ) is an American former professional lacrosse player . He played in Major League Lacrosse through 2013 and last played box lacrosse in the National Lacrosse League with the Philadelphia Wings in 2010 . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1997 through 2000 . He is a two @-@ time NCAA champion , three @-@ time MLL champion , and one @-@ time NLL champion .
At Princeton , he earned Ivy League Player of the Year honors , three first team United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American recognitions and three first team All @-@ Ivy League selections , two NCAA midfielder of the year honors , NCAA Top VIII Award recognition and two @-@ time Academic All @-@ American ( first team once ) honors . During his college career , Princeton earned four Ivy League championships , four NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament invitations and two NCAA championships .
As a professional , he is a five @-@ time MLL All @-@ star and an NLL All @-@ star . In the MLL , he has earned two league championships and holds the all @-@ time league record for playoff goals scored . He also has an NLL championship . He was selected to the MLL 10th Anniversary team in August 2010 and the Colorado Mammoth 10th Anniversary team in 2011 .
= = Background = =
As an ambidexterous junior lacrosse midfielder , he scored 20 goals and had 16 assists for the Severn School , earning him All @-@ Anne Arundel County honors from the Baltimore Sun . Sims was an All @-@ Anne Arundel County selection by the Baltimore Sun again as a senior captain when he was also named an All @-@ Metro selection for controlling 72 % of his face @-@ offs , while scoring 28 goals and adding 12 assists . Sims was a member of the Under @-@ 19 Team USA that won the World Championship in Tokyo in 1996 .
= = Collegiate career = =
After graduating from Severn , Sims attended Princeton University . He was the first Princeton Student @-@ Athlete to be presented with the NCAA Top VIII Award ( the first lacrosse player to be presented with the award since 1983 ) . He was only the fourth Ivy League athlete honored in the award 's 27 @-@ year history . He was awarded the 1998 & 2000 McLaughlin Award as the best NCAA lacrosse midfielder . He was a first team USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 1998 , 1999 and 2000 . He was also first team All @-@ Ivy League in 1998 , 1999 and 2000 . Sims earned the 2000 Men 's Ivy League Player of the Year . As a freshman , he was a member of the 1997 team that is regarded as the best in school history with a record number of wins during its 15 – 0 season . He served as co @-@ captain of the 2000 team . Sims is one of two Princeton Lacrosse two @-@ time Academic All @-@ Americans . Following the 1999 season , he was selected as an at @-@ large second team Academic All @-@ American , and following the 2000 season , he was a first team selection . He was also a 2000 USILA Scholar All @-@ American .
The 1997 – 2000 teams were 6 – 0 undefeated outright Ivy League Conference champions . Two of these undefeated league champions won the 1997 and 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championships , becoming the first team to threepeat since Syracuse from 1988 – 90 and the first to be recognized to have done so without an NCAA scandal since Johns Hopkins from 1978 – 80 . The 1999 and 2000 teams also earned NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship invitations , bringing the schools streak to eleven consecutive seasons .
In Sims ' first game as a Tiger , he scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 1997 overtime 7 – 6 victory over Johns Hopkins . Ten years later , ESPN described the goal as a " leaping , behind @-@ the @-@ back " shot , while the Baltimore Sun described the shot by saying that " . . .Sims flicked in a rebound shot blindly behind his back . " He was recognized twice in 1997 as Ivy League Rookie of the Week . During the 1998 season , Sims became a scoring threat from midfield as most defenses focused on the All @-@ American trio of Princeton attackmen ( Jesse Hubbard , Chris Massey and Jon Hess ) . In the 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament , Sims scored a game @-@ high four goals in the quarterfinal 11 – 9 victory over Duke and a team @-@ high three goals , including the game @-@ winning goal in the semifinal 11 – 10 victory against Syracuse . For his efforts , he was named to the All @-@ tournament team . In 1999 , he scored a quadruple overtime game @-@ winning goal helping Princeton secure it invitation to the 1999 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament with its seventh consecutive victory . In the 2000 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament , he posted two goals and two assists in the 10 – 7 quarterfinal victory over Maryland . He also scored in the 12 – 11 semifinal victory against Virginia . Sims ' two goals made him the only person to score multiple goals for Princeton in the championship game 13 – 7 loss to Syracuse .
= = Professional career = =
= = = NLL career = = =
Sims played the 2000 and 2001 seasons for the Washington Power of the National Lacrosse League . He then played the 2003 through 2009 seasons with the Colorado Mammoth . Sims was an original member of the Mammoth when they moved from Washington . He helped lead the Mammoth to their 2006 National Lacrosse League Champion 's Cup . In 2007 Season he was recognized by the league as one of the top transition players in the game by being named Transition Player of the Week three times and being named to his first National Lacrosse League All @-@ Star Game as a reserve . Prior to the 2009 NLL season , Sims announced his retirement from the indoor lacrosse league , and officially retired after the 2009 season . However , he returned to play the 2010 season for the Philadelphia Wings .
= = = MLL career = = =
Sims , who did not play in the 2014 season , has played in the MLL since 2001 : Baltimore Bayhawks ( 2001 – 2005 ) ; Denver Outlaws ( 2006 – 2009 , 2012 ) , Toronto Nationals ( 2010 ) and Chicago Machine ( 2010 ) . Sims was a starter and scored in the inaugural MLL All @-@ Star Game in 2001 . In 2002 and 2005 he was a member of the Baltimore Bayhawks Major League Lacrosse Champion Steinfeld Cup winners . In the 2002 All @-@ Star game he had a goal and an assist . In the 2002 championship game , he scored four second half goals in the 21 – 13 victory over the Long Island Lizards , which followed a two @-@ goal semifinal performance in a 15 – 10 victory over the Boston Cannons . During the 2005 season , he made his third MLL All @-@ Star Game appearance . During the playoff semifinals , he 3 goals and 9 ground balls . One of his goals put the Bayhawks ahead for good . Sims was acquired by the Denver Outlaws on March 6 , 2006 for the Outlaws 2006 first @-@ round , 2nd overall , Collegiate Draft Pick that eventually became Kyle Dixon . Sims returned to the MLL All @-@ Star game in 2006 and 2007 representing the Outlaws . He scored two goals ( one for two points ) in the 2006 contest . On December , 2009 , Sims was picked up by the Washington Bayhawks during the MLL supplemental draft . On February 12 , 2010 , Sims was traded from the Bayhawks to the Toronto Nationals . In June , Sims was traded from the Nationals to the Chicago Machine .
As of August 2010 , Sims was the Major League Lacrosse All @-@ Time leader in post @-@ season goals scored ( 29 ) . That month , during the MLL championship weekend , he was named to the 11 @-@ man MLL 10th Anniversary team . He did not play in 2011 , but in 2012 he returned to the Denver Outlaws and even scored 5 goals in one game for them . He began 2013 on the sideline with a hamstring injury for the Bayhawks .
= = Personal = =
Sims was the founder of Icon Lacrosse , LLC , and former Director of the Boulder Valley Lacrosse Association . According to his Denver Outlaws biography , he is married to Meghan Bauer Sims .
In college , he helped the Tigers to raise approximately $ 60 @,@ 000 for the Central Jersey Pediatric AIDS foundation and worked with the Special Olympics . He was an economics major at Princeton and an honors graduate , maintaining a 3 @.@ 54 GPA .
In the season 9 December 9 , 2011 episode of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition on ABC , Sims ' helped build a house in Mardela Springs , Maryland over a span of 106 hours in just five days . The nonprofit Project 911 ( 911nfp.org ) along with The Fusion Cos . , an Annapolis modular @-@ home builder , built The Johnson @-@ Goslee Family house .
= = Statistics = =
= = = NLL = = =
The following are his NLL career stats :
= = = MLL = = =
The following are his MLL career stats :
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= Simarouba amara =
Simarouba amara is a species of tree in the Simaroubaceae family , found in the rainforests and savannahs of South and Central America and the Caribbean . It was first described by Aublet in French Guiana in 1775 and is one of six species of Simarouba . The tree is evergreen , but produces a new set of leaves once a year . It requires relatively high levels of light to grow and grows rapidly in these conditions , but lives for a relatively short time . In Panama , it flowers during the dry season in February and March , whereas in Costa Rica , where there is no dry season it flowers later , between March and July . As the species is dioecious , the trees are either male or female and only produce male or female flowers . The small yellow flowers are thought to be pollinated by insects , the resulting fruits are dispersed by animals including monkeys , birds and fruit @-@ eating bats and the seeds are also dispersed by leaf cutter ants .
Simarouba amara has been studied extensively by scientists in an attempt to understand the tree and also to gain a better understanding of the ecology of the rainforest in general . Many of these studies were conducted on Barro Colorado Island in Panama or at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica . Of particular interest is how it competes with other species and with individuals of the same species at different stages in its life cycle . The seedlings are normally limited by the amount of light and nutrients found where they are growing and the saplings are considered relatively light demanding compared to other species . Young individuals are more likely to survive when they grow further away from their parents and when there are few other individuals growing near to them , which may be due to them being able to escape diseases . Plant physiologists have investigated how the leaves of the tree differ depending on their location in the forest canopy finding they are thicker in the canopy and thinner in the understory . They have also measured how the water potential of their leaves changes and when their stomata open and close during the day ; the findings suggest that rather than closing their stomata to control water loss , it is controlled by the leaf area instead . Population geneticists have examined the way in which its genes vary , at both the local scale and across its range using microsatellites . It is genetically diverse , indicating gene flow occurs between populations and seeds can be dispersed up to 1 km . The leaves of S. amara are eaten by several species of caterpillar , particularly those in the Atteva genus . Several species of termite and ants live on or around the tree and lianas and epiphytes grow on the tree .
The bark of S. amara has been used by people in its range to treat dysentery and diarrhea , as well as other diseases , and was also exported to Europe in the eighteenth century to treat these illnesses . A number of compounds have since been isolated from the bark and have been shown to have antimicrobial effects . Local people use the wood of the tree for various purposes and it is also grown in plantations and harvested for its timber , some of which is exported .
= = Description = =
Simarouba amara grows to heights of up to 35 metres , with a maximum trunk diameter of 125 cm and a maximum estimated age of 121 years . It has compound leaves that are each around 60 cm long , the petioles are 4 – 7 cm long and each leaf has 9 – 16 leaflets . Each leaflet is 2 @.@ 5 – 11 cm long and 12 – 45 mm wide , with those towards the end of the compound leaf tending to be smaller . The flowers occur on a staminate panicle that is around 30 cm in length , which is widely branched and densely covered in flowers . The flowers are unisexual , small ( < 1 cm long ) and pale yellow in colour . They are thought to be pollinated by insects such as small bees and moths . On Barro Colorado Island ( BCI ) , Panama , it tends to flower during the dry season from the end of January to the end of April , persisting for 11 to 15 weeks each year . In Costa Rica , it flowers slightly later , between March and July , peaking in April . Fruits form between 1 and 3 months after pollination occurs . The fruits are brightly colored green to purplish @-@ black , approximately 17 mm long and contain large seeds ( 10 – 14 mm ) , they occur in groups of 3 – 5 drupes . The seeds cannot stay dormant and are dispersed by vertebrates . Each seed weighs approximately 0 @.@ 25 g .
It is an evergreen species , with a new flush of leaves growing between January and April , during the dry season , when the highest light levels occur in the rainforest . This phenology is thought to allow S. amara to photosynthesise most effectively , since the new leaves are more efficient than those they replace . It has visible , but indistinct growth rings that are on average 7 mm wide . A study of individuals in Panama found that they grow on average 8 @.@ 4 mm in diameter each year , in Costa Rica , growth rates as fast as 18 mm per year have been recorded , and the stem grows constantly throughout the year . The xylem vessels in mature trees range from 20 to 90 μm in diameter , with around 50 vessels present per mm2 of branch . The density of the wood is between 0 @.@ 37 – 0 @.@ 44 g / cm3 , lower than many other species in the rainforest .
It is a fast @-@ growing , light @-@ demanding and shade @-@ intolerant species . Saplings are typically one straight pole , with several compound leaves and only one point of growth . This allows the sapling to achieve the greatest vertical growth with a minimum amount of biomass . They start to branch once they are 2 – 5 m tall .
A study in the forest dynamics plot on BCI found that between 1982 and 2000 , around 65 % of individuals died , with mortality highest amongst small individuals ( < 1 cm dbh ) . Large trees ( > 20 cm dbh ) are relatively rare , averaging 2 @.@ 4 trees per hectare , compared to 40 trees per hectare of > 1 cm dbh .
= = Taxonomy = =
Simarouba amara was first described by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in French Guiana in 1775 and is the type species of the Simarouba genus . In 1790 , William Wright described Quassia simarouba , which Auguste Pyrame DeCandolle suggested was the same species as S. amara . However , because S. amara was described as monoecious by Aublet and Q. simarouba was described as dioecious by Wright , they were still regarded as separate species in 1829 . By 1874 , when the Flora Brasiliensis was published , they were considered synonymous .
Among the six species of Simarouba , two besides S. amara occur on the continent : S. glauca and S. versicolor . S. amara can be distinguished from the other continental species by having smaller flowers , anthers and fruit , and straight , rather than curved petals . The leaves of Simarouba amara subsp. opaca are not glaucous ( a bluish @-@ grey or green colour ) on their underside , whereas those of Simarouba amara subsp. typica are .
= = = Common names = = =
Simarouba amara is known by many common names , where in the Neotropics . In Bolivia it is known as chiriuana , in Brazil as marupa , marupuaba , parahyba , paraiba and tamanqueira . In Colombia it is called simaruba , in Ecuador as cedro amargo , cuna and guitarro , in French Guiana as simarouba , in Guyana as simarupa , in Peru as marupa , in Surinam as soemaroeba and in Venezuela cedro blanco and simarouba .
In Europe , it was known by various names during the nineteenth century when it was used as a medicine ; these names included bitter ash , bitterwood , mountain damson and stave @-@ wood .
= = Distribution = =
The natural range of S. amara is in the Neotropics , the ecoregion of Central and South America . Its range extends from Guatemala in the north , to Bolivia in the south and from Ecuador in the west , to the east coast of Brazil . It has been introduced to the islands of Dominica and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea , becoming naturalised in Puerto Rico . On BCI , mature trees ( > 10 cm dbh ) are found at a frequency of 5 per hectare , in Ecuador at 0 @.@ 7 per hectare and in French Guiana at 0 @.@ 4 per hectare . Genetic analysis of populations suggests that it has always been relatively common within its range . It grows in rainforests and in savannahs . The seedlings of S. amara are rare in primary forest due to their light @-@ demanding habit .
= = Genetics = =
Populations of S. amara display high levels of heterozygosity indicating that it is genetically diverse . This is consistent with the tree outcrossing over large distances by long @-@ distance pollen flow and that there has been sufficient long distance gene flow between populations to counteract the effects of genetic drift . A study of 478 plants from 14 populations across South America found that 24 % of all alleles occurred in only one population . A study of 300 plants on Barro Colorado Island found that the heterozygosity at 5 microsatellite loci varied between 0 @.@ 12 and 0 @.@ 75 . 8 out of the 50 alleles scored occurred in only one plant .
= = Reproduction = =
Individuals do not typically reproduce until they have a trunk diameter of 30 cm . Once mature , the trees produce flowers each year , but not all females produce fruit each year . Their flower morphology is typical of being pollinated by generalist small insects such as bees and moths . It has been reported to be pollinated by non @-@ sphingid moths , but other authors have questioned whether this is correct .
= = = Seed dispersal = = =
The seeds of S. amara are dispersed by vertebrates , mainly large birds and mammals , including chachalacas , flycatchers , motmots , thrushes , howler monkeys , tamarins and spider monkeys . Leaf cutter ants have also been observed to disperse the seeds and dense seedling carpets form in areas where they dump waste material but most of the seedlings die and dispersal by the ants is thought to be unimportant in determining the long @-@ term patterns of recruitment and dispersal . Seeds that are eaten by monkeys are more likely to germinate than seeds that have not . Fruit @-@ eating phyllostomid bats have also been noted to disperse their seeds ; this may aid the regeneration of forests as they disperse the seeds of later successional species while they feed on S. amara .
Based on inverse modelling of data from seed traps on BCI , the estimated average dispersal distance for seeds is 39 m . Studying seedlings and parent trees on BCI using DNA microsatellites revealed that , in fact on average , seedlings grow 392 m away from their parents , with a standard deviation of ± 234 m and a range of between 9 m and 1 km . In the forest there are many seeds and seedlings beneath reproductive females ; genetic data indicate that seedlings are unlikely to be from nearby adults , but rather dispersed there by vertebrates that have fed on one tree and then moved to feed on another , defecating while in the canopy and depositing the seeds .
= = Physiology = =
Various aspects of the physiology or S. amara have been studied . The stomatal conductance of the leaves , an indication of the rate at which water evaporates , of mature trees at midday range from 200 to 270 mmol H2O m − 2 s − 1 . The leaf water potentials at midday range from − 0 @.@ 56 to − 1 @.@ 85 MPa , averaging around − 1 @.@ 2 MPa . Cavitation is widespread in the trunk and the stomata do not close before cavitation occurs . Although this would normally be considered deleterious to the tree , it may buffer the leaf water potential and therefore be beneficial . The stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance of the branches of taller trees ( ~ 30 m ) are much higher than in the branches of smaller trees ( ~ 20 m ) . Phillips , Bond and Ryan suggested that this is probably due to the branches of taller trees having a lower leaf @-@ to @-@ sapwood ratio than those of small branches . Dye staining shows that cavitation is common in the branches of S. amara . They concluded that water flux in S. amara is controlled by structural ( leaf area ) , rather than physiological ( closing stomata ) means .
Leaves absorb light in the photosynthetically active radiation ( PAR ) spectrum at wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm with a high efficiency , but the efficiency decreases at longer wavelengths . Generally plants absorb PAR at efficiencies of around 85 % ; the higher values found in S. amara are thought to be due to the high humidity of its habitat . The reflectance and transmittance of the leaves are low at between 400 and 700 nm . The optical properties and the mass of the leaves vary depending on their location in the forest canopy , with leaves becoming thicker and more efficient as their height within the canopy increases . For their weight , however , leaves in the understory are more efficient at capturing light than leaves in the canopy .
The concentration of bioavailable phosphate has been found to be higher underneath female individuals than underneath males , even though the total concentration of phosphate is equal . Rhoades et al. concluded that this difference was due to females changing the availability of phosphate , rather than females only growing in areas with high phosphate availability . This is thought to be caused either by the fruit containing high levels of phosphate which would fall off the tree and rot , or by the fruits attracting animals which deposit phosphate beneath the females . It is also possible that the sexes produce different root exudates , which affect the microbial community in their rhizosphere , thereby affecting phosphate availability .
The woody tissues of S. amara have been found to respire at a rate of 1 @.@ 24 μmol CO2 m − 2 s − 1 , and this rate of respiration correlates positively with the growth rate of the stem . Maintenance respiration was calculated at 31 @.@ 1 μmol CO2 m − 3 s − 1 and this rate correlated positively with the sapwood volume .
= = = Seedling physiology = = =
Experiments on BCI where trenches were dug around seedlings of S. amara , or where gaps in the canopy were made above them , show that their relative growth rate can be increased by both . This shows that their growth is normally limited by both above @-@ ground competition for light and by below @-@ ground competition for nutrients and water . Competition for light is normally more important , as shown by the growth rate increasing by almost 7 times and mortality decreasing , when seedlings were placed in gaps , compared to the understory . When seedlings in gaps had a trench dug round them to prevent below @-@ ground competition their growth increased further , by 50 % , demonstrating that in gaps the seedlings are limited by below @-@ ground competition . Trenching around seedlings in the understory did not significantly increase their growth , showing that they are normally only limited by competition for light .
Larger seedlings are more likely to survive the dry season on BCI than smaller seedlings . Density @-@ dependent inhibition occurs between seedlings : they are more likely to survive in areas where fewer seedlings of S. amara are growing . A study on individuals on BCI found that this pattern may be caused by differences in soil biota rather than by insect herbivores or fungal pathogens . Observations based on the distance of seedlings from their parents indicate that the Janzen @-@ Connell hypothesis applies to seedlings of S. amara : they are more likely to survive away from their parents as they escape pests such as herbivores and plant pathogens which are more common underneath the parent trees .
= = = Sapling physiology = = =
Saplings of S. amara are light demanding and are found in brighter areas of the rainforest compared to Pitheullobium elegans and Lecythis ampla seedlings . A study at the La Selva Biological Station found the leaves weigh approximately 30 g / m2 ( dry weight ) , similar to P. elegans , but around double the weight of L. ampla . The photosynthetic capacity of the leaves of S. amara is higher than that of the other two species , averaging around 6 μmol m − 1 s − 1 . Dark respiration is on average 0 @.@ 72 μmol m − 1 s − 1 , higher than that of the other two species . The maximum photosynthetic rate correlates with both stem diameter and vertical growth . Diffuse light is thought to be more important for seedling growth than sunflecks . Another study of saplings at La Selva found that they grew 7 cm yr − 1 in height and 0 @.@ 25 mm yr − 1 in diameter . On average they had nine compound leaves , a leaf area index of 0 @.@ 54 and the total surface area of their leaves was 124 cm2 . The saplings that had the lowest leaf area were most likely to die during the study and those with a larger leaf area grew faster than other saplings .
A study of saplings between one and four centimeters in diameter on BCI found that the growth of saplings did not vary depending on which species grew near them , contrary to predictions that density @-@ dependence inhibition occurs . A model based on these findings predicted that saplings with a diameter of 2 cm are able to grow at a maximum rate of 13 mm yr − 1 and that if another tree with a diameter of 10 cm is growing within 5 m of the sapling , its growth is only reduced to 12 mm yr − 1 , indicating that they are not affected by crowding . Trees growing more than 15 m away from a sapling do not affect their growth .
= = Ecology = =
Lianas are relatively rare on mature ( > 20 cm dbh ) individuals of S. amara , compared to other trees on BCI , with only around 25 % having lianas growing on them . Putz suggested that this may be due to the trees having large leaves , but the mechanism by which this would reduce the number of lianas is unknown . Smaller individuals also have fewer lianas and woody hemi @-@ epiphytes than other species of tree in the same forests .
The alianthus webworm ( Atteva aurea ) and other members of the Atteva genus have been recorded to eat the new shoot tips of S. amara in Costa Rica . The larvae of the butterfly species , Bungalotis diophorus feed exclusively on saplings and treelets of S. amara . Two termite species have been observed living on S. amara in Panama , Calcaritermes brevicollis in dead wood and Microcerotermes arboreus nesting in a gallery on a branch . Bullet ants ( Paraponera clavata ) have been found to nest at the base of S. amara trees . The Hemiptera , Enchophora sanguinea ( Fulgoridae ) has been found preferentially on the trunks of S. amara .
= = Uses = =
= = = Materials = = =
Simarouba amara is used locally for producing paper , furniture , plywood and matches and is also used in construction . It is also grown in plantations , as its bright and lightweight timber is highly sought after in European markets for use in making fine furniture and veneers . The wood dries rapidly and is easy to work with normal tools . It is creamy white to light yellow in colour , with a coarse texture and a straight grain . It has to be treated to prevent fungi , wood borers and termites from eating it . The heartwood has a density of 0 @.@ 35 – 0 @.@ 45 g / cm3 . It has been noted to be one of the best species for timber that can be grown in the Peruvian Amazon , along with Cedrelinga catenaeformis , due to its rapid growth characteristics . The Worldwide Fund for Nature recommend that consumers ensure S. amara timber is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council so that they do not contribute to deforestation . Wood shavings of S. amara have been used in animal bedding leading to the poisoning of horses and dogs .
= = = Medical = = =
The leaves and bark of S. amara have been used as an herbal medicine to treat dysentery , diarrhea , malaria and other illnesses in areas where it grows . In 1713 , it was exported to France where it was used to treat dysentery , being an effective treatment during epidemics between 1718 and 1725 . In 1918 its effectiveness was validated by a study where soldiers in a military hospital were given a tea made of the bark to treat amoebic dysentery . In a 1944 study , the Merck Institute found it was 92 % effective at treating intestinal amoebiasis in humans . During the 1990s , scientists demonstrated it could kill the most common cause of dysentery , Entamoeba histolytica , and species of Salmonella and Shigella bacteria that cause diarrhea .
The main biologically active compounds found in S. amara are the quassinoids , a group of triterpenes , of which the most therapeutic are ailanthinone , glaucarubinone , and holacanthone . These have been reported to kill protozoa , amoeba , Plasmodium ( the cause of malaria ) and also cancerous human cells . The anti @-@ malarial properties were first investigated by scientists in 1947 ; they found that in chickens , 1 mg of bark extract per 1 kg of body weight had strong antimalarial activity . In 1997 a patent was filed in the United States for using an extract in a skin care product .
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= Great Barrier Reef =
The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2 @,@ 900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2 @,@ 300 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 400 mi ) over an area of approximately 344 @,@ 400 square kilometres ( 133 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia .
The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland .
A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , which helps to limit the impact of human use , such as fishing and tourism . Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff , climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching , and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish . According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985 .
The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples , and is an important part of local groups ' cultures and spirituality . The reef is a very popular destination for tourists , especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions . Tourism is an important economic activity for the region , generating over $ 3 billion per year .
In November 2014 , Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef . A March 2016 report stated that the reef was experiencing widespread coral bleaching as a result of warming ocean temperatures .
= = Geology and geography = =
The Great Barrier Reef is a distinct feature of the East Australian Cordillera division . It includes the smaller Murray Islands . It reaches from Torres Strait ( between Bramble Cay , its northernmost island , and the south coast of Papua New Guinea ) in the north to the unnamed passage between Lady Elliot Island ( its southernmost island ) and Fraser Island in the south . Lady Elliot Island is located 1 @,@ 915 km ( 1 @,@ 190 mi ) southeast of Bramble Cay as the crow flies .
The Plate tectonic theory indicates Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) per year , starting during the Cenozoic . Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift , which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400 km ( 250 mi ) inland . Also during this time , Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows . Some of these became high islands . After the Coral Sea Basin formed , coral reefs began to grow in the Basin , but until about 25 million years ago , northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics — too cool to support coral growth . The Great Barrier Reef 's development history is complex ; after Queensland drifted into tropical waters , it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed .
Reefs can increase in diameter by 1 to 3 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 39 to 1 @.@ 18 in ) per year , and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 9 @.@ 84 in ) per year ; however , they grow only above a depth of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) due to their need for sunlight , and cannot grow above sea level . When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago , some coral grew , but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range ; creating river deltas , oozes and turbidites , unsuitable conditions for coral growth . 10 million years ago , the sea level significantly lowered , which further enabled sedimentation . The reef 's substrate may have needed to build up from the sediment until its edge was too far away for suspended sediments to inhibit coral growth . In addition , approximately 400 @,@ 000 years ago there was a particularly warm interglacial period with higher sea levels and a 4 ° C ( 7 ° F ) water temperature change .
The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of the Great Dividing Range with some larger hills ( most of which were themselves remnants of older reefs or , in rare cases , volcanoes ) . The Reef Research Centre , a Cooperative Research Centre , has found coral ' skeleton ' deposits that date back half a million years . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600 @,@ 000 years ago . According to the GBRMPA , the current , living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20 @,@ 000 years ago . The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees , placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum . At around that time , sea level was 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today .
From 20 @,@ 000 years ago until 6 @,@ 000 years ago , sea level rose steadily around the world . As it rose , the corals could then grow higher on the newly submerged maritime margins of the hills of the coastal plain . By around 13 @,@ 000 years ago the sea level was only 60 metres ( 200 ft ) lower than the present day , and corals began to surround the hills of the coastal plain , which were , by then , continental islands . As the sea level rose further still , most of the continental islands were submerged . The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills , to form the present cays and reefs . Sea level here has not risen significantly in the last 6 @,@ 000 years . The CRC Reef Research Centre estimates the age of the present , living reef structure at 6 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 years old . The shallow water reefs that can be seen in air @-@ photographs and satellite images cover an area of 20 @,@ 679 km2 , most ( about 80 % ) of which has grown on top of limestone platforms that are relics of past ( Pleistocene ) phases of reef growth .
The remains of an ancient barrier reef similar to the Great Barrier Reef can be found in The Kimberley , Western Australia .
The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions , of which 30 are reef bioregions . In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef , ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed ; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system . There are no atolls in the system , and reefs attached to the mainland are rare .
Fringing reefs are distributed widely , but are most common towards the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef , attached to high islands , for example , the Whitsunday Islands . Lagoonal reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef , and further north , off the coast of Princess Charlotte Bay . Cresentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system , for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island . Cresentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , and in the Swain Reefs ( 20 – 22 degrees south ) . Planar reefs are found in the northern and southern parts , near Cape York Peninsula , Princess Charlotte Bay , and Cairns . Most of the islands on the reef are found on planar reefs .
= = Ecology = =
The Great Barrier Reef supports a diversity of life , including many vulnerable or endangered species , some of which may be endemic to the reef system .
Thirty species of whales , dolphins , and porpoises have been recorded in the Great Barrier Reef , including the dwarf minke whale , Indo @-@ Pacific humpback dolphin , and the humpback whale . Large populations of dugongs live there . More than 1 @,@ 500 fish species live on the reef , including the clownfish , red bass , red @-@ throat emperor , and several species of snapper and coral trout . Forty @-@ nine species mass spawn , while eighty @-@ four other species spawn elsewhere in their range . Seventeen species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef in warm waters up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section . None found in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area are endemic , nor are any endangered .
Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed : the green sea turtle , leatherback sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , loggerhead sea turtle , flatback turtle , and the Olive Ridley . The green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef have two genetically distinct populations , one in the northern part of the reef and the other in the southern part . Fifteen species of seagrass in beds attract the dugongs and turtles , and provide fish habitat . The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule .
Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef . Nesting has not been reported , and the salt water crocodile population in the GBRWHA is wide @-@ ranging but low density . Around 125 species of shark , stingray , skates or chimaera live on the reef . Close to 5 @,@ 000 species of mollusc have been recorded on the reef , including the giant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails . Forty @-@ nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been recorded . At least seven species of frog inhabit the islands .
215 species of birds ( including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds ) visit the reef or nest or roost on the islands , including the white @-@ bellied sea eagle and roseate tern . Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef , with 1 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 7 million birds using the sites to breed . The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also support 2 @,@ 195 known plant species ; three of these are endemic . The northern islands have 300 – 350 plant species which tend to be woody , whereas the southern islands have 200 which tend to be herbaceous ; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse , supporting 1 @,@ 141 species . The plants are propagated by birds .
There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1 – 10 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 4 in ) . Between 300 – 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef . Four hundred coral species , both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef . The majority of these spawn gametes , breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer , the lunar cycle , and the diurnal cycle . Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October , while the outer reefs spawn in November and December . Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera . Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef , including thirteen species of genus Halimeda , which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide , creating mini @-@ ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover .
= = Environmental threats = =
Climate change , pollution , crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system . Other threats include shipping accidents , oil spills , and tropical cyclones . Skeletal Eroding Band , a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia , affects 31 coral species . According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science , since 1985 , the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two @-@ thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before .
= = = Climate change = = =
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change , causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching . Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence . As global warming continues , corals will not be able to keep up with increasing ocean temperatures . Coral bleaching events lead to increased disease susceptibility , which causes detrimental ecological effects for reef communities . Climate change has implications for other forms of reef life — some fish 's preferred temperature range leads them to seek new habitat , thus increasing chick mortality in predatory seabirds . Climate change will also affect the population and sea turtle 's available habitat .
Bleaching events in benthic coral communities ( deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet ) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths , but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures . Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures , affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress .
= = = Pollution = = =
Another key threat faced by the Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declining water quality . The rivers of north eastern Australia pollute the Reef during tropical flood events . Over 90 % of this pollution comes from farm runoff . 80 % of the land adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef is used for farming including intensive cropping of sugar cane , and major beef cattle grazing . Farming practices damage the reef due to overgrazing , increased run @-@ off of agricultural sediments , nutrients and chemicals including fertilisers , herbicides and pesticides representing a major health risk for the coral and biodiversity of the reefs .
= = = = Loss of coastal wetland = = = =
The runoff problem is exacerbated by the loss of coastal wetlands which act as a natural filter for toxins and help deposit sediment . It is thought that the poor water quality is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae .
= = = = Eutrophication = = = =
Farming fertiliser runoff release nitrogen , phosphorus , and potassium into the oceanic ecosystem , these limiting nutrients cause massive algal growth which leads to depletion in oxygen available for other creatures which decreases the biodiversity in the affected areas , altering the species composition . A study by Katharina Fabricius and Glen Death of Australian Institute of Marine Science found that hard corals numbers were almost double on reefs that were far from agricultural areas .
Fertilizers also increase the amount of phytoplankton available for the crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish larvae to consume . A study showed that a doubling of the chlorophyll in the water leads to a tenfold increase in the crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish larvae 's survival rate .
= = = = Sediment runoff = = = =
Sediment runoff from farming carries chemicals into the reef environment also reduces the amount of light available to the corals decreasing their ability to extract energy from their environment .
= = = = Pesticides = = = =
Pesticides used in farming are made up of heavy metals such as lead , mercury , arsenic and other toxins are released into the wider environment due to erosion of farm soil , which has a detrimental effect on the coral .
= = = = Pollution from mining = = = =
Mining company Queensland Nickel discharged nitrate @-@ laden water into the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and 2011 – on the later occasion releasing 516 tonnes ( 508 long tons ; 569 short tons ) of waste water . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) stated " We have strongly encouraged the company to investigate options that do not entail releasing the material to the environment and to develop a management plan to eliminate this potential hazard ; however , GBRMPA does not have legislative control over how the Yabulu tailings dam is managed " .
= = = Crown of thorns = = =
The crown @-@ of @-@ thorns starfish preys on coral polyps . Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs . In 2000 , an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66 % of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the RRC ( Reefs Research Centre . ) Outbreaks are believed to occur in natural cycles , worsened by poor water quality and overfishing of the starfish 's predators .
= = = Overfishing = = =
The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species , such as the Giant Triton , can disrupt food chains vital to reef life . Fishing also impacts the reef through increased water pollution from boats , by @-@ catch of unwanted species ( such as dolphins and turtles ) and habitat destruction from trawling , anchors and nets . As of the middle of 2004 , approximately one @-@ third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind , including fishing , without written permission .
= = = Shipping = = =
Shipping accidents are a pressing concern , as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef . Although the route through the Great Barrier Reef is not easy , reef pilots consider it safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure , since a ship can sit safely while being repaired . There have been over 1 @,@ 600 known shipwrecks in the Great Barrier Reef region . On 3 April 2010 , bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals , spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef .
= = Human use = =
The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples . Aboriginal Australians have been living in the area for at least 40 @,@ 000 years , and Torres Strait Islanders since about 10 @,@ 000 years ago . For these 70 or so clan groups , the reef is also an important cultural feature .
In 1768 Louis de Bougainville found the reef during an exploratory mission , but did not claim the area for the French . On 11 June 1770 , the HM Bark Endeavour , captained by explorer James Cook , ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef , sustaining considerable damage . Lightening the ship and re @-@ floating it during an incoming tide eventually saved it . One of the most famous wrecks was the HMS Pandora , which sank on 29 August 1791 , killing 35 men . The Queensland Museum has led archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983 . Because the reef had no atolls , it was largely unstudied in the 19th century . During this time , some of the reef 's islands were mined for deposits of guano , and lighthouses were built as beacons throughout the system. as in Raine Island , the earliest example . In 1922 , the Great Barrier Reef Committee began carrying out much of the early research on the reef .
= = = Management = = =
Royal Commissions disallowed oil drilling in the Great Barrier Reef , in 1975 the Government of Australia created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and prohibited various activities . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park does not include the entire Great Barrier Reef Province . The park is managed , in partnership with the Government of Queensland , through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that it is used in a sustainable manner . A combination of zoning , management plans , permits , education and incentives ( such as eco @-@ tourism certification ) are employed in the effort to conserve the reef .
In 1999 , the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities . The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law . This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment .
There are two steps to this process . The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five ( currently ) different marine regions . The second step is to identify marine reserves ( protected areas or marine parks ) to be added to Australia 's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas . Like protected areas on land , marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come . Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called " Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas " , also known as just " the Guidelines " . These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the " Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters " . These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data .
The priorities for each region are created based on human and environmental threats and the Marine Bioregional Plans are drafted to address these priorities . To assess different region 's priorities , three steps are taken , first , a bioregional profile is created , second , a bioregional plan is drafted , and third , the plan is finalised . After the plan is finalised , activity in different bioregions may become limited based on particular threats an activity may pose .
In 2001 , the GBRMPA released a report about the declining water quality in the Great Barrier Reef and detailed the importance of this issue . In repose to this report a joint initiative between the governments of Australia and Queensland to improve the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef . In 2003 , the Australian and Queensland governments launched a joint initiative to improve the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef . The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years ( due to development ) has contributed to coral bleaching , algal blooms , and pesticide pollution . These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change .
When the plan was introduced in October in 2003 , it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation . Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013 . By 2020 , they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it doesn 't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef . To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants . To achieve the objectives described above , this plan focuses on non @-@ point sources of pollution , which cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet .
The plan specifically targets nutrients , pesticides and sediment that make their way into the reef as a result of agricultural activities . Other non @-@ point sources of pollution that are attributed to urban areas are covered under different legislation . In 2009 , the plan was updated . The updated version states that to date , none of the efforts undertaken to improve the quality of water entering the reef has been successful . The new plan attempts to address this issue by " targeting priority outcomes , integrating industry and community initiatives and incorporating new policy and regulatory frameworks ( Reef Plan 5 ) " . This updated version has improved the clarity of the previous plan and targets set by that plan , have improved accountability and further improved monitoring and assessment . The 2009 report found that 41 out of the 65 actions met their original goals , however , 18 were not progressing well according to evaluation criteria as well as 6 were rated as having unsatisfactory levels of progress .
Some key achievements made since the plan 's initial passing in 2003 were the establishment of the Reef Quality Partnership to set targets , report findings and monitor progress towards targets , improved land condition by landowners was rewarded with extended leases , Water Quality Improvement Plans were created to identify regional targets and identified management changes that needed to be made to reach those targets , Nutrient Management Zones have been created to combat sediment loss in particular areas , education programs have been started to help gather support for sustainable agriculture , changes to land management practices have taken place through the implementation of the Farm Management Systems and codes of practice , the creation of the Queensland Wetland program and other achievements were made to help improve the water quality flowing into the coral reefs .
A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs . They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change . The Reefocus summit in 2008 , which is also detailed in the report , came to similar conclusions . After this , a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives . The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals . Also quantitative targets have been made to critically assess whether targets are being met .
Some examples of the water quality goals outlined by this plan are that by 2013 , there will be a 50 % reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loads at the end of catchments and that by 2020 , there will be a reduction in sediment load by 20 % . The plan also outlines a number of steps that must be taken by landholders to help improve grazing , soil , nutrient , and chemical management practices . There are also a number of supporting initiatives to take place outlined in the plan to help create a framework to improve land use practices which will in turn improve water quality .
Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013 . The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there .
In July 2004 , a new zoning plan took effect for the entire Marine Park , and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for marine ecosystem conservation . The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques , using marxan software . While protection across the Marine Park was improved , the highly protected zones increased from 4 @.@ 5 % to over 33 @.@ 3 % . At the time , it was the largest Marine Protected Area in the world , although in 2006 , the new Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument became the largest .
In 2006 , a review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975 recommended are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013 , and that every five years , a peer @-@ reviewed outlook report should be published , examining the reef 's health , management , and environmental pressures . In each outlook report , several assessments are required . Each assessment has a set of assessment criteria that allows for better presentation of available evidence . Each assessment is judged by these criteria and given a grade . Every outlook report follows the same judging and grading process so that information can be tracked over time . No new research is done to produce the report . Only readily available information goes into the report so little of what is known about the Reef is actually featured in each outlook report .
= = = = Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy = = = =
In December 2013 , Greg Hunt , the Australian environment minister , approved a plan for dredging to create three shipping terminals as part of the construction of a coalport . According to corresponding approval documents , the process will create around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed that will be dumped within the Great Barrier Reef marine park area .
On 31 January 2014 , the GBRMPA issued a dumping permit that will allow three million cubic metres of sea bed from Abbot Point , north of Bowen , to be transported and unloaded in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . Potential significant harms have been identified in relation to dredge spoil and the process of churning up the sea floor in the area and exposing it to air : firstly , new research shows the finer particles of dredge spoil can cloud the water and block sunlight , thereby starving sea grass and coral up to distances of 80 km away from the point of origin due to the actions of wind and currents . Furthermore , dredge spoil can literally smother reef or sea grass to death , while storms can repeatedly resuspend these particles so that the harm caused is ongoing ; secondly , disturbed sea floor can release toxic substances into the surrounding environment .
The dredge spoil from the Abbot Point port project is to be dumped 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) away , near Bowen in north Queensland , and the approval from the Authority will result in the production of an extra 70 million tonnes of coal annually , worth between A $ 1 @.@ 4 billion and $ 2 @.@ 8 billion . Authority chairman , Dr Russell Reichelt , stated after the confirmation of the approval :
This approval is in line with the agency ’ s view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports . As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years , Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas . It ’ s important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand , silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds .
The approval was provided with a corresponding set of 47 new environmental conditions that include the following :
A long @-@ term water quality monitoring plan extending five years after the disposal activity is completed .
A heritage management plan to protect the Catalina second world war aircraft wreck in Abbot Bay .
The establishment of an independent dredging and disposal technical advice panel and a management response group , to include community representatives .
The Australian Federal Government announced on 13 November that there would now be a ban on the dumping of dredge spoil in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . The World Heritage Committee asked Environment Minister Greg Hunt to investigate alternative options to dump on land instead . The Queensland government and the Commonwealth have now accepted the alternative option and advice from The World Heritage Committee and will now commence dumping on land .
= = = Tourism = = =
Due to its vast biodiversity , warm clear waters and accessibility from the tourist boats called " live aboards " , the reef is a very popular destination , especially for scuba divers . Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in Cairns and also The Whitsundays due to their accessibility . These areas make up 7 % – 8 % of the Park 's area . The Whitsundays and Cairns have their own Plans of Management . Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips . Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts , including Green Island and Lady Elliot Island . As of 1996 , 27 islands on the Great Barrier Reef supported resorts .
In 1996 , most of the tourism in the region was domestically generated and the most popular visiting times were during the Australian winter . At this time , it was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A $ 776 million per annum . As the largest commercial activity in the region , it was estimated in 2003 that tourism generated over A $ 4 billion annually , and the 2005 estimate increased to A $ 5 @.@ 1 billion . A Deloitte report published by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in March 2013 states that the Reef 's 2 @,@ 000 kilometres of coastline attracts tourism worth A $ 6 @.@ 4 billion annually and employs more than 64 @,@ 000 people .
Approximately two million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year . Although most of these visits are managed in partnership with the marine tourism industry , there is a concern among the general public that tourism is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef .
A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered , from single day trips , to longer voyages . Boat sizes range from dinghies to superyachts . Glass @-@ bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular , as are helicopter flights . By far , the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving , for which pontoons are often used , and the area is often enclosed by nets . The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities , due to water quality .
Management of tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is geared towards making tourism ecologically sustainable . A daily fee is levied that goes towards research of the Great Barrier Reef . This fee ends up being 20 % of the GBRMPA 's income . Policies on cruise ships , bareboat charters , and anchorages limit the traffic on the Great Barrier Reef .
The problems that surround ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef revolve around permanent tourism platforms . Platforms are large , ship @-@ like vessels that act as a base for tourists while scuba diving and snorkelling in the Great Barrier Reef . Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea . The feces carry nitrogen , phosphorus and often DDT and mercury , which cause aspergillosis , yellow @-@ band disease , and black band disease . Areas without tourism platforms have 14 out of 9 @,@ 468 ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) diseased corals versus areas with tourism platforms that have 172 out of 7 @,@ 043 ( 12 % ) diseased corals . Tourism is a major economic activity for the region . Thus , while non @-@ permanent platforms could be possible in some areas , overall , permanent platforms are likely a necessity . Solutions have been suggested to siphon bird waste into gutters connecting to tanks helping lower runoff that causes coral disease .
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also placed many permanent anchorage points around the general use areas . These act to reduce damage to the reef due to anchoring destroying soft coral , chipping hard coral , and disturbing sediment as it is dragged across the bottom . Tourism operators also must comply with speed limits when travelling to or from tourist destinations , to prevent excessive wake from the boats disturbing the reef ecosystem .
= = = Fishing = = =
The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef , controlled by the Queensland Government , is worth A $ 1 billion annually . It employs approximately 2000 people , and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially , for recreation , and as a traditional means for feeding one 's family .
= = = Dugong hunting = = =
Under the Native Title Act 1993 , native title holders retain the right to legally hunt dugongs and green turtles for ' personal , domestic or non @-@ commercial communal needs ' .
Four traditional owners groups agreed to cease the hunting of Dugongs in the area in 2011 due to their declining numbers , partially accelerated by seagrass damage from the 2011 Queensland Floods .
= = Photo gallery = =
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= Cyclone Emma ( 2006 ) =
Tropical Cyclone Emma was a weak but unusually large tropical cyclone that affected a substantial portion of Western Australia during the 2005 – 06 Australian region cyclone season . Forming out of an area of low pressure on 25 February , the precursor to Emma slowly tracked southward . Although classified tropical , the structure of the system represented that of a monsoonal storm . However , low wind shear and well @-@ developed outflow gradually allowed convection to develop near the centre of circulation . As the system approached the Pilbara coastline of Western Australia on 27 February , it intensified into a Category 1 cyclone and attained peak 10 @-@ minute sustained winds of 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) . After moving inland near Mardie , Emma weakened to a tropical low but became exceedingly large ; its cloud cover obscured most of Western Australia . The remnants of the weak storm persisted until 1 March , at which time they dissipated over the Great Australian Bight .
Although a weak storm , rainfall from Emma caused flooding in numerous parts of Western Australia . In Karratha , six people required rescue after their cars became stranded in floodwaters . The most significant damage took place along the Murchison River which swelled to roughly 20 km ( 12 mi ) in width . Although only one town was threatened by the river , large areas of farmland were inundated by the expanding river , leading to substantial agricultural losses . Despite the extensive flooding , no fatalities were reported as a result of Emma .
= = Meteorological history = =
Tropical Cyclone Emma originated from an area of low pressure that formed to the southeast of Java on 22 February 2006 . Over the following few days , a monsoonal trough developed over the Timor Sea , leading to an increased likelihood of tropical cyclone formation from the initial low within several days . On 25 February , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology began monitoring the system as a tropical low . The low tracked slowly towards the south throughout the day and the centre of circulation relocated farther south late on 26 February . By this time , the Bureau of Meteorology anticipated the low to develop into a tropical cyclone and attain winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) before moving over land in Western Australia .
Early on 27 February , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) classified the system as a tropical depression . During the day , a QuikSCAT pass revealed a broad low @-@ level circulation with the highest winds located around the periphery of the storm , a characteristic of monsoonal systems . Although it was situated within a region of low wind shear and underneath an anticyclone , convective activity was mostly present in the system 's large outer bands . Later that day , the Bureau of Meteorology upgraded the system to a Category 1 cyclone on the Australian intensity scale and named it Emma . At this time , Emma was located roughly 305 km ( 190 mi ) north of Onslow , Western Australia . Several hours later , the JTWC classified Emma as Tropical Storm 15S following the development of convection near the centre of circulation .
The storm continued to track southward in response to a strong mid to upper @-@ level ridge situated over central Australia . Emma attained its peak wind speed of 75 km / h ( 45 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) late on 27 February as it neared landfall . However , the JTWC assessed Emma to have been slightly weaker , peaking with winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph 1 @-@ minute sustained ) . The storm maintained this intensity through its landfall early on 28 February near Mardie along the Pilbara coastline . Shortly after moving over land , the JTWC declared Emma extratropical and issued their final advisory on the storm . The Bureau of Meteorology , however , continued to monitor the cyclone as it rapidly tracked over Western Australia . Over land , the storm became unusually large , with outer bands from the storm covering most of Western Australia . Late on 28 February , the lowest barometric pressure in relation to Emma , 988 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 18 inHg ) , was recorded . The remnants of Emma persisted through most of 1 March before the system moved over the Great Australian Bight and dissipated .
The Australian Bureau of Meteorology uses 10 @-@ minute sustained winds , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center uses one @-@ minute sustained winds . The Bureau of Meteorology 's peak intensity for Emma was 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained , or 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) one @-@ minute sustained . The JTWC 's peak intensity for Emma was 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) one @-@ minute sustained , or 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Ahead of the storm , oil and mining operations in threatened regions were temporarily shut down . Already suffering from the impacts of Cyclones Clare and Daryl , residents were warned about the likelihood of flooding due to the already saturated grounds . The Bureau of Meteorology also issued tropical cyclone warnings for most of the Pilbara coastline on 28 February . The same day , the Fire and Emergency Services of Australia issued a Yellow Alert for Point Samson , Roebourne , Wickham , Dampier , Karratha , and Mardie . Residents in these areas were advised to evacuate if necessary and ensure that all cyclone preparations had been completed . Shelters were also opened for residents who sought need for one . Schools throughout the Pilbara region were also closed for several days as a result of the storm .
Due to the low intensity of the storm at landfall , little or no wind damage took place from Emma . On land , sustained winds were recorded up to 78 km / h ( 48 mph ) and gusts up to 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) . A storm surge of 0 @.@ 8 m ( 2 @.@ 6 ft ) was recorded at Dampier but , no damage resulted from it . Heavy rains produced by the storm caused moderate to severe flooding in Western Australia . In Karratha , six people were rescued from two cars after they became stranded on a flooded road . Total rainfall from the storm was recorded at 308 mm ( 12 @.@ 1 in ) in the city . Localised flooding was reported in Pannawonica . Some buildings reported minor flooding but overall structural damage was minimal . The 190 mm ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) of rain that fell in a 24 @-@ hour span in Karratha pushed the city above its annual average rainfall totals in the first two months of the year . Near the Yarraloola Station , the Robe River overflowed its banks , inundating the area and forcing the evacuation of everyone in the homestead . In the Gascoyne region 30 cattle drowned after flood waters rapidly overtook a pasture .
In the Murchison region , rainfall exceeding 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) brought the worst floods in decades , inundating numerous farms and causing substantial agricultural losses . Two weeks after the storm passed , the mouth of the Murchison River was closed after a ship became stranded in the swollen river . By 14 March , the river had broadened to roughly 20 km ( 12 mi ) in places normally 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) in width . These values marked the largest flood ever recorded in the river 's history . Officials distributed sandbags to build temporary levee to protect low @-@ lying areas . The largest operation took place at Kalbarri , near the mouth of the river , where 60 firefighters and 18 volunteers worked to put up 9 @,@ 000 sandbags . The Billabalong and Twinpeaks stations were also isolated from surrounding areas after the Murchison River inundated the area . Several stations in the area remained under water for over a month and farmers requested urgent assistance from the government to help alleviate losses . Initial damage from the storm was placed at A $ 1 million ( $ 706 @,@ 580 USD ) .
Flood waters from the Murchison River finally began to recede on 17 March ; however , it took several weeks for the river to return to its normal level . Although Emma had only minor effects in Carnarvon , the town enacted a A $ 14 million ( $ 10 million USD ) flood protection plan in the wake of the storm . The plan would lead to the construction of new levees in areas surrounding the town and keep flood waters within Nicol Bay Flats . Additionally , four sections of the North West Coastal Highway were set to be upgraded for similar reasons . Due to the combined effects of Cyclones Clare , Darryl , Jim , Emma , Kate and Glenda , gold production in Australia fell by 8 percent , resulting in earnings losses of A $ 130 million .
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= American Gothic House =
The American Gothic House , also known as the Dibble House , is a house in Eldon , Iowa , designed in the Carpenter Gothic style with a distinctive upper window . It was the backdrop of the 1930 painting American Gothic by Grant Wood . Generally considered Wood 's most famous work and among the most recognized paintings in twentieth century American art , the painting is the model for hundreds of parodies across every creative medium . Grant Wood , who observed the house only once in his lifetime , made only an initial sketch of the house — he completed American Gothic at his studio in Cedar Rapids .
First owned by Eldon resident Charles Dibble after its construction in 1881 and 1882 , the home was ( with one 1897 exception ) a private residence until the late twentieth century . After a thirty @-@ year preservation effort culminated with the donation of the house in 1991 to the State Historical Society of Iowa , the site now includes the original house in its 1930 form and a visitors center . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . Since 1991 , various caretaker @-@ occupants have continued to rent the home privately .
= = Early history and architecture = =
Charles A. Dibble ( born 1836 in Saratoga County , New York ) , by various accounts a railroad man , livery stable owner , and Civil War veteran , lived in Eldon in the late nineteenth century . He and his wife , Catharine , began building the house in 1881 for themselves and their eight children . Its relatively simple board @-@ and @-@ batten siding , white color , and moderate size — just 504 square feet ( 46 @.@ 8 m2 ) — were quite common in nineteenth century Iowa architecture . A similar style can be observed in the birthplace of President Herbert Hoover in West Branch , built a decade before the American Gothic House , which features board @-@ and @-@ batten siding , a simple shingled roof , a central chimney , white color , and a moderate size as well . Unique and unusual exterior features of the house include its two Gothic windows in the gable and its steep @-@ pitched roof . Both features would later be exaggerated by Grant Wood in American Gothic . The lower floor of the house contains three rooms and a bathroom , while the upper floor has two bedrooms . The house has been called the best @-@ known example of a Carpenter Gothic cottage in the United States .
There is no conclusive evidence explaining why the Dibbles chose to place Gothic windows on the upper level . The windows are believed to have been purchased through the Sears catalog . There are two commonly accepted theories : the Dibbles may have wanted the windows to beautify their home at a time when rural life in Iowa was a struggle , or they could have been following a trend in which extravagant details were desirable in residences in the late nineteenth century , and the Dibbles chose windows whose costs would have been relatively reasonable at the time .
The Dibbles ' house was foreclosed around 1897 after they were unable to pay their taxes , and they moved to Portland , Oregon by 1900 . It exchanged hands several times until 1917 , when Gideon and Mary Hart Jones purchased it . The Jones family owned the house until 1933 ( and notably added a kitchen which created the west wing of the house ) ; thus , it was the Jones family who allowed Grant Wood to use their home as a backdrop for American Gothic .
= = American Gothic = =
During the summer of 1930 , Edward Rowan , a young gallery director from Cedar Rapids , a large city approximately 80 miles ( 130 km ) to the northeast of Eldon , attempted to promote fine arts in the rural town by opening a gallery and library and leading art classes in Eldon . Rowan 's attempts were met with success — the Eldon Forum called the exhibitions " an unusual treat . " This , along with an indebtedness Wood felt toward Rowan , drew the painter ( himself a native of Anamosa , Iowa ) to come to Eldon .
In August , Wood was driven around the town by a young painter from Eldon , John Sharp , looking for inspiration . Sharp 's brother suggested in 1973 that it was on this drive that Wood first sketched the house on the back of an envelope . Wood did not immediately regard the house as beautiful , but he did find it captivating . His earliest biographer , Darrell Garwood , noted that Wood " thought it a form of borrowed pretentiousness , a structural absurdity , to put a Gothic @-@ style window in such a flimsy frame house . " At the time , Wood classified it as one of the " cardboardy [ sic ] frame houses on Iowa farms " and considered it " very paintable . " After obtaining the permission of the Jones family , Wood made a sketch the next day in oil on paperboard from the house 's front yard . This sketch displayed a steeper roof and a longer window with a more pronounced ogive than the actual house , features which eventually adorned the final work ; however , Wood did not add figures to the sketch until he returned to Cedar Rapids . He would not return to Eldon again before his death in 1942 , although he did request a photograph of the home to complete his painting .
= = Later history and current status = =
Decades after American Gothic was regarded as an American icon , the house continued to serve as a private residence , usually for rent , transferring ownership only once more from the Jones family to the Seldon Smith family at a " distress sale " in 1942 . A grassroots movement to preserve the house was started as early as 1945 by Nan Wood , Grant Wood 's sister and the female figure depicted in American Gothic . A visit in 1960 to the house ( which was beginning to fall into disrepair ) by Des Moines architect and historian William J. Wagner , A.I.A capped these early efforts . He was among the first to suggest preservation of the house as a historic site :
In the early 1970s , a series of letters between Eldon businessmen and Carl E. Smith , the newly @-@ inherited owner of the house , revealed differing opinions on continued use of the house : Smith wanted to renovate the house and protect it from vandalism only ; the Eldon leaders were more in favor of making the house a historic site . The house was abandoned for much of the 1970s — a bullet was fired in an upstairs bedroom ; weather and vandalism took their toll as well . Only in the late 1980s did the owner of the property consider turning the house over to the state . Indeed , many southern Iowans were conflicted on the issue — the owner wanted to keep the house only because he believed the current renters would have nowhere else to go if they were forced to leave .
After the home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 ( the result of an application by an Eldon farmer ) , the owner refurbished the house , installing an indoor bathroom and electricity and restoring the windows and wallpaper . Local politicians believed such work coupled with a new museum and education center could provide a major boost to local tourism — one state senator hoped for as many as 100 @,@ 000 visitors per year . After the house 's owner eventually turned over the property to the State Historical Society of Iowa in 1991 , an effort was made to move the house to Living History Farms outside Des Moines , but Eldonians fought to keep it within their city limits . The house was renovated in 1992 , with boosters hoping to see the house become a pop @-@ culture tourism attraction , much like the Field of Dreams site in similarly rural Dyersville . Today the American Gothic House Center hosts approximately 15 @,@ 000 visitors per year , which does not account for additional after @-@ hours visitors .
Visitors are encouraged to view the house from the outside and have their photo taken — in fact , the visitors center provides many sizes of similar aprons and jackets worn by the original painting 's models . The adjacent American Gothic House Center , completed in 2007 , contains exhibits about the painting , artist Grant Wood , and the community around the house . Each June , the city of Eldon holds its Gothic Days festival , a celebration of the painting and rural life in Eldon in the 1930s . Starting in 2015 , tours began in the first floor of the home . The Gothic House is not handicap accessible .
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= A. Scott Berg =
Andrew Scott Berg ( born December 4 , 1949 ) is a Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning American biographer .
After graduating from Princeton University in 1971 , Berg expanded his senior thesis on editor Maxwell Perkins into a full @-@ length biography , Max Perkins : Editor of Genius ( 1978 ) , which won a National Book Award . His second book Goldwyn : A Biography was published in 1989 .
Berg 's third book Lindbergh , a highly anticipated biography of aviator Charles Lindbergh was published in 1998 , becoming a New York Times Best Seller , and winning the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . In 2003 Berg published Kate Remembered , a biography @-@ cum @-@ memoir about his friendship with actress Katharine Hepburn that received mixed reviews . His book Wilson , a biography of Woodrow Wilson was published on September 10 , 2013 .
Berg also wrote the story for Making Love ( 1982 ) , a controversial film that was the first major studio drama to address the subjects of gay love , closeted marriages , and coming out . He has contributed articles to magazines such as Architectural Digest and Vanity Fair .
= = Life = =
= = = Early life and work = = =
Berg was born in Norwalk , Connecticut . The son of Barbara ( Freedman ) Berg and film producer Dick Berg , Berg was raised Jewish . When Berg was eight , his family relocated to Los Angeles , California . While a sophomore at Palisades Charter High School , Berg researched the author F. Scott Fitzgerald ( a favorite of Barbara 's , who named her son in part after Fitzgerald ) for a report and " developed a mania " for his writing . Berg read all of Fitzgerald 's works and later recalled : " It was the first time I saw the fusion of an artist and his life , a tragic and romantic life . " Scott applied to Princeton University , primarily because it was Fitzgerald 's alma mater , and was accepted in 1967 .
At Princeton , Berg performed in the Princeton Triangle Club theater troupe and considered dropping out to become an actor , though he was convinced by English professor Carlos Baker , a well @-@ regarded biographer of Ernest Hemingway , to " graduate , so at least you 'll be an actor with a college degree " . Berg studied under Baker , who offered him " constant encouragement and counsel " on his senior thesis , which was a study of editor Maxwell Perkins 's career between 1919 and 1929 . After graduating from Princeton in 1971 , Berg decided to expand the thesis into a full @-@ length biography , thinking it would take around nine months . He also formulated a career plan at this time , and later recalled : " I did tell myself early on : I think it would be interesting , perhaps , to spend a career writing a half @-@ dozen biographies of twentieth @-@ century American cultural figures — each one , as I often use as my metaphor , a different wedge of the great apple pie . " The Perkins biography , Max Perkins : Editor of Genius , took longer than Berg anticipated and was eventually published in 1978 . It won a 1980 National Book Award in Biography .
In 1982 , Berg was approached by Samuel Goldwyn , Jr. to write a biography of his father , the independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn . Berg initially turned the project down , telling Goldwyn that " he was interested in American culture , not Hollywood , " but changed his mind after visiting Goldwyn 's archives and discovering gin rummy I.O.U.s , menus from Goldwyn 's dinner parties , and " all the quotidian minutiae that are a biographer 's dream " . He won a 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship , which helped finance his work on the biography . The same year , Berg wrote the story for Making Love , a controversial film that was the first major studio drama to address the subjects of homosexual love , closeted marriages , and coming out . He also narrated Directed by William Wyler , a 1986 documentary about the filmmaker William Wyler for which Berg interviewed Wyler , Bette Davis , Audrey Hepburn , Laurence Olivier , and Barbra Streisand , among others . In 1989 , Berg published Goldwyn : A Biography , his second biography .
= = = Lindbergh = = =
After completing Goldwyn in 1989 , Berg began the search for his next subject , who he wanted to be " another great American cultural figure but — because I had written about Perkins and Goldwyn — not somebody from the worlds of publishing or film " . After briefly considering Tennessee Williams , Berg decided to research the aviator Charles Lindbergh , attracted by what he described as " the dramatic possibilities of the story of the great hero who became a great victim and a great villain " . Berg convinced Lindbergh 's widow , Anne Morrow Lindbergh , to grant him unprecedented access to the man 's archives , which he was surprised to find totaled " 1 @,@ 300 boxes , or several million papers " .
The biography , Lindbergh , was highly anticipated ; prior to its publication , the book 's film rights were bought , sight unseen , by Steven Spielberg , who planned to direct a movie of it . Published in 1998 , Lindbergh sold about 250 @,@ 000 copies in hardcover , and won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . Berg was noted for his exhaustive research , as well as his sympathetic , but by no means uncritical , approach to Lindbergh , whose alleged anti @-@ Semitism he addressed in a straightforward , unblinking manner .
= = = Recent work = = =
From 1998 to 2000 , Berg wrote Kate Remembered , a biography @-@ cum @-@ memoir detailing his 20 @-@ year friendship with the Hollywood actress Katharine Hepburn . The book was published in 2003 , only 12 days after Hepburn 's death . It spent 11 weeks on the New York Times Nonfiction Best Seller list , but received uneasy critical response . In The New York Times , Robert Gottlieb called it an " odd and unsettling book [ that leaves ] a sense of exploitation " , and gossip columnist Liz Smith , a friend of Hepburn 's , called Berg " vain and narcissistic " , and declared the book " [ s ] elf @-@ promoting fakery .... Hepburn would have despised it and his betrayal of her friendship . " Berg responded in a written statement , saying that he was " truly shocked at Liz Smith 's professional behaviour — or , more accurately , her lack thereof " in " her personal assault on my reputation , one that stops just short of character assassination " .
Berg served on Princeton University 's Board of Trustees from 1999 to 2003 . In 2000 , he began researching a biography of Woodrow Wilson , of whom Berg says , " I have an image of him in my mind that is unlike any picture I have seen anywhere else , based on material at Princeton and 35 years of researching and thinking about him " . In March 2010 he became involved in a film production project , transforming the 1960s television program 77 Sunset Strip into a feature film , which delayed the Wilson biography a further 18 months . Wilson was published on September 10 , 2013 .
= = = Personal life = = =
Berg lives with his friend Kevin McCormick , a film producer , in Los Angeles .
His brothers are Jeff Berg , former CEO of International Creative Management , a leading Hollywood talent and literary agency ; and music producer and musician Tony Berg . His youngest brother Rick is a partner and manager at the production company Code Entertainment . His niece is Z Berg , a musician of The Like and JJAMZ .
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= Lillestrøm Stadion =
Lillestrøm idrettspark , colloquially known as Lillestrøm stadion , is a sports facility located at Lillestrøm in Skedsmo , Norway . The main venue is Romerike friidrettsstadion , an athletics stadium with eight all @-@ weather running tracks . It has multiple football pitches , including one with artificial turf and one with gravel . The park features of two arenas , LSK @-@ Hallen with a full @-@ size artificial football pitch and Skedsmohallen for indoor sports . The venue is located adjacent to Åråsen Stadion , the home ground of Lillestrøm SK . The main tenants for Lillestrøm idrettspark are Flisbyen BK and Focus FK in football , and Strømmen IF , Lørenskog FIL and Minerva IS in athletics . The stadium opened on 6 June 1920 and was the main venue for Lillestrøm SK until 1951 . The athletics stadium opened two years later . In 2004 , the artificial turf pitch was laid and in 2007 a new athletics venue and LSK @-@ Hallen opened .
= = History = =
The stadium opened on 6 June 1920 and was originally named Lillestrøm kommunale idrettsplass ( " Lillestrøm Municipal Sports Place " ) . Lillestrøm SK was the main football tenant from the opening until 1951 , when they opened Åråsen Stadion . The original athletics stadium opened in 1953 , located at the same place as the current athletics stadium . Minerva arranged the first tournament on 16 June 1954 . Subsequently a velodrome was installed outside the running track . A municipal grant of 5 @,@ 000 Norwegian krone ( NOK ) allowed a steeplechase obstacle to be installed in 1959 . A cage for discus throw and hammer throw was installed on the current artificial turf pitch in 1970 .
The athletics venue suffered with drainage problems , and from the 1970s it was no longer used for competitions . This forced Minerva IS to hold many of its trainings at Stovner stadion in Oslo and Jessheim stadion in Ullensaker . In 1976 , Minerva IS took initiative to lay all @-@ weather running track , but the proposal was rejected by the municipality . In 1990 , Skedsmo Municipal Council initially voted to allocate NOK 2 million for all @-@ weather running track , but the funding was reallocated to fix a leaking roof on Skedsmo Church . No further grants were issued for the stadium .
In 2004 , Lillestrøm SK took initiative to convert one of the gravel pitches to artificial turf . The proposal also saw the installation of floodlights and under @-@ soil heating . The new field cost NOK 9 million , which was covered by LSK , betting grants and the municipality . Construction started in August 2004 and was completed in November . The pitch located behind Skedsmohallen was converted to a throwing venue in 2005 .
Ahead of the 2003 municipal elections , the Labour Party mayor candidates for the municipalities of Skedsmo , Rælingen and Lørenskog , Andreas Hamnes , Terje Granerud and Åge Tovan , proposed that a central , inter @-@ municipal athletics venue be built for Nedre Romerike . The proposal was followed up by the three athletics clubs in the area , Minerva IS , Strømmen IF and Lørenskog FIL , who established a committee . Several locations were considered , but the committee landed on Lillestrøm idrettspark because of the availability of existing utilities , parking and changing rooms , which would reduce the investment costs . In the process , Strømmen stadion was rejected because it was undergoing upgrades to receive artificial turf and Marikollen was deemed too remote . Also Nordlimyra in Lørenskog was deemed unsuitable . The choice of Lillestrøm idrettspark was selected by consensus among the municipalities and the sports clubs in June 2005 .
Grants were issued from the municipalities in 2005 , the size of which was determined by the population of each municipality . Multiconsult was hired to design the venue and construction started on 28 June 2006 . Earthworks were completed by November and asphalting started on 16 May 2007 . The all @-@ weather surface was completed on 13 June and technical installations were completed by mid @-@ August . The new venue was inaugurated on 1 September 2007 . It cost NOK 28 @.@ 6 million , of which NOK 15 @.@ 9 million were paid for by the municipalities in ratio of their population . The rest was financed through a combination of betting grants , value added tax compensation and volunteer work .
In 2006 , the municipality approved Lillestrøm SK 's plans to build an indoor football pitch . The hall was inaugurated on 11 October 2007 and cost NOK 62 million . In 2009 , Lillestrøm launched itself as one of six candidate cities for Norway 's joint bid with Sweden to host the UEFA Euro 2016 . This would involve building a new venue seating between 35 @,@ 000 and 44 @,@ 000 in Lillestrøm . One of three potential locations was at Lillestrøm idrettspark . The stadium would be built in modules , so the upper tiers could be dismounted after the championship and installed on other venues . The proposal was selected as one of four for the bid , but the bid was never sent .
= = Facilities = =
Lillestrøm idrettspark is located across the railway from Åråsen Stadion , the home ground of Lillestrøm SK . It is the main recreational sports complex in Skedsmo , located just north of Lillestrøm . It contains several football pitches , including one with gravel and one with artificial turf . The artificial and two of the natural grass pitches have undersoil heating . LSK @-@ Hallen contains an indoor 105 @-@ by @-@ 68 @-@ meter ( 115 by 74 yd ) artificial turf football pitch with capacity for 3 @,@ 000 spectators . Skedsmohallen is the main indoor arena in Skedsmo ; it is largely used for ball sports , athletics and martial arts , but also sees cultural evens such as concerts . Lillestrøm og Omeng Bueskyttere undertakes archery practice behind Skedsmohallen . Also at the park is a driving range and a skateboarding park .
Romerike friidrettsstadion is an inter @-@ municipal athletics venue jointly owned by the municipalities of Skedsmo , Rælingen and Lørenskog . The venue is built to a sufficient standard to host the Norwegian Athletics Championship . It features a 400 @-@ meter ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) long all @-@ weather surface with eight tracks , permitting 110 meters hurdles on both sides . Both sides have two jumping pits , and two areas for pole vault and two for high jump . Javelin throw is possible from both ends , with undersoil heating in the last part of the approach . The throwing cage permits discus throw and hammer throw , and the area for shot put is heated . The venue is used exclusively for athletics and is constructed such that it cannot be used for football . The athletics field has a spectator capacity of 750 , of which 185 can be seated . It has floodlighting at 200 lux and electronic timekeeping equipment , as well as two huts . In addition , a gravel football pitch is used for throwing practice .
= = Events = =
Lillestrøm SK uses Lillestrøm idrettspark and LSK @-@ Hallen for training sessions for the elite team and for lower @-@ level matches . The Women 's Premier League side LSK Kvinner FK play their home matches in LSK @-@ Hallen . The football grounds are also used by Flisbyen BK and Focus FK in the Third Division . The athletics venue is used by Minerva IS , Lørenskog FIL and Strømmen IF . During the 1952 Winter Olympics , the stadium was one of five rinks used for ice hockey . Three rinks were located outside Oslo in order to spread the games to a wider audience . The single match at Lillestrøm stadion saw Poland beat Finland 4 – 2 on 23 February . The former velodrome hosted two Norwegian championships . The athletics venue annually hosts Romerikslekene and one of the three Huyndai Grand Prix events . Since 2012 the Norway national football team started using Åråsen and Lillestrøm stadion for training .
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= Abram Lincoln Harris =
Abram Lincoln Harris , Jr . ( January 17 , 1899 – November 6 , 1963 ) was an American economist , academic , anthropologist and a social critic of blacks in the United States . Considered by many as the first African American to achieve prominence in the field of economics , Harris was also known for his heavy influence on black radical and neo @-@ conservative thought in the United States . As an economist , Harris is most famous for his 1931 collaboration with political scientist Sterling Spero to produce a study on African American labor history titled The Black Worker and his 1936 work The Negro as Capitalist , in which he criticized black businessmen for not promoting interracial trade . He headed the economics department at Howard University from 1936 to 1945 and taught at the University of Chicago from then until his death . As a social critic , Harris took an active radical stance on racial relations by examining historical black involvement in the workplace , and suggested that African Americans needed to take more action in race relations .
= = Early life = =
Harris was born into a middle @-@ class African American family on January 17 , 1899 in Richmond , Virginia . His father was a butcher at a meat shop , and his mother was a schoolteacher . The family that ran the Richmond meat shop where Harris ' father worked was German American . As a result of his frequent contact with the family , Harris learned German and became a fluent speaker of the language . Harris ' mastery of the language would help him later in life , when he examined the writings of German economists and social reformers like Karl Marx .
He attended Virginia Union University , graduating in 1922 with a Bachelor of Science degree . Harris went on to earn an M.A. in economics from the University of Pittsburgh in 1924 . It was his masters ' thesis , The Negro Laborer in Pittsburgh , that started his lifelong examination on the African American labor forces
= = Career = =
He later published two articles in the National Urban League 's journal , Opportunity , that discussed the difficulties faced by African American mineworkers . His work in this field also addressed his concern about blacks and their white counterparts . Harris examined race prejudice of blacks by white workers . Meanwhile , Harris taught at West Virginia State University , a small historically black public college in Institute , West Virginia . During this year , he began a long and sustaining friendship with V. F. Calverton . He taught for a year , before he shifted directions and took the position as director of the Minneapolis Urban League . As director , he prepared a detailed report titled The Negro Population in Minneapolis : A Study of Race Relations dealing with the living conditions of African Americans in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Harris described the physical and socio @-@ economic conditions of African Americans in Minneapolis in 1926 . Using census data and statistical surveys , Harris tried to show that there was a strong social rift at the workplace between blacks and whites . Harris then enrolled at Columbia University to pursue a Ph.D in economics . In 1927 , just a year into his doctorate studies , Harris joined the faculty of Howard University . There , Harris collaborated with fellow black colleagues Ralph Bunche and E. Franklin Frazier , and attacked old values and outlooks on race .
Continuing with previous writings , Harris wrote his Ph.D thesis on the rift between African American and white labor in the United States . In 1930 , he became the second African American to receive a doctorate in Economics in the United States , following Sadie Mosell Alexander . The following year , he collaborated his thesis with political scientist , Sterling Spero , to produce a famous study of African American labor history entitled The Black Worker , the Negro & the Labor Movement . Harris believed that African Americans needed to contribute to the development of a working @-@ class political party in the United States . He expressed dislike for other strategies like rebellion , secession , or the various Back to Africa movements — which Harris described as " Negro Zionism " — led by such figures as Marcus Garvey and Haile Selassie I.
In The Black Worker , Spero and Harris asserted that African Americans could put an end to the racial antagonism in the working class . They wrote about the history of the racial predicament between whites and blacks had stemmed from the days of slavery . They argued that many African Americans had just recently migrated to the urban setting , and had been unaware of trade unionism and its benefits . They stated that the anti @-@ union beliefs held by organizations such as the National Urban League also provided for the racial division seen in the working class between blacks and whites . Harris also was the author of a Progressive Labor Party pamphlet in 1930 that called for the formation of a working @-@ class political party in the United States . By this point , he and Calverton had grown distant ; white journalist Benjamin Stolberg took Calverton 's place as a major correspondent in Harris ' life . They critiqued each other 's work and encouraged each other towards greater heights of accomplishment .
Harris , along with Frazier and Bunche , led the attack on the older generations at the NAACP 's 1933 Amenia Conference . Harris ' radical beliefs prompted a 1935 report entitled the Harris Report suggesting that the NAACP take a more active and affirmative stance on race relations in the United States . As the Great Depression progressed , Harris ' radicalism declined . As Harris wrote in the 1957 introduction to his personal collection of essays , he was " emerging from a state of social rebellion [ while ] still adher [ ing ] somewhat to socialistic ideas by the late 1920s . " He published his most famous economics work in 1936 , The Negro as Capitalist : A Study of Banking and Business . In the work , Harris wrote about the growing anti @-@ business sentiment of the Great Depression . Harris argued that black businessmen were under the false sense of racial solidarity between whites and blacks . He said that African Americans needed to participate in trade unionism with white businessmen . This was the reason for the problems in the development of black business . Harris concluded that the black middle class was using their racial pride and unity to support businesses controlled by the American middle class . He felt that blacks were not reaching out to whites , and black business would not grow if there was no interracial trade . In reference to black complaints against Jewish businessmen , Harris said :
Despite the heavy criticism against fellow black businesspeople , Harris ' book achieved notability and recognition in the field of economics during the Great Depression . In 1937 , Harris founded the liberal Social Science Division of Howard University , and served as the group 's leader through the late 1930s and early 1940s .
Harris left Howard in 1945 and moved to the University of Chicago , and became one of the first African American academics with a high position at a historically white institution . His move was facilitated on part of the efforts of Chicago economist Frank Knight , one of the founders of the famed Chicago School of economics that fostered the likes of Nobel Prize @-@ winning economists Milton Friedman and George Stigler . Knight had been publishing many of Harris ' papers on the subject of economic doctrine in the Journal of Political Economy since the late 1920s when Harris was at Howard . With his move to Chicago , Harris ' economic ideologies also seemed to change . His writings took more of the tone of orthodox economics , and his previous defense of Karl Marx and other radical economists had turned into critical examinations of the works of these men .
Harris expressed deep concerns about the Soviet Union 's totalitarian direction led by Joseph Stalin in works such as Black Communist in Dixie , published in the National Urban League magazine , Opportunity . However , Harris became silenced on the topic of race , and did not write about it for the remainder of his academic career . Harris spent the rest of his life at the University of Chicago and died on November 18 , 1963 .
= = Legacy = =
Harris is best known for his work as an economist and social critic of African American business . He had a heavy influence on both black radical and neo @-@ conservative thought . A recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship for Economics in 1935 , 1936 , 1943 and 1953 , Harris was one of the leaders of black economics through the early and mid 20th century . His early works such as The Negro as Capitalist set the precedent for contemporary African American radical thought . Harris ' great number of works on race relations such as The Black Worker served as a model for future African American studies . His essays in The Journal of Political Economy have played a significant role for institutionalist economists and for economists studying the history of economic doctrines . He is still widely regarded as one of the first African Americans to achieve prominence in academia in the early 20th century , and an influential figure on a wide range of African American topics of interest .
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= King Arthur & the Knights of Justice ( video game ) =
King Arthur & the Knights of Justice is an action @-@ adventure game developed by Manley & Associates and published by Enix for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in May 1995 . Based on the cartoon series of the same title , which was loosely inspired by the Arthurian legend , the game was released in North America exclusively .
The player takes on the role of a team of American football players who are transported to Medieval England and given the mission to save King Arthur and destroy the evil sorceress Morgana and her army . The game was the first Enix title developed by an American company , and was inspired by The Legend of Zelda series and various written works . It was received with reviews ranging from mediocre to extremely poor .
= = Gameplay = =
The game is a standard action @-@ adventure game , played from a top @-@ down perspective . The player takes on the role of Arthur King and is accompanied by two Knights of Justice controlled by the game console . The player battles enemies using a regular sword swing or a special attack , and can block high and low attacks .
Twelve Knights are available from the start ( including Arthur King ) , each with his own weapon , personality and statistics for life force , defense , strength and speed . Each boss of the game has a specific weakness against one of the Knights . Changing party members is done by visiting the Round Table room in Camelot . Each character has a life meter , and Arthur also has a power meter . Various items must be collected to complete quests and objectives , while some can be used to restore a character 's life meter .
An overworld map feature allows the player to directly access locations already visited once . The game has no saving feature but allows accessing various points of the storyline with a system of passwords .
= = Plot = =
The events of the game are set in a fictional version of Britain in the 5th century . The evil sorceress Morgana has magically imprisoned King Arthur and the Knights of the Round in the Cave of Glass beneath her castle , past Hadrian 's Wall . At Camelot , the King 's wizard Merlin uses a crystal ball and locates a brave team of " warriors " in the future , led by Arthur King and dubbed " The Knights " . They are actually American football players , though Merlin interprets their names as a sign of fate . He summons them back in time , and the Lady of the Table transforms them into " Knights of Justice " . Merlin asks them to break the seal on King Arthur and the Knights of the Round by gathering the twelve Keys of Truth .
The party retrieves the Excalibur sword from the Lady of the Lake , proving their worth by claiming the Pendragon Shield from a young dragon at Shield Heights . They assist Erek , the deposed ruler of Tintagel Castle , and recover the first Key of Truth in the castle . They make their way into the village of Welton , which is under a mind control spell , and recover the second Key of Truth at Gruesome Keep . After breaking the spell on Welton and crossing the Blinder 's Way , they claim the third Key of Truth at Castle Sanguine .
During the event , a Warlord infiltrates Camelot and poisons Squire Everett . The party collects an antidote in the Swamp of Zagar and saves the Squire . They then claim the fourth Key of Truth in Stone Keep . They rescue the son of the Gnome King to obtain the fifth Key of Truth , and collects four Elemental Keys to unlock access to Castle Vilor and the sixth Key of Truth . The party finds the seventh and eighth Keys of Truth in Crownhorn village and the Cape of Death , respectively . The ninth and tenth Keys are found in Blackroot Keep and the Dark Citadel while searching for the missing pieces of the Staff of Rhiothamus , which can break open a path in Hadrian 's Wall .
Using the Staff , the party goes past Hadrian 's Wall and into the Dark Forest , where the eleventh Key of Truth is found . In a cemetery , they stumble upon a statue of Morgana , which fires a magic beam that kills the two Knights in the party . Arthur travels to the Town of the Dead by himself then to the Plain of the Dead and retrieves his two dead Knights . They reach Morgana 's castle , Stone Gardens , and defeat Morgana in her dragon form , thus obtaining the last Key of Truth . In the game 's ending sequence , the party members are congratulated by the real , freed King Arthur , and Merlin uses Stonehenge to send them back to their era .
= = Development = =
King Arthur & the Knights of Justice was the first Enix game developed by an American company : Manley & Associates in Issaquah , Washington . Roughly two dozen people worked on the game , though not all at the same time . It was initially planned for a 16 @-@ megabit cartridge , but four additional megabits were eventually added to expand the game . Development spanned about two years .
In addition to the original cartoon series , the developers gathered ideas from several sources for inspiration , including The Legend of Zelda action @-@ adventure game series , and books such as T. H. White 's The Book of Merlyn and fables from Medieval poet Marie de France . They noted that the hardest part of development was coming up with puzzles for each of the regions , as they had to be " fun and challenging , but not repetitive " . While they tried to maintain a balance between action and puzzles , they noted that they focused more on the puzzle aspect of the game . Favorite parts of the game for the developers include the dragon battles , the boss Blackwing and Morgana 's Warlords .
= = Reception = =
The title received generally negative reviews . Video game magazines Nintendo Power and Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the title a score of 2 @.@ 68 out of 5 and 5 @.@ 62 out of 10 respectively , while the website Allgame rated it 3 out of 5 stars . Freelance critic Robert Schmitz gave the title a score of 0 @.@ 5 out of 11 , calling it " awful " and explaining the game is almost " better left unsaid " . Schmitz blamed Enix 's decision to base the game on a little @-@ known cartoon series , a comment echoed by both the Video Game Bible .
Milligan called the game a " staggeringly ill @-@ conceived game " and likened it to a " succession of fetch quests " . Electronic Gaming Monthly felt the graphics lack vibrant colors , but that the music was " alright " . Allan Milligan , in a review for the Gaming Intelligence Agency , judged the graphics and audio both mediocre , the character designs " terrible " , the plot generic and the puzzles not challenging . Moreover , he noted that it is impossible for the player to know in advance which Knight is best suited for which boss .
Concerning the gameplay , Milligan criticized the fact that all enemies on a screen must be defeated to progress through some passages , and the possibility for characters and enemies to be hidden from the player 's view behind large objects . The unintuitive angle made by Arthur 's sword when attacking and the Knights ' artificial intelligence were also denounced as poorly conceived , as were the lack of animation when a character or enemy is hit . While Milligan noted no major glitches or bugs in the game , Schmitz felt the testers rushed their job . The game seemed " unfinished and underdeveloped " for the Video Game Bible , as well as by Milligan , who called the packaging " nice " and the manual readable , wondering why " thinking human beings " would ever agree to make a game " this unambitious and dull " .
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= Tulsidas =
Tulsidas ( Hindi : तुलसीदास ; Hindi pronunciation : [ t ̪ ʊls ̪ iːd ̪ aːs ̪ ] , also known as Goswami Tulsidas ( गोस ् वामी तुलसीदास ) ; 1497 / 1532 – 1623 ) was a Hindu poet @-@ saint , reformer and philosopher from Ramanandi Sampradaya in the lineage of Jagadguru Ramanandacharya renowned for his devotion to the Lord Shri Rama . A composer of several popular works , he is best known as the author of the epic Ramcharitmanas , a retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana based on Rama 's life in the vernacular Awadhi .
Tulsidas was acclaimed in his lifetime to be a reincarnation of Valmiki , the composer of the original Ramayana in Sanskrit . He is also considered to be the composer of the Hanuman Chalisa , a popular devotional hymn dedicated to Hanuman , the divine devotee of Rama .
Tulsidas spent most of his life in the city of Varanasi . The Tulsi Ghat on the Ganges River in Varanasi is named after him . He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Hanuman in Varanasi , believed to stand at the place where he had the sight of Hanuman . Tulsidas started the Ramlila plays , a folk @-@ theatre adaption of the Ramayana .
He has been acclaimed as one of the greatest poets in Hindi , Indian , and world literature . The impact of Tulsidas and his works on the art , culture and society in India is widespread and is seen to date in vernacular language , Ramlila plays , Hindustani classical music , popular music , and television series .
= = Transliteration and etymology = =
The Sanskrit name of Tulsidas can be transliterated in two ways . Using the original Sanskrit , the name is written as Tulasīdāsa . Using the Hunterian transliteration system , it is written as Tulsidas or Tulsīdās reflecting the vernacular pronunciation ( since the written Indian languages maintain the vestigial letters that are no longer pronounced ) . The lost vowels are an aspect of the Schwa deletion in Indo @-@ Aryan languages and can vary between regions . The name is a compound of two Sanskrit words : Tulasī , which is an Indian variety of the basil plant considered auspicious by Vaishnavas ( devotees of god Vishnu and his avatars like Rama ) , and Dāsa , which means slave or servant and by extension , devotee . Tulsidas , thus means a servant of the plant Tulsi .
= = Life = =
= = = Incarnation of Valmiki = = =
Tulsidas is believed by many to be a reincarnation of Valmiki . In the Hindu scripture Bhavishyottar Purana , the god Shiva tells his wife Parvati how Valmiki , who got a boon from Hanuman to sing the glory of Rama in vernacular language , will incarnate in future in the Kali Yuga ( the present and last Yuga or epoch within a cycle of four Yugas ) .
Nabhadas writes in his Bhaktamal ( literally , the Garland of Saints ) that Tulsidas was the re @-@ incarnation of Valmiki in the Kali Yuga . The Ramanandi sect believes that it was Valmiki himself who incarnated as Tulsidas in the Kali Yuga .
According to a traditional account , Hanuman went to Valmiki several times to hear him sing the Ramayana , but Valmiki turned down the request saying that Hanuman being a monkey was unworthy of hearing the epic . After the victory of Rama over Ravana , Hanuman went to the Himalayas to continue his worship of Rama . There he scripted a play version of the Ramayana called Mahanataka or Hanuman Nataka engraved on the Himalayan rocks using his nails . When Valmiki saw the play written by Hanuman , he anticipated that the beauty of the Maha Nataka would eclipse his own Ramayana . Hanuman was saddened at Valmiki 's state of mind and , being a true bhakta without any desire for glory , Hanuman cast all the rocks into the ocean , some parts of which are believed to be available today as Hanuman Nataka . After this , Valmiki was instructed by Hanuman to take birth as Tulsidas and compose the Ramayana in the vernacular .
= = = Early life = = =
[ [ File : Tulsi Smarak.j
pg | thumb | Birthplace of Tulsidas ] ]
= = = = Birth = = = =
Tulsidas was born on saptami , the seventh day of shukla paksha , the bright half of the lunar Hindu calendar month Shraavana ( July – August ) . Although as many as seven places are mentioned as his birthplace , most scholars identify the place with Rajapur ( Chitrakoot ) , a village on the banks of the river Yamuna , on the border between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . In 2012 Sukarkhet Rajapur village on Pashka Road near Parashpur Bhauriganj Bajar , currently in District Gonda , Uttar Pradesh , approximately 50 km from Ayodhya , was declared officially by the government of Uttar Pradesh as the birthplace of Tulsi Dasji . His parents were Hulsi and Atmaram Dubey . Most sources identify him as a Saryupareen Brahmin of the Parashar Gotra ( lineage ) , although some sources claim he was a Kanyakubja or Sanadhya Brahmin .
There is difference of opinion among biographers regarding the year of birth of Tulsidas . Many sources rely on Veni Madhav Das ' account in the Mula Gosain Charita , which gives the year of Tulsidas ' birth as Vikrami Samvat 1554 ( 1497 CE ) . These sources include Shivlal Pathak , popular editions of Ramcharitmanas ( Gita Press , Naval Kishore Press and Venkateshvar Press ) , Edwin Greaves , Hanuman Prasad Poddar , Ramanand Sarasvati , Ayodhyanath Sharma , Ramchandra Shukla , Narayandas , and Rambhadracharya . A second group of biographers led by Sant Tulsi Sahib of Hathras and Sir George Grierson give the year as Vikram 1589 ( 1532 CE ) . These biographers include Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar , Ramghulam Dwivedi , James Lochtefeld , Swami Sivananda and others . A third small group of authors which includes H. H. Wilson , Garse De Tasse and Krishnadatta Mishra gives the year as Vikram 1600 ( 1543 CE ) . The year 1497 appears in many current @-@ day biographies in India and in popular culture . Biographers who disagree with this year argue that it makes the life span of Tulsidas equal 126 years , which in their opinion is unlikely if not impossible . In contrast , Ramchandra Shukla says that an age of 126 is not impossible for a Mahatma ( great soul ) like Tulsidas . The Government of India and provincial governments celebrated the 500th birth anniversary of Tulsidas in the year 1997 CE , according to the year of Tulsidas ' birth in popular culture .
= = = = Childhood = = = =
Legend goes that Tulsidas was born after staying in the womb for twelve months , he had all thirty two teeth in his mouth at birth , his health and looks were like that of a five @-@ year @-@ old boy , and he did not cry at the time of his birth but uttered Rama instead . He was therefore named Rambola ( literally , he who uttered Rama ) , as Tulsidas himself states in Vinaya Patrika . As per the Mula Gosain Charita , he was born under the Abhuktamūla constellation , which according to Jyotisha ( Hindu astrology ) causes immediate danger to the life of the father . Due to the inauspicious events at the time of his birth , he was abandoned by his parents on the fourth night , sent away with Chuniya ( some sources call her Muniya ) , a female servant of Hulsi . In his works Kavitavali and Vinayapatrika , Tulsidas attests to his parents abandoning him after birth due to an inauspicious astrological configuration .
Chuniya took the child to her village of Haripur and looked after him for five and a half years after which she died . Rambola was left to fend for himself as an impoverished orphan , and wandered from door to door begging for alms . It is believed that the goddess Parvati assumed the form of a Brahmin woman and fed Rambola every day .
= = = = Initiation from guru and learning = = = =
At the age of five years , Rambola was adopted by Narharidas , a Vaishnava ascetic of Ramananda 's monastic order who is believed to be the fourth disciple of Ramananda , or alternately , the disciple of Anantacharya . Rambola was given the Virakta Diksha ( Vairagi initiation ) with the new name of Tulsidas . Tulsidas narrates the dialogue that took place during the first meeting with his guru in a passage in the Vinayapatrika . When he was seven years old , his Upanayana ( " sacred thread ceremony " ) was performed by Narharidas on the fifth day of the bright half of the month of Magha ( January – February ) at Ayodhya , a pilgrimage @-@ site related to Rama . Tulsidas started his learning at Ayodhya . After some time , Narharidas took him to a particular Varaha Kshetra ( a holy place with temple dedicated to Varaha – the boar avatar of Vishnu ) , where he first narrated the Ramayana to Tulsidas . Tulsidas mentions this in the Ramcharitmanas .
Most authors identify the Varaha Kshetra referred to by Tulsidas with the Varaha temple on the second entrance of the pilgrimage of Kamadgiri in Chitrakuta . Some biographers believe this Sukarkshetra is the Soron Varaha Kshetra in modern @-@ day Kanshi Ram Nagar , while some others believe it to be Paska @-@ Rajapur Varaha Kshetra in current @-@ day Gonda . Tulsidas further mentions in the Ramcharitmanas that his guru repeatedly narrated the Ramayana to him , which led him to understand it somewhat .
Tulsidas later came to the sacred city of Varanasi and studied Sanskrit grammar , four Vedas , six Vedangas , Jyotisha and the six schools of Hindu philosophy over a period of 15 – 16 years from guru Shesha Sanatana who was based at the Pancaganga Ghat in Varanasi . Shesha Sanatana was a friend of Narharidas and a renowned scholar on literature and philosophy . After completing his studies , Tulsidas came back to his birthplace Rajapur with the permission of Shesha Sanatana . Here he found that his family was no more , with his parents dead . Tulsidas performed the Shraddha ceremony ( which deals with giving offerings to the ancestors ) of his parents . He started living in his ancestral home and narrating the Katha ( " story " ) of Ramayana in Chitrakuta .
= = = = Marriage and renunciation = = = =
There are two contrasting views regarding the marital status of Tulsidas . According to the Mula Gosain Charita and some other works , Tulsidas was married to Ratnavali on the thirteenth day of the bright half of the Jyeshta month ( May – June ) in Vikram 1583 ( 1526 CE ) . Ratnavali was the daughter of Dinbandhu Pathak , a Brahmin of the Bharadwaja Gotra , who belonged to Mahewa village of Kaushambi district . They had a son named Tarak who died as a toddler . Once when Tulsidas had gone to a Hanuman temple , Ratnavali went to her father 's home with her brother . When Tulsidas came to know this , he swam across the Yamuna river in the night to meet his wife . Ratnavali chided Tulsidas for this , and remarked that if Tulsidas was even half as devoted to God as he was to her body of flesh and blood , he would have been redeemed . Tulsidas left her instantly and left for the holy city of Prayag . Here , he renounced the Grihastha ( householder 's life ) stage and became a Sadhu ( Hindu ascetic ) .
Some authors consider the marriage episode of Tulsidas to be a later interpolation and maintain that he was a bachelor . They include Rambhadracharya , who interprets two verses in the Vinayapatrika and Hanuman Bahuka to mean that Tulsidas never married and was a Sadhu from childhood .
= = = Later life = = =
= = = = Travels = = = =
After renunciation , Tulsidas spent most of his time at Varanasi , Prayag , Ayodhya , and Chitrakuta but visited many other nearby and far @-@ off places . He travelled across India to many places , studying different people , meeting saints and Sadhus and meditating . The Mula Gosain Charita gives an account of his travels to the four pilgrimages of Hindus ( Badrinath , Dwarka , Puri and Rameshwaram ) and the Himalayas . He visited the Manasarovar lake in current @-@ day Tibet , where tradition holds he had Darshan ( sight ) of Kakabhushundi , the crow who is one of the four narrators in the Ramcharitmanas .
= = = = Darshan of Hanuman = = = =
Tulsidas hints at several places in his works , that he had met face to face with Hanuman and Rama . The detailed account of his meetings with Hanuman and Rama are given in the Bhaktirasbodhini of Priyadas . According to Priyadas ' account , Tulsidas used to visit the woods outside Varanasi for his morning ablutions with a water pot . On his return to the city , he used to offer the remaining water to a certain tree . This quenched the thirst of a Preta ( a type of ghost believed to be ever thirsty for water ) , who appeared to Tulsidas and offered him a boon . Tulsidas said he wished to see Rama with his eyes , to which the Preta responded that it was beyond him . However , the Preta said that he could guide Tulsidas to Hanuman , who could grant the boon Tulsidas asked for . The Preta told Tulsidas that Hanuman comes everyday disguised in the mean attire of a leper to listen to his Katha , he is the first to arrive and last to leave .
That evening Tulsidas noted that the first listener to arrive at his discourse was an old leper , who sat at the end of the gathering . After the Katha was over , Tulsidas quietly followed the leper to the woods . In the woods , at the spot where the Sankat Mochan Temple stands today , Tulsidas firmly fell at the leper 's feet , shouting " I know who you are " and " You cannot escape me " . At first the leper feigned ignorance but Tulsidas did not relent . Then the leper revealed his original form of Hanuman and blessed Tulsidas . When granted a boon , Tulsidas told Hanuman he wanted to see Rama face to face . Hanuman told him to go to Chitrakuta where he would see Rama with his own eyes .
At the beginning of the Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas bows down to a particular Preta and asks for his grace ( Ramcharitmanas , Doha 1 @.@ 7 ) . According to Rambhadracharya , this is the same Preta which led Tulsidas to Hanuman .
= = = = Darshan of Rama = = = =
As per Priyadas ' account , Tulsidas followed the instruction of Hanuman and started living in an Ashram at Ramghat in Chitrakuta . One day Tulsidas went to perform the Parikrama ( circumambulation ) of the Kamadgiri mountain . He saw two princes , one dark and the other fair , dressed in green robes pass by mounted on horsebacks . Tulsidas was enraptured at the sight , however he could not recognise them and took his eyes off them . Later Hanuman asked Tulsidas if he saw Rama and his brother Lakshmana on horses . Tulsidas was disappointed and repentful . Hanuman assured Tulsidas that he would have the sight of Rama once again the next morning . Tulsidas recalls this incident in a song of the Gitavali and laments how " his eyes turned his own enemies " by staying fixed to the ground and how everything happened in a trice . On the next morning , Wednesday , the new @-@ moon day of Magha , Vikram 1607 ( 1551 CE ) or 1620 ( 1564 CE ) as per some sources , Rama again appeared to Tulsidas , this time as a child . Tulsidas was making sandalwood paste when a child came and asked for a sandalwood Tilaka ( a religious mark on the forehead ) . This time Hanuman gave a hint to Tulsidas and he had a full view of Rama . Tulsidas was so charmed that he forgot about the sandalwood . Rama took the sandalwood paste and put a Tilaka himself on his forehead and Tulsidas ' forehead before disappearing .
In a verse in the Vinayapatrika , Tulsidas alludes to a certain " miracle at Chitrakuta " , and thanks Rama for what he did for him at Chitrakuta . Some biographers conclude that the deed of Rama at Chitrakuta referred to by Tulsidas is the Darshan of Rama .
= = = = Darshan of Yajnavalkya and Bharadvaja = = = =
In Vikram 1628 ( 1572 CE ) , Tulsidas left Chitrakuta for Prayag where he stayed during the Magha Mela ( the annual fair in January ) . Six days after the Mela ended , he had the Darshan of the sages Yajnavalkya and Bharadvaja under a banyan tree . In one of the four dialogues in the Ramcharitmanas , Yajnavalkya is the speaker and Bharadvaja the listener . Tulsidas describes the meeting between Yajnavalkya and Bharadvaja after a Magha Mela festival in the Ramcharitmanas , it is this meeting where Yajnavalkya narrates the Ramcharitmanas to Bharadvaja .
= = = = Attributed Miracles = = = =
In Priyadas ' biography , Tulsidas is attributed with the power of working miracles . In one such miracle , he is believed to have brought back a dead Brahmin to life . While the Brahmin was being taken for cremation , his widow bowed down to Tulsidas on the way who addressed her as Saubhagyavati ( a woman whose husband is alive ) . The widow told Tulsidas her husband had just died , so his words could not be true . Tulsidas said that the word has passed his lips and so he would restore the dead man to life . He asked everybody present to close their eyes and utter the name of Rama , on doing which the dead Brahmin was raised back to life .
In another miracle described by Priyadas , the emperor of Delhi , Akbar summoned Tulsidas on hearing of his bringing back a dead man to life . Tulsidas declined to go as he was too engrossed in creating his verses but he was later forcibly brought before the Akbar and was asked to perform a miracle , which Tulsidas declined by saying " It 's a lie , all I know is Rama . " The emperor imprisoned Tulsidas at Fatehpur Sikri , " We will see this Rama . " Tulsidas refused to bow to Akbar and created a verse in praise of Hanuman and chanted it ( Hanuman Chalisa ) for forty days and suddenly an army of monkeys descended upon the town and wreaked havoc in all corners of Fatehpur Sikri , entering each home and the emperor 's harem , scratching people and throwing bricks from ramparts . An old Hafiz told the emperor that this was the miracle of the imprisoned Fakir . The emperor fell at Tulsidas ' feet , released him and apologised . Tulsidas stopped the menace of monkeys and asked the emperor to abandon the place . The emperor agreed and moved back to Delhi . Ever since Akbar became a close friend of Tulsidas and he also ordered a firman that followers of Rama , Hanuman & other Hindus , should not be harassed in his kingdom .
Priyadas narrates a miracle of Tulsidas at Vrindavan , when he visited a temple of Krishna . When he began bowing down to the idol of Krishna , the Mahant of the temple named Parshuram decided to test Tulsidas . He told Tulsidas that he who bows down to any deity except their Ishta Devata ( cherished form of divinity ) is a fool , as Tulsidas ' Ishta Devata was Rama . In response , Tulsidas recited the following extemporaneously composed couplet
When Tulsidas recited this couplet , the idol of Krishna holding the flute and stick in hands changed to the idol of Rama holding the bow and arrow in hands . Some authors have expressed doubts on the couplet being composed by Tulsidas .
= = = Literary life = = =
Tulsidas started composing poetry in Sanskrit in Varanasi on the Prahlada Ghat . Tradition holds that all the verses that he composed during the day , would get lost in the night . This happened daily for eight days . On the eighth night , Shiva – whose famous Kashi Vishwanath Temple is located in Varanasi – is believed to have ordered Tulsidas in a dream to compose poetry in the vernacular instead of Sanskrit . Tulsidas woke up and saw both Shiva and Parvati who blessed him . Shiva ordered Tulsidas to go to Ayodhya and compose poetry in Awadhi . Shiva also predicted that Tulsidas ' poetry would fructify like the Sama Veda . In the Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas hints at having the Darshan of Shiva and Parvati in both dream and awakened state .
= = = = Composition of Ramcharitmanas = = = =
In the year Vikram 1631 ( 1575 CE ) , Tulsidas started composing the Ramcharitmanas in Ayodhya on Tuesday , Ramnavami day ( ninth day of the bright half of the Chaitra month , which is the birthday of Rama ) . Tulsidas himself attests this date in the Ramcharitmanas . He composed the epic over two years , seven months and twenty @-@ six days , and completed the work in Vikram 1633 ( 1577 CE ) on the Vivaha Panchami day ( fifth day of the bright half of the Margashirsha month , which commenrates the wedding of Rama and his wife Sita ) .
Tulsidas came to Varanasi and recited the Ramcharitmanas to Shiva ( Vishwanath ) and Parvati ( Annapurna ) at the Kashi Vishwanath Temple . A popular legend goes that the Brahmins of Varanasi , who were critical of Tulsidas for having rendered the Sanskrit Ramayana in the vernacular , decided to test the worth of the work . A manuscript of the Ramcharitmanas was kept at the bottom of pile of Sanskrit scriptures in the sanctum sanctorum of the Vishvanath temple in the night , and the doors of the sanctum sanctorum were locked . In the morning when the doors were opened , the Ramcharitmanas was found at the top of the pile . The words Satyam Shivam Sundaram ( Sanskrit : सत ् यं शिवं सुन ् दरम ् , literally " truth , auspiciousness , beauty " ) were inscribed on the manuscript with the signature of Shiva . The words were also heard by the people present .
Per traditional accounts , some Brahmins of Varanasi were still not satisfied , and sent two thieves to steal the manuscript . The thieves tried to break into the Ashram of Tulsidas , but were confronted by two guards with bows and arrows , of dark and fair complexion . The thieves had a change of heart and came to Tulsidas in the morning to ask who the two guards were . Believing that the two guards could be none other than Rama and Lakshmana , Tulsidas was aggrieved to know that they were guarding his home at night . He sent the manuscript of Ramcahritmanas to his friend Rai Todar Mal , the finance minister of Akbar , and donated all his money . The thieves were reformed and became devotees of Rama .
= = = = Last compositions = = = =
Around Vikram 1664 ( 1607 CE ) , Tulsidas was afflicted by acute pain all over his body , especially in his arms . He then composed the Hanuman Bahuk , where he describes his bodily pain and suffering in several stanzas . He was relieved of his pain after this composition . Later he was also afflicted by Bartod boils ( Hindi : बरतोड ़ , furuncles caused by pulling out of the hair ) , which may have been the cause of his death .
The Vinaypatrika is considered as the last compositions of Tulsidas , believed to be written when Kali Yuga started troubling him . In this work of 279 stanzas , he beseeches Rama to give him Bhakti ( " devotion " ) , and to accept his petition . Tulsidas attests in the last stanza of Vinaypatrika that Rama himself signed the manuscript of the work . The 45th stanza of the Vinaypatrika is sung as the evening Aarti by many Hindus .
= = = Death = = =
Tulsidas died at the Assi Ghat on the bank of the river Ganga in the Shraavan ( July – August ) month of the year Vikram 1680 ( 1623 CE ) . Like the year of his birth , traditional accounts and biographers do not agree on the exact date of his death . Different sources give the date as the third day of the bright half , seventh day of the bright half , or the third day of the dark half .
= = Works = =
Twelve works are widely considered by biographers to be written by Tulsidas , six major works and six minor works . Based on the language of the works , they have been classified into two groups as follows –
Awadhi works – Ramcharitmanas , Ramlala Nahachhu , Barvai Ramayan , Parvati Mangal , Janaki Mangal and Ramagya Prashna .
Braja works – Krishna Gitavali , Gitavali , sahitya ratna , Dohavali , Vairagya Sandipani and Vinaya Patrika .
Besides these twelve works , four more works are popularly believed to be composed by Tulsidas which include Hanuman Chalisa , Hanuman Ashtak , Hanuman Bahuk and Tulsi Satsai .
= = = Ramcharitmanas = = =
Ramacharitamanas ( रामचरितमानस , 1574 – 1576 ) , " The Mānasa lake brimming over with the exploits of Lord Rāma " is an Awadhi rendering of the Ramayana narrative . It is the longest and earliest work of Tulsidas , and draws from various sources including the Ramayana of Valmiki , the Adhyatma Ramayana , the Prasannaraghava and Hanuman Nataka . The work consists of around 12 @,@ 800 lines divided into 1073 stanzas , which are groups of Chaupais separated by Dohas or Sorthas . It is divided into seven books ( Kands ) like the Ramayana of Valmiki , and is around one @-@ third of the size of Valmiki 's Ramayana . The work is composed in 18 metres which include ten Sanskrit metres ( Anushtup , Shardulvikridit , Vasantatilaka , Vamshashta , Upajati , Pramanika , Malini , Sragdhara , Rathoddhata and Bhujangaprayata ) and eight Prakrit metres ( Soratha , Doha , Chaupai , Harigitika , Tribhangi , Chaupaiya , Trotaka and Tomara ) . It is popularly referred to as Tulsikrit Ramayana , literally The Ramayana composed by Tulsidas . The work has been acclaimed as " the living sum of Indian culture " , " the tallest tree in the magic garden of medieval Indian poesy " , " the greatest book of all devotional literature " , " the Bible of Northern India " , and " the best and most trustworthy guide to the popular living faith of its people . "
Several manuscripts of the Ramcharitmanas are claimed to have been written down by Tulsidas himself . Grierson wrote in the late nineteenth century , two copies of the epic were said to have existed in the poet 's own handwriting . One manuscript was kept at Rajapur , of which only the Ayodhyakand is left now , which bears marks of water . A legend goes that the manuscript was stolen and thrown into Yamuna river when the thief was being pursued , and only the second book of the epic could be rescued . Grierson wrote that the other copy was at Malihabad in Lucknow district , of which only one leaf was missing . Another manuscript of the Ayodhyakanda claimed to be in the poet 's own hand exists at Soron in Etah district , one of the places claimed to be Tulsidas ' birthplace . One manuscript of Balakanda , dated Samvat 1661 , nineteen years before the poet 's death , claimed to be corrected by Tulsidas , is at Ayodhya . Some other ancient manuscripts are found in Varanasi , including one in possession of the Maharaja of Benares that was written in Vikram 1704 ( 1647 ) , twenty @-@ four years after the death of Tulsidas .
= = = Other major works = = =
The five major works of Tulsidas apart from Ramcharitmanas include –
Dohavali ( दोहावली , 1581 ) , literally Collection of Dohas , is a work consisting of 573 miscellaneous Doha and Sortha verses mainly in Braja with some verses in Awadhi . The verses are aphorisms on topics related to tact , political wisdom , righteousness and the purpose of life . 85 Dohas from this work are also found in the Ramcharitmanas , 35 in Ramagya Prashna , two in Vairagya Sandipani and some in Rama Satsai , another work of 700 Dohas attributed to Tulsidas .
sahitya ratna or ratna Ramayan ( 1608 – 1614 ) , literally Collection of Kavittas , is a Braja rendering of the Ramayana , composed entirely in metres of the Kavitta family – Kavitta , Savaiya , Ghanakshari and Chhappaya . It consists of 325 verses including 183 verses in the Uttarkand . Like the Ramcharitmanas , it is divided into seven Kands or books and many episodes in this work are different from the Ramcharitmanas .
Gitavali ( गीतावली ) , literally Collection of Songs , is a Braja rendering of the Ramayana in songs . All the verses are set to Ragas of Hindustani classical music and are suitable for singing . It consists of 328 songs divided into seven Kands or books . Many episodes of the Ramayana are elaborated while many others are abridged .
Krishna Gitavali or Krishnavali ( कृष ् णगीतावली , 1607 ) , literally Collection of Songs to Krishna , is a collection of 61 songs in honour of Krishna in Braja . There are 32 songs devoted to the childhood sports ( Balalila ) and Rasa Lila of Krishna , 27 songs form the dialogue between Krishna and Uddhava , and two songs describe the episode of disrobing of Draupadi .
Vinaya Patrika ( विनयपत ् रिका ) , literally Petition of Humility , is a Braja work consisting of 279 stanzas or hymns . The stanzas form a petition in the court of Rama asking for Bhakti . It is considered to be the second best work of Tulsidas after the Ramcharitmanas , and is regarded as important from the viewpoints of philosophy , erudition , and eulogistic and poetic style of Tulsidas . The first 43 hymns are addressed to various deities and Rama 's courtiers and attendants , and remaining are addressed to Rama .
= = = Minor works = = =
Minor works of Tulsidas include –
Barvai Ramayana ( बरवै रामायण , 1612 ) , literally The Ramayana in Barvai metre , is an abridged rendering of the Ramayana in Awadhi . The works consists of 69 verses composed in the Barvai metre , and is divided into seven Kands or books . The work is based on a psychological framework .
Parvati Mangal ( पार ् वती मंगल ) , literally The marriage of Parvati , is an Awadhi work of 164 verses describing the penance of Parvati and the marriage of Parvati and Shiva . It consists of 148 verses in the Sohar metre and 16 verses in the Harigitika metre .
Janaki Mangal ( जानकी मंगल ) , literally The marriage of Sita , is an Awadhi work of 216 verses describing the episode of marriage of Sita and Rama from the Ramayana . The work includes 192 verses in the Hamsagati metre and 24 verses in the Harigitika metres . The narrative differs from the Ramcharitmanas at several places .
Ramalala Nahachhu ( रामलला नहछू ) , literally The Nahachhu ceremony of the child Rama , is an Awadhi work of 20 verses composed in the Sohar metre . The Nahachhu ceremony involves cutting the nails of the feet before the Hindu Samskaras ( rituals ) of Chudakarana , Upanayana , Vedarambha , Samavartana or Vivaha . In the work , events take place in the city of Ayodhya , so it is considered to describe the Nahachhu before Upanayana , Vedarambha and Samavartana .
Ramagya Prashna ( रामाज ् ञा प ् रश ् न ) , literally Querying the Will of Rama , is an Awadhi work related to both Ramayana and Jyotisha ( astrology ) . It consists of seven Kands or books , each of which is divided into seven Saptakas or Septets of seven Dohas each . Thus it contains 343 Dohas in all . The work narrates the Ramayana non @-@ sequentially , and gives a method to look up the Shakuna ( omen or portent ) for astrological predictions .
Vairagya Sandipini ( वैराग ् य संदीपनी , 1612 ) , literally Kindling of Detachment , is a philosophical work of 60 verses in Braja which describe the state of Jnana ( realisation ) and Vairagya ( dispassion ) , the nature and greatness of saints , and moral conduct . It consists of 46 Dohas , 2 Sorathas and 12 Chaupai metres .
= = = Popularly attributed works = = =
The following four works are popularly attributed to Tulsidas –
Hanuman Chalisa ( हनुमान चालीसा ) , literally , Forty Verses to Hanuman , is an Awadhi work of 40 Chaupais and two Dohas in obeisance to Hanuman . Popular belief holds the work to be authored by Tulsidas , and it contains his signature , though some authors do not think the work was written by him . It is one of the most read short religious texts in northern India , and is recited by millions of Hindus on Tuesdays and Saturdays . It is believed to have been uttered by Tulsidas in a state of Samadhi at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar .
Sankatmochan Hanumanashtak ( संकटमोचन हनुमानाष ् टक ) , literally Eight verses for Hanuman , the Remover of Afflictions , is an Awadhi work of eight verses in the Mattagajendra metre , devoted to Hanuman . It is believed to have been composed by Tulsidas on the occasion of the founding of the Sankatmochan Temple in Varanasi . The work is usually published along with Hanuman Chalisa .
Hanuman Bahuka ( हनुमान बाहुक ) , literally The Arm of Hanuman , is a Braja work of 44 verses believed to have been composed by Tulsidas when he suffered acute pain in his arms at an advanced age . Tulsidas describes the pain in his arms and also prays to Hanuman for freedom from the suffering . The work has two , one , five and 36 verses respectively in the Chhappaya , Jhulna , Savaiya and Ghanakshari metre .
Tulsi Satsai ( तुलसी सतसई ) , literally Seven Hundred Verses by Tulsidas , is a work in both Awadhi and Braja and contains 747 Dohas divided in seven Sargas or cantos . The verses are same as those in Dohavali and Ramagya Prashna but the order is different .
= = Doctrine = =
The philosophy and principles of Tulsidas are found across his works , and are especially outlined in the dialogue between Kakbhushundi and Garuda in the Uttar Kand of the Ramcharitmanas . Tulsidas ' doctrine has been described as an assimilation and reconciliation of the diverse tenets and cultures of Hinduism . At the beginning of the Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas says that his work is in accordance with various scriptures – the Puranas , Vedas , Upavedas , Tantra and Smriti . Ram Chandra Shukla in his critical work Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihaas elaborates on Tulsidas ' Lokmangal as the doctrine for social upliftment which made this great poet immortal and comparable to any other world littérateur .
= = = Nirguna and Saguna Brahman = = =
As per Tulsidas , the Nirguna Brahman ( quality @-@ less impersonal absolute ) and Saguna Brahman ( personal God with qualities ) are one and the same . Both , Saguna ( qualified Brahman ) and Aguna ( or Nirguna - unqualified Brahman ) are Akath ( unspeakable ) , Agaadh ( unfathomable ) , Anaadi ( without beginning , in existence since eternity ) and Anupa ( without parallel ) ( अगुन सगुन दुइ ब ् रह ् म सरूपा । अकथ अगाध अनादि अनूपा ॥ ) . It is the devotion ( Bhakti ) of the devotee that forces the Nirguna Brahman which is quality @-@ less , formless , invisible and unborn , to become Saguna Brahman with qualities . Tulsidas gives the example of water , snow and hail to explain this – the substance is the same in all three , but the same formless water solidifies to become hail or a mountain of snow – both of which have a form . Tulsidas also gives the simile of a lake – the Nirguna Brahman is like the lake with just water , while the Saguna Brahman is a lake resplendent with blooming lotuses . In the Uttar Kand of Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas describes in detail a debate between Kakbhushundi and Lomasa about whether God is Nirguna ( as argued by Lomasa adhering to monism ) or Saguna ( as argued by Kakbhushundi adhering to dualism ) . Kakbhushundi repeatedly refutes all the arguments of Lomasa , to the point when Lomasa becomes angry and curses Kakbhushundi to be a crow . Lomasa repents later when Kakbhushundi happily accepts the curse but refuses to give up the Bhakti of Rama , the Saguna Brahman . Though Tulsidas holds both aspects of God to be equal , he favours the qualified Saguna aspect and the devotees of the highest category in the Ramcharitmanas repeatedly ask for the qualified Saguna aspect of Rama to dwell in their mind . Some authors contend from a few couplets in Ramcharitmanas and Vinay Patrika that Tulsidas has vigorously contradicted the denial of Avatar by Kabir . In several of his works , Kabir had said that the actual Rama is not the son of Dasharatha . In the Balkand of Ramcharitmanas , Shiva tells Parvati – those who say that the Rama whom the Vedas sing of and whom the sages contemplate on is different from the Rama of Raghu 's race are possessed by the devil of delusion and do not know the difference between truth and falsehood . However , such allusions are based on interpretations of the text and do not hold much water when considered in the context of Ramcharitmanas . Tulsidas , in none of his works , has ever mentioned Kabir .
= = = The name of Rama = = =
At the beginning of the Ramcharitmanas , there is a section devoted to the veneration of the name of Rama . As per Tulsidas , repeating the name of Rama is the only means to attain God in the Kali age where the means suited for other ages like meditation , Karma , and Puja are ineffective . He says in Kavitavali that his own redemption is because of the power , glory and majesty of the name of Rama . In a couplet in the Gitavali , Tulsidas says that wishing for liberation without refuge in the name of Rama is like wishing to climb to the sky by holding on to the falling rain . In his view , the name of Rama is greater than both Nirguna and Saguna aspects of God – it controls both of them and is illuminates both like a bilingual interpreter . In a verse in the Dohavali , Tulsidas says that the Nirguna Brahman resides in his heart , the Saguna Brahman resides in his eyes and the name of Rama resides on his tongue , as if a radiant gemstone is kept between the lower and upper halves of a golden casket . He holds that Rama is superior to all other names of God , and argues that ra and ma being are the only two consonants that are written above all other consonants in the conjunct form in Sanskrit because they are the two sounds in the word Rama .
= = = Rama as Brahman = = =
At several places in Tulsidas ' works , Rama is seen to be the higher than Vishnu and not as an avatar of Vishnu , which is the general portrayal of Rama .
In the episode of the delusion of Sati in Ramcharitmanas , Sati sees many a Shiva , Brahma and Vishnu serving Rama and bowing at his feet . When Manu and Shatarupa perform penance , they crave to see that Supreme Lord " from a part of whose being emanate a number of Shivas , Brahmas and Vishnus . " Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva come to them many times tempting them with a boon , but Manu and Shatarupa do not stop their penance . They are finally satisfied only by the appearance of Rama , on whose left side is Sita , from a part of whom are born " countless Lakshmis , Umas ( Parvatis ) and Brahmanis ( Sarasvatis ) . " In the episode of marriage of Sita and Rama in Balkand , the trio of Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva is present – Brahma is astounded as he finds nowhere anything that is his own handiwork , while Vishnu is enchanted with Lakhmi on seeing Rama . In the Sundarkand , Hanuman tells Ravana that Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva can create , preserve and destroy by the might of Rama . In the Lankakand , Tulsidas presents the universe as the cosmic form of Rama , in which Shiva is the consciousness , Brahma is the reason and Vishnu is his intelligence . As per Tulsidas , Rama is not only an avatar , but also the source of avatars – Krishna is also an Avatar of Rama . Thus , Tulsidas clearly considers Rama as supreme brahman and not an avatar of Vishnu .
In the opinion of Urvashi Soorati , the Rama of Tulsidas is an amalgamation of Vishnu who takes avatars , Vishnu in the abode of Ksheera Sagara , Brahman and the Para manifestation of the Pancharatra . Macfie concludes that Tulsidas makes a " double claim " , i.e. Rama is an incarnation of both Vishnu and Brahman . In the words of Lutgendorf , Tulsidas ' Rama is at once " Valmiki 's exemplary prince , the cosmic Vishnu of Puranas , and the transcendent brahman of the Advaitins . "
= = = Vedanta , World and Maya = = =
In the Sundarkand of Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas says that Rama is knowable by Vedanta .
As per Tulsidas , Rama is the efficient and material cause ( Nimitta and Upadana ) of the world , which is real since Rama is real . In several verses of the Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas says that the animate and inanimate world is a manifestation of Rama , and the universe is the cosmic form of Rama . Authors interpret these verses to mean that the world is real according to Tulsidas , in keeping with the Vishishtadvaita philosophy of Ramanuja . However , at some places in the Ramcharitmanas and Kavitavali , Tulsidas compares the world to a night or a dream and says it is Mithya ( false or unreal ) . Some commentators interpret these verses to mean that in Tulsidas ' opinion the world is unreal as per the Vivartavada doctrine of Adi Shankara , while some others interpret them to mean that the world is transient yet real as per the Satkhyativada doctrine of Ramananda . Uday Bhanu Singh concludes that in Tulsidas ' view , the world is essentially the form of Rama and appears to be different from Rama due to Maya . Its visible form is transient , which is what Tulsidas means by Mithya .
In the Vinayapatrika , Tulsidas says that the world in itself is neither true ( Satya ) , nor false ( Asatya ) , nor both true and false together ( Satyasatya ) – one who casts aside all these three illusions , knows oneself . This has been interpreted to mean that as per Tulsidas , the entire world is a Lila of Rama . At the beginning of the Ramcharitmanas , Tulsidas performs Samasti Vandana ( obeisance to all beings ) in which he bows down to the world also , saying it is " pervaded by " or " born out of " Sita and Rama . As per some verses in Ramcharitmanas and Vinaypatrika , when a Jiva ( living being ) knows the Self , Maya and Rama , it sees the world as being pervaded by Rama .
In the Balkand episode of the marriage of the princes of Ayodhya with the princesses of Mithila , Tulsidas presents a metaphor in which the four brides are compared with the four states of consciousness – the waking state ( Jagrat ) , sleep with dreams ( Swapna ) , dreamless sleep ( Sushupti ) and the fourth self @-@ conscious state ( Turiya ) . The four grooms are compared with the presiding divinity ( Vibhu ) of the four states – Vishva , Taijasa , Prajna and Brahman . Tulsidas says as the four states of consciousness with their presiding divinities reside in the mind of a Jiva , so the four brides with their grooms are resplendent in the same pavilion .
Tulsidas identifies Maya with Sita , the inseparable energy of Rama which takes avatar along with Rama . In his view , Maya is of two types – Vidya and Avidya . Vidya Maya is the cause of creation and the liberation of Jiva . Avidya Maya is the cause of illusion and bondage of the Jiva . The entire world is under the control of Maya . Maya is essentially the same but the two divisions are made for cognitive purposes , this view of Tulsidas is in accordance with Vaishnava teachers of Vedanta .
= = = Views on other Hindu deities = = =
As per Tulsidas , there is no incompatibility between devotion to Rama and attachment to Shiva . Tulsidas equates the Guru as an incarnation of Shiva , and a considerable part of the Balkand of Ramcharitmanas is devoted to the narrative of Shiva including the abandonment of Sati , the penance of Parvati , the burning of Kamadeva and the marriage of Parvati and Shiva . In addition , Tulsidas venerates the whole Hindu pantheon . The Ramcharitmanas begins with reverence of Ganesh , Sarasvati , Parvati , Shiva , the Guru , Valmiki and Hanuman . At the beginning of the Vinayapatrika , he bows to Ganesh , Surya , Shiva , Devi , Ganga , Yamuna , Varanasi and Chitrakoot , asking them for devotion towards Rama .
= = = Bhakti = = =
The practical end of all his writings is to inculcate bhakti addressed to Rama as the greatest means of salvation and emancipation from the chain of births and deaths , a salvation which is as free and open to men of the lowest caste as to Brahmins .
= = Critical reception = =
From his time , Tulsidas has been acclaimed by Indian and Western scholars alike for his poetry and his impact on the Hindu society . Tulsidas mentions in his work Kavitavali that he was considered a great sage in the world . Madhusūdana Sarasvatī , one of the most acclaimed philosophers of the Advaita Vedanta tradition based in Varanasi and the composer of Advaitasiddhi , was a contemporary of Tulsidas . On reading the Ramcharitmanas , he was astonished and composed the following Sanskrit verse in praise of the epic and the composer .
Surdas , a devotee of Krishna and a contemporary of Tulsidas , called Tulsidas as Sant Shiromani ( the highest jewel among holy men ) in an eight @-@ line verse extolling Ramcharitmanas and Tulsidas . Abdur Rahim Khankhana , famous Muslim poet who was one of the Navaratnas ( nine @-@ gems ) in the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar , was a personal friend of Tulsidas . Rahim composed the following couplet describing the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas –
The historian Vincent Smith , the author of a biography of Tulsidas ' contemporary Akbar , called Tulsidas the greatest man of his age in India and greater than even Akbar himself . The Indologist and linguist Sir George Grierson called Tulsidas " the greatest leader of the people after the Buddha " and " the greatest of Indian authors of modern times " ; and the epic Ramcharitmanas " worthy of the greatest poet of any age . " The work Ramcharitmanas has been called " the Bible of North India " by both nineteenth century Indologists including Ralph Griffith , who translated the four Vedas and Valmiki 's Ramayana into English , and modern writers . Mahatma Gandhi held Tulsidas in high esteem and regarded the Ramcharitmanas as the " greatest book in all devotional literature " . The Hindi poet Suryakant Tripathi ' Nirala ' called Tulsidas " the most fragrant branch of flowers in the garden of the world 's poetry , blossoming in the creeper of Hindi " . Nirala considered Tulsidas to be a greater poet than Rabindranath Tagore , and in the same league as Kalidasa , Vyasa , Valmiki , Homer , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and William Shakespeare . Hindi litterateur Hazari Prasad Dwivedi wrote that Tulsidas established a " sovereign rule on the kingdom of Dharma in northern India " , which was comparable to the impact of Buddha . Edmour J. Babineau , author of the book Love and God and Social Duty in Ramacaritmanasa , says that if Tulsidas was born in Europe or the Americas , he would be considered a greater personality than William Shakespeare . In the words of the archaeologist F. R. Allchin , who translated Vinaypatrika and Kavitavali into English , " for people of a large part of North India Tulsidas claims reverence comparable to that accorded to Luther as translator of the Bible into the native German " . Allchin also mentions that the work Ramcharitmanas has been compared to not only the Ramayana of Valmiki , but the Vedas themselves , the Bhagavad Gita , the Kuran and the Bible . Ernest Wood in his work An Englishman Defends Mother India considered the Ramcharitmanas to be " superior to the best books of the Latin and Greek languages . " Tulsidas is also referred to as Bhaktaśiromaṇi , meaning the highest jewel among devotees .
Specifically about his poetry , Tulsidas has been called the " emperor of the metaphor " and one who excels in similes by several critics . The Hindi poet Ayodhyasingh Upadhyay ' Hariaudh ' said of Tulsidas –
The Hindi poetess Mahadevi Verma said commenting on Tulsidas that in the turbulent Middle Ages , India got light from Tulsidas . She further went on to say that the Indian society as it exists today is an edifice built by Tulsidas , and the Rama as we know today is the Rama of Tulsidas .
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= Non @-@ intervention in the Spanish Civil War =
During the Spanish Civil War , several countries followed a principle of non @-@ intervention , to avoid any potential escalation and possible expansion of the war to other nations , which would result in the signing of the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement in August 1936 and the setting up of the Non @-@ Intervention Committee , which first met in September . Primarily arranged by the French and British governments , important members of the committee also included the Soviet Union , Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany . Ultimately , the committee had the support of 24 nations .
A plan to control materials coming into the country was put forward in early 1937 , effectively subjecting the Spanish Republic to international isolation , but was mocked by German and Italian decisive and immediate support for the rebel faction . The subject of volunteers was also much discussed , with little result ; although agreements were signed late on in the war , these were made outside the Committee . Efforts to stem the flow of war materials to Spain were largely unsuccessful , with foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War proving instrumental to its outcome . Nazi Germany , Italy , and the Soviet Union consistently broke the agreement they had signed , France occasionally so . Britain remained largely faithful to it .
= = Non @-@ Intervention Agreement = =
Non @-@ intervention , and with it the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement , had been proposed in a joint diplomatic initiative by the governments of France and the United Kingdom . It was part of a policy of appeasement , aimed at preventing a proxy war – with Italy and Nazi Germany supporting Franco 's Nationalist Coalition right at the onset of the conflict and the Soviet Union supporting the Republican faction four months later – from escalating into a major pan @-@ European conflict .
On 3 August 1936 , Charles de Chambrun , French ambassador to Italy , presented the French government 's non @-@ intervention plan ; Galeazzo Ciano promised to study it . The British , however , accepted the plan in principle immediately . The following day , it was put to Konstantin von Neurath , the foreign minister of Nazi Germany by André François @-@ Poncet . The German position was that such a declaration was not needed , but discussions could be held on preventing the spread of the war to the rest of Europe , so long as the USSR was present . It was mentioned at the meeting of the French with Neurath that both countries were already supplying the parties in the war , France the Republicans and Germany the Nationalists . A similar approach was made by the French to the Soviet Union . On 6 August , Ciano confirmed Italian support in principle . Despite a Pravda claim that 12 @,@ 145 @,@ 000 roubles had already been sent by Russian workers to Spain , the Soviet government similarly agreed in principle , so long as Portugal was included , and so long as Germany and Italy stopped aid immediately .
On 7 August 1936 , France unilaterally declared non @-@ intervention . Draft declarations had been put to the German and Italian governments . Such a declaration had already been accepted by the United Kingdom , Belgium , the Netherlands , Poland , Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union , which renounced all traffic in war material , direct or indirect . The Portuguese Foreign Minister , Armindo Monteiro , was also asked to accept , but held his hand . An ultimatum was put to Yvon Delbos by the British : halt French exports to Spain , or Britain would not be obliged to act under the Treaty of Locarno if Germany invaded ; on 9 August , exports were duly suspended . However , collections for food , clothing and medical supplies to the Spanish Republicans continued . On 9 August , the Germans informed the British that ' no war materials had been sent from Germany and none will ' , which was blatantly false . During the blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar by the Spanish Republican Navy one German Junkers was captured when it came down in Republican territory , and explained as ' merely a transport aircraft ' . Its release would be required before Germany signed the Non @-@ Intervention Pact . Portugal accepted the pact on 13 August , unless her border was threatened by the war .
There was popular support in both countries for the plan , although whilst in the United Kingdom the socialist Labour Party was strongly in favour , the political left in France wanted to directly aid the Republicans . The Labour Party would reject non @-@ intervention in October 1937 . The British Trades Union Congress was split . A report called the ' Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Breaches of the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement in Spain ' was drawn up in London , sponsored by Comintern , and headed by respectable figures . Both the British and French governments were aware of the First World War . France was reliant on British support in general . Léon Blum , the French prime minister , believed that support for the Republic would have led to a fascist takeover in France and ultimately no change in Spain .
On 5 August 1936 , the United States had made it known that it would follow a policy of non @-@ intervention , but did not announce it officially . This isolationism on the Spanish war would later be identified as disastrous by Under @-@ Secretary of State Sumner Welles . Five days later , the Glenn L. Martin Company enquired whether the government would allow the sale of eight bombers to the Spanish Republican Air Force ; the response was negative . It also confirmed it would not take part in several mediation attempts , including one by the Organization of American States . Mexico soon became the first nation to openly support the Republicans . On 15 August , the United Kingdom banned exports of war material to Spain . Neurath also agreed to the pact , and suggested that volunteers ( many of whom would eventually form the International Brigades ) be included . Italy similarly agreed , signing on 21 August after a determined diplomatic offensive by Britain and France . Although a surprising reversal of views , it has been put down to the growing belief that countries could not abide by the agreement anyway . Admiral Raeder urged the German government either to back the Nationalists more completely , and bring Europe to the brink of war , or to abandon them . On the 24th , Germany signed .
The Soviet Union was keen not to be left out . On 23 August 1936 , it agreed to the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement , and this was followed by a decree from Stalin banning exports of war material to Spain , thereby bringing the USSR into line with the Western Powers . Soviet foreign policy considered collective security against German fascism a priority and the Comintern had agreed a similar approach in 1934 . It walked a thin line between pleasing France and not being seen to hinder the World revolution and communist ideals . This was also the time of the first significant trials of the Old Bolsheviks in Russia . Soviet press and opposition groups were entirely against non @-@ intervention ; Soviet actions could hardly have been further from the goal of spreading the revolution .
It was at this point that the Non @-@ Intervention Committee was created to uphold the agreement , but the double @-@ dealing of the USSR and Germany had already become apparent . It also removed the need for a declaration of neutrality ( which would have granted the Nationalists and Republicans control over neutrals in the areas they controlled ) , and had little legal standing . In Britain , part of the reasoning was based on an exaggerated belief in Germany 's and Italy 's preparedness for war .
= = Non @-@ Intervention Committee = =
The ostensible purpose of the Non @-@ Intervention Committee ( 1936 – 1939 ) was to prevent personnel and matériel reaching the warring parties of the Spanish Civil War , as with the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement .
The Committee first met in London on 9 September 1936 and was attended by representatives of solely European countries , and did not include Switzerland ( whose policy of neutrality prohibited even inter @-@ governmental action ) . It was chaired by the British W. S. Morrison . The meeting was concerned mostly with procedure only . Charles Corbin represented the French , Italy by Dino Grandi , and the Soviets by Ivan Maisky . Germany was represented by Ribbentrop ( with Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck as deputy ) but left the running to Grandi , although they found working with him difficult ; Portugal , whose presence had been a Soviet requirement , was not represented . There was little hope in the committee , since the British and French would have been aware of the continued shipment of arms to the Nationalists from Italy and Germany . Britain protested twice to the Italians , once in response to Italian aircraft landing in Majorca , the other pre @-@ emptively over any significant change in the Mediterranean . Stanley Baldwin , British prime minister , and Blum attempted to halt global exports to Spain , believing it in Europe 's best interests . Soviet aid to the Republic was threatened in the Committee . It began once it was clear the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement was not preventing Italian and German aid to the Nationalists .
The second meeting took place on 14 September 1936 . It established a subcommittee to be attended by representatives of Belgium , Britain , Czechoslovakia , France , Germany , Italy , the Soviet Union and Sweden , to deal with the day @-@ to @-@ day running of non @-@ intervention . Among them , though , the United Kingdom , France , Germany and Italy dominated , perhaps worryingly so . Soviet non @-@ military aid was revived , but not military aid . Meanwhile , the 1936 meeting of the League of Nations began , beset not only with the Spanish problem , but also with the review of the Abyssinia Crisis . It was much weakened , but still spoke out in favour of worldwide peace . There , Anthony Eden convinced Monteiro to have Portugal join the Non @-@ Intervention Committee . Álvarez del Vayo spoke out against the Non @-@ Intervention Agreement , claiming it put the rebel Nationalists on the same footing as the Republican government ; that as the official government , the Republic had the right to buy arms . On 28 September , Portugal was represented on the Committee for the first time ; the Earl of Plymouth replaced W.S. Morrison as British representative . Conservative , he often adjourned meetings – to the benefit of the Italians and Germans – and the Committee was accused of an anti @-@ Soviet bias . In Geneva , Maxim Litvinov once again confirmed Soviet support , based on the suggestion it would avoid war . However , the Soviet government remained hostile to the idea , and supported Álvarez 's view that non @-@ intervention was illegal .
On 12 November 1936 , significant changes were put in place to the functioning of the committee , with the ratification of plans to post observers to Spanish frontiers and ports to prevent breaches of the agreement . This had been delayed by Italian and German demands that air transport be included , which was perhaps a delaying tactic given the impossibility to doing so effectively . Russian military aid now being transported to Spain did not go unnoticed . France and Britain became split on whether to recognise Franco 's forces as a belligerent as the British wanted , or to fail to do as the French wanted . On 18 November , this was subsumed by the news that the Italian and German governments had recognised the Nationalists as the true government of Spain . A British bill preventing exports of arms to Spain by British ships from anywhere was signed . Yvon Delbos requested mediation ; at the same time , the Republic appealed to the Council of the League of Nations for assistance . Franklin Roosevelt , also approached , ruled out US interference with the words ' [ there should be ] no expectation that the United States would ever again send troops or warships or floods of munitions and money to Europe ' . On 4 December , France and Britain approached Italy , Germany , Russia and Portugal to request mediation . An armistice would be called , a commission sent to Spain , and , after a plebiscite , a government featuring those uninvolved in the war ( such as Salvador de Madariaga ) would be established . The considerable number of German soldiers in Spain – at least 5 @,@ 000 – was now clear , but Italy and Germany were opposed to isolated discussion of the matter .
On 10 December 1936 , Álvarez put the Republic 's case to the League of Nations , further demanding that the League condemn Italy 's and Germany 's decision to recognise the Nationalists . He pointed to the risk of the Spanish war spreading , and suggested that the Non @-@ Intervention Committee was ineffective . This charge was denied by Lord Cranborne and Édouard Viénot , the British and French representatives respectively , who appealed to the League to endorse the mediation plan . The League condemned intervention , urged its council 's members to support non @-@ intervention , and commended mediation . It then closed discussion on Spain , leaving it to the Committee . The mediation plan , however , was soon dropped . Britain and France continued to consider , and put forward , plans to prevent foreign volunteers , outside of the Committee .
On 6 January 1937 , the first opportunity after the winter break , both houses of Congress in the United States passed a resolution banning the export of arms to Spain . Those in opposition to the bill , including American socialists , communists and many liberals , suggested that the export of arms to Germany and Italy should be halted also under the Neutrality Act of 1935 , since foreign intervention constituted a state of war in Spain . Cordell Hull , continued to doubt the extent of German and Italian operations , despite evidence to the contrary . The Soviets met the request to ban volunteers on 27 December , Portugal on 5 January , and Germany and Italy on 7 January . Adolf Hitler authored the German declaration . On 10 January , a further request that volunteering be made a crime was made by Britain and France to Germany . There continued Germany uneasiness about the scale , limitations and outcomes of intervention in Spain . On 20 January , Italy put a moratorium on volunteers , and on the 25 January Germany and Italy agreed to support limitations to prevent volunteers , believing that supplies to the Nationalists were now sufficient . In that meeting , both the Germans and Italian spoke as if their men in Spain were genuine volunteers . The Spanish Civil War ( Non @-@ Intervention ) Act , 1937 was signed into law on 24 February by the Irish , and provided penalties for exporters of war material , and for service in the military forces of a belligerent , and restricted travel to Spain . Soviet war aid continued to reach Spain through the Mediterranean . However , Britain , France , Germany , Italy and Russia continued to believe a European war was not in their best interests ; non @-@ intervention , however , would have left both sides with the possibility of defeat , which Germany , Italy and Russia in particular were keen to avoid .
= = = Control plan = = =
Observers were posted to Spanish ports and borders , and both Ribbentrop and Grandi were told to agree to the plan , significant shipments already having taken place . Portugal would not accept observers , although it did agree to personnel attached to the British Embassy in Lisbon . The cost of the scheme was put at £ 898 @,@ 000 ; Britain , France , Germany , Italy and Russia would each pay 16 % ; the other 20 % would be met by the other 22 countries . Zones of patrol were assigned to each of the four nations ; an International Board was set up to administer the scheme . The setting up of the scheme took until April . For the Republicans , this seemed like adding insult to injury – the wholesale transfer of arms to the Nationalists would now be policed by the very countries supplying them . Despite accusations that 60 @,@ 000 Italians were now in Spain , and Grandi 's announcement that he hoped no Italian volunteer would leave until the war was over , the German delegation appears to have hoped the control plan was effective . There were Italian assurances that Italy would not break up non @-@ intervention .
In May 1937 , the Committee noted two attacks on the patrol 's ships in the Balearic islands by Spanish Republican Air Force aircraft , the first on the Italian cruiser Barletta and the second on German pocket battleship Deutschland . It iterated calls for the withdrawal of volunteers from Spain , condemned the bombing of open towns , and showed approval of humanitarian work . Germany and Italy said they would withdrawn from the Committee , and from the patrols , unless it could be guaranteed there would be no further attacks . Early June saw the return of Germany and Italy to the committee and patrols . Italian reticence of operations in Spain , however , was dropped . By contrast , it continued to be a crime in Germany to mention German operations . Following attacks ( attributed to Republicans by Germany , but denied ) on the German cruiser Leipzig on 15 and 18 June , Germany and Italy once again withdrew from patrols , but not from the Committee . This prompted the Portuguese government to remove British observers on the Spain – Portugal border .
Discussions about patrols remained complicated . Britain and France offered to replace Germany and Italy in patrols of their sections , but the latter powers believed these patrols would be too partial . Germany and Italy requested that land controls be kept , and belligerent rights be given to the Nationalists , so that rights of search could be used by both the Republicans and Nationalists to replace naval patrols . The French considered abandoning border controls , or perhaps leaving non @-@ intervention . However , the French were reliant on the British , who wished to continue with patrols . Britain and France thus continued to labour over non @-@ intervention ; whilst they judged it effective , some 42 ships were estimated to have escaped inspection between April and the end of July . The air route had not been covered . The Nationalists ' debt to Germany reached 150 million Reichmarks . On 9 July , the Dutch Ambassador suggested that Britain draft a compromise . Lord Plymouth did , called the ' compromise plan for the control of non @-@ intervention ' . Naval patrols would be replaced by observers in ports and ships , land control measures would be resumed . Belligerent rights would only be granted when substantial progress was made on volunteer withdrawal . The French were furious , considering that Britain was moving towards Germany and Italy . Grandi demanded the discussion of belligerent rights before volunteer rights ; Maisky insisted that volunteers be discussed first .
= = = Conference of Nyon and onwards = = =
It culminated in a period during 1937 when all the powers where prepared to give up on non @-@ intervention . Ciano complained to his government that Italian forces in Italy were ready but not being used ; the Soviet Union was not prepared to discuss belligerent rights ; Delbos was considering proposing mediation by Roosevelt and the Pope , whilst simultaneously preparing French war plans ; Britain 's new Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , saw securing a friendship with the Italian Benito Mussolini as a top priority . Eden confided he wished Franco to win , so Italian and Germany involvement would be scaled back ; Chamberlain considered Spain a troublesome complication to be forgotten . By the end of July 1937 , the Committee was in deadlock , and the aims of a successful outcome to the Spanish Civil War was looking unlikely . Unrestricted Italian submarine warfare began on 12 August . The British Admiralty believed that a significant control effort was the best solution , of four which were put forward , in response to attacks on British shipping . On 27 August it was decided by the Committee that naval patrols did not justify their expense and would be replaced , as planned , with observers at ports .
The Conference of Nyon was arranged in September 1937 for all parties with a Mediterranean coastline by the British , despite appeals by Italy and Germany that the Committee handle the piracy and other issues the conference was to discuss . It decided that French and British fleets patrol the areas of sea west of Malta , and attack any suspicious submarines . Warships that attacked neutral shipping would be attacked . On 18 September , Juan Negrín requested that the League of Nations ' Political Committee examine Spain . He also demanded an end to non intervention . Eden claimed that non @-@ intervention had stopped European war . The League did report on the Spanish situation , noting the ' failure of non @-@ intervention ' . On 6 November , the Committee met once again , with the plan to recognise the Nationalists as belligerents once significant progress had been made was finally accepted , down in part to Eden 's patience . The Nationalists accepted on 20 November , the Republicans on 1 December . The former suggested 3 @,@ 000 would be a reasonable number ; this was , in reality the number of sick and unreliable Italians Franco wished to withdraw . This was countered by British suggestions fifteen or twenty thousand might be enough . These talks were subsumed by bilateral Anglo @-@ Italian discussions . In trying to protect non @-@ intervention in the Anglo @-@ Italian meetings , which he grudgingly did , Eden would end up resigning from his post in the Foreign Office . On 17 March 1938 , France reopened the border to arms traffic to the now weakened Republic . Between mid @-@ April and mid @-@ June , 21 British seamen were killed by attacks on British shipping in Spanish waters , as well as several Non @-@ Intervention Committee observers .
On 27 June , Maisky agreed to the sending of two commissions to Spain , to enumerate foreign volunteer forces , and to bring about their withdraw . It was estimated to cost £ 1 @,@ 750 @,@ 000 to £ 2 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 , borne by member countries of the Committee . The Nationalists wished to prevent the fall of the favourable Chamberlain government in the United Kingdom , and so were seen to accept the plan . With much bemoaning , the Republicans also accepted the plan . The Nationalists demanded belligerent rights first , then withdrawals of 10 @,@ 000 from each side after , which amounted to a rejection of the plan . Following the Munich Agreement – judged by Chamberlain to have been a success – Britain would host similar mediation in Spain . Negrín would propose the removal of the International Brigades , a majority of whom were now Spaniards , at the last meeting of the League of Nations , thereby showing his contempt for the Non @-@ Intervention Committee . Similarly , Italians would leave Spain under the Anglo @-@ Italian agreement , not through the Committee .
Britain and France recognised the Nationalist government on 27 February 1939 . Clement Attlee criticised the way it had been agreed , calling it ' a gross betrayal ... two and a half years of hypocritical pretence of non @-@ intervention ' .
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= Simca Vedette =
The Simca Vedette is a large car , manufactured from 1954 to 1961 by the French automaker Simca , at their factory in Poissy , France . It was marketed with different model names according to trim and equipment levels . The Vedette was Simca 's largest model at that time and it spawned a more economical version , the Simca Ariane .
Simca acquired the Poissy factory from Ford France ( Ford Société Anonyme Française , the French subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company ) , along with the model line , in 1954 . The Vedette was therefore initially still marketed as the Ford Vedette .
The Vedette was manufactured in Poissy until 1961 and the Ariane until 1963 . After that , production continued in Brazil , where the Vedette finally evolved into the Simca Esplanada , following Simca 's takeover by Chrysler .
= = Origins and launch = =
In the early 1950s , Henri Théodore Pigozzi was looking to expand the manufacturing operations of his Simca company , which was enjoying much success at the time , thanks to the popular Aronde . At the same time , Ford was seeking to divest itself of its French subsidiary , Ford SAF , which had a factory in Poissy , close to Paris , where it had been manufacturing a large car called the Ford Vedette . The Poissy plant was large and there was capacity for further expansion . The Vedette was a larger car than anything that Simca had on offer at that time . These points attracted Pigozzi , who decided to take over the entire factory , along with the rights to the cars manufactured there .
The cars appeared at the Paris Motor Show in October 1954 on the Ford France stand , but there was no mention of the Ford name on the covers of the brochures offered to potential customers . The name " Ford " appeared just once , in very small print , on the final page , presumably in order to avoid confusing customers who would be expected to call the cars " Simcas " from 1 December 1954 , the date set for the formal hand @-@ over of the business . In export markets the name change was less immediate , and even in adjacent Belgium , in January 1955 at the Brussels Motor Show the cars were still appearing on the stand of the Belgian Ford importer , sharing the space with models imported from Ford of Britain .
= = First generation = =
The acquisition by Pigozzi took place in July 1954 , just when Ford was poised to launch its new , modern Vedette , with a four @-@ door saloon body of " American " style , much like the contemporary British Fords or Vauxhalls . The car was powered by an unusually small 2351 cc sidevalve V8 engine called Aquillon in France , derived from Ford 's Flathead engine family , whose displacement positioned the car into the " 13 CV " French tax class . Equipped with a two @-@ barrel Zenith @-@ Stromberg 32NX carburetor , it produced 75 to 84 hp ( 56 to 63 kW ) . Power was transferred to the rear live axle through a three @-@ speed manual transmission with column shift . The Vedette had independent front suspension ( by MacPherson struts ) and drum brakes on all four wheels .
As with the Aronde , Simca marketed different trim levels of the Vedette under different model names , this time with references to the grand period of baroque in French history . The basic version was called the Simca Vedette Trianon , the mid @-@ level was the Simca Vedette Versailles and , at the top of the range , the Simca Vedette Régence . An option on all versions was a large glass moonroof that slid into the roof , called Vistadome The Vedette range was still marketed under the Ford brand in some markets , including the Netherlands and Germany , until 1956 . As the new model caught on , Simca was able to increase production from the 150 daily achieved during Ford 's ownership of the factory to 250 cars a day .
Pigozzi maintained a schedule of year @-@ to @-@ year model revisions , much like US manufacturers . For 1956 , an estate version called the Simca Vedette Marly joined the line @-@ up and the whole range was revised . A new license plate holder was added to the front bumper and the rear license plate now concealed the fuel tank filler . A peculiar addition was a pedal @-@ operated windscreen washer , while other more ordinary changes included a second odometer , also known as a ' trip meter ' , for measuring partial distances . The Versailles and Régence were made even more comfortable with the addition of central armrests ( Versailles in the rear only , Régence in front and rear ) , while the Trianon was simplified , losing bumper guards and chrome windscreen decor . In 1957 , an option of the Gravina automatic clutch was added , along with better brakes and more direct steering . The Trianon regained the chrome decor around the windscreen , while the other models acquired slimmer tail lights and the front ornament was replaced with a new design . Fender @-@ mounted V8 badges were introduced but , although the whole range featured the same V8 engine , the new badges appeared on the fenders of only the Régence and Marly .
= = = Production figures = = =
1955 – 42 @,@ 439
1956 – 44 @,@ 836
1957 – 17 @,@ 875
= = Second generation = =
After three years in production , the Vedettes were given new names and a new , elongated body , with a more ornate front end and large tailfins , making the cars even more American @-@ looking than before . This was part of a styling trend shown by most large European cars of that period , which were , to some extent , inspired by American styling , as tailfins appeared on Peugeots , Fiats , BMC models ( Pinin Farina @-@ styled ) , Fords and even Mercedes @-@ Benz cars of that era . The engine was uprated to 84 hp ( 63 kW ) ( now called Aquillon 84 ) but the fiscal qualification of the car remained unchanged . Using the new body , the Versailles was replaced by Simca Vedette Beaulieu and the Régence by the Chambord , while the estate retained the Vedette Marly name .
The three @-@ year @-@ old body of the previous Vedette nevertheless continued in production but it lost its V8 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre engine . In April 1957 , fitted with the 1 @.@ 3 L Aronde engine , the old body now clothed a new model in the Simca range , the Simca Ariane . Later , in October 1957 , a V8 version of the old bodied car , with the Aquillon 84 engine , and badged as the Ariane 8 , joined the range , replacing the Trianon .
1959 brought a new option , the Rush @-@ Matic automatic transmission , which featured two modes : Rush ( fully automatic ) and Road ( manual gear selection ) . The same year , assembly of the Vedette started at Simca do Brasil . Also during 1959 , a new top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line model joined the Vedette range , the Présidence , featuring a luxurious interior , a radiotelephone ( a European first ) and a continental kit . French coachbuilder Chapron built two 2 @-@ door Présidence convertibles for a governor of one of the French colonies . Chapron had another order the next year , to build two four @-@ door convertibles for the French President Charles de Gaulle . The Beaulieu was dropped in autumn 1960 , but the other models remained unchanged until the 1961 model year , when they received new seats , new chrome decor , and the engine was fitted with a new anti @-@ vibration crankshaft .
French production of the V8 @-@ engined cars ended in the summer of 1961 , by when 173 @,@ 288 had been produced , although a Simca Chambord was exhibited at the Paris Motor Show in October of that year , suggesting that Simca still had some stock of the cars to clear . The small @-@ engined 4 @-@ cylinder Ariane , of which 166 @,@ 363 were produced , survived until 1963 .
The model was continued for longer in Brazil , where it was marketed with the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre V8 under a variety of names like " Tufão " , " Jangada " , and " EmiSul " . It was eventually replaced by a version with new sheetmetal , called the Simca Esplanada .
= = = Production figures = = =
1958 – 28 @,@ 142
1959 – 15 @,@ 966
1960 – 13 @,@ 914
1961 – 3 @,@ 813
= = = Models ( Brazilian market ) = = =
Chambord - 42 @.@ 910
Présidence - 848
Rallye - 3 @.@ 992
Jangada - 2 @.@ 705
Alvorada - 378
Total : 50 @.@ 833
= = = Australian production = = =
Following an announcement in July 1959 that it would assemble and market Simca models in Australia , Chrysler Australia produced the Vedette Beaulieu through to 1962 , using both fully imported and locally sourced components .
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= Cutzinas =
Cutzinas or Koutzinas ( Greek : Κουτζίνας ) was a Berber tribal leader who played a major role in the wars of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire against the Berber tribes in Africa in the middle of the 6th century , fighting both against and for the Byzantines . A staunch Byzantine ally during the latter stages of the Berber rebellion , he remained an imperial vassal until his murder in 563 by the new Byzantine governor .
= = Life = =
Cutzinas was of mixed stock : his father was a Berber , while his mother came from the Romanized population of North Africa . Following the reconquest of North Africa by the East Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire in the Vandalic War ( 533 – 534 ) , several uprisings by the native Berber tribes occurred in the North African provinces . Cutzinas is mentioned by the eyewitness historian Procopius of Caesarea as one of the leaders of the rebellion in the province of Byzacena , alongside Esdilasas , Medisinissas and Iourphouthes . In spring 535 , however , the rebels were defeated by the Byzantine military commander Solomon in the battles of Mammes and Mount Bourgaon , and Cutzinas was forced to flee west to Mount Aurasium in Numidia , where he sought the protection of the local Berber ruler , Iaudas .
Cutzinas disappears from the record until 544 , by which time , according to the epic poem Iohannis of the Roman African writer Flavius Cresconius Corippus , he was an ally of the Byzantines and a friend of Solomon . In that year , the Berber rebellion , suppressed by Solomon after his pacification of the tribes of Mount Aurasium in 540 , flared up again in Tripolitania and quickly spread to Byzacena , where the Berbers rose up under the leadership of Antalas . This time , Cutzinas opposed the revolt , and brought his own people , the " Mastraciani " ( the reading of the name is uncertain ) on the side of the Byzantine military .
In 544 , Solomon was killed in battle , and over the next year the Byzantine position in Africa crumbled before the rebels . In late 545 , Cutzinas and Iaudas joined Antalas in a march against Carthage , the capital and main stronghold of the Byzantine government in Africa . Cutzinas secretly agreed with the Byzantine governor , Areobindus , to betray Antalas , when battle was joined ; Areobindus , however , revealed this to Guntharis , a Byzantine commander who was in turn in contact with Antalas and planned to betray Areobindus himself . To gain time to prepare , Guntharis advised Areobindus to take Cutzinas ' children hostage ; in the event Guntharis launched an uprising in Carthage which the thoroughly unwarlike Areobindus failed to suppress , resulting in his execution and the usurpation of the governorship by Guntharis . After his plans were revealed by Guntharis to Antalas , Cutzinas changed sides once more and allied himself with Guntharis , giving his mother and son as hostages . Along with the Armenian commander Artabanes , he was sent to pursue Antalas , scoring a victory over the rebel forces near Hadrumetum .
In winter 546 / 7 , when the new Byzantine governor and commander @-@ in @-@ chief , John Troglita , arrived in Africa , Cutzinas and his followers joined him , and participated in the expedition that saw the defeat and submission of Antalas . Shortly after , Cutzinas received the supreme Roman military rank of magister militum from Troglita . In the summer of 547 Cutzinas accompanied Troglita in his campaign against the Tripolitanian tribes under Carcasan . Before the Battle of Marta he advocated attacking the rebel forces , but the Byzantine army was heavily defeated by Carcasan and Antalas , who had once more risen in revolt . In the same winter , Cutzinas quarreled with another pro @-@ Byzantine Berber leader , Ifisdaias . Their dispute threatened to spill over into open armed conflict , but the intervention of Troglita prevented this and the official John effected a reconciliation between the two .
In spring 548 , he participated once more in Troglita 's campaign , according to Corippus at the head of no less than 30 @,@ 000 men , divided into units a thousand strong under a Berber dux each . This number possibly also includes Byzantine troops placed under Cutzinas ' command as well . During the campaign , Cutzinas and the other Berber leaders were crucial in suppressing a near @-@ mutiny of the Byzantine troops due to Antalas ' scorched earth strategy . The Berbers ' steadfast support enabled Troglita to overcome the crisis and lead his army against the forces of Carcasan and Antalas . Cutzinas fought in the ensuing Battle of the Fields of Cato , which was a decisive Byzantine victory : Carcasan fell , and the Berber revolt was crushed as Antalas and the surviving leaders submitted to Troglita .
After this , Cutzinas remained as a vassal chieftain , receiving regular pay from the Byzantine authorities . In January 563 , however , the new prefect of Africa , John Rogathinus , refused to hand over the money and had Cutzinas murdered , prompting an uprising from the latter 's children .
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= David Greenglass =
David Greenglass ( March 2 , 1922 – July 1 , 2014 ) was an atomic spy for the Soviet Union who worked on the Manhattan Project . He was briefly stationed at the Clinton Engineer Works uranium enrichment facility at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , and then worked at the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico from August 1944 until February 1946 . He provided testimony that helped convict his sister and brother @-@ in @-@ law Ethel and Julius Rosenberg , who were executed for their spying activity . Greenglass served nine and half years in prison .
= = Early life and career = =
Greenglass was born in 1922 in the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City . His parents , Barnet and Tessie , were Jewish immigrants from Russia and Austria , respectively . He attended Haaren High School , and graduated in 1940 . He attended Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute but did not graduate .
Greenglass married Ruth Printz in 1942 , when she was 18 years old . The two joined the Young Communist League shortly before Greenglass entered the U.S. Army in April 1943 . They had a son and a daughter . He worked as a machinist at Fort Ord , California , and then at the Mississippi Ordnance Plant in Jackson , Mississippi . In July 1944 , Greenglass was assigned to the secret Manhattan Project , the wartime project to develop the first atomic weapons . He was first stationed at the Clinton Engineer Works uranium enrichment facility at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , but was there for less than two weeks . In August 1944 he was sent to the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico . In order to pass his security clearance , he disguised or omitted details of his communist associations , and had friends write glowing references .
Julius Rosenberg , who had married Greenglass ' sister , Ethel , in 1939 , had become an agent for the Soviet Union ( USSR ) , working under Alexander Feklisov . In September 1944 , Rosenberg suggested to Feklisov that he should consider recruiting his brother @-@ in @-@ law , David Greenglass , and his wife . On September , 21 , 1944 , Feklisov reported to Moscow : " They are young , intelligent , capable , and politically developed people , strongly believing in the cause of communism and wishing to do their best to help our country as much as possible . They are undoubtedly devoted to us ( the Soviet Union ) . " David wrote to his wife : " My darling , I most certainly will be glad to be part of the community project ( espionage ) that Julius and his friends ( the Russians ) have in mind . "
After Julius Rosenberg recommended his sister @-@ in @-@ law Ruth Greenglass to his NKVD superiors for the use of her apartment as a safe house for photography , the NKVD realized that David was working on the Manhattan Project . He was then recruited into Soviet espionage by Ruth at Rosenberg 's behest in November 1944 . Greenglass began to pass nuclear secrets to the USSR via the courier Harry Gold , and more directly with a Soviet official in New York City . According to the Venona project intercepts decrypted by the National Security Agency between 1944 and some time in the 1970s , Greenglass and his wife Ruth were given code names . David was codenamed " KALIBR " ( " calibre " ) and Ruth " OSA " ( " wasp " ) . Greenglass turned down requests from the Los Alamos Laboratory ( and Rosenberg ) to work on the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atol because he wanted to be with Ruth . He was honorably discharged from the Army on February 29 , 1946 . Greenglass returned to Manhattan , where , with his brother Bernie , and Julius Rosenberg , he ran a small machine shop known as G & R Engineering .
On February 14 , 1950 , Ruth , who was pregnant with their second child , came too close to the gas heater in their Lower East Side apartment , and her nightgown caught on fire . Greenglass extinguished the blaze , but she suffered severe burns . She was taken to Gouverneur Hospital for skin grafts . He suffered second degree burns to his right hand . He was already aware that the UK and US intelligence agencies had discovered that a Los Alamos theoretical physicist , Klaus Fuchs , had spied for the USSR during the war . Through Fuchs ' confession , they found that one of his American contacts had been a man named Harry Gold from Brooklyn , New York . Gold had passed Fuchs ' information on to a Soviet agent , performing the role of courier , and Anatoli Yakovlev would then pass the information on to his controllers in the USSR . Through Gold , the FBI 's trail led to Greenglass and the Rosenbergs , who had allegedly also used Gold as a courier . When Fuchs was first captured , Julius allegedly gave the Greenglasses $ 5 @,@ 000 to finance an escape to Mexico . Instead , they went to the Catskills and used the money to seek legal advice .
= = Trial and aftermath = =
David Greenglass was arrested by the FBI for espionage in June 1950 and quickly implicated Julius Rosenberg . He explicitly denied his sister Ethel 's involvement when he testified before a grand jury testimony in August 1950 . In February 1951 , weeks before the trial , he changed his testimony to claim that Ethel had typed up his notes . He testified against his sister and her husband in court in 1951 as part of an immunity agreement . In exchange for that testimony , the government allowed Ruth to stay with their two children . She was named a co @-@ conspirator , but was never indicted . Greenglass told the court , " I had a kind of hero worship there with Julius Rosenberg and I did not want my hero to fail ... "
During subsequent testimony in 1951 , Greenglass related in detail the secrets he passed on to the Soviet Union . He falsely attributed passing the cross @-@ section drawing of the Atom Bomb to the Soviets to Julius and he also acknowledged passing other sketches through Gold . He described his work on the molds into which were poured the component of the explosive lenses of the Fat Man bombs used for the Trinity nuclear test and in the bombing of Nagasaki . At first this was a matter of difficulty for the prosecution , who wanted Greenglass to testify in open court about the secrets he had given — something which would by definition make them no longer " secret " .
The Atomic Energy Commission decided that the implosion concept could be declassified for the trial , and limited all discussion to the weapons used in World War II ( fearing that Greenglass may have seen prototypes for future weapons while at Los Alamos ) . As a result of a surprise defense motion that all testimony about the alleged " secret of the atomic bomb " be impounded , Federal Judge Irving Kaufman at first made all spectators and news reporters leave the room when Greenglass began testifying about his " secrets " .
Ten minutes later , Judge Kaufman invited the news reporters back in , asking them to use their discretion in reporting on Greenglass 's testimony . The Rosenberg 's defense attorney , Emanuel H. Bloch , attempted to convince the jury that his clients were concerned about issues of national security , but failed . Greenglass ' testimony , later seen to be crude and in the words of many scientists who examined it " worthless " , remained sealed until 1966 . He also testified that Rosenberg had stolen and given to the Russians a proximity fuze .
However , Aleksander Feklisov also claimed that Julius Rosenberg supplied him with a whole proximity fuze , which would corroborate at least this part of Greenglass ' testimony . During the trial , Bloch claimed Greenglass wanted revenge for the machine shop business failure . Bloch attempted to discredit Greenglass ' character and testimony . At Greenglass ' sentencing hearing , his attorney O. John Rogge repeatedly told the court his client deserved " a pat on the back " for his testimony and argued that a light sentence , no more than five years , would encourage others to follow his example . Greenglass was sentenced to 15 years in prison . He was released after nine and a half years and reunited with his wife .
In March 1953 , three months before the Rosenbergs ' executions , he wrote a letter for his attorney to deliver to President Eisenhower asking for their sentences to be commuted to prison terms so that they would have an opportunity to confess . He wrote : " if these two die , I shall live the rest of my life with a very dark shadow on my conscience " . He described his own testimony as " an act of contrition for the wrong I had done my country , my family and myself " and explained how he now viewed its consequences : " Here I had to take the choice of hurting someone dear to me , and I took it deliberately . I could not believe that this would be the outcome . May God in His mercy change that awful sentence . " That same month he admitted he had stolen a few ounces of uranium @-@ 238 from a bomb laboratory at Los Alamos years before and had tossed it into the East River in 1950 after he first denied having stolen it .
= = Later years = =
After his release in 1960 , Greenglass and his family lived in New York City under an assumed name . For some years they lived at 130 – 73 228th Street in Laurelton , Queens , New York . In 1996 , Greenglass recanted his sworn testimony in an interview with The New York Times reporter Sam Roberts and stated he had lied under oath about the extent of his sister 's involvement in the spying plot in order to protect his wife . At the trial , Greenglass had testified that Ethel Rosenberg typed his notes to give to the Russians , though he now intimated that Ruth had done the typing , saying “ I frankly think my wife did the typing , but I don 't remember . ” Greenglass explained , " My wife is more important to me than my sister . Or my mother or my father , O.K. ? And she was the mother of my children . " When Roberts asked Greenglass if he would have done anything differently , he replied , " Never . " The role of Ethel Rosenberg in her husband 's espionage ring remains a matter of dispute .
In 2008 , when a group of academic historians sought the release of the transcripts of the grand jury proceedings that indicted the Rosenbergs , Greenglass objected to the government 's release of his testimony . U.S. District Judge Alvin Hellerstein declined to order the release of the testimony of Greenglass and other surviving witnesses who withheld their consent or could not be located . The grand jury testimony was finally released in July 2015 . Greenglass never mentioned involvement by his sister in Rosenberg 's delivery of atomic secrets to the Russians .
Greenglass died on July 1 , 2014 . His death was not publicly announced by his family and was only discovered on October 14 , 2014 , when The New York Times called the nursing home where he had been living under an assumed name .
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= Pork and Beans ( song ) =
" Pork and Beans " is a song by the American alternative rock band Weezer , released on the group 's 2008 self @-@ titled album Weezer . It was released in digital form on April 24 , 2008 . The track debuted at number 19 on Billboard 's Modern Rock chart , and spent eleven weeks at number one . The song charted in many countries such as Canada , Ireland and the United Kingdom as well as the United States .
A music video of the song , which incorporated many YouTube celebrities and memes with the band , was premiered first on YouTube and was one of the most popular videos in the weeks following its release . The video won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards .
= = Writing and inspiration = =
Rivers Cuomo , lead singer and guitarist for Weezer , wrote the song in reaction to a meeting with Geffen executives , who told the band members that they needed to record more commercial material . Cuomo remarked , " I came out of it pretty angry . But ironically , it inspired me to write another song . " Jacknife Lee produced the track with the band in early 2008 in what was the third and final recording session for the album . The many references to popular culture in the song are said to be a " statement of defiance " according to Internet reviewer David Ritter , who later describes it to be an " anti @-@ anthem anthem " that opens up a " broad space for critical exploration of what it means to be an aging band in the major label system " .
= = Composition = =
According to the director of the video for " Pork and Beans " , the song is about " the idea of being yourself , of being happy with who you are " . In the album notes , Cuomo compares this to Timbaland 's music , " It actually sounds like a Timbaland kind of production ; he has little baby crying type of sounds . " A reference is also made to Timbaland in the second verse with the line " Timbaland knows the way to reach the top of the chart " . The song similarly refers to items such as Rogaine and Oakley sunglasses .
= = Reception = =
The song has been generally well received by critics . Many reviewers were pleased with what they saw as a return @-@ to @-@ form sound reminiscent of the The Blue Album ( 1994 ) and Pinkerton ( 1996 ) albums . Pitchfork Media writer Marc Hogan gave the song a positive review and described the song as , " a catchy , self @-@ referential rocker , with the buzzsaw guitars and big choruses of Weezer 's glory days , and that familiar , self @-@ assured lameness . " Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly also gave the song a positive review , " That chunka @-@ chunka guitar hook is pure [ Weezer ] gold , so much so that I didn 't focus on Rivers Cuomo 's very clever lyrics at first . " Stereogum was also impressed with the song stating it was a " sweet , savory dose of self @-@ referential , self @-@ deprecating Weezer rock ... This stuff sounds very familiar in a good , good way . " NME described the song as having " [ Cuomo 's ] best chorus in ages " . However , Internet reviewer David Ritter speculated that the song was either " voided by the wholesale capitulation involved in going home and writing said commercial material " or " a calculated attempt to boost record sales by wrapping faux @-@ defiance in pretty paper , " going on to compliment its " Scorcho @-@ y acoustic guitar , " he then said that this , along with the " keyboard twinkles " and " squeals and squeaks " , has little effect on the song and that they barely register on top of the much more noticeable lead vocals and power chords .
In terms of chart performance , " Pork and Beans " is one of Weezer 's most successful singles in its 16 @-@ year career . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks charts in only its third week on the charts . It became its ninth Top 10 hit on this chart and third number one overall and spent 11 weeks at number one , making it one of only 17 songs to ever sit at number one on that particular chart for 10 weeks or longer and one of three songs to have spent 11 weeks at number one . It also represented its fastest rising single ever , reaching number one after a mere 11 days after release . It debuted at number 39 on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , where it is peaked at number 25 and debuted in the Billboard Hot 100 at number 84 with 17 @,@ 000 downloads of the song on iTunes and peaked at number 64 . " Pork and Beans " was voted number one on Toronto radio station 102 @.@ 1 the Edge 's list of Top 102 Songs of 2008 . This song was number 30 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008 .
The song was featured in the 2009 film trailers for Yes Man and Whip It ! , and is a playable downloadable song for the Rock Band video game series . It is also a featured song in Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party 3 and in the Spill.com podcast " The League of Extremely Ordinary Gentlemen "
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Pork and Beans " was directed by Mathew Cullen of the video production company Motion Theory and was first released on YouTube by the band on May 23 , 2008 . The video features many internet phenomena . Many YouTube celebrities joined with the band to film in the video , including Mark Allen Hicks ( the " Afro Ninja " ) , Gary Brolsma , Tay Zonday , Chris Crocker , Caitlin Upton , Liam Kyle " Kelly " Sullivan , Kicesie , Ryan Wieber , Michael " Dorkman " Scott , Judson Laipply , and Fritz Grobe and Stephen Voltz performing Diet Coke and Mentos eruptions . In addition , the video references other YouTube personalities such as Kevin Federline and Lim Jeong @-@ hyun . Other internet memes mimicked in the video include the Dramatic Chipmunk and Mini Moni , parodies of G.I. Joe public service announcements , catching Raybans with one 's face , " All Your Base Are Belong to Us " , the Dancing Banana , " Will It Blend ? " , the Soulja Boy dance , " Daft Hands " and " Daft Bodies " , the Sneezing Panda , Charlie the Unicorn , the Dancing Baby along with poorly done CGI versions of Donald Duck and King Kong , and the hoax UFO sighting in Haiti . Dan Dzoan , former world record holder for solving a Rubik 's Cube with one hand in 17 @.@ 90 seconds , was present for the shooting but does not appear in the video , though there are Rubik 's Cubes in the video , and Dan is present in another video posted by Weezer to YouTube . Neil Cicierega 's Potter Puppet Pals were slated to be in the video but were left out due to problems with shipments of props . A mock @-@ up of the Dumbledore puppet can be seen in the video nonetheless .
The video shares some thematic similarities with the music video for the Barenaked Ladies single " Sound of Your Voice " , which also featured multiple YouTube celebrities . According to Cullen , the video was to be a " celebration of that creativity " , an idea that went over well with the members of the band . In contrast to an earlier South Park episode , " Canada on Strike " which parodied the YouTube celebrities , Cullen wanted to embrace the concept of " about being happy with who you are " . Cullen hopes that the video will be " a living thing on the Internet " ; as the video itself was a mash @-@ up of Weezer 's favorite stuff , Cullen hopes others will use the video to create their own mash @-@ ups . The YouTube celebrities were flown into Los Angeles , California to work with the band for the four @-@ day shooting of the video . The video , which quickly became popular , reached more than four million viewers in its first week and was that week 's most @-@ watched video . It was the most popular video of the month in June , reaching 7 @.@ 3 million views by June 16 , 2008 . It was nominated for Best Editing for the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards and for Favorite Online Sensation at the 35th People 's Choice Awards . The video won a Grammy for Best Short Form Music Video at the 51st Grammy Awards Show .
On June 2 , 2008 , a video of an acoustic version of the song , with Brian Bell on guitar and Tay Zonday on vocals , was released on Weezer 's official Youtube channel .
On January 12 , 2009 , a remix version of the " Pork and Beans " video was released to YouTube , which included additional footage not previously used in the original video . The new video , in addition to including footage of Dan Dzoan and Potter Puppet Pals , adds in more internet memes and celebrities , including " Badger Badger Badger " , Little Superstar , Philippine prison inmates dancing to " Thriller " , Leeroy Jenkins , Ronald Jenkees , BigDog , Ask a Ninja , Back Dorm Boys , Line Rider , " I Like Turtles " , Techno Viking , and Pickle Surprise , and ends with the viewer being rickrolled .
= = Track list = =
Radio only promo CD
" Pork and Beans " – 3 : 09
UK retail CD
" Pork and Beans " – 3 : 09
" Are ' Friends ' Electric ? " – 5 : 24 ( Tubeway Army cover )
UK retail 7 " # 1
" Pork and Beans " – 3 : 09
" Love My Way " ( The Psychedelic Furs cover )
UK retail 7 " # 2
" Pork and Beans " – 3 : 09
" Oddfellows Local 151 " ( R.E.M. cover )
= = Personnel = =
Weezer
Brian Bell – rhythm guitar , backing vocals
Rivers Cuomo – lead guitarist , lead vocals
Scott Shriner – bass guitar , backing vocals
Patrick Wilson – drums , percussion , backing vocals
Additional personnel
Jacknife Lee – production
= = Charts = =
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= The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton ( Philadelphia ) =
The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton is a luxury residential skyscraper in Center City in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . At 518 feet ( 158 m ) , the 48 @-@ story skyscraper is the tenth @-@ tallest building in Philadelphia , and the tallest residential tower in the city . The building was erected on the former site of One Meridian Plaza which was seriously damaged by a deadly fire in 1991 . One Meridian Plaza was demolished in 1999 and the property was sold by E / R Partners to the Arden Group the next year . Development of the site by the Arden Group , which owns the adjacent Ritz @-@ Carlton Philadelphia , was delayed for years as a result of a feud with rival developer Mariner Commercial Properties . Mariner owned the property 1441 Chestnut Street , which sits south of the Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton site and intends to build its own residential tower . The feud began after Arden Group 's lead partner Craig Spencer blocked approval of 1441 Chestnut Street because he felt the tower 's design would be detrimental to the planned Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton tower . This led to several years of dispute between the developers trying to block construction of each other 's towers .
After several redesigns , the feud was declared over , and construction on the Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton began on May 2 , 2006 . The blue glass skyscraper opened to residents in January 2009 . The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton features 270 condominiums and penthouses , which range in price from US $ 550 @,@ 000 to US $ 12 million . The high @-@ rise also features an underground parking garage , a fitness center , a pool , and a private garden and public plaza called Girard Park .
= = History = =
The Residences at the Ritz @-@ Carlton stands on the former site of the 38 @-@ story One Meridian Plaza . In February 1991 One Meridian Plaza was badly damaged by a fire that destroyed eight floors and killed three firefighters . Because of litigation over what to do with the burned skyscraper , it sat vacant for eight years until it was demolished in 1999 .
In 2000 the Arden Group settled with One Meridian Plaza 's owners E / R Partners to pay more than US $ 13 million for the site . In 1999 Arden sued E / R Partners for backing out of a deal Arden said it had made with the site owners . E / R Partners had wanted to sell the site to Liberty Property Trust for a higher amount . Arden had already bought the adjacent Two Mellon Plaza in 1993 . Damaged and vacant since the One Meridian Plaza fire , Two Mellon Plaza was converted into a Ritz @-@ Carlton hotel in 2000 . Also adjacent to the south side of the One Meridian Plaza site is 1441 Chestnut Street . Mariner Commercial Properties bought the property which contained the site of several three @-@ story shops and the eighteen @-@ story Morris Building , all damaged and vacant due to the One Meridian Plaza fire . The buildings were demolished in 2000 . The north side of the One Meridian plaza site faces Philadelphia City Hall across the street . While the One Meridian Plaza site waited for development Arden converted it into an underground parking garage .
= = = Feud = = =
Looking for a new headquarters Comcast asked Arden Group and Mariner Commercial Properties to work together and combine the properties into one building . The two developers briefly held discussions about combining the two sites , but by 2001 no agreement was reached and both developers had decided to move on with their own towers . As they sought to build competing condominium towers , the relationship between the two developers soon turned into a feud between the firm 's lead partners , Craig Spencer of Arden Group and Tim Mahoney of Mariner Commercial Properties . In 2003 Mahoney received permission from the City Zoning Board of Adjustment to build a 50 @-@ story residential tower at the 1441 Chestnut Street site . At the zoning hearing Spencer attempted to block approval by saying the building was too tall and that it would damage his site by blocking views and casting shadows . He also said the tower was " snubbing his nose at the traditional zone of respect around City Hall . " Spencer filed a lawsuit to block construction of the building and a Court of Common Pleas ruled that the Zoning Board erred in approving 1441 Chestnut Street . Mariner appealed the ruling .
In 2004 Spencer and Mahoney announced that the feud was over and that plans for their towers would move forward . Spencer announced that Arden would build a 740 feet ( 230 m ) , 57 @-@ story luxury condominium tower called The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton . The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton would be more than 100 feet ( 30 m ) taller than the skyscraper Spencer criticized as too tall in 2003 . Spencer said " To develop a world @-@ class building , you need to get people high up in the air . "
However the feud quickly restarted as Mahoney criticized the design of The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton 's lower floors . The bulky floors were designed to contain a grand ballroom , health club , and 540 @-@ car parking garage . Mahoney says the design would unnecessarily lower the values of the condominiums on 21 of the lower floors of his building . Further redesigns to both buildings prevented any condominiums from facing a garage . However the feud continued with lively arguments to block each other plans in courtrooms and Philadelphia city agencies . Chairman of the zoning board , David L. Auspitz , called the feud the " Super Bowl of zoning battles " .
In July 2005 , Spencer announced a redesign of The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton shrinking the building from 57 floors to 44 floors . Among the facilities removed in the redesign were the ballroom and some of the parking . Afraid the high @-@ rise would miss the city 's hot condominium market , the redesign sidestepped the legal challenges because it would not need special approval by the Zoning Board to exceed a certain height . Mahoney vowed to continue fighting the building saying " If [ Spencer ] needs so much as a curb @-@ cut permit , we 're going to block it . " In March 2009 , Mahoney and Spencer reached an agreement that ended all legal challenges between the buildings . Now at 48 stories , The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton was far enough from Mahoney 's 1441 Chestnut Street that 1441 Chestnut Street had views of Philadelphia City Hall , while the 58 @-@ story 1441 Chestnut Street upper portion was redesigned in a way that allowed views on the south side of The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton .
= = = Construction = = =
Construction began on May 2 , 2006 with a ceremony that featured Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell . By September 2006 one @-@ third of the buildings units had been sold . The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton was topped off in July 2008 , and the high @-@ rise opened for residents on January 13 , 2009 . The skyscraper was officially dedicated with a ceremony on June 8 , 2009 .
= = Building = =
The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton is a 48 @-@ story 518 feet ( 158 m ) -tall residential skyscraper owned by the Arden Group and its partners Gencom Group and Colgate Development . Financed through Lehman Brothers and designed by Handel Architects the rectangular skyscraper is the tenth tallest building in Philadelphia and is the tallest residential tower in the city . The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton has a blue glass curtain wall and the east side of the building is pointed allowing views of Philadelphia City Hall . The building features 270 one - three bedroom condominiums and penthouses that range between 890 square feet ( 83 m2 ) to 2 @,@ 045 square feet ( 190 m2 ) . The condominiums and penthouses range in price from US $ 550 @,@ 00 to US $ 12 million .
The building 's amenities include hotel services , a fitness club , and a 60 feet ( 18 m ) lap pool . The lobby features a restaurant named 10 Arts owned by chef Eric Ripert , who also owns a condo in the building . Between The Residences at The Ritz @-@ Carlton and the Ritz @-@ Carlton Hotel is Girard Park . Girard Park is split into a gated garden for residents and a public space facing the street . A memorial for the three firefighters who died during the One Meridian Plaza fire was unveiled on October 21 , 2009 . Designed by the Philadelphia Fire Department , the memorial is located by the building 's entrance and contains the firefighters ' names on plaques .
The Philadelphia Inquirer architecture critic Inga Saffron says the glass skyscraper is a " shocking " contrast next to the white marble of the Ritz @-@ Carlton Hotel . Saffron said she liked the blue glass and that the " angled aluminum cap over the first floor is an especially sleek finish , and ties nicely into the aluminum bands that organize the facade into horizontals and verticals . " Her negative opinions of the building included the public space of Girard Park which she describe as a " barren , virtually unusable piece of concrete " .
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= Maryland Route 528 =
Maryland Route 528 ( MD 528 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known for most of its length as Coastal Highway , the state highway runs 9 @.@ 04 miles ( 14 @.@ 55 km ) from the southern terminus of its companion route , unsigned Maryland Route 378 , in downtown Ocean City north to the Delaware state line at the northern edge of the resort town , where the highway continues as Delaware Route 1 ( DE 1 ) . MD 528 and MD 378 are the primary north – south streets of Ocean City , where they provide access to countless hotels , condos , restaurants , shops , and other businesses catering to tourists . These highways experience heavy seasonal traffic and provide access to hurricane evacuation routes , which include U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) , MD 90 , and DE 54 . Both Baltimore Avenue and Philadelphia Avenue date back to the founding of Ocean City in the late 19th century . MD 378 was assigned to Baltimore Avenue in 1927 and MD 528 was assigned to Philadelphia Avenue in 1933 . MD 528 was extended north of 15th Street to the Delaware state line in 1939 . Both highways were rebuilt and widened in the 1950s . MD 528 was expanded to a six @-@ lane divided highway north of the one @-@ way pair in the late 1980s .
= = Route description = =
MD 528 and MD 378 both have their southern termini at the intersection of Baltimore Avenue and South 1st Street at the southern end of Ocean City north of the Ocean City Inlet . Baltimore Avenue continues south and then turns east toward a large municipal parking lot serving attractions on the Ocean City Boardwalk , including Trimper 's Rides . From the southern terminus , MD 528 heads west on South 1st Street and then north as Philadelphia Avenue , while MD 378 heads north as Baltimore Avenue . The two state highways form a one @-@ way pair , with MD 378 carrying three lanes of northbound traffic and MD 528 carrying three lanes of southbound traffic . Both streets intersect South Division Street , which was the site of the railroad terminus in Ocean City and is currently the site of Sunset Park , and Worcester Street , which was the site of the first automobile bridge to the resort in 1916 .
MD 528 and MD 378 head north through the downtown area of Ocean City , where they meet the eastern terminus of US 50 at North Division Street . North Division Street between MD 528 and MD 378 is one @-@ way eastbound , so traffic coming from the south uses North 1st Street , which is one @-@ way westbound and designated MD 378A , to access US 50 west . MD 528 and MD 378 continue north to 9th Street , which is one @-@ way westbound and designated MD 378B . MD 528 becomes two @-@ way at 9th Street . MD 378 continues north as a two @-@ lane street northbound to 15th Street , where the state highway turns west to reach its northern terminus at MD 528 . Baltimore Avenue continues north of 15th Street as a two @-@ way municipal street to its northern end at 33rd Street .
MD 528 continues north from 9th Street as a divided highway with two lanes northbound and three lanes southbound . The state highway gains a third lane northbound at MD 378 ( 15th Street ) . At 17th Street , MD 528 assumes its form for the remainder of its course to the Delaware state line : three lanes in each direction plus a continuous combined right turn and bus lane in both directions . After passing the Jolly Roger Amusement Park , MD 528 meets 33rd Street , which is one @-@ way westbound coming from the northern end of Baltimore Avenue . North of 33rd Street , MD 528 becomes Coastal Highway , the only through highway on the barrier island that is lined with numerous hotels and businesses . The state highway passes the Ocean City Convention Center at 40th Street and intersects the eastern terminus of MD 90 ( Ocean City Expressway ) at 62nd Street . MD 528 continues north past hotels , condos , and businesses in the northern part of Ocean City , passing the Gold Coast Mall at 112th Street . Farther north , the route reaches the Delaware state line at 146th Street , two blocks east of the Fenwick Island Light . Coastal Highway continues into Fenwick Island as DE 1 , which meets the eastern terminus of DE 54 one block north of the state line .
MD 528 is a part of the main National Highway System from US 50 to the Delaware state line .
= = History = =
Baltimore Avenue and Philadelphia Avenue date back to the founding of Ocean City in 1875 . Both avenues originally extended from South Division Street to North Division Street . The streets were later extended north as far as 15th Street . Baltimore Avenue served as the main thoroughfare of Ocean City until Philadelphia Avenue and Coastal Highway assumed predominance in the 1950s . MD 378 was assigned to Baltimore Avenue , which was paved from US 213 ( Worcester Street ) to 15th Street by 1927 . MD 528 was assigned to Philadelphia Avenue when that street was rebuilt between US 213 and 15th Street in 1933 . MD 528 was extended north to the Delaware state line when Coastal Highway was completed in 1939 .
In the 1940s , traffic in Ocean City increased so much there was a movement to make Baltimore and Philadelphia Avenues one @-@ way in the downtown area , a change that was implemented by 1948 . Traffic volume in Ocean City increased even more following the completion of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in 1952 , leading to expansion of the city 's north – south arterials . MD 378 was widened along its entire length in 1951 and 1952 . MD 528 was widened to four lanes along its entire length in 1953 and 1954 . Both state highways were extended to their present southern termini at that time . The first portion of MD 528 to be expanded to a divided highway was around the intersection with MD 90 ; the highway between 60th and 63rd Streets was reconstructed by 1978 . Two sections of six @-@ lane divided highway were completed around 1989 : from 25th Street to 65th Street , and from 85th Street to 122nd Street . By 1991 , MD 528 was divided highway from 25th Street to the Delaware state line . The segment of Philadelphia Avenue from 9th Street to 25th Street was changed from a five- to six @-@ lane highway with a center turn lane to a divided highway in 2001 . A pedestrian safety project aimed to reduce jaywalking will install a dune @-@ style fence in the median of MD 528 , with the first phase to take place between 41st Street / Convention Center Drive and MD 90 . Construction on the first phase is expected to begin in January 2017 and be finished by Memorial Day of that year .
= = Junction list = =
The entire route is in Ocean City , Worcester County .
= = Related routes = =
Maryland Route 378 is a 1 @.@ 49 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 40 km ) unsigned highway in Ocean City that follows portions of Baltimore Avenue and 15th Street from the southern terminus of MD 528 at the southern end of Ocean City north to MD 528 north of the downtown area of Ocean City . Because MD 378 essentially functions as the northbound direction of MD 528 in downtown Ocean City , the state highway is covered in more detail in the main sections of this article . MD 378 has two auxiliary routes :
MD 378A is the designation for 1st Street , a 0 @.@ 07 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 11 km ) connector between MD 378 and MD 528 just north of US 50 in Ocean City . The state highway is one @-@ way westbound , helping provide access to US 50 from traffic at the southern end of the barrier island .
MD 378B is the designation for 9th Street , a 0 @.@ 07 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 11 km ) connector between MD 378 and MD 528 on the northern edge of downtown Ocean City . MD 378B , which is one @-@ way westbound , serves as the main conduit for MD 378 traffic headed for the central and northern parts of Ocean City along MD 528 , connecting with MD 528 at the point the highway becomes two @-@ way . For that reason , MD 378B is part of the National Highway System .
MD 378 from US 50 to MD 378B and all of MD 378B are part of the main National Highway System .
Junction list
The entire route is in Ocean City , Worcester County .
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= Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) =
Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( released in some countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) is a 2001 British @-@ American fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling . The film , the first instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . The story follows Harry Potter 's first year at Hogwarts as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his magical education .
The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger . It is followed by seven sequels , beginning with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets .
Warner Bros. bought the film rights to the book in 1999 for a reported £ 1 million . Production began in the United Kingdom in 2000 , with Columbus being chosen to create the film from a short list of directors that included Steven Spielberg and Rob Reiner . J. K. Rowling insisted that the entire cast be British or Irish . The film was shot at Leavesden Film Studios and historic buildings around the UK .
The film was released in the UK and US on 16 November 2001 . It received positive critical reception , made more than $ 970 million at the worldwide box office , and was nominated for many awards , including the Academy Awards for Best Original Score , Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design . As of December 2015 , it is the 26th @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of all time and the second @-@ highest @-@ grossing film in the series behind the final film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 .
= = Plot = =
Harry Potter is a seemingly ordinary boy , living with his neglectful relatives , the Dursleys , in Surrey , England . On his eleventh birthday , Harry discovers from a mysterious stranger , Rubeus Hagrid , that he is actually a wizard , famous in the Wizarding World for surviving an attack by the evil Lord Voldemort when Harry was only a baby . Voldemort killed Harry 's parents , but his attack on Harry rebounded , leaving only a lightning @-@ bolt scar on Harry 's forehead and rendering Voldemort powerless . Hagrid reveals to Harry that he has been invited to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . After buying his school supplies from the hidden London street , Diagon Alley , Harry boards the train to Hogwarts via the concealed Platform 9 ¾ in King 's Cross Station .
On the train , Harry meets Ron Weasley , a boy from a large but poor pure @-@ blood wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a witch born to non @-@ magical parents . Once they arrive , Harry and all the other first @-@ year students are sorted between four houses : Gryffindor , Hufflepuff , Ravenclaw , and Slytherin . Because Slytherin is noted for being the house of darker wizards and witches , Harry convinces the Sorting Hat not to put him in Slytherin . He ends up in Gryffindor , along with Ron and Hermione . Ron 's older brothers were all placed in Gryffindor as well : mischievous twins Fred and George , Percy , the prefect , Charlie ( who researches dragons in Romania ) and Bill ( who works for Gringotts Bank ) .
At Hogwarts , Harry begins learning wizardry and discovers more about his past and his parents . He gets recruited for Gryffindor 's Quidditch ( a sport in the wizarding world where people fly on broomsticks ) team as a Seeker , as his father was before him . One night , he , Ron , and Hermione discover a large three @-@ headed dog named Fluffy ( owned by Hagrid ) on a restricted floor in the school . They later find out Fluffy is guarding the Philosopher 's Stone , an item that can be used to grant its owner immortality . Harry concludes that his potions teacher , the unfriendly Severus Snape , is trying to obtain the stone in order to return Voldemort ( who Harry encounters in the Forbidden Forest where he , Ron , Hermione and Draco Malfoy are serving detention by helping Hagrid look for an injured unicorn after being caught wandering around at night ) to a human form .
After hearing from Hagrid that Fluffy will fall asleep if played music , Harry , Ron and Hermione decide to find the stone before Snape does . They face a series of tasks that are helping guard the stone , which include surviving a deadly plant known as Devil 's Snare , flying past a swarm of bird @-@ shaped flying keys and winning a violent , dangerous , life @-@ sized chess game .
After getting past the tasks , Harry discovers that it was really Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Professor Quirrell who was trying to steal the stone , and that Snape was protecting Harry all along . Quirrell removes his turban and reveals Voldemort to be living on the back of his head . Voldemort attempts to convince Harry to give him the stone ( which Harry suddenly finds in his pocket as the result of an enchantment by the headmaster , Albus Dumbledore ) , by promising to bring his parents back from the dead , but Harry refuses . Quirrell attempts to kill him but Harry 's touch prevents Quirrell from hurting Harry and causes his hand to turn to dust . Quirrell then attempts to take the stone but Harry grabs his face , causing Quirrell to turn into dust and die . When Harry gets up , Voldemort 's spirit forms and passes through Harry , knocking him unconscious , before fleeing .
Harry wakes up in the school 's hospital wing , with Professor Dumbledore at his side . Dumbledore explains that the stone has been destroyed , and that , despite Ron nearly being killed in the chess match , both Hermione and Ron are fine . The reason Quirrell burned at Harry 's touch was because when Harry 's mother died to save him , her death gave Harry a magical , love @-@ based protection against Voldemort . Harry , Ron and Hermione are rewarded with house points for their heroic performances , and Neville Longbottom is rewarded for bravely standing up to them , winning Gryffindor the House Cup . Before Harry and the rest of the students leave for the summer , Harry realises that while all other students are going home , Hogwarts is truly his home .
= = Cast = =
Rowling insisted that the cast be kept British . Susie Figgis was appointed as casting director , working with both Columbus and Rowling in auditioning the lead roles of Harry , Ron and Hermione . Open casting calls were held for the main three roles , with only British children being considered . The principal auditions took place in three parts , with those auditioning having to read a page from the novel , then to improvise a scene of the students ' arrival at Hogwarts , and finally to read several pages from the script in front of Columbus . Scenes from Columbus ' script for the 1985 film Young Sherlock Holmes were also used in auditions . On 11 July 2000 , Figgis left the production , complaining that Columbus did not consider any of the thousands of children they had auditioned " worthy " . On 8 August 2000 , the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and newcomers Rupert Grint and Emma Watson were selected to play Harry Potter , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , respectively .
Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , an 11 @-@ year @-@ old British orphan raised by his unwelcoming aunt and uncle , who learns of his own fame as a wizard known to have survived his parents ' murder at the hands of the psychopathic dark wizard Lord Voldemort as an infant when he is accepted to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Columbus had wanted Radcliffe for the role since he saw him in the BBC 's production of David Copperfield , before the open casting sessions had taken place , but had been told by Figgis that Radcliffe 's protective parents would not allow their son to take the part . Columbus explained that his persistence in giving Radcliffe the role was responsible for Figgis ' resignation . Radcliffe was asked to audition in 2000 , when Heyman and Kloves met him and his parents at a production of Stones in His Pockets in London . Heyman and Columbus successfully managed to convince Radcliffe 's parents that their son would be protected from media intrusion , and they agreed to let him play Harry . Rowling approved of Radcliffe 's casting , stating that " having seen [ his ] screen test I don 't think Chris Columbus could have found a better Harry . " Radcliffe was reportedly paid £ 1 million for the film , although he felt the fee was not " that important " . William Moseley , who was later cast as Peter Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia series , also auditioned for the role .
Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best friend at Hogwarts . He decided he would be perfect for the part " because [ he has got ] ginger hair , " and was a fan of the series . Having seen a Newsround report about the open casting he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the part . His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him .
Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's other best friend and the trio 's brains . Watson 's Oxford theatre teacher passed her name on to the casting agents and she had to do over five interviews before she got the part . Watson took her audition seriously , but " never really thought [ she ] had any chance of getting the role . " The producers were impressed by Watson 's self @-@ confidence and she outperformed the thousands of other girls who had applied .
John Cleese as Nearly Headless Nick , the ghost of Hogwarts ' Gryffindor House .
Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , a half @-@ giant and Hogwarts ' Groundskeeper . Coltrane was Rowling 's first choice for the part . Coltrane , who was already a fan of the books , prepared for the role by talking with Rowling about Hagrid 's past and future . Robin Williams was considered for the role .
Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , the Charms Master and head of Hogwarts ' Ravenclaw House .
Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle ( non @-@ magical ) uncle .
Richard Harris as Albus Dumbledore , Hogwarts ' Headmaster and one of the most famous and powerful wizards of all time . Harris initially rejected the role of Dumbledore , only to reverse his decision after his granddaughter stated she would never speak to him again if he did not take it .
Ian Hart as Quirinus Quirrell , the slightly nervous Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts , and also Lord Voldemort 's voice . David Thewlis auditioned for the part ; he would later be cast as Remus Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban .
John Hurt as Mr. Ollivander , the owner of Ollivanders , the finest wand producers in the wizarding world since 382 B.C.
Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the Potions Master and head of Hogwarts ' Slytherin House . Tim Roth was the original choice for the role , but he turned it down for Planet of the Apes .
Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt .
Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , the Deputy Headmistress , head of Gryffindor and transfiguration teacher at Hogwarts . Smith was Rowling 's personal choice for the part .
Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , Ron 's caring mother . She shows Harry how to get to Platform 9 3 ⁄ 4 . Before Walters was cast , American actress Rosie O 'Donnell held talks with Columbus about playing Mrs. Weasley .
Rik Mayall was cast in the role of Peeves , a poltergeist who likes to prank students in the novel . Mayall had to shout his lines off camera during takes , but the scene ended up being cut from the film .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
In 1997 , producer David Heyman searched for a children 's book that could be adapted into a well @-@ received film . He had planned to produce Diana Wynne Jones ' novel The Ogre Downstairs , but his plans fell through . His staff at Heyday Films then suggested Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which his assistant believed was " a cool idea . " Heyman pitched the idea to Warner Bros. and in 1999 , Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four Harry Potter books for a reported £ 1 million ( US $ 1 @,@ 982 @,@ 900 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she " didn 't want to give them control over the rest of the story " by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non @-@ author @-@ written sequels .
Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the film , he declined the offer . Spielberg reportedly wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment to provide Harry Potter 's voice , or a film that incorporated elements from subsequent books as well . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , it was like " shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge . " Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films and that " [ a ] nyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto @-@ ed ' [ sic ] him [ Spielberg ] needs their Quick @-@ Quotes Quill serviced . " Heyman recalled that Spielberg decided to direct A.I. Artificial Intelligence instead .
After Spielberg left , talks began with other directors , including : Chris Columbus , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Ivan Reitman , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , M. Night Shyamalan and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 , and the choice was narrowed down to Silberling , Columbus , Parker and Gilliam . Rowling 's first choice director was Terry Gilliam , but Warner Bros. chose Columbus , citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Columbus pitched his vision of the film for two hours , stating that he wanted the Muggle scenes " to be bleak and dreary " but those set in the wizarding world " to be steeped in color , mood , and detail . " He took inspiration from David Lean 's adaptations of Great Expectations ( 1946 ) and Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , wishing to use " that sort of darkness , that sort of edge , that quality to the cinematography , " taking the colour designs from Oliver ! and The Godfather .
Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay . He described adapting the book as " tough " , as it did not " lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books . " Kloves often received synopses of books proposed as film adaptations from Warner Bros. , which he " almost never read " , but Harry Potter jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , and became an instant fan of the series . When speaking to Warner Bros. , he stated that the film had to be British , and had to be true to the characters . Kloves was nervous when he first met Rowling as he did not want her to think he was going to " [ destroy ] her baby . " Rowling admitted that she " was really ready to hate this Steve Kloves , " but recalled her initial meeting with him : " The first time I met him , he said to me , ' You know who my favourite character is ? ' And I thought , You 're gonna say Ron . I know you 're gonna say Ron . But he said ' Hermione . ' And I just kind of melted . " Rowling received a large amount of creative control , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind .
Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over the 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several proposed directors pulled themselves out of the running . Due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 .
= = = Filming = = =
Two British film industry officials requested that the film be shot in the United Kingdom , offering their assistance in securing filming locations , the use of Leavesden Film Studios , as well as changing the UK 's child labour laws ( adding a small number of working hours per week and making the timing of on @-@ set classes more flexible ) . Warner Bros. accepted their proposal . Filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and concluded on March 23 , 2001 , with final work being done in July . Principal photography took place on 2 October 2000 at North Yorkshire 's Goathland railway station . Canterbury Cathedral and Scotland 's Inverailort Castle were both touted as possible locations for Hogwarts ; Canterbury rejected Warner Bros. proposal due to concerns about the film 's " pagan " theme . Alnwick Castle and Gloucester Cathedral were eventually selected as the principal locations for Hogwarts , with some scenes also being filmed at Harrow School . Other Hogwarts scenes were filmed in Durham Cathedral over a two @-@ week period ; these included shots of the corridors and some classroom scenes . Oxford University 's Divinity School served as the Hogwarts Hospital Wing , and Duke Humfrey 's Library , part of the Bodleian , was used as the Hogwarts Library . Filming for Privet Drive took place on Picket Post Close in Bracknell , Berkshire . Filming in the street took two days instead of the planned single day , so payments to the street 's residents were correspondingly increased . For all the subsequent film 's scenes set in Privet Drive , filming took place on a constructed set in Leavesden Film Studios , which proved to have been cheaper than filming on location . London 's Australia House was selected as the location for Gringotts Wizarding Bank , while Christ Church , Oxford was the location for the Hogwarts trophy room . London Zoo was used as the location for the scene in which Harry accidentally sets a snake on Dudley , with King 's Cross Station also being used as the book specifies .
Because the American title was different , all scenes that mention the philosopher 's stone by name had to be re @-@ shot , once with the actors saying " philosopher 's " and once with " sorcerer 's " . The children filmed for four hours and then did three hours of schoolwork . They developed a liking for fake facial injuries from the makeup staff . Radcliffe was initially meant to wear green contact lenses as his eyes are blue , and not green like Harry 's , but the lenses gave Radcliffe extreme irritation . Upon consultation with Rowling , it was agreed that Harry could have blue eyes .
= = = Design and special effects = = =
Judianna Makovsky designed the costumes . She re @-@ designed the Quidditch robes , having initially planned to use those shown on the cover of the American book , but deemed them " a mess . " Instead , she dressed the Quidditch players in " preppie sweaters , 19th century fencing breeches and arm guards . " Production designer Stuart Craig built the sets at Leavesden Studios , including Hogwarts Great Hall , basing it on many English cathedrals . Although originally asked to use an existing old street to film the Diagon Alley scenes , Craig decided to build his own set , comprising Tudor , Georgian and Queen Anne architecture .
Columbus originally planned to use both animatronics and CGI animation to create the magical creatures , including Fluffy . Nick Dudman , who worked on Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace , was given the task of creating the needed prosthetics , with Jim Henson 's Creature Shop providing creature effects . John Coppinger stated that the magical creatures that needed to be created had to be designed multiple times . The film features nearly 600 special effects shots , involving numerous companies . Industrial Light & Magic created Lord Voldemort 's face on the back of Quirrell , Rhythm & Hues animated Norbert ; and Sony Pictures Imageworks produced the film 's Quidditch scenes .
= = = Music = = =
John Williams was selected to compose the score . Williams composed the score at his homes in Los Angeles and Tanglewood before recording it in London in August 2001 . One of the main themes is entitled " Hedwig 's Theme " ; Williams retained it for his finished score as " everyone seemed to like it " .
= = Differences from the book = =
Columbus repeatedly checked with Rowling to make sure he was getting minor details correct . Kloves described the film as being " really faithful " to the book . He added dialogue , of which Rowling approved . One of the lines originally included had to be removed after Rowling told him that it would directly contradict an event in the then @-@ unreleased Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix novel .
Several minor characters have been removed from the film version , most prominent among them the spectral History of Magic teacher , Professor Binns , and Peeves the poltergeist . The book 's first chapter is from the viewpoint of Vernon and Petunia Dursley the day before they are given Harry to look after , highlighting how non @-@ magical people react to magic . The film removes this , beginning with Professor Dumbledore , Professor McGonagall and Hagrid leaving Harry with the Dursleys ( although McGonagall tells Dumbledore how she had been watching the Dursleys all day ) . Harry 's less than pleasant times at Mrs. Figg 's are cut from the film while the boa constrictor from Brazil in the zoo becomes a Burmese Python in the film . Some conflicts , such as Harry and Draco 's encounter with each other in Madam Malkin 's robe shop and midnight duel , are not in the film . Some of Nicolas Flamel 's role is changed or cut altogether . Norbert is mentioned to have been taken away by Dumbledore in the film ; whilst the book sees Harry and Hermione have to take him by hand to Charlie Weasley 's friends . Rowling described the scene as " the one part of the book that she felt [ could easily ] be changed " . As such , the reason for the detention in the Forbidden Forest was changed : In the novel , Harry and Hermione are put in detention for being caught by Filch when leaving the Astronomy Tower after hours , Neville and Malfoy are given detention when caught in the corridor by Professor McGonagall . In the film , Harry , Hermione and Ron receive detention after Malfoy catches them in Hagrid 's hut after hours ( Malfoy however , is given detention for being out of bed after hours ) . Firenze the centaur , who is described in the book as being palomino with light blonde hair , is shown to be dark in the film . The Quidditch pitch is altered from a traditional stadium to an open field circled by spectator towers .
= = Distribution = =
= = = Marketing = = =
The first teaser poster was released in December 2000 . The first teaser trailer was released via satellite on 2 March 2001 and debuted in cinemas with the release of See Spot Run . The soundtrack was released on 30 October 2001 in a CD format . A video game based on the film was released on 15 November 2001 by Electronic Arts for several consoles . Another video game , for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox was released in 2003 . Mattel won the rights to produce toys based on the film , to be sold exclusively through Warner Brothers ' stores . Hasbro also produced products , including confectionery items based on those from the series . Warner Bros. signed a deal worth US $ 150 million with Coca @-@ Cola to promote the film , and Lego produced a series of sets based on buildings and scenes from the film , as well as a Lego Creator video game .
= = = Home media = = =
Warner Bros. first released the film on VHS and DVD on 11 February 2002 in the E3 UK 11 May 2002 in the UK and 28 May 2002 in the US An Ultimate Edition was later released exclusively in the US that included a Blu @-@ ray and DVD . The release contains an extended version of the film , with many of the deleted scenes edited back in ; additionally , the set includes the existing special features disc , Radcliffe 's , Grint 's , and Watson 's first screen tests , a feature @-@ length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 1 : The Magic Begins , and a 48 @-@ page hardcover booklet . The extended version has a running time of about 159 minutes , which has previously been shown during certain television airings .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
The film had its world premiere on 4 November 2001 , in London 's Leicester Square , with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School . The film was greatly received at the box office . In the United States , it made $ 32 @.@ 3 million on its opening day , breaking the single day record previously held by Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace - but not when adjusted for inflation . On the second day of release , the film 's gross increased to $ 33 @.@ 5 million , breaking the record for biggest single day again . In total , it made $ 90 @.@ 3 million during its first weekend , breaking the record for highest @-@ opening weekend of all time that was previously held by The Lost World : Jurassic Park . It held the record until the following May when Spider @-@ Man made $ 114 @.@ 8 million in its opening weekend . The film held onto the No. 1 spot at the box @-@ office for three consecutive weekends . The film also had the highest grossing 5 @-@ day ( Wednesday @-@ Sunday ) Thanksgiving weekend record of $ 82 @.@ 4 million , holding the title for twelve years until both The Hunger Games : Catching Fire and Frozen surpassed it with $ 110 @.@ 1 million and $ 94 million respectively . Similar results were achieved across the world . In the United Kingdom , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone broke the record for the highest @-@ opening weekend ever , both including and excluding previews , making £ 16 @.@ 3 million with and £ 9 @.@ 8 million without previews . The film went on to make £ 66 @.@ 1 million in the UK alone , making it the country 's second highest @-@ grossing film of all @-@ time ( after Titanic ) , until it was surpassed by Mamma Mia ! .
In total , the film earned $ 974 @.@ 8 million at the worldwide box office , $ 317 @.@ 6 million of that in the US and $ 657 @.@ 2 million elsewhere , which made it the second highest @-@ grossing film in history at the time , as well as the year 's highest @-@ grossing film . As of 2015 , it is the unadjusted twenty @-@ sixth highest @-@ grossing film of all @-@ time and the second highest @-@ grossing Harry Potter film to date after Deathly Hallows - Part 2 , which grossed more than $ 1 billion worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 55 @.@ 9 million tickets in the US .
= = = Critical response = = =
The film received positive reviews from critics , who praised its visuals and acting performances , but criticised its pace and for being too faithful to the book . The film garnered an 80 % " Fresh " rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Its consensus reads , " Being so faithful to the book is both the movie 's strength and weakness . The movie unfolds exactly as written in the book , so there is little room for surprises or discoveries . For Potter fans , what more can you ask for ? " . It has a score of 64 out of 100 at Metacritic representing " generally favourable reviews " . Roger Ebert called Philosopher 's Stone " a classic , " giving the film four out of four stars , and particularly praising the Quidditch scenes ' visual effects . Praise was echoed by both The Telegraph and Empire reviewers , with Alan Morrison of the latter naming it the film 's " stand @-@ out sequence " . Brian Linder of IGN.com also gave the film a positive review , but concluded that it " isn 't perfect , but for me it 's a nice supplement to a book series that I love " . Although criticising the final half @-@ hour , Jeanne Aufmuth of Palo Alto Online stated that the film would " enchant even the most cynical of moviegoers . " USA Today reviewer Claudia Puig gave the film three out of four stars , especially praising the set design and Robbie Coltrane 's portrayal of Hagrid , but criticised John Williams ' score and concluded " ultimately many of the book 's readers may wish for a more magical incarnation . " The sets , design , cinematography , effects and principal cast were all given praise from Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter , although he deemed John Williams ' score " a great clanging , banging music box that simply will not shut up . " Todd McCarthy of Variety compared the film positively with Gone with the Wind and put " The script is faithful , the actors are just right , the sets , costumes , makeup and effects match and sometimes exceed anything one could imagine . " Jonathan Foreman of the New York Post recalled that the film was " remarkably faithful , " to its literary counterpart as well as a " consistently entertaining if overlong adaptation . "
Richard Corliss of Time magazine , considered the film a " by the numbers adaptation , " criticising the pace and the " charisma @-@ free " lead actors . CNN 's Paul Tatara found that Columbus and Kloves " are so careful to avoid offending anyone by excising a passage from the book , the so @-@ called narrative is more like a jamboree inside Rowling 's head . " Nathaniel Rogers of The Film Experience gave the film a negative review and wrote : " Harry Potter and the Sorceror 's Stone is as bland as movies can get . " Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine wished that the film had been directed by Tim Burton , finding the cinematography " bland and muggy , " and the majority of the film a " solidly dull celebration of dribbling goo . " Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times was highly negative about the film , saying " [ the film ] is like a theme park that 's a few years past its prime ; the rides clatter and groan with metal fatigue every time they take a curve . " He also said it suffered from " a lack of imagination " and wooden characters , adding , " The Sorting Hat has more personality than anything else in the movie . "
= = = Accolades = = =
The film received three Academy Award nominations : Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , and Best Original Score for John Williams . The film was also nominated for seven BAFTA Awards . These were Best British Film , Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane , as well as the awards for Best Costume Design , Production Design , Makeup and Hair , Sound and Visual Effects . The film won a Saturn Award for its costumes , and was nominated for eight more awards . It won other awards from the Casting Society of America and the Costume Designers Guild . It was nominated for the AFI Film Award for its special effects , and the Art Directors Guild Award for its production design . It received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film and was nominated for Best Child Performance ( for Daniel Radcliffe ) and Best Composer ( John Williams ) .
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= Sultanate of Singora =
The Sultanate of Singora was a heavily fortified port city in southern Thailand and precursor of the present @-@ day town of Songkhla . It was founded in the early 17th century by a Persian , Dato Mogol , and flourished during the reign of his son , Sultan Sulaiman Shah . In 1680 , after decades of conflict , the city was destroyed and abandoned ; remains include forts , city walls , a Dutch cemetery and the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah . An inscribed cannon from Singora bearing the seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah is displayed next to the flagpole at the Royal Hospital Chelsea , London .
The sultanate 's history was documented in accounts , letters and journals written by British and Dutch East India Company traders ; its destruction was discussed in books and reports authored by representatives of the French embassies to Siam in the mid 1680s . Sultan Sulaiman 's family history has also been chronicled : Princess Sri Sulalai , a consort of King Rama II and mother of King Rama III , was descended from Sultan Sulaiman ; present @-@ day descendants include the 22nd Prime Minister of Thailand and a former Navy admiral . Sources pertaining to the Singora cannon include articles published in academic journals and letters written by General Sir Harry Prendergast , commander of the Burma Expeditionary Force that captured Mandalay in the third Anglo @-@ Burmese war .
= = Early history = =
The Sultanate of Singora , sometimes known as Songkhla at Khao Daeng , was a port city in the deep south of Thailand and precursor of the present @-@ day town of Songkhla . It was located near the southern tip of the Sathing Phra peninsula , on and around the foothills of Khao Daeng Mountain in Singha Nakhon . British and Dutch East India Company traders called the city Sangora ; Japanese officials knew it as Shinichu ; contemporary French writers used the names Singor , Cingor and Soncourat .
Singora was founded in the early 17th century by Dato Mogol , a Persian Muslim who accepted Siamese suzerainty and paid tribute to the Kingdom of Ayutthaya . The port was said to be ideal and able to accommodate more than 80 large vessels ; a network of overland and riverine routes expedited trans @-@ peninsular trade with the Sultanate of Kedah . Jeremias van Vliet , Director of the Dutch East India Company 's trading post in Ayuthaya , described Singora as one of Siam 's principal cities and a major exporter of pepper ; French traveller and gem merchant John Baptista Tavernier wrote about the city 's abundant tin mines . A Cottonian manuscript at the British Library discusses Singora 's duty @-@ free policy and viability as a hub for regional trade :
itt were not amiss to build a strong howse in Sangora which lyeth 24 Leagues northwarde of Patania , under the gouerment of Datoe Mogoll , vassall to the King of Siam : In this place maie well the Rendezvouz bee made to bring all thinges together that you shall gather for the provideing of the ffactories of Siam , Cochinchina , Borneo and partlie our ffactorie in Japan , as you shall gather according to the advises thereof , And hither to bring all such wares as wee shall gather from the foresaid places to bee sent to Bantam and Jaccatra : this howse willbee found to bee verie Necessarie , for the charges willbee too highe in Patania besides inconveniences there ; which charges you shall spare at Sangora : there you pay no Custome , onlie a small gift to Datoe Mogoll cann effect all here .
Dato Mogol died in 1620 and was succeeded by his eldest son , Sulaiman . A period of turmoil erupted ten years later when the Queen of Pattani branded the new ruler of Siam , King Prasat Thong , a usurper and tyrant . The queen withheld tribute and ordered attacks on Ligor ( present @-@ day Nakhon Si Thammarat ) and Bordelongh ( present @-@ day Phatthalung ) ; Ayuthaya responded by blockading Pattani with an army of 60 @,@ 000 men . Singora became involved in the dispute and in 1633 sent an envoy to Ayuthaya requesting help . The outcome of this request is not known , but Dutch records show that Singora was severely damaged and the pepper crop destroyed .
= = Independence = =
In December 1641 Jeremias van Vliet left Ayuthaya and sailed to Batavia . He stopped en route at Singora in February 1642 and presented Sulaiman with a letter of introduction from the Phra Khlang ( known by the Dutch as the Berckelangh ) , the Siamese official responsible for foreign affairs . Sulaiman 's response sheds light on his attitude towards suzerainty :
On the 3rd of February the delegate van Vlieth landed at Sangora and was received by the governor , who was angry at the Berckelangh 's letter , saying that his country was open to the Netherlanders without Siamese introduction and that the letter had not been necessary . This and other haughty acts displeased the Hon. van Vlieth .
Later that year Sulaiman declared independence from Ayuthaya and appointed himself Sultan Sulaiman Shah . He modernised the port , ordered the construction of city walls and moats , and built a network of forts that spanned the harbour to the summit of Khao Daeng . Trade flourished : the city was frequented by Dutch and Portuguese merchants and enjoyed amicable relations with Chinese traders . Ayuthaya tried at least three times to reclaim Singora during Sulaiman 's reign ; each attack failed . One naval campaign ended in ignominy when the Siamese admiral abandoned his post . To help fend off overland assaults , Sulaiman assigned his brother , Pharisees , to strengthen the nearby town of Chai Buri in Phatthalung .
Sultan Sulaiman died in 1668 and was succeeded by his eldest son , Mustapha . A war with Pattani broke out soon after , but despite being outnumbered more than four to one , Singora rejected attempts at mediation by the Sultan of Kedah and trusted in its army of experienced soldiers and cannoneers . During the late 1670s Greek adventurer Constance Phaulkon arrived in Siam . He sailed to the country from Java on a British East India Company vessel and , heeding orders from his employer , promptly embarked on a mission to smuggle arms to Singora . His escapade ended in failure when he was shipwrecked .
= = Destruction = =
In 1679 Ayuthaya mounted a final offensive to quash the Singora rebellion . Samuel Potts , a British East India Company trader based in Singora , recorded the city 's preparations for war :
This King has fortified his City , gunned his Forts upon the hills , making all the provision he can for his defence , not knowing how soon the King of Siam will oppose him .
In a letter dated August 1679 Potts informed his East India Company colleague that the Siamese fleet had arrived and stressed the impending danger . The events that followed were decisive : in 1680 , after a siege lasting more than six months , Singora was destroyed and abandoned . Contemporary French sources document the city 's destruction and provide a wealth of detail . The head of the French East India Company 's operations in Ayuthaya described how Singora 's " trés bonne citadelle " had been razed after a war of more than thirty years ; a missionary working in Ayuthaya in the mid 1680s told how the King of Siam sent his finest ships to destroy the sultanate " de fond en comble " ( from top to bottom ) . Simon de la Loubère , France 's envoy to Siam in 1687 , recounted a story about a French cannoneer who crept into the city one night and single @-@ handedly captured the sultan :
Some have upon this account informed me a thing , which in my opinion , will appear most incredible . ' Tis of a provincial named Cyprian , who is still at Surat in the French Company 's Service , if he has not quitted it , or if he is not lately dead : the name of his Family I know not . Before his entrance into the Companies service , he had served some time in the King of Siam 's Army in quality of Canoneer ( ... ) Cyprian wearied with seeing the Armies in view , which attempted no persons life , determin 'd one night to go alone to the Camp of the Rebels , and to fetch the King of Singor into his Tent . He took him indeed , and brought him to the Siamese General , and so terminated a War of above twenty years .
While Loubère 's account of life in 17th @-@ century Siam was well received by his contemporaries in France , the veracity of his tale about Cyprian and Singora 's demise has been questioned . An article published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , for example , described it as " a story which might have passed in a romantic age , but it is too improbable for history " . In a memo dated 1685 a French East India Company official claimed that Singora was finally captured by means of a ruse . Thailand 's Ministry of Culture supports this version of events and discusses a spy who tricked his way into the city , enabling Siamese troops to enter and burn it to the ground .
= = Cession to France = =
In 1685 Siam attempted to cede Singora to France : the hope was that the French East India Company , supported by a garrison of troops , could rebuild the city , establish a trading post and counter the strong regional Dutch influence . The city was offered to France 's envoy to Siam , the Chevalier de Chaumont , and a provisional treaty signed in December ; Siamese ambassador Kosa Pan sailed to France the following year to ratify the cession . The French , however , were not interested : Secretary of State for the Navy , the Marquis de Seignelay , told Kosa Pan that Singora was ruined and of no further use , and asked for a trading post in Bangkok instead .
= = Legacy = =
After Singora had been destroyed , Sultan Sulaiman 's sons were pardoned and assigned to new positions in Siam . Later generations of Sultan Sulaiman 's family were closely connected with Siamese royalty : two of Sulaiman 's descendants commanded armed forces led by Prince Surasi in the 1786 conquest of Pattani ; Princess Sri Sulalai , a consort of King Rama II and mother of King Rama III , was also descended from Sultan Sulaiman . Present @-@ day descendants include Admiral Niphon Sirithorn , a former Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Royal Thai Navy ; General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh , the 22nd Prime Minister of Thailand ; and a family of silk weavers at the Muslim village of Phumriang in Surat Thani .
= = = The forts at Khao Daeng = = =
Thailand 's Ministry of Culture details the remains of fourteen forts on and around Khao Daeng Mountain . Forts 4 , 8 and 9 are well preserved and characterise the sultanate 's military architecture : fort 4 can be reached by ascending a flight of steps that starts behind the archaeological information centre , fort 8 is accessible via a stairway near the Sultan Sulaiman Shah mosque , fort 9 sits atop a small motte near the main road leading from Singha Nakhon to Ko Yo Island . Forts 5 and 6 occupy the upper slopes of the mountain and offer panoramic views of Lake Songkhla and the Gulf of Thailand . The two pagodas on the summit of Khao Daeng were built on the base of fort 10 during the 1830s to commemorate the suppression of rebellions in Kedah .
In her book In the Land of Lady White Blood : Southern Thailand and the Meaning of History , Lorraine Gesick discussed a manuscript from Wat Phra Kho in Sathing Phra . The manuscript ( which in Gesick 's opinion dates from the late 17th century ) consists mainly of an illustrated map about ten metres long that depicts Sultan Sulaiman 's forts at Khao Daeng . A microfilm of this manuscript , made by American historian David Wyatt , is kept at the Cornell University Library .
= = = The tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah = = =
Located in a Muslim graveyard about 1 km north of Khao Daeng , the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah is housed in a small , Thai @-@ style pavilion surrounded by large trees . The cemetery is mentioned in the Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani ( History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani ) , a Javi account drawn mostly from the Hikayat Patani . The text describes Sultan Sulaiman as a Muslim raja who died in battle and the cemetery as " full of nothing but jungle " . The tomb is an object of pilgrimage in the deep south of Thailand , where Sultan Sulaiman is revered by Muslims and Buddhists alike .
= = = The Dutch cemetery = = =
About 300 metres from the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman is a Dutch cemetery known locally as the Vilanda Graveyard . The cemetery is located within the grounds of a PTT petroleum complex ; permission is needed to gain access . In 1998 an investigation of the cemetery was conducted using ground @-@ penetrating radar . The survey yielded detailed radargrams showing subsurface lime coffins that belonged to Singora 's 17th @-@ century Dutch community . A paper discussing these findings was presented to the IV meeting of the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society in Barcelona , September 1998 .
= = The Singora cannon in London = =
Following Singora 's destruction , Siamese troops seized and sent to Ayuthaya an inscribed cannon . The cannon remained there until it was captured during the Burmese @-@ Siamese war of 1765 – 1767 and transported to Burma . It was then taken by the British in the third Anglo @-@ Burmese war ( 1885 – 1887 ) and shipped to England . In 1887 it was presented to the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London and put on display next to the flagpole in the grounds of the Figure Court . The cannon bears eleven inscriptions , nine of which have been carved in Arabic characters and inlaid with silver . One inscription refers to the engraver , Tun Juma 'at Abu Mandus of Singora ; another is set within a circular arabesque design and reads " The seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah , the Victorious King " .
Sources pertaining to the Singora cannon 's journey to London include the Hmannan Yazawin ( the first official chronicle of Burma 's Konbaung Dynasty ) and reports written by General Sir Harry Prendergast , commander of the Burma Expeditionary Force that captured Mandalay in the third Anglo @-@ Burmese war . The Hmannan Yazawin provides an inventory of weapons taken by the Burmese after the sack of Ayuthaya , noting that most guns were destroyed and only the finest pieces conveyed to Burma . Correspondence between General Prendergast and his superiors in India details ordnance seized during the Burma campaign and lists cannon sent as presents to Queen Victoria , the Viceroy of India , British governors of Madras and Bombay , the Royal Naval College in Greenwich , Portsmouth and Plymouth dockyards , and the Royal Hospital Chelsea . A letter at the Royal Hospital refers to the Singora cannon as a Burmese trophy gun received from the Government of India in October 1887 .
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= Maryland Route 234 =
Maryland Route 234 ( MD 234 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known as Budds Creek Road , the state highway runs 19 @.@ 02 miles ( 30 @.@ 61 km ) from U.S. Route 301 ( US 301 ) in Allens Fresh east to MD 5 in Leonardtown . MD 234 is the primary east – west highway of southern Charles County and western St. Mary 's County , connecting the St. Mary 's County seat of Leonardtown and the communities of Clements , Chaptico , Budds Creek , Wicomico , and Newport with US 301 , which heads north to La Plata , the county seat of Charles County , and south to the Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge over the Potomac River .
MD 234 originally followed what is now MD 238 from Chaptico east to MD 5 at Helen . The Chaptico – Leonardtown portion of the highway was then designated as part of MD 237 . The original MD 234 was constructed in the early 1920s ; MD 237 was built in the late 1920s and early 1930s . MD 237 between Clements and Leonardtown was reconstructed around 1950 . The Chaptico – Clements section of MD 237 and MD 234 west of Chaptico were rebuilt around 1960 , projects that involved many relocations and several new bridges . At the conclusion of the project in 1961 , MD 234 was extended east over the former section of MD 237 to Leonardtown ; MD 238 was extended from Chaptico to Helen on what was previously MD 234 .
= = Route description = =
MD 234 begins at a directional crossover intersection with US 301 ( Robert Crain Highway ) about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) north of the Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge , also known as the Potomac River Bridge . The state highway heads east as a two @-@ lane road that crosses over CSX 's Popes Creek Subdivision and passes through the hamlet of Allens Fresh . MD 234 crosses Allens Fresh Run , a tributary of the Wicomico River , as the stream flows out of the southern end of Zekiah Swamp , which is preserved within Zekiah Swamp Natural Environment Area . The state highway passes through the community of Newport , home of St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Church , and crosses Gilbert Swamp Run into the hamlet of Wicomico , which contains the historic home Sarum . MD 234 leaves Charles County by crossing over Budds Creek .
MD 234 curves southeast through the hamlet of Budds Creek , where the highway meets the southern end of MD 236 ( Thompson Corner Road ) and passes three motorsports facilities : Maryland International Speedway , Budds Creek Motocross , and Potomac Speedway . The state highway continues southeast , passing by Wicomico Shores Country Club and its associated residential area separated from the highway by a large tract of forest . MD 234 crosses Hayden Run and passes through Chaptico , where the highway intersects MD 238 at a roundabout ; MD 238 heads northeast as Chaptico Road and southwest as Maddox Road . The state highway passes another historic home , Deep Falls , on the way to Clements . At Clements , MD 234 intersects MD 242 ( Colton Point Road ) , which leads south to the site of Maryland 's First Landing at St. Clement 's Island . The state highway crosses Clements Creek and heads east through farmland , crossing Nelson Run right before the highway reaches its eastern terminus at MD 5 ( Point Lookout Road ) on the western edge of Leonardtown .
= = History = =
MD 234 originally followed roughly its current course from Allens Fresh to Chaptico , then followed what is now MD 238 east to MD 5 at Helen . The highway between Chaptico and Leonardtown via Clements was MD 237 . MD 234 was constructed as a gravel road from Allens Fresh east to Newport around 1921 . The highway was extended east to the Charles – St. Mary 's county line in 1923 . The Chaptico – Helen road , as well as 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of road west of Chaptico , were also constructed in 1923 . The original course of MD 234 was completed when the gap between Chaptico and the county line at Budds Creek was filled in 1925 . MD 237 was started between Clements and Leonardtown in 1924 and between Chaptico and Clements in 1926 . By 1927 , there were two 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) sections of gravel east from Chaptico and east from Clements . Another section of highway west from Clements was built in 1928 . By 1930 , MD 237 was complete from Clements to Leonardtown . The gap between Chaptico and Clements was under construction in 1930 and completed in 1932 .
The first upgrade of MD 234 was a relocation at Allens Fresh Run , which included replacing a dangerous one @-@ way bridge over the stream , that was completed in 1933 . MD 237 was reconstructed with a bituminous stabilized gravel surface between Clements and Leonardtown in 1950 and 1951 , a project that included new bridges over Clements Creek at a spot known as Head @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Bay and over Nelson Run near Leonardtown . Reconstruction of MD 234 from Allens Fresh to Chaptico and MD 237 from there to Clements occurred between 1959 and 1961 . MD 234 and MD 237 were significantly straightened out , leaving behind many sections of old alignment : Glasva School Road in Allens Fresh ; Allens Fresh Road between Allens Fresh and Newport ; Stines Store Road in Newport ; Plater Road and Olde Mill Road in Wicomico ; Stone Corner Lane , which is unsigned MD 868G , and Reed Road in Budds Creek ; and Horse Shoe Road between Chaptico and Clements . The project also involved new bridges over Gilbert Swamp Run , Chaptico Creek , and Budds Creek . When the project was completed in 1961 , MD 234 assumed the course of MD 237 between Chaptico and Leonardtown and MD 238 was extended over the segment of MD 234 between Chaptico and Helen .
The first roundabout in St. Mary 's County was installed at the intersection of MD 238 and MD 234 in Chaptico in 2007 . In September 2011 , MD 234 's bridge over Allens Fresh Run was washed out by flooding of the creek due to torrential rainfall from the remnants of Tropical Storm Lee . Traffic was detoured over MD 236 , MD 6 , and US 301 until a temporary bridge was completed parallel to the damaged section in November 2011 . The Maryland State Highway Administration dismantled the damaged 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) long bridge and built a 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) long replacement bridge in 2012 .
= = Junction list = =
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= Calitoxin =
Calitoxin , also known as CLX , is a sea anemone neurotoxin produced by the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica . It targets crabs and octopuses , among other invertebrates . Two isoforms ( CLX @-@ 1 and CLX @-@ 2 ) have been identified , both of which are formed from precursors stored in the stinging cells of the anemone . Once the toxin is activated and released , it causes paralysis by increasing neurotransmitter release at invertebrate neuromuscular junctions . Along with several other toxins derived from anemones , CLX is useful in ion channel research . Certain structural aspects of calitoxin are dissimilar from sea anemone toxins that also target the sodium ion channels . Other toxins resembling calitoxin function in completely different ways .
= = Source and discovery = =
Calitoxin is a highly potent neurotoxin produced by the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica , which is stored in the nematocysts of stinging cells ( cnidocytes ) . This sea anemone is a species from the Hormathiidae family and is present along the European coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea . The name calitoxin is derived from the organism from which the toxin was isolated . The toxin was isolated by a team of researchers in Naples , Italy from animals collected in the Bay of Naples . The team isolated the polypeptide through a series of centrifugations until the supernatant had lost toxic activity . The resulting pellet was purified using the techniques liquid chromatography , gel filtration , and chromatofocusing . The team then sequenced the purified polypeptide chain . They also published details on the toxin 's effects in vitro on crustacean tissue preparations , including nerve and muscle . Their findings were published in the journal Biochemistry in 1989 .
= = Structure and chemistry = =
The formula for calitoxin is C203H305N55O72S7 . It has a molecular mass of 4886 Daltons and an isoelectric point at pH 5 @.@ 4 . The amino acid sequence is markedly dissimilar from other known sea anemones toxins . There are two known genes coding for two highly homologous calitoxins — CLX @-@ 1 and CLX @-@ 2 . Both originate from a precursor peptide of 79 amino acids where the C @-@ terminus determines whether it will be the mature CLX @-@ 1 or CLX @-@ 2 . The activated toxins consist of 46 amino acids with three disulfide bonds . Researchers suspect that the toxins are stored as precursors in cnidocytes . Under the effects of some triggering stimulus , the precursor is modified and released in the active form . The patterning of cleavage sites targeted during maturation of the peptide suggest that the active quaternary structure might be a tetrapeptide .
Calitoxin and other sea anemone toxins are used in studying ion channels , with potential applications in biomedical and physiology research . In the mature CLX , one base @-@ pair substitution is responsible for a single glutamic acid to lysine replacement in the coding region of CLX @-@ 2 , leading to the difference between the two isoforms . The structural organization of these two genes show a high degree of homology . This suggests that the two different peptides have the same biological function . This cannot yet be confirmed because only CLX @-@ 1 has been isolated from C. parasitica . Calitoxin has a very different sequence from another sodium channel binding sea anemone toxin , ATX II , which is produced by the distantly related Anemonia sulcata . A better understanding of these differences might offer insights about the function of particular amino acid residues . Despite markedly dissimilar gene sequences , CLX @-@ 1 affects crustacean axon potentials similar to two other classes of anemone toxins . Alternatively , certain aspects of the structure of the CLX genes are found in scorpion toxins as well as other sea anemone toxins that block potassium channels .
= = Target and activity = =
Calitoxin causes massive neurotransmitter release from the nerve terminals of the neuromuscular junction , which in turn causes a strong muscle contraction and even paralysis . The exact target of calitoxin has not yet been clarified ; since it has a similar action on the neuromuscular junction as Anemonia sulcata toxins , calitoxin may slow down the inactivation of voltage @-@ gated sodium channels in motor neurons . Calitoxin has been tested for activity on the crab Carcinus mediterraneus . Purified toxin was injected into the hemocoel of the crab . The minimum dose of 0 @.@ 2 µg of toxin triggered muscle contractions in the crab , causing paralysis within 1 minute . The median lethal dose ( LD50 ) is unknown .
= = Function in nature = =
Sea anemones produce toxins , such as calitoxin , in their stinging cells ( cnidocytes ) . These cells contain organelles called nematocysts . When triggered , an envenomation response occurs . This can result in injury to target organisms , including capture of prey , defense against predatory organisms , or against aggressors from within their own species . In its natural setting , C. parasitica can establish a mutualistic relationship with the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus . The sea anemone identifies shells inhabited by the hermit crab and attaches . C. parasitica provides protection for the hermit crab , by stinging or intimidating potential predators . Octopuses will avoid shells bearing C. parasitica . In return for the protection , the sea anemone gains an advantage in accessing a broader distribution of food sources , as the crab moves across the ocean floor .
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= Americana ( film ) =
Americana is a 1983 American drama film starring , produced , edited and directed by David Carradine . The screenplay and story , written by Richard Carr , was based on a portion of the 1947 novel , The Perfect Round , by Henry Morton Robinson . The novel 's setting was originally post @-@ World War II , but the screenplay involved the post @-@ war experiences of a Vietnam War veteran , obsessed with restoring an abandoned carousel .
In 1981 , the film , won The People 's Choice Award at the Director 's Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival . Financing the movie himself , Carradine shot most of the footage for the film , which was co @-@ produced by Skip Sherwood , in 1973 with a band of 26 people , mostly his family and friends , over the course of 18 days . Problems with financing and distribution kept the film from being released until 1983 . The film was well received by audiences , but met with primarily negative criticism .
= = Plot = =
A down on his luck , former Green Beret captain ( Carradine ) , freshly discharged from the Vietnam War , drifts into Drury , Kansas . There he finds a derelict merry @-@ go @-@ round that he decides to restore . " The symbolism of a man wanting to build something joyful after being part of the carnage and destruction of war , " surmised film critic , Charles Champlin . The people of the town have mixed reactions : some support his efforts while others hinder them . Among his supporters are two local business men : a hardware store owner , played by Barbara Hershey 's father , Arnold Herzstein , and Mike , a gas station proprietor played by Michael Greene , who had guest @-@ starred on two episodes of Carradine 's television series , Kung Fu . Both men supply employment to the veteran as well as parts and tools for his endeavour .
Another helpful character is a young local girl , who watches the reconstruction efforts from afar , and scampers off when she is seen . The girl , played by Carradine 's real life domestic partner , Barbara Hershey , provides a tool box and some food . Detractors of the veteran 's efforts include a band of local teenagers , one of whom is played by John Blyth Barrymore , a personal friend of Carradine 's and a frequent guest star on Kung Fu . The protagonist is also harassed by the town 's sheriff , played by Carradine 's brother , Bruce .
When the town 's ruffians vandalize the half @-@ restored carousel , the captain redoubles his efforts . By this time he has found , to his displeasure , that Mike 's favorite pastime is to officiate the weekly cock fights , and the two have a falling out . Mike refuses to make good on a promise of a much needed part for the carousel , unless the soldier agrees to fight a dog . The veteran reluctantly agrees to the fight during which he kills the dog . After installing the last piece that completes the carousel 's restoration , he lays the dog 's body inside it , starts it up and walks away , while the townspeople look on .
= = Cast and crew = =
In addition to those previously mentioned , the film also featured Dan Haggerty , who starred in the television series , The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams . He provided the fighting dog , played the role of the dog 's trainer and worked on the set design and the actual restoration of the carousel .
Robert Carradine , David Carradine 's younger half @-@ brother , assisted with the camera work . Greg Walker , former Kung Fu stunt coordinator , served as stunt coordinator and played one of the town 's ruffians . Fran Ryan , whom Carradine met while they both worked on The Long Riders ( 1980 ) , played a colonel in a scene that was shot several years after the main body of footage . Claire Townsend , a United Artists ( UA ) executive who had helped finance the film , played a lieutenant . Rick Van Ness , who had scouted the location , had a role as a Grateful Dead fan who gives the hero a ride . He also served as production manager .
Calista Carradine , David 's daughter , sang the theme song , " Around " , during the opening credits . The haunting tune , which was written by David Carradine , was reprised at the end of the movie , with Carradine himself singing . Several members of the Drury , Kansas community appear in the film as themselves . Carradine 's own dog , Buffalo , is credited in the film playing a stray dog .
= = Inspiration and production = =
In 1969 , David Carradine and Barbara Hershey met , and began a romantic relationship , on the set of Heaven with a Gun ( 1969 ) . The movie 's writer , Richard Carr , had occasion to tell the couple what he referred to as a " bedtime story " . Carradine remembered it as " the merry @-@ go @-@ round " story . A few years later , after Carradine had experienced financial success with Kung Fu , he decided he wanted to make the story into a movie . He contacted Carr , who secured the rights to the Henry Morton Robinson novel , and began writing the screenplay . He told Carradine that the book contained a much more complicated story than the one he had told him . Carradine responded , " I want to make the bedtime story . "
Carradine formed an acting company that he called " ' Kansas Flyer ' , a metaphor for a check that bounces . " He acquired a broken @-@ down carousel in a junk yard in Los Angeles , and some broken horses in Kansas City . He and his entourage then headed for Drury , Kansas . The original working title of the film was Around . While exploring film title designs for the picture , Carradine came across a style called Americana . " I was trying to figure out what it would look like if it said Around . Suddenly , I said to myself , ' Why am I doing this , anyway ? It 's right here in front of me . ' I called up the title designer and told him I was changing the title to Americana . "
Carradine provided most of the financing for the project , which cost under 1 million dollars . He stated that the purpose of his other acting jobs was to pay for his independent projects , over which he would have artistic control . Carradine said he even sold his Kung Fu residuals to raise money for his own projects , and consequently gone into debt . He also sought advice from directors he had worked with , including Martin Scorsese and Ingmar Bergman . " ' The wonderful thing about working with good directors , ' Carradine admitted , ' is it gives me the opportunity to pick their brains for my own films . ' " Using his spare time to edit the film , in 1981 , Carradine finally had a finished project to take to film festivals .
There were setbacks with distribution , however . United Artists , which had ownership of the movie , changed hands and the new owners had no interest in the movie . Carradine bought the movie back from U.A. , and set out to find a distributor . The picture was picked up by Crown International , which specialized in teen exploitation films . Just two weeks before the opening was scheduled , Carradine was still shooting some additional scenes .
Another problem arose when a representative from the Motion Picture Association of America set the pictures rating at " R " ( restricted ) , explaining that the sound of the fighting dog 's spine being broken was too loud . Carradine said that he would change it . A few weeks later he submitted it again and received the " PG " ( parental guidance suggested ) rating he wanted , without having changed a thing .
= = Reception and release = =
The Los Angeles Times film critic , Charles Champlin , explained that the Director 's Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival " came into being as one of the consequences of the political turmoil that aborted the festival in 1968 . It is designed to make the festival a less than totally establishment affair and it offers Third World , independent and frequently angry films on social themes . " He further explained that Carradine 's Americana was " an ideal selection for the fortnight . " In fact , the film won the People 's Choice Award there in 1981 . Film columnist Christopher Hicks stated that Americana was also warmly received at the 1981 United States Film and Video Festival in Park City , Utah . This was the third of such events which would later become known as the Sundance Film Festival . Carradine said of the audience 's reaction to the film , " Well , they laughed in all the right places , and they applauded at the end , so I guess it went alright . " He also said , " Americana swept the festival and I came very close to making a distribution deal with Warner Brothers . " However , the Associated Press described Americana 's reception in Utah as " quiet " .
The moment of truth for the film came when it opened in New York City on October 21 , 1983 . Carradine had discussed Americana with film critic Kirk Honeycutt . Upon hearing of Carradine 's death in 2009 , Honeycutt recalled the discussion , remembering that he was " most impressed . " He explained , " I got an assignment from The New York Times to do a profile on Carradine the filmmaker " . Honeycutt 's profile was planned to coincide with the film 's opening at the Embassy 72d Street theater and the East Side Cinema , in New York City . Carradine commented that when he arrvied at the premiere to promote the film , he noticed that the poster and advertisement that he had made for the occasion had been replaced with " inferior ones " . He also said that the film received standing ovations at both venues .
However , negative reviews , like the one from New York Times film critic , Janet Maslin , killed the publication of Honeycutt 's piece . Maslin said of the final scene of the movie , " Anything this moment reveals about Vietnam and about America , not to mention about dogs and merry @-@ go @-@ rounds , has been said better elsewhere . " Critic Richard Freeman found Barbara Hershey 's character " moronic " , and referred to the film as " twaddle . " Freeman said it was " fraught with symbolism . Or maybe it is just fraught " . He further said of the film , " Actually , it 's about David Carradine , of whom the less said the better " . The Kokomo Tribune called the story " pointless " . When Carradine read the reviews , he went back to the hotel bathroom and threw up . " ' It wasn 't just that the critics didn 't like the picture ; they were angry at me for making it , ' Carradine said . ' I 'll never figure that out . ' "
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= Soviet cruiser Molotov =
Molotov ( Russian : Молотов ) was a Project 26bis Kirov @-@ class cruiser of the Soviet Navy that served during World War II and into the Cold War . She supported Soviet troops during the Siege of Sevastopol , the Kerch @-@ Feodosiya Operation and the amphibious landings at Novorossiysk at the end of January 1943 .
The ship was extensively modernized between 1952 and 1955 . She was renamed Slava ( Russian : Слава , Glory ) in 1957 after Vyacheslav Molotov fell out of favour . Slava was reclassified as a training ship in 1961 before being sold for scrap in 1972 .
= = Description = =
Molotov and her sister Maxim Gorky had heavier armor and were slightly improved from the first two Kirov @-@ class cruisers of Project 26 , and were thus designated Project 26bis .
She was 187 meters ( 614 ft ) long at the waterline , 191 @.@ 4 meters ( 628 ft ) long overall , with a beam of 17 @.@ 66 meters ( 57 ft 11 in ) and a draft between 5 @.@ 87 to 6 @.@ 3 meters ( 19 ft 3 in to 20 ft 8 in ) . She displaced 8 @,@ 177 metric tons ( 8 @,@ 048 long tons ) at standard load and 9 @,@ 728 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 574 long tons ) at full load .
Her steam turbines produced a total of 129 @,@ 750 shaft horsepower ( 96 @,@ 750 kW ) during her sea trials , reaching a maximum speed of 36 @.@ 72 knots ( 68 @.@ 01 km / h ; 42 @.@ 26 mph ) , just shy of her designed speed of 37 knots , mainly because she was overweight by 900 metric tons ( 890 long tons ) . Molotov normally carried 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons ) of fuel oil , 1 @,@ 660 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 630 long tons ) at full load and 1 @,@ 750 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 720 long tons ) at overload . This gave her a range of 4 @,@ 220 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 820 km ; 4 @,@ 860 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) .
Molotov carried nine 180 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) 57 @-@ calibre B @-@ 1 @-@ P guns in three electrically powered MK @-@ 3 @-@ 180 triple turrets . Her secondary armament consisted of nine single 100 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) 56 @-@ calibre B @-@ 34 anti @-@ aircraft guns fitted on each side of the rear funnel . Her light AA guns consisted of six semi @-@ automatic 45 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) 21 @-@ K AA guns and four DK 12 @.@ 7 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) machine guns . Six 533 @-@ millimeter ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) 39 @-@ Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings .
Molotov was the first Soviet ship to carry radar , a Redut @-@ K air warning system , which she used for the entire war . Soviet @-@ designed Mars @-@ 1 gunnery radar systems were added by 1944 .
= = = Wartime modifications = = =
By 1943 three of Molotov 's 45 mm semi @-@ automatic guns were replaced with twelve fully automatic 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 70 @-@ K AA guns with one thousand rounds per gun and two extra DK machine guns . Her aircraft catapult was removed in 1942 to make room for more light AA guns .
In 1943 an improved ZK @-@ 1a catapult was fitted and successfully test @-@ launched a Supermarine Spitfire fighter . However , in 1947 the concept was abandoned and the catapult was removed .
= = World War II = =
Molotov was laid down at the Marti South , Nikolayev on 14 January 1937 , launched on 4 December 1939 and was completed on 14 June 1941 . As the only ship in the Soviet Navy with radar Molotov remained in Sevastopol for the initial period of Operation Barbarossa to provide air warning . The advance of German troops into the Crimea in late October 1941 forced her to transfer to Tuapse where she continued to provide air warning . However , the ship did bombard German troops near Feodosiya with nearly 200 180 mm shells on 9 November before returning to Tuapse . Molotov helped to carry the 386th Rifle Division from Poti to Sevastopol between 24 and 28 December 1941 . While off @-@ loading troops on 29 December her stern was damaged by German artillery and she shelled Axis positions in retaliation , firing 205 180 mm and 107 100 mm shells . The ship evacuated 600 wounded upon her departure on 30 December .
Molotov reprised her role as a transport during the first week of January . Her bow was damaged during a heavy storm in Tuapse when she was thrown against the jetty on 21 – 22 January 1942 . The ship spent most of the next month under repair , although her bow could not be straightened ; the residual damage reduced her speed by several knots . She made a number of bombardment sorties in support of Soviet troops on the Kerch Peninsula until 20 March when she returned to Poti for more permanent repairs . On 12 June Molotov transported 2998 men of the 138th Rifle Brigade to Sevastopol , shelling German positions while unloading . She evacuated 1065 wounded and 350 women and children as she departed . On 14 – 15 June the ship returned , carrying 3855 reinforcements in company with other ships , bombarded German positions again , and evacuated 2908 wounded and refugees . On 2 August , while returning from another bombardment mission near Feodosiya , 20 metres ( 66 ft ) of her stern was blown off by Heinkel He 111 torpedo bombers of 6 . / KG 26 acting in concert with Italian MAS torpedo boats . The damage reduced her speed to 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) and Molotov had to be steered by her engines . Molotov was under repair at Poti until 31 July 1943 and used the stern of the incomplete Chapayev @-@ class cruiser Frunze , the rudder of the incomplete cruiser Zheleznyakov , the steering gear from the cruiser Kaganovich and the steering sensor from the submarine L @-@ 25 . The loss of three destroyers to German air attack on 6 October 1943 resulted in Stalin 's order that forbade the deployment of large naval units without his express permission ; this meant the end of Molotov 's active participation in the war .
= = Postwar career = =
Molotov was refitted in November 1945 to repair the last of her wartime damage . She suffered a fire in the shell handling room for Turret # 2 on 5 October 1946 that had to be extinguished by flooding the magazine and handling room at the cost of 22 dead and 20 wounded . The ship served as the test bed for the radars intended for the Chapayev and Sverdlov @-@ class cruisers during the late 1940s . Molotov 's postwar modernization began in 1952 and lasted until 28 January 1955 .
As part of this modernization Molotov received a radar suite composed of Gyuys for air search , Rif for surface search , Zalp for main @-@ armament gunnery and Yakor ' for anti @-@ aircraft gunnery . All of her light anti @-@ aircraft guns were replaced by eleven twin gun water @-@ cooled 37 mm V @-@ 11 mounts and her 100 mm guns were reinstalled on fully powered B @-@ 34USMA mountings . Her anti @-@ aircraft fire @-@ control system was replaced by a Zenit @-@ 26 with SPN @-@ 500 stabilized directors . In addition she lost her torpedo tubes , anti @-@ submarine weapons , boat cranes and all remaining aircraft equipment . This cost 200 million rubles , between half and three @-@ quarters the cost of a new Project 68bis Sverdlov @-@ class cruiser .
On 29 October 1955 the ship participated in rescue efforts after an explosion sank the ex @-@ Italian battleship Novorossiysk . Five of her own men were lost when the battleship capsized almost three hours after the explosion . She was renamed Slava on 3 August 1957 after Vyacheslav Molotov was purged from the government after an unsuccessful coup against Nikita Khrushchev that same year . She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 3 August 1961 . Slava was deployed to the Mediterranean between 5 – 30 June 1967 to show Soviet support of Syria during the Six @-@ Day War . She returned to the Mediterranean between September – December 1970 where the ship assisted the Kotlin @-@ class destroyer Bravyi after the latter 's collision with the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal on 9 November 1970 . Slava was sold for scrap on 4 April 1972 .
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= Goalkeeper ( water polo ) =
In water polo , the goalkeeper occupies a position as the last line of defense between the opponent 's offence and their own team 's goal , which is 2 @.@ 8 m2 ( 30 sq ft ) .
The goalkeeper is different from other people on their team ; they possess certain privileges and are subject to different restrictions from those of field players . As well as this , they must possess different skills from those of the fielders .
Goalkeepers often have longer playing careers than field players because they swim far less .
In water polo , the goalkeeper is commonly known as the goalie or keeper and may also be known as the man / woman in the cage .
= = History = =
The position of the goalkeeper has existed since the game of water polo originated . At that time , the object of the game was to touch the ball on the opponent 's end of the pool . The goalkeeper would wait at the end of the pool until an opposing player approached the goal , when the goalkeeper would try to stop that player , for example , by dunking their head .
A change occurred in the game and the role of the goalkeeper in the 1880s , when the Scottish reduced the size of the scoring area by placing rugby posts , spaced about 10 feet apart , at each end of the pool . At the same time , the rules were changed to allow goalkeepers to stand on the pool deck and leap onto the head of an opposing player who approached the goal . This change in the rules was brief . To prevent the serious injuries that resulted from this method of goalkeeping , the rules were revised again to require the goalie to remain in the water .
The basic functions of the goalie position have changed little over the last century , but there have been changes affecting the style of play . In the 1940s , Hungary introduced a new technique called the eggbeater kick that enables goalkeepers to maintain a stable balance in the water .
= = Rules = =
Inside the 5 m ( 16 ft ) area , the goalkeeper is the only person on the team permitted to touch the ball with two hands , touch the bottom of the pool and punch the ball with a clenched fist . Although the goalkeeper may not advance beyond the half @-@ way line , they may attempt shots at the other goal .
Any goalkeeper who aggressively fouls an attacker in position to score can be charged with a penalty shot for the other team . The goalkeeper can also be temporarily ejected from the game for twenty seconds if they prevent a likely goal ( for example , by splashing ) . If the goalkeeper pushes the ball under the water in the 5 m ( 16 ft ) area , instead of being a free throw to the other team , it is a penalty . A penalty is also awarded to the other team if the goalkeeper pulls down from the crossbar of the goal to prevent a goal .
Unless reserve , all goalkeepers caps are numbered 1 and contrast with their team 's colour to distinguish their position . Reserve goalkeepers have differently numbered caps depending on the governing body ; they are shown in the table below .
= = = Rule variations = = =
Below is a table showing the major differences of rules and regulations for water polo goalkeepers between the three largest governing bodies : FINA , NCAA and NFHS .
= = Responsibilities and techniques = =
In water polo , field players possess entirely different skills and responsibilities to the goalkeeper .
= = = Responsibilities = = =
The primary role of the goalkeeper is to block shots at the goal . After saving the ball , the goalkeeper has the responsibility to keep possession of the ball in order to stop opposing players regaining possession . They must make sure that whenever the opposition appears to be ready to make a shot on goal , their hands are near or above the surface of the water . They also possess the job to pass down the pool accurately in order to retain possession of the ball , often starting the team 's counterattack .
The goalkeeper is the only player who may block a penalty and because 63 @.@ 7 % of penalties are goals , the goalkeeper has a massive role in this area but failure to be in the correct position at a penalty is an exclusion foul . At a penalty shootout , the goalkeeper 's job is critical and will largely determine the outcome of the match . If the goalkeeper is excluded during the course of the penalty shootout , then one of the other five players in the pool may take their place . The goalkeeper 's hips should be high at a penalty shot to give them extra height . The goalkeeper should do one of two things at a penalty shot :
Stay in the middle of the goal , raise themself up high and spread arms wide to eliminate the possibility of shots towards the centre of the goal
Move to one side of the goal as a guess to where the shooter will place the ball .
Moreover , goalkeepers should have leadership . They should inform field players of information , such as unmarked players and the time of the game clock and give instructions to the field players . Because of this , they may sometimes be known as the coach in the water .
When a man down , goalkeepers have extra responsibility . It is easier for the other team to continue to shoot , making the goalkeeper very worn out . Platanou said that with a man down the goalkeeper had " The highest possible intensity " .
= = = Body part techniques = = =
Most of the time , goalkeepers do low @-@ intensity work ( treading water without too much effort ) but when they do work ( for example , when they have a man down or are in the ready position ) it is very intense .
Goalkeepers must be able to perform the eggbeater kick to a high standard . Before the eggbeater kick , goalkeepers would use breaststroke which meant that they could not stay up for very long and players found it easier to score . By using the eggbeater kick , goalkeepers can raise their bodies high enough in the water to be able to block shots at the goal for longer periods of time . This can be used conjunctively with sculling , in which the goalkeeper keeps their hands closed ( with the fingers together ) and moves them forwards and backwards .
The easiest way for the goalkeeper to block shots is for them to block the ball with either their hands or arms . Longer arms can help the goalkeeper to reach the ball , thus being an advantage . Sports involving quick reactions may be helpful , as these help the goalkeeper 's reflexes which is a crucial skill .
= = = = Body part work = = = =
In order to improve , there are a variety of drills designed to improve the goalkeeper 's skill .
To start with , there are drills to help improve the goalkeeper in the water . These range from simple exercise ( such as jumping as high out of the water as possible with two hands ) to drills not specifically used in water polo ; rather they are used to improve the goalkeeper 's core muscles ( such as catching a ball dropped from the side into the water ) .
As the goalkeeper must be able to swim quickly for short distances , to improve they can practice exercises such as swimming quickly and then immediately stopping without touching the sides . It is important for the goalkeeper to swim both breastroke and freestyle - the breastroke helping with the eggbeater kick and the freestyle helping with the swimming in the match .
Moreover , at the start of the game it is vital for the goalkeeper to stretch for 15 minutes .
= = = Blocking techniques = = =
As blocking the ball is the primary role of the goalkeeper , they must have good knowledge of blocking techniques .
As the goalkeeper has the choice of how many hands they want to use , the decision should be made of what they want to do . A shot should be stopped with two hands either if it is weak or close to the goalkeeper 's body , and normally stopped with one in other circumstances . This is because one @-@ handed saves can go to the ball faster .
Goalkeepers should be wary of dummying , lob shots and skip or bounce shots . Dummying is where players fake shots , leading keepers to come out of the water too early . This can cause the goalkeeper to come up too early and have to go back down for energy . The lob shot is where a field player attempts to put the ball over where the goalkeeper 's hands can reach . This usually happens either if the goalkeeper is out of position from the dummies or if they are too far out from the goal . The goalkeeper should swim back to try to block it , as it is nowhere near as fast as the power shot . The bounce or skip shot is where a player propels the ball at the water with enough force to make it bounce or skim along the water . It can take the goalkeeper by surprise as they cannot predict the direction the ball will go .
Most shots are saved with the arms or the hands , but goalkeepers are known to save shots with their faces and even feet .
= = = Filmography = = =
Steve Hamann ( 2008 ) . Water polo goalkeeping : skills , drills , & angles . Coaches Choice . OCLC 317622663 .
Steve Hamann ( 2008 ) . Water polo goalkeeping : beyond " just block the ball " . Coaches Choice . OCLC 724024881 .
Sean Nolan ( 2011 ) . Becoming a Champion Water Polo Goalie . Championship Productions . OCLC 775016436 .
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= Saved from the Titanic =
Saved from the Titanic is a 1912 American silent motion picture short starring Dorothy Gibson , an American film actress who survived the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15 , 1912 . It is the first film about the tragedy , premiering in the United States just 29 days after the event .
Gibson had been one of around 28 people aboard the first lifeboat to be launched from Titanic and was rescued about five and a half hours after leaving the ship . On returning to New York , she co @-@ wrote the script and played a fictionalized version of herself . The plot involves her recounting the story of the disaster to her fictional parents and fiancé , with the footage interspersed with stock footage of icebergs , Titanic 's sister ship Olympic and the ship 's captain , Edward Smith . To add to the film 's authenticity , Gibson wore the same clothes as on the night of the disaster . The filming took place in a New Jersey studio and aboard a derelict ship in New York Harbor .
The film was released internationally and attracted large audiences and positive reviews , though some criticized it for commercializing the tragedy so soon after the event . It is now regarded as a lost film , as the last known prints were destroyed in a studio fire in March 1914 . A few printed stills are now all that is known to survive of it . It is also the last film that Dorothy Gibson ever made , as she suffered a mental breakdown after completing it .
= = Gibson 's voyage on the Titanic = =
The 22 @-@ year @-@ old Gibson was a passenger aboard Titanic 's maiden voyage , joining the ship at Cherbourg in France on the evening of April 10 . She had been on vacation in Europe with her mother when her employers , the Éclair Film Company , recalled her to New York to participate in a new production . On the evening of the sinking , she was playing bridge ( this would have been bridge whist , a predecessor to today 's game ) in a first @-@ class saloon before retiring to the cabin that she shared with her mother . The game was later credited with saving the lives of the players who had stayed up late to finish it , despite it being ( as one American writer put it ) " a violation of the strict Sabbath rules of English vessels . " The collision with the iceberg at 11 : 40 pm sounded to Gibson like a " long , drawn , sickening scrunch " . After going to investigate , she fetched her mother when she saw Titanic 's deck beginning to list as water flooded into the ship 's boiler rooms .
Two of the bridge players , Frederic Seward and William Sloper , accompanied Gibson and her mother to the lifeboats . The group boarded lifeboat no . 7 , the first to be launched . Around 27 other people were on board the boat when it was lowered at 12 : 40 am , just over an hour after the collision . The lifeboat 's plug could not be found , causing water to gush in until , as Gibson later put it , " this was remedied by volunteer contributions from the lingerie of the women and the garments of men . " Around 1 @,@ 500 people were still aboard Titanic when she sank , throwing them into freezing water where they soon died of hypothermia . As they struggled in the water , Gibson heard what she described as a " terrible cry that rang out from people who were thrown into the sea and others who were afraid for their loved ones . " The sinking deeply affected her ; according to Sloper , she became " quite hysterical and kept repeating over and over so that people near us could hear her , " I 'll never ride in my little grey car again . " " The occupants of the lifeboat were finally rescued at 6 : 15 am by the RMS Carpathia and taken to New York .
= = Production = =
Only a few days after she returned to New York , Gibson began work on a film based on the disaster . The impetus may have come from Jules Brulatour , an Éclair Film Company producer with whom she was having an affair . According to Billboard magazine he sent " specially chartered tugboats and an extra relay of cameramen " to film the arrival of Carpathia . The footage was spliced together with other scenes such as Titanic 's Captain Edward Smith on the bridge of the RMS Olympic , Titanic 's sister ship , images of the launch of Titanic in 1911 and stock footage of icebergs . On April 22 , the resulting newsreel was released as part of the studio 's Animated Weekly series . It was an enormous success with sold @-@ out showings across America . President William Howard Taft , whose friend and military aide Archibald Butt was among the victims of the disaster , received a personal copy of the film .
The success of the newsreel appears to have convinced Brulatour to capitalize further with a drama based on the sinking . He had a unique advantage – a leading actress who was a survivor and eyewitness to what had happened . Gibson later described her decision to participate as an " opportunity to pay tribute to those who gave their lives on that awful night . " Jeffrey Richards suggests that it was more likely that Brulatour persuaded her that the disaster offered an opportunity to advance her career . The filming took place at Éclair 's studio in Fort Lee , New Jersey and aboard a derelict transport vessel in New York Harbor . It was completed in only a week and the entire process of filming , processing and distribution took only half the time normally required for a one @-@ reel film – a sign of the producers ' eagerness to get the film onto screens while news of the disaster was still fresh . The film was only ten minutes long but this was typical of the time , as feature films had not yet become the norm . Instead , a program typically consisted of six to eight short films , each between ten and fifteen minutes long and covering a range of genres . Although newsreels were the main vehicle for presenting current events , dramas and comedies also picked up on such issues . There was very little footage of Titanic herself , which hindered the ability of newsreels to depict the sinking ; however , the disaster was an obvious subject for a drama .
Gibson was plainly still traumatized – a reporter from the Motion Picture News described her as having " the appearance of one whose nerves had been greatly shocked " – and she was said to have burst into tears during filming . To add to the film 's air of authenticity , she even wore the same clothes that she was rescued in . Nonetheless , as well as starring as " Miss Dorothy " – herself , in effect – Gibson is said to have co @-@ written the script , which was based around a fictionalized version of her own experiences . Her parents and ( fictional ) fiancé , Ensign Jack , are shown waiting anxiously for her return after hearing news of the disaster . She arrives safely back home and recounts the events of the disaster in a long flashback , illustrated with newsreel footage of Titanic and a mockup of the collision itself . Titanic sinks but Dorothy is saved . When she concludes her story , her mother urges Dorothy 's fiancé to leave the navy as it is too dangerous a career . Jack ultimately rejects the mother 's advice , deciding that he must do his duty to flag and country . Dorothy 's father is moved by his patriotism and the film ends with him blessing the marriage .
The film 's structure aimed to promote its story 's authenticity and credibility through the integration of newsreel footage and the presence of a genuine survivor as the " narrator " . Audiences had previously seen survivors of disasters only as unspeaking " objects " shown as part of a story told by someone else . Gibson , by contrast , was a survivor given voice as the narrator of what was ostensibly her personal story .
= = Release and reception = =
Saved from the Titanic was released in the United States on May 14 , 1912 and was also released internationally , in the United Kingdom as A Survivor of the Titanic and in Germany as Was die Titanic sie lehrte ( " What the Titanic Taught Her " ) . It attracted a positive review in Motion Picture World of May 11 , 1912 , which described Gibson 's performance as " a unique piece of acting in the sensational new film @-@ play of the Éclair Company ... [ which is ] creating a great activity in the market , for the universal interest in the catastrophe has made a national demand . " The review went on :
Miss Gibson had hardly recovered from her terrible strain in the wreck , when she was called upon to take part in this new piece , which she constructed as well . It was a nerve @-@ racking task , but like actresses before the footlights , this beautiful young cinematic star valiantly conquered her own feelings and went through the work . A surprising and artistically perfect reel has resulted .
The Moving Picture News commended the film 's " wonderful mechanical and lighting effects , realistic scenes , perfect reproduction of the true history of the fateful trip , magnificently acted . A heart @-@ stirring tale of the sea 's greatest tragedy depicted by an eye @-@ witness . " However , some criticized the questionable tastefulness of portraying a disaster that had so recently occurred . " Spectator " in the New York Dramatic Mirror condemned the venture as " revolting " :
The bare idea of undertaking to reproduce in a studio , no matter how well equipped , or by re @-@ enacted sea scenes an event of the appalling character of the Titanic disaster , with its 1 @,@ 600 victims , is revolting , especially at this time when the horrors of the event are so fresh in mind . And that a young woman who came so lately , with her good mother , safely through the distressing scenes can now bring herself to commercialize her good fortune by the grace of God , is past understanding ...
= = Fate = =
Saved from the Titanic is now considered a lost film , as the only known prints were destroyed in a fire at Éclair Studios in March 1914 . Its only surviving visual records are a few production stills , printed in the Moving Picture News and Motion Picture World , showing scenes of the family and a still of Dorothy standing in front of a map of the North Atlantic pointing to the location of the Titanic . Frank Thompson highights the film as one of a number of " important movies that disappeared " , noting that it was unique for having " an actual survivor of the Titanic playing herself in a film " while wearing " the very clothes . . . in which she abandoned ship " :
[ T ] hat all this was committed to film within days of the disaster is enough to make any Titanic enthusiast sigh with frustration . No matter what melodramatic hocum found its way into the film – and the synopsis suggests that there was plenty – Saved from the Titanic is an irreplaceable piece of Titanic lore .
It was also Dorothy Gibson 's last film , as the effort of making it appears to have brought on an existential crisis for her . According to a report in the Harrisburg Leader , " she had practically lost her reason , by virtue of the terrible strain she had been under to graphically portray her part . "
= = Cast = =
Dorothy Gibson as Miss Dorothy
Alec B. Francis as Father
Julia Stuart as Mother
John G. Adolfi as Ensign Jack
William R. Dunn as Jack 's pal
Guy Oliver as Jack 's pal
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= Christine Langan =
Christine Langan ( born January 1965 ) is an English film producer who has been Head of BBC Films since April 2009 .
After graduating from Cambridge University in 1987 and working in advertising for three years , Langan joined Granada Television 's drama serials department where she script edited daytime soap operas . From there , she transferred to Granada 's newly created comedy department , where she developed the acclaimed television series Cold Feet , and other one @-@ off comedies . In 2000 , she left Granada to become a freelance producer , and produced the romantic comedy series Rescue Me for the BBC . She returned to Granada in 2002 , where she produced the acclaimed dramas The Deal ( 2003 ) and Dirty Filthy Love ( 2004 ) . She made her feature film production debut on Pierrepoint ( 2005 ) , which got her a Carl Foreman Award nomination at the 60th British Academy Film Awards . Langan also produced The Queen ( 2006 ) for Granada , which won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture .
In 2006 , Langan became an executive producer at BBC Films , developing features such as The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) and The Duchess ( 2008 ) . In April 2009 , she was appointed Creative Director of BBC Films , giving her control of a £ 12 million annual budget and which projects are commissioned for development . By 2010 , Langan had led BBC Films to a record 13 nominations at the British Academy Film Awards , which included In the Loop ( 2009 ) , Fish Tank ( 2009 ) and An Education ( 2009 ) .
Langan lives in London with her partner , writer Christian Spurrier , and their two children .
= = Background = =
Christine Langan was born in January 1965 in Edmonton , London , England . Her mother and father , a dinner lady and a bricklayer respectively , already had three children . Growing up , Langan became interested in television production after seeing Lew Grade 's name in the credits of several programmes . She attended a Catholic grammar school and read English at Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge .
After graduating from Cambridge University in 1987 , Langan spent three years working as a copywriter for an advertising company . She also contributed film reviews to BBC Radio 2 's Cinema 2 programme . In 1990 , Langan began her career in film production as an assistant developer for Tessa Ross at British Screen . The following year , she responded to an advertisement for a script editor at Granada Television 's drama serials department , located in Manchester . She was hired by David Liddiment , and worked mainly on Granada 's daytime soap operas .
= = Career = =
= = = Granada comedy = = =
In 1993 , Langan returned to London to work for Andy Harries at Granada 's newly created comedy department , where she script @-@ edited September Song , the television adaptation of An Evening with Gary Lineker , and the second series of Rik Mayall Presents . In 1995 , she was associate producer on The Perfect Match , a one @-@ off comedy drama written by former BBC radio producer Mike Bullen . The Perfect Match was broadcast in September 1995 , and shortly afterwards , Harries asked Langan to develop more ideas from Bullen .
They devised Cold Feet , another one @-@ off comedy drama based on the love lives of Bullen himself and his friends . Langan produced Cold Feet , guiding Bullen through his script drafts , and hiring Father Ted director Declan Lowney to shoot it . Cold Feet was broadcast in March 1997 as one of four Comedy Premieres on ITV ( two others of which Langan script edited ) . It received poor ratings and little critical reaction . However , in May 1997 , it won the Rose d 'Or at the Montreux International Television Festival . ITV Network Centre commissioned a series of Cold Feet in August , which Langan also produced . For the series , Langan tried to achieve a written and visual style that differed from regular sitcoms by avoiding " one @-@ liners and quick laughs " and hiring directors who had done little television work before . Cold Feet premiered as a series in November 1998 , and Langan stayed until the third series in 2000 . She and Bullen received a nomination for the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series in 2000 . Also in 1998 , Langan worked on her first feature film , script editing the Parker Posey @-@ led The Misadventures of Margaret .
In 1999 , Langan was made an executive producer in the department . She oversaw several productions , including Passion Killers ( 1999 , starring Ben Miller ) , Safe as Houses ( 2000 , starring Ricky Tomlinson ) , and the pilot episode of David Nicholls ' I Saw You ( 2000 , starring Paul Rhys and Fay Ripley ) . In 2000 , Langan was offered a position at the BBC 's drama department , which had been rearranged that year . The trade magazine Broadcast reported the BBC had made a " substantial offer " to her . Granada 's director of programmes Grant Mansfield countered the BBC 's bid by offering Langan the position of deputy controller of drama , operating under Andy Harries , who had recently been appointed controller of the same department . Langan accepted neither offer , and instead became a freelance producer after her contract with Granada expired .
As a freelancer , Langan developed three more episodes of I Saw You for Granada . Her only other project was producing David Nicholls ' romantic comedy series Rescue Me with Tiger Aspect Productions for BBC One . As well as producing it , she made her credited directorial debut on the final episode . The six @-@ part series , starring Sally Phillips , was broadcast in 2002 . It was not a ratings success , and the BBC did not commission a second series .
= = = Granada drama = = =
In September 2002 , Langan signed a new contract to develop new projects at Granada 's combined drama , film and comedy department . Her first production was the romantic comedy television film Watermelon , starring Anna Friel . At the end of 2002 , she began developing Peter Morgan 's The Deal , a dramatisation of the political rise of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown . Although initially giving full backing , the ITV network backed out during pre @-@ production . Channel 4 picked up the film from Granada , and it was broadcast in September 2003 . The Deal was presented with the British Academy Television Award for Best Single Drama in 2004 . The same year , she produced the one @-@ off drama Dirty Filthy Love , which was also nominated for the BAFTA for Best Single Drama .
In 2005 , Langan 's feature debut Pierrepoint was released at major film festivals . Based on the life of British hangman Albert Pierrepoint ( played by Timothy Spall ) , Pierrepoint got Langan a nomination for the Carl Foreman Award for Most Promising Newcomer at the 60th British Academy Film Awards in 2007 . 2006 saw the theatrical release of The Queen , a feature film follow @-@ up to The Deal , that focused on the impact the death of Diana , Princess of Wales had on Tony Blair and Queen Elizabeth II . Michael Sheen reprised his role as Tony Blair from The Deal , and Helen Mirren played Elizabeth . The film was produced by Granada in co @-@ operation with the ITV network , and was released in late 2006 to critical acclaim . In 2007 , it won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . Of Langan 's work on Pierrepoint and The Queen , a Variety writer said , " both pics are a tribute to her tactful skill at working with tricky but talented writers and directors to take stories that could easily have been confined to the small screen and give them real cinematic depth and breadth " .
= = = BBC Films = = =
In September 2006 , Langan made a low @-@ key departure from Granada to take up a position as an executive producer with BBC Films . Although approached to join BBC Films some years before , only in 2007 did she feel it was the time to " concentrate more exclusively on film " . She immediately began overseeing editing work on The Other Boleyn Girl , which was already in post @-@ production . She also began developing The Damned United , a film based on David Peace 's novel that fictionalised the 44 days Brian Clough managed Leeds United A.F.C. in 1974 . The film was adapted by Peter Morgan , executive produced by Andy Harries , and starred Michael Sheen as Clough . On why she continues to work with the same people on her projects , Langan said , " The reason I return to working with the same people is that you have invested time , energy and thought and care into these relationships and that can pay dividends — The Queen is an example of those relationships paying dividends " .
Following David M. Thompson 's announcement that he would be retiring from the post of head of BBC Films in September 2007 , Langan was widely expected to take over his duties . Confirmation was made the following month when she was appointed Commissioning Editor of the company , taking over the day @-@ to @-@ day duties of BBC Films and reporting to Jane Tranter , the Controller of Fiction at the BBC . When Tranter transferred to a BBC Worldwide position in Los Angeles in 2009 , the BBC decided not to fill the Controller of Fiction vacancy with a single person . Instead , the responsibilities were divided between four people ; Langan became Creative Director of BBC Films , responsible for " editorial strategy and commissioning " , and also joined the BBC Fiction board .
By 2010 , Langan was overseeing a £ 12 million annual budget at BBC Films , and had executive produced high @-@ profile films such as In the Loop ( Armando Iannucci , 2009 ) , Fish Tank ( Andrea Arnold , 2009 ) , and An Education ( Lone Scherfig , 2009 ) . BBC Films received 13 nomination at the 63rd British Academy Film Awards , described in the London Evening Standard as a record number . In 2010 , Langan also executive produced The Special Relationship — the final part of Peter Morgan 's " Blair trilogy " — and StreetDance , the first British feature film to be made in 3D . The Guardian recognised Langan 's achievements at BBC Films by ranking her at number 36 in its inaugural Film Power 100 list in September 2010 .
Through 2011 , Langan executive produced Ralph Fiennes ' directorial debut Coriolanus , the Marilyn Monroe biopic My Week with Marilyn , and Lynne Ramsay 's adaptation of Lionel Shriver 's novel We Need to Talk About Kevin . The project was in development hell since 2007 until Langan realised BBC Films was trying to get too big a budget to make it with . Ramsay rewrote the script in 2010 to allow a lower budget .
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= Coldplay =
Coldplay are a British rock band formed in 1996 by lead vocalist and pianist Chris Martin and lead guitarist Jonny Buckland at University College London ( UCL ) . After they formed under the name Pectoralz , Guy Berryman joined the group as a bassist and they changed their name to Starfish . Will Champion joined as a drummer and backing vocalist , completing the performing line @-@ up . Creative Director Phil Harvey is often referred to as the official fifth member by the band . The band renamed themselves " Coldplay " in 1998 , before recording and releasing three EPs : Safety in 1998 , Brothers & Sisters as a single in 1999 , and The Blue Room in the same year . The Blue Room was their first release on a major label , after signing to Parlophone .
They achieved worldwide fame with the release of the single " Yellow " in 2000 . This was followed by their debut album Parachutes released the same year , which was nominated for the Mercury Prize . The band 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) , was released to critical acclaim and won multiple awards , including NME 's Album of the Year . Their next release , X & Y , the best @-@ selling album worldwide in 2005 , was met with mostly positive reviews upon its release , though some critics felt that it was inferior to its predecessor . The band 's fourth studio album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2008 ) , was produced by Brian Eno and released again to largely positive reviews , earning several Grammy Award nominations and wins at the 51st Grammy Awards . On 24 October 2011 , they released their fifth studio album , Mylo Xyloto , which received mixed to positive reviews , topped the charts in over 34 countries , and was the UK 's best @-@ selling rock album of 2011 . On 16 May 2014 , they released their sixth album , titled Ghost Stories , which also received mixed to positive reviews and topped the iTunes Store albums charts in over 100 countries . On 4 December 2015 , the band released their seventh album , A Head Full of Dreams , which reached the top two in most major markets , but received generally mixed reviews .
The band has won 62 awards from 209 nominations throughout their career , including nine Brit Awards — winning Best British Group four times — five MTV Video Music Awards and seven Grammy Awards from 31 nominations . Coldplay have sold more than 80 million records worldwide , making them one of the world 's best @-@ selling music artists . In December 2009 , Rolling Stone readers voted the group the fourth @-@ best artist of the 2000s . Coldplay have been an active supporter of various social and political causes , such as Oxfam 's Make Trade Fair campaign and Amnesty International . The group have also performed at various charity projects such as Band Aid 20 , Live 8 , Sound Relief , Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief , The Secret Policeman 's Ball , Sport Relief and the UK 's Teenage Cancer Trust .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and first years ( 1996 – 99 ) = = =
Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland first met during their orientation week at University College London ( UCL ) in September 1996 . The pair spent the rest of the university year planning a band , ultimately forming a group called Pectoralz . Guy Berryman , a classmate of Martin and Buckland , later joined the group . By 1997 , the group , who had renamed themselves Starfish , performed gigs for local Camden promoters at small clubs . Martin also had recruited his longtime school friend Phil Harvey , who was studying classics at the University of Oxford , to be the band 's manager . Coldplay have since accepted Harvey as the fifth member of the group . The band 's line @-@ up was completed when Will Champion joined to take up percussion duties . Champion had grown up playing piano , guitar , bass , and tin whistle ; he quickly learned the drums ( despite having no previous experience ) . The band finally settled on the name " Coldplay " which was suggested by Tim Crompton , a local student who had been using the name for his group .
By 1997 Martin had met then Classics student Tim Rice @-@ Oxley . During a weekend at Virginia Water in Surrey they asked each other to play their own songs on the piano . Martin , finding Rice @-@ Oxley to be talented , asked him to be Coldplay 's keyboard player but Rice @-@ Oxley refused as his own band , Keane , was already active . Days after , this event would shape the second line @-@ up of Keane and keep Coldplay 's unaltered , thus leaving both bands as quartets . In 1998 , the band released 500 copies of the Safety EP . Most of the discs were given to record companies and friends ; only 50 copies remained for sale to the public . In December of that year , Coldplay signed to the independent label Fierce Panda . Their first release was the three @-@ track Brothers and Sisters EP , which they had quickly recorded over four days in February 1999 .
After completing their final examinations Coldplay signed a five @-@ album contract with Parlophone in early 1999 . After making their first appearance at Glastonbury the band went into the studio to record a third EP , titled The Blue Room . Five thousand copies were made available to the public in October and the single " Bigger Stronger " received BBC Radio 1 airplay . The recording sessions for The Blue Room were tumultuous . Champion was briefly fired from the band , but Martin later pleaded with him to return after kicking him out , and because of his guilt , went on a drinking binge . Eventually , the band worked out their differences and put in place a new set of rules to keep the group intact . Inspired by bands like U2 and R.E.M. , Coldplay decided that they would operate as a democracy . Additionally , the band determined they would fire anyone who used hard drugs .
= = = Parachutes ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = =
The band initially planned to record their debut album in the space of two weeks . However , tours and other live performances caused the recording to spread out between September 1999 and April – May 2000 . The album was recorded at Rockfield Studios , Matrix Studios , and Wessex Sound Studios with producer Ken Nelson , although the majority of Parachutes ' tracks were recorded at Liverpool 's Parr Street Studios ( where they accessed three studio rooms ) . The mixing process on all songs for the album was done by American engineer Michael Brauer in New York . During that period , they played on the Carling Tour , which showcased up @-@ and @-@ coming acts .
After releasing three EPs without a hit song , Coldplay had their first Top 40 hit with the lead single from Parachutes , " Shiver " , which was released in March 2000 and peaked at number 35 position on the UK Singles Chart . June 2000 was a pivotal moment in Coldplay 's history : the band embarked on their first headlining tour , including a showing at the Glastonbury Festival . The band also released the breakthrough single " Yellow " . It was Coldplay 's first release to reach the top five , rising to number four on the UK Singles Chart . " Yellow " and " Shiver " were initially released as EPs in the spring of 2000 . The former was later released as a single in United Kingdom on 26 June 2000 . In the United States , the song was released as the lead single from the then @-@ untitled debut album . In October 2000 , the track was sent to US college and alternative radio outlets .
Coldplay released their first studio album , Parachutes , on 10 July 2000 in the United Kingdom via their record label , Parlophone . The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart . It was released on 7 November 2000 by record label Nettwerk in North America . The album has been made available on various formats since its initial release ; both Parlophone and Nettwerk released it as a CD in 2000 , and it was also released as a cassette by US label Capitol in 2001 . In the following year , Parlophone issued the album as an LP . Four singles were released from Parachutes , including " Shiver " and " Yellow " , and enjoyed popularity in the UK and US . The third single was " Trouble " , which reached number 10 in the UK charts . It was released more than a year later in the US , and , although it did not make the Billboard Hot 100 , it reached number 28 in the Alternative Songs chart . In December 2001 , the band released a limited @-@ edition CD , Mince Spies , featuring a remix of " Yellow " and the Christmas song " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " . It was pressed to 1 @,@ 000 copies , and was issued only to fans and journalists .
Parachutes was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in September 2000 . Having found success in Europe , the band set their sights on North America , by releasing the album there in November 2000 , and started the US Club Tour in February 2001 . At the 2001 Brit Awards in February , Coldplay earned awards for Best British Group , and Best British Album . Although Parachutes was a slow @-@ burning success in the United States , it eventually reached double @-@ platinum status . The album was critically well received and earned a Best Alternative Music Album honours at the 2002 Grammy Awards . Chris Martin claimed , after the release of Parachutes , that the album 's success was intended to elevate the band 's status to the " biggest , best band in the world . " After single @-@ handedly managing the band until early 2001 , Phil Harvey resigned from his role due to the stress of performing a role usually requiring a team of people . Harvey then took on the role of " creative director " and is often referred as the official fifth member by the band , while Dave Holmes took over as the band 's manager .
= = = A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2001 – 04 ) = = =
After the success of Parachutes , Coldplay returned to the studio in September 2001 to begin work on their second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head , once again with Ken Nelson producing . Since the band had never stayed in London before , they had trouble focusing . They decided to relocate in Liverpool , where they recorded some of the songs on Parachutes . Once there , vocalist Chris Martin said that they became obsessed with recording . " In My Place " was the first song recorded for the album . The band released it as the album 's lead single because it was the track that made them want to record a second album , following a " strange period of not really knowing what we were doing " three months after the success of Parachutes . According to Martin " one thing kept us going : recording ' In My Place ' . Then other songs started coming . "
The band wrote more than 20 songs for the album . Some of their new material , including " In My Place " and " Animals " , was played live while the band was still touring Parachutes . The album 's title was revealed through a post on the band 's official website . The album was released in August 2002 and spawned several popular singles , including " In My Place " , " Clocks " , and the ballad " The Scientist " . The latter was inspired by George Harrison 's All Things Must Pass , which was released in 1970 .
Coldplay toured from June 2002 to September 2003 for the A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour . They visited five continents , including co @-@ headlining festival dates at Glastonbury Festival , V2003 and Rock Werchter . Many concerts showcased elaborate lighting and individualised screens reminiscent of U2 's Elevation Tour and Nine Inch Nails ' Fragility Tour . During the extended tour , Coldplay recorded a live DVD and CD , Live 2003 , at Sydney 's Hordern Pavilion . At the 2003 Brit Awards held at Earls Court , London , Coldplay received awards for Best British Group , and Best British Album . On 28 August 2003 , Coldplay performed " The Scientist " at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City , and won three awards .
In December 2003 , readers of Rolling Stone chose Coldplay as the best artist and the best band of the year . At that time the band covered The Pretenders ' 1983 song " 2000 Miles " ( which was made available for download on their official website ) . " 2000 Miles " was the top selling UK download that year , with proceeds from the sales donated to Future Forests and Stop Handgun Violence campaigns . A Rush of Blood to the Head won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album at the 2003 Grammy Awards . At the 2004 Grammy Awards , Coldplay earned Record of the Year for " Clocks " .
= = = X & Y ( 2004 – 06 ) = = =
Coldplay spent most of 2004 out of the spotlight , taking a break from touring and releasing a satire music video of a song from a fictional band titled The Nappies while recording their third album . X & Y was released in June 2005 in UK and Europe . This new , delayed release date had put the album back into the next fiscal year , actually causing EMI 's stock to drop . It became the best @-@ selling album of 2005 with worldwide sales of 8 @.@ 3 million . The lead single , " Speed of Sound " , made its radio and online music store debut on 18 April and was released as a CD on 23 May 2005 . X & Y entered the album charts of 20 countries at the number one position and was the third @-@ fastest selling album in UK chart history .
Two other singles were released that year : " Fix You " in September and " Talk " in December . Critical reaction to X & Y was mostly positive , though slightly less enthusiastic than that of its predecessor . The New York Times critic Jon Pareles described Coldplay as " the most insufferable band of the decade " , whereas NME awarded the album 9 / 10 calling it " Confident , bold , ambitious , bunged with singles and impossible to contain , ' X & Y ' doesn 't reinvent the wheel but it does reinforce Coldplay as the band of their time " . Comparisons between Coldplay and U2 became increasingly common . Chris Martin later revealed that the reviews that ranged from mixed to negative , note @-@ worthy for their remarks on comparing them to U2 , made him feel " liberated " .
From June 2005 to July 2006 , Coldplay went on their Twisted Logic Tour , which included festival dates like Coachella , Isle of Wight Festival , Glastonbury and the Austin City Limits Music Festival . In July 2005 , the band appeared at Live 8 in Hyde Park , where they played a rendition of The Verve 's " Bitter Sweet Symphony " with Richard Ashcroft on vocals . On 28 August , Coldplay performed " Speed of Sound " at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards in Miami . In September , Coldplay recorded a new version of " How You See the World " with reworked lyrics for War Child 's Help ! : A Day in the Life charity album . In February 2006 , Coldplay earned Best Album and Best Single honours at the Brit Awards . Two more singles were released during 2006 , " The Hardest Part " and " What If " . The sixth and final single , " White Shadows " was released in Mexico during June 2007 .
= = = Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2006 – 09 ) = = =
In October 2006 , Coldplay began work on their fourth studio album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends , with producer Brian Eno . Taking a break from recording , the band toured Latin America in early 2007 , performing in Chile , Argentina , Brazil , and Mexico . After recording in churches and other venues in Latin America and Spain during their tour , the band said the album would likely reflect Hispanic influence . The group spent the rest of the year recording with Eno .
Martin described Viva la Vida as a new direction for Coldplay : a change from their past three albums , which they have referred to as a " trilogy " . He said the album featured less falsetto as he allowed his voice 's lower register to take precedence . Some songs , such as " Violet Hill " , contain distorted guitar riffs and bluesy undertones .
" Violet Hill " was confirmed as the first single , with a radio release date of 29 April 2008 . After the first play , it was freely obtainable from Coldplay 's website from 12 : 15 pm ( GMT + 0 ) for one week ( achieving two million downloads ) , until it became commercially available to download on 6 May . " Violet Hill " entered the UK Top 10 , US Top 40 ( entering the Top 10 in the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart ) and charted well in the rest of the world . The title track , " Viva la Vida " , was also released exclusively on iTunes . It became the band 's first number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and their first UK number one , based on download sales alone . This was also the first Number One in the UK Singles Chart to be based solely on download sales .
Upon release , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends topped the album charts worldwide , and was the world 's best @-@ selling album of 2008 . It hit number one on the UK album chart , despite having come on the market only three days previously . In that time , it sold 302 @,@ 000 copies ; the BBC called it " one of the fastest @-@ selling records in UK history " . By the end of June , it had set a new record for most @-@ downloaded album ever . In October 2008 , Coldplay won two Q Awards for Best Album for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends and Best Act in the World Today . On 9 November , Coldplay were named the World 's Best Selling Act of 2008 at the World Music Awards in Monte Carlo . They also picked up two other awards , World 's Best Selling Rock Act and Great Britain 's Best Selling Act . The band followed up Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends with the Prospekt 's March EP , which was released on 21 November 2008 . The EP features tracks from the Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends sessions and , as well as being available on its own , was issued as a bonus disc with later editions of Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends . " Life in Technicolor II " was the only single released from the EP .
Coldplay began their Viva la Vida Tour in June , with a free concert at Brixton Academy in London . This was followed two days later by a 45 @-@ minute performance that was broadcast live from outside BBC Television Centre . Released in late 2008 , " Lost ! " became the third single from the album , featuring a new version with Jay @-@ Z. After performing the opening set on 14 March 2009 for Sound Relief at the Sydney Cricket Ground , Coldplay headlined a sold @-@ out concert later that same night . Sound Relief is a benefit concert for victims of the Victorian Bushfire Crisis and the Queensland Floods . On 4 December 2008 , Joe Satriani filed a copyright infringement suit against Coldplay in the United States District Court for the Central District of California . Satriani 's suit asserted that the Coldplay song " Viva la Vida " includes " substantial original portions " of the Satriani song " If I Could Fly " from his 2004 album , Is There Love in Space ? . The Coldplay song in question received two Grammy Awards for " Song of the Year . " The band denied the allegation . An unspecified settlement was ultimately reached between the parties .
Coldplay were nominated for four awards at the 2009 Brit Awards : British Group , British Live Act , British Single ( " Viva la Vida " ) and British Album ( Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ) . At the 51st Grammy Awards in the same year , Coldplay won three Grammy Awards in the categories for Song of Year for " Viva la Vida " , Best Rock Album for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends , and Best Vocal Pop Performance by a Duo or Group for " Viva la Vida " . A live album entitled LeftRightLeftRightLeft was recorded at various shows during the tour . LeftRightLeftRightLeft , released on 15 May 2009 , was to be given away at the remaining concerts of their Viva la Vida tour . It was also released as a free download from their website . Following the Viva la Vida Tour , Coldplay announced another " Latin America Tour " to take place in February and March 2010 , in which they were to visit Mexico , Argentina , Brazil , and Colombia . In October 2009 , Coldplay won Song of the Year for " Viva la Vida " at The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) Awards in London . In December 2009 , Rolling Stone readers voted the group the fourth best artist of the 2000s .
= = = Mylo Xyloto ( 2009 – 12 ) = = =
The band finished recording the new album in mid @-@ 2011 . When Martin and Champion were interviewed by BBC Radio and asked about the album 's lyrical themes , Martin replied " It 's about love , addiction , OCD , escape and working for someone you don 't like . " When asked whether or not their fifth album would be out by the summer , Martin and Champion said that there was plenty of work to be done before releasing it . They confirmed several festival appearances before its release date , including a headlining spot at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival , T in the Park , Austin City Limits Music Festival , Rock in Rio , and Lollapalooza festival .
In an interview on 13 January 2011 , Coldplay mentioned two new songs to be included on their upcoming fifth album , " Princess of China " and " Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall " . In a February interview , Parlophone president Miles Leonard told HitQuarters that the band were still in the studio working on the album and that he expected the final version would appear " towards the autumn of this year " . On 31 May 2011 , Coldplay announced that " Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall " was to be the first single for the fifth album . It was released on 3 June 2011 . The band also presented five new songs at festivals during the summer of 2011 , " Charlie Brown " , " Hurts Like Heaven " , " Us Against the World " , " Princess of China " and " Major Minus " .
On 12 August 2011 , Coldplay announced via their official website that Mylo Xyloto was the new album title , and that it would be released on 24 October 2011 . On 12 September the band released " Paradise " , the second single from their upcoming album Mylo Xyloto . On 23 September 2011 , tickets for Coldplay 's European tour officially went on sale . Demand proved to be very high with most venues selling out in seconds . Mylo Xyloto was released on 24 October 2011 , to mixed to positive reviews , and topped the charts in over 34 countries .
On 19 October 2011 , Coldplay performed songs at Apple Inc . ' s private memorial event for Steve Jobs , including " Viva la Vida " , " Fix You " , " Yellow " and " Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall " . On 26 October their " Amex Unstaged " concert at the Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid , Spain , was streamed by YouTube as a live webcast directed by Anton Corbijn . On 30 November 2011 , Coldplay received three Grammy Award nominations for the 54th Annual Grammy Awards which took place on 12 February 2012 in Los Angeles , and the band performed with Rihanna at the ceremony . On 12 January 2012 , Coldplay were nominated for two Brit Awards . On 21 February 2012 , they were awarded the Brit Award for Best British Group for the third time . The album was the best @-@ selling rock album in the United Kingdom , selling 908 @,@ 000 copies . The album 's second single , " Paradise " , was also the best @-@ selling rock single in the UK , selling 410 @,@ 000 copies . At the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards on 6 September , " Paradise " won the award for Best Rock Video . Mylo Xyloto has sold over 8 million copies worldwide .
Coldplay headlined the closing ceremony of the London 2012 Paralympic Games on 9 September 2012 , where they performed alongside other artists including Rihanna and Jay @-@ Z. To tie in with their performance at the closing ceremony , the group gave permission for bands who were participating in the Bandstand Marathon the opportunity to perform their 2008 single " Viva la Vida " to celebrate the end of the games .
In October 2012 , the music video for Coldplay 's song " Hurts Like Heaven " was released . The video was based on the story of Mylo Xyloto , a boy who grew up in tyranny ran by Major Minus . The fictional comics entitled Mylo Xyloto continued on the story portrayed in the music video when the series was released in early 2013 . A concert documentary film Coldplay Live 2012 chronicles their tour in support of the Mylo Xyloto album . The film premiered theatrically for one night only , 13 November 2012 , and was released on CD and home video on 19 November 2012 .
On 21 November , after a concert in Brisbane , Australia as part on the group 's Mylo Xyloto Tour , Coldplay hinted they were set to take a three @-@ year break from touring . Coldplay performed two shows with Jay @-@ Z in the Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York , on 30 December and New Year 's Eve , and were set , which ended the Mylo Xyloto Tour . The Mylo Xyloto Tour was named the fourth @-@ highest @-@ grossing tour worldwide of 2012 with more than $ 171 @.@ 3 million earned in ticket sales .
= = = Ghost Stories ( 2012 – 14 ) = = =
Speaking to Australian radio station 2Day FM , Chris Martin revealed that the title for their next album : " is much easier to pronounce . " Martin debunked speculation that they were taking a break from touring by saying , " This three @-@ year break idea only came about because I said at a gig in Australia that we might not be back there for three years . That ’ s probably true , but that ’ s just how a world tour works . No chance are we taking a three @-@ year break . ”
On 9 August 2013 , Coldplay announced the release of their song , " Atlas " , which featured on the soundtrack for the film The Hunger Games : Catching Fire . Its release got pushed back to 6 September 2013 ( everywhere but the UK ) and 8 September ( UK ) . In December 2013 it was announced that future Coldplay releases will be distributed by Atlantic Records in the US due to restructuring within Warner Music Group following the purchase of Parlophone Records from EMI .
On 25 February 2014 , the band unveiled " Midnight " , a track from their yet @-@ to @-@ be released album . In early March 2014 , it was announced that the band 's sixth album , Ghost Stories , would be released 19 May 2014 . Ghost Stories is a spiritually driven album that revolves around two major themes mentioned by Chris Martin . The album explores the idea of past actions , and the effects they can have on your future and one 's capacity for unconditional love . The band took a different approach for their sixth studio album in contrast to their previous studio albums , with Martin inviting the band to contribute original songwriting material for the album , as opposed to building songs off his ideas as they had done during previous recording sessions .
From April to July , Coldplay embarked on a six @-@ date Ghost Stories Tour in support of the album , playing ' intimate ' shows in six cities : the Beacon Theatre in New York City on 5 May , Royce Hall in Los Angeles on 19 May , Casino de Paris in Paris on 28 May , Tokyo Dome City Hall in Tokyo on 12 June , Enmore Theatre in Sydney on 19 June , and closed the tour at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 2 July 2014 . The album was made available for pre @-@ order on iTunes , alongside a new single titled " Magic " . Two more singles from the album , " A Sky Full of Stars " and " True Love " , have since been released . Ghost Stories received generally mixed to favourable reviews . The album topped the charts in the UK , the US , and most major markets . It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album and " A Sky Full of Stars " was nominated for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance . In December 2014 , Spotify named Coldplay the most @-@ streamed band in the world for 2014 , and third most @-@ streamed artist behind Ed Sheeran and Eminem .
= = = A Head Full of Dreams ( 2014 – present ) = = =
On 4 December 2014 , Chris Martin announced in an interview with Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 that Coldplay are in the middle of working on their seventh studio album , A Head Full of Dreams . Martin stated it might be the band 's final album and compared it to Harry Potter ; " It 's our seventh thing , and the way we look at it , it 's like the last Harry Potter book or something like that . " He added that , unlike their promotion efforts for Ghost Stories , the band will tour for the seventh record . In an interview with Jo Whiley on BBC Radio 2 , Martin hinted at the style of the album by saying that the band was trying to make something colourful and uplifting , yet not bombast . He also stated that it will be something to " shuffle your feet " to .
On 11 December 2014 , the band unveiled a new song , " Miracles " , which was written and recorded for the World War II drama film Unbroken directed by Angelina Jolie . At the 2015 Billboard Music Awards on 17 May , Ghost Stories was named Top Rock Album . On 26 September , Coldplay performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival in Central Park 's Great Lawn in New York , an event organised by Chris Martin that advocates an end to extreme global poverty . Coldplay , along with Beyoncé , Ed Sheeran and Pearl Jam , headlined the festival , which was broadcast on NBC in the US on 27 September and the BBC in the UK on 28 September .
Speaking on Nick Grimshaw 's Radio 1 Breakfast Show on the BBC on 6 November , Coldplay confirmed 4 December as the release date of A Head Full of Dreams , and a new song from the album , " Adventure of a Lifetime " , premiered on the show . The album features guest appearances from Beyoncé , Gwyneth Paltrow , Noel Gallagher , Tove Lo and Barack Obama . The album reached number one in the UK , and number two in the US , Australia , Canada , the Netherlands and Italy .
On 27 November 2015 , Coldplay announced the first dates to their 2016 A Head Full of Dreams Tour . Latin American and European legs were listed , which included three dates at Wembley Stadium , London in June , with further dates , including their North American tour , to be added . More dates , including the North America Tour , an extra Wembley concert , and an Oceania tour , were later added gradually . On 5 December , the band headlined the opening day of the 2015 Jingle Bell Ball at London 's O2 Arena . On 7 February 2016 Coldplay headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show . The band were joined by Beyoncé and Bruno Mars . In April 2016 , the band were named the sixth best selling artist worldwide in 2015 .
On 26 June 2016 , Coldplay closed the final day of the Glastonbury Festival in England . Their performance included a duet with Barry Gibb , the last surviving member of the Bee Gees .
= = Musical style = =
Martin once proclaimed the band 's music as " limestone rock " in comparison to " hard rock " . The band 's music has been called " meditative " and " blue romantic " ; it " [ reflects ] on their emotions " and Martin " endlessly examine [ s ] his feelings " .
Coldplay started out as one of many earnest post @-@ Britpop bands . In the late 1990s , the EPs released by the band had characteristics of dream pop , setting them apart from later studio albums . The tone of the band 's first studio album , Parachutes , was described as melodic pop with " distorted guitar riffs and swishing percussion " but also being " exquisitely dark and artistically abrasive " . Such alternative rock style has been compared to bands like U2 , Oasis , Radiohead and Travis . The band acknowledges the Scottish alternative rock band , Travis , as a major influence on their earlier material .
In their second studio album A Rush of Blood to the Head , the band drew inspiration from artists like Echo & the Bunnymen , Kate Bush , George Harrison and Muse . The songs in it were considered to contain " lush melodies and a heartbreak " and that they had a " newfound confidence . " The music on their third release X & Y has been considered to be " ruminations on Martin 's doubts , fears , hopes , and loves . " It was particularly influenced by the artists Johnny Cash and Kraftwerk .
In Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends , the group 's style was moving towards art rock , being influenced by the bands Blur , Arcade Fire and My Bloody Valentine . The band experimented with different instruments including orchestras , honky @-@ tonk pianos and further so . Mylo Xyloto carries the concept album format from the love and war @-@ induced Viva la Vida and expands the spectrum to include electronic and acoustic elements . Lyrical influences were taken from graffiti and the German resistance group White Rose .
Regarding the band 's wide international success , Parlophone 's president Miles Leonard has stated that one of their " secrets " is that they have never sounded like a parochial UK artist , saying : " Some bands are very proud to be British , but sometimes come across as being very ‘ British ’ . Coldplay never aspire to that ; on one hand they sound British but on the other they sound like a huge global artist . " In 2011 Coldplay were hailed as ' rock statesmen ' .
= = Activism and commercial endorsements = =
Despite their worldwide popularity , the band has remained protective of how their music is used in the media , refusing its use for product endorsements . In the past , Coldplay turned down multi @-@ million dollar contracts from Gatorade , Diet Coke , and Gap , who wanted to use the songs " Yellow " , " Trouble " , and " Don 't Panic " respectively . According to frontman , Chris Martin , " We wouldn 't be able to live with ourselves if we sold the songs ' meanings like that . " The song " Viva la Vida " was featured in a commercial for the iTunes Store , advertising its exclusive availability of the single as a digital download on iTunes . Additionally , Chris Martin appeared at an Apple Inc . Special Event on 1 September 2010 , playing a number of songs , and also thanked Apple for their assistance in marketing " Viva la Vida " . After the death of Steve Jobs , Coldplay performed four songs at Apple 's Campus in Cupertino , further thanking Jobs for the support he gave them .
Coldplay supports Amnesty International and performed for them at The Secret Policeman 's Ball fundraiser in 2012 . Martin is regarded as one of the most visible celebrity advocates for fair trade , supporting Oxfam 's ongoing Make Trade Fair campaign . He has been on trips with Oxfam to assess conditions , has appeared in its advertising campaign , and is known for wearing a " Make Trade Fair " wristband during public appearances ( including at Coldplay concerts ) . The band were also filmed for Make Poverty History , clicking their fingers .
During the early years , Coldplay became widely known in the media for giving 10 per cent of the band 's profits to charity , which they continue to do . Bassist Guy Berryman said , " You can make people aware of issues . It isn 't very much effort for us at all , but if it can help people , then we want to do it . " The band also asks that any gifts intended for them are donated to charity , according to a response on the FAQ section of Coldplay 's website . Martin spoke out against the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the US , UK and other forces during the Teenage Cancer Trust show at London 's Royal Albert Hall on 24 March 2003 , where he encouraged the sell @-@ out crowd to " sing against war " . He would later endorse the US Democratic presidential candidates John Kerry and Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 respectively .
In June 2009 , Coldplay began supporting Meat Free Monday , a food campaign started by Paul McCartney which attempts to help slow climate change by having at least one meat free day a week . From 17 and 31 December 2009 , Coldplay auctioned a quantity of significant band memorabilia , including their first guitars . Proceeds went to Kids Company , a charity which helps vulnerable children and young people in London . A month later in January 2010 , Coldplay performed a slightly modified version of " A Message " , entitled " A Message 2010 " , at the Hope For Haiti Now telethon special , raising money for the victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake .
In 2011 Coldplay endorsed the song " Freedom for Palestine " by posting a link to the video . In less than a day 12 @,@ 000 comments were made on that post . Some threatened to boycott the band , and a Facebook group was created that demanded an apology to Israel . The link to the song was eventually removed from their Facebook wall . According to Frank Barat of OneWorld , the link was not removed by Coldplay , but by Facebook after " thousands of people ( and computer generated posts ) reported it as abusive . "
Album Artists ( www.albumartists.co.uk ) staged an exhibition of art from Mylo Xyloto at Proud Gallery in Camden to support the charity Kids Company in November — December 2012 . The exhibition raised over £ 610 @,@ 000 for the children 's charity which supports disadvantaged children in London . In November 2014 , Martin joined the charity group Band Aid 30 , performing alongside current British and Irish pop acts on the latest version of the track " Do They Know It 's Christmas ? " to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in Western Africa — this was the second time Martin has contributed to a Band Aid recording having performed in the 2004 version ( Band Aid 20 ) .
= = Band members = =
Chris Martin – lead vocals , rhythm guitar , piano , keyboards
Jonny Buckland – lead guitar , backing vocals , piano , keyboards , harmonica
Guy Berryman – bass guitar , backing vocals , piano , keyboards , harmonica , percussion , guitar
Will Champion – drums , percussion , drum machine , backing vocals , piano , keyboards , guitar
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Parachutes ( 2000 )
A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 )
X & Y ( 2005 )
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2008 )
Mylo Xyloto ( 2011 )
Ghost Stories ( 2014 )
A Head Full of Dreams ( 2015 )
= = Concert tours = =
Parachutes Tour ( 2000 – 01 )
A Rush of Blood to the Head Tour ( 2002 – 03 )
Twisted Logic Tour ( 2005 – 07 )
Viva la Vida Tour ( 2008 – 10 )
Mylo Xyloto Tour ( 2011 – 12 )
Ghost Stories Tour ( 2014 )
A Head Full of Dreams Tour ( 2015 – )
= = Awards and nominations = =
Coldplay have won numerous music awards throughout their history , including eight Brit Awards — winning Best British Group four times , five MTV Video Music Awards , three World Music Awards , four Billboard Music Awards , and seven Grammy Awards out of 26 nominations . 2009 was their most successful year having received seven Grammy Award nominations at the 51st Grammy Awards , and won three . Coldplay have sold over 80 million records worldwide .
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= Sydney Newman =
Sydney Cecil Newman , OC ( April 1 , 1917 – October 30 , 1997 ) was a Canadian film and television producer , who played a pioneering role in British television drama from the late 1950s to the late 1960s . After his return to Canada in 1970 , Newman was appointed Acting Director of the Broadcast Programs Branch for the Canadian Radio and Television Commission ( CRTC ) and then head of the National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) . He also occupied senior positions at the Canadian Film Development Corporation and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , and acted as an advisor to the Secretary of State .
During his time in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s , he worked first with the Associated British Corporation ( ABC , now Thames Television ) , before moving across to the BBC in 1962 , holding the role of Head of Drama with both organisations . During this phase of his career , he was responsible for initiating two hugely popular television programmes , the spy @-@ fi series The Avengers and the science @-@ fiction series Doctor Who , as well as overseeing the production of groundbreaking social realist drama series such as Armchair Theatre and The Wednesday Play .
The Museum of Broadcast Communications describes Newman as " the most significant agent in the development of British television drama . " His obituary in The Guardian declared that " For ten brief but glorious years , Sydney Newman ... was the most important impresario in Britain ... His death marks not just the end of an era but the laying to rest of a whole philosophy of popular art . "
In Quebec , as commissioner of the NFB , he attracted controversy for his decision to suppress distribution of several politically sensitive films by French Canadian directors .
= = Early career in Canada = =
= = = Early life and the NFB = = =
Born in Toronto , Newman was the son of a Russian @-@ Jewish immigrant father who ran a shoe shop . After studying at Ogden Public School , which he left at the age of thirteen , he later enrolled in the Central Technical School , studying art and design subjects . He initially attempted to follow a career as a stills photographer and an artist , specialising in drawing film posters . However , he found it so difficult to earn enough money to make a living from this profession that instead , he switched to working in the film industry itself . In 1938 , he travelled to Hollywood , where he was offered a role with the Walt Disney Company on the strength of his graphic design work . However , he was unable to take the job due to a failure to secure a work permit . Returning to his native country , in 1941 , he gained a job as a film editor at the National Film Board of Canada . He was eventually to work on over 350 films while an editor for the NFB .
During the Second World War the head of the NFB , John Grierson , promoted Newman to film producer , working on documentaries and propaganda films , including Fighting Norway , which he directed . In 1944 he was made executive producer of Canada Carries On , a long @-@ running series of such films . In 1949 Grierson again assisted Newman 's career , entering him into television , then a new industry , on a one @-@ year attachment to NBC in New York City . His assignment there was to compile reports for the Canadian government on American television techniques , focusing on dramas , documentaries and outside broadcasts .
= = = CBC Television = = =
One of Newman 's reports on outside broadcasting was seen and admired by executives at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) , and in 1952 he joined the Corporation as their Supervising Director of Features , Documentaries and Outside Broadcasts . There he was involved in producing not only some of the earliest television editions of Hockey Night in Canada , but also the first Canadian Football League game to be shown on television . After his experience of seeing the production of television plays in New York , he was eager to work in drama despite , by his own admission , " knowing nothing about drama . " He was nonetheless able to persuade his superiors at CBC to make him Supervisor of Drama Production in 1954 . In this position he encouraged a new wave of young writers and directors , including Ted Kotcheff and Arthur Hailey , and oversaw shows such as the popular General Motors Theatre .
Writing in 1990 , the journalist Paul Rutherford felt that during his time at the CBC in the 1950s , Newman had been a " great champion of both realistic and Canadian drama . " He felt that Newman " came to fulfil the role of the drama impresario with the vision to push people to develop a high @-@ quality and popular style of drama . "
Several of the General Motors Theatre plays , including Hailey 's Flight into Danger , were purchased for screening by the BBC in the United Kingdom . The productions impressed Howard Thomas , who was the managing director of Associated British Corporation ( ABC ) , the franchise holder for the rival ITV network in the English Midlands and the North at weekends . Thomas offered Newman a job with ABC as a producer of his own Saturday night thriller series , which Newman accepted , moving to Britain in 1958 . In 1975 the Head of Drama at the CBC , John Hirsch , noted that the tendency of so many writers and directors having followed Newman to the UK in the 1950s and never having returned to work in Canada had a detrimental impact on the standard of subsequent Canadian television drama .
= = Associated British Corporation = =
Soon after Newman arrived in the UK , ABC 's Head of Drama Dennis Vance was moved into a more senior position with the company , and Thomas offered Newman his position , which the Canadian quickly accepted . He was , however , somewhat disparaging of the state in which he found British television drama . " At that time , I found this country to be somewhat class @-@ ridden , " he reminisced to interviewers in 1988 . " The only legitimate theatre was of the ' anyone for tennis ' variety , which on the whole gave a condescending view of working @-@ class people . Television dramas were usually adaptations of stage plays and invariably about the upper classes . I said , ' Damn the upper classes : they don 't even own televisions ! ' "
Newman 's principal tool for shaking up this established order was a programme which had been initiated before he had arrived at ABC , Armchair Theatre . This anthology series was networked nationally across the ITV regions on Sunday evenings , and in 1959 was in the top ten of the ratings for 32 out of the 37 weeks it was broadcast , with audiences of over 12 million viewers . Newman used the strand to present plays by writers such as Alun Owen , Harold Pinter and Clive Exton , also bringing over associates from Canada such as Charles Jarrott and Ted Kotcheff . Writing in 2000 , the television historian John Caughie stated that " Newman 's insistence that the series would use only original material written for television made Armchair Theatre a decisive moment in the history of British television drama . "
In 1960 Newman devised a thriller series for ABC called Police Surgeon , starring Ian Hendry . Although Police Surgeon was not a success and was cancelled after only a short run , Newman took Hendry as the star , and some of the ethos of the programme , to create a new series ( not a direct sequel as is sometimes claimed ) called The Avengers . Debuting in January 1961 , The Avengers became an international success , although in later years its premise differed somewhat from Newman 's initial set @-@ up , veering into more humorous territory rather than remaining a gritty thriller .
Newman 's great success at ABC had been noted by the British Broadcasting Corporation , whose executives were keen to revive their own drama department 's fortunes in the face of fierce competition from ITV . In 1961 the BBC 's Director of Television , Kenneth Adam , met with Newman and offered him the position of Head of Drama at the BBC . He accepted the position , eager for a new challenge , although he was forced by ABC to remain with them until the expiration of his contract in December 1962 , after which he immediately began work with the BBC .
= = BBC = =
= = = Arrival and impact = = =
There was some initial resentment to his appointment within the Corporation , as he was an outsider and he was also earning more than many of the executives senior to him , although still substantially less than he had been paid at ABC . As he had done at ABC , he was keen to shake up the staid image of BBC drama and introduce new outlets for the kitchen sink drama and the " Angry Young Men " of the era . He also divided the drama department into three separate divisions — series , serials and plays .
In 1964 he and Kenneth Adam initiated the new anthology series The Wednesday Play , a BBC equivalent of Armchair Theatre , which had great success and critical acclaim with plays written and directed by the likes of Dennis Potter , Jeremy Sandford and Ken Loach . The strand attracted comment and debate for several of its productions , such as Cathy Come Home , a Tony Garnett production of a Jeremy Sandford script , which dealt with the issue of homelessness . There were also problems caused by Newman bringing in freelance directors to work on the programme , who sometimes overspent on their plays to try and increase their impact ; with staff directors this could be compensated by reducing the budget of a subsequent production , but for a freelancer there would be no such recourse .
Shaun Sutton was one of the drama producers who worked under Newman at the BBC , and later succeeded the Canadian as Head of Drama . He later wrote that Newman " galvanised television drama ... [ He created ] a climate in which boldness paid . " In contrast , Don Taylor , who was a director in the drama department at the time , later claimed that he felt Newman was unsuited to the position of Head of Drama , writing : " To put it brutally , I was deeply offended that the premier position in television drama , at a time when it really was the National Theatre of the Air , had been given to a man whose values were entirely commercial , and who had no more than a layman 's knowledge of the English theatrical tradition , let alone the drama of Europe and the wider world . "
Newman 's biography at the Museum of Broadcast Communications website points out that much of the work Newman is credited for at the BBC was little different from that which had been undertaken by his predecessor Michael Barry , who " also attracted new young original writers ... and hired young directors ... However , it was the newness and innovation which Newman encouraged in his drama output that is most significant : his concentration on the potential of television as television , for a mass not a middlebrow audience . " The academic Madeleine Macmurraugh @-@ Kavanagh has criticised some of the eulogistic views of Newman 's time at the BBC , writing that : " When archive and press material emanating from the 1964 – 65 period is examined , an interesting gap appears between what Newman seemed likely to accomplish and what he finally did accomplish ... Also relevant to the mythology that has sprung up around Newman is the fact that his favoured dramatic material was interpreted by some as being rather less radical than it seemed . "
= = = Doctor Who = = =
In 1963 he initiated the creation of the science fiction television series Doctor Who . The series has been described by the British Film Institute as having " created a phenomenon unlike any other British TV programme " , and by The Times newspaper as " quintessential to being British " . Newman had long been a science @-@ fiction fan : " [ U ] p to the age of 40 , I don 't think there was a science @-@ fiction book I hadn 't read . I love them because they 're a marvellous way — and a safe way , I might add — of saying nasty things about our own society . "
When Controller of BBC Television Donald Baverstock alerted Newman of the need for a programme to bridge the gap between the sports showcase Grandstand and pop music programme Juke Box Jury on Saturday evenings , he decided that a science @-@ fiction drama would be the perfect vehicle for filling the gap and gaining a family audience . Although much work on the genesis of the series was done by Donald Wilson , C. E. Webber and others , it was Newman who created the idea of a time machine larger on the inside than the out and the character of the mysterious " Doctor " , both of which remain at the heart of the programme . He is also believed to have come up with the title Doctor Who , although actor and director Hugh David later credited this to his friend Rex Tucker , the initial " caretaker producer " of the programme .
After the series had been conceived , Newman initially approached Don Taylor and then Shaun Sutton to produce it , although both declined . He then decided on his former production assistant at ABC , Verity Lambert , who had never produced , written or directed , but she readily accepted his offer . As Lambert became the youngest — and only female — drama producer at the BBC , there were some doubts as to Newman 's choice , but she became a success in the role . Even Newman clashed with her on occasion , however , particularly over the inclusion of the alien Dalek creatures on the programme . Newman had not wanted any " bug @-@ eyed monsters " in the show , but he was placated when the creatures became a great success . Later in the show 's run , in 1966 he took a more hands @-@ on role again in the changeover between the First and Second Doctors .
In the 2007 Doctor Who episode " Human Nature " , the Doctor ( in human form as " John Smith " ) refers to his parents Sydney and Verity , a tribute to both Newman and Lambert . Verity Newman , a character in the 2010 episode The End of Time , is also named after them . A similar acknowledgement had appeared in the show 's original run : in " The Powerful Enemy " , the first episode of the 1965 story The Rescue , in order to hide the fact that one character is actually another character in disguise , the role is credited to the non @-@ existent actor " Sydney Wilson " , an amalgam of the names of Sydney Newman and Donald Wilson .
= = = Other work and departure = = =
Newman also had success with more traditional BBC fare such as the costume drama The Forsyte Saga in 1967 , a Donald Wilson project on which Newman had not initially been keen . However , it became one of the most acclaimed and popular productions of his era , watched by 100 million people in 26 countries . After also initiating other popular series such as Adam Adamant Lives ! , at the end of 1967 Newman 's five @-@ year contract with the BBC came to an end , and he did not remain with the Corporation . Instead , he returned to the film industry , taking a job as a producer with Associated British Picture Corporation . " I want to get away from my executive 's chair and become a creative worker again , " he told The Sun newspaper of his decision .
However , the British film industry was entering a period of decline , and none of Newman 's projects ever went into production . ABPC was taken over by EMI , and at the end of June 1969 , Newman was dismissed from the company , later describing his eighteen months there as " a futile waste . " Despite being offered an executive producership by the BBC , keen to regain his services on the very day he left ABPC , Newman decided to return to Canada . He left the UK on January 3 , 1970 , leading The Sunday Times to comment that " British television will never be the same again . "
= = Return to Canada = =
= = = Chairman of the NFB = = =
His first post upon returning to his home country was an advisory position with the Canadian Radio and Television Commission ( CRTC ) in Ottawa , where he battled Canada 's private broadcasters , especially CTV , over new Canadian content regulations . This lasted for only a few months , before in August 1970 he became the new Government Film Commissioner , the Chairman of the National Film Board of Canada , returning to the same institution for which he had worked in the 1940s . In this role , he experienced considerable problems in Quebec resulting from the fact that he did not speak French , at a time when the NFB 's French Program branch was attracting young Quebec nationalist filmmakers . Some staff members also felt that he had been away from the NFB for too long , while the filmmaker Denys Arcand felt that Newman did not understand Quebec culture .
Newman was able to improve the NFB 's relations with broadcaster CBC , securing prime time television slots for several productions , although he was criticised by some filmmakers for allowing the CBC to screen NFB films with commercial interruptions . He also moved the NFB entirely over to color film production . However , the Toronto Star 's Martin Knelman felt that Newman was " mired in political warfare and administrative chaos " . He was responsible for censoring or banning several productions , including Arcand 's On est au coton and Gilles Groulx 's 24 heures ou plus . These films were concerned , respectively , with the conditions of textile factory workers and critiquing consumer society . Such censorship or banning resulted in some critics attacking Newman for being anti working @-@ class and pro @-@ capitalist .
Newman had a mixed record with French @-@ language films . He defended Pierre Perrault 's Un pays sans bon sens ! to a committee of parliament in 1971 , but the same year personally rejected the release of Michel Brault 's film about the October Crisis , Les ordres . This was despite the fact that the film had already been approved by the board 's French @-@ language committee , and it was not eventually released until Brault personally released it in 1974 .
Newman himself had been regarded as a possible terrorist abduction target during the October Crisis , and armed guards had patrolled the headquarters of the NFB . Newman was concerned about the idea of releasing films with Quebec nationalist themes , such as Groulx 's 24 heures ou plus , at such a tense political time , worried about what the Canadian public would think . Although it was Newman 's deputy André Lamy who in some cases drew the monolingual Newman 's attention to the controversial nature of French language productions , it was Lamy himself who later permitted the release of some of these same films after he succeeded Newman as Government Film Commissioner .
When Newman 's contract with the NFB came to an end in 1975 , it was not renewed . Film historian Gerald Pratley claims that by this point , the NFB was " an almost @-@ forgotten institution " due to " the stupor that had overtaken it . " The writer Richard Collins felt that " the very experiences that enabled [ Newman ] to recognize the nature of the NFB 's problem and the need for a change of diction and reorientation to the tastes of Canadians had left him out of touch with Canada . " For his part , Newman felt that the NFB 's French program had not made enough effort to communicate with people in English Canada or to make films that were relevant to " the ordinary men , who have no particular axe to grind . "
Newman went on to become a Special Advisor on Film to the Secretary of State , and from 1978 until 1984 he was Chief Creative Consultant to the Canadian Film Development Corporation .
= = = Later years = = =
Newman was awarded the Order of Canada in 1981 , the country 's highest civilian honour . Shortly thereafter he returned to live in Britain again for some time following the death in 1981 of his wife Elizabeth McRae , to whom he had been married since 1944 . His main reason for going back to the UK was to attempt , unsuccessfully , to produce a drama series about the Bloomsbury Group for the new Channel 4 network .
In 1986 , the then Controller of BBC One , Michael Grade , unhappy with the current state of Doctor Who , wrote to Newman to enquire whether he had any ideas for reformatting the series , which was at the time struggling in the ratings . Newman wrote back to Grade on October 6 that year with a set of detailed proposals and a suggestion that he take direct control of the series as executive producer . Grade suggested that Newman meet the current Head of Drama , Jonathan Powell , for lunch to discuss the Canadian 's ideas . Newman and Powell did not get on well , however , and nothing came of their meeting . He was also unsuccessful in an attempt to have his name added to the end credits of the show as its creator . Acting Head of Series & Serials Ken Riddington , to whom Newman 's request had been referred , wrote to him that " Heads of Department who originate programmes have to be satisfied with the other rewards that flow from doing so . "
Newman returned to Canada again in the 1990s , where he died of a heart attack in Toronto in 1997 . He was survived by his three daughters , and by his new partner Marion McDougall .
= = Portrayal in fiction = =
In September 2003 , a version of Newman played by actor Ian Brooker appeared in the straight @-@ to @-@ CD radio play Deadline , written by Rob Shearman and released by Big Finish Productions . The play was set in a world in which Doctor Who had never been created , existing only in the imagination and memories of fictional writer Martin Bannister , played by Derek Jacobi . As part of the plot of the play , Bannister was unable to clearly remember whether Newman had been Canadian or Australian , with the Newman character 's accent changing according to Bannister 's varying memories .
For the fiftieth anniversary of Doctor Who in 2013 , BBC television commissioned a dramatisation of the events surrounding the creation of the series , entitled An Adventure in Space and Time and written by Mark Gatiss . Newman was portrayed by Brian Cox .
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= Mass Effect 2 : Overlord =
Mass Effect 2 : Overlord is a downloadable content pack developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts for the action role @-@ playing video game Mass Effect 2 . It was released on June 15 , 2010 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 . The pack is included in the PlayStation 3 version of Mass Effect 2 , which was released on January 18 , 2011 . Overlord introduces a new series of missions in which the player assumes the role of Commander Shepard , an elite human soldier who must stop an experimental virtual intelligence that has gone rogue . The player must traverse from one mission to another aboard a hovering vehicle .
Overlord was announced to be in development on May 13 , 2010 . BioWare wanted to focus on vehicle exploration , similar to that found in the original Mass Effect . The pack received positive reviews from critics , with an aggregate score of 81 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version at Metacritic . Reviewers generally praised the story and vehicular sections , but some criticized the simplistic vehicular combat .
= = Gameplay = =
Mass Effect 2 is an action role @-@ playing game in which the player controls Commander Shepard . Shepard 's gender , appearance , history and combat @-@ training are determined by the player before the game begins . The game features a variety of quests that the player must complete in order to progress . These quests usually involve the player interacting with characters and fighting enemies in combat missions . During the missions , Shepard is assisted by two AI squad members that the player can indirectly control through orders . Combat takes place in real @-@ time , but the player can pause the action at any time to calmly target enemies and select different powers for the squad members to use . Upon completing a quest , the player is awarded with experience points . If a sufficient amount of experience is obtained , the player can develop powers for both Shepard and the members of the squad .
Mass Effect 2 : Overlord unfolds in a less linear manner than other assignments found in the game due to its focus on exploration . The pack introduces five new missions and some of them can be completed in a different order . The missions are located on a planet that the player must explore using a hovering vehicle called Hammerhead . Aboard the Hammerhead , the player may transition from one mission to another and gather items such as mineral resources used to research numerous in @-@ game upgrades . The Hammerhead has the ability to jump over obstacles to reach certain areas and is also armed with a gun that the player can use to destroy hostile targets over the planet . At certain points in the game , the player may also encounter mini @-@ bosses that must be defeated . Overlord also adds one armor upgrade and two achievements that are awarded for completing specific tasks . The first achievement is obtained by collecting numerous data packets that are scattered across the planet , while the second achievement is unlocked by completing Overlord .
= = Plot = =
In Mass Effect 2 : Overlord , elite human soldier Commander Shepard is sent on a mission to investigate an allied research base that has gone silent . The base is located on the surface of an Earth @-@ like planet called Aite . Upon arriving at the facility , Shepard is informed that an experimental virtual intelligence has gone rogue and is ordered to destroy an antenna inside a transmission dish before the virtual intelligence uploads a program off @-@ planet . Shepard successfully destroys the antenna and is then met by Dr. Gavin Archer , the scientist that is responsible for the situation . Archer explains that they were trying to gain influence over a hostile race of networked artificial intelligences called geth by interfacing a human mind with a virtual intelligence . In the process , the virtual intelligence overpowered the test subject 's mind , Archer 's brother David , and has evolved into a virus .
Although the virtual intelligence is kept in lockdown in another research station , Archers tells Shepard that he / she needs to manually override security from two other facilities to gain access to it and shut it down . Once the station where the virtual intelligence is contained has been unlocked , Shepards proceeds to the main server room . Shepards eventually accesses a terminal to cut all access to the outside world , but in the process the virus infects Shepard 's cybernetic implants . Shepard awakens in a virtual reality and heads to the central core room , where they manage to defeat the virtual intelligence as it attempts to establish an upload link to the Normandy . Afterwards , the virtual reality goes away and David is shown in the core tied up to tubes in his arms and mouth , begging for help . Archer comes and argues for Shepard to keep the experiment going . Shepard is then given the option to either take David to a specialized academy or leave him at the station with his brother .
= = Development and release = =
Mass Effect 2 : Overlord was developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts . During development of Mass Effect 2 , Bioware stated that downloadable content was becoming a fundamental part of the company 's overall philosophy . The pack was announced to be in development on May 13 , 2010 . BioWare executive producer Casey Hudson stated that Overlord was the " biggest downloadable content pack yet " and confirmed that they would not introduce more squad members to the game like they did with previous packs . For the pack , the developers wanted to focus on exploration and vehicle platforming , similar to that found in Mass Effect 2 's earlier downloadable content pack Firewalker . Since vehicle exploration was a feature of the original Mass Effect , Hudson called Overlord " a throwback to how some of the exploration worked in [ the previous game ] . " The pack was released on June 15 , 2010 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 . Like Mass Effect 2 's other downloadable content packs Kasumi - Stolen Memory and Lair of the Shadow Broker , Overlord is freely included in the PlayStation 3 version of the game , which was released on January 18 , 2011 . The soundtrack was composed by Christopher Lennertz .
= = Reception = =
Mass Effect 2 : Overlord received positive reviews from critics . Reviewer Erik Brudvig of IGN described Overlord as " one of the best series of missions that the franchise has yet seen . " Similarly , reviewer Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer opined that the pack " never lets one gameplay element dominate for too long , leavening the expected duck @-@ and @-@ cover combat with openworld exploration and a dash of environmental puzzling , all wrapped up in a story that builds to a satisfying and pathos @-@ heavy finale . " GameSpot 's Kevin VanOrd credited the on @-@ foot action , stating that " a few of the larger environments let you take on [ enemies ] from multiple angles , which are a nice change from the straight @-@ on encounters that typify most of Mass Effect 2 's battles . " He also praised the final boss battle , which was said to exceed that of the main game .
Critics generally praised the vehicular sections of the mission . Eurogamer felt that the Hammerhead " responds well to the terrain , with just the right mix of weight and bounciness . " IGN considered it an improvement over the Mako carrier featured in the original Mass Effect . Brad Gallaway of GameCritics , who gave the main game a mixed review , was satisfied with its inclusion and felt that BioWare " managed to incorporate all of the various aspects of Mass Effect together in a way [ he ] felt was largely lacking in the core adventure and the previous add @-@ ons . " Game Revolution 's Eduardo Reboucas stated similar pros , but admitted that jumping on platforms with the Hammerhead goes against the nature of the game . Likewise , VanOrd felt that the Hammerhead goes underutilized due to its exclusive use in the content . Some reviewers also criticized the simplistic vehicular combat , comparing it unfavorably with that of the original Mass Effect .
VanOrd gave high marks to the pack 's frightening atmosphere , stating that " haunting new music instills a palpable sense of tension , and the dark interior spaces provide a sinister contrast to the shimmering waterfalls and scorching lava rivers on the planet 's surface . " The IGN review observed that the visuals and audio surpass many side quests of the main game . Critics also highlighted very positively the story . Eurogamer opined that the ending was effective and unexpected , while VanOrd remarked that the ending cutscene " features some uncomfortable images that will linger in your mind even after you 've returned to the [ main game ] . " Despite evaluating the pack 's short length , VanOrd concluded that Overlord " is one downloadable delight Mass Effect 2 fans shouldn 't miss . "
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= George Lansbury =
George Lansbury , PC ( 22 February 1859 – 7 May 1940 ) was a British politician and social reformer who led the Labour Party from 1932 to 1935 . Apart from a brief period of ministerial office during the Labour government of 1929 – 31 , he spent his political life campaigning against established authority and vested interests , his main causes being the promotion of social justice , women 's rights and world disarmament . Originally a radical Liberal , Lansbury converted to socialism in the early 1890s , and thereafter served his local community in the East End of London in numerous elective offices . His activities were underpinned by his Christian beliefs which , except for a short period of doubt , sustained him through his life . Elected to parliament in 1910 , he resigned his seat in 1912 to campaign for women 's suffrage , and was briefly imprisoned after publicly supporting militant action .
In 1912 Lansbury helped to establish the Daily Herald newspaper , and became its editor . Throughout the First World War the paper maintained a strongly pacifist stance , and supported the October 1917 Russian Revolution . These positions contributed to Lansbury 's failure to be elected to parliament in 1918 . He devoted himself to local politics in his home borough of Poplar , and went to prison with 30 fellow @-@ councillors for his part in the Poplar " rates revolt " of 1921 .
After his return to parliament in 1922 , Lansbury was denied office in the brief Labour government of 1924 , although he served as First Commissioner of Works in the Labour government of 1929 – 31 . After the political and economic crisis of August 1931 Lansbury did not follow his leader , Ramsay MacDonald , into the National Government , but stayed with the Labour Party . As the most senior of the small contingent of Labour MPs that survived the 1931 general election , Lansbury became the party 's leader . His pacifism and his opposition to rearmament in the face of rising European fascism put him at odds with his party , and when his position was rejected at the 1935 party conference he resigned the leadership . He spent his final years travelling through the United States and Europe in the cause of peace and disarmament .
= = Early life = =
= = = East End upbringing = = =
George Lansbury was born in Halesworth in the county of Suffolk on 22 February 1859 . He was the third of nine children born to a railway worker , also named George Lansbury , and Anne , née Ferris . George senior 's job involved the supervision of railway construction gangs ; the family was often on the move , and living conditions were primitive . Through his progressive @-@ minded mother and grandmother , young George became familiar with the names of great contemporary reformers — Gladstone , Richard Cobden and John Bright — and began to read the radical Reynolds 's Newspaper . By the end of 1868 the family had moved into London 's East End , the district in which Lansbury would live and work for almost all his life .
The essayist Ronald Blythe has described the East End of the 1860s and 1870s as " stridently English ... The smoke @-@ blackened streets were packed with illiterate multitudes [ who ] stayed alive through sheer birdlike ebullience " . Interspersed with spells of work , Lansbury attended schools in Bethnal Green and Whitechapel . He then held a succession of manual jobs , including work as a coaling contractor in partnership with his elder brother , James , loading and unloading coal wagons . This was heavy and dangerous work , and led to at least one near @-@ fatal accident . During his adolescence and early manhood Lansbury was a regular attender at the public gallery at the House of Commons , where he heard and remembered many of Gladstone 's speeches on the main foreign policy issue of the day , the " Eastern Question " . He was present at the riots which erupted outside Gladstone 's house on 24 February 1878 after a peace meeting in Hyde Park . Shepherd writes that Gladstone 's Liberalism , proclaiming liberty , freedom and community interests was " a heady mix that left an indelible mark " on the youthful Lansbury .
George Lansbury senior died in 1875 . That year young George met 14 @-@ year @-@ old Elizabeth Brine , whose father Isaac Brine owned a local sawmill . The couple eventually married in 1880 , at Whitechapel parish church , where the vicar , J. Franklin Kitto , had been Lansbury 's spiritual guide and counsellor . Apart from a period of doubt in the 1890s when he temporarily rejected the Church , Lansbury remained a staunch Anglican until his death .
= = = Australia = = =
In 1881 the first of Lansbury 's 12 children , Bessie , was born ; another daughter , Annie , followed in 1882 . Seeking to improve his family 's prospects , Lansbury decided that their best hopes of prosperity lay in emigrating to Australia . The London agent @-@ general for Queensland depicted a land of boundless opportunities , with work for all ; seduced by this appeal , Lansbury and Bessie raised the necessary passage money , and in May 1884 set sail with their children for Brisbane .
On the outward passage the family experienced illness , discomfort and danger ; on one occasion the ship came close to foundering during a monsoon . On arrival at Brisbane in July 1884 , Lansbury found that contrary to the London agent 's promises , there was a superfluity of labour and work was hard to find . His first job , breaking stone , proved to be too physically punishing ; he moved to a better @-@ paid position as a van driver , but was sacked when , for religious reasons , he refused to work on Sundays . He then contracted to work on a farm some 80 miles inland , to find on arrival that his employer had misled him about living conditions and terms of employment . For several months the family lived in extreme squalor before Lansbury secured release from the contract . Back in Brisbane , he worked for a while at the newly built Brisbane cricket ground . As a keen follower of the game he hoped to see the visiting English touring team play but , as Lansbury 's biographer Raymond Postgate records , " he learned that cricket watching was not a pleasure for workmen " .
Throughout his time in Australia Lansbury sent letters home , revealing the truth about conditions facing immigrants . To a friend he wrote in March 1885 : " Mechanics are not wanted . Farm labourers are not wanted ... Hundreds of men and women are not able to get work ... The streets are foul day and night , and if I had a sister I would shoot her dead rather than see her brought out to this little hell on earth " . In May 1885 , having received from Isaac Brine sufficient funds for a passage home , the Lansburys left Australia for good .
= = Radical Liberal = =
= = = First campaigns = = =
On his return to London , Lansbury took a job in Brine 's timber business . In his spare time he campaigned against the false prospectuses offered by colonial emigration agents . His speech at an emigration conference at King 's College in London in April 1886 impressed delegates ; shortly afterwards , the government established an Emigration Information Bureau under the Colonial Office . This body was required to provide accurate information on the state of labour markets in all the government 's overseas possessions .
Having joined the Liberal Party shortly after his return from Australia , Lansbury became first a ward secretary and then general secretary for the Bow and Bromley Liberal and Radical Association . His effective campaigning skills had been noted by leading Liberals , including Samuel Montagu , the Liberal MP for Whitechapel , who persuaded the young activist to be his agent in the 1885 general election . Lansbury 's handling of this election campaign prompted Montagu to urge him to stand for parliament himself . Lansbury declined this , partly on practical grounds ( MPs were then unpaid and he had to provide for his family ) , and partly on principle ; he was becoming increasingly convinced that his future lay not as a radical Liberal but as a socialist . He continued to serve the Liberals , as an agent and local secretary , while expressing his socialism in a short @-@ lived monthly radical journal , Coming Times , which he founded and co @-@ edited with a fellow @-@ dissident , William Hoffman .
= = = London County Council elections , 1889 = = =
In 1888 Lansbury agreed to act as election agent for Jane Cobden , who was contesting the first elections for the newly formed London County Council ( LCC ) as Liberal candidate for the Bow and Bromley division . Cobden , an early supporter of women 's suffrage , was the fourth child of the Victorian radical statesman Richard Cobden . The Society for Promoting Women as County Councillors ( SPWCC ) , a new women 's rights group , had proposed Cobden as the candidate for Bow and Bromley and Margaret Sandhurst for Brixton . Lansbury counselled Cobden in the issues of greatest concern to the East End electorate : housing for the poor , ending of sweated labour , rights of public assembly , and control of the police . Specific questions of women 's rights were largely avoided during the campaign . On 19 January 1889 both women were elected ; these triumphs were , however , short @-@ lived . Sandhurst 's qualification to serve as a county councillor was successfully challenged in the courts by her Conservative Party opponents on the grounds of her sex , and her subsequent appeal was dismissed . Cobden was not immediately challenged , but in April 1891 , after a series of legal actions , she was effectively neutered as a councillor by being prevented from voting on pain of severe financial penalties . Lansbury urged her , during the hearings , to " go to prison and let the Council back you up by refusing to declare your seat vacant " . Cobden did not follow this path . A Bill introduced in the House of Commons in May 1891 permitting women to serve as county councillors found little support among MPs of any party ; women were not granted this right until 1907 .
Lansbury was offended by his party 's lukewarm support for women 's rights . In a letter published in the Pall Mall Gazette he made an open call to Bow and Bromley 's Liberals to " shake themselves free of party feeling and throw the energy and ability they are now wasting on minor questions into ... securing the full rights of citizenship to every woman in the land " . He was further disillusioned by his party 's failure to endorse the eight @-@ hour maximum working day . Lansbury had formed the view , expressed some years later , that " Liberalism would progress just as far as the great money bags of capitalism would allow it to progress " . By 1892 the Liberals no longer felt like Lansbury 's political home ; most of his current associates were avowed socialists : William Morris , Eleanor Marx , John Burns and Henry Mayers Hyndman , founder of the Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) . Nevertheless , Lansbury did not resign from the Liberals until he had fulfilled a commitment to act as election agent for John Murray MacDonald , the prospective Liberal candidate for Bow and Bromley . He saw his candidate victorious in the July 1892 General Election ; as soon as the result was declared , Lansbury resigned from the Liberal Party and joined the SDF .
= = Socialist reformer = =
= = = Social Democratic Federation = = =
Lansbury 's choice of the SDF , from several socialist organisations , reflected his admiration for Hyndman , whom he considered " one of the truly great ones " . Lansbury quickly became the federation 's most tireless propagandist , travelling throughout Britain to address meetings or to demonstrate solidarity with workers involved in industrial disputes . Around this time , Lansbury temporarily set aside his Christian beliefs and became a member of the East London Ethical Society . One factor in his disillusion with the Church was the local clergy 's unsympathetic approach to poor relief , and their opposition to collective political action .
In 1895 Lansbury fought two parliamentary elections for the SDF in Walworth , first a by @-@ election on 14 May , then the 1895 general election two months later . Despite his energetic campaigning he was heavily defeated on each occasion , with tiny proportions of the vote . After these dismal results , Lansbury was persuaded by Hyndman to give up his job at the sawmill and become the SDF 's full @-@ time salaried national organiser . He preached a straightforward revolutionary doctrine : " The time has arrived " , he informed an audience at Todmorden in Lancashire , " for the working classes to seize political power and use it to overthrow the competitive system and establish in its place state cooperation " . Lansbury 's time as SDF national organiser did not last long ; in 1896 , when Isaac Brine died suddenly , Lansbury thought that his family duty required him to take charge of the sawmill , and he returned home to Bow .
In the general election of 1900 a pact with the Liberals in the Bow and Bromley constituency gave Lansbury , the SDF candidate , a straight fight against the Conservative incumbent , William Guthrie . Lansbury 's cause was hindered by his public opposition to the Boer War at a time when war fever was strong , while Guthrie , a former soldier , stressed his military credentials . Lansbury lost the election , though his total of 2 @,@ 258 votes against Guthrie 's 4 @,@ 403 was considered creditable by the press . This campaign was Lansbury 's last major effort on behalf of the SDF . He became disenchanted by Hyndman 's inability to work with other socialist groups , and in about 1903 resigned from the SDF to join the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . At around this time , Lansbury rediscovered his Christian faith and rejoined the Anglican Church .
= = = Poor Law guardian = = =
In April 1893 Lansbury achieved his first elective office when he became a Poor Law guardian for the district of Poplar . In place of the traditionally harsh workhouse regime that was the norm , Lansbury proposed a programme of reform , whereby the workhouse became " an agency of help instead of a place of despair " , and the stigma of poverty was removed . Lansbury was one of a minority socialist bloc which was often able , through its energy and commitment , to win support for its plans .
Education for the poor was one of Lansbury 's major concerns . He helped to transform the Forest Gate District School , previously a punitive establishment run on quasi @-@ military lines , into a proper place of education that became the Poplar Training School , and was still in existence more than half a century later . At the 1897 annual Poor Law Conference Lansbury summarised his views on poor relief in his first published paper : " The Principles of the English Poor Law " . His analysis offered a Marxist critique of capitalism : only the reorganisation of industry on collectivist lines would solve contemporary problems .
Lansbury added to his public duties when , in 1903 , he was elected to Poplar Borough Council . In the summer of that year he met Joseph Fels , a rich American soap manufacturer with a penchant for social projects . Lansbury persuaded Fels , in 1904 , to purchase a 100 @-@ acre farm at Laindon , in Essex , which was converted into a labour colony that provided regular work for Poplar 's unemployed and destitute . Fels also agreed to finance a much larger colony at Hollesley Bay in Suffolk , to be operated as a government scheme under the Local Government Board . Both projects were initially successful , but were undermined after the election of a Liberal government in 1906 . The new Local Government minister was John Burns , a former SDF stalwart now ensconced in the Liberal Party who had become a firm opponent of socialism . Burns encouraged a campaign of propaganda to discredit the principle of labour colonies , which were presented as money @-@ wasting ventures that pampered idlers and scroungers . A formal enquiry revealed irregularities in the operation of the scheme , though it exonerated Lansbury . He retained the confidence of his electorate and was easily re @-@ elected to the Board of Guardians in 1907 .
In 1905 Lansbury was appointed to a Royal Commission on the Poor Laws , which deliberated for four years . Lansbury , together with Beatrice Webb of the Fabian Society , argued for the complete abolition of the Poor Laws and their replacement by a system that incorporated old age pensions , a minimum wage , and national and local public works projects . These proposals were embodied at the Commission 's conclusion in a minority report signed by Lansbury and Webb ; the majority report was , according to Postgate , " an ill @-@ considered jumble of suggestions ... so preposterously inadequate that no attempts were ever made to implement it . " Most of the minority 's recommendations in time became national policy ; the Poor Laws were finally abolished by the Local Government Act 1929 .
= = National prominence = =
= = = Campaigner for women 's suffrage = = =
In the general election of January 1906 Lansbury stood as an independent socialist candidate in Middlesbrough , on a strong " votes for women " platform . This was his first campaign based on women 's rights since the LCC election of 1889 . He had been recommended to the constituency by Joseph Fels , who agreed to meet his expenses . The local ILP leadership was committed by an electoral pact to support the Liberal candidate , and could not endorse Lansbury , who secured less than 9 per cent of the vote . The campaign had been managed by Marion Coates Hansen , a prominent local suffragist . Under Hansen 's influence Lansbury took up the cause of " votes for women " ; he allied himself with the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) , the more militant of the main suffragist organisations , and became a close associate of Emmeline Pankhurst and her family .
The Liberal government elected in 1906 with a large majority showed little interest in the issue of women 's suffrage ; when they lost their parliamentary majority in the general election of January 1910 they were dependent on the votes of the 40 @-@ odd Labour members . To Lansbury 's dismay , Labour did not use this leverage to promote votes for women , instead giving the government virtually unqualified support to keep the Conservatives out of power . Lansbury had failed to win election as Labour 's candidate at Bow and Bromley in January 1910 ; however , the continuing political crisis which developed from David Lloyd George 's controversial 1909 " People 's Budget " led to another general election in December 1910 . Lansbury again fought Bow and Bromley , and this time was successful .
Lansbury found little support in his fight for women 's suffrage from his parliamentary Labour colleagues , whom he dismissed as " a weak , flabby lot " . In parliament , he denounced the prime minister , H. H. Asquith , for the cruelties being inflicted on imprisoned suffragists : " You are beneath contempt ... you ought to be driven from public life " . He was temporarily suspended from the House for " disorderly conduct " . In October 1912 , aware of the unbridgeable gap between his own position and that of his Labour colleagues , Lansbury resigned his seat to fight a by @-@ election in Bow and Bromley on the specific issue of women 's suffrage . He lost to his Conservative opponent , who campaigned on the slogan " No Petticoat Government " . Commenting on the result , the Labour MP Will Thorne opined that no constituency could ever be won on the single question of votes for women .
Out of parliament , on 26 April 1913 Lansbury addressed a WSPU rally at the Albert Hall , and openly defended violent methods : " Let them burn and destroy property and do anything they will , and for every leader that is taken away , let a dozen step forward in their place " . For this , Lansbury was charged with incitement , convicted and , after the dismissal of an appeal , sentenced to three months ' imprisonment . He immediately went on hunger strike , and was released after four days ; although liable to rearrest under the so @-@ called " Cat and Mouse Act " , he was thereafter left at liberty . In the autumn of 1913 , at the invitation of Fels , Lansbury and his wife travelled to America and Canada for an extended holiday . On his return , he devoted his main efforts to the recently founded newspaper , the Daily Herald .
= = = War , Daily Herald and Bolshevism = = =
The Daily Herald began as a temporary bulletin during the London printers ' strike of 1910 – 11 . After the strike ended , Lansbury and others raised sufficient funds for the Herald to be relaunched in April 1912 as a socialist daily newspaper . The paper attracted contributions from distinguished writers such as H. G. Wells , Hilaire Belloc , G. K. Chesterton and George Bernard Shaw , some of whom , Blythe notes , " weren 't socialists at all but simply used [ the paper ] as a platform for their personal literary anarchy . " Lansbury contributed regularly in support of his various causes , in particular the militant suffrage campaign , and early in 1914 assumed the paper 's editorship .
Before the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 , the Herald took a strong anti @-@ war line . Addressing a large demonstration in Trafalgar Square on 2 August 1914 , Lansbury blamed the coming conflict on capitalism : " The workers of all countries have no quarrel . They are ... exploited in times of peace and sent out to be massacred in times of war " . Lansbury 's position was at odds with that of most of the Labour movement , which allied itself with the wartime coalition governments of Asquith and , from 1916 , Lloyd George . In the prevailing jingoistic mood , numerous readers looked to the Herald — reduced by wartime economies to a weekly format — to present a balanced news perspective , untainted by war fever and chauvinism . During the winter of 1914 – 15 , Lansbury visited the Western Front trenches . He sent eye @-@ witness accounts to the paper , which supported calls for a negotiated peace with Germany in line with President Woodrow Wilson 's later " peace note " of January 1917 . The paper also gave sympathetic coverage to conscientious objectors , and to Irish and Indian nationalists .
Lansbury used the pages of the Daily Herald to welcome the February 1917 revolution in Russia as " a new star of hope ... arisen over Europe " . At an Albert Hall rally on 18 March 1918 he hailed the spirit and enthusiasm of " this Russian movement " , and urged his audience to " be ready to die , if necessary , for our faith " . When the war ended in November 1918 , Lloyd George called an immediate general election , correctly calculating that victory euphoria would keep his coalition in power . In this triumphalist climate , candidates such as Lansbury who had opposed the war found themselves unpopular , and he failed to retake his Bow and Bromley seat .
The Herald re @-@ emerged as a daily paper in March 1919 . Under Lansbury 's direction it maintained a strong and ultimately successful campaign against British intervention in the Russian Civil War . In February 1920 Lansbury travelled to Russia where he met Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders . He published an account : What I Saw in Russia , but the impact of the visit was overshadowed by accusations that the Herald was being financed from Bolshevist sources , a charge vehemently denied by Lansbury : " We have received no Bolshevist money , no Bolshevist paper , no Bolshevist bonds " . Unknown to Lansbury , the allegations had some truth which , when exposed , caused him and the paper considerable embarrassment . By 1922 the Herald 's financial problems had become such that it could no longer continue as a private venture financed by donations . Lansbury resigned the editorship and made the paper over to the Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) , although he continued to write for it and remained its titular general manager until 3 January 1925 .
= = = " Poplarism " : the 1921 rates revolt = = =
Throughout his national campaigns , Lansbury remained a Poplar borough councillor and Poor Law guardian , and between 1910 and 1913 served a three @-@ year term as a London County Councillor . In 1919 he became the first Labour mayor of Poplar . Under the then @-@ existing financial system for local government , boroughs were individually responsible for poor relief within their boundaries . This discriminated heavily against poorer councils such as Poplar , where rates revenues were low and poverty and unemployment , always severe , were exacerbated in times of economic recession . Under this system , Postgate argues , " The wealthy West End boroughs were evading responsibility , as though the desolate and silent docks were the results of a failure by the Poplar Borough Council " . In addition to meeting the costs of its own obligations , the council was required to levy precepts to pay for services provided by bodies such as the London County Council and the Metropolitan Police . Lansbury had long argued that a degree of rates equalisation across London was necessary , to share costs more fairly .
At its meeting on 22 March 1921 the Poplar Council resolved not to make its precepts and to apply these revenues to the costs of local poor relief . This illegal action created a sensation , and led to legal proceedings against the council . On 29 July the thirty councillors involved marched in procession from Bow to the High Court , headed by a brass band . Informed by the judge that they must apply the precepts , the councillors would not budge ; early in September , Lansbury and 29 fellow @-@ councillors were imprisoned for contempt of court . Among those sentenced were his son Edgar and Edgar 's wife , Minnie .
The defiance of the Poplar councillors generated widespread interest and sympathy , and the publicity embarrassed the government . Several other Labour @-@ controlled councils ( including Stepney whose mayor was the future Labour leader Clement Attlee ) threatened similar policies . After six weeks ' incarceration the councillors were released , and a government conference was convened to resolve the matter . This conference brought a significant personal victory for Lansbury : the passage of the Local Authorities ( Financial Provisions ) Act , which equalised the poor relief burden across all the London boroughs . As a result , the rates in Poplar fell by a third , and additional revenues of £ 400 @,@ 000 was gained by the borough . Lansbury was hailed as a hero ; in the 1922 general election he won the parliamentary seat of Bow and Bromley with a majority of nearly 7 @,@ 000 , and would hold it for the rest of his life . The term " Poplarism " , always identified closely with Lansbury , became part of the political lexicon , applied generally to campaigns where local government stood against central government on behalf of the poor and least privileged of society .
= = Parliament and national office = =
= = = Labour backbencher = = =
In May 1923 the Conservative prime minister , Andrew Bonar Law , resigned for health reasons . In December his successor , Stanley Baldwin , called another election in which the Conservatives lost their majority , with Labour in a strong second place . King George V advised Baldwin , as leader of the largest party , not to resign his office until defeated by a vote in the House of Commons . Defeat duly occurred on 21 January 1924 , when the Liberals decided to throw in their lot with Labour . The king then asked Labour 's leader , Ramsay MacDonald , to form a government . Lansbury caused royal offence by publicly implying that the king had colluded with other parties to keep Labour out , and by his references to the fate of Charles I. Despite his seniority , Lansbury was offered only a junior non @-@ cabinet post in the new government , which he declined . He believed that his exclusion from the cabinet followed pressure from the king . At the 1923 Labour Party conference , while declaring himself a republican , Lansbury opposed two motions calling for the abolition of the monarchy , deeming the issue a " distraction " . Social revolution , he said , would one day remove the monarchy .
MacDonald 's administration lasted less than a year before , in November 1924 , the Liberals withdrew their support ; Blythe comments that the first Labour government had been " neither exhilarating nor competent " . According to Shepherd , MacDonald 's chief priority was to show that Labour was " fit to govern " , and he had thus acted with conservative caution . The December general election returned the Conservatives to power ; Lansbury maintained that Labour 's cause " marches forward irrespective of electoral results " . After the defeat Lansbury was briefly touted as an alternative party leader to MacDonald , a proposition he rejected . In 1925 , free from the Daily Herald , he founded and edited Lansbury 's Labour Weekly , which became a mouthpiece for his personal creed of socialism , democracy and pacifism until it merged with the New Leader in 1927 . Before the General Strike of May 1926 , Lansbury used the Weekly to instruct the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) on preparations for the coming struggle . However , when the strike came the TUC did not want his assistance ; among the reasons for their distrust was Lansbury 's continuing advocacy for the right of communist organisations to affiliate to the Labour Party — he privately opined that British communists on their own " couldn 't run a whelk @-@ stall " .
Lansbury continued his private campaigns in parliament , saying " I intend on every occasion to ... hinder the progress of business " . In April 1926 he and 12 other opposition MPs prevented a vote in the House of Commons by obstructing the voting lobbies ; they were temporarily suspended by the Speaker . During frequent clashes in the House with Neville Chamberlain , the Minister of Health responsible for Poor Law administration and reform , Lansbury referred to the " Ministry of Death " , and called the minister a " pinchbeck Napoleon " . However , within the Labour Party itself , Lansbury 's status and popularity led to his election as the party 's chairman ( a largely titular office ) in 1927 – 28 . Lansbury also became president of the International League Against Imperialism , where among his fellow executive members were Jawaharlal Nehru , Mme. Sun Yat @-@ sen and Albert Einstein . In 1928 , short of money following the failure of the family business , Lansbury published his autobiography , My Life , for which he received what he termed " a fairly generous cheque " from the publishers , Constable & Co .
= = = Cabinet minister , 1929 – 31 = = =
In the 1929 general election Labour emerged as the largest party , with 287 seats — but without an overall majority . Once again , MacDonald formed a government dependent on Liberal support . Lansbury joined the new cabinet as First Commissioner of Works , with responsibilities for historic buildings and monuments and for the royal parks . This position was widely regarded as a sinecure ; nevertheless , Lansbury proved an active minister who did much to improve public recreation facilities . His most notable achievement was the Lido on the Serpentine and the Long Water in Hyde Park , according to the historian A. J. P. Taylor " the only thing which keeps the memory of the second Labour government alive " . Lansbury 's duties brought him into frequent contact with the King , who as Ranger of the royal parks insisted on regular consultation . Contrary to expectations the two formed a cordial relationship .
The years of the MacDonald 's second government were dominated by the economic depression that followed the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 . Lansbury was appointed to a committee , chaired by J.H. Thomas and including the youthful Oswald Mosley , charged with finding a solution to unemployment . Mosley produced a memorandum which called for a large @-@ scale programme of public works ; this was rejected by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Philip Snowden , on grounds of cost . At the end of July 1931 the May Committee , appointed in February to investigate government spending , prescribed heavy cuts , including a massive reduction in unemployment benefit .
During August , in an atmosphere of financial panic and a run on the pound , the government debated the report . MacDonald and Snowden were prepared to implement it , but Lansbury and nine other cabinet ministers rejected the cut in unemployment benefit . Thus divided , the government could not continue ; MacDonald , however , did not resign as prime minister . After discussions with the opposition leaders and the king he formed a national all @-@ party coalition , with a " doctor 's mandate " to tackle the economic crisis . The great majority of Labour MPs , including Lansbury , were opposed to this action ; MacDonald and the few who followed him were expelled from the party , and Arthur Henderson became leader . MacDonald 's move was broadly welcomed in the country , however , and in the general election held in October 1931 the national government was returned with an enormous majority . Labour was reduced to 46 members ; Lansbury was the only senior member of the Labour leadership to retain his seat .
= = Party leader = =
Although defeated in the election , Henderson remained the party leader while Lansbury headed the Labour group in parliament — the Parliamentary Labour Party ( PLP ) . In October 1932 Henderson resigned and Lansbury succeeded him . In most historians ' reckonings , Lansbury led his small parliamentary force with skill and flair . He was also , says Shepherd , an inspiration to the dispirited Labour rank and file . As leader he began the process of reforming the party 's organisation and machinery , efforts which resulted in considerable by @-@ election and municipal election successes — including control of the LCC under Herbert Morrison in 1934 . According to Blythe , Lansbury " represented political hope and decency to the three million unemployed . " During this period Lansbury published his political credo , My England ( 1934 ) , which envisioned a future socialist state achieved by a mixture of revolutionary and evolutionary methods .
The small Labour group in parliament had little influence over economic policy ; Lansbury 's term as leader was dominated by foreign affairs and disarmament , and by policy disagreements within the Labour movement . The official party position was based on collective security through the League of Nations and on multilateral disarmament . Lansbury , supported by many in the PLP , adopted a position of Christian pacifism , unilateral disarmament and the dismantling of the British Empire . Under his influence the party 's 1933 conference passed resolutions calling for the " total disarmament of all nations " , and pledged to take no part in war . Pacifism became temporarily popular in the country ; on 9 February 1933 the Oxford Union voted by 275 to 153 that it would " in no circumstances fight for its King and Country " , and the Fulham East by @-@ election in October 1933 was easily won by a Labour candidate committed to full disarmament . Lansbury sent a message to the constituency in his position as Labour Leader : " I would close every recruiting station , disband the Army and disarm the Air Force . I would abolish the whole dreadful equipment of war and say to the world : “ Do your worst ” . " October 1934 saw the emergence of the Peace Pledge Union ; the 1934 – 35 Peace Ballot , an unofficial public referendum , produced massive majorities against war . Meanwhile , Adolf Hitler had come to power in Germany , and had withdrawn from the international Conference on Disarmament in Geneva . Blythe observes that Britain 's noisy flirtations with pacifism " drowned out the sounds from German dockyards " , as German rearmament began .
As fascism and militarism advanced in Europe , Lansbury 's pacifist stance drew criticism from the trades union elements of his party — who controlled the majority of party conference votes . Walter Citrine , the TUC general secretary , commented that Lansbury " thinks the country should be without defence of any kind ... it certainly isn 't our policy . " The party 's 1935 annual conference took place in Brighton during October , under the shadow of Italy 's impending invasion of Abyssinia . The national executive had tabled a resolution calling for sanctions against Italy , which Lansbury opposed as a form of economic warfare . His speech — a passionate exposition of the principles of Christian pacifism — was well received by the delegates , but immediately afterwards his position was destroyed by Ernest Bevin , the Transport and General Workers ' Union leader . Bevin attacked Lansbury for putting his private beliefs before a policy , agreed by all the party 's main institutions , to oppose fascist aggression , and accused him of " hawking your conscience round from body to body asking to be told what to do with it " . Union support ensured that the sanctions resolution was carried by a huge majority ; Lansbury , realising that a Christian pacifist could no longer lead the party , resigned a few days later .
= = Final years = =
Lansbury was 76 years old when he resigned the Labour leadership ; he did not , however , retire from public life . In the general election of November 1935 he kept his seat at Bow and Bromley ; Labour , now led by Attlee , improved its parliamentary representation to 154 . Lansbury devoted himself entirely to the cause of world peace , a quest that took him , in 1936 , to the United States . He addressed large crowds in 27 cities before meeting President Roosevelt in Washington to present his proposals for a world peace conference . In 1937 he toured Europe , visiting leaders in Belgium , France and Scandinavia , and in April secured a private meeting with Hitler . No official report of the discussion was issued , but Lansbury 's personal memorandum indicates that Hitler expressed willingness to join in a world conference if Roosevelt would convene it . Later that year Lansbury met Mussolini in Rome ; he described the Italian leader as " a mixture of Lloyd George , Stanley Baldwin and Winston Churchill " . Lansbury wrote several accounts of his peace journeys , notably My Quest for Peace ( 1938 ) . His mild and optimistic impressions of the European dictators were widely criticised as naïve and out of touch ; some British pacifists were dismayed at Lansbury 's meeting with Hitler , while the Daily Worker accused him of diverting attention from the aggressive realities of fascist policies . Lansbury continued to meet European leaders through 1938 and 1939 , and was nominated , unsuccessfully , for the 1940 Nobel Peace Prize .
At home , Lansbury served a second term as Mayor of Poplar , in 1936 – 37 . He argued against direct confrontation with Mosley 's Blackshirts during the October 1936 demonstrations known as the Battle of Cable Street . In October 1937 he became president of the Peace Pledge Union , and a year later he welcomed the Munich Agreement as a step towards peace . During this period he worked on behalf of refugees from Nazi Germany , and was chairman of the Polish Refugee Fund which provided relief to displaced Jewish children . On 3 September 1939 , after Neville Chamberlain 's announcement of war with Germany , Lansbury addressed the House of Commons . Observing that the cause to which he had dedicated his life was going down in ruins , he added : " I hope that out of this terrible calamity will arise a spirit that will compel people to give up the reliance on force . "
Early in 1940 Lansbury 's health began to fail ; although unaware , he was suffering from stomach cancer . In an article published in the socialist magazine Tribune , published on 25 April 1940 , he made a final statement of his Christian pacifism : " I hold fast to the truth that this world is big enough for all , that we are all brethren , children of one Father " . Lansbury died on 7 May 1940 , at the Manor House Hospital in Golders Green . His funeral in St Mary 's Church , Bow , was followed by cremation at Ilford Crematorium , before a memorial service in Westminster Abbey . His ashes were scattered at sea , in accordance with the wish expressed in his will : " I desire this because although I love England very dearly ... I am a convinced internationalist " .
= = Tributes and legacy = =
Most historical assessments of Lansbury have tended to stress his character and principles rather than his effectiveness as a party political leader . Although Taylor labels him " the most lovable figure in modern politics " , and the outstanding figure of the English revolutionary left in the 20th century , Kenneth O. Morgan , in his biography of a later Labour leader , Michael Foot , regards Lansbury as " an agitator of protest , not a politician of power " . Journalists commonly accused Lansbury of sentimentality , and party intellectuals accused him of lacking mental capacity . Nevertheless , his speeches in the House of Commons were often flavoured with historical and literary allusions , and he left behind a considerable body of writing on socialist ideas ; Morgan refers to him as a " prophet " . Foot , who as a young man met and was influenced by Lansbury , was particularly impressed by the older man 's achievements in establishing the Daily Herald , given his complete lack of journalistic training . Nevertheless , Foot felt that Lansbury 's pacifism was unrealistic , and believed that Bevin 's demolition at the 1935 conference was justified .
There is much agreement among historians and analysts that Lansbury was never self @-@ serving and , guided by his Christian socialist principles , was consistent in his efforts on behalf of the poorest in society . Shepherd believes that " there could have been no better leader for the Labour Party at the collapse of its political fortunes in 1931 than Lansbury , a universally popular choice and a source of inspiration among Labour ranks " . In the House of Commons on 8 May 1940 , the day following Lansbury 's death , Chamberlain said of him : " There were not many hon . Members who felt convinced of the practicability of the methods which he advocated for the preservation of peace , but there was no one who did not realise his intense conviction , which arose out of his deep humanitarianism " . Attlee also paid tribute to his former leader : " He hated cruelty , injustice and wrongs , and felt deeply for all who suffered ... [ H ] e was ever the champion of the weak , and ... to the end of his life he strove for that in which he believed " .
After the Second World War , a stained glass window designed by the Belgian artist Eugeen Yoors was placed in the Kingsley Hall community centre in Bow , as a memorial to Lansbury . His memory is further sustained by streets and housing developments named after him , most notably the Lansbury Estate in Poplar , completed in 1951 A further enduring memorial , Attlee suggests , is the extent to which the then @-@ revolutionary social policies that Lansbury began advocating before the turn of the 20th century had become accepted mainstream doctrine little more than a decade after his death .
= = Personal and family life = =
For most of their married life , George and Bessie Lansbury lived in Bow , originally in St Stephen 's Road and , from 1916 , at 39 Bow Road , a house which , Shepherd records , became " a political haven " for those requiring assistance of any kind . Bessie died in 1933 , after 53 years of a marriage that had produced 12 children between 1881 and 1905 . Of the 10 who survived to adulthood , Edgar followed his father into local political activism as a Poplar councillor in 1912 , serving as the borough 's mayor in 1924 – 25 . He was for a time a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) . After the death of his first wife Minnie in 1922 , Edgar married Moyna Macgill , an actress from Belfast ; their daughter Angela Lansbury , born in 1925 , became a famous stage and screen actress . George Lansbury 's youngest daughter Violet ( 1900 – 71 ) was an active CPGB member in the 1920s , who lived and worked in Moscow for many years . She married Clemens Palme Dutt , the brother of the prominent Marxist intellectual Rajani Palme Dutt .
Another daughter , Dorothy ( 1890 – 1973 ) , was a women 's rights activist and later a campaigner for contraceptive and abortion rights . She married Ernest Thurtle , the Labour MP for Shoreditch , and was herself a member of Shoreditch council , serving as mayor in 1936 . She and her husband founded the Workers ' Birth Control Group in 1924 . Her younger sister Daisy ( 1892 – 1971 ) served as George Lansbury 's secretary for 20 years . In 1913 she helped Sylvia Pankhurst to evade police capture by disguising herself as Pankhurst . She was married to Raymond Postgate , the left @-@ wing writer and historian , who was Lansbury 's first biographer and founder of The Good Food Guide . Their son , Oliver Postgate , was a successful writer , animator and producer for children 's television .
The Lansbury home in Bow Road was destroyed by bombing during the London Blitz of 1940 – 41 .
= = Books by Lansbury = =
Your Part in Poverty . London : Allen and Unwin . 1918 . OCLC 251051169 .
These Things Shall Be . London : Swarthorne Press . 1920 . OCLC 1109879 .
What I Saw in Russia . London : L. Parsons . 1920 . OCLC 457509320 .
My Life . London : Constable & Co . 1928 . OCLC 2150486 .
My England . London : Selwyn & Blount . 1934 . OCLC 2175404 .
Looking Backwards and Forwards . London and Glasgow : Blackie and Son . 1935 . OCLC 9072833 .
Why Pacifists Should Be Socialists . London : FACT . 1937 . OCLC 826854352 .
My Quest for Peace . London : M. Joseph . 1938 . OCLC 4051871 .
This Way to Peace . London : Rich and Cowan . 1940 . OCLC 4024194 .
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= Road to ... ( Family Guy ) =
The " Road to ... " episodes , also known as the Family Guy Road shows , are a series of episodes in the animated series Family Guy . They are a parody of the seven Road to ... comedy films , starring Bing Crosby , Bob Hope , and Dorothy Lamour .
These episodes revolve around baby , Stewie Griffin and anthropomorphic dog , Brian on a road trip in a foreign , supernatural or science fiction setting not familiar to the show 's normal location in Quahog , Rhode Island . The first , titled " Road to Rhode Island " , aired on May 30 , 2000 , as a part of the second season . The episodes are known for featuring elaborate musical numbers , similar to the original films . As of 2016 , there are eight Road to episodes .
The Road to episodes contain several signature elements , including a special version of the opening sequence , custom musical cues and musical numbers , and parodies of science fiction and fantasy films . Many of the episodes are popular among television critics , and have been nominated for several awards . In 2000 , " Road to Rhode Island " was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) " category . In 2009 , " Road to Germany , " along with two other episodes from the seventh season , were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Comedy Series " category , the first time in 48 years multiple episodes of one animated series were nominated for the same award .
= = Episodes = =
= = Segments = =
Road to episodes typically consist of three parts following a series of theatrical or cultural @-@ themed credits , and beginning with a segment at the Griffin family home in Quahog , Rhode Island . This segment usually establishes a conflict that Stewie and Brian must overcome by leaving Quahog and the rest of the Griffin family . For the second segment , Stewie and Brian obtain the established goal , which differs in each episode , and have included Brian reuniting with his mother in " Road to Rhode Island " , Stewie finding his lost teddy bear in " Road to Rupert " , and rescuing Mort Goldman , the town 's pharmacist , in " Road to Germany " . In " Road to the Multiverse " various different animation styles and techniques are showcased , such as Disney and Robot Chicken . The final segment involves the two 's struggle to return to their home in Quahog .
= = Production and development = =
The Road to episodes are a parody of the seven Road to ... comedy films released between 1940 and 1962 , which starred actors Bing Crosby , Bob Hope and Dorothy Lamour . Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane came up with the idea to create the episodes , being a fan of the original film series .
The first Road to episode , titled " Road to Rhode Island " , aired in 2000 as a part of the second season of Family Guy , and featured Brian and Stewie attempting to find Brian 's mother . The episode was the first Family Guy contribution by director Dan Povenmire , and it was written by Gary Janetti , who had previously written for the show during its first and second seasons . MacFarlane granted Povenmire substantial creative freedom . Povenmire recalled that MacFarlane would tell him , " We 've got two minutes to fill . Give me some visual gags . Do whatever you want . I trust you . " Povenmire praised MacFarlane 's management style for letting him " have [ ... ] fun " .
After the episode 's success , including its nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award , a second episode in the Road to series was produced for the third season , titled " Road to Europe . " The episode was inspired by the 1941 film Road to Morocco , including its musical number " ( We 're off on the ) Road to Morocco " , which was previously parodied by the two characters , with new lyrics , in " Rhode Island " . Povenmire returned to direct the episode but this time it was written by Daniel Palladino , who was a guest @-@ writer .
The third episode in the series was not produced in the fourth season , but instead it was produced in the fifth season , titled " Road to Rupert " , which followed Stewie in his attempt to relocate his teddy bear , Rupert , who was taken to Aspen , Colorado , was the last episode of the Road shows to be directed by Dan Povenmire . Povenmire left Family Guy soon after , following the conclusion of the fifth season , to create his own series , titled Phineas and Ferb , which has since been nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards with two Emmy wins . It was written by Patrick Meighan who had written the fourth season episode " 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter " .
As a result , series regular Greg Colton , who had worked on " Brian Goes Back to College " , " No Meals on Wheels " , and also " 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter " , took over Povenmire 's role as director of the Road to episodes . The next installment was titled " Road to Germany " , which follows Brian and Stewie going back in time to rescue their neighbor Mort Goldman from the Nazi invasion of Poland . The episode was produced for the seventh season , it aired on October 19 , 2008 . Meighan returned to write the episode . After reading the script aloud , Jewish executive producer David A. Goodman said , " I 'm going to get kicked out of my temple . "
The next Road to episode was announced at the 2008 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in San Diego , California , on July 25 , 2008 @.@ it was titled " Road to the Multiverse " and it was produced in the seventh eighth season . Though it was not originally intended to be a Road to episode , Greg Colton convinced series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane and " Spies Reminiscent of Us " director Cyndi Tang to change the episode 's title from " Sliders " , parodying the science fiction television series Sliders . Colton 's suggestion of the new title " Road to the Multiverse " was accepted , as was altering the premise of " Spies Reminiscent of Us " , the season 's original Road to episode . The episode was not written by Meighan , instead it was written by Wellesley Wild who wrote " PTV " .
The sixth episode was announced at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , and follows Brian and Stewie on an adventure to the North Pole . It aired during the show 's ninth season , and is titled " Road to the North Pole " . The episode was the first Road show to be produced and broadcast in high @-@ definition , the first to be a full hour in length , and was directed by Colton .
The tenth season episode " Back to the Pilot " , originally titled " Road to the Pilot " , was at first intended to be the seventh installment in the Road series , however it was changed before airing .
The seventh episode was announced at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . The episode involves Brian and Stewie teleporting to Las Vegas . Except something goes wrong with the machine and Brian and Stewie get cloned . One pair has the best possible time in Las Vegas , the other two have the worst possible time . The episode , titled " Roads to Vegas , " aired as the show ’ s eleventh season finale in May 2013 .
= = Reception = =
The Road to episodes are often among the most critically acclaimed episodes of the series . In a 2009 review of " Road to Rhode Island " , Ahsan Haque of IGN gave the episode a perfect score of ten out of ten , praising the episode for its " great writing , hilarious jokes , a catchy musical , and a story that 's both hilarious and touching at the same time . " In a subsequent review by IGN of " Road to Germany " , Haque again gave the episode high marks for its " exciting storyline , and some hilariously offensive humor . " Similarly , " Road to the Multiverse " was received very positively by television credits , who called the episode " the best of the early episodes we 've seen on the series . " In addition , " Road to the Multiverse " was the highest rated episode of the eighth season , in terms of total viewership .
The episodes are generally praised by critics for the connection between Brian and Stewie . IGN stated that when Stewie and Brian are paired together for adventures in the series it becomes hilarious , also mentioning that it was great that they could learn more deeply Brian and see Stewie 's transformation of character . TV Squad critic Brett Love has stated that he enjoys the episodes , especially the parts that show Stewie and Brian relationship , in his review of " Road to Rupert " he commented that Stewie and Brian 's story made the episode for him . Both IGN and TV Squad have praised " Road to Germany " , " Road to Rupert " and " Road to Rhode Island " for having that type of connection in their respective reviews .
Though the series receives praise there are some critics that give the episodes a negative review . Alex Rocha of TV Guide was critical in her review of " Road to Germany " stating , " it seemed that the show has taken a slight fall back . After having great episodes the past few weeks to get this current season started on a roll , we have witnessed another average , even sub @-@ par episode . Although Brett Love of TV Squad praised " Road to Rupert " , he did state that he did not like the B @-@ story of the episode .
Although the Parents Television Council , a frequent Family Guy critic , did not name " Road to the Multiverse " its " Worst TV Show of the Week " , it did refer to this episode in its negative review of the following episode , " Family Goy " , due to both episodes depicting violence against a recurring Jewish character , Mort Goldman . The PTC did name a later Road to episode , " Road to the North Pole " , as its " Worst TV Show of the Week " for sexually explicit humor at the episode 's beginning , and graphic violence ( wherein Stewie beats a homeowner to death after discovering him and Brian in the house and concluding them to be burglars ) .
= = = Awards = = =
In 2000 , " Road to Rhode Island " was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) " category , but ultimately lost to The Simpsons episode " Behind the Laughter " . In 2009 , " Road to Germany " , along with two other episodes from the seventh season , were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Comedy Series " category , the first time in 48 years an animated series was nominated for the same award . The show lost to the NBC series 30 Rock , who had won the award in both 2007 and 2008 . In 2011 , " Road to the North Pole " won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half @-@ Hour ) and Animation .
In IGN 's top ten list of Stewie and Brian 's Greatest Adventures , the Road to episodes gains each spot on the top five with " Road to Europe " in spot number five , " Road to Germany " in number four , " Road to Rupert " in number three , " Road to the Multiverse " in number two , and the first episode , " Road to Rhode Island " , in the number @-@ one spot in the list . Other episodes in the list included " Saving Private Brian " , " Stuck Together , Torn Apart " and " Movin ' Out ( Brian 's Song ) " .
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= Project Isinglass =
Project Isinglass was the code name given to two heavily classified , manned reconnaissance aircraft studied by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) as potential replacements for the Lockheed A @-@ 12 and SR @-@ 71 during the mid 1960s . The first proposal under the Isinglass name , a high @-@ altitude plane to fly at Mach 4 to 5 , was considered an insufficient advancement over existing aircraft ; the second , much more advanced design , sometimes referred to as Project Rheinberry , was an air @-@ launched , Mach 20 rocket @-@ powered boost @-@ glide aircraft that would use a very @-@ high @-@ altitude trajectory to avoid defenses . This aircraft was considered too costly for development , and the project was abandoned in 1967 .
= = Origins = =
Project Isinglass was developed as a result of the vulnerability of existing manned reconnaissance aircraft , such as the Lockheed U @-@ 2 and the Lockheed A @-@ 12 , to Soviet air defenses in the early 1960s , catalysed by the shooting down in May 1960 of Francis Gary Powers . Although there were continuing plans to overfly the Soviet Union with the A @-@ 12 – referred to by the CIA as Project Oxcart – these failed to come to pass , and the CIA began plans for an aircraft with superior performance to replace Oxcart .
= = The Convair proposal = =
The initial aircraft proposed under the Project Isinglass name was developed by the Convair division of General Dynamics , and was developed from work done on the Super Hustler , FISH , and Kingfish programs , as well as leveraging off work done on the F @-@ 111 tactical bomber . Convair 's design utilised avionics and hydraulics systems that had been developed for use by the F @-@ 111 , and was intended to be capable of cruising at speeds of Mach 4 to Mach 5 , at an altitude of 98 @,@ 000 ft ( 30 km ) . The feasibility study conducted by General Dynamics was completed in the fall of 1964 ; the aircraft was determined to be too costly , and was also still considered potentially vulnerable to projected Soviet air defense capabilities , so the project was halted .
= = The McDonnell proposal = =
= = = Design and development = = =
An alternative design completed by McDonnell Aircraft in 1965 is usually considered part of Project Isinglass , however some documents refer to the aircraft as having been codenamed Project Rheinberry . McDonnell 's proposed boost @-@ glide aircraft , submitted to the CIA independently of the Convair Isinglass proposals , featured a small , manned , rocket @-@ powered craft with a high lift @-@ to @-@ drag ratio that would be air @-@ launched by a B @-@ 52 bomber while flying over the Atlantic Ocean . The aircraft would ignite its rocket engine and adopt a trajectory that would take it over the Soviet Union at speeds of Mach 20 and at an altitude of over 200 @,@ 000 feet ( 61 km ) , before descending over the Pacific Ocean to a landing at Groom Lake , Nevada , as a glider , landing on the lake bed using a skid landing gear .
The Isinglass / Rheinberry concept was considered to be superior to spy satellites in a number of ways , including rapid turnaround time and quick response capability . As there was little funding to be had from the CIA budget , McDonnell developed the aircraft using its own funds , although technical support gleaned from Oxcart was supplied by the CIA . The McDonnell Isenglass / Rheinberry proposal 's shape remains classified , although it has been described as being similar to the Space Shuttle , albeit much reduced in size . A 1 / 3 cross @-@ sectional model of the aircraft was constructed to illustrate the principles used in its construction .
Simulations showed that the aircraft would be essentially unstoppable by existing or projected air defenses ; even surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles armed with nuclear warheads could do no better than force the aircraft to change course to avoid the fringe effects of the explosions .
= = = Cancellation = = =
Following fourteen months of work , McDonnell had developed the aircraft to the point where serious proposals were made for its construction . However , neither the CIA or the National Reconnaissance Office had an official requirement for such an aircraft ; in addition , the projected cost of the aircraft was astronomical , the cost for eight aircraft being projected to be $ 2 @.@ 6 billion USD in 1965 dollars ( inflation adjusted US $ 19 @.@ 52 billion in 2016 ) , a sum considered to be far too high for the available budget . In addition , there were concerns that the aircraft 's trajectory could be mistaken for that of an incoming ballistic missile .
When the CIA failed to receive approval for funding , McDonnell approached the U.S. Air Force with the project ; however the Air Force proved uninterested in adopting the CIA project , despite the support of General Bernard Schriever , chief of the Air Force Systems Command . Therefore , in late 1967 the Isinglass project was terminated , with a brief effort to revive the project in 1968 proving unsuccessful .
= = Engine development = =
Although the development of the Isinglass / Rheinberry aircraft was conducted using McDonnell 's own funding , the United States Air Force 's Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory did fund the development of the aircraft 's intended engine , the Pratt & Whitney XLR @-@ 129 , intended to be a reusable rocket engine . To be powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and producing 250 @,@ 000 lbf ( 1 @,@ 100 kN ) thrust at full throttle , development of the XLR @-@ 129 continued even after the cancellation of Project Isinglass , and was considered for use by the Space Shuttle , but was cancelled in the early 1970s .
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= Hayley Westenra =
Hayley Dee Westenra ( born 10 April 1987 ) is a New Zealand singer , classical crossover artist , songwriter , and UNICEF Ambassador . Her first internationally released album , Pure , reached No. 1 on the UK classical charts in 2003 and has sold more than two million copies worldwide . Pure is the fastest @-@ selling international début classical album to date , having made Westenra an international star at age 16 . In August 2006 , she joined the Irish group Celtic Woman , was featured on their Celtic Woman : A New Journey CD and DVD , toured with them on their 2007 Spring Tour , and was also featured on their DVD , The Greatest Journey : Essential Collection , released in 2008 . Westenra has produced five New Zealand number one studio albums , holding the title for the most number one records for any New Zealand act , a record shared with alternative rock band Shihad since the release of their 2014 album , FVEY .
Across classical music to easy listening , folk and pop style songs , Westenra has performed songs in English , Irish , Spanish , Italian , German , French , Portuguese , Latin , Japanese , Mandarin Chinese , and Catalan .
Westenra has performed for dignitaries all over the world . She is the second youngest UNICEF Ambassador to date and has contributed to charities around the globe .
= = Early life = =
Westenra was born in Christchurch , New Zealand . Her parents , Jill and Gerald Westenra , have two other children , Sophie and Isaac . Westenra 's grandmother Shirley Ireland was a singer , and her grandfather was a pianist who also played the piano accordion . She has Irish , Dutch and English heritage .
She began performing at age six when she was cast in the lead singing role of " Little Star " in the Christmas play at her school , Fendalton Open Air School . After the show , a teacher who had watched the performance approached her parents to tell them that their daughter was " pitch perfect " . The teacher encouraged Westenra to learn how to play a musical instrument ; Hayley soon after learned to read music and play the violin , piano , guitar , and recorder . She then began voice lessons and discovered a passion for musical theatre . By age 11 , she had performed more than 40 times on stage , but was often given male parts : " I got boy parts quite often . In ballet , there were not enough boys . So they ended up choosing half and half . I got chosen to wear the grey suit and the wig , and not the pretty dresses . In A Christmas Carol , I was Tiny Tim , so I got to be quite a sick , sick boy . There was a severe lack of singing boys and , at the time , it was quite disappointing . " Westenra attended Cobham Intermediate School in 1998 and 1999 , where a performing arts building was later named in her honour . She won a talent quest in her first year ( Year 9 ) at Burnside High School , which she attended from 2000 to 2003 .
= = Career = =
At 12 , Westenra entered a professional recording studio to record Walking in the Air , a demo album originally created for friends and family . At first , her parents paid for 70 copies ; soon after , 1 @,@ 000 more were cut for sale , hand @-@ out , and publicity . After finishing her album , Westenra and her sister Sophie busked in Christchurch , giving away a few of the original 70 albums ( at the behest of passersby ) and selling some of the latter 1000 . The pair drew large crowds , and one woman asked the girls if they had ever recorded anything . The woman , a journalist with Canterbury Television , asked Westenra to appear on air . Gray Bartlett , the director of a concert promotion company , saw the show and became interested in working with Westenra . Shortly after , she was offered a recording deal with Universal Records New Zealand . On that label , Westenra , who in the meantime was attending Burnside High School , released a self @-@ titled album of show tunes and light classical songs , as well as My Gift to You , a CD of Christmas music . Following the success of her albums , she was offered and later received lessons from Dame Malvina Major .
= = = International success = = =
Westenra 's albums were successful in New Zealand , but she was not well known worldwide until she signed a contract with Decca Records and recorded Pure , a CD of classical , light pop , and traditional Māori songs . Decca 's British president was also impressed with her voice when they signed her to the label , saying that she was " captivated by the beauty and expressiveness of her voice . " Pure enjoyed record success : it became the fastest @-@ selling international debut album in the history of the UK classical chart , with 19 @,@ 068 copies purchased in its first week alone , quickly reached No. 1 on the British charts , and entered the UK Pop Chart at # 8 . Over two million copies of Pure have been sold to date . In New Zealand , Pure has been certified 12x platinum , making her the best @-@ selling artist , regardless of genre , in the country 's history .
Pure 's success ensured that Decca would take Westenra seriously . Some of her fame today can be directly attributed to the way in which Decca promoted her . Although the traditional audience of classical crossover music is adult women , they also promoted her music to children and teenagers . Westenra recorded the end @-@ title song for Disney 's movie Mulan II . They also featured her in the national Radio Disney music education tour for middle @-@ school students .
On 24 August 2003 , Westenra performed on the stage with opera tenor José Carreras and Bryn Terfel in front of the capacity crowd of 10 @,@ 000 people from Faenol Festival in Wales .
Decca has also promoted Westenra on television . She took her first acting role on the US programme American Dreams ( " Charade " ) , where she played guitar and sang " Who Painted the Moon Black ? " . While she was being promoted in Los Angeles , Marc Johnston , senior VP / GM for the Universal Classics Group , said , " When she was out there , people were giving her scripts to read , and she had a few rather impromptu auditions . So some film and TV roles are currently in the works . " In 2005 , she was featured in the song " Bridal Ballad " recorded for the movie The Merchant of Venice . In 2006 , she was featured on the motion picture soundtrack for The New World with the song " Listen to the Wind " .
Westenra was the 2004 Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards winner of " Highest Selling New Zealand Album " and " International Achievement Award " . On 20 February 2004 , Prime Minister Helen Clark awarded her for being the first New Zealand artist to receive the tenfold platinum status in the New Zealand market , where she held the number one artist position for 18 weeks . She has won two Japanese Grammies for her work ( Song of the Year , " Amazing Grace " and Album of the Year , Pure ) . Her version of Amazing Grace was used as the theme song for the popular Japanese drama , Shiroi Kyoto ( The White Tower ) . Hayley met the cast of the series during a promotional tour of Japan in October 2003 .
Also in 2004 , she began her world tour of New Zealand , Australia , Japan , USA and Britain , performing in a concert in November for Her Majesty The Queen , the Prime Minister Tony Blair , The Prince of Wales , Colin Powell , Condoleezza Rice and the President at the time George W. Bush . In her autobiography , she remembered feeling more nervous in an audition where she sight read to Andrew Lloyd Webber an unreleased piece that he had written . On 28 July 2004 , Westenra and American tenor James Doing staged Wisconsin concert with Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra and broadcast by Wisconsin Public Television . She concluded 2004 with a Christmas tour of the East Coast of the United States as guest soloist with the Boston Pops Orchestra .
In 2004 , Westenra was recorded a live DVD , Hayley Westenra : Live from New Zealand , featured duet with baritone Teddy Tahu Rhodes and soprano Sophie Westenra in St. James Theatre . David Horn , the producer of her live TV special , which aired on PBS ' Great Performances , said , " Her singing is so gorgeous , it 's reminiscent of the great boy @-@ soprano sound of Anglican church choirs . "
In 2005 , she released a new album , Odyssey . A mix of classical , pop , Celtic , and new @-@ age music , she co @-@ wrote and arranged some of the tracks on the album , which was released in the United States on 18 October 2005 . A more recent version of Odyssey containing several recordings not on the original album was released in the United Kingdom on 10 April 2006 , her 19th birthday . On 18 December 2005 , she made an appearance on Kurt Browning 's programme Gotta Skate , in which she performed with Andrea Bocelli .
Westenra spent the first half of 2006 performing as a supporting act for the pop @-@ opera quartet Il Divo on a worldwide tour , though in March she performed solo concerts in the US as well . That tour officially ended in June , but was then extended by six performances . She then held several concerts in the UK and Germany through the end of the northern summer . On 5 September 2006 , Westenra was named as one of the ten outstanding young people in the world by the Junior Chamber International , becoming the first New Zealander so honoured .
On 13 November 2006 she participated in the dedication of the New Zealand War Memorial in London . Three of Westenra 's great @-@ uncles served in World War II ; one was killed .
After releasing Pure , Westenra and her family moved to London . She continues to reside in a central London flat , even though her family subsequently returned home to Christchurch . Although she spent most of 2006 touring , she did visit them when her schedule allowed .
In August 2006 , Westenra joined Celtic Woman and is featured on their second major DVD / CD album , Celtic Woman : A New Journey , which was released 30 January 2007 and immediately hit the Billboard Top 200 music chart at # 4 . She toured with the group in the United States in 2007 , with scheduled appearances in 88 venues across the country ; the tour ended in June . During this time , Hayley alternated with Méav Ní Mhaolchatha , who had recently returned from maternity leave , to maintain a five @-@ member line @-@ up . She also got along well with another member , Chloë Agnew , who was at the time only 17 years old .
In 2006 as a part of theCanterbury Festival ( 27 Oct ) , Westenra performed a concert with tenor Alfie Boe in Canterbury Cathedral .
Westenra 's third international album , Treasure , was released on 26 February 2007 in the UK . All the songs on this CD were chosen by Westenra , who gave her record company " no say in the matter . I basically didn 't let them in on what I was recording until the last minute so they had no choice . I didn 't give them much room to disagree . " Tracks on this album include " E Pari Ra " , " One Fine Day " , " Let Me Lie " , " Danny Boy " , and " Abide with Me " . Westenra co @-@ wrote four of the fifteen tracks , and the album also features singer Humphrey Berney . The US / Australia / NZ edition followed in March under the name Celtic Treasure . Westenra dedicated the album to her grandmother , Shirley Ireland . Inside the sleeve of the British edition , she wrote " I come from a musical family , and one with a real sense of history . My forefathers were on the maiden voyage from Ireland to Christchurch , New Zealand in 1850 – there 's even a commemoration plaque in Cathedral Square , Christchurch , which bears the name Westenra . My grandmother used to sit me on her knee and sing songs like Danny Boy from as early as I can remember . A singer herself in her earlier years , she has always been a never @-@ ending source of songs . It 's this legacy of music that she 's been passing down to me since my childhood , and it 's many of these beautiful old songs that I 've explored here on my album . "
On the day before St. Patrick 's Day 2007 , she performed as part of Celtic Woman for President George W. Bush at the White House . She had plans to present the president with a petition to place a mandatory carbon cap on the United States . The goal of the petition was compliance with the commitment made by President Bill Clinton in previous years to follow the Kyoto Protocol . However , she was not able to present the petition because the president was rushed away after the concert , due to security concerns .
On 6 May 2007 , Westenra was invited to the Crystal Cathedral as a guest performing " Abide with Me " on the Hour of Power , an American Christian television program . She had performed there twice before , the first time singing " Amazing Grace " and the second time " I Say Grace " .
Westenra starred as Maria in the 2007 recording of West Side Story , which was released on 30 July . On 28 July , she starred in Woburn LIVE 2007 , where she performed a selection of the music of West Side Story with the other recording artists , including Vittorio Grigolo , from the 2007 release .
In 2007 , Hayley 's vocals were featured in the soundtracks of the movie Flood and the television series , Jekyll , composed by Debbie Wiseman , in the UK .
In Nov 2007 , Hayley Westenra successfully staged Japan " treasure " concert tour in Fukuoka , Sapporo , Tokyo , Sendai , Nagoya , Osaka , Yokohama , Hiroshima .
In June 2008 , Hayley released an album for Japan , called Hayley Sings Japanese Songs . The songs include popular Japanese songs sung in English , and some in Japanese . Amazing Grace is performed as a duet with the late Minako Honda , in English and Japanese . A second Japanese album , Hayley Sings Japanese Songs 2 , was released in March 2009 , with a " mother " theme . All of the songs are about her gratefulness to her mother . She wrote , This album is dedicated to my loving mother ... thank you . On 7 August , Westenra performed solo and duet with Dame Malvina Major at St James 's Church , Piccadilly among ChristChurch Cathedral Choir 2008 UK Tour . On 17 August , Westenra participated in the tribute concert Lyrics by Don Black , which was held at the London Palladium and featured performances of Black 's songs by a selection of guest artists . She sang the duet Amigos Para Siempre , the score of which was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber , with Jonathan Ansell . The evening , hosted by Michael Parkinson was recorded by BBC Radio 2 Friday Night is Music Night and broadcast on 22 August 2008 .
The song " Prayer " , composed by Secret Garden and performed by Westenra , is featured in the Nintendo Wii videogame Endless Ocean as well as its advertising . Westenra also contributed several other songs , including her rendition of the Māori folk song " Pokarekare Ana " .
On 1 October 2008 , Westenra recorded as solo vocals in the CD " Different Voices " composed and conducted by Debbie Wiseman and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , with narration by Stephen Fry and lyrics written by Don Black . On 8 November , Westenra performed at the Festival of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall , singing Today Won 't Come Again , written by Geoff Stevens and Don Black , with English tenor Jonathan Ansell , and accompanied Ansell on Here 's to the Heroes , by Black and John Barry , when returning soldiers proceeded into the auditorium . On 30 November , Westenra was presented by Elaine Paige with the Variety Club Showbiz Awards 2008 Classical Performer of the Year for raising money to help sick , disabled and disadvantaged children and young people .
On 16 July 2009 , she performed at the Opening Ceremony of the World Games 2009 in Kaohsiung , Taiwan before 45 @,@ 000 stadium audiences and numerous worldwide TV audiences . She sang several songs including Amazing Grace , The Prayer in English & Italian with Russell Watson , Pokarekare Ana in Māori with Russell Watson , We Are The Champions with other stars , Japanese translated song Nada Sousou ( Tears For You ) and ' The Moon Represents My Heart ( 月亮代表我的心 ) in Mandarin Chinese with SuJianXin . On 29 August , Westenra led the traditional singing of Abide with Me at the Rugby League Challenge Cup final at Wembley Stadium .
On 7 November 2009 , Hayley performed at the Festival of Remembrance , singing We 'll Meet Again , made famous by Dame Vera Lynn during WWII , at the Royal Albert Hall . During the performance , an old recording of Lynn performing the song was played behind on the big screen . Lynn was present , as well as Her Majesty the Queen .
On 5 February 2010 , Westenra performed " Silent Night " on the soundtrack of Nativity ! Later that year , on 30 October , Westenra staged a recital at the Shanghai Grand Theatre with international backing musicians in an east Asian concert tour . On 13 November , Westenra performed at the Festival of Remembrance , singing " For the Fallen " , a poem by Laurence Binyon set to music by Karl Jenkins . It is featured on the special 10th anniversary edition of Karl Jenkins ' The Armed Man : A Mass for Peace .
Westenra 's face adorns publicity for the southwest London rugby union club Quintin RFC .
In the spring and summer of 2010 , Hayley began working with film composer Ennio Morricone for a collaboration on her album Paradiso . The album featured new songs written by Morricone , as well as some of his best known film compositions of the last 50 years . Hayley recorded the album with Morricone 's orchestra in Rome during the summer 2010 .
In April 2011 , Westenra was invited as a guest performer to Mario Frangoulis TV concert in Greek . On May , Westenra was a guest performer on Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli 's The Magic of Love Asian concert tour , Westenra and Bocelli collaborated on one of Westenra 's albums Odyssey and live performances before . On Memorial Day , 29 May , Hayley was invited to perform for the annual PBS special , the National Memorial Day Concert live in Washington , DC . She performed the song Pie Jesu following the emotional story of a woman who had never met her father , who died in the Vietnam War , but got to know him many years later through a soldier who had fought alongside him . On 9 July , Westenra was invited as a guest performer to Joseph Calleja 's annual concert in Malta . On 22 July , Westenra was among artists performing with the BBC Concert Orchestra in an American West @-@ themed show from a BBC radio concert programme Friday Night is Music Night . On 24 July , Westenra staged the 61st King 's Lynn Festival concert with Daniel Boys and performed classical repertoire including new songs from Paradiso . On 27 July , Kiwi songbird Hayley Westenra has been announced as the voice of UK broadcaster ITV 's coverage of this year 's Rugby World Cup , with her special version of World in Union . On October , Songs of Praise broadcast " Whispers in a Dream " and " Amazing Grace " performed by Westenra in Salisbury Cathedral . On 23 , Westenra performed the New Zealand national anthem " God Defend New Zealand " at Eden Park in Auckland before the final of the 2011 Rugby World Cup , and also performed the traditional New Zealand song " Now Is the Hour " to bring the event to a close . On 31 , Westenra was featured on André Rieu classical music album And the Waltz Goes On with the only vocal track " Dreaming of New Zealand " .
On 12 March 2012 , Westenra attended a reception for celebrating the achievements of inspirational women today the event held by the Duchess of Cornwall to mark Commonwealth Day . On 16 March , Westenra was invited to perform and make the presentation to the winner of a Korean live TV show _ Operastar . On 22 April 2012 , Westenra staged debut concert at the Koncerthuset in Copenhagen . On 28 April , Westenra Performed with Chinese tenor DinYi and NieJianHua on the 2nd Beijing International Film Festival symphony concert at Olympic Green accompanying by Royal Philharmonic Orchestra . In May 2012 , Westenra was featured with Laura Wright and Alfie Boe on a souvenir album " Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band " for celebrating Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II . On 14 June , Westenra staged a concert with RTÉ Concert Orchestra and David Brophy at National Concert Hall in Dublin . On 21 June , Westenra performed at Greek tenor Mario Frangoulis ' Boston Symphony Hall concert accompanying by Boston Pops Orchestra . On November , Westenra was a guest performer on the David Foster & Friends ' Far East tour . She was also a special guest in Korea 's Opera Star final singing two songs " Lascia Ch 'io Pianga " in her solo and " You Raise Me Up " with Park Gi Yeong and Son Ho Yeong .
On April 2013 , Westenra staged a Far East tour in Taipei , Tainan , Kaohsiung and performed with Chinese tenor DinYi in Beijing .
On 30 November and 1 December 2013 , Westenra staged concert with City Chamber Orchestra of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Welsh Male Voice Choir and the Hong Kong Treble Choir in Hong Kong .
On 29 April 2014 , Westenra was one of the performers at Classic FM Live in Royal Albert Hall London .
= = Philanthropy and charity = =
Westenra is active in contributing to charities around the world .
On 26 November 2003 , Westenra performed " Pokarekare Ana " and " Amazing Grace " on the 75th Anniversary of the Royal Variety Performance show in the presence of Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip on behalf of the Entertainment Artistes ' Benevolent Fund .
Westenra is the second youngest UNICEF Ambassador to date , behind Selena Gomez . In 2005 , Westenra visited Ghana to publicise her project , " Bikes for Ghana " , and actively helped with fundraising to purchase bicycles for young girls , allowing them to get to their schools from outlying surrounding areas . When she was later interviewed about this charity work , she had this to say , " I met girls who had been given bikes and I could see how much it meant to them . We wanted to borrow one just for a photo and they wouldn 't let them go ; they were really reluctant " .
In 2006 , A new Hybrid Tea Rose was named in honour of Hayley Westenra to raise charity funds for UNICEF . The Hayley Westenra Rose won the 2010 Rose of the Year Award and also the best Hybrid Tea Rose Award . In June , She appeared at a fundraiser for UK charity Act Against Bullying .
On 8 June 2007 , Westenra performed in a fundraising concert for Bikes for Ghana at the Victoria Hall in Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent . On 24 February , Westenra took part in the HemiHelp " Children helping Children " concert at the Cadogan Hall , Sloan Square London in front of 900 people , including HRH Princess Alexandra the charity 's patron .
In 2008 , Westenra was selected by the New Zealand Society to receive the Global Kiwis Young Achiever Award for remarkable achievement in her field of endeavour on a global scale . She has also received numerous awards for her contributions to music , both in New Zealand and elsewhere .
On 25 June 2008 , Westenra is the ambassador for Classic FM 's charity Music Makers . Hayley says of the partnership " I am thrilled to be the first official charity Ambassador for Classic FM Music Makers . I have seen first hand the power which music can have in changing people 's lives , and I can 't wait to help all I can . " Over the next few months Hayley will be visiting some of the music therapy and education projects across the UK , which Music Makers funds ... In September , she visited Ghana again on behalf of UNICEF . She was working on raising funds for one of her favourite projects in Ghana , to install playgrounds for children , with rides that harness " kid power " to drive pumps used for providing clean drinking water from wells in that country . Hundreds of thousands of children have been poisoned by contaminated drinking water in Ghana , and this project is a focus of Hayley 's .
On 4 September 2008 , Hayley Westenra became a patron of Royal New Zealand Air Force . In Oct , Forces songbird Hayley Westenra help launch the Poppy Appeal with British Armed Forces in Iraq . In Oct , Forces songbird Hayley Westenra and tenor Jonathan Ansell took to the streets to sell poppies at Waterloo Station to support the Royal British Legion . On 12 Nov , Westenra performed " River of Dreams " , duet " Today Won 't Come Again " with tenor Jonathan Ansell in the Royal Albert Hall for the Annual Festival of Remembrance and was broadcast by the BBC . In November , she was named " classical performer of the year " at the Variety Club 's annual awards in London .
She has also been the ambassador for Save the Children in Hong Kong . More recently , she took part in a breast cancer awareness campaign in New Zealand . One of the other charities that she helps is the Women 's Environmental Network . Another major charity she supports is the Nordoff @-@ Robbins Center for Music Therapy , which provides help for children who are disabled .
On 7 September 2009 , She joined the Dame Vera Lynn Trust as a Vice @-@ President for this Children with Cerebral Palsy charity . On 22 Oct , Forces sweethearts from the original Second World War Forces sweetheart @-@ Dame Vera Lynn joined by one of today 's Forces sweetheart Kiwi songbird Hayley Westenra in launching the Poppy Appeal with a fundraising goal of £ 31 million . In Dec , New forces sweetheart Hayley Westenra performed with Faryl Smith and Camilla Kerslake in a special service for British troops serving in Afghanistan from St Clements Church , London .
On 7 March 2010 , Classical singing star Hayley Westenra lent her support with some other most successful female role models in FMWF 's " The Breaking the Mould " conference to inspire a generation of young women to aim high in their careers . On 20 Jun , Hayley Westenra took her role as Forces Sweetheart to the Cotswold Air Show , visiting Kemble to support the work of the Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund . On 6 Oct , Forces songbird Hayley Westenra whose uncle served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force united with British legends for charity CD " We Will Remember Them " .
On 3 March 2011 , Westenra led one of the national anthems " God Defend New Zealand " in a London Westminster Cathedral vigil service together with about 5 @,@ 000 Kiwis fundraising charity for her hometown Christchurch , after being devastated by a 6 @.@ 3 @-@ magnitude earthquake on 22 February 2011 . On 18 March , Westenra performed " Amazing Grace " in the national Christchurch memorial service at Hagley Park of Christchurch in the presence of Prince William , Prime Minister John Key , Bob Parker , Dame Malvina Major , Christchurch Cathedral Choir , dignitaries , international rescue teams and tens of thousands of New Zealanders . On 27 March , Westenra was invited to read out a testimony in the Christchurch memorial service at Westminster Abbey in the presence of The Prince of Wales , The High Commissioner from New Zealand to the United Kingdom and thousands of churchgoers . On 30 March , Westenra attended The News Of The World Children 's Champion Awards in London for supporting those people ( voted by the public ) who have done a brilliant , unsung job for children . On 2 April , Westenra as a Vice @-@ President of the Dame Vera Lynn Trust performed for this Children with Cerebral Palsy charity at the Lancaster London Hotel .
On 29 May , Westenra performed Pie Jesu at PBS 's 2011 National Memorial Day concert . On 10 June , Westenra was invited by Prime Minister David Cameron attending Downing Street Poppy Party along with injured Service personnel , bereaved Armed Forces families and veterans of Afghanistan and previous conflicts to celebrate the Legion 's 90th anniversary and help raise funds for The Royal British Legion Battle Back Centre . On 20 September , Westenra sang Laurence Binyon ’ s For The Fallen on a service of the 90th anniversary of the Royal British Legion held at Westminster Abbey in the presence of The Princess Royal , Church of England members and family of Royal Marines . On 5 December , Westenra performed solo " Whispers in a Dream " and duet with Rolando on the Royal Variety Performance show in the presence of the Princess Royal .
To promote Paradiso with peace and love message , Westenra would be embarking the Paradiso Homecoming Tour from 17 September 2011 to 8 March 2012 , and would raise charity attention to her UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador appeal and the Christchurch Earthquake Relief fund for supporting Christchurch to revive .
On 24 August 2012 , Westenra staged a concert in the Gŵyl Gobaith Music Festival in Wales to support for charities Cancer Research UK , Wales Air Ambulance , CLIC Sargent and HeadtoHeart . In Christmastime 2012 , Westenra was featured on the debut album " Starship Christmas Album " along with Justin Bieber , Queen , Lady Gaga , Elton John , Ronan Keating , Michael Jackson , Maroon 5 , Adeaze , The Jackson Five , Tiki Taane , OneRepublic and Lucy Lawless for supporting Starship Children 's Health . On 30 November , Westenra lent her support to Kate Winslet ’ s Golden Hat Foundation together with Tim Janis , Sarah McLachlan , Loreena McKennitt , Andrea Corr , Sleepy Man Banjo Boys , Dawn Kenney , Jana Mashonee , Amy Petty and a choir performing on " The American Christmas Carol " concert in Carnegie Hall .
On 20 November 2013 , Westenra recorded a Children in Need Christmas single 2013 album " Christmas Dream " with Sir Terry Wogan and Aled Jones featured Bond and the Portsmouth Citadel Salvation Army Band .
= = Personal life = =
Westenra has been known as a vegetarian / pescetarian . In 2007 , she was nominated for PETA 's ' Sexiest Vegetarian ' . However , when touring she sometimes has worried about getting the appropriate amounts of nutrients . She was sometimes unable to obtain the more nutritious vegetables and other foods she preferred , and now on occasions she eats meat . In 2007 , Westenra told The New Zealand Herald , " I 'm completely bursting the bubble now , aren 't I ? That 's that ruined . "
Westenra married her French boyfriend of three years , Arnaud Sabard ( born 1981 ) , on 29 December 2013 in Hawarden , North Canterbury , New Zealand .
= = Discography = =
= = Notable tours and concerts = =
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= War of the Bavarian Succession =
A Saxon – Prussian alliance fought the War of the Bavarian Succession ( July 1778 – 21 May 1779 ) against the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy to prevent the Habsburgs from acquiring the Electorate of Bavaria . Although the war consisted of only a few minor skirmishes , thousands of soldiers died from disease and starvation , earning the conflict the name Kartoffelkrieg ( Potato War ) in Prussia and Saxony ; in Habsburg Austria , it was sometimes called the Zwetschgenrummel ( Plum Fuss ) .
On 30 December 1777 , Maximilian Joseph , the last of the junior line of Wittelsbach , died of smallpox , leaving no children . Charles IV Theodore , a scion of a senior branch of the House of Wittelsbach , held the closest claim of kinship , but he also had no legitimate children to succeed him . His cousin , Charles II August , Duke of Zweibrücken , therefore had a legitimate legal claim as Charles Theodore 's heir presumptive . Across Bavaria 's southern border , Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II coveted the Bavarian territory and had married Maximilian Joseph 's sister Maria Josepha in 1765 to strengthen any claim he could extend . His agreement with the heir , Charles Theodore , to partition the territory neglected any claims of the heir presumptive , Charles August .
Acquiring territory in the German @-@ speaking states was an essential part of Joseph 's policy to expand his family 's influence in Central Europe . For Frederick the Great , Joseph 's claim threatened the Prussian ascendancy in German politics , but he questioned whether he should preserve the status quo through war or through diplomacy . Empress Maria Theresa , who co @-@ ruled with Joseph , considered any conflict over the Bavarian electorate not worth bloodshed , and neither Maria Theresa nor Frederick saw any point in pursuing hostilities . Joseph would not drop his claim despite his mother 's contrary insistence . Frederick August III , Elector of Saxony , wanted to preserve the territorial integrity of the Duchy for his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Charles August , and had no interest in seeing the Habsburgs acquire additional territory on his southern and western borders . Despite his dislike of Prussia , which had been Saxony 's enemy in two previous wars , Charles August sought the support of Frederick , who was happy to challenge the Habsburgs . France became involved to maintain the balance of power . Finally , Catherine the Great 's threat to intervene on the side of Prussia with fifty thousand Russian troops forced Joseph to reconsider his position . With Catherine 's assistance , he and Frederick negotiated a solution to the problem of the Bavarian succession with the Treaty of Teschen , signed on 13 May 1779 .
For some historians , the War of the Bavarian Succession was the last of the old @-@ style Cabinet Wars ( Kabinettskriege ) of the Ancien Régime in which troops maneuvered while diplomats traveled between capitals to resolve their monarchs ' complaints . The subsequent French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars differed in scope , strategy , organization and tactics .
= = Background = =
In 1713 , Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI established a line of succession that gave precedence to his own daughters over the daughters of his brother . To protect the Habsburg inheritance , he coerced , cajoled , and persuaded the crowned heads of Europe to accept the Pragmatic Sanction . In this agreement , they acknowledged any of his legitimate daughters as the rightful Queen of Bohemia , Hungary and Croatia , and Archduchess of Austria – a break from the tradition of male succession .
Holy Roman Emperors had been elected from the House of Habsburg for most of the previous three centuries . Charles VI arranged a marriage of his eldest daughter , Maria Theresa , to Francis of Lorraine . Francis relinquished the Duchy of Lorraine near France in exchange for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany near Austria to make himself a more appealing candidate for eventual election as Emperor . On paper , many heads of state and , most importantly , the rulers of the German states of the Holy Roman Empire , accepted the Pragmatic Sanction and the idea of Francis as the next Emperor . Two key exceptions , the Duchy of Bavaria and Saxony , held important electoral votes and could impede or even block Francis 's election . When Charles died in 1740 , Maria Theresa had to fight for her family 's entitlements in Bohemia , Hungary and Croatia , and her husband faced competition in his election as the Holy Roman Emperor .
Charles , Prince Elector and Duke of Bavaria , claimed the German territories of the Habsburg dynasty as a son @-@ in @-@ law of Joseph I , and furthermore presented himself as Charles VI 's legitimate Imperial successor . If women were going to inherit , he claimed , then he should be first in line : his wife , Maria Amalia , was the daughter of Joseph I. Both Charles VI and his predecessor Joseph I had died without sons . Charles of Bavaria suggested that the legitimate succession pass to Joseph 's female children , rather than to the daughters of the younger brother , Charles VI . For different reasons , Prussia , France , Spain and the Polish @-@ Saxon monarchy supported Charles of Bavaria 's claim to the Habsburg territory and the Imperial title and reneged on the Pragmatic Sanction .
Charles of Bavaria needed military assistance to take the Imperial title by force , which he secured the treaty of Nymphenburg ( July 1741 ) . During the subsequent War of the Austrian Succession , he successfully captured Prague , where he was crowned King of Bohemia . He invaded Upper Austria , planning to capture Vienna , but diplomatic exigencies complicated his plans . His French allies redirected their troops into Bohemia , where Frederick the Great , himself newly king of Prussia , had taken advantage of the chaos in Austria and Bavaria to annex Silesia .
Charles 's military options disappeared with the French . Adopting a new plan , he subverted the Imperial election . He sold the County of Glatz to Prussia for a reduced price in exchange for Frederick 's electoral vote . Charles 's brother , Klemens August of Bavaria , archbishop and prince @-@ elector of the Electorate of Cologne , voted for him in the Imperial election and personally crowned him on 12 February 1742 in the traditional ceremony in Frankfurt am Main . The next day , Charles 's Bavarian capital of Munich capitulated to the Austrians to avoid being plundered by Maria Theresa 's troops . In the following weeks , her army overran most of Charles 's territories , occupied Bavaria , and barred him from his ancestral lands and from Bohemia .
Charles VII spent most of his three @-@ year reign as Emperor residing in Frankfurt while Maria Theresa battled Prussia for her patrimony in Bohemia and Hungary . Frederick could not secure Bohemia for Charles , but he did manage to push the Austrians out of Bavaria . For the last three months of his short reign , the gout @-@ ridden Charles lived in Munich , where he died in January 1745 . His son , Maximilian III Joseph ( known as Max Joseph ) inherited his father 's Electoral dignities but not his Imperial ambition . With the Peace of Füssen ( 22 April 1745 ) , Max Joseph promised to vote for Francis of Lorraine , Maria Theresa 's husband , in the pending Imperial election . He also acknowledged the Pragmatic Sanction . In return , he obtained the restitution of his family 's Electoral position and territories . For his subjects , his negotiations ended five years of warfare and brought a generation of peace and relative prosperity that began with his father 's death in 1745 and ended with his own in 1777 .
= = Contenders = =
As the Duke of Bavaria , Max Joseph was the prince of one of the largest states in the German @-@ speaking portion of the Holy Roman Empire . As a prince @-@ elector , he stood in the highest rank of the Empire , with broad legal , economic , and judicial rights . As an elector , he was one of the men who selected the Holy Roman Emperor from a group of candidates . He was the son of one Holy Roman Emperor ( Charles VII ) , and the grandson of another ( Joseph I ) . When he died of smallpox on 30 December 1777 , he left no children to succeed him and several ambitious men prepared to carve his patrimony into pieces .
= = = Heir = = =
The Sulzbach branch of the Wittelsbach family inherited the Duchy of Bavaria . In this line , the 55 @-@ year @-@ old Charles IV Theodore , the Duke of Berg @-@ Jülich , held the first claim . Unfortunately for Charles Theodore , he was already the Elector Palatine . By the terms of the 1648 Peace of Westphalia , he had to cede the Palatine electorate to his own heir before he could claim the Bavarian electorate . He was not eager to do so , even though Bavaria was larger and more important . He preferred living in the Palatinate , with its salubrious climate and compatible social scene . He patronized the arts , and had developed in Mannheim , his capital city , an array of theaters and museums at tremendous cost to his subjects . He hosted Voltaire at one of his many palaces . During the visit , he had enticed Voltaire 's secretary , the Florentine noble Cosimo Alessandro Collini ( 1727 – 1806 ) , into his own employment , considered a coup in some of the Enlightenment circles . Thomas Carlyle referred to Charles Theodore as a " poor idle creature , of purely egoistical , ornamental , dilettante nature ; sunk in theatricals , [ and ] bastard children " . The French foreign minister Vergennes , who knew him , described Charles Theodore 's foibles more forcefully :
Although by nature intelligent , he [ Charles Theodore ] has never succeeded in ruling by himself ; he has always been governed by his ministers or by his father @-@ confessor or ( for a time ) by the electress [ his wife ] . This conduct has increased his natural weakness and apathy to such a degree that for a long time he has had no opinions save those inspired in him by his entourage . The void which this indolence has left in his soul is filled with the amusements of the hunt and of music and by secret liaisons , for which His Electoral Majesty has at all times had a particular penchant .
The Electress had provided him with a son , who had immediately died , but Charles Theodore 's " particular penchant " for secret liaisons , most of whom were French actresses that he had raised to the status of countess , had produced several natural children . By the time of Max Joseph 's death , he had legitimated seven of the males of his various alliances , and was considering the legitimation of two more . With this host of male offspring , although Charles Theodore certainly wished to acquire more territory , he needed it to be territory that he could bequeath through his testament , rather than territory encumbered by a legal entailment that could only pass to a legitimate child .
= = = Deal @-@ maker = = =
Joseph , Archduke of Austria , King of the Romans , and co @-@ ruler with his mother , Empress Maria Theresa , coveted Bavaria . He felt the War of the Austrian Succession had shown that the House of Habsburg @-@ Lorraine needed a wider sphere of influence in the German @-@ speaking parts of the Holy Roman Empire . Without this , the family could not count on the election of their chosen male candidate as emperor , nor could the family count on an uncontested succession to the Habsburg territories of Bohemia , Hungary and Croatia . For most of Joseph 's adult life , he sought to strengthen his family 's influence in German @-@ speaking lands . For him , this meant the acquisition of German lands ( generally better @-@ developed economically ) , not lands in the eastern region of the Habsburg empire , even such strategic territories as Bukovina .
Joseph married Max Joseph 's sister , Maria Josepha , in 1765 , hoping he could claim the Bavarian electorate for his offspring . After two years of unhappy marriage , Maria Josepha died without issue . When Max Joseph died ten years later , Joseph could only present a weak legal claim to Lower Bavaria through a dubious and ancient grant made by the Emperor Sigismund to the House of Habsburg in 1425 . Knowing its poor legal grounds , Joseph negotiated a secret agreement with Charles Theodore shortly after Max Joseph 's death . In this agreement ( 3 January 1778 ) , Charles Theodore ceded Lower Bavaria to Austria in exchange for uncontested succession to the remainder of the duchy . Charles Theodore also hoped to acquire from Joseph some unencumbered parts of the Austrian Netherlands and parts of Anterior Austria that he could bequeath to his bastards , but this was not written into the agreement and Joseph was not a particularly generous man . Furthermore , the agreement entirely ignored the interests of Charles Theodore 's own heir presumptive , Charles II August , of the House of Palatinate @-@ Zweibrücken @-@ Birkenfeld . Charles August was the presumptive heir of Charles Theodore 's domains and titles . He had a clear and direct interest in the disposition of the Bavarian duchy , especially in its territorial integrity .
= = = Heir presumptive = = =
Unbeknownst to either Charles Theodore or Joseph , a widow ( historians are uncertain which widow ) opened secret negotiations with Prussia to secure the eventual succession of Charles II August ( Charles August ) . Some historians maintain the active negotiator was Max Joseph 's widow , Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony . Others assert it was Max Joseph 's sister , Maria Antonia of Bavaria , who was also Charles August 's mother @-@ in @-@ law and the mother of the reigning Elector of Saxony . Ernest Henderson even maintained she was the " only manly one among the many Wittelsbach parties " involved in the issue .
Charles August was no great admirer of Joseph 's . As a younger man , he had sought the hand of Joseph 's sister , Archduchess Maria Amalia . She had been quite content to take him , but Joseph and their mother insisted she marry instead the better @-@ connected Duke of Parma . After this disappointment , Charles II August married Maria Amalia of Saxony in 1774 ; she was the daughter of the Elector Christian ( d . 1765 ) and his wife Maria Antonia , Max Joseph 's sister . In 1769 , the reigning Saxon elector , Frederick Augustus III , had married Charles August 's sister . Charles August , sometimes called duc de Deux @-@ Ponts ( a French translation of Zweibrücken , or two bridges ) , was a French client and could theoretically draw on French support for his claim . However , he had especially good relations with the Saxon Electors : both his mother- and brother @-@ in @-@ law wanted to ensure that Maria Amalia 's husband received his rightful inheritance .
= = Diplomacy = =
= = = Interested parties = = =
Count Karl @-@ Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein , Frederick the Great 's prime minister , believed that any Austrian acquisition in Bavaria would shift the balance of power in the Holy Roman Empire , diminishing Prussia 's influence . Prussia 's recent gains had been hard @-@ won : thirty years earlier , Frederick had engaged in protracted wars in Silesia and Bohemia , resulting in Prussia 's annexation of most of Silesia , and now , with the economy and society modernizing under his direction , Prussia was emerging as a world power . In the Silesian Wars and the Seven Years ' War , Frederick had earned a new , if grudging , respect for his kingdom 's military and diplomatic prowess from the European powers of France , Russia , Britain and Austria . To protect Prussia 's status and territory , Finck and Frederick constructed an alliance with the Electorate of Saxony , ostensibly to defend the rights of Charles II August , Duke of Zweibrücken .
Although equally interested in maintaining its influence among the German states , France had a double problem . As a supporter of the rebellious British colonies in North America , she wished to avoid a continental engagement ; she could do more damage to the British in North America than in Europe . The Diplomatic Revolution in 1756 had gone against two hundred years of French foreign policy of opposition to the House of Habsburg , arguably bringing France massive territorial gains in repeated wars with Habsburg Austria and Spain . A reversal of this policy in 1756 tied French foreign policy in Europe to Vienna which , although it could give France additional influence and leverage , could also cripple the country 's diplomatic maneuvers with the other power players : Britain , Russia , and Prussia . Despite this restructuring , there existed in the French Court at Versailles , and in France generally , a strong anti @-@ Austrian sentiment . The personal union ( the diplomatic term for marriage ) of Louis , then the Dauphin , and the Austrian Archduchess Marie Antoinette , was considered both a political and matrimonial mésalliance in the eyes of many Frenchmen . It flew in the face of 200 years of French foreign policy , in which the central axiom " had been hostility to the House of Habsburg . " The French foreign minister , the Comte de Vergennes , maintained deep @-@ seated hostility to the Austrians that antedated the alliance of 1756 . He had not approved of the shift in France 's traditional bonds and considered the Austrians untrustworthy . Consequently , he managed to extricate France from immediate military obligations to Austria by 1778 .
= = = Tensions rise = = =
On 3 January 1778 , a few days after Max Joseph 's death , the ducal equerry proclaimed the succession of Charles Theodore . Dragoons rode through the streets of Munich , some banging drums and some blowing trumpets , and others shouting , " Long Live our Elector Charles Theodore . " According to the 3 January agreement between Joseph and Charles Theodore , fifteen thousand Austrian troops occupied Mindelheim , ultimately more territory than had been granted to Joseph . Charles Theodore , who had dreamed of rebuilding the Burgundian empire , realized that Joseph was not seriously planning to exchange Bavaria , or even a portion of it , for the entirety of the Austrian Netherlands . At best , he might acquire a few portions of it , perhaps Hainaut or Guelders , Luxembourg , Limburg , or various dispersed possessions in Anterior Austria , most of which lay in southwestern Germany , but Joseph would never release any sizable portion of territory , and certainly not any territory of strategic military or commercial value .
While Charles Theodore 's dream of a Burgundian renaissance receded , Joseph continued on his course to annex part of Bavaria . The widow — Max Joseph 's widow or the mother @-@ in @-@ law or both — petitioned Prussia on behalf of Charles II August . Frederick 's envoys to the heir presumptive convinced this slighted prince to lodge protests with the Imperial Diet in Regensburg . Joseph 's troops remained in portions of Bavaria , even establishing an Austrian administration at Straubing , precipitating a diplomatic crisis . Austrian occupation of Bavaria was unacceptable to Charles August 's champion , Frederick . Prussian troops mobilized near Prussia 's border with Bohemia , reminiscent of the invasion in 1740 that so endangered Maria Theresa 's succession to the Habsburg hereditary lands . Meanwhile , the French wriggled out of their diplomatic obligations to Austria , telling Joseph that there would be no military support from Paris for a war against Prussia . Britain , Prussia 's strongest ally , was already mired in a war in North America , but Prussia 's military had recovered from the Seven Years ' War and Frederick did not require any help . Prussia 's other ally , Saxony , aligned by two marriages with Charles August , was strategically prepared for war against Austria and ready to contribute twenty thousand troops . Watching from St. Petersburg , Catherine II was willing to mop up the spoils of war for the Russian Empire but did not want to get involved in another costly European conflict .
For four months , negotiators shuttled between Vienna and Berlin , Dresden and Regensburg , and Zweibrücken , Munich and Mannheim . By early spring 1778 , Austria and Prussia faced each other with armies several times the size of their forces during the Seven Years ' War , and their confrontation had the potential to explode into another European @-@ wide war .
= = Action = =
When it became clear that other monarchs were not going to acquiesce to a de facto partition of Bavaria , Joseph and his foreign minister , Anton von Kaunitz , scoured the Habsburg realm for troops and concentrated six hundred guns and a 180 @,@ 000 – 190 @,@ 000 @-@ man Austrian army in Bohemia , Moravia , and Austrian Silesia . This amounted to most of Austria 's two hundred thousand effectives , leaving much of the Habsburg border regions with the Ottoman Empire under @-@ guarded . On 6 April 1778 , Frederick of Prussia established his army of eighty thousand men on the Prussian border with Bohemia , near Neisse , Schweidnitz , and the County of Glatz , which Frederick had acquired from the Wittelsbach contender in 1741 in exchange for his electoral support of Charles VII . At Glatz , Frederick completed his preparations for invasion : he gathered supplies , arranged a line of march , brought up his artillery and drilled his soldiers . His younger brother , Prince Henry , formed a second army of seventy @-@ five to a hundred thousand men to the north and west , in Saxony . In April , Frederick and Joseph officially joined their armies in the field , and diplomatic negotiations ended .
In early July 1778 , the Prussian general Johann Jakob von Wunsch ( 1717 – 1788 ) crossed into Bohemia near the fortified town of Náchod with several hundred men . The local garrison , commanded by Friedrich Joseph , Freiherr ( Baron ) von Nauendorf , then a rittmeister ( captain of cavalry ) , included only fifty hussars . Despite the poor numerical odds , Nauendorf sallied out to engage Wunsch 's men . When his small force reached Wunsch 's , he greeted the Prussians as friends ; by the time the Prussians were close enough to realize the allegiance of the hussars , Nauendorf and his small band had acquired the upper hand . Wunsch withdrew ; the next day , Nauendorf was promoted to major . In a letter to her son , the Empress Maria Theresa wrote : " They say you were so pleased with Nauendorf , a rookie from Carlstadt or Hungary , who killed seven men , that you gave him twelve ducats . "
= = = Invasion = = =
A few days after Wunsch 's encounter with Nauendorf , Frederick entered Bohemia . His eighty thousands troops occupied Náchod but advanced no further . The Habsburg army stood on the heights of the Elbe river , nominally under Joseph but with Count Franz Moritz von Lacy in practical command . Lacy had served under Marshal Daun during the Seven Years ' War and knew his military business . He established the Austrian army on the most defensible position available : centered at Jaroměř , a triple line of redoubts extended 15 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) southwest along the river to Königgrätz . The Austrians also augmented this defensive line with their six hundred artillery .
While the main Habsburg army faced Frederick at the Elbe , a smaller army under the command of Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon guarded the passes from Saxony and Lusatia into Bohemia . Laudon was another battle @-@ hardened and cagey commander with extensive field experience , but even he could not cover the long frontier completely . Shortly after Frederick crossed into Bohemia , Prince Henry , a brilliant strategist in his own right , maneuvered around Laudon 's troops and entered Bohemia at Hainspach . To avoid being flanked , Laudon withdrew across the Iser River , but by mid @-@ August , the main Austrian army was in danger of being outflanked by Henry on its left wing . At its center and right , it faced a well @-@ disciplined army commanded by Frederick , arguably the best tactical general of the age and feared for his victories against France and Austria in the previous war .
While his main army was entrenched on the heights above the Elbe , Joseph encouraged raids against the Prussian troops . On 7 August 1778 , with two squadrons of his regiment , the intrepid " rookie " , now Major , Nauendorf , led a raid against a Prussian convoy at Bieberdorf in the County of Glatz . The surprised convoy surrendered and Nauendorf captured its officers , 110 men , 476 horses , 240 wagons of flour , and thirteen transport wagons . This kind of action characterized the entire war . There were no major battles ; the war consisted of a series of raids and counter @-@ raids during which the opposing sides lived off the country @-@ side and tried to deny each other access to supplies and fodder . Soldiers later said they spent more time foraging for food than they did fighting .
The armies remained in their encampments for the campaign season while men and horses ate all the provisions and forage for miles . Prince Henry wrote to his brother , suggesting they complete their operations by 22 August , at which time he estimated he would have exhausted local supplies of food for his men and fodder for his horses . Frederick agreed . He laid plans to cross the Elbe and approach the Austrian force from the rear , but the more he examined the conditions of Joseph 's entrenchments , the more he realized the campaign was already lost . Even if he and Henry executed simultaneous attacks on the Königgrätz heights , such a plan exposed Henry to a flanking attack from Laudon . A coordinated frontal and rear assault was also unlikely to succeed . Even if it did , the Prussian losses would be unacceptable and would demolish his army 's capacity to resist other invaders . From Frederick 's perspective , the Russians and the Swedes were always ready to take advantage of any perceived Prussian weakness , and the French also could not be trusted to keep their distance . For Frederick , it was a risk not worth taking . Despite this realization , the four armies — two Austrian , two Prussian — remained in place until September , eating as much of the country 's resources as they could .
From their advantageous height by Königgrätz , the Austrians frequently bombarded the Prussian army encamped below them . On the same day that Frederick 's doctors bled him , an Austrian cannonade grew so strong that Frederick rode out to observe the damage . During the ride , his vein opened . A company medic bound his wound , an incident later depicted by the painter Bernhard Rode . In his admiring history of Frederick the Great , the English historian Thomas Carlyle ( 1795 – 1881 ) relayed the story of Frederick and a Croatian marksman . As Frederick was reconnoitering , Carlyle maintained , the King encountered the Croat taking aim at him . Reportedly , he wagged his finger at the man , as if to say , " Do not do that . " The Croat thought better of shooting the King , and disappeared into the woods ; some reports maintain he actually knelt before the king and kissed his hand .
Nauendorf continued his raids , the soldiers foraged for food and dug up the local potato crop , and Joseph and Frederick glared at one another by Königgrätz . Maria Theresa had sent Kaunitz on a secret mission to Berlin to offer a truce . In a second trip , she offered a settlement , and finally wrote to Catherine in Russia to ask for assistance . When Joseph discovered his mother 's maneuvering behind his back , he furiously offered to resign . His mother enlisted the assistance she needed . Catherine offered to mediate the dispute ; if her assistance was unacceptable , she was willing to send fifty thousand troops to augment the Prussian force , despite the fact that she disliked Frederick and her alliance with him was strictly defensive . Frederick withdrew portions of his force in mid @-@ September . In October , Joseph withdrew most of his army to the Bohemian border and Frederick withdrew his remaining troops into Prussia . Two small forces of hussars and dragoons remained in Bohemia to provide a winter cordon ; these forces allowed Joseph and Frederick to keep an eye on each other while their diplomats negotiated at Teschen .
= = = Winter actions = = =
Appointed to be commander of the Austrian winter cordon , Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser ordered a small assault column under the command of Colonel Wilhelm Klebeck to attack the village of Dittersbach . Klebeck led a column of Croats into the village . During the action , four hundred Prussians were killed , another four hundred made prisoner , and eight colors were captured . Following his successes against the Prussians in 1778 , Joseph awarded Wurmser the Knight 's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa on 21 October 1778 .
In another raid , on 1 January 1779 , Colonel Franz Levenehr led 3 @,@ 200 men ( four battalions , six squadrons , and 16 artillery ) into Zuckmantel , a village in Silesia on the Prussia border , 7 kilometers ( 4 mi ) south of Ziegenhals . There , he ran against a 10 @,@ 000 – man Prussian force commanded by General von Wunsch ; the Austrians decisively defeated the Prussians , with a loss of 20 men ( wounded ) against the Prussian losses of 800 . Two weeks later , Wurmser advanced into the County of Glatz in five columns , two of which , commanded by Major General Franz Joseph , Count Kinsky , surrounded Habelschwerdt on 17 – 18 January . While one column secured the approach , the other , under the leadership of Colonel Pallavicini , stormed the village and captured the Prince of Hessen @-@ Philippsthal , 37 officers , plus 700 – 1 @,@ 000 men , three cannon and seven colors ; in this action , the Prussians lost 400 men dead or wounded . Wurmser himself led the third column in an assault on the so @-@ called Swedish blockhouse at Oberschwedeldorf . It and the village of Habelschwerdt were set on fire by howitzers . Major General Ludwig , Baron of Terzi ( 1730 – 1800 ) , who was covering with the remaining two columns , threw back the enemy support and took three hundred Prussian prisoners . Meanwhile , Wurmser maintained his position at the nearby villages of Rückerts and Reinerz . His forward patrols reached the outskirts of Glatz and patrolled much of the Silesian border with Prussia near Schweidnitz . Halberschwerdt and Oberschedeldorf were both destroyed .
On 3 March 1779 , Nauendorf again raided Berbersdorf with a large force of infantry and hussars and captured the entire Prussian garrison . Joseph awarded him the Knight 's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa ( 19 May 1779 ) .
= = Impact = =
In the Treaty of Teschen ( May 1779 ) , Maria Theresa returned Lower Bavaria to Charles Theodore , but kept the so @-@ called Innviertel , a 2 @,@ 200 @-@ square @-@ kilometer ( 850 sq mi ) strip of land in the drainage basin of the Inn River . She and Joseph were surprised to find that the small territory had 120 @,@ 000 inhabitants . Saxony received a financial reward of six million gulden from the principal combatants for its role in the intervention .
The War of the Bavarian Succession was the last war for both Frederick and Maria Theresa , whose reigns began and ended with wars against one another . Although they deployed armies three to four times the size of the armies of the Seven Years ' War , neither monarch used the entirety of the military force each had at his or her disposal , making this war @-@ without @-@ battles remarkable . Despite the restraint of the monarchs , some early nineteenth @-@ century casualty estimates suggest that tens of thousands died of starvation and hunger @-@ related disease . Carlyle 's more moderate estimate lies at about ten thousand Prussian and probably another ten thousand Austrian dead . Michael Hochedlinger assesses combined casualties at approximately thirty thousand ; Robert Kann gives no estimate of casualties but suggests the primary causes of death were cholera and dysentery . Gaston Bodart , whose 1915 work is still considered the authority on Austrian military losses , is specific : five Austrian generals ( he does not name them ) , over twelve thousand soldiers , and 74 officers died of disease . In minor actions and skirmishes , nine officers and 265 men were killed and four officers and 123 men were wounded , but not fatally . Sixty @-@ two officers and 2 @,@ 802 men were taken prisoner , and 137 men were missing . Over three thousand Imperial soldiers deserted . Finally , twenty @-@ six officers and 372 men were discharged with disabilities . Bodart also gives Prussian losses : one general killed ( he does not say which ) , 87 officers and 3 @,@ 364 men killed , wounded or captured . Overall , he assumes losses of ten percent of the fighting force . Little has been discovered of civilian casualties , although certainly the civilians also suffered from starvation and disease . There were other damages : for example , Habelschwerdt and one of its hamlets were destroyed by fire .
Despite its short duration , the war itself cost Prussia thirty @-@ three million florins . For the Austrians , the cost was higher : sixty @-@ five million florins , for a state with an annual revenue of fifty million . Joseph himself described war as " a horrible thing ... the ruin of many innocent people . "
= = = Change in warfare = = =
This was the last European war of the old style , in which armies maneuvered sedately at a distance while diplomats hustled between capitals to resolve their Majesties ' differences . Given the length of time — six months — the cost in life and treasure was high . In light of the scale of warfare experienced in Europe less than a generation later in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars , though , this six @-@ month engagement seems mild . Yet while historians often dismissed it as the last of the archaic mode of Ancien Régime warfare , elements of the war foreshadowed conflicts to come : the sheer sizes of the armies deployed reflected emerging abilities and willingness to conscript , train , equip and field larger armies than had been done in previous generations .
The war also reflected a new height in military spending , especially by the Habsburgs . After the Seven Years ' War , the size of the Habsburg military shrank , from 201 @,@ 311 men in arms in 1761 to 163 @,@ 613 in 1775 . In preparing for a second summer 's campaign , Joseph 's army grew from 195 @,@ 108 effectives in the summer of 1778 to 308 @,@ 555 men in arms in Spring 1779 . Habsburg military strength never dropped below two hundred thousand effectives between 1779 and 1792 , when Austria entered the War of the First Coalition . Several times it surged above three hundred thousand men in arms , responding to needs on the Ottoman border or the revolt in the Austrian Netherlands . The military also underwent a massive organizational overhaul .
In the vernacular , the Austrians called the war Zwetschgenrummel ( " Plum Fuss " ) , and for the Prussians and Saxons , it was Kartoffelkrieg ( " Potato War " ) . In the historiography of European warfare , historians almost always describe the War of the Bavarian Succession " in dismissive or derisive terms [ as ] the apotheosis ( or perhaps caricature ) of old regime warfare , " despite its grand name . Some historians have maintained that the focus on the consumption of the produce of the land gave the war its popular name . Others suggest that the two armies lobbed potatoes instead of cannonballs or mortars . A third theory maintains that the war acquired its popular name because it took place during the potato harvest .
= = = Resurgence of the problem = = =
The underlying problem was not solved : Joseph 's foreign policy dictated the expansion of Habsburg influence over German @-@ speaking territories , and only this , he believed , would counter Prussia 's growing strength in Imperial affairs . In 1785 , Joseph again sought to make a territorial deal with Charles Theodore , again offering to trade portions of Bavarian territory for portions of the Austrian Netherlands . This time it would be a straight trade : territory for territory , not a partition . Although the Austrian Netherlands was a wealthy territory , it was a thorn in Joseph 's side , opposing his administrative and bureaucratic reforms and devouring military and administrative resources he desperately needed elsewhere in his realm . Despite its problems , Joseph could not afford to give up the Netherlands entirely , so his efforts to negotiate a partial territorial exchange guaranteed him some of the financial benefits of both his Netherlands possessions and the Bavarian territories .
Even if Joseph had to give up the Austrian Netherlands , it meant " the barter of an indefensible strategic position and ... an economic liability for a great territorial and political gain , adjacent to the monarchy . " Again , Charles II August , Duke of Zweibrücken , resented the possible loss of his Bavarian expectancy , and again , Frederick of Prussia offered aid . This time , no war developed , not even a " Potato War " . Instead , Frederick founded the Fürstenbund , or the Union of Princes , comprising the influential princes of the northern German states , and these individuals jointly pressured Joseph to relinquish his ambitious plans . Rather than increasing Austria 's influence in German affairs , Joseph 's actions increased Prussian influence , making Prussia seem like a protector state against greedy Habsburg imperialism ( an ironic contrast to the earlier stage of the Austro @-@ Prussian rivalry , in which Frederick seized German @-@ speaking lands with military force and without formal declaration of war , causing most of the German states to join Austria ) . In 1799 , the duchy passed to Maximilian IV Joseph , brother of Charles August , whose only child had died in 1784 .
= = Long @-@ term effect : the intensification of German dualism = =
Joseph understood the problems facing his multi @-@ ethnic patrimony and the ambivalent position the Austrians held in the Holy Roman Empire . Although the Habsburgs and their successor house of Habsburg @-@ Lorraine had , with two exceptions , held the position of Emperor since the early 15th century , the basis of 18th @-@ century Habsburg power lay not in the Holy Roman Empire itself , but in Habsburg territories in Eastern Europe ( where the family had vast domains ) , the Italian peninsula , and the Lowlands . For Joseph or his successors to wield influence in the German @-@ speaking states , they needed to acquire additional German @-@ speaking territories . Acquisition of Central European territories with German @-@ speaking subjects would strengthen the Austrian position in the Holy Roman Empire . As far as Joseph was concerned , only this could shift the center of the Habsburg empire into German @-@ speaking Central Europe . This agenda made dispensable both the Austrian Netherlands — Habsburg territories which lay furthest west — and Galicia , furthest east . It also made the recovery of German @-@ speaking Silesia and acquisition of new territories in Bavaria essential .
By the late 1770s , Joseph also faced important diplomatic obstacles in consolidating Habsburg influence in Central Europe . When the British had been Austria 's allies , Austria could count on British support in its wars , but Britain was now allied with Prussia . In the Diplomatic Revolution , the French replaced the British as Austria 's ally , but they were fickle , as Joseph discovered when Vergennes extricated Versailles from its obligations . Russia , which also had been an important Austrian ally for most of the Seven Years ' War , sought opportunities for expansion at the expense of its weak neighbors . In 1778 , that meant Poland and the Ottoman Empire , but Joseph fully understood the danger of appearing weak in Russia 's eyes : Habsburg lands could be carved off easily by the cagey Catherine 's diplomatic knife . Still , Frederick of Prussia was the most definite enemy , as he had been throughout the reigns of Theresa and Franz before him , when the Prussian state 's emergence as a player on the European stage had occurred at Habsburg expense , first with the loss of Silesia , and later in the 1750s and 1760s . Joseph sought to unify the different portions of his realm , not the German states as a whole , and to establish Habsburg hegemony in German @-@ speaking central Europe beginning with the partition of Bavaria .
The broad geographic outlines of European states changed rapidly in the last fifty years of the century , with partitions of Poland and territorial exchanges through conquest and diplomacy . Rulers sought to centralize their control over their domains and create well @-@ defined borders within which their writ was law . For Joseph , the acquisition of Bavaria , or at least parts of it , would link Habsburg territories in Bohemia with those in the Tyrol and partially compensate Austria for its loss of Silesia . The Bavarian succession crisis provided Joseph with a viable opportunity to consolidate his influence in the Central European states , to bolster his financially strapped government with much @-@ needed revenue , and to strengthen his army with German @-@ speaking conscripts . Supremacy in the German states was worth a war , but for Frederick , the preservation of Charles August 's inheritance was not . He had had sufficient war in the first years of his reign , and in its last twenty years , he sought to preserve the status quo , not to enter into risky adventures that might upset it . If he had to withdraw from engagement with Joseph 's army , such a sacrifice was a temporary measure . Warfare was only one means of diplomacy , and he could employ others in this contest with Austria . The Austro @-@ Prussian dualism that dominated the next century 's unification movement rumbled ominously in the War of the Bavarian Succession .
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= Jonas Mouton =
Jonas Mouton ( born March 17 , 1988 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He played his college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team . He started at weakside linebacker and was previously a highly rated safety for Venice High School .
He led the Big Ten Conference in tackles for the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season . He was the starting weakside linebacker for the 2008 , 2009 team and 2010 teams . Mouton was named on the preseason watch list for the 2010 Butkus Award for linebackers and was a postseason 2010 All @-@ Big Ten Conference second team selection by the media . In high school , he played safety in the U.S. Army All @-@ American Bowl .
= = High school = =
Mouton played as a defensive back at Venice High School . In September 2005 , the Los Angeles Times ran a feature story about his accomplishments at Venice . The Times story opened as follows :
" The hardest @-@ working player on the Venice High football team is Jonas Mouton , and he has ability to match . A 6 @-@ foot @-@ 2 , 215 @-@ pound senior defensive back with linebacker @-@ like hitting skills , a quarterback 's awareness of the field and the shifty quickness of a running back , Mouton could rely on natural abilities and coast through high school . But he out @-@ hustled , out @-@ ran and out @-@ lifted just about everyone else during spring practice his sophomore year to earn a spot on varsity . He hasn 't slowed since . "
The major high school rating reports evaluated him as a safety . Rivals.com listed him as the third best safety in the class of 2006 , the seventh best California football player and the 45th best player in the nation . Scout.com ranked him as the sixth best safety . ESPN ranked him as the 14th best safety and 128th best high school football player in the 2006 class . He participated in the January 7 , 2006 U.S. Army All @-@ American Bowl .
= = College career = =
He redshirted in 2006 and made his career debut on September 15 , 2007 against Notre Dame . On January 1 , 2008 , in the Capital One Bowl against Florida he had a 20 @-@ yard kickoff return .
On September 6 , 2008 , he made his first career start against Miami ( OH ) . On September 27 , 2008 , he had his first quarterback sack in an eight @-@ tackle effort against Wisconsin . Mouton had his first ten @-@ tackle game ( eight solo and two assists ) on October 18 , 2008 against Penn State . On November 15 , 2008 against Northwestern he set a new career high with eleven tackles ( six solo and five assists ) . Over the course of the season , he started eleven of the twelve games at weakside linebacker . That season , he finished second on the Wolverines in tackles . However , following the season he was unavailable when 2009 spring practice began due to an injured shoulder .
In the September 12 , 2009 Michigan – Notre Dame rivalry game Mouton punched a Notre Dame player and was suspended . Twice in 2009 he had ten tackles ( five solo and six assists on September 26 , 2009 v. Indiana and two solo and nine assists on November 21 , 2009 v. Ohio State ) . Both games matched his career @-@ high tackles total and against Ohio State , he added an interception . He started at weakside linebacker in all eleven games that he played in .
Mouton was one of fifty @-@ one players named on the preseason watch list for the 2010 Butkus Award for linebackers . On September 11 , 2010 , Mouton set a career high with thirteen tackles ( 6 solo and 7 assists ) v. Notre Dame . In that game , he made an interception that led to a one @-@ play thirty @-@ one @-@ yard Michigan touchdown drive . At the midpoint of Michigan 's 12 @-@ game 2010 regular season schedule , he ranked second in the Big Ten Conference in tackles and tied for sixth in interceptions . He took over the lead in tackles after Michigan 's eighth game . Then with a career @-@ high fourteen tackles against Illinois in the ninth game of the season on November 6 , he retained his first place rank in the conference and moved up from 32nd to 20th on the national list . Coupled with the 12 tackles on October 30 against Penn State , it was the first time he had back @-@ to @-@ back double digit tackle performances . Mouton was unavailable for the Purdue game on November 13 due to a chest injury . However , the following week against Wisconsin he resumed his streak of double digit tackle performances with thirteen . This moved him up to 17th in the nation in tackles . Mouton ended the 2010 Big Ten Conference football season as the leader in tackles . Following the Big Ten conference regular season he was a second team All @-@ Conference selection by the media .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Pre @-@ draft = = =
Mouton was one of 32 linebackers invited to participate in the February 24 — March 1 , 2011 NFL Scouting Combine . He ranked twelfth in the Standing long jump with a distance of 9 feet 7 inches ( 2 @.@ 92 m ) . He ranked eleventh in the 3 cone drill with a time of 7 @.@ 08 . He ranked fourteenth in the 20 @-@ yard shuttle with a time of 4 @.@ 34 .
= = = San Diego Chargers = = =
Mouton was drafted by the San Diego Chargers with the 61st overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft . In week 3 of the 2011 NFL season , the Chargers put Mouton on injured reserve for the season . Mouton began the 2012 season inactive . He made his NFL debut on December 2 against the Cincinnati .
On July 26 , 2013 , Mouton suffered a torn ACL during training camp . As a result , Mouton was eliminated for the entire 2013 season .
On July 23 , 2014 , Mouton was waived .
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= STS @-@ 8 =
STS @-@ 8 was the eighth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the third flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger . It launched on August 30 , 1983 and landed on September 5 , conducting the first night launch and night landing of the Space Shuttle program . It also carried the first African @-@ American astronaut , Guion Bluford . The mission successfully achieved all of its planned research objectives , but was marred by the subsequent discovery that a solid @-@ fuel rocket booster had almost malfunctioned catastrophically during the launch .
The mission 's primary payload was INSAT @-@ 1B , an Indian communications and weather observation satellite , which was released by the orbiter and boosted into a geostationary orbit . The secondary payload , replacing a delayed NASA communications satellite , was a four @-@ metric @-@ ton dummy payload , intended to test the use of the shuttle 's " Canadarm " remote manipulator system . Scientific experiments carried onboard Challenger included the environmental testing of new hardware and materials designed for future spacecraft , the study of biological materials in electric fields under microgravity , and research into space adaptation syndrome ( also known as " space sickness " ) . The flight furthermore served as shakedown testing for the previously launched TDRS @-@ 1 satellite , which would be required to support the subsequent STS @-@ 9 mission .
= = Crew = =
This mission had a crew of five , with three mission specialists . It was the second mission ( after STS @-@ 7 ) to fly with a crew of five , the largest carried by a single spacecraft up to that date . The crew was historically notable for the participation of Guion " Guy " Bluford , who became the first African @-@ American to fly in space .
The commander , Truly , was the only veteran astronaut of the crew , having flown as the pilot on STS @-@ 2 in 1981 and for two of the Approach and Landing Tests aboard Enterprise in 1977 . Prior to this , he had worked as a capsule communicator for all three Skylab missions and the Apollo @-@ Soyuz mission . Brandenstein , Gardner and Bluford had all been recruited in 1978 , and been training for a mission since 1979 . The mission had originally been planned for a crew of four , with Thornton added to the crew as a third mission specialist in December 1982 , eight months after the crew was originally named . As with Truly , he was an Apollo @-@ era recruit , having joined NASA in 1967 . His participation on the mission included a series of tests aimed at gathering information on the physiological changes linked with Space Adaptation Syndrome , more commonly known as " space sickness " ; this had become a focus of attention in NASA , as astronauts succumbed to it during Shuttle missions .
The orbiter carried two EMUs for use in case of an emergency spacewalk ; if needed , they would be used by Truly and Gardner .
= = Mission plan and payloads = =
An early plan for STS @-@ 8 , released in April 1982 , had scheduled it for July 1983 . It was expected to be a three @-@ day mission with four crew members , and would launch INSAT @-@ 1 @-@ B , an Indian satellite , and TDRS @-@ B , a NASA communications relay satellite . However , following problems with the Inertial Upper Stage ( IUS ) used to deploy TDRS @-@ A on the STS @-@ 6 mission , it was announced in May 1983 that the TDRS was not going to be flown . It was replaced in the manifest by the Payload Flight Test Article . After re @-@ development of the IUS , TDRS @-@ B was eventually re @-@ manifested for the STS @-@ 51 @-@ L mission , and was lost along with the Space Shuttle Challenger and its crew when the launch failed in January 1986 .
The primary element of the STS @-@ 8 mission payload was INSAT @-@ 1B . It was the second in a series of multi @-@ purpose weather and communications satellites to be operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) ; the first , INSAT @-@ 1A , had been launched by a Delta rocket in April 1982 , but had to be shut down shortly afterwards due to a failure of the onboard reaction control system . The satellite was carried in the rear of the shuttle 's payload bay , and was boosted into a geosynchronous transfer orbit by a Payload Assist Module ( PAM @-@ D ) , a small solid rocket upper stage , after its release from the orbiter . The satellite , with its upper stage , massed a total of 3 @,@ 377 kg ( 7 @,@ 445 lb ) , with the cradle massing another 1 @,@ 102 kg ( 2 @,@ 429 lb ) , and had cost around $ 50 million .
The Payload Flight Test Article ( PFTA ) had been scheduled for launch in June 1984 on STS @-@ 16 in the April 1982 manifest , but by May 1983 it had been brought forward to STS @-@ 11 . That month , when the TDRS missions were delayed , it was brought forward to STS @-@ 8 to fill the hole in the manifest . It was an aluminum structure resembling two wheels with a six @-@ meter long central axle , ballasted with lead to give it a total mass of 3 @,@ 855 kg ( 8 @,@ 499 lb ) , which could be lifted by the " Canadarm " Remote Manipulator System – the Shuttle 's " robot arm " – and moved around to help astronauts gain experience in using the system . It was stored in the midsection of the payload bay .
The orbiter carried the Development Flight Instrumentation ( DFI ) pallet in its forward payload bay ; this had previously flown on Columbia to carry test equipment . The pallet was not outfitted with any flight instrumentation , but was used to mount two experiments . The first studied the interaction of ambient atomic oxygen with the structural materials of the orbiter and payload , while the second tested the performance of a heat pipe designed for use in the heat rejection systems of future spacecraft .
Four Getaway Special payloads were carried . One studied the effects of cosmic rays on electronic equipment . The second studied the effect of the gas environment around the orbiter using ultraviolet absorption measurements , as a precursor to ultraviolet equipment being designed for Spacelab 2 . A third , sponsored by the Japanese Asahi Shimbun newspaper , tried to use water vapor in two tanks to create snow crystals . This was a second attempt at an experiment first flown on STS @-@ 6 , which had had to be redesigned after the water in the tanks froze solid . The last was similar to an experiment flown on STS @-@ 3 , and studied the ambient levels of atomic oxygen by measuring the rates at which small carbon and osmium wafers oxidized .
Finally , in cooperation with the US Postal Service , the mission also carried 260 @,@ 000 postal covers franked with $ 9 @.@ 35 express postage stamps , which were to be sold to collectors , with the profits divided between the USPS and NASA . Two storage boxes were attached to the DFI pallet , with more stored in six of the Getaway Special canisters .
A number of other experiments were to be performed inside the orbiter crew compartment . Among these was the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System , being flown for the fourth time . This separated solutions of biological materials by passing electric fields through them ; the experiment aimed at supporting research into diabetes treatments . A small animal cage was flown containing six rats ; no animal experiment was carried out on the flight , but a student involvement project was planned for a later mission which would use the cage , and NASA wanted to ensure it was flight @-@ tested . The student involvement project carried out on STS @-@ 8 involved William Thornton using biofeedback techniques , to try to determine if they worked in microgravity . A photography experiment would attempt to study the spectrum of a luminous atmospheric glow which had been reported around the orbiter , and determine how this interacted with firings of the reaction control system .
The mission was also scheduled to carry out a series of tests with the TDRS @-@ 1 satellite which had been deployed by STS @-@ 6 , to ensure the system was fully operational before it was used to support the Spacelab 1 program on the upcoming STS @-@ 9 flight . The orbiter furthermore carried equipment to allow for encrypted transmissions , to be tested for use in future classified missions .
= = = Support crew = = =
John E. Blaha
Mary L. Cleave
William F. Fisher
Jeffrey A. Hoffman
Bryan D. O 'Connor ( ascent CAPCOM )
= = = Crew seating arrangements = = =
= = Mission summary = =
= = = Launch preparations = = =
Preparation for the mission began on June 3 , with the assembly of the shuttle 's solid rocket boosters ( SRB ) on the Mobile Launcher Platform . The boosters were stacked on June 20 , 1983 , and the external tank mated to the assembly on June 23 . Challenger arrived at Kennedy Space Center on June 29 , and was transferred to the Orbiter Processing Facility on June 30 . After post @-@ flight maintenance and preparation for the new mission , including the installation of most flight payloads , the shuttle was transferred to the Vehicle Assembly Building on July 27 , and mated to the booster / tank stack . The stack was checked out on July 29 and 30 , and moved to Launch Complex 39A on August 2 , 1983 . INSAT @-@ 1B was loaded into the orbiter when on the pad ; the overall processing time from Challenger arriving at KSC to being ready for launch was only sixty @-@ two days , a record for the program at the time .
The launch had originally been scheduled for August 4 , 1983 , and was later rescheduled for August 20 . The requirement to conduct testing with the TDRS system required a delay of ten days for the system to be ready , during which the stack remained on the launch pad . During the on @-@ pad delay , Hurricane Barry ( 1983 ) hit the Florida coastline , making landfall just south of the Kennedy Space Center on the morning of August 25 . The storm had only been identified two days earlier , and there was no time to roll Challenger back from the pad ; the decision was made to secure the launch stack and ride out the storm .
= = = Launch = = =
Challenger finally launched at 06 : 32 UTC ( 02 : 32 EDT ) on August 30 , 1983 , after a final 17 @-@ minute delay due to thunderstorms near the launch site . The launch window extended from 06 : 15 to 06 : 49 . The countdown to launch was called by Mark Hess , public information officer .
The launch , which occurred in pre @-@ dawn darkness , was the first American night launch since Apollo 17 , and was watched by several thousand spectators . The unusual launching time was due to tracking requirements for the primary payload , INSAT @-@ 1B ; the program would not have another night launch until STS @-@ 61 @-@ B in 1985 . The crew had attempted to prepare for it by training in darkened simulators so as to keep their night vision , but in practice it was discovered that the light of the solid @-@ fuel rocket boosters made the immediate area around the launchpad virtually as bright as a day launch .
The launch was the first to use a newly developed high @-@ performance motor for the solid rocket boosters , which gave approximately 7 % greater thrust , and the second @-@ last to use the original standard @-@ mass steel casings for the boosters . These had been replaced by a thinner case , saving some 1 @,@ 800 kilograms ( 4 @,@ 000 lb ) , on STS @-@ 6 and STS @-@ 7 , but because of safety concerns the next two flights used the conventional cases .
= = = Orbital operations = = =
After a successful insertion into a circular orbit at 296 kilometers ( 160 nmi ) , the first experiments began ; the first two samples were run through the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System , and measurements were taken for the atmospheric luminosities study . A hydraulic circulation pump failed , but this was worked around and it proved to have no impact on operations .
The major event of the second day ( August 31 , 1983 ) was the successful deployment of the INSAT @-@ 1B satellite , which took place at 7 : 48 UTC , with Challenger then maneuvering to avoid the firing of the booster motor forty minutes later . Other experimentation continued , though telemetry through TDRS was lost for around three hours , requiring manual intervention . A fire alarm sounded in the morning , indicating signs of a fire in the avionics compartment , but a second alarm remained silent and it was eventually determined to be a false alarm .
On the third and fourth days ( September 1 and 2 , 1983 ) , work began with the Canadarm Remote Manipulator System and the payload test article , and communications testing through TDRS continued . The former was successful , but the latter lost contact on a number of occasions , due to problems at the White Sands ground station . As a result , the crew had to be awakened early on September 1 in order to deal with the problem . A minor cabin pressure leak on September 2 was traced to the waste management system , and quickly controlled . The orbiter performed an Orbital Maneuvering System firing on September 2 to place itself in a lower orbit , where the air density was higher and the oxygen interaction experiments would work more effectively .
On the fifth day ( September 3 , 1983 ) , testing of the Canadarm continued , including a number of optional " shopping list " tests , and the TDRS tests were carried out with more success . A live press conference was held late in the day , the first in @-@ flight press conference since Apollo 17 . On the sixth day ( September 4 , 1983 ) , experiment runs were completed and the crew prepared to deorbit . Two systems failures were recorded on this last day , the most serious of which involved a synchronization failure in one of the onboard computers .
While on orbit , Challenger made a number of altitude and attitude adjustments , in order to test the behavior of a Shuttle orbiter and to perform some experiments in different thermal conditions . By exposing or shading areas from the sun in an unusual way , it was possible to induce particularly warm or cold conditions and observe any resulting problems .
= = = Landing = = =
The mission plan called for a landing at Edwards Air Force Base , California , at 121 : 28 mission elapsed time . On the original plan , this would have been at 7 : 44 UTC on September 4 , 1983 , before accounting for the last @-@ minute launch delay ; in the event , this was put back by one day to allow for further communications testing , and Challenger touched down at 07 : 40 : 33 UTC ( 00 : 40 : 33 PDT ) , September 5 , 1983 , on Runway 22 at Edwards AFB , on the morning of the seventh day of the mission . As with the launch , this was the first night landing of the program . The Shuttle orbiters had no on @-@ board lights , due to the difficulty of designing landing lights to survive re @-@ entry , and so the runway was lit by high @-@ intensity xenon arc lamps to guide the orbiter in . There was no pressing operational requirement for a night landing , but there was a desire to prove it was possible . Footage of the landing was shown in the 1986 film SpaceCamp .
= = Post @-@ flight safety analysis = =
The launch was carried out with no obvious anomalies , but on September 27 , 1983 , during post @-@ flight inspection of the solid rocket boosters , severe corrosion was discovered in the left @-@ hand booster . The three @-@ inch ( 8 cm ) -thick resin lining protecting the rocket nozzle , which was designed to erode about half its thickness during firing , was found to have burned down to as little as 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) in places . By some estimations , this left around 14 seconds of firing time before the nozzle would have ruptured , a situation which would have resulted in loss of control and the probable break @-@ up of the spacecraft . It was later determined that this fault was due to the particular batch of resin used on this set of boosters . The burn @-@ through problem was treated as a small mishap by the media , and did not receive significant interest until after the Challenger disaster in 1986 ; the only major contemporary public criticism came from NASA 's Soviet counterparts . As a result of this incident , the flight of STS @-@ 9 was delayed for a month while the nozzles of its boosters were changed .
Post @-@ flight inspection of the thermal protection system tiles found seven major debris impacts and forty @-@ nine minor impacts , of which three and twenty @-@ six respectively were on the orbiter 's underside . This was the lowest incidence of major tile damage until at least STS @-@ 74 , and compares very favorably with the program average of twenty @-@ three major impacts to the underside . It was the first Shuttle flight with no significant problems reported for the thermal protection system . Three windows were removed from the orbiter due to pitting and hazing .
A total of thirty @-@ three in @-@ flight anomalies were eventually reported . As well as the issues above , STS @-@ 8 's more minor problems ranged from faulty thermostats to an unusually high amount of dust in the cabin .
= = Scientific results = =
Overall , the crew successfully completed all fifty @-@ four of the planned mission test objectives . While the INSAT deployment was a success , the satellite had problems unfolding its solar array once in geostationary orbit , and was not fully operational until the middle of September . Once functional , however , it provided satisfactory service for seven years , returning 36 @,@ 000 images of Earth and broadcasting television to thousands of remote Indian villages . The Payload Flight Test Article evaluation found that the Canadarm remote manipulator system was capable of moving bulky masses with some accuracy , to a precision of 5 cm and one degree of alignment .
The TDRS @-@ 1 program was overall less successful , with the satellite suffering several computer failures and an overall loss of telemetry for several hours . In all , the orbiter was able to use the satellite for 65 of the planned 89 orbits , and could make successful use of the connection on about forty . The Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System equipment functioned as planned , processing several hundred times more material than would have been possible on Earth , and the Asahi Shimbun crystal experiment , flown for the second time , was able to produce snow crystals after the canister was redesigned .
Thornton 's research into space adaptation sickness noted that the STS @-@ 8 astronauts had escaped severe cases , with none suffering loss of motor control ; Gardner suffered a " mild case " , but was still able to manage effectively , while Brandenstein – who had suffered from induced motion sickness during training operations – was entirely unaffected . The symptoms were found to abate within three days of launch .
= = Wake @-@ up calls = =
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program , and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15 . Each track is specially chosen , often by the astronauts ' families , and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew , or is applicable to their daily activities .
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= Hurricane Iris =
Hurricane Iris of 2001 was the most destructive hurricane in Belize since Hurricane Hattie in 1961 . Iris was the second @-@ strongest storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season , behind Hurricane Michelle . It was the ninth named storm , fifth hurricane , and third major hurricane of the year , forming from a tropical wave on October 4 just southeast of Barbados . It moved westward through the Caribbean , intensifying into a tropical storm on October 5 south of Puerto Rico and into a hurricane the following day . While passing south of the Dominican Republic , Iris dropped heavy rainfall that caused landslides , killing eight people . Later , the hurricane passed south of Jamaica , where it destroyed two houses . On reaching the western Caribbean Sea , Iris rapidly intensified into a Category 4 on the Saffir – Simpson scale . A small hurricane with an eye of only 7 mi ( 11 km ) in diameter , Iris reached peak winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) before making landfall in southern Belize near Monkey River Town on October 9 . The hurricane quickly dissipated over Central America , although its remnants contributed to the formation of Tropical Storm Manuel in the eastern Pacific Ocean .
Destruction was heaviest in Belize and totaled $ 250 million ( 2001 USD ) . Because Iris was compact , the damage was largely confined to 72 % of the houses in the Toledo district and 50 % of the houses in the Stann Creek district . The hurricane damaged or destroyed 3 @,@ 718 homes nationwide , and wrecked more than 95 % of the homes in 35 villages in the poorest parts of the country . Iris left about 15 @,@ 000 people homeless , many receiving assistance from the government and the local Red Cross chapter . High winds also damaged large swaths of forest and crops , mostly affecting the banana industry . Iris killed 24 people in Belize , including 20 who died when a scuba diving boat capsized near Big Creek . The storm also killed eight people and damaged about 2 @,@ 500 homes in neighboring Guatemala , and later dropped heavy rainfall in southern Mexico , where two people died .
= = Meteorological history = =
Toward the end of September 2001 , a poorly defined tropical wave moved westward across the tropical Atlantic Ocean through an area of hostile wind shear , which was caused by a large upper @-@ level low within a trough to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles . A few days later , the upper @-@ level low detached from the trough and moved southwestward over the Caribbean Sea , allowing for an upper @-@ level ridge , or high @-@ pressure area , to form over the tropical wave . The change provided a favorable environment for tropical development , and an area of convection soon blossomed along the wave 's axis . As the tropical wave approached the Lesser Antilles , a mid @-@ level wind circulation formed within the deepest part of the convection , and a low @-@ level circulation became gradually more pronounced on satellite imagery . Although its low @-@ level circulation was small and poorly defined , the system increased in organization enough to be classified as Tropical Depression Eleven at 12 : 00 UTC on October 4 , located about 100 mi ( 160 km ) southeast of Barbados . Operationally , however , Hurricane Hunters did not confirm the depression 's formation until nine hours later .
In its early stages , the depression moved west @-@ northwestward between the islands of St. Vincent and St. Lucia under the influence of a strong ridge to its north . Compared to its appearance 24 hours before forming , the depression exhibited improved outflow and more distinct convection , although its lower circulation remained very poorly organized . This was confirmed by a Hurricane Hunters flight into the system , which failed to report a closed circulation despite the depression 's well @-@ organized appearance on satellite imagery . At 21 : 00 UTC on October 5 , they reported a strengthening circulation with flight @-@ level winds of 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) , corresponding to a surface wind intensity of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Based on these data , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Iris , situated about 155 mi ( 250 km ) south of the southern coast of Puerto Rico . In post @-@ season analysis , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) estimated that Iris had attained tropical storm status about nine hours earlier .
Despite the storm 's intensification and well @-@ organized satellite appearance , the circulation failed to become better defined . In their first discussion on Iris , the NHC mentioned the potential for the system to degenerate into a tropical wave if it maintained its fast forward speed . One forecaster noted that the center was fragile and that the cyclone could dissipate quickly if it encountered stronger wind shear to its south . Although its overall appearance did not change significantly , the Hurricane Hunters reported a closed eye with a diameter 23 mi ( 37 km ) and a stadium effect ( eyewall curvature ) on October 6 . Later that day , Iris reached hurricane strength just southwest of the southern tip of the Dominican Republic , and the NHC remarked that land interaction with the Greater Antilles was the only factor impeding further development . After Iris reached winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) early on October 7 , its intensity remained steady for about 24 hours . During that time , the satellite appearance became slightly ragged as its outflow became restricted , possibly due to an upper @-@ level low . By late on October 7 , the area of hurricane force winds associated with Iris extended only 25 mi ( 35 km ) from its 16 mi ( 22 km ) wide eye .
Early on October 8 , after turning west @-@ southwestward away from the Greater Antilles , Iris began strengthening again , with warm waters and an absence of significant wind shear . The NHC predicted peak winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) before the storm would hit Belize . It rapidly intensified with the favorable conditions , intensifying from 95 mph ( 150 km / h ) to 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) in a 12 @-@ hour period on October 8 , making Iris a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale ; in the same duration , the minimum central pressure dropped 38 mbar ( 1 @.@ 12 inHg ) . While intensifying , the hurricane developed concentric eyewalls , with an innermost eye having a diameter of 7 mi ( 11 km ) . For comparison , the smallest known eye diameter on record for an Atlantic hurricane was about 3 mi ( 5 km ) , during Hurricane Wilma in 2005 . With such a small eye , a Hurricane Hunters flight could not deploy a dropsonde into the center of Iris , and shortly after the flight , the innermost eye collapsed as the core paralleled the Honduras coastline just offshore . This resulted in a temporary and slight weakening during an eyewall replacement cycle , but within a few hours Iris re @-@ intensified to attain peak winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) just off Belize . At 02 : 00 UTC on October 9 , it made landfall at peak intensity in Monkey River Town in the southern portion of Belize .
Initially , Hurricane Iris was forecast to remain a tropical cyclone while crossing Central America and to re @-@ intensify in the eastern Pacific Ocean ; had it done so , it would have retained the name Iris . Instead , the hurricane rapidly weakened after moving into the mountainous terrain of Guatemala , and within six hours of landfall the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm . Late on October 9 , within sixteen hours of landfall , the circulation dissipated over extreme southeastern Mexico . As the remnants approached the Pacific Ocean , a new area of convection developed south of the original circulation of Iris . It gradually organized while continuing westward , developing into Tropical Storm Manuel ; the new storm ultimately lasted until October 18 before succumbing to cooler waters and wind shear .
= = Preparations = =
Over a stretch of four days , sixteen tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued in association with Iris , affecting the Dominican Republic , the Cuban provinces of Granma and Santiago de Cuba , Jamaica , Cayman Islands , the Yucatán Peninsula , Guatemala , Honduras and Belize . The threat from Iris prompted the Jamaica National Emergency Operations Center to be activated . Shelters were opened in the country but were ultimately unused .
In Belize , a hurricane warning was issued about 23 hours before Iris moved ashore . A state of national emergency was declared on October 8 as Hurricane Iris neared landfall . All emergency response committees were activated to quickly begin recovery efforts . A mandatory evacuation was issued for Stann Creek and Toledo coastal villages and all offshore islands . The main hospital in Belize City was evacuated as a precaution and the city itself was placed under a voluntary evacuation order . Overall , 11 @,@ 380 people evacuated their homes in Belize , including many in Belize City . These evacuations were later credited for limiting the death toll . Hurricane Keith had struck the nation a year prior , preparing some citizens for what to expect . Disaster response teams arrived the day after Iris was projected to make landfall . Pan American Health Organization staff were on standby in Belize , Guatemala and Honduras and were ready to respond to any post @-@ storm disease outbreaks .
On October 8 , the Government of Honduras declared a red alert for all northern regions , advising residents to expect " extreme weather conditions " . About 5 @,@ 000 people in the country evacuated from their homes . To the north of Belize , officials in Mexico evacuated people from fishing villages and closed ports .
= = Impact = =
= = = Lesser and Greater Antilles = = =
While Iris was in its development stages , residents as far north as Saint Thomas reported rain and thunderstorms . In the Dominican Republic , Iris dropped around 3 in ( 76 mm ) of rainfall along the coast , forcing 35 families to evacuate their homes after rivers exceeded their banks . The rains triggered a landslide outside of Santo Domingo that destroyed a home , killing a family of three . There was another landslide in the region that injured two people . Iris 's passage near Jamaica destroyed two houses and damaged the roofs of two others , causing one injury . Otherwise , damage in the country was minimal .
= = = Offshore = = =
A 120 ft ( 37 m ) scuba diving boat overturned during the hurricane near Big Creek , Belize , possibly hit by a tornado . The boat , named the Wave Dancer , had 28 people on board , including 20 from the Richmond Dive Club out of Richmond , Virginia ; most of them were upstairs in the boat , and none were diving . The captain had delayed returning to shore , and the passengers waited for the storm to pass along a dock , not anticipating the ferocity . Iris cut the ropes connecting the boat to the dock , causing it to overturn in 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) waters . Eight people survived , and 11 bodies were recovered ; it was presumed that 20 people died during the wreck , including 15 from the Richmond area and three crew members .
Another boat , the Vendera , also reportedly capsized with people on board .
= = = Belize = = =
Hurricane Iris moved ashore in Belize with winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) , although the highest measured winds were 106 mph ( 171 km / h ) at a station in Big Creek . Because of its small diameter , Iris produced heavy damage only in a 70 mi ( 110 km ) area of southern Belize . In that region , the hurricane produced a storm surge of up to 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) , with waves of over 13 ft ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) in height , causing street flooding and some damage to the offshore cayes .
As it moved ashore , Iris damaged houses and schools in dozens of villages . In 35 villages , the storm destroyed more than 95 % of the buildings . Its small size confined the worst damage largely to Toledo and Stann Creek districts , which are the two southernmost and poorest districts of the country . The percentage of damaged houses was 72 % in Toledo district and about 50 % in Stann Creek , leaving about 15 @,@ 000 people homeless . In both districts , the storm caused power outages and contaminated water supplies . In the worst @-@ affected areas , poor Mayan people living on farms lost much of what they owned . At Placencia near the coast , about 80 % of the homes were destroyed and many of the remaining buildings had roof damage , with downed power poles in the streets . About 90 % of the houses in nearby Seine Bight were destroyed , and where Iris made landfall , over 90 % of the homes were destroyed throughout Monkey River Town . The storm damaged several roads and fishing piers in southern Belize . Iris also damaged tourism facilities , including minor impact to the Maya ruins of Belize , and damaged 20 % of the hotel rooms in the country , accounting for $ 37 million in losses . The remainder of the country remained generally unaffected during the storm .
In southern Belize , the storm 's strong winds left crop damage , in some cases where the harvest had just begun . About 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 ha ) of bananas were destroyed , along with over 3 @,@ 500 acres ( 1 @,@ 400 ha ) of rice , 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) of corn , and other crops to a lesser degree . The storm also flooded fields and killed several livestock . The shrimp industry lost 25 % of its catch , partly due to contaminated waters . Crop damage in Belize was estimated at $ 103 million , mostly from banana losses . Iris 's strong winds also damaged large swaths of forest , with upwards of 40 % of trees affected in some areas . This disrupted the habitats of several animals , and it is likely that many of the howler monkeys near Monkey River were killed . The storm 's strong waves eroded the beach , although marine effects were much less than those of Hurricane Keith in the previous year . Nevertheless , there were reports of fish die @-@ offs after the storm , possibly from low oxygen due to too much decaying matter .
Nationwide , Iris damaged or destroyed 3 @,@ 718 homes , directly affecting a total of 21 @,@ 568 people , or 8 @.@ 5 % of the total population . The storm damaged or destroyed 31 schools and 17 health facilities , along with 21 government buildings . There was about $ 25 million in damage to the transportation sector , including highways and bridges . Iris killed 24 people in and around the country , including the victims of the Wave Dancer shipwreck . Overall damage was estimated at $ 250 million , making it the most damaging storm in the country since Hurricane Hattie in 1961 .
= = = Elsewhere in Central America = = =
High tides and heavy rainfall caused power outages across both Guatemala and Honduras . In the former , the hurricane 's rainfall generally amounted to 3 to 4 in ( 76 to 102 mm ) , triggering flash flooding and landslides that injured nearly 100 people . The damage was heaviest in Petén Department in the northern portion of the country . The storm damaged 26 schools and 2 @,@ 500 homes in the country 's interior . An estimated 27 @,@ 500 people were affected by the storm throughout Guatemala . There were eight deaths in the country , two of them the result of falling trees .
The remnants of Iris dropped heavy rainfall over southern Mexico , accumulating 4 @.@ 80 in ( 122 mm ) in the southern state of Chiapas . In Oaxaca , the storm produced heavy rains and damaged a total of 120 houses . A mudslide in one village demolished 20 homes and killed a child , while elsewhere in the state a man drowned after being swept away in a flooded river .
= = Aftermath = =
On October 9 , the government of Belize issued the " all clear " signal , indicating that the storm had fully passed , and began reconstruction efforts and damage assessment . The government declared Stann Creek and Toledo districts as disaster areas , and officials declared a nighttime curfew . By the day after the storm struck , the airport in Belize City had been reopened , and transportation in all but the southern portion of the country returned to normal . Residents in the southern part of the country lost access to fresh water , forcing them to drink unclean water . Officials sent medical teams to southern Belize in the most affected areas . The Belmopan Red Cross issued an appeal for residents to donate money , clothing , and food for storm victims . The Red Cross also set up shelters and gave food to more than 7 @,@ 000 people . By October 19 , most roads in southern Belize were reopened . The Belize government printed a new postage stamp to help pay for reconstruction costs , and officials authorized spending $ 1 @.@ 2 million to rebuild damaged homes . To assist the farmers who lost crops , the Belize government provided 18 @,@ 000 lb ( 8 @,@ 200 kg ) of maize seeds , as well as fertilizer . After the storm , the World Food Programme and the Belize Red Cross collectively provided food for the 9 @,@ 000 families in need of subsidence . By October 31 , the Red Cross had provided blankets , tarps , and hygienic supplies to 4 @,@ 800 people severely affected by the storm . Homes were gradually repaired , and crop production returned to normal by early 2002 . Around Christmas of 2001 , the Belize Red Cross provided presents to school children in 14 villages affected by the storm . The lost banana crop caused sales to decrease by 22 % in 2002 , although sales gradually recovered .
The government of Belize issued an appeal to the international community for assistance in the days following Iris 's landfall , and various countries provided aid . The United Kingdom sent a helicopter to assist in damage assessment and a crew to clean the water . The United States also sent a crew for damage assessment and donated plastic sheeting . Although sustaining significant damage , the Government of Guatemala deployed a working team with members from throughout the country to assist in recovery in Belize . Mexico sent blankets , mattresses , food , and water , as well as a medical team . The Japanese government sent tents and blankets , and the Chinese government donated 500 lb ( 230 kg ) of rice and dried fruits . Various United Nations departments donated about $ 225 @,@ 000 .
The American victims of the Wave Dancer boat wreck were flown back to the Richmond , Virginia area following the storm . The insurance company covering the boat reached a $ 4 million settlement , which was disbursed among the survivors and the victims ' families . The boat operator remained in business following the accident .
Following the major damage in Belize , the name Iris was retired in the spring of 2002 by the World Meteorological Organization and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane . The name Ingrid was used instead in the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season , and 2013 Atlantic hurricane season but this name was also retired after Hurricane Ingrid in 2013 caused heavy damage in Mexico .
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= Early life of Mao Zedong =
The early life of Chinese revolutionary and politician Mao Zedong covered the first 27 years of his life , from 1893 to 1919 . Born in Shaoshanchong , Shaoshan in Hunan province , Mao grew up as the son of Mao Yichang , a wealthy farmer and landowner . Sent to the local Shaoshan Primary School , Mao was brought up in an environment of Confucianism , but reacted against this from an early age , developing political ideas from pro @-@ western literature . Aged 13 his father organised a marriage for him with Luo Yigu , the daughter of another land @-@ owning family , but Mao denounced the marriage and moved away from home .
In 1911 Mao began further education in the Hunanese capital of Changsha , where he came under the influence of republicanism , and became an admirer of republican revolutionary Sun Yat @-@ Sen. When the Xinhai Revolution broke out between republicans and monarchists , Mao signed up as a soldier , although conflict subsided and he left the army after six months . Seeing himself as an intellectual , he became heavily influenced by classical liberalism , and began studying at the First Normal School of Changsha , as well as penning his first publications . With Xiao Zisheng he co @-@ founded the Renovation of the People Study Society in April 1918 to discuss and perpetuate revolutionary ideas among students , before graduating in June 1919 .
= = Childhood = =
Mao biographer Lee Feigon asserted that Mao experienced " a relatively typical childhood " . He commented that it was for this reason that previous biographers had found it difficult to " find something fundamentally wrong with Mao from an early age " with which they had hoped to explain his later development into " a revolutionary tyrant " .
= = = Birth : 1893 = = =
Mao was born on December 26 , 1893 in his familiar home in the rural village of Shaoshanchong in Xiangtan county , Hunan Province , part of south @-@ central China . Typical of many Hunanese villages , Shaoshanchong was situated in a narrow valley surrounded by mountains . Both the village and the nearest town , Shaoshan , were named for the local Shaoshan Mountain ( " Music Mountain " ) , a prominent feature in the local landscape with sacred associations for the region 's Buddhists . The village was inhabited by many individuals with the surname of Mao ; the Mao clan traced their lineage back to Mao Taihua , a warrior from Jiangxi Province who had moved to Xiangtan county in the mid @-@ fourteenth century after fighting for Zhu Yuanzhang 's military campaign to overthrow the Mongol @-@ governed Yuan dynasty .
Mao 's father , Mao Yichang , had been born in Shaoshanchong to a family of poverty before undergoing an arranged marriage to Mao 's mother , Wen Qimei , when he was fifteen years old . While Yichang had received two years of schooling and could read and write , conversely Qimei was illiterate . Serving for several years in the regional Xiang Army , Yichang saved up his wages and on leaving the army used these to pay off his family 's debts and purchase the lands that his father had sold . By the time of Zedong 's birth , Yichang owned two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half acres of rice paddy , which would have been considered a substantial amount by the standards of the region . Through frugal living and hard work , over the coming years he was able to purchase a further acre and employ two farm laborers , with his farm encompassing a cow shed , a grain storage hut , a pigsty , and a small mill . Expanding the family 's wealth , Yichang purchased mortgages on other peasants ' land , thus becoming their landlord , while also purchasing the grain from the poorest farmers in the village before selling it on for a profit at the county seat of Xiangtan . In doing so , he amassed a fortune of two to three thousand Chinese silver dollars at a time when the majority of China 's peasantry continued to live in poverty . This being the case , Mao biographer Philip Short could assert that the Mao family were " comfortably off " by the standards of the period .
According to the traditional lunar @-@ based Chinese calendar , Mao Zedong 's birth fell on the ninth day of the eleventh month of the Year of the Snake . After the birth , Mao 's mother – who had previously birthed two sons who had died in infancy – was worried for his welfare , and consulted a Buddhist nun who lived as a hermit in the mountains for advice . The nun recommended that prayers be said for the child ; doing so , Qimei then prostrated herself at a local temple dedicated to the Buddhist Bodhisattva Guanyin , requesting that the Bodhisattva become Zedong 's foster @-@ mother .
Several biographers have suggested it likely that local traditional customs would have been observed after the birth ; in this circumstance , a rooster would have been presented to his parents , while Mao would probably not have been bathed until three days after the birth , an event which would have been the first culturally @-@ appropriate opportunity for guests to view the child . The child 's father was expected to add onion and ginger to the bath water , symbolizing mind and health , while also providing sacrifices to the spirits of the ancestors . A Daoist fortune @-@ teller was then employed to draw up a horoscope for the child , which revealed that he was lacking in the water element ; Mao was therefore given the personal name of Zedong because according to Hunanese custom the character of ze ( " to anoint " ) was deemed to correct this deficiency . The character of ze however had a dual meaning ; as well as referring to moisture , it also implied kindness and beneficence . Yichang chose the latter part of his son 's name , dong ( " east " ) , so that the child 's name would mean " benefactor of the east " .
According to traditional custom , the child was also given a second , unofficial name to be used on specific ceremonial occasions ; this was Runzhi ( " Dewy Orchard " ) . His mother gave him a third name , shisanyazi ( " the Third Child Named Stone " ) , which reflected that he was her third child while also protecting him from misfortune and linking to the protection offered by Guanyin . If traditional Hunanese customs were adhered to , the baby 's head would have been shaved after four weeks , with a small tuft of hair left on the crown and at the nape of the neck ; it was at this point that the child would have been officially given its name . According to tradition , visitors probably would have gathered for this ceremony , bringing gifts of money , pork , fish , fruit , and decorated eggs .
= = = Growing up : 1893 – 1900 = = =
The Mao family lived in a clay @-@ brick farmhouse which had been constructed in 1878 , although Yichang oversaw its extension during Zedong 's boyhood . They occupied the eastern wing of their house , with the neighboring Zou family living in the western half . The building was large enough for Zedong to be allocated his own bedroom ; a rarity at the time . In front of the house was a pond and a rice paddy , while pine and bamboo groves grew behind the building . Aside from his parents , Mao lived at home with his paternal grandfather , Mao Enpu , until the latter 's death when Mao was ten . Mao 's paternal grandmother , Liu , had died in 1884 , nine years before his birth . When Zedong was two years old , his mother gave birth to her fourth child , Mao Zemin , with a further son , Mao Zetan , being born when Zedong was eleven . She also gave birth to two daughters , both of whom died in infancy , although soon after Zetan 's birth the couple adopted a baby girl , Zejian , who was the daughter of one of Mao 's paternal uncles .
As was common at the time , Mao began embarking on farming activities aged five or six , being instructed to watch over the cattle and tend to the ducks . Mao 's habits were heavily influenced by his peasant background ; biographer Stuart Schram suggested that this took the form of a " lack of social graces and of a concern either for comfort or appearances . " In later life , Mao would never become accustomed to the use of a toothbrush , instead retaining the habit of washing his mouth out with tea . Similarly , he continued to prefer cleaning himself with a steaming towel than with soap and water , again reflecting his peasant upbringing . Further , it was from traditional Hunanese cuisine that he developed his lifelong love of spicy food .
Qimei was a practising Buddhist , and encouraged her sons to follow Buddhist teachings ; embracing this faith , Zedong often accompanied her on visits to the local Buddhist temple , influencing her hopes that he would become a monk . Conversely , Yichang was largely irreligious , although after surviving an encounter with a tiger , gave offerings to the gods in thanks . According to Mao 's account , Yichang was a staunch disciplinarian , and would beat his children as punishment for disobedience and a perceived lack of filial piety , with Mao describing the beating he received on one occasion when he humiliated his father in public . He added that his mother would often try to protect her children from these beatings .
During the 1930s , Mao would claim that he resented his father , viewing him as stingy and unaffectionate . He contrasted this with the affection he received from his mother , thus adopting a Marxist dialectical perspective by dividing the family into two camps : his mother and himself on one side , his father on another . Biographers have interpreted this filial relationship in different ways ; while Jung Chang and Jon Halliday stated that " Mao hated his father " , conversely , Schram pointed out that even in Mao 's accounts of Yichang , his description is nuanced , and " not simply one of unremitting hatred " . Ross Terrill suggested that " Behind Zedong 's expressed hatred of his father was an unacknowledged identification ; he was driven to become an authoritarian like his father , and on a far grander scale . " Feigon has questioned the veracity of Mao 's account of this issue , suggesting that the alleged bad relationship between the two was " probably overstated " ; highlighting that Yichang clearly went to great efforts to financially support his son , Feigon also noted that the anti @-@ father trope was " wildly popular among young Chinese intellectuals " during the 1930s , and that Mao 's account hence may well be a reflection of this rather than reality .
= = = Shaoshan Primary School : 1901 – 06 = = =
Yichang was keen for his eldest son to gain a basic education rooted in Confucianism , the dominant moral ideology of Chinese society ; he deemed a knowledge of Confucian teaching to be essential in allowing his son to develop key business and administrative skills . His hope was that Zedong would gain an apprenticeship with a Xiangtan rice merchant before taking over the family business and supporting his parents during their old age . Yichang was particularly adamant on the need to learn about Confucianism after losing a lawsuit over a parcel of land ; he believed that his opponent had been victorious in the dispute as a result of their ability to quote the sayings of ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius throughout their argument .
Thus , from the age of eight , Mao was sent to gain a basic education at the private Shaoshan Primary School . Adopting a traditional syllabus and method of education , the school emphasised the copying and recitation by rote of a series of classical Chinese texts preaching Confucian morals : the Three Character Classic , the Book of Names , the Thousand Character Classic , the Odes for Children , the Filial Classic , and Filial Learning . Perceived failure or disobedience resulted in beatings with a bamboo rod from the teacher , who like Mao 's father was a stern disciplinarian . Disliking this mode of education , Mao later asserted that " I hated Confucius from the age of eight . " Although expressing his dislike for them , Mao nevertheless accepted the utility of learning these texts , finding himself able to win arguments – including those against his father – by the selective use of Confucian quotations .
Far more to Mao 's liking were the accounts of war and banditry found in the Four Great Classical Novels , including Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Journey to the West , and Water Margin ; while also steeped in Confucian morality , they emphasised the need to fight for justice in society , and it is possible that these texts inspired his interest in history . According to his later account , it was at this point that he attained a strong belief in justice ; he began to divide his lunch in two to share with a poorer boy who could not afford food . On another occasion , he got into a physical fight with an older classmate ; this greatly upset his mother , who held pacifist beliefs . According to his later account , at one point he rebelled when the teacher tried to punish him for disobedience ; rather than permitting himself to be beaten with a rod , he marched out of the school and into the wooded mountains . He remained there for three days , until being discovered by a family member and brought home .
Despite this education , biographers Alexander Pantsov and Steven Levine commented that the " moral @-@ ethical precepts of Confucius seem to have left not a trace in his soul " . Conversely , biographer Philip Short asserted that for Mao , as for all Chinese children who went underwent traditional education , these Confucian texts " fixed the underlying pattern of [ his ] thought for the rest of his life " . Short went so far as to suggest that Confucianism would prove to be " at least as important to [ Mao ] as Marxism " , noting that even in later life , Mao 's speeches contained a greater number of quotations from Confucius and other ancient Chinese philosophers than from major Marxist theoreticians Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin .
= = = Marriage and secondary education : 1908 – = = =
Aged thirteen , Mao left Shaoshan Primary School , pleased to have gotten away from what he saw as its oppressive atmosphere . The decision had been made by his father , who wanted Mao to devote his attentions to the family business by working on the farm and managing the financial accounts . However , relations between him and his father became increasingly strained . Mao continued to read in his free time , often staying up late at night in his bedroom to read by candle light ; this angered his father , who saw recreational reading as an unproductive pursuit . At this point he read a book which inspired his interest in politics : Zheng Guanying 's Sheng @-@ shih Wei @-@ yen ( " Words of Warning to an Affluent Age " ) . Published in 1893 , the book lamented the deterioration of Chinese power in East Asia , and argued for technological , economic and political reform , believing that China could be strengthed if it abandoned its absolute monarchy and politically modelling itself on the representative democracies and constitutional monarchies of the Western world . His political views were shaped by protests – led by the Gelaohui , or Elder Brother Society – which erupted following a famine in Hunanese capital Changsha ; Mao supported the protesters ' demands , but the armed forces suppressed the dissenters and executed their leaders . The famine spread to Shaoshan , where starving peasants seized his father 's grain ; disapproving of their actions as morally wrong , Mao nevertheless claimed sympathy for their situation .
Yichang decided to organise an arranged marriage for Mao , selecting for him the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Luo Yigu , the daughter of a local landowner . Although unhappy with the arrangement , Mao agreed to go through with the marriage , with the wedding taking place in 1907 or 1908 . According to his later account however , he never consummated the marriage and refused to live with Luo . Instead , he claimed that he made use of connections with his maternal family to leave his parental home and move in to the house of an unemployed student in Shaoshan , where he lived for a year . There , he continued his reading , enjoying tales of ancient Chinese rulers such as Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian and Ban Gu 's History of the Former Han Dynasty . He was also influenced by Feng Guifen 's Personal Protests from the Study of Jiao Bin , which had been compiled in 1861 . Like Guanying 's book , it called on China to adopt foreign techniques to strengthen itself , and to use them to defend itself from foreign aggression . Mao also read a pamphlet by the Chinese revolutionary Chen Tianhua , which recounted China 's loss of sovereignty to Japanese and European imperialists ; Mao claimed that this was a great influence on him , for after reading it " I felt depressed about the future of my country and began to realize that it was the duty of all the people to help save it . " Meanwhile , Luo was locally disgraced and eventually died of dysentery in 1910 , while Qimei moved to live with her brother 's family in her native village of Xiangxiang .
In the autumn of 1910 , Mao requested that his father permit him to attend the Dongshan Higher Primary School , which was located fifteen miles from Shaoshan ; unlike the Shaoshan Primary School , this establishment taught modern subjects such as natural sciences . Yichang agreed to fund his son 's tuition and dormitory space , and so the sixteen @-@ year @-@ old Mao set off to Dongshan with his older cousin , Wen Yunchang , who was also enrolled there . His two best friends at the school were Yunchang and Xiao Zizhang ( also known as Xiao San ) , who would later join Mao in the communist movement and would become one of his first biographers . However , he was bullied for being rural and unsophisticated by many of his classmates , who were typically the sons of wealthy landlords from Xiangxiang district . He nevertheless proved to be a successful student , gaining the respect of his teachers through hard work , an ability to compose essays in the classical style , and voracious reading . Here , he first learned about geography , and increased his knowledge of ancient Chinese history . He began to read too about foreign history , coming to be particularly influenced by a book titled Great Heroes of the World , through which he learned about – and was inspired by – the military prowess and nationalistic fervour of American George Washington and Frenchman Napoleon Bonaparte . Schram believed that it was here , at this school , that " we can date the real beginnings of Mao 's intellectual and political development " . Mao remained at the school for seven or eight months , before deciding to enroll at a middle school in the provincial capital of Changsha .
= = Early adulthood and politicization = =
= = = The Xinhai Revolution : 1911 – 1912 = = =
In 1911 , Mao convinced his father to allow him to attend middle school in Changsha . The city was " a revolutionary hotbed " , with widespread animosity towards the absolute monarchy of Emperor Puyi . While some advocated a reformist transition to a constitutional monarchy , most revolutionaries advocated republicanism , arguing for an elected presidency . The primary figurehead behind the republican movement was Sun Yat @-@ sen , an American @-@ educated Christian who led a secret society known as the Tongmenghui . At Changsha , Mao came under the influence of Sun 's newspaper , The People 's Independence ( Minli bao ) , penning his first political essay , which he stuck to the school wall ; later admitting it was " somewhat muddled " , it involved the creation of a republic governed by Sun , but with concessions made to the moderates by having Kang Youwei as premier and Liang Qichao as minister of foreign affairs . As a symbol of rebellion against the Manchu monarch , he and a friend cut off their queue pigtails — a sign of subservience to the emperor — before forcibly cutting off those of several classmates .
Inspired by Sun 's republicanism , the army rose up against the emperor across southern China , sparking the Xinhai Revolution . Changsha initially remained under monarchist control , with the governor proclaiming martial law to quell protest . When the infantry brigade guarding the city defected to the revolution , the governor fled , leaving the city in republican hands . Supporting the revolution , Mao joined the rebel army as a private soldier , but was not involved in the fighting . The northern provinces remained loyal to the emperor , and hoping to avoid a civil war , Sun Yat @-@ sen — proclaimed " provisional president " by his supporters — compromised with the monarchist general Yuan Shikai . The monarchy would be abolished , creating the Republic of China , but the monarchist Yuan would become president . The Xinhai Revolution over , Mao resigned from the army in 1912 , after six months of being a soldier . Around this time , Mao discovered socialism from a newspaper article ; proceeding to read pamphlets by Jiang Kanghu , the student founder of the Chinese Socialist Party , Mao remained interested yet unconvinced by the idea .
= = = Fourth Normal School of Changsha : 1912 – 1917 = = =
Returning to education , Mao enrolled and dropped out of a police academy , a soap @-@ production school , a law school and an economics school . His father only approved of the latter , but the lectures were in English , which Mao didn 't understand , and so Mao abandoned it for the government @-@ run Changsha Middle School ; he soon dropped out of this too , finding it rooted in Confucianism . Undertaking his studies independently , he spent much time in the Changsha public library , reading core works of classical liberalism such as Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations and Montesquieu 's The Spirit of the Laws , as well as the works of western scientists and philosophers such as Charles Darwin , J.S. Mill , Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , and Herbert Spencer . Viewing himself as an intellectual , years later he admitted that at this time he thought himself better than working people . Inspired by the work of Friedrich Paulsen , the liberal emphasis on individualism led Mao to believe that strong individuals were not bound by moral codes but should strive for the greater good ; that the end justifies the means . Seeing no use in his son 's intellectual pursuits , Mao 's father cut off his allowance , forcing Mao to move into a hostel for the destitute .
Desiring to become a teacher , Mao enrolled at a teacher training college , the Fourth Normal School of Changsha , which had high standards , yet low fees and cheap accommodation . Several months later , it merged with the First Normal School of Changsha , widely seen as the best school in Hunan . Befriending Mao , Professor of Ethics Yang Changji urged him to read a radical newspaper , New Youth ( Xin qingnian ) , the creation of his friend Chen Duxiu , Dean of the Faculty of Letters at Peking University . Although a Chinese nationalist , Chen argued that China must look to the west , adopting " Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science " in order to cleanse itself of superstition and autocracy . Mao published his first article , " A Study of Physical Culture " , in New Youth in April 1917 , instructing readers to increase their physical strength to serve the revolution . He joined The Society for the Study of Wang Fuzhi ( Chuan @-@ shan Hsüeh @-@ she ) , a revolutionary group founded by Changsha literati who wished to emulate Wang Fuzhi , a philosopher who symbolized Han resistance to Manchu invasion .
In his first school year , Mao befriended an older student , Xiao Zisheng ; together they went on a walking tour of Hunan , begging and writing literary couplets to obtain food . A popular student , Mao remained active in school politics , and in 1915 was elected secretary of the Students Society . He used his position to forge an Association for Student Self @-@ Government , leading protests against school rules . In spring 1917 , he was elected to command the students ' volunteer army , set up to defend the school from marauding warlord soldiers , arming these troops with makeshift bamboo spears and wooden rifles . Increasingly interested in the techniques of war , he took a keen interest in the events of World War I , but also began to develop a sense of solidarity with workers . Mao undertook feats of physical endurance with Xiao Zisheng and Cai Hesen , describing themselves as the " Three Heroes , " a sobriquet taken from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms . With other young revolutionaries they formed the Renovation of the People Study Society in April 1918 to debate Chen Duxiu 's ideas . Desiring personal and societal transformation , the Society gained between 70 and 80 members , including some females , many of whom would go on to join the Communist Party . Mao graduated in June 1919 , being ranked third in the year .
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= You Can 't Win ( song ) =
" You Can 't Win " is an R & B , pop and soul song written by Charlie Smalls and performed by American recording artist Michael Jackson , who played Scarecrow in the 1978 musical film The Wiz , an urbanized retelling of L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The movie featured an entirely African American cast and was based on the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz .
After the original soundtrack version was recorded , Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones went back into the studio and re @-@ recorded the track . It was the re @-@ recording that was released in January 1979 as the second single from The Wiz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , following the release of " Ease On Down the Road " in 1978 , and was Michael 's first solo chart single on Epic Records . The 7 @-@ inch version split the song in half , with " Part 1 " as the A @-@ side and " Part 2 " as the B @-@ side ; the full @-@ length version was released as a 12 @-@ inch single and later was included on The Ultimate Collection in 2004 .
The single only charted in the United States , where it reached number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 42 on the R & B singles chart . Since its release , the song has been well received by music critics . The song has been performed by contemporary singers such as Jill Scott and Charles Grigsby .
In 1982 " Part 2 " of " You Can 't Win , " in which Michael Jackson repeatedly sings the line " Can 't get outta the game , " was vocally overdubbed , and the resulting track was titled " Can 't Get Outta the Rain " ; it became the B @-@ side of " The Girl Is Mine , " the first single from Jackson 's landmark album Thriller . Despite " Can 't Get Outta the Rain " being melodically identical to " You Can 't Win , " as well as lyrically identical except for the word " rain , " Jackson and Quincy Jones are credited as the song 's composers , not Charlie Smalls .
= = Composition = =
" You Can 't Win " was originally written and performed during the pre @-@ Broadway Baltimore run of the stage version of The Wiz in 1974 , sung by the chorus of Winkies , the Wicked Witch 's slaves . The number was cut from the musical before the official Broadway opening and wasn 't performed again until the movie version was under consideration , 3 years later . The producers resurrected the song as a solo for Michael Jackson to replace " I Was Born on the Day Before Yesterday " , which had been Scarecrow 's solo in the Broadway musical . " You Can 't Win " and its corresponding scene in the movie allude to mistreatment of African Americans . Jackson stated in his 1988 autobiography Moonwalk that the lyrics to " You Can 't Win " are about humiliation and helplessness , feelings , he stated , that many people have experienced at one point in their life . The singer added that the song was also about " the feeling that there are people out there who don 't actively hold you back as much as they work quietly on your insecurities so that you hold yourself back " . " You Can 't Win " opens with the lines , " You can 't win , you can 't break even , and you can 't get out of the game . People keep sayin ' , things are gonna change , but they look just like they 're staying the same . " William F. Brown , who wrote the book for the Broadway musical , stated that such verses made " You Can 't Win " a " black message song " . Musically , the track has been described as an R & B , pop and soul song by Renée Graham of The Boston Globe . According to the sheet music published on Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , the track was performed in common time , with a tempo of 80 beats per minute . It adds that the song is composed in E with a range from B3 to C ♭ 5 .
= = In The Wiz = =
The scene that corresponds with " You Can 't Win " in The Wiz begins with Dorothy Gale ( played by Diana Ross ) , stumbling upon a scarecrow being heckled by crows while stuck in the air on a pole . Dorothy remains hidden while the crows mock Scarecrow for asking to be let down . They state that he will remain on the pole because that is his role and there is nothing to get down for . The crows tell Scarecrow that even if he was let down , he would not be able to walk as he is a " straw paper dummy " . Scarecrow tries to reason with the birds by reading relevant quotations from figures such as Francis Bacon and Cicero as a rationale to be freed . The crows do not relent , however , and make him recite their " Crow Commandments " : " Thou shall honor all crows " , " Thou shall stop reading all bits of paper and literature " and " Thou shall never , never get down off of this here pole " . In addition , the birds tell Scarecrow to sing the crow anthem , " You Can 't Win " . After the song concludes , Dorothy comes out of hiding and releases Scarecrow from the pole . Together , they then dance their way down the yellow brick road in search of The Wiz , singing " Ease on Down the Road " as they go .
The song is also heard in The Wiz Live ! , replacing " I Was Born on the Day Before Yesterday " .
= = = Analysis = = =
Elwood Watson , author of Pimps , Wimps , Studs , Thugs and Gentlemen : Essays on Media Images of Masculinity , states that The Wiz offers an " important allegorical treatment of ordinary African American men living in the wake of the Civil Rights movement " . Watson writes that while the crows do not intend to cause physical harm to Scarecrow , the beginning of their scene recalls experiences of the ritual lynching of black men in the United States . The author states that the crows ' refusal to allow Scarecrow to read literature was reminiscent of laws that forbade black slaves from being educated . Watson writes , " Scarecrow 's desire for knowledge that will help him interpret the discourses and institutions that shape his life signifies on the slave narrative . With its emphasis on literacy and freedom , African American slave narratives document that for many African Americans literacy was understood as an essential path to freedom . " Watson continues :
The Crows ' insistence that reading is useless , even dangerous for Scarecrow because it only leads to discontentment takes on an especially haunting reminder of the ways in which the residues of slavery continue to injure contemporary African Americans . The Crows reinforce Scarecrow 's subjection at their hands through a song whose refrain " you can 't win child , you can 't get out of the game " that aims to disabuse Scarecrow of any aspirations toward freedom ... Their insistence that " reading is stupid " suggests that a Eurocentric education does not promise liberation from " the game " that race and racism create ... The Crow 's dismissal of education and western thought fails because they do not offer Scarecrow an alternative that will emancipate him . The Crow 's attempt to discipline Scarecrow by displacing his hope with nihilism . For The Crow 's so @-@ called book of knowledge is less valuable than what they perceive to be real knowledge @-@ street smarts . Though they are not tethered to a pole , they are seemingly unable or as their commandments and anthem suggests , unwilling to find opportunities than their present location provides . The Crow 's chorus to Scarecrow 's song is revealing for what it says about their loss of hope ... The Crow 's are even more disadvantaged than Scarecrow because , unlike him , they are hopeless . The Crow 's chorus , like The Crow Commandments , reflects their disillusionment with their inability to realize the promise of upward mobility .
Watson continued his analysis , writing that despite the crows ' attempts to erode Scarecrow 's confidence , " [ he ] gives no indication that he intends to abort his efforts to liberate himself physically and intellectually . " Watson concluded his study of Scarecrow and his scene by stating , " His encounter with Dorothy will help him to realize , contrary to The Crow 's assertions , that Scarecrow 's pursuit of knowledge can indeed help him to win opportunities for improving his life . "
= = Release and reception = =
In January 1979 , " You Can 't Win " was released as the second single from The Wiz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , a double album distributed by Motown Records in September 1978 . The single was issued after the September 1978 release of " Ease on Down the Road " , a duet between Jackson and Diana Ross , who played protagonist Dorothy Gale in The Wiz . " You Can 't Win " was distributed under Epic Records , and was Jackson 's first solo single issued by the company after Epic executives signed him and his brothers to the label in 1976 . " You Can 't Win " entered Billboard 's R & B singles chart on January 20 , 1979 . It reached number 42 and remained in the chart for ten weeks . A month later , on February 24 , 1979 , it entered the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 81 . The single stayed in the chart for three weeks . In May 1979 , " You Can 't Win " was released in Britain , as was a 7 " picture disc of the song . The single failed to enter the British charts . When Jackson 's Off the Wall was first released in August 1979 , the picture disc supplemented the album .
Since its release , " You Can 't Win " has received positive reviews from music critics . A journalist from the Kansas City Star said that the song was the best one from The Wiz . Kenny Mack of the Santa Monica Daily Press asserted that Jackson 's " famous vulnerability and the power of his voice on ' You Can 't Win ' combined for perfect casting " in the film . The Boston Globe 's Renée Graham stated in 2005 , " Halfway through the [ song ] , Jackson lets out a whoop , and the tune evolves from a pop @-@ soul confection into a true R & B delight , spiced with barking horns and hand @-@ claps as funky and loose as anything Jackson has ever done . " Writer Geoff Brown wrote in his book Michael Jackson : A Life in Music that the singer 's performance of " You Can 't Win " in The Wiz was " one of the few bright moments in a drab remake of The Wizard of Oz " . Margo Jefferson wrote in the biography On Michael Jackson that the entertainer sang the song in the film with " rough , gospel edges of desperation " . She added , " The torment feels genuine . It 's a painful scene . " After Jackson 's death in 2009 , Edmund W. Lewis of The Louisiana Weekly said that he was " still amazed at the quality of [ the singer ] ' s performance in The Wiz " . He added , " As the scarecrow , he sang the hell out of [ the song ] . "
= = Legacy = =
" You Can 't Win " has been referenced and performed on several occasions . In the 1982 blockbuster film E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial , a snippet of the song is heard on a car radio . In 2001 Jill Scott performed the song during the Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special celebration . In 2003 , during the second season of American Idol , contestant Charles Grigsby sang " You Can 't Win " for a movie theme night . An Entertainment Weekly writer said that the song choice was " oddly appropriate " , as the hopeful was eliminated from the competition after the performance . Decades after the release of " You Can 't Win " , William F. Brown stated that the song had been dropped from his theater productions of The Wiz . He said this was because the musical was not a black message show , but a show for everybody to enjoy . He expressed the opinion that " You Can 't Win " was no longer relevant , stating , " [ It 's ] all changed . Black people can win . "
= = Track listings = =
Limited edition picture disc – 7 " single
" You Can 't Win ( Pt . 1 ) " – 3 : 43
" You Can 't Win ( Pt . 2 ) " – 2 : 58
= = Charts = =
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= Stephen J. Chamberlin =
Stephen Jones Chamberlin ( 23 December 1889 – 23 October 1971 ) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army who served during World War II as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur 's Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 , the staff officer in charge of plans and operations . Born in Spring Hill , Kansas on 23 December 1889 , he was a 1912 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York . During World War I , he was aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Major General David C. Shanks , the New York Port of Embarkation commander at Hoboken , New Jersey , for which he was one of twelve Army officers who received the Navy Cross .
After the war , he attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , and served on the staff of the Chief of Infantry in the War Department . He attended the Army War College and was posted to the staff of the Army 's Hawaiian Division at Fort Shafter , Hawaii , as Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 .
In 1938 , he became assistant chief of the Construction Branch in the G @-@ 4 Division of War Department General Staff . He became involved in the vast construction program of arsenals , depots , airbases and coastal defenses as the United States rearmed prior to its entry into World War II . In January 1942 , he was sent to Australia , where he became Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 , at General MacArthur 's General Headquarters ( GHQ ) , Southwest Pacific Area . In this role , he was responsible for planning and overseeing the execution of MacArthur 's major operations , including the New Guinea , Philippines and Borneo campaigns .
Chamberlin was director of the Intelligence Division , G @-@ 2 , on the War Department General Staff from 1946 to 1948 , when he became commander of the Fifth Army . He retired in September 1951 , and was then employed as chief of security for the US Air Force 's Arnold Engineering Development Center at Arnold Air Force Base , Tennessee . He died on 23 October 1971 .
= = Early life = =
Stephen Jones Chamberlin was born in Spring Hill , Kansas on 23 December 1889 . He was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York , which he entered on 2 March 1908 and from which he graduated on 12 June 1912 .
Chamberlin was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 16th Infantry , which was then stationed at the Presidio of San Francisco . In May 1914 , the regiment moved to El Paso , Texas . He transferred to the 8th Infantry on 1 February 1915 and served at Fort William McKinley in the Philippines . He was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 July 1916 , becoming a battalion adjutant on 14 October . He was assistant to the post quartermaster from 31 October 1916 to 1 January 1917 , and then Post Exchange Officer from 20 December 1916 to 9 June 1917 . He was promoted to captain on 15 May 1917 and was acting Regimental Adjutant from 9 June to 1 September 1917 .
= = World War I = =
With the United States now involved in World War I , Chamberlin became aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Major General David C. Shanks , the New York Port of Embarkation commander at Hoboken , New Jersey . Chamberlin was also the officer in charge of troop movements . On 2 March 1918 , Chamberlin married Shank 's daughter , Sarah Chapman , at St. Bartholomew 's Episcopal Church , New York on the corner of Madison Avenue and East 44th Street , in a simple ceremony attended only by Sarah 's sister Katherine and Captain Maxwell Sullivan as best man .
Chamberlin was promoted to major on 7 June 1918 . For his " distinguished service in the line of his profession as dispatch officer at the Port of Embarkation , Hoboken , New Jersey " , he became one of only twelve Army officers to receive the Navy Cross during World War I. He was also awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . His citation read :
The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Stephen J. Chamberlin , Major ( Infantry ) , US Army , for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States , in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Acting Dispatch Officer at Port of Embarkation , Hoboken , New Jersey , from November 15 , 1917 to September 6 , 1918 , Major Chamberlin displayed marked ability in handling the movements of troops through the port , assigning units and detachments to camps , convoys , and ships , and by foresight , thorough organization , and hard work arranged for the smooth working of troop movements , prevented congestion at the camps and piers , thus enabling the transports to sail at the appointed time with the appropriate number of troops .
In September 1918 , Shanks was appointed commander of the 16th Division at Camp Kearny , California , and Chamberlin was appointed the division 's Assistant Chief of Staff . To prepare for the role , he attended a course at the Army War College . Following the Armistice with Germany , he was sent on a tour of the battlefields in France and Belgium .
= = Between the wars = =
In the aftermath of World War I , Chamberlin was reduced in rank to captain on 9 February 1919 , but was promoted to major again on 1 July 1920 . A year later he was posted to the Panama Canal Zone , initially as transportation officer , and then with 33rd Infantry . On returning to the United States in January 1922 , he joined the staff of 19th Infantry Brigade at Fort McPherson , Georgia . He was transferred to the 22nd Infantry at Fort Benning , Georgia , on 17 February 1923 .
From 1924 to 1925 , he attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , graduating as an Honor Graduate . Duty then followed with the Third Corps Area from 30 June to 5 July 1925 ; with the National Guard at Staunton , Virginia from 5 July 1925 to 1 July 1926 ; in the Office Chief of Infantry at Washington , D.C. ; and at Camp Perry , Ohio as Publicity Officer . He served on the staff of the Chief of Infantry in the War Department from 1926 to 1930 , and then commanded a battalion of the 22nd Infantry from 1930 to 1932 .
Chamberlin attended the Army War College from July 1932 to June 1933 . Upon graduation , he was posted to the staff of the Army 's Hawaiian Division at Fort Shafter , Hawaii , serving as Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 . After more than 15 years as a major , he was finally promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 August 1935 . On returning to the United States in July 1936 , he became Assistant Professor of Military Science and Tactics for the high schools of Los Angeles .
= = World War II = =
In 1938 , Chamberlin became Assistant Chief of the Construction Branch in the G @-@ 4 Division of War Department General Staff . At this time , the United States was embarking on a military buildup in response to a worsening international situation , which culminated in the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 . A major component of this build up was a vast construction program of arsenals , depots , airbases and coastal defenses . Some $ 175 million was allocated to construction under the Expansion Program , as it became known .
On 7 May 1940 , the Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 4 , Major General Richard C. Moore , G @-@ 4 of the War Department General Staff , asked for an estimate of the cost to house an additional 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 men and balked at the estimate he received of $ 800 per head . To save on the cost of cantonments , Moore decided not to paint them . Chamberlin disagreed on the grounds that paint would reduce maintenance costs . President Franklin Roosevelt intervened and directed that the buildings be painted . As a result , an order was placed for 96 @,@ 500 US gallons ( 365 @,@ 000 l ; 80 @,@ 400 imp gal ) of paint , resulting in an $ 11 million budget shortfall . Chamberlin was promoted to colonel on 14 February 1941 . Commenting after the war on the construction program , he wrote :
Actually a phenomenal standard was set , one in which all Americans can glory . As far as wasting a few dollars was concerned , the construction effort cannot hold a candle to Lend @-@ Lease , the Marshall Plan , or the Military Assistance Program . Had it not been for the courageous performance of those in charge of the War Department in the emergency , we might well have been defeated , and how then would the expenditure of a few millions have loomed in the long @-@ range picture ?
In January 1942 , Chamberlin was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 4 , of US Army Forces in Australia , arriving by air from Washington , D.C. , on 9 January . He soon became Chief of Staff of US Army Forces in Australia , first under Major General Julian F. Barnes , and then under his successor , Lieutenant General George H. Brett . Chamberlin was promoted to brigadier general on 15 February 1942 . General Douglas MacArthur arrived in Australia on 17 March to become Supreme Commander of the newly established Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , which now included the US Army Forces in Australia . On 19 April , MacArthur formally established his General Headquarters ( GHQ ) , and Chamberlin was appointed its Assistant Chief of Staff , G @-@ 3 .
As G @-@ 3 , Chamberlin was one of the most highly rated members of the GHQ staff , although not being part of the " Bataan Gang " – the group of officers who had escaped with MacArthur from the Philippines – made him something of an outsider at GHQ . Chamberlin was responsible for planning and overseeing the execution of MacArthur 's major operations , including the New Guinea , Philippines and Borneo campaigns . One member of the staff later recalled :
Chamberlin , G @-@ 3 , was an outstanding staff planner : quiet , unassuming , methodical , determined , aggressive in defending his position when challenged . He had a fine sense of timing and integration . He manipulated his three separate planning teams to move down parallel paths toward the same objective , or , when necessary , to move along divergent paths to map out a change of direction . Once an objective had been defined in long @-@ run terms , Chamberlin and his planners set the basic sequence of events . All major commanders participated in the planning process , with Chamberlin coordinating and adjusting to smooth out conflicts . Considering the huge distances involved and the necessity for working in the humid heat of equatorial islands , the performance was stupendous . The apparent ease that characterized the operations reflected the thoroughness of the planning process . On those occasions when MacArthur required a sudden and pressing shift of direction , Chamberlin delivered , not always with great patience . The deadlines were met with a finely turned operational plan .
Chamberlin jealously guarded his position . In late 1943 , Chamberlin differed with one of his planners , Brigadier General Bonner Fellers , over a proposed landing at Hansa Bay . Fellers thought that Hansa Bay could be bypassed , but Chamberlin felt that this would be too risky . While Fellers was a newcomer to GHQ , he had known MacArthur for many years , and Fellers took his proposal directly to MacArthur , who approved it . A furious Chamberlin had Fellers fired from G @-@ 3 . MacArthur made him his military secretary .
One of Chamberlin 's challenges was working with the Australians . Their decentralized mode of planning was entirely different from the top @-@ down approach used by GHQ , and Chamberlin found this a source of frustration , as it was difficult to extract information from them . Nonetheless , he established a good working relationship with the Australian Deputy Chief of the General Staff , Lieutenant General Frank Berryman .
When MacArthur began looking for a new chief of staff to replace Lieutenant General Richard K. Sutherland in 1945 , he considered but rejected giving the post to Chamberlin . Chamberlin became Deputy Chief of Staff in February 1946 , and was briefly acting as Chief of Staff from 2 May to 10 June 1946 . For his services in the Southwest Pacific and the Occupation of Japan , Chamberlin was awarded three Army Distinguished Service Medals and the Silver Star . In September 1946 , he was one of five American major generals who was made an honorary Commander of Order of the British Empire in the Military Division for his work with US Army Forces in Australia and GHQ SWPA .
= = Later life = =
From June 1946 to October 1948 Chamberlin was director of the Intelligence Division , G @-@ 2 , on the War Department General Staff . He commanded the Fifth Army from 1948 to 1951 , receiving promotion to lieutenant general on 24 January 1948 . In 1949 , he was chairman of a general officer committee that researched the role of race in the Army , and produced a report favoring the continuation of segregation and the maintenance of a quota that limited the number of African @-@ Americans who could serve in uniform .
He retired in September 1951 , and was then employed as chief of security for the US Air Force 's Arnold Engineering Development Center at Arnold Air Force Base , Tennessee . He died at Hoag Memorial Hospital in Newport Beach , Orange , California on 23 October 1971 . He was buried in Section 3 , Site 1968 A WH of Arlington National Cemetery . His wife Sarah was subsequently interred with him in 1975 . His papers are in the US Army Heritage and Education Center in Carlisle , Pennsylvania .
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= Green marketing =
Green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally preferable to others . Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities , including product modification , changes to the production process , sustainable packaging , as well as modifying advertising . Yet defining green marketing is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other ; an example of this will be the existence of varying social , environmental and retail definitions attached to this term . Other similar terms used are environmental marketing and ecological marketing .
Green , environmental and eco @-@ marketing are part of the new marketing approaches which do not just refocus , adjust or enhance existing marketing thinking and practice , but seek to challenge those approaches and provide a substantially different perspective . In more detail green , environmental and eco @-@ marketing belong to the group of approaches which seek to address the lack of fit between marketing as it is currently practiced and the ecological and social realities of the wider marketing environment .
The legal implications of marketing claims call for caution . Misleading or overstated claims can lead to regulatory or civil challenges . In the United States , the Federal Trade Commission provides some guidance on environmental marketing claims . This Commission is expected to do an overall review of this guidance , and the legal standards it contains , in 2011 .
= = History = =
The term Green Marketing came into prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s . The proceedings of this workshop resulted in one of the first books on green marketing entitled " Ecological Marketing " .
The Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) Reports started with the ice cream seller Ben & Jerry 's where the financial report was supplemented by a greater view on the company 's environmental impact . In 1987 a document prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as meeting “ the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need ” , this became known as the Brundtland Report and was another step towards widespread thinking on sustainability in everyday activity . Two tangible milestones for wave 1 of green marketing came in the form of published books , both of which were called Green Marketing . They were by Ken Peattie ( 1992 ) in the United Kingdom and by Jacquelyn Ottman ( 1993 ) in the United States of America .
According to Jacquelyn Ottman , ( author of " The New Rules of Green Marketing : Strategies , Tools , and Inspiration for Sustainable Branding " ( Greenleaf Publishing and Berrett @-@ Koehler Publishers , February 2011 ) ) from an organizational standpoint , environmental considerations should be integrated into all aspects of marketing — new product development and communications and all points in between . The holistic nature of green also suggests that besides suppliers and retailers new stakeholders be enlisted , including educators , members of the community , regulators , and NGOs . Environmental issues should be balanced with primary customer needs .
The past decade has shown that harnessing consumer power to effect positive environmental change is far easier said than done . The so @-@ called " green consumer " movements in the U.S. and other countries have struggled to reach critical mass and to remain in the forefront of shoppers ' minds . While public opinion polls taken since the late 1980s have shown consistently that a significant percentage of consumers in the U.S. and elsewhere profess a strong willingness to favor environmentally conscious products and companies , consumers ' efforts to do so in real life have remained sketchy at best . One of green marketing 's challenges is the lack of standards or public consensus about what constitutes " green , " according to Joel Makower , a writer on green marketing . In essence , there is no definition of " how good is good enough " when it comes to a product or company making green marketing claims . This lack of consensus — by consumers , marketers , activists , regulators , and influential people — has slowed the growth of green products , says Makower , because companies are often reluctant to promote their green attributes , and consumers are often skeptical about claims .
Despite these challenges , green marketing has continued to gain adherents , particularly in light of growing global concern about climate change . This concern has led more companies to advertise their commitment to reduce their climate impacts , and the effect this is having on their products and services .
= = Greenhouse gas reduction market = =
The emerging greenhouse gas reduction market can potentially catalyze projects with important local environmental , economic , and quality @-@ of @-@ life benefits . The Kyoto Protocol ’ s Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) , for example , enables trading between industrial and developing nations , providing a framework that can result in capital flows to environmentally beneficial development activities . Although the United States is not participating in the Kyoto Protocol , several US programs enable similar transactions on a voluntary and regulatory basis .
While international trade in greenhouse gas reductions holds substantial promise as a source of new funding for sustainable development , this market can be largely inaccessible to many smaller @-@ scale projects , remote communities , and least developed localities . To facilitate participation and broaden the benefits , several barriers must be overcome , including : a lack of market awareness among stakeholders and prospective participants ; specialized , somewhat complicated participation rules ; and the need for simplified participation mechanisms for small projects , without which transaction costs can overwhelm the financial benefits of participation . If the barriers are adequately addressed , greenhouse gas trading can play an important role supporting activities that benefit people ’ s lives and the environment .
= = Popularity and effectiveness = =
= = = Ongoing debate = = =
The popularity of such marketing approach and its effectiveness is hotly debated . Supporters claim that environmental appeals are actually growing in number – the Energy Star label , for example , now appears on 11 @,@ 000 different companies ' models in 38 product categories , from washing machines and light bulbs to skyscrapers and homes . However , despite the growth in the number of green products , green marketing is on the decline as the primary sales pitch for products . Shel Horowitz , a green marketer for over 30 years and primary author of Guerrilla Marketing Goes Green states that to market effectively , green businesses need to market to three different audiences , " deep green , " " lazy green , " and " nongreen " , and that each must be approached differently . Each will have different trigger points that will move them to buy , and for the nongreen audience , marketing effectively usually requires emphasizing product superiority rather than care for the planet . On the other hand , Roper ’ s Green Gauge shows that a high percentage of consumers ( 42 % ) feel that environmental products don ’ t work as well as conventional ones . This is an unfortunate legacy from the 1970s when shower heads sputtered and natural detergents left clothes dingy . Given the choice , all but the greenest of customers will reach for synthetic detergents over the premium @-@ priced , proverbial " Happy Planet " any day , including Earth Day . New reports , however show a growing trend towards green products .
= = = Confusion = = =
One challenge green marketers -- old and new -- are likely to face as green products and messages become more common is confusion in the marketplace . " Consumers do not really understand a lot about these issues , and there 's a lot of confusion out there , " says Jacquelyn Ottman ( founder of J. Ottman Consulting and author of " Green Marketing : Opportunity for Innovation . " ) Marketers sometimes take advantage of this confusion , and purposely make false or exaggerated " green " claims . Critics refer to this practice as " green washing " .
= = = = Greenwashing = = = =
Corporations are increasingly recognizing the benefits of green marketing , although there is often a thin line between doing so for its own benefit and for social responsibility reasons . The term “ greenwashing ” refers to all industries that adopt outwardly green acts with an underlying purpose to increase profits . The primary objective of greenwashing is to provide consumers with the feeling that the organization is taking the necessary steps to responsibly manage its ecological footprint . In reality , the company may be doing very little that is environmentally beneficial The term greenwashing was first used by environmentalist Jay Westerveld when objecting to hotelier 's practice of placing notices in hotel rooms which asked their guests to reuse towels to “ save the environment ” . Westerveld noted that there was little else to suggest that the hoteliers were interested in reducing their environmental impacts , and that their interest in washing fewer towels seemed to be motivated by a concern to save costs rather than the environment . Since then greenwashing has become a central feature of debates about marketing communications and sustainability , with “ awards ” for greenwashing established and numerous campaigns , law and advices developed in an attempt to reduce or curb it .
= = = Benefit corporations = = =
In January 2012 , Patagonia became the first brand to register for benefit corporation status .
A benefit corporation is an alternative to its standard counterpart as it operates under the legal premise of 1 ) creating a positive impact socially and environmentally in its materials , 2 ) uphold corporate social responsibility in terms of considering its workers , its community , and the environment as well as challenge its current boundaries in those areas , and 3 ) report its activity as a company as well as its achievements in social and environmental areas publicly using a non @-@ partisan third party source .
= = = Statistics = = =
According to market researcher Mintel , about 12 % of the U.S. population can be identified as True Greens , consumers who seek out and regularly buy so @-@ called green products . Another 68 % can be classified as Light Greens , consumers who buy green sometimes . " What chief marketing officers are always looking for is touch points with consumers , and this is just a big , big , big touch point that 's not being served , " says Mintel Research Director David Lockwood . " All the corporate executives that we talk to are extremely convinced that being able to make some sort of strong case about the environment is going to work down to their bottom line . "
= = Adoptability = =
In 1989 , 67 percent of Americans stated that they were willing to pay 5 @-@ 10 percent more for ecologically compatible products . By 1991 , environmentally conscious individuals were willing to pay between 15 @-@ 20 percent more for green products . Today , more than one @-@ third of Americans say they would pay a little extra for green products
An important challenge facing marketers is to identify which consumers are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products . It is apparent that an enhanced knowledge of the profile of this segment of consumers would be extremely useful .
Everett Rogers , communication scholar and author of “ Diffusion of Innovations ” , claims that the following five factors can help determine whether a new idea will be adopted or not , including the idealism of the shift towards “ green ” :
Relative advantage : is the degree to which the new behavior is believed to accrue more beneficial outcomes than current practice .
Observability : is how easy it is to witness the outcomes of the new behavior .
Trialability : is the ease with which the new behavior can be tested by an individual without making a full commitment .
Compatibility : is the degree to which the new behavior is consistent with current practice .
Complexity : is how difficult the new behavior is to implement .
= = = LOHAS = = =
LOHAS stands for Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability , and describes an integrated , rapidly growing market for goods and services that appeal to consumers whose sense of environmental and social responsibility influences their purchase decisions . The Natural Marketing Institute ’ s ( short : NMI ) estimates the US LOHAS consumer market of products and services to be USD 209 billion – sold across all consumer segments .
The five LOHAS segments as defined by NMI include :
LOHAS : Active environmental stewards dedicated to personal and planetary health . These are the heaviest purchasers of green and socially responsible products and the early adopters who influence others heavily .
Naturalites : Motivated primarily by personal health considerations . They tend to purchase more LOHAS consumable products vs. durable items .
Drifters : While their intentions may be good , DRIFTERS follow trends when it is easy and affordable . They are currently quite engaged in green purchasing behaviours .
Conventionals : Pragmatists who embrace LOHAS behaviour when they believe they can make a difference , but are primarily focused on being very careful with their resources and doing the ‘ right ’ thing because it will save them money .
Unconcerned : Either unaware or unconcerned about the environment and societal issues mainly because they do not have the time or the means – these consumers are largely focused on getting by .
= = The green marketing mix = =
A model green marketing mix contains four " P 's " :
Product : A producer should offer ecological products which not only must not contaminate the environment but should protect it and even liquidate existing environmental damages .
Price : Prices for such products may be a little higher than conventional alternatives . But target groups like for example LOHAS are willing to pay extra for green products .
Place : A distribution logistics is of crucial importance ; main focus is on ecological packaging . Marketing local and seasonal products e.g. vegetables from regional farms is more easy to be marketed “ green ” than products imported .
Promotion : A communication with the market should put stress on environmental aspects , for example that the company possesses a CP certificate or is ISO 14000 certified . This may be publicized to improve a firm ’ s image . Furthermore , the fact that a company spends expenditures on environmental protection should be advertised . Third , sponsoring the natural environment is also very important . And last but not least , ecological products will probably require special sales promotions .
Additional social marketing " P 's " that are used in this process are :
Publics : Effective Social Marketing knows its audience , and can appeal to multiple groups of people . " Public " is the external and internal groups involved in the program . External publics include the target audience , secondary audiences , policymakers , and gatekeepers , while the internal publics are those who are involved in some way with either approval or implementation of the program .
Partnership : Most social change issues , including " green " initiatives , are too complex for one person or group to handle . Associating with other groups and initiatives to team up strengthens the chance of efficacy .
Policy : Social marketing programs can do well in motivating individual behavior change , but that is difficult to sustain unless the environment they 're in supports that change for the long run . Often , policy change is needed , and media advocacy programs can be an effective complement to a social marketing program .
Purse Strings : How much will this strategic effort cost ? Who is funding the effort ?
The level of greening — strategic , quasi @-@ strategic , or tactical — dictates what activities should be undertaken by a company . Strategic greening in one area may or may not be leveraged effectively in others . A firm could make substantial changes in production processes but opt not to leverage them by positioning itself as an environmental leader . So although strategic greening is not necessarily strategically integrated into all marketing activities , it is nevertheless strategic in the product area .
= = Ecolabels = =
An individual 's belief that an environmental claim lacks honesty can have a negative effect on attitude toward a brand . If , on the other side , the consumer grants credibility to the claim , the individual will behave more respectfully toward the environment . The problem in extending that credibility to a brand is that consumers interested in ecological products generally are skeptical of commercial advertisements . This skepticism is due to various factors such as lack of language , the absence of scientific knowledge necessary to interpret advertising meaning , and , in particular , the falsehoods and exaggeration of some advertising techniques . To resolve this problem , independent organizations may choose to guarantee messages on the environmental benefits of brands with environmental labeling systems sponsored by independent organizations . This practice tries to diminish perceived biases in environmental information by promoting standardization of the information with the aim of improving confidence in the evaluation of environmental benefits of products — all of which should positively affect the purchase intention .
= = Life @-@ cycle assessment = =
During the late 1980s , new instruments such as life @-@ cycle assessment ( LCA ) were invented which allowed ecological considerations to be introduced into marketing decisions .
The life cycle assessment model seeks to identify the main types of environmental impact throughout the life cycle of a product . LCA was developed according to ISO 14040 . The main goal of the LCA is to define the energy and environmental profile of the finished products . The reasons to use LCA arose from the need to have a precise process accounting and to highlight potential improvements that could be used in order to increase the environmental , energy and economic efficiency and overall effectiveness of the processes . In addition , the purpose was to quantify the environmental advantages deriving from the use of recycled raw material .
= = = Example for LCA = = =
LCA is used for example in the building sector . Buildings today account for the 40 % of the world ’ s energy use . The resulting carbon emissions are substantially higher than those of the transportation sector . New buildings using more energy than necessary are being built every day , and millions of today 's inefficient buildings will remain standing until at least 2050 . It ’ s therefore necessary to start reducing energy use in new and existing buildings in order to reduce the planet 's energy @-@ related carbon footprint . Growing interest , space , and attention in the architecture sector are directed to environmental issues according to the principles of green building . Mineral , vegetable , or animal materials such as perlite , vermiculite , rock wool , glass wool , cork , plant fibers ( cotton , flax , hemp , coconut ) , wood fiber , cellulose , and sheep 's wool can be used for the production of insulation panels .
= = Green marketing cases = =
= = = Phillips 's " Marathon " CFL lightbulb = = =
Philips Lighting 's first shot at marketing a standalone compact fluorescent light ( CFL ) bulb was Earth Light , at $ 15 each versus 75 cents for incandescent bulbs . The product had difficulty climbing out of its deep green niche . The company re @-@ launched the product as " Marathon , " underscoring its new " super long life " positioning and promise of saving $ 26 in energy costs over its five @-@ year lifetime . Finally , with the U.S. EPA 's Energy Star label to add credibility as well as new sensitivity to rising utility costs and electricity shortages , sales climbed 12 percent in an otherwise flat market .
= = = Car sharing services = = =
Car @-@ sharing services address the longer @-@ term solutions to consumer needs for better fuel savings and fewer traffic tie @-@ ups and parking nightmares , to complement the environmental benefit of more open space and reduction of greenhouse gases . They may be thought of as a " time @-@ sharing " system for cars . Consumers who drive less than 7 @,@ 500 miles a year and do not need a car for work can save thousands of dollars annually by joining one of the many services springing up , including Zipcar ( East Coast ) , I @-@ GO Car ( Chicago ) , and Hour Car ( Twin Cities ) .
= = = Electronics sector = = =
The consumer electronics sector provides room for using green marketing to attract new customers . One example of this is HP 's promise to cut its global energy use 20 percent by the year 2010 . To accomplish this reduction below 2005 levels , The Hewlett @-@ Packard Company announced plans to deliver energy @-@ efficient products and services and institute energy @-@ efficient operating practices in its facilities worldwide .
= = = Products and services = = =
Now companies are offering more eco @-@ friendly alternatives for their customers . Recycled products for example , are one of the most popular alternatives that can benefit the environment . These benefits include sustainable forestry , clean air , energy efficiency , water conservation , and a healthy office . One example , is the E @-@ commerce business and office supply company Shoplet which offers a web tool that allows you to replace similar items in your shopping cart with greener products .
= = = Introduction of CNG in Delhi = = =
New Delhi , capital of India , was being polluted at a very fast pace until Supreme Court of India forced a change to alternative fuels . In 2002 , a directive was issued to completely adopt CNG in all public transport systems to curb pollution .
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= International Development Association =
The International Development Association ( IDA ) is an international financial institution which offers concessional loans and grants to the world 's poorest developing countries . The IDA is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington , D.C. , United States . It was established in 1960 to complement the existing International Bank for Reconstruction and Development by lending to developing countries which suffer from the lowest gross national income , from troubled creditworthiness , or from the lowest per capita income . Together , the International Development Association and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development are collectively generally known as the World Bank , as they follow the same executive leadership and operate with the same staff .
The association shares the World Bank 's mission of reducing poverty and aims to provide affordable development financing to countries whose credit risk is so prohibitive that they cannot afford to borrow commercially or from the Bank 's other programs . The IDA 's stated aim is to assist the poorest nations in growing more quickly , equitably , and sustainably to reduce poverty . The IDA is the single largest provider of funds to economic and human development projects in the world 's poorest nations . From 2000 to 2010 , it financed projects which recruited and trained 3 million teachers , immunized 310 million children , funded $ 792 million in loans to 120 @,@ 000 small and medium enterprises , built or restored 118 @,@ 000 kilometers of paved roads , built or restored 1 @,@ 600 bridges , and expanded access to improved water to 113 million people and improved sanitation facilities to 5 @.@ 8 million people . The IDA has issued a total $ 238 billion USD in loans and grants since its launch in 1960 . Thirty @-@ six of the association 's borrowing countries have graduated from their eligibility for its concessional lending . However , eight of these countries have relapsed and have not re @-@ graduated .
= = History = =
During the 1940s and 1950s , developing countries with the poorest incomes began realizing that they could no longer afford to borrow capital and needed more @-@ favorable lending terms than offered by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) . At the onset of his inaugural term in 1949 , then @-@ President of the United States Harry S. Truman assembled an advisory group to suggest ways to accomplish his Point Four Program , of which a significant component was an effort to strengthen developing countries , especially those nearest to the Eastern Bloc , to dissuade them from aligning with other communist states . The advisory group recommended an international mechanism that would function somewhere in between providing strictly @-@ loaned and strictly @-@ granted funds . The UN and United States government published reports expressing support for the creation of a multilateral , concessional lending program for the poorest developing countries . However , the United States was largely unresponsive and ultimately distracted by its involvement in the Korean War and unconvinced that development needed greater financial stimulation .
Developing countries grew increasingly frustrated with not being able to afford IBRD lending and perceived the Marshall Plan as a comparatively generous gift to European nations . In the late 1940s and early 1950s , developing countries began calling for the United Nations ( UN ) to create a development agency that would offer technical support and concessional financing , with a particular desire that the agency adhere to other UN bodies ' convention of each country having one vote as opposed to a weighted vote . However , the United States ultimately opposed proposals of that nature . As the United States grew more concerned over the growth of the Cold War , it made a concession in 1954 at the behest of its Department of State by backing the conception of the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) . Despite the launch of the IFC in 1956 , developing countries persisted in demanding the creation of a new concessional financing mechanism and the idea gained traction within the IBRD . Then @-@ President of the IBRD Eugene R. Black , Sr. began circulating the notion of an International Development Association , as opposed to an idea of a concessional named the Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development ( SUNFED ) governed by the United Nations . Paul Hoffman , the Marshall Plan 's former Administrator , proposed the idea of a soft @-@ loan facility within the World Bank , where the US would have a preponderant voice in the allocation of such loans.Democratic Senator Mike Monroney of Oklahoma supported this idea . As Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on International Finance , Monroney proposed a resolution recommending a study of the potential establishment of an International Development Association to be affiliated with the IBRD . Monroney 's proposal was more preferred received within the United States than the SUNFED . The resolution passed the senate in 1958 , and then @-@ U.S. Treasury Secretary Robert B. Anderson encouraged other countries to conduct similar studies . In 1959 , the World Bank 's Board of Governors approved a U.S.-born resolution calling for the drafting of the articles of agreement . SUNFED later became the Special Fund and merged with the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance to form the United Nations Development Programme .
By the end of January 1960 , fifteen countries signed the articles of agreement which established the International Development Association . The association launched in September of that same year with an initial budget of $ 913 million ( $ 7 @.@ 1 billion in 2012 dollars ) . Over the next eight months following its launch , the IDA grew to 51 member states and loaned $ 101 million ( $ 784 @.@ 2 million in 2012 dollars ) to four developing countries .
= = Governance and operations = =
The IDA is governed by the World Bank 's Board of Governors which meets annually and consists of one governor per member country ( most often the country 's finance minister or treasury secretary ) . The Board of Governors delegates most of its authority over daily matters such as lending and operations to the Board of Directors . The Board of Directors consists of 25 executive directors and is chaired by the President of the World Bank Group . The executive directors collectively represent all 187 member states of the World Bank , although decisions regarding IDA matters concern only the IDA 's 172 member states . The president oversees the IDA 's overall direction and daily operations . As of July 2012 , Jim Yong Kim serves as the President of the World Bank Group . The association and IBRD operate with a staff of approximately 10 @,@ 000 employees .
The IDA is evaluated by the Bank 's Independent Evaluation Group . In 2009 , the group identified weaknesses in the set of controls used to protect against fraud and corruption in projects supported by IDA lending . In 2011 , the group recommended the Bank provide recognition and incentives to staff and management for implementing activities which implement the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness principles of harmonization and alignment , promote greater use of sector @-@ wide approaches to coordination , and explain the reasons why when a country 's financial management system is not used so that the client country may address those shortcomings . It also recommended that the Bank collaborate with development partners to strengthen country @-@ level leadership of development assistance coordination by offering greater financial and technical support . Development economists , such as William Easterly , have conducted research which ranked the IDA as featuring the most transparency and best practices among donors of development aid .
Researchers from the Center for Global Development expect that the IDA 's collection of eligible borrowing countries will decrease by half by the year 2025 ( marking the 65th anniversary of the association 's establishment ) due to graduations and that remaining borrowers will consist primarily of African countries and will face substantial population declines . These changes will imply a need for the association to carefully examine its financial models and business operations to determine an appropriate strategy going forward . The center recommended that the World Bank leadership begin discussing the long @-@ term future of the IDA .
= = Membership = =
The IDA has 173 member countries which pay contributions every three years as replenishments of its capital . The IDA lends to 81 borrowing countries , nearly half of which are in Africa . Membership in the IDA is available only to countries who are members of the World Bank , particularly the IBRD . Throughout its lifetime , 36 borrowing countries have graduated from the association , although a number of these countries have relapsed as borrowers after not sustaining their graduate status .
To be eligible for support from the IDA , countries are assessed by their poverty and their lack of creditworthiness for commercial and IBRD borrowing . The association assesses countries based on their per capita income , lack of access to private capital markets , and policy performance in implementing pro @-@ growth and anti @-@ poverty economic or social reforms . As of 2012 , to borrow from the IDA 's concessional lending programs , a country 's gross national income ( GNI ) per capita must not exceed $ 1 @,@ 175 ( in 2010 dollars ) .
= = = Countries graduated from IDA lending = = =
The following countries have graduated from their eligibility for IDA lending .
= = = Countries relapsed to IDA lending = = =
The following countries have relapsed to their eligibility for IDA lending and have not yet re @-@ graduated or have instead become partially eligible ( also referred to as a blend country ) .
Cameroon ( 1994 )
Congo ( 1994 )
Cote d 'Ivoire ( 1992 )
Honduras ( 1991 )
Nicaragua ( 1991 )
Nigeria ( 1989 )
Papua New Guinea ( 2003 , partially eligible )
Zimbabwe ( 1992 )
= = Replenishment rounds = =
The IDA is a unique part of the World Bank as it requires continuous replenishment of its resources . Member countries replenish its funds through contributions in addition to supplementary funds provided by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) . Whereas the IBRD acquires most of its funds by raising capital on international financial markets , the IDA heavily depends on contributions from its member states . The IDA received 2 billion in special drawing rights ( $ 3 billion USD ) from the IBRD and IFC . Approximately half of the IDA 's resources come from the 45 donating member countries . In its early years , the IDA received most of its replenishments from the United Kingdom and United States but , because they were not always reliable sources of funding , other developed nations began to step in and fill the economic gaps not met by these two countries . Every three years , member nations that provide funds to the IDA gather together to replenish the IDA 's resources . These funds come primarily from well @-@ developed countries including the United States , Japan , France , Germany , and the United Kingdom with 58 % from the US , 22 % from France , and 8 % from the UK . As of 2014 , there have been 17 IDA replenishment rounds . Fifty one member countries participated in the IDA 's 16th replenishment of $ 49 @.@ 3 billion USD . The IDA 's loans and grants are usually not paid in full to the borrower at the outset , but rather disbursed incrementally as needed by the project . Most of the donor countries such as the United States commit letters of credit to the IDA which bear no interest and are not able to be transferred or revoked , and which are exchanged for cash as needed for project disbursal . Other countries pay their contributions in full on the date of commitment to the IDA so that it may cover its operating expenses . Donors receive no return of funds and repayments from borrowers are again loaned to future projects such that donors won 't need to commit those funds again in the future .
Although the IDA 's funds are now regularly replenished , this does not happen without some financial and political challenges for the donating countries . When donor countries convene to negotiate the replenishments , there is often intense discussion about redefining the association 's goals and objectives or even about reforming the IDA . Due to delays in the United States Congress impeding the approval of IDA funding , the association 's members implemented a set of policy triggers outlining the commitment threshold necessary for replenishment to take effect . The threshold imposed a requirement that an aggregate share of 85 % in voting stock is necessary for executing a replenishment . The threshold was implemented with the aim to compel the United States to participate in replenishment rounds . Though countries intended for the triggers to hold the United States to its commitments , the threshold ultimately provided the United States a de facto veto power over replenishment and capital increase negotiations due to its ability to bring replenishment negotiations to an impasse by threatening to withhold support . The U.S. has used this influence to further its long @-@ term foreign policy objectives and short @-@ term political and economic goals by imposing conditionality on replenishment negotiations .
= = Lending = =
The IDA lends to countries with the aim to finance projects that will develop infrastructure and improve education , healthcare , access to clean water and sanitation facilities , and environmental responsibility . It is considered to be the soft lending window of the World Bank , while the IBRD is considered to be the hard lending window . The association offers grants and loans with maturities ranging from 25 to 40 years , grace periods of 5 to 10 years , and interest rates of 2 @.@ 8 % or 1 @.@ 25 % depending on whether the borrower is a blend country and to which degree it is eligible . Regular IDA @-@ eligible borrowers may take advantage of no @-@ interest loans . Financial resources are allocated to eligible countries based on their success at implementing pro @-@ growth and a poverty @-@ reducing domestic policies . The IDA uses the World Bank 's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ( CPIA ) development indicator to determine each country 's place in a resource allocation index . It then prioritizes its lending to those countries which are indicated to be most promising in terms of favorable policies and aid effectiveness . The IDA adopted the Crisis Response Window in 2007 to enable the rapid provision of emergency financing in response to crises . The association adopted the Immediate Response Mechanism in 2011 to provide IDA borrowers with immediate access to withdraw undisbursed portions of their loans , should a crisis arise that meets the mechanism 's criteria .
= = = Africa = = =
Because African countries face some of the most severe poverty and underdevelopment , and because 39 of those countries are the IDA 's poorest member states , the association allocates approximately half of the IDA 's resources toward financing projects in those countries . As a result of its efforts to improve the region , the IDA has helped bring electricity to an additional 66 million Africans since 1997 , helped build or restore 240 @,@ 000 kilometers of paved roads , and helped enroll an additional 15 million African children in school since 2002 . The IDA was approved in May 2012 to provide $ 50 million USD worth of credit to the Women Entrepreneur Development Project as part of an effort to help women in Ethiopia participate in business as skilled employees or leaders . Although the positive outcomes of the IDA 's efforts in Africa had been historically slow , the large allocation of funding to African countries led to positive outcomes particularly within agriculture and infrastructure development efforts .
= = = Asia = = =
The IDA 's efforts in Asia have been particularly successful . Numerous Asian countries have graduated from the IDA lending program , including the Philippines , China , South Korea , and Thailand . Of the association 's borrowing countries , approximately 20 are in Asia . The association 's efforts in South Asia have focused primarily on projects for education , healthcare , transportation , agriculture , and energy . Due to rapid growth in Asian countries ' populations , some pockets of poverty have emerged . To mitigate this effect , the IDA adopted an economic plan of action which established organizations to improve education and healthcare , with a focus on reducing poverty across Asian nations in ways that are compatible with local culture .
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= Great Western Railway =
The Great Western Railway ( GWR ) was a British railway company that linked London with The Midlands , the south @-@ west and west of England and most of Wales . It was founded in 1833 , received its enabling Act of Parliament in 1835 and ran its first trains in 1838 . It was engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel , who chose a broad gauge of 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) but , from 1854 , a series of amalgamations saw it also operate 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard @-@ gauge trains ; the last broad @-@ gauge services were operated in 1892 . The GWR was the only company to keep its identity through the Railways Act 1921 , which amalgamated it with the remaining independent railways within its territory , and it was finally merged at the end of 1947 when it was nationalised and became the Western Region of British Railways .
The GWR was called by some " God 's Wonderful Railway " and by others the " Great Way Round " but it was famed as the " Holiday Line " , taking many people to English and Bristol Channel resorts in the West Country as well as the far south @-@ west of England such as Torquay in Devon and Minehead in Somerset and Newquay and St Ives in Cornwall . The company 's locomotives , many of which were built in the company 's workshops at Swindon , were painted a Brunswick green colour while , for most of its existence , it used a two @-@ tone " chocolate and cream " livery for its passenger coaches . Goods wagons were painted red but this was later changed to mid @-@ grey .
Great Western trains included long @-@ distance express services such as the Flying Dutchman , the Cornish Riviera Express and the Cheltenham Spa Express . It also operated many suburban and rural services , some operated by steam railmotors or autotrains . The company pioneered the use of larger , more economic goods wagons than were usual in Britain . It operated a network of road motor ( bus ) routes , was a part of the Railway Air Services , and owned ships , docks and hotels .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The Great Western Railway originated from the desire of Bristol merchants to maintain their city as the second port of the country and the chief one for American trade . The increase in the size of ships and the gradual silting of the River Avon had made Liverpool an increasingly attractive port and , with a rail connection to London under construction in the 1830s , it threatened Bristol 's status . The answer for Bristol was , with the co @-@ operation of London interests , to build a line of their own ; a railway built to unprecedented standards of excellence to out @-@ perform the lines being constructed to the northwest .
The company was founded at a public meeting in Bristol in 1833 and was incorporated by Act of Parliament in 1835 . Isambard Kingdom Brunel , then aged twenty @-@ nine , was appointed engineer . This was by far his largest contract to date and he made two controversial decisions . Firstly , he chose to use a broad gauge of 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) to allow for the possibility of large wheels outside the bodies of the rolling stock which could give smoother running at high speeds ; secondly he selected a route , north of the Marlborough Downs , which had no significant towns but which offered potential connections to Oxford and Gloucester . He surveyed the entire length of the route between London and Bristol himself , with the help of many , including his solicitor Jeremiah Osborne of Bristol law firm Osborne Clarke who on one occasion rowed Brunel down the River Avon himself to survey the bank of the river for the route .
George Thomas Clark played an important role as an engineer on the project , reputedly taking the management of two divisions of the route including bridges over the River Thames at Lower Basildon and Moulsford and of Paddington Station . Involvement in major earth @-@ moving works seems to have fed Clark 's interest in geology and archaeology and he , anonymously , authored two guidebooks on the railway : one illustrated with lithographs by John Cooke Bourne ; the other , a critique of Brunel 's methods and the broad gauge .
The first 22 @.@ 5 miles ( 36 km ) of line , from Paddington station in London to Maidenhead Bridge station , opened on 4 June 1838 . When Maidenhead Railway Bridge was ready the line was extended to Twyford on 1 July 1839 and then through the deep Sonning Cutting to Reading on 30 March 1840 . The cutting was the scene of a railway disaster two years later when a goods train ran into a landslip ; ten passengers who were travelling in open trucks were killed . This accident prompted Parliament to pass the 1844 Railway Regulation Act requiring railway companies to provide better carriages for passengers . The next section , from Reading to Steventon crossed the Thames twice and opened for traffic on 1 June 1840 . A 7 @.@ 25 @-@ mile ( 12 km ) extension took the line to Faringdon Road on 20 July 1840 . Meanwhile , work had started at the Bristol end of the line , where the 11 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 19 km ) section to Bath opened on 31 August 1840 .
On 17 December 1840 , the line from London reached a temporary terminus at Wootton Bassett Road west of Swindon and 80 @.@ 25 miles ( 129 km ) from Paddington . The section from Wootton Bassett Road to Chippenham was opened on 31 May 1841 , as was Swindon Junction station where the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway ( C & GWUR ) to Cirencester connected . That was an independent line worked by the GWR , as was the Bristol and Exeter Railway ( B & ER ) , the first section of which from Bristol to Bridgwater was opened on 14 June 1841 . The GWR main line remained incomplete during the construction of the 1 @.@ 83 miles ( 2 @.@ 95 km ) Box Tunnel , which was ready for trains on 30 June 1841 , after which trains ran the 152 miles ( 245 km ) from Paddington through to Bridgwater . In 1851 , the GWR purchased the Kennet and Avon Canal , which was a competing carrier between London , Reading , Bath and Bristol .
The GWR was closely involved with the C & GWUR and the B & ER and with several other broad @-@ gauge railways . The South Devon Railway was completed in 1849 , extending the broad gauge to Plymouth , whence the Cornwall Railway took it over the Royal Albert Bridge and into Cornwall in 1859 and , in 1867 , it reached Penzance over the West Cornwall Railway which originally had been laid with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge or " narrow gauge " as it was known at the time . The South Wales Railway had opened between Chepstow and Swansea in 1850 and became connected to the GWR by Brunel 's Chepstow Bridge in 1852 . It was completed to Neyland in 1856 , where a transatlantic port was established .
There was initially no direct line from London to Wales as the tidal River Severn was too wide to cross . Trains instead had to follow a lengthy route via Gloucester , where the river was narrow enough to be crossed by a bridge . Work on the Severn Tunnel had begun in 1873 , but unexpected underwater springs delayed the work and prevented its opening until 1886 .
= = = Brunel 's 7 @-@ foot gauge and the " gauge war " = = =
Brunel had devised a 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) track gauge for his railways in 1835 . He later added 1 ⁄ 4 inch ( 6 @.@ 4 mm ) , probably to reduce friction of the wheel sets in curves . This became the 7 ft 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 2 @,@ 140 mm ) broad gauge . Either gauge may be referred to as " Brunel 's " gauge .
In 1844 , the broad @-@ gauge Bristol and Gloucester Railway had opened , but Gloucester was already served by the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge lines of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway . This resulted in a break of gauge that forced all passengers and goods to change trains if travelling between the south @-@ west and the North . This was the beginning of the " gauge war " and led to the appointment by Parliament of a Gauge Commission , which reported in 1846 in favour of standard gauge so the 7 @-@ foot gauge was prescribed by law ( Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act ) but only for the south @-@ west of England and Wales where connected to the GWR network . Other railways in Britain were to use standard gauge . In 1846 the Bristol and Gloucester was bought by the Midland Railway and it was converted to standard gauge in 1854 , which brought mixed @-@ gauge track to Temple Meads station – this had three rails to allow trains to run on either broad or standard gauge .
The GWR extended into the West Midlands in competition with the Midland and the London and North Western Railway . Birmingham was reached through Oxford in 1852 and Wolverhampton in 1854 . This was the furthest north that the broad gauge reached . In the same year the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway both amalgamated with the GWR , but these lines were standard gauge , and the GWR 's own line north of Oxford had been built with mixed gauge . This mixed gauge was extended southwards from Oxford to Basingstoke at the end of 1856 and so allowed through goods traffic from the north of England to the south coast ( via the London and South Western Railway – LSWR ) without transshipment .
The line to Basingstoke had originally been built by the Berks and Hants Railway as a broad @-@ gauge route in an attempt to keep the standard gauge of the LSWR out of Great Western territory but , in 1857 , the GWR and LSWR opened a shared line to Weymouth on the south coast , the GWR route being via Chippenham and a route initially started by the Wilts , Somerset and Weymouth Railway . Further west , the LSWR took over the broad @-@ gauge Exeter and Crediton Railway and North Devon Railway , also the standard @-@ gauge Bodmin and Wadebridge Railway . It was several years before these remote lines were connected with the parent LSWR system and any through traffic to them was handled by the GWR and its associated companies .
By now the gauge war was lost and mixed gauge was brought to Paddington in 1861 , allowing through passenger trains from London to Chester . The broad @-@ gauge South Wales Railway amalgamated with the GWR in 1862 , as did the West Midland Railway , which brought with it the Oxford , Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway , a line that had been conceived as another broad @-@ gauge route to the Midlands but which had been built as standard gauge after several battles , both political and physical . On 1 April 1869 , the broad gauge was taken out of use between Oxford and Wolverhampton and from Reading to Basingstoke . In August , the line from Grange Court to Hereford was converted from broad to standard and the whole of the line from Swindon through Gloucester to South Wales was similarly treated in May 1872 . In 1874 , the mixed gauge was extended along the main line to Chippenham and the line from there to Weymouth was narrowed . The following year saw mixed gauge laid through the Box Tunnel , with the broad gauge now retained only for through services beyond Bristol and on a few branch lines .
The Bristol and Exeter Railway amalgamated with the GWR on 1 January 1876 . It had already made a start on mixing the gauge on its line , a task completed through to Exeter on 1 March 1876 by the GWR . The station here had been shared with the LSWR since 1862 . This rival company had continued to push westwards over its Exeter and Crediton line and arrived in Plymouth later in 1876 , which spurred the South Devon Railway to also amalgamate with the Great Western . The Cornwall Railway remained a nominally independent line until 1889 , although the GWR held a large number of shares in the company . One final new broad @-@ gauge route was opened on 1 June 1877 , the St Ives branch in west Cornwall , although there was also a small extension at Sutton Harbour in Plymouth in 1879 . Part of a mixed gauge point remains at Sutton Harbour , one of the few examples of broad gauge trackwork remaining in situ anywhere .
Once the GWR was in control of the whole line from London to Penzance , it set about converting the remaining broad @-@ gauge tracks . The last broad @-@ gauge service left Paddington station on Friday , 20 May 1892 ; the following Monday , trains from Penzance were operated by standard @-@ gauge locomotives .
= = = Into the twentieth century = = =
After 1892 , with the burden of operating trains on two gauges removed , the company turned its attention to constructing new lines and upgrading old ones to shorten the company 's previously circuitous routes . The principal new lines opened were :
1900 : Stert and Westbury linking the Berks and Hants line with Westbury to create a shorter route to Weymouth for the Channel Islands traffic .
1903 : the South Wales and Bristol Direct Railway from Wootton Bassett to link up with the Severn Tunnel .
1904 : a diversion of the Cornish Main Line between Saltash and St Germans , eliminating the last wooden viaducts on the main line .
1906 : the Langport and Castle Cary Railway to shorten the journey from London to Penzance between Reading and Taunton .
1909 : the Birmingham and North Warwickshire which , combined with the Cheltenham and Honeybourne of 1906 , offered a new route from Birmingham via Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon to south Wales .
1910 : the Birmingham Direct Line built jointly with the Great Central Railway to give a shorter route from London to Aynho and the North .
1913 : the Swansea District Lines which allowed trains to Fishguard Harbour to avoid Swansea . Fishguard had been opened in an attempt to attract transatlantic liner traffic and provided a better facility for the Anglo @-@ Irish ferries than that at Neyland .
The generally conservative GWR made other improvements in the years before the World War I such as restaurant cars , better conditions for third class passengers , steam heating of trains , and faster express services . These were largely at the initiative of T. I. Allen , the Superintendent of the Line and one of a group of talented senior managers who led the railway into the Edwardian era : Viscount Emlyn ( Earl Cawdor , Chairman from 1895 to 1905 ) ; Sir Joseph Wilkinson ( general manager from 1896 to 1903 ) , his successor , the former chief engineer Sir James Inglis ; and George Jackson Churchward ( the Chief Mechanical Engineer ) . It was during this period that the GWR introduced road motor services as an alternative to building new lines in rural areas , and started using steam rail motors to bring cheaper operation to existing branch lines .
= = = One of the " Big Four " = = =
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , the GWR was taken into government control , as were most major railways in Britain . Many of its staff joined the armed forces and it was more difficult to build and maintain equipment than in peacetime . After the war , the government considered permanent nationalisation but decided instead on a compulsory amalgamation of the railways into four large groups . The GWR alone preserved its name through the " grouping " , under which smaller companies were amalgamated into four main companies in 1922 and 1923 .
The new Great Western Railway had more routes in Wales , including 295 miles ( 475 km ) of former Cambrian Railways lines and 124 miles ( 200 km ) from the Taff Vale Railway . A few independent lines in its English area of operations were also added , notably the Midland and South Western Junction Railway , a line previously working closely with the Midland Railway but which now gave the GWR a second station at Swindon , along with a line that carried through @-@ traffic from the North via Cheltenham and Andover to Southampton .
The 1930s brought hard times but the company remained in fair financial health despite the Depression . The Development ( Loans , Guarantees and Grants ) Act 1929 allowed the GWR to obtain money in return for stimulating employment and this was used to improve stations including London Paddington , Bristol Temple Meads and Cardiff General ; to improve facilities at depots and to lay additional tracks to reduce congestion . The road motor services were transferred to local bus companies in which the GWR took a share but instead , it participated in air services .
A legacy of the broad gauge was that trains for some routes could be built slightly wider than was normal in Britain and these included the 1929 @-@ built " Super Saloons " used on the boat train services that conveyed transatlantic passengers to London in luxury . When the company celebrated its centenary during 1935 , new " Centenary " carriages were built for the Cornish Riviera Express , which again made full use of the wider loading gauge on that route .
= = = World War II and after = = =
With the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , the GWR returned to direct government control , and by the end of the war a Labour government was in power and again planning to nationalise the railways . After a couple of years trying to recover from the ravages of war , the GWR became the Western Region of British Railways on 1 January 1948 . The Great Western Railway Company continued to exist as a legal entity for nearly two more years , being formally wound up on 23 December 1949 . GWR designs of locomotives and rolling stock continued to be built for a while and the region maintained its own distinctive character , even painting for a while its stations and express trains in a form of chocolate and cream .
About 40 years after nationalisation the British railways were privatised and the old name was revived by Great Western Trains , the train operating company providing passenger services on the old GWR routes to South Wales and the South West , which subsequently became First Great Western as part of the FirstGroup but in September 2015 changed its name to Great Western Railway in order to ' to reinstate the ideals of our founder ' . The operating infrastructure , however , was transferred to Railtrack and has since passed to Network Rail . These companies have continued to preserve appropriate parts of its stations and bridges so historic GWR structures can still be recognised around the network .
= = Geography = =
The original Great Western Main Line linked London Paddington station with Temple Meads station in Bristol by way of Reading , Didcot , Swindon , Chippenham and Bath . This line was extended westwards through Exeter and Plymouth to reach Truro and Penzance , the most westerly railway station in England . Brunel and Gooch placed the GWR 's main locomotive workshops close to the village of Swindon and the locomotives of many trains were changed here in the early years . Up to this point the route had climbed very gradually westwards from London , but from here it changed into one with steeper gradients which , with the primitive locomotives available to Brunel , was better operated by types with smaller wheels better able to climb the hills . These gradients faced both directions , first dropping down through Wootton Bassett to cross the River Avon , then climbing back up through Chippenham to the Box Tunnel before descending once more to regain the River Avon 's valley which it followed to Bath and Bristol .
Swindon was also the junction for a line that ran north @-@ westwards to Gloucester then south @-@ westwards on the far side of the River Severn to reach Cardiff , Swansea and west Wales . This route was later shortened by the opening of a more direct east @-@ west route through the Severn Tunnel . Another route ran northwards from Didcot to Oxford from where two different routes continued to Wolverhampton , one through Birmingham and the other through Worcester . Beyond Wolverhampton the line continued via Shrewsbury to Chester and Birkenhead ; another route via Market Drayton enabled the GWR to reach Crewe . Operating agreements with other companies also allowed GWR trains to run to Manchester . South of the London to Bristol main line were routes from Didcot to Southampton via Newbury , and from Chippenham to Weymouth via Westbury .
A network of cross @-@ country routes linked these main lines , and there were also many and varied branch lines . Some were short , such as the 3 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) Clevedon branch line ; others were much longer such as the 23 @-@ mile ( 37 km ) Minehead Branch . A few were promoted and built by the GWR to counter competition from other companies , such as the Reading to Basingstoke Line to keep the London and South Western Railway away from Newbury . However , many were built by local companies that then sold their railway to their larger neighbour ; examples include the Launceston and Brixham branches . Further variety came from the traffic carried : holidaymakers ( St Ives ) ; . royalty ( Windsor ) ; or just goods traffic ( Carbis Wharf ) .
Brunel envisaged the GWR continuing across the Atlantic Ocean and built the SS Great Western to carry the railway 's passengers from Bristol to New York . Most traffic for North America soon switched to the larger port of Liverpool ( in LNWR territory ) but some transatlantic passengers were landed at Plymouth and conveyed to London by special train . Great Western ships linked Great Britain with Ireland , the Channel Islands and France .
= = = Key locations = = =
The railway 's headquarters were established at Paddington station . Its locomotives and rolling stock were built and maintained at Swindon Works but other workshops were acquired as it amalgamated with other railways , including the Shrewbury companies ' Stafford Road works at Wolverhampton , and the South Devon 's workshops at Newton Abbot . Reading Signal Works was established in buildings to the north of Reading railway station , and in later years a concrete manufacturing depot was established at Taunton where items ranging from track components to bridges were cast .
= = = Engineering features = = =
More than 150 years after its creation , the original main line has been described by an historian as one of the masterpieces of railway design . Working westwards from Paddington , the line crosses the valley of the River Brent on Wharncliffe Viaduct and the River Thames on Maidenhead Railway Bridge , which at the time of construction was the largest span achieved by a brick arch bridge . The line then continues through Sonning Cutting before reaching Reading after which it crosses the Thames twice more , on Gatehampton and Moulsford bridges . Between Chippenham and Bath is Box Tunnel , the longest railway tunnel driven by that time . Several years later , the railway opened the even longer Severn Tunnel to carry a new line between England and Wales beneath the River Severn .
Some other notable structures were added when smaller companies were amalgamated into the GWR . These include the South Devon Railway sea wall , the Cornwall Railway 's Royal Albert Bridge , and Barmouth Bridge on the Cambrian Railways .
= = Operations = =
In the early years the GWR was managed by two committees , one in Bristol and one in London . They soon combined as a single board of directors which met in offices at Paddington .
The Board was led by a chairman and supported by a Secretary and other " officers " . The first Locomotive Superintendent was Daniel Gooch , although from 1915 the title was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer . The first Goods Manager was appointed in 1850 and from 1857 this position was filled by James Grierson until 1863 when he became the first general manager . In 1864 the post of Superintendent of the Line was created to oversee the running of the trains .
= = = Passenger services = = =
Early trains offered passengers a choice of first- or second @-@ class carriages . In 1840 this choice was extended : passengers could be conveyed by the slow goods trains in what became third @-@ class . The 1844 Railway Regulation Act made it a legal requirement that the GWR , along with all other British railways , had to serve each station with trains which included third @-@ class accommodation at a fare of not more than one penny per mile and a speed of at least 12 mph ( 19 km / h ) . By 1882 , third @-@ class carriages were attached to all trains except for the fastest expresses . Another parliamentary order meant that trains began to include smoking carriages from 1868 .
Special " excursion " cheap @-@ day tickets were first issued in May 1849 and season tickets in 1851 . Until 1869 most revenue came from second @-@ class passengers but the volume of third @-@ class passengers grew to the extent that second @-@ class facilities were withdrawn in 1912 . The Cheap Trains Act 1883 resulted in the provision of workmen 's trains at special low fares at certain times of the day .
The principal express services were often given nicknames by railwaymen but these names later appeared officially in timetables , on headboards carried on the locomotive , and on roofboards above the windows of the carriages . For instance , the late @-@ morning Flying Dutchman express between London and Exeter was named after the winning horse of the Derby and St Ledger races in 1849 . Although withdrawn at the end of 1867 , the name was revived in 1869 – following a request from the Bristol and Exeter Railway – and the train ran through to Plymouth . An afternoon express was instigated on the same route in June 1879 and became known as The Zulu . A third West Country express was introduced in 1890 , running to and from Penzance as The Cornishman . A new service , the Cornish Riviera Express ran between London and Penzance – non @-@ stop to Plymouth – from 1 July 1904 , although it ran only in the summer during 1904 and 1905 before becoming a permanent feature of the timetable in 1906 .
The Cheltenham Spa Express was the fastest train in the world when it was scheduled to cover the 77 @.@ 25 miles ( 124 @.@ 3 km ) miles between Swindon and London at an average of 71 @.@ 3 miles per hour ( 114 @.@ 7 km / h ) . The train was nicknamed the ' Cheltenham Flyer ' and featured in one of the GWR 's ' Books for boys of all ages ' . Other named trains included The Bristolian , running between London and Bristol from 1935 , and the Torbay Express , which ran between London and Kingswear .
Many of these fast expresses included special coaches that could be detached as they passed through stations without stopping , a guard riding in the coach to uncouple it from the main train and bring it to a stop at the correct position . The first such " slip coach " was detached from the Flying Dutchman at Bridgwater in 1869 . The company 's first sleeping cars were operated between Paddington and Plymouth in 1877 . Then on 1 October 1892 its first corridor train ran from Paddington to Birkenhead , and the following year saw the first trains heated by steam that was passed through the train in a pipe from the locomotive . May 1896 saw the introduction of first @-@ class restaurant cars and the service was extended to all classes in 1903 . Sleeping cars for third @-@ class passengers were available from 1928 .
Self @-@ propelled " steam railmotors " were first used on 12 October 1903 between Stonehouse and Chalford ; within five years 100 had been constructed . These trains had special retractable steps that could be used at stations with lower platforms than was usual in England . The railmotors proved so successful on many routes that they had to be supplemented by trailer cars with driving controls , the first of which entered service at the end of 1904 . From the following year a number of small locomotives were fitted so that they could work with these trailers , the combined sets becoming known as " autotrains " and eventually replacing the steam rail motors . Diesel railcars were introduced in 1934 . Some railcars were fully streamlined , some had buffet counters for long @-@ distance services , and others were purely for parcels services .
= = = Freight services = = =
Passenger traffic was the main source of revenue for the GWR when it first opened but goods were also carried in separate trains . It was not until the coal @-@ mining and industrial districts of Wales and the Midlands were reached that goods traffic became significant ; in 1856 the Ruabon Coal Company signed an agreement with the GWR to transport coal to London at special rates which nonetheless was worth at least £ 40 @,@ 000 each year to the railway . As locomotives increased in size so did the length of goods trains , from 40 to as many as 100 four @-@ wheeled wagons , although the gradient of the line often limited this . While typical goods wagons could carry 8 , 10 or ( later ) 12 tons , the load placed into a wagon could be as little as 1 ton . The many smaller consignments were sent to a local transhipment centre where they were re @-@ sorted into larger loads for the main segment of their journey . There were more than 550 " station truck " workings running on timetabled goods trains carrying small consignments to and from specified stations , and 200 " pick up " trucks that collected small loads from groups of stations .
The GWR provided special wagons , handling equipment and storage facilities for its largest traffic flows . For example , the coal mines in Wales sent much of their coal to the docks along the coast , many of which were owned and equipped by the railway , as were some in Cornwall that exported most of the china clay production of that county . The wagons provided for both these traffic flows ( both those owned by the GWR and the mining companies ) were fitted with end doors that allowed their loads to be tipped straight into the ships ' holds using wagon @-@ tipping equipment on the dockside . Special wagons were produced for many other different commodities such as gunpowder , aeroplanes , milk , fruit and fish .
Heavy traffic was carried from the agricultural and fishing areas in the south west of England , often in fast " perishables " trains , for instance more than 3 @,@ 500 cattle were sent from Grampound Road in the 12 months to June 1869 , and in 1876 nearly than 17 @,@ 000 tons of fish was carried from west Cornwall to London . The perishables trains running in the nineteenth century used wagons built to the same standards as passenger coaches , with vacuum brakes and large wheels to allow fast running . Ordinary goods trains on the GWR , as on all other British railways at the time , had wheels close together ( around 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) apart ) , smaller wheels and only hand brakes . In 1905 the GWR ran its first vacuum @-@ braked general goods train between London and Bristol using newly built goods wagons with small wheels but vacuum brakes . This was followed by other services to create a network of fast trains between the major centres of production and population that were scheduled to run at speeds averaging 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) . Other railway companies also followed the GWR 's lead by providing their own vacuum @-@ braked ( or " fitted " ) services .
= = = Ancillary operations = = =
A number of canals , such as the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon Canal , became the property of the railway when they were purchased to remove competition or objectors to proposed new lines . Most of these continued to be operated although they were only a small part of the railway company 's business : in 1929 the canals took £ 16 @,@ 278 of receipts while freight trains earned over £ 17 million . ( £ 892 @,@ 000 and £ 932 million respectively in 2015 ) .
The Railways Act 1921 brought most of the large coal @-@ exporting docks in South Wales into the GWR 's ownership , such as those at Cardiff , Barry , and Swansea . They were added to a small number of docks along the south coast of England which the company already owned , to make it the largest docks operator in the world .
Powers were granted by Parliament for the GWR to operate ships in 1871 . The following year the company took over the ships operated by Ford and Jackson on the route between Neyland in Wales and Waterford in Ireland . The Welsh terminal was relocated to Fishguard Harbour when the railway was opened to there in 1906 . Services were also operated between Weymouth Quay and the Channel Islands from 1889 on the former Weymouth and Channel Islands Steam Packet Company routes . Smaller GWR vessels were also used as tenders at Plymouth Great Western Docks and , until the Severn Tunnel opened , on the River Severn crossing of the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway .
The first railway @-@ operated bus services were started by the GWR between Helston railway station and The Lizard on 17 August 1903 . Known by the company as " road motors " , these chocolate @-@ and @-@ cream buses operated throughout the company 's territory on railway feeder services and excursions until the 1930s when they were transferred to local bus companies ( in most of which the GWR held a share ) .
The GWR inaugurated the first railway air service between Cardiff , Torquay and Plymouth in association with Imperial Airways . This grew to become part of the Railway Air Services .
= = Motive power and rolling stock = =
= = = Locomotives = = =
The GWR 's first locomotives were specified by Isambard Kingdom Brunel but proved unsatisfactory . Daniel Gooch , who was just 20 years old , was soon appointed as the railway 's Locomotive Superintendent and set about establishing a reliable fleet . He bought two locomotives from Robert Stephenson and Company which proved more successful than Brunel 's , and then designed a series of standardised locomotives . From 1846 these could be built at the company 's newly established railway workshops at Swindon . He designed several different 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) broad @-@ gauge types for the growing railway , such as the Firefly 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2s and later Iron Duke Class 4 @-@ 2 @-@ 2s . In 1864 Gooch was succeeded by Joseph Armstrong who brought his standard @-@ gauge experience to the railway . Some of Armstrong 's designs were built as either broad or standard gauge just by fitting different wheels ; those needing tenders were given old ones from withdrawn broad @-@ gauge locomotives .
Joseph Armstrong 's early death in 1877 meant that the next phase of motive power design was the responsibility of William Dean who developed express 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 types rather than the single @-@ driver 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2s and 4 @-@ 2 @-@ 2s that had hauled fast trains up to that time . Dean retired in 1902 to be replaced by George Jackson Churchward , who introduced the familiar 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 locomotives . It was during Churchward 's tenure that the term " Locomotive Superintendent " was changed to " Chief Mechanical Engineer " ( CME ) . Charles Collett succeeded Churchward in 1921 . He was soon responsible for the much larger fleet that the GWR operated following the Railways Act 1921 mergers . He set about replacing the older and less numerous classes , and rebuilding the remainder using as many standardised GWR components as possible . He also produced many new designs using standard parts , such as the Castle and King classes . The final CME was Frederick Hawksworth who took control in 1941 , seeing the railway through wartime shortages and producing GWR @-@ design locomotives until after nationalisation .
Brunel and Gooch both gave their locomotives names to identify them , but the standard @-@ gauge companies that became a part of the GWR used numbers . Until 1864 the GWR therefore had named broad @-@ gauge locomotives and numbered standard @-@ gauge ones . From the time of Armstrong 's arrival all new locomotives – both broad and standard – were given numbers , including broad @-@ gauge ones that had previously carried names when they were acquired from other railways . Dean introduced a policy in 1895 of giving passenger tender locomotives both numbers and names . Each batch was given names with a distinctive theme , for example kings for the 6000 class and castles for the 4073 class .
The GWR first painted its locomotives a dark holly green but this was changed to middle chrome or Brunswick green for most of its existence . They initially had chocolate brown or Indian red frames but this was changed in the twentieth century to black . Name and number plates were generally of polished brass with a black background , and chimneys often had copper rims or " caps " .
Liveries through the years :
= = = Carriages = = =
GWR passenger coaches were many and varied , ranging from four- and six @-@ wheeled vehicles on the original broad @-@ gauge line of 1838 , through to bogie coaches up to 70 feet ( 21 m ) long which were in service through to 1947 and beyond . Vacuum brakes , bogies and through @-@ corridors all came into use during the nineteenth century , and in 1900 the first electrically lit coaches were put into service . The 1920s saw some vehicles fitted with automatic couplings and steel bodies .
Early vehicles were built by a number of independent companies , but in 1844 the railway started to build carriages at Swindon railway works , which eventually provided most of the railway 's rolling stock . Special vehicles included sleeping cars , restaurant cars and slip coaches . Passengers were also carried in railmotors , autotrains , and diesel railcars . Passenger @-@ rated vans carried parcels , horses , and milk at express speeds . Representative examples of these carriages survive in service today on various Heritage railways up and down the country .
Most coaches were generally painted in variations of a chocolate @-@ brown and cream livery , however they were plain brown or red until 1864 and from 1908 to 1922 . Parcels vans and similar vehicles were seldom painted in the two @-@ colour livery , being plain brown or red instead , which caused them to be known as " brown vehicles " .
= = = Wagons = = =
In the early years of the GWR its wagons were painted brown , but this changed to red before the end of the broad gauge . The familiar dark grey livery was introduced about 1904 .
Most early wagons were four @-@ wheeled open vehicles , although a few six @-@ wheeled vehicles were provided for special loads . Covered vans followed , initially for carrying cattle but later for both general and vulnerable goods too . The first bogie wagons appeared in 1873 for heavy loads , but bogie coal wagons were built in 1904 following on from the large four @-@ wheel coal wagons that had first appeared in 1898 . Rated at 20 tons ( 20 @.@ 3 tonnes ) these were twice the size of typical wagons of the period , but it was not until 1923 that the company invested heavily in coal wagons of this size and the infrastructure necessary for their unloading at their docks ; these were known as " Felix Pole " wagons after the GWR 's general manager who promoted their use . Container wagons appeared in 1931 and special vans for motor cars in 1933 .
When the GWR was opened no trains in the United Kingdom were fitted with vacuum brakes , instead handbrakes were fitted to individual wagons and trains also conveyed brake vans where a guard had control of a screw @-@ operated brake . The first goods wagons to be fitted with vacuum brakes were those that ran in passenger trains carrying perishable goods such as fish . Some ballast hoppers were given vacuum brakes in December 1903 , and general goods wagons were constructed with them from 1904 onwards , although unfitted wagons ( those without vacuum brakes ) still formed the majority of the fleet in 1948 when the railway was nationalised to become a part of British Railways .
All wagons for public traffic had a code name that was used in telegraphic messages . As this was usually painted onto the wagon it is common to see them referred to by these names , such as " Mink " ( a van ) , " Mica " ( refrigerated van ) , " Crocodile " ( boiler truck ) , and " Toad " ( brake van ) .
= = Track = =
For the permanent way Brunel decided to use a light bridge rail continuously supported on thick timber baulks , known as " baulk road " . Thinner timber transoms were used to keep the baulks the correct distance apart . This produced a smoother track and the whole assembly proved cheaper than using conventional sleepers for broad @-@ gauge track , although this advantage was lost with standard- or mixed @-@ gauge lines because of the higher ratio of timber to length of line . More conventional track forms were later used , although baulk road could still be seen in sidings in the first half of the twentieth century .
= = Signalling = =
Brunel developed a system of " disc and crossbar " signals to control train movements , but the people operating them could only assume that each train reached the next signal without stopping unexpectedly . The world 's first commercial telegraph line was installed along the 13 miles ( 21 km ) from Paddington to West Drayton and came into operation on 9 April 1839 . This later spread throughout the system and allowed stations to use telegraphic messages to tell the people operating the signals when each train arrived safely . A long list of code words were developed to help make messages both quick to send and clear in meaning .
More conventional semaphore signals replaced the discs and crossbars over time . The GWR persisted with the lower quadrant form , where a " proceed " aspect is indicated by lowering the signal arm , despite other British railways changing to an upper quadrant form . Electric light signals of the " searchlight " pattern were later introduced at busy stations ; these could show the same red / green or yellow / green aspects that semaphore signals showed at night . An " automatic train control " system was introduced from 1906 which was a safety system that applied a train 's brakes if it passed a danger signal .
= = Cultural impact = =
The GWR is known admiringly to some as " God 's Wonderful Railway " , but jocularly to others as the " Great Way Round " as some of its earliest routes were not the most direct . The railway , however , promoted itself from 1908 as " The Holiday Line " as it carried huge numbers of people to resorts in Wales and south @-@ west England .
= = = Tourism = = =
Cheap tickets were offered and excursion trains operated to popular destinations and special events such as the 1851 Great Exhibition . Later , GWR road motors operated tours to popular destinations not served directly by train , and its ships offered cruises from places such as Plymouth . Redundant carriages were converted to camp coaches and placed at country or seaside stations such as Blue Anchor and Marazion and hired to holidaymakers who arrived by train .
The GWR had operated hotels at major stations and junctions since the early days , but in 1877 it opened its first " country house hotel " , the Tregenna Castle in St Ives , Cornwall . It later added the Fishguard Bay Hotel in Wales and the Manor House at Moretonhampstead , Devon , to which it added a golf course in 1930 .
It promoted itself from 1908 as " The Holiday Line through a series of posters , postcards , jigsaw puzzles , and books . These included Holiday Haunts , describing the attraction of the different parts of the GWR system , and regional titles such as S. P. B. Mais 's Cornish Riviera and A. M. Bradley 's South Wales : The Country of Castles . Guidebooks described the scenery seen Through the Window of their trains . Other GWR books were designed to encourage an interest in the GWR itself . Published as " Books for Boys of All Ages " , these included The 10 : 30 Limited and Loco 's of the Royal Road .
The Great Western Railway effectively created the modern day tourist spots of the West Country and the southwest part of Wales that had been previously been very difficult to reach . The Bristol Channel resorts of Wales and the West Country such as Minehead or the cliffs of Exmoor had been very remote from other parts of England before the advent of the GWR .
= = = Art and media = = =
The GWR attracted the attention of the artists from an early date . John Cooke Bourne 's History and Description of the Great Western Railway was published in 1846 and contained a series of detailed lithographs of the railway that give readers a glimpse of what the line looked like in the days before photography . J. M. W. Turner painted his Rain , Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway in 1844 after looking out of the window of his train on Maidenhead Railway Bridge , and in 1862 William Powell Frith painted The Railway Station , a large crowd scene on the platform at Paddington . The station itself was initially painted for Powell by W Scott Morton , an architect , and a train was specially provided by the GWR for the painting , in front of which a variety of travellers and railway staff form an animated focal point .
The GWR has featured in many television programmes , such as the BBC children 's drama series God 's Wonderful Railway in 1980 . It was also immortalised in Bob Godfrey 's animated film Great , which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1975 which tells the story of Brunel 's engineering accomplishments . In The Railway Series by the Rev. Wilbert Awdry , two of the North Western Railway 's engines , Duck , and Oliver , and a brakevan named Toad , are from the Great Western Railway , with Duck being especially proud of it .
= = = Heritage = = =
The GWR 's memory is kept alive by several museums such as STEAM – the museum of the GWR ( in the old Swindon railway works ) , and the Didcot Railway Centre , where there is an operating broad @-@ gauge train . Preserved GWR lines include those from Totnes to Buckfastleigh , Paignton to Kingswear , Bishops Lydeard to Minehead , and Kidderminster to Bridgnorth . Many other heritage railways and museums also have GWR locomotives or rolling stock in use or on display .
Numerous stations owned by Network Rail also continue to display much of their GWR heritage . This is seen not only at the large stations such as Paddington ( built 1851 , extended 1915 ) and Temple Meads ( 1840 , 1875 & 1935 ) but other places such as Bath Spa ( 1840 ) , Torquay ( 1878 ) , Penzance ( 1879 ) , Truro ( 1897 ) , and Newton Abbot ( 1927 ) . Many small stations are little changed from when they were opened , as there has been no need to rebuild them to cope with heavier traffic ; good examples can be found at Yatton ( 1841 ) , Frome ( 1850 , Network Rail 's last surviving Brunel @-@ style train shed ) , Bradford @-@ on @-@ Avon ( 1857 ) , and St Germans ( 1859 ) . Even where stations have been rebuilt , many fittings such as signs , manhole covers and seats can still be found with " GWR " cast into them .
The Great Western Main Line was considered as a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 but rejected in 2011 The proposal comprised seven individual sites : Temple Meads ( including Brunel 's GWR offices , boardroom , train shed , the B & ER offices , and the viaduct over the River Avon ) ; Bath including the route from Twerton Tunnel to the Sydney Gardens ; Middlehill and Box Tunnels ; the Swindon area including Swindon railway works and village ; Maidenhead Railway Bridge ; Wharncliffe Viaduct ; and Paddington station .
= = = Locomotives named Great Western = = =
Several locomotives have been given the name Great Western . The first was an Iron Duke class broad @-@ gauge locomotive built in 1846 , the first locomotive entirely constructed at the company 's Swindon locomotive works . This was withdrawn in 1870 , but in 1888 a newly built locomotive in the same class was given the same name ; this was withdrawn four years later when the broad gauge was taken out of use . A standard @-@ gauge 3031 class locomotive , number 3012 , was then given the name . The last GWR locomotive to carry the name was Castle class number 7007 , which continued to carry it in British Railways days .
The name later reappeared on some BR diesels . The first was 47500 which carried the name from 1979 until 1991 . Another Class 47 , this time 47815 , had the name bestowed on it in 2005 ; it is currently ( 2009 ) in operation with Riviera Trains . A High Speed Train power car , number 43185 , also carries the same name ; it is currently , and appropriately , a part of the First Great Western fleet .
= = Notable people = =
Joseph Armstrong
Locomotive Superintendent to the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway and the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railways from 1853 , he was responsible for the locomotive workshops at Wolverhampton . When they amalgamated with the GWR the following year he was given the title of Northern Division Locomotive Superintendent ( 1854 – 1864 ) , he then moved to Swindon as the chief Locomotive Superintendent ( 1864 – 1877 ) .
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Chief Engineer to the GWR ( 1835 – 1859 ) and many of the broad @-@ gauge lines with which it amalgamated , also the standard @-@ gauge Taff Vale Railway . He was responsible for choosing the route of the railway and designing many of today 's iconic structures including Box Tunnel , Royal Albert Bridge , Maidenhead Railway Bridge , Paddington and Temple Meads stations .
George Jackson Churchward
Locomotive Superintendent ( 1902 – 1915 ) and Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1915 – 1921 ) who instigated much standardisation of locomotive components .
Charles Collett
Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1922 – 1941 ) .
William Dean
Locomotive Superintendent ( 1877 – 1902 ) .
Daniel Gooch
The GWR 's first Locomotive Superintendent ( 1837 – 1864 ) and its chairman ( 1865 – 1889 ) . He was responsible for the railway 's early locomotive successes , such as the Iron Duke Class , and for establishing Swindon railway works .
James Grierson
Goods Manager ( 1857 – 1863 ) , he then became the general manager ( 1863 – 1887 ) from which position he saw the railway through a period of expansion and the early gauge conversions .
Frederick Hawksworth
The last GWR Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1941 – 1947 ) .
Henry Lambert
The general manager ( 1887 – 1896 ) responsible for managing the final gauge conversion in 1892 .
James Milne
General manager ( 1929 – 1947 ) who saw the GWR through World War II .
Sir Felix Pole
As general manager ( 1921 – 1929 ) he oversaw the Grouping of the South Wales railways into the GWR following the Railways Act 1921 , and promoted the use of 20 ton wagons to bring efficiencies to the railway 's coal trade .
Charles Spagnoletti
The GWR 's Telegraph Superintendent ( 1855 – 1892 ) patented the Disc Block Telegraph Instrument that was used to safely control the dispatch of trains . First used on the Metropolitan Railway in 1863 and the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway in 1864 , it was later used on many other lines operated by the company .
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= Zduhać =
A zduhać ( Cyrillic : здухаћ , pronounced [ zdǔxaːtɕ ] ) and vetrovnjak ( ветровњак , [ ʋetrǒʋɲaːk ] ) in Serbian tradition , and a dragon man in Bulgarian , Macedonian and Serbian traditions , were men believed to have an inborn supernatural ability to protect their estate , village , or region against destructive weather conditions , such as storms , hail , or torrential rains . It was believed that the souls of these men could leave their bodies in sleep , to intercept and fight with demonic beings imagined as bringers of bad weather . Having defeated the demons and taken away the stormy clouds they brought , the protectors would return into their bodies and wake up tired .
Notions associated with the zduhać , vetrovnjak , and dragon man , respectively , are not identical . The dragon man fought against female demons called ala , which led hail clouds over fields to destroy crops , and consumed the fertility of the fields . The zduhaći ( plural ) of an area usually fought together against the attacking zduhaći of another area who were bringing a storm and hail clouds above their fields . The victorious zduhaći would loot the yield of all agricultural produce from the territory of their defeated foes , and take it to their own region . The vetrovnjak , recorded in parts of western Serbia , fought against a bringer of bad weather imagined as a black bird . The zduhaći are recorded in Montenegro , eastern Herzegovina , part of Bosnia , and the Sandžak region of south @-@ western Serbia . The dragon men are recorded in eastern Serbia , Banat , western Bulgaria , and Macedonia .
= = Zduhać and vjedogonja = =
In Montenegro , eastern Herzegovina , part of Bosnia , and the Sandžak region of south @-@ western Serbia , a man who was thought to be able to protect his estate , village , or region from bad weather was called a zduhać or a stuha . These names have a number of variants , which can be with or without h , with v instead of h , with or without the ending ć , and with č instead of ć . According to philologist Franz Miklosich , the Serbian word stuhać is cognate with the Old Slavonic stuhia ( стѹхїа ) or stihia ( стихїа ) " the elements " , which stem from the Old Greek stoicheion ( στοιχεῖον ) " element " . The latter name is the origin of the Modern Greek stikhio ( στοιχειό ) , denoting various kinds of spirits in Greek folklore , such as those fighting for the well @-@ being of their village or area against adverse spirits from elsewhere . According to linguists Petar Skok and Norbert Jokl , stuhać stems from the Albanian stuhi " storm " . In any case , the form zduhać may have resulted from folk etymology through association with the Serbian duh " spirit " .
The notion that the human being consists of body and soul is found in traditional Slavic culture . There was a belief among the South Slavs that , in some people , the soul could leave the body and again return into it . The zduhać belonged to such people in Serbian tradition . It was thought that , after a zduhać fell asleep , his soul could fly out of his body , or " go into the winds " , as it was said in Montenegro . In some accounts , it exited the body in the form of a fly . The zduhać 's soul had the power to direct the motion of winds and clouds . If the body of the sleeping zduhać was rotated so that his head and feet changed places , or if he was carried away from where he fell asleep , his soul would not be able to return into his body , and the zduhać would die .
Although zduhaći ( plural ) could be women and children , most were adult men . Their supernatural power was thought to be inborn . In many regions it was regarded that the zduhaći were born with a caul — white or red , depending on the regional belief . The mother would dry the caul and sew into a piece of garment always worn by the child , such as a pouch attached under the child 's armpit . In the clan of Kuči , eastern Montenegro , the mother would preserve the caul hiding it from all eyes , and hand it to her son when he grew up . The caul was supposed to protect him when he flew as a zduhać . If the caul was destroyed , the child 's supernatural power would be lost . A birthmark of a zduhać in Herzegovina could be a tuft of hair growing on his shoulder or upper arm . In Montenegrin Littoral , the caul played no role in the birth of zduhaći , who were rather born on certain Fridays at a set hour . There was also a belief in Herzegovina that male children who were conceived on the eves of great feast days would become zduhaći .
A 19th @-@ century ethnographic account from eastern Herzegovina describes a way through which a man who was not born as a zduhać could become one . Forty days after he ceased praying to God and washing his face , the man should go to some level ground , before he drew a circle on the ground and sat in its centre . Soon the Devil would come and ask the man whether he was willing to join his army , and what form he wanted to be transformed into . When the man stated the desired form , the Devil would turn him into that , making him a zduhać . In the region of Semberija , northeast Bosnia , а zduhać could pass his supernatural power on to his son .
The appearance of zduhaći was not much different from that of ordinary people , but they had some traits that set them apart . They were deep sleepers , very hard to wake up , often drowsy , pensive , thoughtful , and solemn . Their faces were often puffy , eyes shadowy . They were wise and shrewd , successful in whatever they were doing and resourceful in dealing with problems ; their households were prosperous . In Semberija , zduhaći were said to be good scapulimantic diviners , and to be able to communicate with domestic animals . The clan of Paštrovići from Montenegrin Littoral claimed that the zduhaći could hear any doings anywhere in the world ; if someone stepped on a zduhać 's foot , they could hear that too . The clan of Kuči held that the zduhaći were outstanding long jumpers .
Adverse weather such as a storm or hail could devastate crop fields and orchards , and thus jeopardize the livelihood of farmers in the affected area . A role of zduhaći , according to folk tradition , was to lead storms and hail clouds away from their family estates , villages , or regions , to save their crops . A zduhać could take the storms and hail clouds over the territory of another zduhać to destroy its crops . The other zduhać would fly up to confront the bringer of bad weather , and there would be a fight between the zduhaći .
They fought alone , or in bands composed of individuals from the same area . Thus it was thought that the zduhaći from eastern Bosnia fought together against those from Herzegovina and Montenegro . The zduhaći from Sandžak fought jointly against the Albanian zduhaći . On the Adriatic coast , battles were waged between a band of zduhaći from Herzegovina , Serbia , Montenegro , and northern Albania on one side , and a band of zduhaći from Apulia in southeast Italy on the other side . The latter were also called the transmarine zduhaći , as Apulia is situated across the Adriatic Sea from Montenegro . Each band had its leader . A man named Mato Glušac ( 1774 – 1870 ) , from the village of Korita in Herzegovina , was reputed the supreme commander of the Herzegovinian and Montenegrin zduhaći ; he was also a famous seer .
According to some accounts , zduhaći flew and fought mostly in spring when strong winds blew , and , as held in some regions , only during night . As recorded in Montenegro , the zduhaći " went into the winds " usually during the Nativity Fast ( 15 November – 24 December ) , when there was not much snow and the winds were forceful . They also flew frequently from mid @-@ February to the end of March . In some years , they were not active at all .
The zduhaći of a band would leave their bodies in sleep and gather at an appointed place , before flying into a battle . They used various weapons , such as spindles , beech buds , sharp splinters , leaves , stalks of straw , fluff , flakes , sand , long twigs , cornel stones , pine cones , eggshells , and other light objects . As believed in Herzegovina , zduhaći uprooted gigantic firs and oaks and fought with them . However , the most powerful zduhać weapon was held to be a stick of luč ( resinous wood burned to give light or used as kindling ) charred at both ends , or any charred splinter of wood . A zduhać who was hit with this weapon would surely die . People therefore avoided igniting the sticks at both ends , and they took care that no splinters were left half @-@ burned .
Beside the weapons , each zduhać carried a milk bucket and a peck measure ; an alternative for the latter could be a shovel or broom from a threshing floor . If a band of zduhaći succeeded to seize the peck measures from the enemy band , they would thereby transfer the crop yield from the area of their enemies to their own area . Seizing the milk buckets meant that the milk yield would be transferred . According to the clan of Kuči , zduhaći used their peck measures , milk buckets , and other containers to grab off the overall yield of the enemy territory .
The battles of zduhaći were furious . They were accompanied by forceful gales and whirlwinds which uprooted trees and whipped up dust . In Montenegro , it was considered dangerous to throw stones in the wind , because that might knock out an eye of a zduhać , who would kill the culprit . A fighting zduhać was supposed to retain his peck measure and milk bucket , while trying to seize these objects from an enemy zduhać ; he should hit and not get hit . The victorious band of zduhaći would loot the yield of all agricultural produce from the territory of their defeated foes . The harvest in the coming season would thus be excellent for the victors and poor for the defeated zduhaći .
After the battle , the soul of the zduhać would return into his body , and he would wake up weak and exhausted . If he was wounded , he would be sick for some time afterwards — before he recovered , or died if his wound was mortal . There are records of seriously ill men who claimed that they were wounded in zduhać battles . It was held in Montenegrin Littoral that a mortally wounded zduhać could still recuperate if he revenged himself on his wounder before the eighth day of his wound expired . Pavel Rovinski , Russian philologist and ethnographer , recorded a story told to him by a man of the clan of Ceklin in southern Montenegro ( Rovinski also heard a similar story in Montenegrin Littoral ) :
There was a Ceklin zduhać who was so beaten by other zduhaći that he had to die , and there he was , dying . Various remedies were brought to him , but he accepted none , because all was in vain . Finally he had everybody ushered out of his house , except for one of his brothers , a famous hero ; all were also driven away from the door , to prevent eavesdropping . Then the dying man said to his brother : " I will surely die , if I am not substituted for ; and you can do it and save me , if you will have enough strength . " The brother , of course , promised that , and the sick man continued : " You will have to go tonight to Mount So @-@ and @-@ so , at three to four hours ' walking distance from here , most of the way lying through a dense forest . You will come beneath a stair @-@ like cliff and stop there , and a great fear will seize you . To encourage yourself , take your two pistols and a knife with the silver sheath . " " I will also take a musket , " added the brother , and the sick man said , " You may take that too , though only as an encouragement , as it will be of no use to you , but you must have the knife . " " I can go without any weapon , with a pocket knife , if it is against a single , and with a weapon I can go against a hundred , " interrupted the brother again . " Take it easy with your boldness , " resumed the sick man , " and by all means take the knife . When you come beneath the cliff , the sky will be cloudless , lit , and there will be a silence in the air ; then you will notice a wisp of cloud coming from the direction of Mount Rumija , and the wind will start to blow . The wisp will turn into an enormous storm cloud that will cover all the sky , and there will come a darkness such as you have never seen before ; the wind will blow , whistle , roar , and shriek , as you have also never heard before ; the hair will rise on your head so that it will lift your cap , and I fear that you may go mad from horror . And if you persevere , you will see three bulls falling down from the cloud on the earth : a light @-@ haired , a pied , and a dark @-@ haired bull . The latter two will start to beat the former , which is the weakest , because it is already wounded . Make sure to strike the two bulls with the knife ; but take care not to cut the light @-@ haired bull ; that would be the death of me , as it would be if the two bulls overcame the light @-@ haired bull . "
Having heard all of that , the brother took two pistols , poured more gunpowder , and sharpened the flints ; he put the pistols into his belt , placed the knife between them , and slung a musket over his shoulder . He set forth . He passed through the dark forest ; he came beneath the stair @-@ like cliff ; the moon and the stars were shining , so it was like a day ; a silence all around him , pleasant ; he sat down and lit his pipe . Before long a wisp of cloud showed from the direction of Mount Rumija ; there came a roar and bluster , and everything happened as the sick man said . His hair rose so that three times he jammed his cap down on his head . Finally , three bulls fell down from the storm cloud and started to fight ; all as it was said . He stabbed the pied bull in the neck with the knife ; it staggered and fell ; the light @-@ haired bull got encouraged . Then he stabbed the dark @-@ haired bull , and it slumped ; the light @-@ haired was finishing them off with its horns . This was not enough for him , and , fearing that the cut bulls could still rise up , he kept on striking them with the knife as long as there was a breath in their bodies . The storm cloud suddenly disappeared ; together with it , the light @-@ haired bull vanished . Again the moon and the stars shone ; again a silence and blessedness . He was going back home as if flying ; when he arrived he found his brother sitting by the hearth , placing logs on the fire , healthy as if he had never been sick .
An interpretation of the story about the Ceklin zduhać is given in an essay by literary theoretician Radoman Kordić . According to him , the story is a product of the symbolic scheme of the culture of Montenegrin Serbs . The story comprises a zduhać narration and a heroic narration . The former is based on the mythological beliefs in the zduhaći , which were strongest in Montenegro . The latter is based on the heroic ideology exalting death in battle , which was a predominant trait of the Montenegrin society . The zduhać and the famous hero symbolize , respectively , two systems of the Montenegrin culture . At its beginning , the story is placed in the framework of the first system , but it is realized with the means and on the ideological plane of the second system . The beaten zduhać , who is supposed to die , diverges from the mythological pattern , and he replaces himself with the hero . This results in an ironic twist . The fearless hero acts in fact as a butcher of bulls which do not even fight back . The apparently happy ending degrades the zduhać into a subject without identity . Kordić argues , using mostly Lacanian psychoanalysis , that there is a third , silent narration in the story — that of the death drive — which crumbles the other two narrations .
In a story recorded in the area of Cetinje , a zduhać was mortally wounded on Mount Lovćen in a battle against the transmarine zduhaći . The dying zduhać disclosed the way in which he could be saved , and one of his relatives acted according to the instructions . He went by night to a valley where he saw horses , oxen , rams , billy goats , men , and women . He passed by them in total silence , before he saw a black ox . He struck the ox with a wooden bar , and the animal roared tremendously . When he returned home , he found the zduhać sound and healthy . As believed in the region of Birač , eastern Bosnia , a mortally wounded zduhać could get well if he burned beech buds in a milk bucket , and censed himself with the smoke , using a spindle to wave the smoke toward himself . Before performing this rite , he should have publicly confessed that he was a zduhać . Most zduhaći would reputedly rather die than do that , because afterwards they could no more fly as zduhaći . As thought in Herzegovina , a man who did not want to be a zduhać anymore , should have confessed to a priest and promised that he would not fly anymore .
Zduhaći were regarded as a blessing for their home and village , as guardians of the prosperity and well @-@ being of their region , and as good , honest , just , and law @-@ obeying people . In the region of Birač , zduhaći were said to meet with angels " on the leaves of high and thick branches " . They were sometimes thought to have a prophetic gift . However , a zduhać could ally himself with the Devil , and use his innate power in accordance with the Devil 's directions . That zduhać was doomed to turn into a vampire , unless he confessed and repented . Some influential historical persons were believed to have been zduhaći , such as warrior and writer Marko Miljanov , and Petar I Petrović @-@ Njegoš , who was the Prince @-@ Bishop of Montenegro from 1784 to 1830 .
Mahmud Bushatli , the Ottoman pasha of Skadar in northern Albania , was reputed a powerful zduhać in Montenegro . It was claimed that his mother carried him for three years . Bushatli was defeated and killed by the Montenegrins under Petar I , while attempting to subdue them in 1796 . Since that time , the crop yield in Montenegro and northern Albania was allegedly not as high as before . Bushatli was said to have fought for the crop yield against the transmarine zduhaći . Petar I was reported saying of him , " I regret his death although he was my biggest enemy . " After Bushatli was killed , his body was burned ; according to oral accounts , green flames rose from it . In South Slavic tradition , green could be associated with supernatural creatures , like witches and dragons .
An individual domestic animal could also be regarded as a zduhać , such as a shepherd dog , ox , bellwether , horse , or billy goat . If an animal habitually made vocal sounds in sleep , it was assumed to be a zduhać . Such an animal was cherished , and was not for sale . The spirit of the animal zduhać would leave its body in sleep and fight against the enemy zduhaći , to protect its own flock or herd . Only the fertility of the livestock depended on the outcome of the battles fought by the animal zduhaći ; they had no bearing on the crop yield . In the region of Užice , western Serbia , it was believed that storms and hail clouds were led by zduhaći who flew above them in the form of big birds . A black ox and a three @-@ year @-@ old rooster defended their village from them — especially the rooster , for which reason he was not killed for food , but kept as a home guardian . In folk spells for repelling hail clouds in Serbia , these clouds were called white cattle . This could be compared with the idea of the black ox as a defender from hail .
In some regions of southern Montenegro , such as the Bay of Kotor , Grbalj , and Zagarač , and in parts of Herzegovina , a man who acted as a zduhać was called a vjedogonja or jedogonja . There was a rule : if a child was born with a caul , the girl would become a vještica " witch " , and the boy would become a vjedogonja . This could have been prevented by cutting the caul on a trough for feeding dogs , and throwing it away ; the child would then grow up into an ordinary person . While the zduhaći and vjedogonje ( plural ) protected their community from the threats coming from the outside , the witches were the enemy within , doing harm primarily to their own relatives and friends . A correspondence between the witches and the vjedogonje can be seen in a passage from The Mountain Wreath , a poetic drama by Petar II Petrović @-@ Njegoš , the plot of which takes place in 18th @-@ century Montenegro :
A man named Vukota said these words to Bishop Danilo , one of the main characters of The Mountain Wreath , who previously uttered a piercing vision speaking as if he was alone . The second and the third verses can be compared with an idiomatic expression whose literal sense is " to dash into a frenzied countenance " , meaning " to fall into a frenzied or crazed exaltation " . Vukota compared Bishop Danilo 's exaltation with that of a witch or a vjedogonja when their spirit flew out of their body . It was thought that the witches held an assembly each year on 1 March , and the vjedogonje mostly flew during the long autumn nights , especially when strong winds blew . After Vukota 's words , Bishop Danilo started as if from a dream .
The vjedogonje fought in regional bands , their weapons being huge boulders or gigantic trees which they uprooted with one hand . The leaders among them were those who had a tail and were hairy . A 19th @-@ century ethnographic account describes that " when a man regarded as a vjedogonja dies , they drive hawthorn spines under his nails , and cut the tendons beneath his knees with a knife whose sheath is black , so that he could not get out of his grave ( like a vampire ) . "
Petar I Petrović @-@ Njegoš preached among people against superstition . He strongly condemned the denunciation and persecution of women as witches . After one such incident in 1830 in south Montenegro , Petar I wrote an epistle , mentioning vjedogonje in a sentence : " Nowhere have I found nor has anyone told me that witches and vjedogonje exist , except in the blind and sad Serbian people , because it is blind and believes lies rather than Christ 's Gospel and Christ 's teachings and commands . "
In the folklore of Croats of Ravni Kotari , a region in northern Dalmatia , there were men called vidogoja . They were believed to know past and future things . People paid them to cure the sick , which they did by saying prayers and making the sign of the cross all over the patient 's body . The vidogoja were also thought to be able to inflict diseases on people , and to have evil eyes . They could not fly .
= = Vetrovnjak , vilovit , and oblačar = =
In the region of Mount Zlatibor in western Serbia , the man who protected the fields of his village from bad weather was called a vetrovnjak ; the name is derived from vetar " wind " . At the onset of a storm , the vetrovnjak would fall into a trance @-@ like sleep . It was thought that his soul then flew skywards to fight against some black bird which led the storm and hail clouds . After he woke up , he had to rest for some time to restore his physical strength . It was believed that a vetrovnjak could take the bad clouds over the estate of a man with whom he was in a conflict .
In the region of Dragačevo , western Serbia , people told of the vilovit men , who would disappear at the sight of hail clouds , reappearing bloody and with torn clothes after the storm was over . Asked where they had been to , they would only answer that they had gone to fight against those who led the hail clouds toward their village . The adjective vilovit means " having a vila 's properties " or " vila @-@ like " . The name vila denotes Slavic nymphs or fairies , female anthropomorphic spirits of woods , mountains , clouds , and waters , who had magical powers . In the region of Tamnava , north @-@ western Central Serbia , the vilovit men were also called vetrenjaks . An early mention of vetrenjaks is found in a short story by Serbian writer Milovan Glišić , published in 1875 . In the story , men from Krnić and nearby villages talk about a battle their vetrenjaks fought on a hill to repel a hail storm brought by alien vetrenjaks . They uprooted oaks and beat each other with them , their bodies turning black and blue from the blows . The defenders were victorious and moved the storm to a mountain , away from their fields .
Serbian writer Janko Veselinović was well acquainted with the folklore of Tamnava , where he worked as a teacher in a village . In his short story published in 1888 , an elderly woman talks to him about various supernatural beings , including her co @-@ villager Petar , a vetrenjak : " As soon as he perceives a greyish cloud and hears thunder , Petar leaves whatever he may be doing , and goes somewhere . He runs so fast that no biped can overtake him . After he passes the cloud , he comes back naked and blue as indigo . Then he has to stay in bed for a week . And do you know why he is like that ? He told me . The pogibaoci [ hanged and drowned people ] from surrounding villages drive the clouds toward our village , and Petar will not let hail beat us . He fights with them until he will overpower them , or they him ... [ Petar said ] ' We uproot oaks , as one would pull onion bulbs from the ground , and beat each other with them . ' "
A vetrenjak from the village of Trlić had reportedly claimed that he clashed with oxen and rams led by devils whose aim was to discharge hail over his village . Seeing hail clouds , people in Tamnava would shout , " Keep your cattle out of our crops ! " Thus they addressed hanged and drowned persons who were imagined to fly before the clouds and lead them . Farmers avoided leaving a harrow on the field , as they thought that the hail @-@ bringing devils could slam it on the head of the vetrenjak who defended the village . People behaved amicably toward vetrenjaks , but they warned their children to keep off from them , as these men had " business with devils " . In 2004 , ethnographers interviewed elderly people in a group of hamlets south @-@ west of the town of Valjevo , who defined the vetrenjak as a man able to direct the movement of clouds . When such a man died , the wind would suddenly start to blow and clouds would loom . The term vetrenjak also designated a man who could fly invisible , which he usually did by night . He was born with a caul which was thrown away and eaten by birds .
In the folklore of Serbs in the region of Syrmia , protection from hail was provided by the men called oblačars ; the name is derived from oblak " cloud " . The oblačar would rush directly beneath a dark cloud , as soon as it appeared above the fields of his village . There , he would run to and fro , waving his arms or holding a stick raised in the direction of the cloud . He would not stop until he was completely exhausted and drenched . In this way , the oblačar fought against a gigantic serpentine demon called aždaja , which was thought to fly accompanied by its retinue in low dark clouds , spewing hail from its broad muzzle . If the cloud moved away from his village without discharging hail , it meant that the oblačar had overpowered the aždaja and its retinue . An oblačar in the village of Mirkovci annually received wheat from his co @-@ villagers as a reward for his struggle .
= = Dragon man = =
The men who defended their village from bad weather were referred to as dragons in eastern and southern Serbia , western Bulgaria , and Macedonia . In Serbia , they were also called zmajevit " having a dragon 's properties " , from zmaj " dragon " . The mythological dragon was imagined as a fiery creature with wings , usually having a snake @-@ like shape ; he could also take the form of an eagle or a man . Each dragon had his own territory , within which he dwelt by a forest spring or stream , in the hollow trunk of a beech tree , or in a mountain cave . He was benevolent toward the humans , and he took care that his territory received the right amount of rain at the right time , for good growth of the crops . His arch @-@ enemy was a female demon named ala ( plural : ale ) , whose main activity was to lead storm and hail clouds over fields to destroy crops . The ale also consumed the fertility of the fields . Whenever he noticed an ala approaching , the dragon would fly up into the clouds to fight against the demon and chase her away . He shot fiery arrows and stones at her , which produced lightning and thunder . In the regions where people believed in the zduhaći , the dragon was a highly regarded mythological being , but he was not associated with the crops and their protection from demons . Similar was the case in other than western regions of Bulgaria .
The dragon man was believed to act similar to the mythological dragon : as soon as he saw bad weather approaching , which he knew was brought by an ala , he would leave whatever he was doing , and fly up to confront the demon . This he did by falling into a deep sleep , or entering a state similar to death , usually at the very spot where he happened to be at that time . His soul then left his body in the form of a snake or a lizard , and soared skywards . It was claimed that he was not breathing as long as his soul was absent from his body . The battle could last for a whole day , or even for several days , during which time the man lay unconscious , sweating profusely from the exertion of the fight . There was a danger that , during the course of the battle , the ala might approach the man 's body and harm him , which could be prevented by someone swinging a blade above him , or by sticking the blade at the lying man 's head . He should not be pushed or moved while in this state : if he was not in the same position as when he fell asleep , his soul would not be able to return into his body , and he would die . When he woke up after the battle with the ala , he was very tired . Apart from these characteristics , the dragon man was seen as an ordinary human .
There is a story about a dragon man from the village of Pečenjevce , eastern Serbia , who saw an ala in a cloud while he was scything . He said to scythemen beside him , " I am going to sleep , and you swing a scythe above me , " before he lay down and fell asleep . A man who swung the scythe , however , inadvertently grazed him with the tip of the blade . When the dragon woke up , he told that he had been wounded by the ala he fought with , and lost a lot of blood . A dragon from the village of Bogojevac always kept with him a piece of a scythe blade or a knife . As soon as he perceived the imminent approach of bad weather , he would lie down on the ground and stick the blade above his head . It was thought that his spirit then soared into the clouds to deal with the ala . When he was drafted into the army , he fell asleep without a blade during a thunderstorm , and died . At a village near Tran in western Bulgaria , a man reputed to be a dragon would swoon when it started to thunder . After he came to , he would say , " How tired I am ! " This was thought to refer to the strenuous battle he fought in the clouds .
In Banat and some areas of eastern Serbia , the dragon men were referred to as alovit . This adjective is derived from the noun ala , and means " having supernatural or demonic properties " . It could be applied not only to humans , but also to dragons , snakes , horses , trees , armies , and rivers . An ala could be seen as a good creature in some regions , such as Banat , Mount Kopaonik in south Serbia , and the adjacent Župa basin with nearby areas , where she was believed to be connected to a territory , which she defended against attacks by the ale from other territories . This can be compared with the inter @-@ regional fights of the zduhaći . In villages of the Kruševac Municipality , when blessings were pronounced on Christmas Eve , the villagers would also say , " God , save our guardian ala . " People interpreted hail ravaging their crops as a defeat of their ala by an ala from elsewhere . The victorious ala would loot the crop yield of the ravaged area , and transfer it to her own territory .
At the sight of hail clouds , the alovit man would fall into a trance @-@ like sleep , before his soul issued from his body and flew up to the clouds . In the manner of an ala , his soul led the clouds over the fields of a neighbouring village . A man , who was thought to be alovit , was described as unusually tall , thin , and bony @-@ faced , with a long beard and moustache . When the weather was good , he worked and behaved like the others in his village , but as soon as dark clouds covered the sky , he would close himself in his house , put blinds on the windows , and remain alone for as long as the bad weather lasted . People also talked that he suffered from epilepsy . In the region of Boljevac , the epileptics were said to be alovit — their souls went out of their bodies during epileptic fits and led hail clouds .
At the village of Kusić in Banat , a man named Ilija Bordan was regarded to be alovit ; the villagers talked that he had a tail . Whenever a thunderstorm came , his appearance changed — he fought with an ala . If the ala was overwhelming him , Ilija would lie down and sleep , and if he was overpowering her , the clouds would start to dissipate . There was a tale in the same village about an alovit man who would warn the villagers of the approach of a thunderstorm , before he took a wagon pole on his back and flew into the clouds . At the village of Sokolovac in Banat , people told of an alovit man who had four nipples . At the sight of hail clouds , he would mount his mare and disappear for several days . The latter two men would come back tired , bruised , and with torn clothes . As held in the central Serbian region of Gruža , men could become dragonlike . As such , they would suddenly disappear during thunderstorms , and fly into the dark clouds to fight against ale . They were characterized as nimble , hot @-@ tempered , rash and very strong . At a village near Radomir in western Bulgaria , there was a dragon man who was said to have been physically crippled by an ala .
The dragon man was believed to be born with some physical peculiarity , such as a caul , little wings or membranes beneath his armpits , a tail or teeth ; or he was born an orphan . There were practices intended to preserve the supernatural power of the newborn dragon . In the region of Veles , Macedonia , twelve girls would pick cotton , spin yarn from it , weave a cloth from the yarn , made a shirt from the cloth , and finally dress the dragon boy in the shirt . As thought in the region of Leskovac , Serbia , such a boy would only then become able to defeat an ala , when three old women spun yarn , knitted a shirt , and dressed the child in it . All this had to be done in one day and one night , during which time the three women should not have spoken a single word . A similar custom was recorded in western Bulgaria , where it was also believed that the soul of the boy , while he slept in his cradle , left his body and walked around . If he was turned , he would die , as his soul could not return into his body .
According to a belief , the power of dragon boys was greatest at the time of their birth ; the younger they were , the greater power they had . In a folk tale from eastern Serbia , a group of dragons surrounded an ala , which broke away and flew into a watermill . There was a woman in the mill with her baby , who was a dragon boy ; he grabbed a stone and killed the ala with it . It was recorded in the region of Niš that a winged dragon boy , in his fights with ale , " takes a plough beam and immediately stops the ala , and hail ceases . " The mother of a dragon boy wanted to make him an ordinary child by cutting off the winglets beneath his armpits , but that section resulted in the boy 's death . As was thought in the Župa basin and nearby areas , no one but the mother should see a dragon boy during the first seventeen days of his life ; otherwise the child would die . If he survived , he would protect his village from hail , and at the age of seven he would fly away from home . It was also believed in Župa that the dragon men lived alone , without contacts with other humans .
Prophet Elijah was also regarded as a protector from the ale . As soon as he spotted an ala consuming the fertility of fields , he would summon dragons and harness them to his flying chariot . They then together attacked the demon , shooting fiery arrows at her . Instead of the dragons , the prophet could summon dragon men . They would then fall asleep , and their souls would rush to the thundering clouds to assist the prophet against the ale . A legend in the region of Leskovac has it that fighting the ale was originated by Prophet Elijah , when he , accompanied by a dragon boy , killed twelve of these demons . In the popular tradition of Slavic peoples , Prophet Elijah is a Christian replacement of the pagan Slavic thunder god Perun .
Some animals could also be regarded as dragonlike , such as rams . It was said that a rooster , a gander , or a turkeycock could grow a pair of little wings beneath their natural wings , thus becoming powerful dragons . A dragon rooster dug a hole beneath the threshold of his owner 's house . As soon as dark clouds appeared , the rooster would go into the hole , and his spirit would fly out from his body into the clouds to fight with ale . One day the owner killed the rooster , and immediately went mad . Another dragon rooster , with two combs , would fall to the ground and lie as if dead during thunderstorms . The Aesculapian snake ( smuk in Serbian and smok in Bulgarian ) was regarded as a very beneficial animal . People avoided disturbing it in any way . The Aesculapian snake which inhabited a crop field or a vineyard was seen as its guardian . The snake was said to fly into the hail clouds and drive them away from its field or yard , or it dispersed the clouds by raising its head high in the air and hissing as strong as it could . In the region of Niš , the Aesculapian snakes were said to help the dragon boy in his fights against ale . If an Aesculapian snake attained a certain age , it would grow wings and become a dragon .
The dragon was regarded as a great lover and seducer of beautiful women , whom he visited by night , entering their houses down the chimney before turning into a man . The women who were visited by a dragon would after a while grow weak , pale and sunken @-@ faced . There were magical methods to repel the dragon from them . It was believed that the children born out of such liaisons were physically and mentally ill , and that they would not live long . In another belief , the dragon would come for his son amidst thunder and lightning , and fly away with him . In the region of Bitola , it was told that such children were born with a tail . After they grew wings , they flew into the sky , from where they shot witches with thunderbolts . There was a belief in the region of Leskovac that the dragon boys , fighters against ale born with the little wings , were offspring of dragons . At the village of Kruševo , Macedonia , people told of an old shepherd named Trail who was a son of a dragon . He was allegedly so strong that he could shatter cliffs , and when he shouted , his voice could be heard from miles away .
Old Slavic mythology knew of men who were born out of relationships between women and dragons . These men were endowed with prodigious strength and exceptional abilities . They could turn into a dragon and fly , which they usually did in crisis situations , like battles . Two such heroes are recorded in the Serbian epic poetry : Sekula Banović and Zmaj Ognjeni Vuk ( " Fiery Dragon " Vuk ) . Both were late @-@ medieval nobles and warriors , to whom mythical attributes were attached in the poetry . Their transformation into a dragon is described in three ways : the hero dresses his " dragon shirt " ; he spreads his hidden wings ; or he lets his soul out from his body in the form of a winged snake . The transformation may not be explicitly stated , but implied by a statement which indicates that the hero flies . Russian epic hero Volkh Vseslavevich is described as a son of a dragon ; in folk poems , he transforms into a falkon , aurochs , wolf , and some other animals . In a couple of Serbian and Bulgarian folk poems , Saint Nicholas suddenly falls asleep , and while he sleeps , he saves ships from a storm .
In the popular tradition of Serbia , Bulgaria , and Macedonia , the ability to leave one 's own body was also possessed by some cunning women who practised magic for healing . A widespread custom of these women was to yawn repeatedly during healing rituals . This indicated the egress of their soul , which entered the sick person 's body to chase away disease @-@ causing demonic entities . The rituals were accompanied by spells , in some of which the cunning women referred to their soul as a greyhound : " Run away , uroks , down gullies ... The soul of Vida is a greyhound — she overtakes the uroks and chokes them . " ( An urok is a demonic entity , and Vida is the name of the cunning woman . )
= = Related traditions = =
The idea about the men with the inborn ability to leave their bodies in a spirit form , has also been recorded in Slovene and Croat traditions . The spirit could turn into a bull , dog , bore , or some other animal . He intercepted bringers of bad weather , and fought with them to save the crops of his village . The men with this ability were designated by various names , such as vedomec in Tolmin , mogut in Turopolje , vremenjak in Lika and Sinj , legromant or nagromant in southern Dalmatia and the area around Dubrovnik , višćun in Dalmatia , and štrigun in Istria . A vedomec fought against another vedomec , a mogut against another mogut , and so on , and the winner would take bad weather to the region of his defeated foe . All these men were marked by some peculiarity connected with their birth . There were also supernatural beings , such as obilnjaks and brgants in Slovenia , and kombals in Međimurje , who clashed with each other during thunderstorms over the plenty of their territories .
A krsnik or kresnik was a man born with a caul , who could leave his body in spirit transformed into an animal . He fought demonic men called vukodlak ( werewolves ) and other evil agents . His victory meant that his village would have the abundance of all sorts of agricultural products . The krsnik was recorded in Istria , Gorski Kotar , the Kvarner Gulf , and parts of Slovenia . The benandanti were men born with a caul recorded in the region of Friuli in north @-@ eastern Italy . They periodically fought for the fertility of the fields against male and female witches . The táltos , recorded in Hungary , were men and women born with teeth or some other physical peculiarity . They periodically fought each other in the shape of animals or flames . Their battles were often accompanied by storms . The winner would ensure abundant harvest for his village . The benandanti and the táltos were initiated at a certain age into their vocation by an older member of the same group , who visited them in a vision .
In Greek folklore , a stikhio ( στοιχείο ) was a spirit that protected his territory against the adverse stikhio spirits from other territories . In Albanian tradition , a dragoi was a dragon @-@ man with enormous strength and the power to fly ; he was born with a caul . He saved his region from a kuçedra or kulshedra , a female serpentine demon . In Romanian folklore , there were no defenders against bad weather , which was produced by a gigantic flying serpentine creature called a balaur or a zmeu . A balaur could be controlled by an evil sorcerer called a şolomonar , who was able to ride on that demon . The notion of a şolomonar named a vîlva , who protected his village against attacks of vîlvas from other villages , was marginally encountered in some places of Romanian Banat .
It was believed in southern Poland that clouds and hail were produced by creatures named płanetnik , chmurnik , or obłocznik : they compressed fog into clouds , and fragmented ice with iron flails into hailstones . They were considered to be the spirits of infants who had died without baptism , or the spirits of drowned and hanged people . Such spirits were seen in Serbia as bringers of hail clouds ; they were addressed in folk spells , with which they were made to lead the clouds away from the village . According to other notions , płanetniks were persons who flew into the sky during storms . They could fly in spirit , while they were in deep sleep , or they could fly in body and soul . The płanetniks were friendly toward humans , often warning them about the approach of a storm or hail . They could direct the movement of clouds .
Individuals who could leave their body in spirit during sleep were called burkudzäutä among the Ossetians of the Caucasus , and they were called mazzeri in parts of Corsica . The burkudzäutä , mounted on animals or household objects , flew on a night between Christmas and New Year to burku , the land of the dead described as a great meadow . There they collected the seeds of agricultural plants and took them to their village , thus ensuring a rich harvest . The dead pursued and shot arrows at them as they flew back home . The wounded burkudzäutä would fall sick after the return , and some of them would die . The mazzeri of neighbouring villages fought each other in spirit on the night between 31 July and 1 August . The village of the defeated mazzeri would suffer more deaths during the next year .
In the eastern Baltic region of Livonia , people designated as werewolves went underground in the shape of dogs to fight against sorcerers who stole the shoots of the grain . If the werewolves failed to wrest the shoots , there would be famine . In Romania , strigoi were people born with a caul , which they donned upon reaching adulthood ; this made them invisible . They then travelled in animal form to the meadow at the end of the world . There they fought each other all night , becoming reconciled in the morning . The reason for the fight is not specified . The Circassians told that , on a certain night of the year , their sorcerers fought with the sorcerers of the Abkhaz people , trying to suck each other 's blood .
In West Europe , medieval sources describe women who fell into trance on certain nights , abandoning their bodies in the form of an invisible spirit or animal . They then travelled to a gathering led by a female divinity who bestowed prosperity and knowledge . The divinity , semi @-@ bestial or attended by animals , was known by various regional names , such as Holda , Perchta , Madonna Oriente , Richella , Bensozia , Dame Habonde , and Fairy Queen ( in Scotland ) . She could be derived from Celtic goddesses like Epona , the Matres , and Artio . In Sicily , women and girls had nocturnal meetings in spirit with the so @-@ called Donni di fuora " women from the outside " , which could be traced back to the ancient ecstatic cult of the Mothers of Engyon , of Cretan origin .
The armier were men from Ariège in the Pyrenees who could see and talk to the souls of the dead . The mesultane were women and girls in Georgia who plunged into a lethargy and travelled in spirit to the land of the dead , to communicate with them .
= = Theories on origin = =
The zduhaći , the dragon men , and the related folkloric figures of Europe can be compared with Eurasian shamans , e.g. , the noaidi of the Lapps , as well as the shamans of the Samoyeds and Tungus in Siberia . They were all able to leave their body in spirit to fight against the enemies of their community . The shamans also fought against each other , usually in animal form , for reasons such as to procure for their side as much reindeer as possible . However , for a shaman 's soul to leave his body , he had to work himself into a state of ecstasy through a ceremony consisting of drumming , dancing , chanting , and even taking narcotics . All the zduhaći had to do was to fall asleep , although the unusual depth of their sleep indicates a state of ecstasy . There are detailed and eventful descriptions of the journey of the shaman 's soul , but no corresponding accounts exist in the case of the zduhaći . However , the zduhaći who left their bodies were said to have gone into the winds . This expression may contain an idea of a journey . Pavel Rovinski recorded the words he heard from his landlady in Montenegro on a windy night in March : " Listen , how they sing — the travellers ; they have gone high high ! Happy journey to them ! "
The crucial difference between the shamans and their European counterparts lies in the fact that the ecstasy of the former was public , while that of the latter was always private . Historian Carlo Ginzburg asserts that " [ t ] his divergence stands starkly against a homogeneous background . " Ginzburg regards all of them as mediators with the realm of the dead , who are the " ambiguous dispensers of prosperity " ; the ecstasy represents a temporary death . The accounts in which the figures fly or fight materially rather than in spirit , are attempts " to describe an ecstatic experience perceived as absolutely real " . Ginzburg argues , adopting a diffusionist approach , that the shamanistic elements of the European folkloric figures have their original source in the shamanism of Siberian nomads , and their diffusion was possibly mediated by the Scythians . Another possibility is that the shamanistic beliefs are derived from a common source . Their nucleus could have developed in a remote past from cultural interactions between the Proto @-@ Indo @-@ Europeans , speakers of the Proto @-@ Uralic language , and ancient populations of the Caucasus . A third possibility is derivation from structural characteristics of the human mind . This is suggested by the persistence of the shamanistic phenomena over a long period , and their dispersion over a large area in culturally disparate societies . These three possibilities are not mutually exclusive .
= = In literature = =
In the novel Lelejska gora by Mihailo Lalić , set in Montenegro during the Second World War , there is a negative character , Kosto , nicknamed Zduvač ( a local variant of zduhać . ) Kosto is described as an elderly man of great strength . He says that when he lived in America the Italian Mafiosi called him Il Mago , " magician " or " sorcerer " , which he translates as zduvač . His Colt revolver is called Zduvač 's Spouter because it always hits its target . Kosto is killed by the main character of the novel in a brutal fight .
In a short story by Simo Matavulj , titled " Zduhač " , Matavulj acts as the companion and translator for a French vicomte who goes to hunt bears near a mountainous village in Old Herzegovina ( part of Montenegro ) . One of their escort is Mićun , a burly young man from the village , who falls into a trance during a storm . The vicomte is given the explanation that Mićun , being a zduhać , leaves his body to fight in the clouds against alien zduhaći . After an hour or two , the zduhać wakes up exhausted . Another man of the escort asks him , " Was it good for us ? " to which Mićun answers affirmatively . The vicomte concludes the story by quoting Hamlet 's well @-@ known lines about the secret things of heaven and earth ( Hamlet , 1 @.@ 5 @.@ 188 – 89 ) .
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= Resident Evil : Apocalypse =
Resident Evil : Apocalypse is a 2004 apocalyptic fiction action horror film directed by Alexander Witt , from a screenplay written by producer Paul W. S. Anderson . It is the second installment in the Resident Evil film series , which is based on the Capcom survival horror video game series Resident Evil .
Borrowing elements from the video games Resident Evil 2 , 3 : Nemesis , and Code : Veronica , Resident Evil : Apocalypse follows heroine Alice , who has escaped the underground Umbrella facility and must band with other survivors including Jill Valentine and escape Raccoon City alive .
The film opened to theaters on September 10 , 2004 . On a budget of $ 40 million , the film grossed $ 51 million domestically and $ 129 million worldwide , surpassing the box office gross of the previous installment . Resident Evil : Apocalypse received mostly negative reviews from critics , who praised the action sequences but criticized the plot . The film was released to DVD on December 28 , 2004 .
= = Plot = =
A month after the contamination of The Hive seen in Resident Evil , the Umbrella Corporation unwisely sends in a research team to reopen the complex and investigate the incident , since no one survived except Alice and Matt Addison , and as Alice was experimented on , Matt was put into a mysterious " Nemesis Program " . When the team reprograms and opens the sealed blast doors , they are slaughtered by the massive crowd of infected .
With the infected released outside , they reach Raccoon City , spreading the infection among the general populace . Two days after the infection has spread to the surface , Umbrella , worried about possible worldwide contamination , quarantines Raccoon City and establishes a security perimeter around it , also evacuating all important Umbrella personnel out of the city . However , a girl named Angela Ashford ( Sophie Vavasseur ) , daughter of the Level 6 Umbrella researcher Dr. Charles Ashford ( Jared Harris ) , who is also the T @-@ virus creator , goes missing , after an Umbrella security car transporting her out of Raccoon City suffers a traffic accident .
Alice awakens in the deserted Raccoon City hospital attached to wiring , and after strapping herself out of the wiring , she manages to unlock her room and step outside . Finding no one in the hospital , she wanders outside to find the city a ghost town , infected . She arms herself with a shotgun from a police car and wanders around the city to look for supplies . She is constantly disturbed by a man who keeps showing up in visions , who was revealed to be experimenting on her ; she now has superhuman agility and strength .
While Umbrella is evacuating civilians at the Raven 's Gate Bridge , the only exit out of the town , disgraced police officer Jill Valentine ( Sienna Guillory ) , confers with Sargeant Payton Wells ( Razaaq Adoti ) , her old ally , after hearing about the infection being true . However , the T @-@ virus infects a man having a heart attack , turning him into a zombie that bites Payton at the city gates . Umbrella 's supervisor and the head of the Raccoon City contamination operation , Timothy Cain ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , worried that the T @-@ virus has reached the gates , seals the exit and orders his soldiers to fire over the crowd 's heads , scaring them back into the city .
Elsewhere , Carlos Olivera ( Oded Fehr ) and other Umbrella soldiers link up with Special Tactics And Rescue Squad ( S.T.A.R.S. ) units to defend against an onslaught of zombies . Their positions are overrun , causing Carlos and his team to retreat with a bitten Yuri ( Stefen Hayes ) , who turns into a zombie and infects Carlos before being killed . Before Yuri becomes a zombie , however , Jill , Payton , and news reporter Terri Morales ( Sandrine Holt ) lock themselves in a church , where a panicked man is also hiding . Inspecting the church , Jill finds a priest who has been feeding other people to his zombified sister . Later on , they find the church is full of Lickers . The priest and the panicked man are killed , but Jill , Payton , and Terri are saved at the last minute by the heavily @-@ armed Alice .
In the meantime , Umbrella dispatches their Nemesis Program to kill all remaining S.T.A.R.S. operatives to test him . When Nemesis encounters a surviving citizen , L.J. ( Mike Epps ) , and members of S.T.A.R.S. , the latter two entities open fire on Nemesis . Nemesis guns the team down but spares L.J. ' s life when he drops his weapons . Meanwhile , Dr. Ashford has refused extraction , since Angela is missing , and soon discovers she is hiding in her school dormitory . He hacks into the city 's CCTV system , uses it to contact Alice and the other survivors , and offers to arrange their evacuation in exchange for their rescuing Angela . Alice , seeing no other escape , accepts the offer .
After Payton , Terri , and Jill hear the offer they relent , intending to seal themselves until backup arrives , but Alice explains her choice ; as the contamination cannot be put under control , a nuclear bomb will be dropped on Raccoon City , completely destroying it , and the media cover story will be a meltdown of the local nuclear power plant . Soon afterward , Payton shows signs of weakness from the T @-@ virus , and as this happens , Nemesis appears and shoots Payton dead . Alice separates and assaults him , but he is invincible to fight . She lures him to a local store , where she tries to fight him , but she is overwhelmed and forced into retreat . Jill and Terri make it to the school , and they pick up L.J. on the way .
Inside the school , they find Carlos and Nicholai ( Zack Ward ) acting on the same offer . After encounters with zombie dogs and infected children who kill Nicholai and Terri , Alice saves the group again , and they find Angela . Angela reveals she was injected with the T @-@ virus ; she was ill with a genetic disease and forced to walk on crutches . Dr. Ashford created the T @-@ virus to allow her to walk , and he created the anti @-@ virus because of the T @-@ virus ' potential for mutations , but the virus was then impounded and weaponized by Umbrella . Alice uses Terri 's video camera to record her story and injects Carlos with the anti @-@ virus carried by Angela , to keep her infection in check .
Dr. Ashford gives Alice the location of the extraction point at City Hall , where the helicopter waits . The group makes it to the rendezvous but is cornered by Major Cain , who has caught wind of Dr. Ashford 's intentions and is holding him prisoner . All but Alice are restrained , and seconds later Nemesis appears . The helicopter is actually Nemesis ' extraction before the bomb detonation . Major Cain commands Alice to fight Nemesis . Alice refuses , but when Cain kills Dr. Ashford in cold blood , she relents and fights Nemesis , impaling him on a pole . Defeating Nemesis , she realizes he is Matt Addison , her friend and one of the survivors in The Hive , as he was infected by a Licker , he started to mutate and was placed in the program .
Her stand and refusing to kill him rekindles a trace of Matt 's former humanity ; he and Alice join forces and attack the Umbrella forces . Meanwhile , Carlos and Jill cut themselves free from their bonds and join the fight . Nemesis is killed , protecting Alice from an exploding helicopter . Alice punished Major Cain by throwing him out of the helicopter to be devoured by a horde of encroaching zombies , including Dr. Ashford . As the survivors escape in the remaining chopper , the nuclear missile detonates over the City Hall . The helicopter is caught in the blast wave and crashes . As the helicopter falls , a metal pole comes loose and is flung towards Angela . Alice moves in front of Angela and is impaled , saving her but killing Alice .
Some hours after the explosion , Umbrella employees locate the helicopter 's crash site , deep in the Arklay Mountains . There , they find Alice 's body , badly burned ; the others are nowhere to be found . The media later shows that Terri 's footage has been shown to the press , but despite Carlos and Jill 's best efforts , Jill 's earlier suggestion about Umbrella 's media power comes true . Umbrella promotes a fake story about a nuclear power plant explosion near the city with ease , the infection is characterized as a hoax , and the media announces that Jill and Carlos are wanted by the police for questioning .
Three weeks later , in Umbrella 's research facility in Detroit , Alice awakens . Led by Umbrella scientist Dr. Sam Isaacs ( Iain Glen ) , the doctors begin questioning her . Soon , she recalls events from Raccoon City and before . She realizes that the doctor who appeared in her visions is Dr. Isaacs . She attacks him , fights her way out of the facility , and makes her way outside , only to be surrounded by more Umbrella guards holding her at gunpoint . Suddenly , Jill , Carlos , Angela , and L.J. pull up , disguised as Umbrella employees . Carlos shows the guards a written order placing her in his custody . Alice enters the vehicle , and Dr. Isaacs is shown saying , " Let them go " , to an Umbrella guard and then saying , " Program Alice activated " . A close @-@ up of Alice 's eye shows a flashing Umbrella logo , and she ignores them . The scene then pulls away from the car they are in and all the way out into space , where an Umbrella satellite is seen .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Resident Evil : Apocalypse was first discussed by Milla Jovovich and Paul W. S. Anderson while promoting Resident Evil ( 2002 ) . Anderson stated that he began writing the screenplay for the second film after completing the first . He revealed an idea to have Jill Valentine meeting up with Alice , however this idea was scrapped as he wanted two separate stories occurring at the same time . Anderson mentioned the film would go ahead if the first film was a success and promised that " the sequel will be even better " , stating that " there is more of the story to be told . " The sequel was officially greenlit by Sony in mid @-@ 2002 , however Anderson chose not to direct but rather stay on as the film 's producer and writer due to commitments to Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) .
Alexander Witt was hired by Sony to direct the sequel . Milla Jovovich confirmed her character would return in the sequel if the first film was successful , and when the film was greenlit , Jovovich officially signed on . In March 2002 , Eric Mabius ( who played Matt Addison in the first film ) , confirmed the story would revolve around his character becoming Nemesis . He also revealed he would portray the character and study his movements whilst playing Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis , however before production began he pulled out and Matthew G. Taylor was cast as Nemesis . It was reported that Gina Philips would appear as Claire Redfield and Natasha Henstridge as Jill Valentine , however both actresses left before production began . Sienna Guillory was cast to portray Jill Valentine and Oded Fehr was cast as Carlos Olivera , while Claire Redfield 's role was scrapped after Emily Bergl dropped the role . The role was later offered to Ali Larter in the film 's sequel Extinction ( 2007 ) . Jason Isaacs was originally intended to return and portray Dr. William Birkin , however passed on the role and the character 's name was changed to Dr. Isaacs , with Iain Glen being cast in the role .
Jack Noseworthy was originally rumored to portray Brad Vickers , however , this was later revealed as a rumor . Two weeks before production began , Jared Harris was cast as a new character called Dr. Ashford who developed and produced the T @-@ virus .
= = = Story development = = =
In March 2002 , it was revealed that the film borrowed plot elements from Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis , as the film 's subtitle was revealed as Resident Evil : Nemesis . It was also revealed that the film included new characters from the video game series , such as Jill Valentine , Claire Redfield , Carlos Olivera , Dr. William Birkin and Nemesis . In April 2003 , it was confirmed that the story began minutes after the end of the first film , where Alice is a survivor amongst the ruins of Raccoon City .
The film borrowed numerous elements from the game series , including re @-@ enactments of certain scenes , such as Alice running through a building with an Umbrella helicopter firing at her , up to the point where she drops her gun , falls , re @-@ grabs it and fires , which is reminiscent of the introductory cutscene of Resident Evil Code : Veronica . Another scene where Raccoon City is overrun by zombies and the police and Umbrella mercenaries are fighting back is reminiscent of the introduction of Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis . Other scenes involve the launching a missile to destroy Raccoon City and the attack at the graveyard .
The film references Resident Evil , with the crash site of the helicopter being located in the Arklay Forest near the Arklay Mountains , where the Resident Evil series began . Other similarities include Jill 's moves from the first game . The recording of Terri 's death is similar to Kenneth 's death . A white goddess statue can be seen in the church , with artwork of goddesses having a large role in the puzzles of the Resident Evil series . Whilst walking on the Arklay Overpass , Jill speculates that there is no way out , and that Ashford may just be watching them on the cameras , as if the whole thing were some sort of sick game . The games use a fixed camera perspective , which in most of the earlier games resembles a mounted camera 's perspective . Another similarity includes a scene where Jill finds a gun under a pew , mirroring the game when the player finds ammunition or weapons in certain areas .
The film references Resident Evil 2 when Alice visits the gun shop which is similar to Kendo 's Gun Shop . Angela Ashford 's character is based on Sherry Birkin , as they are both children , dressed in school uniforms , and in need of rescue . Both of their fathers are also researchers working for Umbrella . The Ashford name comes from the founders of Umbrella revealed in Resident Evil Code : Veronica . The film also references Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis with Jill wearing the same outfit . Nemesis is a character taken directly from the game , and the " STARS " are mentioned on numerous occasions .
= = = Production = = =
Actors portraying zombies were trained at a zombie " boot camp " where they were coached to act as " zen " zombies and " liquid " zombies . Anderson and other crew members intended to make the zombies move faster but decided that it would be breaking a fundamental element of the games . The design for Nemesis was to include an actor in a suit ( Matthew G. Taylor ) with only special effects applied to certain parts of the character 's body , such as the eye . The Lickers were fully computer @-@ generated , though the use of physical puppets was originally considered . To avert issues faced during production , the CGI work of the Lickers began early . The film was filmed on location in Canada , with the film entering pre @-@ production stages in mid @-@ 2003 . Principal photography was slated to originally begin in July 2003 , before being bumped up to August 6 , 2003 .
The film was shot in Ontario , Canada , with Toronto and its surrounding suburbs being a stand @-@ in for Raccoon City . It was originally feared that production would be shut down due to the 2003 SARS outbreak in Toronto .
= = Marketing and release = =
The film was planned for an October 31 , 2003 release , although was pushed back to September 10 , 2004 due to the 2003 SARS outbreak . In late 2003 , a teaser trailer was released titled Regenerate and was directed by Marcus Nispel . The preview was noted for being reminiscent of the Olay product Regenerist advertisements and can be viewed in RealMedia and Windows Media formats . In May 2004 it was revealed the trailer would actually be part of the film . Milla Jovovich 's official website later released promotional images that showed Alice in several scenes from the film .
The theatrical trailer was released on Yahoo ! Movies on July 7 , 2004 and prior to the film 's release , two albums for Resident Evil : Apocalypse were released . The first was the soundtrack which was released August 31 , 2004 and featured music from the film . The second was the film 's score , which was released in late 2004 and was composed by Jeff Danna and performed by the London Philharmonia Orchestra . A day before the film 's release , numerous props from the film were auctioned on the website Premiere Props . The film opened at number one in North America on September 10 , 2004 and received an estimated $ 23 @.@ 7 million on its opening weekend and $ 129 @,@ 394 @,@ 835 worldwide .
A novelization written by Keith R. A. DeCandido was published by Pocket Star on August 31 , 2004 . The novel is 288 pages long . DeCandido also wrote the novelizations for the first and third films .
= = = Critical response = = =
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 21 % based on 124 reviews . The site 's Critics Consensus reads , " Resident Evil : Apocalypse has lots of action , but not much in terms of plot or creativity . " Metacritic gives the film a score of 35 % based on 26 reviews .
Leonard Maltin rated the film a " BOMB " in his book Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide , and called it a " Tiresome follow @-@ up to Resident Evil that plays more like a remake . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film a score of half a star out of four , saying : " The movie is an utterly meaningless waste of time . There was no reason to produce it , except to make money , and there is no reason to see it , except to spend money . It is a dead zone , a film without interest , wit , imagination or even entertaining violence and special effects . [ ... ] Parents : If you encounter teenagers who say they liked this movie , do not let them date your children . "
Dave Kehr of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying : " Anderson 's screenplay provides a steady series of inventive action situations , and the director , Alexander Witt , makes the most of them . His work is fast , funny , smart and highly satisfying in terms of visceral impact . " M. E. Russell of The Oregonian said : " The bad news ? The movie is monumentally stupid . The good news ? It 's a fun kind of stupid . " Nathan Rabin of A.V. Club said that the film " takes too long to get going to qualify unequivocally as a good movie , but when Jovovich finally starts kicking zombified ass , it becomes good enough . "
Gregory Kirschling of Entertainment Weekly praised Jovovich but felt that " the rest of the cast is strictly straight @-@ to @-@ DVD . " Ben Kenigsberg of The Village Voice said the film is " not without its moments of elemental dread [ but ] also obviously padded , too long on action , and painfully short on irony . The satirical element still packs a minor jolt . " Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer said that " those who want something more substantial from a movie than a vid @-@ game script with centerfold appeal will not find it in this noisy , bone @-@ crushing survivalist flick . "
In 2009 , Time listed the film on their list of top ten worst video game movies . According to the DVD extras of Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) , Paul W. S. Anderson , the director of the first film and writer of the series , was critical of director Alexander Witt 's work .
= = = Accolades = = =
= = = Home media = = =
The film was released on DVD in North America on December 28 , 2004 . Releases on UMD and Blu @-@ ray Disc formats followed on April 19 , 2005 and January 16 , 2007 , respectively . The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on March 16 , 2005 and February 2005 in UK . The release included an audio commentary by the director Alexander Witt , producer Paul W. S. Anderson , and actress Milla Jovovich . The release included 20 deleted scenes with numerous outtakes and a featurette titled " Game Over : Resident Evil Reanimated " . 6 other featurettes were included which covered behind the scenes of the film 's production . The blooper reel included on the DVD edition is not included on the Blu @-@ ray edition of the film .
Special " Resurrection Editions " of both Resident Evil ( 2002 ) and Resident Evil : Apocalypse were released in a two @-@ disc set on September 4 , 2007 . An exclusive sneak peek scene for Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) was included , along with several other bonus features including " Diary of an Apocalypse " and " The Evolution of Resident Evil : Bridge to Extinction " .
In 2013 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two @-@ disc set containing the first four films in the series . It was called The 4 Movie Resident Evil Collection .
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= 2001 ( Dr. Dre album ) =
2001 is the second studio album by American rapper and producer Dr. Dre . It was released on November 16 , 1999 , by Interscope Records as the follow @-@ up to his 1992 debut album The Chronic . The record was produced primarily by Dr. Dre and Mel @-@ Man , as well as Lord Finesse , and features several guest contributions from fellow American rappers such as The D.O.C. , Hittman , Snoop Dogg , Kurupt , Xzibit , Nate Dogg , and Eminem . 2001 exhibits an expansion on his debut 's G @-@ funk sound and contains gangsta rap themes such as violence , promiscuity , drug use , street gangs , and crime .
The album debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart , selling 516 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It produced three singles that attained chart success and has been certified sextuple platinum in sales by the RIAA ; as of August 2015 the album has sold 7 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . 2001 received mostly positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised the music although some found the lyrics objectionable .
= = Title = =
The title " Chronic 2000 " was the original title for former Death Row Records artist Dr. Dre 's anticipated second album , but Suge Knight took the title and used it for his album which forced Dre to retitle his album to 2001 .
= = Background = =
In an interview with The New York Times , Dr. Dre talked of his motivation to record the album and how he felt that he had to prove himself to fans and media again after doubts arose over his production and rapping ability . These doubts came from the fact that he had not released a solo studio album since The Chronic ( 1992 ) . He stated :
For the last couple of years , there 's been a lot of talk out on the streets about whether or not I can still hold my own , whether or not I 'm still good at producing . That was the ultimate motivation for me . Magazines , word of mouth and rap tabloids were saying I didn 't have it any more . What more do I need to do ? How many platinum records have I made ? O.K. , here 's the album – now what do you have to say ?
The album was intended to be released as a mixtape ; with tracks linked through interludes and turntable effects , but was then changed to be set up like a film . Dr. Dre stated , " Everything you hear is planned . It 's a movie , with different varieties of situations . So you 've got buildups , touching moments , aggressive moments . You 've even got a ' Pause for Porno . ' It 's got everything that a movie needs . " Speaking of how he did not record the album for club or radio play and that he planned the album simply for entertainment with comical aspects throughout , he commented " I 'm not trying to send out any messages or anything with this record . I just basically do hard @-@ core hip @-@ hop and try to add a touch of dark comedy here and there . A lot of times the media just takes this and tries to make it into something else when it 's all entertainment first . You shouldn 't take it too seriously . "
= = Recording = =
Some of the lyrics on the album used by Dre have been noted to be penned by several ghostwriters . Royce da 5 ' 9 " was rumored to be a ghostwriter on the album . He was noted for writing the last track , " The Message " ; however , he is not credited by his legal name or alias in the liner notes . A track he recorded on the album , originally named " The Way I Be Pimpin ' " , was later retouched as " Xxplosive " ; this version has Dr. Dre rapping penned verses by Royce and featured Royce 's vocals on the chorus . Royce wrote several tracks such as " The Throne Is Mine " and " Stay In Your Place " which were later cut from the final track list . The tracks have been leaked later on several mixtapes , including Pretox .
The album 's production expanded on that of The Chronic , with new , sparse beats and reduced use of samples which were prominent on his debut album . Co @-@ producer Scott Storch talked of how Dr. Dre used his collaborators during recording sessions : " At the time , I saw Dr. Dre desperately needed something . He needed a fuel injection , and Dre utilized me as the nitrous oxide . He threw me into the mix , and I sort of tapped on a new flavor with my whole piano sound and the strings and orchestration . So I 'd be on the keyboards , and Mike [ Elizondo ] was on the bass guitar , and Dre was on the drum machine . " Josh Tyrangiel of Time has described the recording process which Dr. Dre employs , stating " Every Dre track begins the same way , with Dre behind a drum machine in a room full of trusted musicians . ( They carry beepers . When he wants to work , they work . ) He 'll program a beat , then ask the musicians to play along ; when Dre hears something he likes , he isolates the player and tells him how to refine the sound . "
= = Music = =
= = = Production = = =
The album primarily featured co @-@ production between Dr. Dre and Mel @-@ Man and was generally well received by critics . AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that Dr. Dre had expanded on the G @-@ funk beats on his previous album , The Chronic , and stated , " He 's pushed himself hard , finding new variations in the formula by adding ominous strings , soulful vocals , and reggae , resulting in fairly interesting recontextualizations " and went on to say , " Sonically , this is first @-@ rate , straight @-@ up gangsta . "
Entertainment Weekly ’ s Tom Sinclair depicted the album as " Chilly keyboard motifs gliding across gut @-@ punching bass lines , strings and synths swooping in and out of the mix , naggingly familiar guitar licks providing visceral punctuation " . NME described the production as " patented tectonic funk beats and mournful atmospherics " . PopMatters praised the production , stating that " the hip @-@ hop rhythms are catchy , sometimes in your face , sometimes subtle , but always a fine backdrop for the power of Dre 's voice . " Jon Pareles of The New York Times mentioned that the beats were " lean and immaculate , each one a pithy combination of beat , rap , melody and strategic silences " .
The album marked the beginning of Dr. Dre 's collaboration with keyboardist Scott Storch , who had previously worked with The Roots and is credited as a co @-@ writer on several of 2001 's tracks , including the hit single " Still D.R.E. " . Storch would later go on to become a successful producer in his own right , and has been credited as a co @-@ producer with Dr. Dre on some of his productions since .
= = = Lyrics = = =
The lyrics on the album received criticism and created some controversy . They include many themes associated with gangsta rap , such as violence , promiscuity , street gangs , drive @-@ by shootings , crime and drug usage . Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the only subject matter on the album was " violence , drugs , pussy , bitches , dope , guns , and gangsters " and that these themes have become repetitive and unchanged in the last ten years . Critics noted that Dr. Dre had differed from his effort to " clean @-@ up his act " which he tried to establish with his 1996 single , " Been There , Done That " from Dr. Dre Presents ... The Aftermath .
NME mentioned that the album was full of " pig @-@ headed , punk @-@ dicked , ' bitch ' -dissing along with requisite dollops of ho @-@ slapping violence , marijuana @-@ addled bravado and penis @-@ sucking wish fulfilment . " Massey noted that the lyrics were overly explicit but praised his delivery and flow : " His rhymes are quick , his delivery laid back yet full of punch . " The rhymes involve Dr. Dre 's return to the forefront of hip hop , which is conveyed in the singles " Still D.R.E. " and " Forgot About Dre " . Many critics cited the last track , " The Message " ; a song dedicated to Dr. Dre 's deceased brother , as what the album could have been without the excessively explicit lyrics , with Massey calling it " downright beautiful " and " a classic of modern rap " .
= = Singles = =
Three singles were released from the album : " Still D.R.E. " , " Forgot About Dre " and " The Next Episode " . Other tracks " Fuck You " , " Let 's Get High " , " What 's the Difference " and " Xxplosive " were not officially released as singles but received some radio airplay which resulted in them charting in the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks . " Still D.R.E. " was released as the lead single in October 1999 . It peaked at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 32 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks and reached number 11 on the Hot Rap Singles . It reached number six on the UK single charts in March 2000 . The song was nominated at the 2000 Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , but lost to The Roots and Erykah Badu 's " You Got Me " .
" Forgot About Dre " was released as the second single in 2000 and like the previous single , it was a hit on multiple charts . It reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 14 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks and number 3 on the Rhythmic Top 40 . It reached number seven on the UK single charts in June 2000 . The accompanying music video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video in 2000 . The song won Dr. Dre and Eminem Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2001 Grammy Awards .
" The Next Episode " was released as the third and final single in 2000 . It peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 11 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks and number 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 . It peaked at number three on UK single charts in February 2001 . It was nominated at the 2001 Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , but the award went to another single from the same album to Dr. Dre and Eminem for " Forgot about Dre " .
= = Commercial performance = =
The album debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 516 @,@ 000 copies . It also entered at number one on Billboard 's Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . The album was successful in Canada , where it reached number 2 on the charts . The record was mildly successful in Europe , reaching number 4 in the United Kingdom , number 7 in Ireland , number 15 in France , number 17 in the Netherlands and number 26 in Norway . It peaked at number 11 on the New Zealand album chart . Closing out the year of 2000 , the album was number 5 on the Billboard Top Albums and number one on the Billboard Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . It re @-@ entered the charts in 2003 , peaking on the UK Albums Top 75 at number 61 and on the Ireland Albums Top 75 at number 30 . The album was certified six times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on November 21 , 2000 . It is Dr. Dre 's best selling album , as his previous album , The Chronic , was certified three times platinum . As of August 2015 , the album has sold 7 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
= = Critical reception = =
2001 received critical acclaim from critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated , " 2001 isn 't as consistent or striking as Slim Shady , but the music is always brimming with character . " Entertainment Weekly 's Tom Sinclair praised the production , calling it " uncharacteristically sparse sound " from Dr. Dre and that it was as " addictive as it was back when over 3 million record buyers got hooked on The Chronic and Snoop Dogg 's Dre @-@ produced Doggystyle " and went on to commend Dr. Dre , stating , " If any rap producer deserves the title " composer " , it 's he . " NME mentioned that Dr. Dre didn 't expand the genre , but it was " powerful enough in parts , but not clever enough to give Will Smith the fear " . PopMatters writer Chris Massey declared that " Musically , 2001 is about as close to brilliant as any one gangsta rap album might possibly get . " Christopher John Farley of Time stated that " The beats are fresh and involving , and Dre 's collaborations with Eminem and Snoop Dogg have ferocity and wit . " Although he was ambivalent towards the album 's subject matter and guest rappers , Greg Tate of Spin was pleasantly surprised by " the most memorable MC 'ing on this album com [ ing ] from Dre himself , Eminem notwithstanding " and stated , " Whatever one 's opinion of the sexual politics and gun lust of Dre 's canon , his ongoing commitment to formal excellence and sonic innovation in this art form may one day earn him a place next to George Clinton , if not Stevie Wonder , Duke Ellington , or Miles Davis . "
In a negative review , Robert Christgau from The Village Voice found Dr. Dre 's lyrics distastefully misogynistic , writing " it 's a New Millennium , but he 's Still S.L.I.M.E. ... For an hour , with time out for some memorable Eminem tracks , Dre degrades women every way he can think of , all of which involve his dick . " Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot said Dr. Dre 's production boasted unique elements but " the endless gangsta babble , with its casual misogyny and flippant violence , " sounded flagrantly trite . AllMusic 's Erlewine talked of how the number of guest rappers affected the album , and questioned his reasons for collaborating with " pedestrian rappers " . He claimed that " the album suffers considerably as a result [ of these collaborations ] " . Erlewine criticized the lyrics , which he said were repetitive and full of " gangsta clichés " . Sinclair mentioned similar views of the lyrics , calling them " filthy " , but noted " none of [ this ] should diminish Dre 's achievement " . NME spoke of how the lyrics were too explicit , stating , " As the graphic grooves stretch out , littered with gunfire , bombings and ' copters over Compton , and the bitch @-@ beating baton is handed from Knock @-@ Turnal to Kurupt , 2001 reaches gangsta @-@ rap parody @-@ level with too many tracks coming off like porno @-@ Wu outtakes . " Massey referred to the lyrics as a " caricature of an ethos [ rather ] than a reflection of any true prevailing beliefs . "
In 2006 , Hip Hop Connection ranked 2001 number 10 on its list of the 100 Best Albums ( 1995 – 2005 ) in hip hop . In a 2007 's issue , XXL gave the album a retrospective rating of " XXL " , their maximum score . In Rolling Stone 's The Immortals – The Greatest Artists of All Time , where Dr. Dre was listed at number 54 , Kanye West talked of how the track " Xxplosive " inspired him : " ' Xxplosive ' , off 2001 , that 's [ where ] I got my entire sound from — if you listen to the track , it 's got a soul beat , but it 's done with those heavy Dre drums . Listen to ' This Can 't Be Life , ' a track I did for Jay @-@ Z 's Dynasty album , and then listen to ' Xxplosive ' . It 's a direct bite . "
= = Track listing = =
Credits adapted from liner notes .
All songs produced by Dr. Dre and Mel @-@ Man , except " The Message " produced by Lord Finesse .
Sample credits
" Lolo ( Intro ) " contains samples of " Deep Note " performed by James A. Moorer .
" Big Ego 's " contains samples of " Theme from The Persuaders ! " performed by John Barry and " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " performed by Rose Royce .
" Xxplosive " contains samples of " Bumpy 's Lament " performed by Isaac Hayes and interpolates " Ain 't No Fun ( If the Homies Can 't Have None ) " performed by Snoop Dogg .
" What 's the Difference " contains samples of " Parce Que Tu Crois " performed by Charles Aznavour .
" Bar One ( Skit ) " contains samples of " Poundin ' " performed by Cannonball Adderley .
" Light Speed " contains samples of " I 'm Still # 1 " performed by Boogie Down Productions .
" Forgot About Dre " contains samples of " The Climb " performed by No Doubt .
" The Next Episode " contains replayed elements of " The Edge " performed by David McCallum .
" Let 's Get High " contains samples of " Backstrokin ' " performed by The Fatback Band and " High " performed by Skyy .
" Bitch Niggaz " contains samples of " Top Billin ' " performed by Audio Two .
" The Car Bomb ( Skit ) " contains samples of " Time Is Passing " performed by Sun .
" Murder Ink " contains samples of " Halloween Theme " performed by John Carpenter and " Here Comes the Hotstepper " performed by Ini Kamoze .
" Ed @-@ Ucation ( Skit ) " contains samples of " Diamonds Are Forever " performed by Franck Pourcel .
" Housewife " interpolates " Bitches Ain 't Shit " performed by Dr. Dre .
Additional notes
" The Watcher " contains additional vocals from Eminem and Knoc @-@ Turn 'al .
" What 's the Difference " contains additional vocals from Phish .
" Some L.A. Niggaz " contains uncredited vocals by Hittman .
" The Message " contains hidden vocals from Tommy Chong .
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Mei @-@ Ann Chen =
Mei @-@ Ann Chen ( simplified Chinese : 陈美安 ; traditional Chinese : 陳美安 ; pinyin : Chén Měi @-@ ān ; born 1973 ) is a Taiwanese American conductor currently serving as music director of the Chicago Sinfonietta and the Memphis Symphony Orchestra . She has been described as " one of the most dynamic young conductors in America " . Encouraged by her parents , Chen began playing violin and piano at a young age and later taught herself how to play the trumpet . By observing her conductor , she began to teach herself how to conduct and even collected batons . Chen attended the Walnut Hill School , a preparatory school affiliated with the New England Conservatory in Boston , Massachusetts , starting at age sixteen . She continued her undergraduate and advanced degree work at the Conservatory and became the first student to graduate from the institution with a double master 's degree in conducting and violin performance . Chen later obtained a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the University of Michigan .
Chen became the Portland Youth Philharmonic 's fourth conductor in 2002 . During her five @-@ year tenure , the orchestra debuted at Carnegie Hall , earned an ASCAP award in 2004 for innovative programming , and began collaborating with the Oregon Symphony and Chamber Music Northwest . She also served as assistant conductor of the Oregon Symphony from 2003 to 2005 and as cover conductor for the Los Angeles Philharmonic . In 2005 , Chen became the first woman to win the Malko Competition , which recognizes young conductors . That same year she won the Taki Concordia Fellowship . Chen left the Philharmonic in 2007 , to become assistant conductor of the Atlanta Symphony . Chen served as assistant conductor of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra for its 2009 – 2010 season . She was appointed music director of the Memphis Symphony Orchestra ; her three @-@ year tenure began in September 2010 and was renewed for an additional three years in 2012 . Chen also began serving as music director for the Chicago Sinfonietta during its 2010 – 2011 season .
Throughout her career , Chen has appeared with the following symphonies throughout the United States and Canada : Alabama , Chautauqua , Chicago , Colorado , Columbus , Edmonton , Eugene , Florida , Fort Worth , Grand Teton Festival Orchestra , Honolulu , Kalamazoo , National ( Washington , D.C. ) , Pacific , Phoenix , Princeton , Rochester , Seattle , Toledo , and Toronto . Appearances outside North America include all the principal Danish orchestras , BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra , Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra , Graz Symphony , Norwegian Radio Orchestra , Taiwan National Symphony , Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra , and the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra . Chen has also participated in the National Conducting Institute ( Washington , D.C. ) as well as the American Academy of Conducting in Aspen , Colorado . During the 2011 – 2012 season , Chen will debut with the Jacksonville , Naples , Nashville , Pasadena , and Sarasota symphony orchestras , as well as the National Symphony of Mexico and the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra .
= = Early life and education = =
Native to Taiwan , Mei @-@ Ann Chen wanted to be a conductor since she was ten years old . She began playing violin and piano starting at a young age with the support of her parents , and later taught herself to play the trumpet . However , Chen 's parents also discouraged her from pursuing conducting as they felt it would be a difficult career path for a woman . She was intrigued with the concept of making elaborate noise , particularly without the use of an instrument . Chen would observe her conductor closely and began to learn how to conduct on her own . She collected batons , believing that " different pieces needed different kinds of batons " . Chen left Kaohsiung to study music in Taipei . There , she lived with her aunt and served as assistant conductor of her school 's chorus .
In 1989 , Chen attended a concert in Taipei by the American Youth Orchestra , a touring ensemble of Boston 's New England Conservatory . Following the performance , Chen 's accompanist escorted her backstage , introduced her to the conductor and asked if she could play for him . Chen 's opportunity came the next morning when she played for conductor Benjamin Zander in a closed basement hotel bar and was offered a scholarship immediately . She performed with the American Youth Orchestra before being invited to attend the Walnut Hill School , a preparatory school linked to the New England Conservatory , two months later at age sixteen . She left her parents , who thought she would study to become a concert violinist , and for more than three years lived with a couple in Boston she referred to as her " American parents " ( Mark Churchill and Marylou Speaker Churchill , the latter of which was once a member of the Portland Junior Symphony ) . Chen continued her undergraduate and graduate work at the Conservatory . Speaker taught Chen , who also received violin instruction from James Buswell and Eric Rosenblith as well as conducting supervision from Frank Battisti and Richard Hoenich . Chen became the first person to graduate from the New England Conservatory with a double master 's degree in conducting and violin performance and received two honors from the institution : the Chadwick Medal for outstanding undergraduate work and the Schuller Medal for " extraordinary contribution to musical life in the community " .
Chen remained in Boston for nine years until she attended the University of Michigan to obtain a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in conducting . There she studied with Kenneth Kiesler and Martin Katz , served as music director of the campus orchestras , and also became conductor for the Arbor Opera Theater . Chen said she pursued the doctorate degree because she did not receive any job offers and she questioned whether that was due to her being " young , a woman , Asian , or the combination of all three . "
= = Career = =
In 2001 , while attending the University of Michigan , Chen guest conducted the Toledo Symphony Orchestra 's " Halloween Spooktacular " concert . That same year she was the youngest finalist in the Maazel @-@ Vilar Conductor 's Competition in Tokyo . Leonard Slatkin invited Chen in 2002 to conduct the National Symphony at the Kennedy Center in the National Conducting Institute . Chen received a fellowship to study at the Aspen Music Festival and School with David Zinman . The following year the American Symphony Orchestra League ( now known as the League of American Orchestras ) invited Chen to be showcased at the National Conductor Preview .
= = = Portland Youth Philharmonic = = =
Chen became the Portland Youth Philharmonic 's ( PYP ) fourth conductor in 2002 after being selected by a committee of " musically inclined " parents , a member of the orchestra , and representatives of the Oregon Symphony and Portland Opera . She conducted both the Philharmonic ensemble as well as the Conservatory Orchestra . One board member of the organization recalled that during her audition Chen very quickly captured the rapport of the orchestra and displayed " wonderful communication skills and genuineness " .
During her five @-@ year tenure with the organization , PYP debuted at Carnegie Hall , received its third ASCAP award in 2004 for innovating programming , and began collaborating with the Oregon Symphony ( Chen was the ensemble 's assistant conductor from 2003 to 2005 ) and Chamber Music Northwest . In April 2005 Chen became the first woman to win the Malko Competition , the " world 's most prestigious prize " for young conductors . She also won the Taki Concordia Fellowship in 2007 , an award established by Baltimore Symphony Orchestra music director Marin Alsop to support " promising " female conductors . Chen was presented the Sunburst Award from Young Audiences for her contribution to music education and was named " Educator of the Week " by KKCW .
While conductor of the Philharmonic , Chen set up a box in her office so that students could leave notes for her about themselves . One musician of the orchestra felt that Chen was " kind of formal " during rehearsal but felt " like a big sister " once practice ended . Chen has been described as a " firecracker : small , bright and full of ka @-@ boom " , and her enthusiasm at times caused her to lose her breath . One board member of the organization praised Chen 's attitude and felt that her lack of ego was a " rare quality in top symphony performers " .
Chen turned down a position with the Oregon Symphony to continue work at PYP , later recalling :
They became my kids , they were no way for me to give them up . So I made a very unusual decision . I gave up my professional position with the Oregon Symphony , I stayed with the youth orchestra . People thought that I was crazy that I stayed with a youth orchestra instead of pursuing a more professional opportunity . Because I told you my life story , and a youth orchestra changed my life and gave me the chance to fulfill my dreams , I feel working with young musicians is a way for me to give back . It changed my life and I would like to do my part to change other people 's lives .
In 2007 , she accompanied the orchestra on an international tour to Asia , where her parents saw her conduct for the first time . The Philharmonic offered a total of six performances between June 29 and July 17 in Kaohsiung , Tainan and Taipei , Taiwan as well as in Seoul and Ulsan , South Korea . Though Chen initially thought she would remain with the Philharmonic for ten years , she left in 2007 to become assistant conductor of the Atlanta Symphony . She said of her departure : " The musicians at PYP have become my kids . When I look back , these five years will always be the most memorable time of my musical career . " Guest conductors during the 2007 – 2008 season included Ken Selden , director of orchestral studies at Portland State University , former Seattle Symphony conductor Alastair Willis , along with former PYP conductors Huw Edwards and Chen herself .
= = = Baltimore , Memphis , Chicago = = =
Chen served as the Los Angeles Philharmonic 's cover conductor during her tenure with PYP . Following her departure , she became assistant conductor of the Atlanta Symphony for two seasons ( 2007 – 2009 ) . In April 2009 Chen withdrew her candidacy for music director of the Lexington Philharmonic Orchestra . Her next role was assistant conductor of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra for the 2009 – 2010 season , though she never led a subscription program and mostly conducted programs for children . Both positions were sponsored by the League of American Orchestras . Following successful auditions held in December 2006 , she was formerly appointed music director of the Memphis Symphony Orchestra in February 2010 , becoming the organization 's fourth . Chen 's three @-@ year tenure began in September 2010 . Chen 's contract was renewed for an additional three years in 2012 , extending her leadership through the 2015 – 2016 season .
In October 2010 Chen returned to the New England Conservatory to guest conduct the Philharmonia . Chen dedicated the concert to the late Marylou Speaker Churchill , and thanked Benjamin Zander and dean emeritus Mark Churchill for " making her career possible " . Chen began serving as music director for the Chicago Sinfonietta during its 2010 – 2011 season . Her belief that " multiculturalism , diversity and inclusion are increasingly global matters " is partly why she accepted a position with the Chicago Sinfonietta , one of the nation 's most diverse orchestras with a " strong focus on black and Latino musicians , composers and audience members " . Her four @-@ year contract with the Sinfonietta began on July 1 , 2011 . Chen plans to record a commercial album with the Sinfonietta in June 2012 and hopes to launch an international competition for rising musicians and composers .
Chen returned to Atlanta in October 2011 to guest conduct the symphony . She also returned to Portland in April 2012 to guest conduct the Oregon Symphony .
= = Interests = =
As a child Chen was interested in earth science . Chen finds satisfaction in " loud " and " elaborate " noises , particularly ones generated without musical instruments . Her favorite composer is Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ; other favorites include Ludwig van Beethoven , Leonard Bernstein , and Aaron Copland . Her favorite composition is Beethoven 's Symphony No. 5 , which she will be conducting during Chicago Sinfonietta 's 2011 – 2012 season . She likes Romantic music the most " because the music in this era was an expression of your life " . In addition to working with minority or unconventional artists , Chen prefers to incorporate classic compositions as well as new works into her repertoire . She enjoys reading detective stories , fiction or non @-@ fiction , and has shared that she would want to be a detective or a professor if she were not a conductor . She moved to Mud Island , Memphis in order to be close to nature , inspiration and the Cannon Center .
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= Don Gault =
Donald J. Gault ( born August 30 , 1946 ) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the Cleveland Browns in 1970 . Over the course of his career , he played in two games , completed 2 of 19 passes for 67 yards , threw no touchdowns and three interceptions , and finished his career with a passer rating of 2 @.@ 2 .
Gault played college football at Hofstra University where he set many school passing records . After graduating , he was signed by the Browns . The team kept him on the roster from 1968 to 1972 , though he was only an active player in 1970 . He played in two games and started one , earning a victory despite a passer rating of zero . After the Browns released him in 1972 , he had offseason stints with the San Diego Chargers , Edmonton Eskimos , New York Jets , and New York Stars before retiring .
= = College career = =
Gault played high school football for John Adams High School in Queens , then played college football for the Hofstra Pride . After sitting out his freshman year , he was awarded the starting quarterback job as a sophomore in 1965 . In his third start for Hofstra , he completed 21 of 33 passes and threw for a school record 315 yards in a 35 @-@ 13 win over Kings Point Academy . A month later , he broke his own record and threw for 345 yards after completing 17 of 25 passes in a 42 @-@ 28 win over Temple . For the season he completed 158 passes for 20 touchdowns and 2 @,@ 134 yards . Gault 's junior year was considered to have been a disappointment due to ineffectiveness and a 2 @-@ 8 overall record , but his career passing yards through two full seasons set a school record . Gault 's senior season performances included a 325 @-@ yard , four touchdown performance , after which he was named to the weekly All @-@ East All @-@ Star football team . In his last collegiate game against C. W. Post College , he completed 11 of 20 passes for 220 yards in a 19 @-@ 0 win , giving Hofstra an 8 @-@ 2 record his senior year with seven of the eight wins being shutouts .
Over the course of his career , Gault broke school records for passing yards and completions in a season and career , but also had 22 interceptions in 30 career games . After his graduation , coach Howdy Myers said of him , " he has a quick release and can throw accurately both long and short . "
= = Professional career = =
Gault went undrafted in the 1968 NFL Draft , and was signed by the Cleveland Browns as a free agent . Heading into training camp , he was one of five quarterbacks looking for a roster spot , the others being Frank Ryan , Gary Lane , Dick Shiner , and fellow undrafted rookie Jim Alcorn . By the end of the preseason , Gault was cut from the active roster , and spent the 1968 season on the practice squad , but was noted as someone who could be the Browns ' future starting quarterback . Before the 1969 season began , Gault joined the military reserves . While training at Fort Dix from June to November , he played in the Continental Football League with the Jersey Jays . After his training ended , he returned to the team 's practice squad . He was placed on the active roster as a third @-@ string emergency quarterback in case the Browns needed him during the postseason . During the offseason , Gault worked as an insurance broker while remaining on the Browns roster .
The Browns had three quarterbacks on their roster entering the 1970 Cleveland Browns season in Gault , Bill Nelsen , and Mike Phipps . As training camp began , Browns coach Blanton Collier planned to use Gault in exhibition games , as he was throwing the ball well in practice during the summer . By the end of preseason , Gault was named to the active roster as the Browns retained all three quarterbacks , an uncommon move at the time . During the Browns ' second game against the San Francisco 49ers , starting quarterback Nelsen was injured , leading Gault to enter the game in the fourth quarter . He completed a pass to Gary Collins for 23 yards , threw an incompletion , and threw an interception to Dave Wilcox , allowing the 49ers to go on a game @-@ winning drive in a 34 @-@ 31 Browns loss .
Due to Nelsen 's injury , Gault was given the start in next week 's game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , facing off against fellow rookie and first overall draft pick , Terry Bradshaw . In his only career start , he completed one pass for 44 yards in 16 attempts , threw two interceptions , and finished the game with a 0 @.@ 0 passer rating . He also led the Browns to only three first downs during the first half , and as a result Phipps took over at quarterback ; the Browns went on to win the game , 15 @-@ 7 . Nelsen recovered from the injury the following week and turn back over for the Browns at quarterback ; Gault did not play another snap that season . Entering the 1971 season , Gault modified his throwing style after discussion with new head coach Nick Skorich , and was throwing better in training camp as a result . After training camp ended , however , he was placed on the practice squad , where he remained throughout the season .
In 1972 , the Browns drafted Brian Sipe , giving Gault competition for the third quarterback spot , which was noted as a main position battle in training camp for the Browns that season . At the end of training camp , Sipe won the job , and Gault was cut . He was picked up by the San Diego Chargers in late August . He competed with Wayne Clark for the backup quarterback job for a short time , and did not see any playing time for the Chargers before his release . He also spent time with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League , but did not see any playing time with them . He later noted that he was unable to adjust to the game of Canadian football , as he was unable to throw a spiral due to the football being shorter and fatter .
The New York Jets signed Gault as a free agent in 1973 , and he was slated to compete with Al Woodall for the backup quarterback spot behind Joe Namath . At the end of preseason , he lost the backup spot to Woodall , and was released . The following year , Gault signed with the New York Stars of the new World Football League in April . After practicing with the team throughout the offseason , he was released in August , ending his professional career .
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= Mozart in Italy =
Between 1769 and 1773 , the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his father Leopold Mozart made three Italian journeys . The first , an extended tour of 15 months , was financed by performances for the nobility and by public concerts , and took in the most important Italian cities . The second and third journeys were to Milan , for Wolfgang to complete operas that had been commissioned there on the first visit . From the perspective of Wolfgang 's musical development the journeys were a considerable success , and his talents were recognised by honours which included a papal knighthood and memberships in leading philharmonic societies .
Leopold Mozart had been employed since 1747 as a musician in the Archbishop of Salzburg 's court , becoming deputy Kapellmeister in 1763 , but he had also devoted much time to Wolfgang 's and sister Nannerl 's musical education . He took them on a European tour between 1764 and 1766 , and spent some of 1767 and most of 1768 with them in the imperial capital , Vienna . The children 's performances had captivated audiences , and the pair had made a considerable impression on European society . By 1769 , Nannerl had reached adulthood , but Leopold was anxious to continue 13 @-@ year @-@ old Wolfgang 's education in Italy , a crucially important destination for any rising composer of the 18th century .
During the first tour , Wolfgang 's performances were well received , and his compositional talents recognised by commissions to write three operas for Milan 's Teatro Regio Ducal , each of which was a critical and popular triumph . He met many of Italy 's leading musicians , including the renowned theorist Giovanni Battista Martini , under whom he studied in Bologna . Leopold also hoped that Wolfgang , and possibly he himself , would obtain a prestigious appointment at one of the Italian Habsburg courts . This objective became more important as Leopold 's advancement in Salzburg became less likely ; but his persistent efforts to secure employment displeased the imperial court , which precluded any chance of success . The journeys thus ended not with a triumphant return , but on a note of disappointment and frustration .
= = Background = =
In November 1766 , the Mozart family returned to Salzburg after a three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half year " grand tour " of the major Northern European cities , begun when Wolfgang was seven and Nannerl twelve . This tour had largely achieved Leopold 's objective to demonstrate his children 's talents to the wider world and advance their musical education . A stay in Vienna beginning in 1767 proved less happy : an outbreak of smallpox , which led to the death of the Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria , prevented the children from performing in the imperial court and forced the family to seek refuge in Bohemia , a move which did not prevent Wolfgang from contracting the disease . They returned to Vienna in January 1768 , but by now the children were no longer young enough to cause a sensation in their public concerts . Leopold fell out with the court impresario Giuseppe Affligio , and damaged his relations with the eminent court composer Christoph Willibald Gluck , through an over @-@ eagerness to secure a performance of Wolfgang 's first opera , La finta semplice . As a consequence he developed a reputation at court for being importunate and " pushy " .
After returning to Salzburg in January 1769 , Leopold considered the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Nannerl 's education to be virtually finished , and focused his efforts on Wolfgang . He decided to take the boy to Italy , which in its pre @-@ unification days was a collection of duchies , republics , and papal states , with the Kingdom of Naples in the south . For more than two centuries Italy had been the source of innovations in musical style , the home of church music , and above all the cradle of opera . In Leopold 's view , Wolfgang needed to absorb firsthand the music of Venice , Naples , and Rome , to equip himself for future commissions from Europe 's opera houses , " the late eighteenth @-@ century composers ' honeypots " according to Mozart 's biographer Stanley Sadie . Leopold wanted Wolfgang to immerse himself in the Italian language , to experience church music of the highest quality , and to extend his network of influential acquaintances . There was also the possibility , for both Wolfgang and Leopold , of securing positions in the northern Italian Habsburg courts . With these priorities in mind , Leopold decided that Nannerl and her mother should stay at home , a decision they resented but which made economic and practical sense .
In the months before their departure , Wolfgang composed prolifically , gaining the favour of Archbishop Siegmund Christoph von Schrattenbach , who , as Leopold 's employer , had to consent to the journey . Permission to travel , along with a gift of 600 florins , was granted in October . Wolfgang was awarded the honorary title of Konzertmeister ( court musician ) , with a hint that on his return this post would merit a salary .
= = First journey , December 1769 – March 1771 = =
= = = Journey to Milan = = =
On 13 December 1769 , Leopold and Wolfgang set out from Salzburg , armed with testimonials and letters that Leopold hoped would smooth their passage . Among the most important was an introduction to Count Karl Joseph Firmian of Milan , described as the " King of Milan " , an influential and cultivated patron of the arts . His support would be vital to the success of the entire Italian undertaking .
The pair travelled through Innsbruck , then due south to the Brenner Pass into Italy . They continued through Bolzano and Rovereto to Verona and Mantua , before turning west towards Milan . Leopold 's financial plans for the journey were broadly the same as for the family 's grand tour — travel and accommodation costs were to be met by concert proceeds . This 350 @-@ mile ( 560 km ) winter journey to Milan occupied a difficult and unpleasant six weeks , with the weather forcing extended stops . Leopold complained in his letters home about unheated inn rooms : " ... freezing like a dog , everything I touch is ice " . Early concert receipts were modest ; according to Leopold , costs were running at around 50 florins a week . After having unwisely boasted about profits made from the grand tour , Leopold was now more cautious about revealing financial details . He tended to emphasise his expenses and minimise his takings , writing , for example : " ... On the whole we shall not make much in Italy ... one must generally accept admiration and bravos as payment . "
The longest pause was two weeks spent in Verona , where the press reported glowingly on Wolfgang 's concert of 5 January 1770 . Father and son attended a performance of Guglielmi 's Ruggiero , which Wolfgang wrote about dismissively in a letter to Nannerl . The boy also had his portrait painted by a local artist , Saverio dalla Rosa . This interlude was followed by a shorter stop in Mantua , where Wolfgang gave a concert at the Accademia Filarmonica , with a programme designed to test his abilities in performance , sight reading , and improvisation . According to a press review the audience was " dumbfounded " at this " miracle in music , one of those freaks that Nature causes to be born " . In Mantua , they suffered a snub from Prince Michael of Thurn und Taxis , who informed them through a servant that he had no desire to meet them . Historian Robert Gutman surmises that the Prince , aware of the Affligio affair in Vienna , wanted no dealings with musicians who did not know their place . By contrast , Count Arco , whose family were members of the Salzburg court , received them warmly .
The Mozarts arrived in Milan on 23 January and found comfortable lodgings in the monastery of San Marco , not far from Count Firmian 's palace . While they waited to see the Count , they attended Niccolò Piccinni 's opera Cesare in Egitto . Firmian eventually welcomed them with generous hospitality and friendship , presenting Wolfgang with a complete edition of the works of Metastasio , Italy 's leading dramatic writer and librettist . Firmian also hosted a series of concerts attended by many of the city 's notables , including Archduke Ferdinand , a possible future patron for the young composer . For the last of these occasions , Wolfgang wrote a set of arias using Metastasio 's texts . These were so well received that Firmian commissioned Wolfgang to write the opening opera for the following winter 's carnival season in Milan , just as Leopold had hoped he might . Wolfgang would receive a fee of around 500 florins , and free lodgings during the writing and rehearsal . The Mozarts left Milan on 15 March , heading south towards Florence and Rome , committed to return in the autumn and taking with them fresh letters of recommendation from Firmian .
Up to this point in the tour Wolfgang appears to have done little composition . The Accademia Filarmonica concert in Mantua had included much improvisation but little of Wolfgang 's own music ; the only certain compositions from this phase of the tour are the arias composed for the final Firmian concert , which sealed his contract for the carnival opera . These are Se tutti i mali miei , K. 83 / 73p , Misero me , K. 77 / 73e , and Ah più tremar ... , K. 71 . The Symphony in G , K. 74 , evidently completed in Rome in April , may have been started in Milan .
= = = Milan to Naples = = =
The first stop on the southward journey was at Lodi , where Wolfgang completed his first string quartet , K. 80 / 73f . After a few days in Parma , the Mozarts moved on to Bologna , a " centre for masters , artists and scholars " , according to Leopold . Their letter from Firmian introduced them to Count Pallavicini @-@ Centurioni , a leading patron of the arts , who immediately arranged a concert for the local nobility in his palace . Among the guests was Giovanni Battista Martini , the leading musical theorist of his day and Europe 's most renowned expert in Baroque counterpoint . Martini received the young composer and tested him with exercises in fugue . Always with an eye upon Wolfgang 's future prospects in the courts of Europe , Leopold was anxious for engagement with the great master ; but time was short , so he arranged a return to Bologna in the summer for extended tuition . The pair left on 29 March , carrying letters from Pallavicini that might clear the way for an audience with Pope Clement XIV in Rome . Before they left , they made the acquaintance of the Czech composer Josef Mysliveček , whose opera La Nitteti was being prepared for performance . Later in 1770 , Wolfgang would use the Mysliveček opera as a source of motives for his own opera Mitridate , re di Ponto and various symphonies . More broadly , it marked the beginning of a close association between Mysliveček and the Mozart family that lasted until 1778 . Wolfgang used his works repeatedly as models of compositional style .
The next day they arrived in Florence , where Pallavicini 's recommendation gained them a meeting at the Palazzo Pitti with the Grand Duke and future emperor Leopold . He remembered the Mozarts from 1768 in Vienna , and asked after Nannerl . In Florence they encountered the violinist Pietro Nardini , whom they had met at the start of their grand tour of Europe ; Nardini and Wolfgang performed together in a long evening concert at the Duke 's summer palace . Wolfgang also met Thomas Linley , an English violin prodigy and a pupil of Nardini 's . The two formed a close friendship , making music and playing together " not as boys but as men " , as Leopold remarked . Gutman reports that " a melancholy Thomas followed the Mozarts ' coach as they departed for Rome on 6 April " . The boys never met again ; Linley , after a brief career as a composer and violinist , died in a boating accident in 1778 , at the age of 22 .
After five days of difficult travel through wind and rain , lodged uncomfortably at inns Leopold described as disgusting , filthy , and bereft of food , they reached Rome . Pallavicini 's letters soon had their effect : meetings with the Count 's kinsman Lazaro Opizio Cardinal Pallavicino , Prince San Angelo of Naples , and Charles Edward Stuart , known as " Bonnie Prince Charlie " , Pretender to the throne of England . There was much sightseeing , and performances before the nobility . The Mozarts visited the Sistine Chapel , where Wolfgang heard and later wrote down from memory Gregorio Allegri 's famous Miserere , a complex nine @-@ part choral work that had not been published . Amid these activities , Wolfgang was busily composing . He wrote the contradanse K. 123 / 73g and the aria Se ardire , e speranza ( K. 82 / 73o ) , and finished the G major symphony begun earlier .
After four busy weeks the Mozarts departed for Naples . Travellers on the route through the Pontine Marshes were frequently harassed by brigands , so Leopold arranged a convoy of four coaches . They arrived on 14 May . Armed with their letters of recommendation , the Mozarts were soon calling on the prime minister , marchese Bernardo Tanucci , and William Hamilton , the British ambassador , whom they knew from London . They gave a concert on 28 May , which brought in about 750 florins ( Leopold would not reveal the exact amount ) , and attended the first performance of Niccolò Jommelli 's opera Armida abbandonata at the Teatro di San Carlo . Wolfgang was impressed by both the music and the performance , though he felt it " too old @-@ fashioned and serious for the theatre " . Invited to write an opera for the next San Carlo season , he declined because of his prior commitment to Milan . When no summons to play at the royal court was forthcoming , Leopold eventually decided to leave Naples , after visits to Vesuvius , Herculaneum , Pompeii , and the Roman baths at Baiae . They departed by post @-@ coach for Rome on 25 June .
= = = Return from Naples = = =
The party made a rapid 27 @-@ hour return trip to Rome ; in the process , Leopold sustained a leg injury that troubled him for several months . Wolfgang was granted an audience with the Pope , and was made a knight of the Order of the Golden Spur . From Rome they made their way to the famous Santa Casa pilgrimage site at Loreto , and took the coastal road to Rimini — under military protection , because the road was subject to attacks from marauding pirates . From Rimini they moved inland , and reached Bologna on 20 July .
Leopold 's priority was to rest his leg . Wolfgang passed the time by composing a short minuet , K. 122 / 73t , and a Miserere in A minor , K. 85 / 73s . Meanwhile , the libretto for the Milan opera arrived ; Leopold had been expecting Metastasio 's La Nitteti , but it was Mitridate , re di Ponto , by Vittorio Cigna @-@ Santi . According to the correspondence of Leopold , the composer Josef Mysliveček was a frequent visitor to the Mozart household while they were staying in Bologna . The musicologist Daniel E. Freeman believes that Mozart 's approach to the composition of arias changed fundamentally at this time , bringing his style into closer alignment with that of Mysliveček .
Leopold and Wolfgang moved into Count Pallavicini 's palatial summer residence on 10 August , and stayed for seven weeks while Leopold 's leg gradually improved and Wolfgang worked on the Mitridate recitatives . At the beginning of October , with Leopold more or less recovered , they moved back to Bologna , and Wolfgang , it is thought , began his period of study under Martini . On 9 October he underwent examination for membership in Bologna 's Accademia Filarmonica , offering as his test piece the antiphon Quaerite primum regnum , K. 86 / 73v . According to Gutman , under ordinary circumstances Wolfgang 's " floundering " attempt at this unfamiliar polyphonic form would not have received serious consideration , but Martini was at hand to offer corrections , and probably also paid the admission fee . Wolfgang 's membership was duly approved ; and the Mozarts departed for Milan shortly afterwards .
= = = Milan revisited , October 1770 – February 1771 = = =
The journey from Bologna to Milan was delayed by storms and floods , but Leopold and his son arrived on 18 October , ten weeks before the first performance of Mitridate . Wolfgang 's fingers ached from writing recitatives , and in any case he could not begin work on the arias until the singers were present , collaboration with the principal performers being the custom for composers of the time . As the singers assembled , problems arose . Quirino Gasparini , composer of an earlier version of Mitridate , tried to persuade the prima donna Antonia Bernasconi to use his settings for her arias , but met with failure . " Thank God " , Leopold wrote , " that we have routed the enemy " . However , the principal tenor , Guglielmo d 'Ettore , made repeated requests for his arias to be rewritten , and sang one of Gasparini 's settings in Act 3 , an insertion that survives in the published score of the opera .
Rehearsals began on 6 December . Wolfgang 's mastery of Italian diction was revealed as the recitatives were practised , and a run @-@ through of the instrumental score displayed his professionalism . Leopold wrote home : " An awful lot of this undertaking , blessed be God , is safely over , and , God be praised , once more with honour ! " On 26 December , at the Teatro Regio Ducal ( Milan 's great opera house at the time ) , Wolfgang directed the first public performance from the keyboard , dressed for the occasion in a scarlet coat lined with blue satin and edged with gold . The occasion was a triumph : the audience demanded encores and at the conclusion cried " Evviva il maestro ! " ( Long live the master ! ) . The opera ran for 22 performances , and the Gazetta di Milano praised the work handsomely : " The young maestro di capella , who is not yet fifteen years of age , studies the beauties of nature , and represents them adorned with the rarest musical graces . " The arias sung by Bernasconi " vividly expressed the passions and touched the heart " . Subsequent reactions to the opera proved less effusive ; there are no records of further performances of Mitridate before its revival in Salzburg in 1971 .
Having fulfilled his major obligation for his first trip to Italy by completing the opera Mitridate , Wolfgang gave a concert at Firmian 's palace on 4 January 1771 . A few days later , news arrived that Wolfgang had been granted membership in the Accademia Filarmonica of Verona . On 14 January they departed for a two @-@ week sojourn in Turin , where they met many of the leading Italian musicians : the distinguished violinist Gaetano Pugnani , his 15 @-@ year @-@ old prodigy pupil Giovanni Battista Viotti , and the composer Giovanni Paisiello whose opera Annibale in Torino Leopold declared to be magnificent . They returned to Milan for a farewell lunch with Firmian before their departure for Salzburg on 4 February .
= = = Journey home = = =
On their way back to Salzburg Leopold and Wolfgang stayed for a while at Venice , pausing on their way at Brescia to see an opera buffa . While in Venice , Leopold used his letters of introduction to meet the nobility and to negotiate a contract for Wolfgang to write an opera for the San Benedetto theatre . Wolfgang gave several concerts and perhaps played at Venice 's famed ospidali — former orphanages which became respected music academies . The Mozarts were received generously , but Leopold appeared dissatisfied . " The father seems a shade piqued " , wrote a correspondent to the Viennese composer Johann Adolph Hasse , adding : " ... they probably expected others to seek after them , rather than they after others " . Hasse replied : " The father , as I see the man , is equally discontent everywhere " .
Leaving Venice on 12 March , the Mozarts journeyed to Padua , where during a day of sightseeing Wolfgang was commissioned by Don Giuseppe Ximenes , Prince of Aragon , to compose an oratorio for the city . The history of La Betulia Liberata ( " The Liberation of Bethulia " ) is obscure — it may not have been performed in Padua , or at all in Wolfgang 's lifetime . In Verona , a few days later , he received further commissions . Wolfgang was to compose a serenata ( or one @-@ act opera ) to be performed in Milan in October 1771 for the wedding of the Archduke Ferdinand and his bride Princess Beatrice of Modena . At the same time the young composer was engaged to undertake another Milan carnival opera , for the 1772 – 73 season , at an increased fee . This created a conflict of dates which prevented Wolfgang from proceeding with the San Benedetto contract . Thereafter , father and son sped northward , arriving home in Salzburg on 28 March 1771 .
In his review of this first Italian journey , Maynard Solomon 's analysis of the meagre financial information provided by Leopold indicates that the Mozarts made a substantial profit — perhaps as much as 2 @,@ 900 florins . The pair had also been accorded wide recognition , moving among the highest Italian nobility . Aside from being honoured by the Pope , Wolfgang had been admitted to the academies of Bologna and Verona , and had studied with Martini . Solomon calls the tour Leopold 's " finest hour and ... perhaps his happiest " .
= = Second journey , August – December 1771 = =
In August 1771 Leopold and Wolfgang set out once more for Milan , to work on the serenata — which had by this time evolved into the full @-@ length opera Ascanio in Alba . On arrival they shared their lodgings with violinists , a singing @-@ master , and an oboist : a ménage that was , as Wolfgang wrote jestingly to Nannerl , " ... delightful for composing , it gives you plenty of ideas ! " Working at great speed , Wolfgang finished Ascanio just in time for the first rehearsal on 23 September .
Ascanio was expected to be the lesser of the works for the wedding celebration , second to Hasse 's opera Ruggiero . However , the 72 @-@ year @-@ old Hasse was out of touch with current theatrical tastes , and although his opera was praised by the Dowager Empress Maria Theresa , its overall reception was lukewarm , especially compared to the triumphant success of Ascanio . Leopold expressed delight at this turn of events : " The archduke has recently ordered two copies " , he wrote home . " All the noblemen and other people constantly address us in the street to congratulate Wolfgang . In short ! I 'm sorry , Wolfgang 's Serenata has so crushed Hasse 's opera that I can 't describe it . " Hasse was gracious about his eclipse , and is said to have remarked that the boy would cause all others to be forgotten .
The Mozarts were free to leave Milan early in November , but they stayed another month because Leopold hoped that the success of Ascanio would lead to an appointment for Wolfgang from a royal patron . He apparently solicited Archduke Ferdinand on 30 November , and his request was passed on to the imperial court in Vienna . It is possible that Leopold 's pushiness in Vienna over La finta semplice still rankled , or that word of his crowing over Hasse 's failure had reached the Empress . For whatever reason , Maria Theresa 's reply to the archduke was unequivocal , describing the Mozarts as " useless people " whose appointment would debase the royal service , and adding that " such people go around the world like beggars " . Leopold never learned this letter 's contents ; by the time it reached Milan the Mozarts had left , disappointed but still hopeful . " The matter is not over ; I can say that much " , Leopold wrote as he and Wolfgang made their way home .
Despite the hectic schedule during this short visit , Wolfgang still found time to write his Symphony in F , K. 112 ( No. 13 ) . He contrived a further symphony from the Ascanio overture , by adding a finale to the two existing movements . Another symphony , K. 96 / 111b , in C major , is sometimes allocated to this visit to Milan , but it is not certain when ( or indeed whether ) Wolfgang actually wrote it .
= = Upheaval in Salzburg = =
The day after Leopold and Wolfgang arrived back in Salzburg the court was thrown into turmoil by the death of Archbishop Schrattenbach . This created problems for Leopold , who had unresolved issues with the court . Part of his salary during the second Italian visit had been stopped , and Leopold wished to petition for its payment , and to pursue the matter of Wolfgang 's salary as a Konzertmeister , which Schrattenbach had indicated might be paid on Wolfgang 's return from the first Italian journey . There was also the matter of succession to the post of Salzburg 's Kapellmeister , to be available soon on the pending retirement of the incumbent , Giuseppe Lolli , who was over 70 years old ; Leopold , who had followed Lolli as Vice @-@ Kapellmeister , might normally have felt confident of succeeding him to the higher post . Decisions on these matters would now be made by the new archbishop , whose policies and attitudes were unknown .
On 14 March 1772 , amid various political machinations , Count Hieronymus von Colloredo was elected to the archbishopric as a compromise candidate acceptable to the imperial court in Vienna . Although unpopular among Salzburgers , this appointment appeared at first to be to the Mozarts ' advantage : Leopold 's withheld salary was paid , and on 31 August Colloredo authorised the payment of Wolfgang 's Konzertmeister salary . However , the new archbishop began to look for someone outside the Salzburg court to be his new Kapellmeister . Eventually , he chose the Italian Domenico Fischietti , who was several years younger than Leopold . Realising that his chances of promotion had probably been irrevocably lost , Leopold turned his hopes for a comfortable old age towards Wolfgang , giving new urgency to the third Italian journey which began in October 1772 .
= = Third journey , October 1772 – March 1773 = =
In October 1772 Leopold and Wolfgang returned to Milan to work on the carnival opera that had been commissioned at the end of the first journey . The text was Lucio Silla , revised by Metastasio from an original by Giovanni de Gamerra . Wolfgang found himself in the familiar routine of composing rapidly while coping with problems such as the late arrival of singers and the withdrawal of the principal tenor due to illness . Leopold reported on 18 December that the tenor had arrived , that Wolfgang was composing his arias at breakneck speed , and that rehearsals were in full swing . The first performance , on 26 December , was chaotic : its start was delayed two hours by the late arrival of Archduke Ferdinand , there were quarrels among the principal performers , and the running time was extended by the insertion of ballets ( a common practice of the time ) , so the performance was not over until two o 'clock the following morning . Despite this , subsequent performances were well received . Leopold wrote on 9 January 1773 that the theatre was still full , and that the premiere of the season 's second opera , Giovanni Paisiello 's Sismano nel Mogul , had been postponed to allow Wolfgang 's piece a longer run — 26 performances in all . Such success for the new work seems to have been fleeting ; but during the next few years the libretto was reset by several different composers , including Wolfgang 's London mentor Johann Christian Bach .
Leopold , unaware of the Empress 's views , continued to pursue an appointment for Wolfgang by applying to Grand Duke Leopold I of Tuscany , the Empress 's third son . The application was strongly supported by Count Firmian , and Leopold , in a coded letter home , said he was quite hopeful . While the Mozarts waited for a reply , Wolfgang composed a series of " Milanese " string quartets ( K. 155 / 134a to K. 160 / 159a ) , and the famous motet Exsultate , jubilate , K. 165 . Leopold resorted to deception to explain his extended stay in Milan , claiming to be suffering from severe rheumatism that prevented his travelling . His ciphered letters to his wife Anna Maria assure her that he is in fact well , but urge her to spread the story of his indisposition . He waited through most of January and all of February for the Grand Duke 's reply . The negative response arrived on 27 February . It is not known whether the Grand Duke was influenced by his mother 's opinion of the Mozart family , but his rejection effectively ended Leopold 's hope of an Italian appointment for Wolfgang . The Mozarts had no choice now but to return to Salzburg , leaving Milan on 4 March and reaching home nine days later . Neither father nor son visited Italy again .
= = Evaluation = =
Maynard Solomon summarises the Italian journeys as a great triumph , but suggests that from Leopold 's standpoint they also incorporated a great failure . The Mozarts had certainly profited financially , and Wolfgang had developed artistically , into a recognised composer . Although the Mozarts ' reception had not been uniformly cordial — they had been cold @-@ shouldered by the Neapolitan court and the Prince of Thurn and Taxis had snubbed them — the Italians had generally responded with enthusiasm . Wolfgang had been received and knighted by the Pope ; he had been granted membership in leading philharmonic societies and had studied with Italy 's greatest music scholar , Giovanni Martini . Above all , he had been accepted as a practitioner of Italian opera by a leading opera house , completing three commissions that resulted in acclaimed performances . Other compositions resulted from the Italian experience , including a full @-@ scale oratorio , several symphonies , string quartets , and numerous minor works .
The failure was Leopold 's inability , despite his persistence , to secure a prestigious appointment either for himself or for Wolfgang . Leopold was evidently unaware of the negative light in which he was generally viewed ; he did , however , perceive that there was some intangible barrier to his Italian ambitions , and eventually recognised that he could not overcome whatever forces were arrayed against him . In any event , Wolfgang 's Italian triumphs proved short @-@ lived ; despite the critical and popular successes of his Milan operas , he was not invited to write another , and there were no further commissions from any of the other centres he had visited . With all hopes of an Italian court appointment gone , Leopold sought to secure the family 's future by other means : " We shall not go under , for God shall help us . I have already thought out some plans . "
Wolfgang was qualified by his skills at the keyboard and violin , and by his compositional experience , for a post as Kapellmeister ; but at 17 he was too young . He therefore remained in Colloredo 's employ at the Salzburg court , increasingly discontent , until his dismissal from the Archbishop 's retinue during its stay in Vienna , in 1781 . Leopold , unpromoted from his rank of vice @-@ Kapellmeister , remained with the court until his death in 1787 .
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= Domnall Gerrlámhach =
Domnall Gerrlámhach ( died 1135 ) , also known as Domnall Gerrlámhach Ua Briain , Domnall mac Muirchertaig , and Domnall Ua Briain , was an obscure twelfth @-@ century Uí Briain dynast and King of Dublin . He was one of two sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland . Domnall 's father appears to have installed him as King of Dublin in the late eleventh- or early twelfth century , which suggests that he was his father 's successor @-@ designate . Although Domnall won a remarkable victory in the defence of the Kingdom of Dublin in the face of an invasion from the Kingdom of Leinster in 1115 , he failed to achieve the successes of his father . After his final expulsion from Dublin at hands of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , King of Connacht , and the death of his father , Domnall disappears from record until his own death in 1135 . He was perhaps survived by two sons .
= = Background = =
Domnall was one of two recorded sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland ( died 1119 ) ; the other being Mathgamain ( died 1129 ) . Domnall was a member of the Uí Briain , a branch of the Dál Cais , descended from the eponymous Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig , High King of Ireland ( died 1014 ) . Domnall 's mother was his father 's wife , Derb Forgaill , daughter of Lethlobar Ua Laidcnén , King of Airgíalla . The Annals of Tigernach accord Domnall the epithet gerrlámhach ( " short @-@ armed " ) which may indicate — if the term is taken literally — that he suffered some sort of deformity .
Muirchertach Ua Briain was one of three sons of Toirdelbach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland ( died 1086 ) , a man who secured control of the Kingdom of Munster in the 1060s before gaining the high @-@ kingship of Ireland less than a decade later . In 1175 , in an act of overlordship over the Kingdom of Dublin , Toirdelbach Ua Briain appointed Muirchertach Ua Briain King of Dublin , following a precedent set by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó , King of Leinster ( died 1072 ) , a previous claimant to the Irish high @-@ kingship who had done the same to his own eldest son , Murchad ( died 1070 ) , in 1052 . When Toirdelbach Ua Briain finally died in 1086 , his sons bitterly contested the kingship of Munster before Muirchertach Ua Briain succeeded in securing it for himself . By 1091 , the latter appears to have regained control of the Dublin , only to lose it to Gofraid Crobán , King of the Isles ( died 1095 ) , who united it with the Kingdom of the Isles . Gofraid 's reign in Ireland was short @-@ lived , as Muirchertach Ua Briain forced him from Dublin in 1094 . After the Gofraid 's death the following year , Muirchertach Ua Briain appointed his own nephew , Domnall mac Taidc ( died 1115 ) , as King of the Isles . Uí Briain influence in the Isles was similarly short @-@ lived , however , as Domnall mac Taidc was apparently forced from the region , and Magnús Óláfsson , King of Norway seized control of not only the Isles , but perhaps even Dublin itself , before falling in battle in 1103 . Later in 1111 , Domnall mac Taidc temporarily seized the kingship of the Isles in an act that appears to have been opposed by his aforesaid uncle . The reasons for Domnall mac Taidc 's exit from the Isles are uncertain . Although he may have been forcibly ejected by the Islesmen , he may well have returned to Ireland to take advantage of Muirchertach Ua Briain 's rapidly failing health .
= = Kingship of Dublin = =
In 1114 , the power of a now gravely ill Muirchertach Ua Briain 's began to waver . The kingship of Munster was temporarily seized by Muirchertach Ua Briain 's half @-@ brother , Diarmait Ua Briain ( died 1118 ) . The record of a grant to Christ Church Cathedral , in which Domnall is styled " King of Ireland " , appears to suggest that he attempted to assert a claim to the kingship as well . In fact , Mac Carthaigh 's Book specifically states that Domnall was installed in the kingship of Dublin by his father in 1114 . Although Muirchertach Ua Briain 's problems were lessened with the death Domnall mac Taidc in 1115 , within the year the co @-@ Kings of Leinster — Donnchad mac Murchada ( died 1115 ) and Conchobar Ua Conchobair Failge , King of Uí Failge ( died 1115 ) — took advantage of his own decline , and attempted to gain control of Dublin by way of a major assault upon the town . In fact , Domnall 's father and grandfather had excluded the Kingdom of Leinster from overlordship of Dublin for the last forty years ; and whilst Conchobar was an unremitting opponent of Muirchertach Ua Briain , Donnchad was married to Domnall mac Taidc 's sister , and further possessed a claim of his own to the kingship Dublin , as both his father and grandfather — the aforesaid Murchad and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó — had held it during their careers .
The prospect of enduring overlordship from nearby Leinster , as compared to the more distant and anaemic overlordship of Munster , appears to have compelled the Dubliners to oppose the Leinstermen . The ensuing battle itself is recorded by both the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Inisfallen , which reveal that it was Domnall himself who marshalled the forces of Munster to victory . Considering Munster 's weakened state , his triumph in Dublin was remarkable achievement . Unfortunately for Donnchad , however , he lost his life in the encounter ; and according to the thirteenth @-@ century ecclesiast Giraldus Cambrensis ( died 1220 × 23 ) , the Dubliners added insult to injury by burying his corpse with that of a dog as a show of contempt to the Leinstermen . There is uncertainty as to when Domnall originally gained the kingship of Dublin . His father could have installed him as such upon assuming the Irish high @-@ kingship , or perhaps following the aforesaid ousting of Gofraid Crobán in 1094 — although it is not impossible that Domnall mac Taidc was installed as king at this point instead . Another possibility is that Domnall had been appointed king not long before his victory over the Leinstermen , or else not long afterwards . Whatever the case , the evidence of Domnall 's kingship indicates that Muirchertach Ua Briain was the third consecutive claimant to the high @-@ kingship to appoint an intended successor to the kingship of Dublin .
Although Muirchertach Ua Briain recovered enough to regain power in Munster within the year , Dublin was later lost to Donnchad 's kinsman and Leinster successor , Diarmait mac Énna meic Murchada , King of Leinster , who died there in 1117 . Meanwhile , as Muirchertach Ua Briain 's power continued to evaporate , the authority of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , King of Connacht ( died 1156 ) ever increased . In 1118 , several sources , such as the Annals of Loch Cé , the Annals of the Four Masters , Chronicon Scotorum , and the Annals of Tigernach , indicate that Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair gained control of Dublin . In fact , the later source specifies that he had driven Domnall from the kingship once and for all , revealing that Domnall had regained the kingship following Diarmait mac Énna 's death in 1117 . Although this source also relates that hostages from the " northern half of Ireland " were recovered from Dublin by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair , a statement perhaps indicative of the power that Domnall managed to preserve over northern realms once firmly under his father 's suzerainty , at his height Domnall 's father had been one of the most successful Uí Briain monarchs , and Domnall was unable to match his accomplishments . Domnall 's victory in Dublin marked the beginning of the end of Munster domination of Norse @-@ Gaelic Dublin . Before the frail Muirchertach Ua Briain finally died in 1119 , he was forced to resign the kingship of Munster in favour of his half @-@ brother . When the latter died in 1118 , Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair had the realm partitioned between Tadc Mac Carthaig in the Kingdom of Desmond , and the sons of Diarmait Ua Briain in the Kingdom of Thomond . Domnall himself was excluded from the kingship .
= = Death = =
Thereafter Domnall disappears from record until his death , as an old man at Lismore , dated by the Annals of the Four Masters to 1135 . The annal @-@ entry itself describes him as a one @-@ time lord of Leinster , which could be evidence that he had tried to seize Leinster at some point in his career . The Annals of Tigernach apparently also record Domnall 's death , although the annal @-@ entry identifies him as a grandson of Muirchertach Ua Briain . Long afterwards in 1157 , Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn , King of Cenél nEógain ( died 1166 ) , a contender to the Irish high @-@ kingship , invaded the partitioned Munster and forced the submission of Diarmait Mac Carthaig , and further drove out Toirdelbach mac Diarmata Uí Briain — the son of Domnall 's aforesaid uncle , Diarmait Ua Briain — and replaced him with another Uí Briain dynast , Conchobar mac Domnaill Uí Briain , King of Ormond . The latter was likely a brother of Lughaid mac Domnaill Uí Briain who was slain in the battle of Móin Mhór in 1151 . Both men — Conchobar and Lughaid — could well have been sons of Domnall himself , although another candidate may be his like @-@ named first cousin , Domnall mac Taidc .
= = Ancestry = =
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= Italian battleship Littorio =
Littorio was the lead ship of her class of battleship and she served in the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) during World War II . She was named after the Lictor ( " Littorio " in Italian ) , in ancient times the bearer of the Roman fasces , which was adopted as the symbol of Italian Fascism . Littorio and her sister Vittorio Veneto were built in response to the French battleships Dunkerque and Strasbourg . They were Italy 's first modern battleships , and the first 35 @,@ 000 @-@ ton capital ships of any nation to be laid down under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty . Littorio was laid down in October 1934 , launched in August 1937 , and completed in May 1940 .
Shortly after her commissioning , Littorio was badly damaged during the British air raid on Taranto on 11 November 1940 , which put her out of action until the following March . Littorio thereafter took part in several sorties to catch the British Mediterranean Fleet , most of which failed to result in any action , the notable exception being the Second Battle of Sirte in March 1942 , where she damaged several British warships . Littorio was renamed Italia in July 1943 after the fall of the Fascist government . On 9 September 1943 , the Italian fleet was attacked by German bombers while it was on its way to internment . During this action , which saw the destruction of her sister Roma , Italia herself was hit by a Fritz X radio @-@ controlled bomb , causing significant damage to her bow . As part of the armistice agreement , Italia was interned at Malta , Alexandria , and finally in the Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal , where she remained until 1947 . Italia was awarded to the United States as a war prize and scrapped at La Spezia in 1952 – 54 .
= = Description = =
Littorio and her sister Vittorio Veneto were designed in response to the French Dunkerque @-@ class battleships . Littorio was 237 @.@ 76 meters ( 780 @.@ 1 ft ) long overall , had a beam of 32 @.@ 82 m ( 107 @.@ 7 ft ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 6 m ( 31 ft ) . She was designed with a standard displacement of 40 @,@ 724 long tons ( 41 @,@ 377 t ) , a violation of the 35 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 36 @,@ 000 t ) restriction of the Washington Naval Treaty ; at full combat loading , she displaced 45 @,@ 236 long tons ( 45 @,@ 962 t ) . The ship was powered by four Belluzo geared steam turbines rated at 128 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 95 @,@ 000 kW ) . Steam was provided by eight oil @-@ fired Yarrow boilers . The engines provided a top speed of 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) and a range of 3 @,@ 920 mi ( 6 @,@ 310 km ; 3 @,@ 410 nmi ) at 20 kn ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . Littorio had a crew of 1 @,@ 830 to 1 @,@ 950 over the course of her career .
Littorio 's main armament consisted of nine 381 @-@ millimeter ( 15 @.@ 0 in ) 50 @-@ caliber Model 1934 guns in three triple turrets ; two turrets were placed forward in a superfiring arrangement and the third was located aft . Her secondary anti @-@ surface armament consisted of twelve 152 mm ( 6 @.@ 0 in ) / 55 Model 1934 / 35 guns in four triple turrets amidships . These were supplemented by four 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 Model 1891 / 92 guns in single mounts ; these guns were old weapons and were primarily intended to fire star shells . Littorio was equipped with an anti @-@ aircraft battery that comprised twelve 90 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) / 50 Model 1938 guns in single mounts , twenty 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 54 guns in eight twin and four single mounts , and sixteen 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) / 65 guns in eight twin mounts . A further twelve 20 mm guns in twin mounts were installed in 1942 . She received an EC 3 bis radar set in August 1941 , an updated version in April 1942 — which proved to be unsuccessful in service — and finally the EC 3 ter model in September 1942 .
The ship was protected by a main armored belt that was 280 mm ( 11 in ) thick with a second layer of steel that was 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick . The main deck was 162 mm ( 6 @.@ 4 in ) thick in the central area of the ship and reduced to 45 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) in less critical areas . The main battery turrets were 350 mm ( 14 in ) thick and the lower turret structure was housed in barbettes that were also 350 mm thick . The secondary turrets had 280 mm thick faces and the conning tower had 260 mm ( 10 in ) thick sides . Littorio was fitted with a catapult on her stern and equipped with three IMAM Ro.43 reconnaissance float planes or Reggiane Re.2000 fighters .
= = Service history = =
Littorio was laid down at the Ansaldo shipyards in Genoa on 28 October 1934 to commemorate the Fascist Party 's March on Rome in 1922 . Her sister Vittorio Veneto was laid down the same day . Changes to the design and a lack of armor plating led to delays in the building schedule , causing a three @-@ month slip in the launch date from the original plan of May 1937 . Littorio was launched on 22 August 1937 , during a ceremony attended by many Italian dignitaries . She was sponsored by Signora Teresa Ballerino Cabella , the wife on an Ansaldo employee . After her launch , the fitting out period lasted until early 1940 . During this time , Littorio 's bow was modified to lessen vibration and reduce wetness over the bow . Littorio ran a series of sea trials over a period of two months between 23 October 1939 and 21 December 1939 . She was commissioned on 6 May 1940 , and after running additional trials that month , she transferred to Taranto where she — along with Vittorio Veneto — joined the 9th Division under the command of Rear Admiral Carlo Bergamini .
On 31 August – 2 September 1940 , Littorio sortied as part of an Italian force of five battleships , ten cruisers , and thirty @-@ four destroyers to intercept British naval forces taking part in Operation Hats and Convoy MB.3 , but contact was not made with either group due to poor reconnaissance and no action occurred . A similar outcome resulted from the movement against British Operation " MB.5 " on 29 September - 1 October ; Littorio , four other battleships , eleven cruisers , and twenty @-@ three destroyers had attempted to intercept the convoy carrying troops to Malta .
= = = Attack on Taranto = = =
On the night of 10 – 11 November , the British Mediterranean Fleet launched an air raid on the harbor in Taranto . Twenty @-@ one Swordfish torpedo bombers launched from the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious attacked the Italian fleet in two waves . The Italian base was defended by twenty @-@ one 90 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns and dozens of smaller 37 mm and 20 mm guns , along with twenty @-@ seven barrage balloons . The defenders did not possess radar , however , and so were caught by surprise when the Swordfishes arrived . Littorio and the other battleships were also not provided with sufficient anti @-@ torpedo nets . The first wave struck at 20 : 35 , followed by the second about an hour later .
The planes scored three hits on Littorio , one hit on Caio Duilio , and one on Conte di Cavour . Of the torpedoes that struck Littorio , two hit in the bow and one struck the stern ; the stern hit destroyed the rudder and shock from the explosion damaged the ship 's steering gear . The two forward hits caused major flooding and led her to settle by the bows , with her decks awash up to her main battery turrets . She could not be brought into dock until 11 December due to a fourth , unexploded torpedo discovered under her keel ; removing the torpedo proved to be a painstaking task , as any shift in the magnetic field around the torpedo might detonate its magnetic detonator . Repairs lasted until 11 March 1941 .
= = = Convoy operations = = =
After repairs were completed , Littorio participated in an unsuccessful sortie to intercept British forces on 22 – 25 August . A month later , she led the attack on the Allied convoy in Operation Halberd on 27 September 1941 . The British force escorting the convoy included the battleships Rodney , Nelson , and Prince of Wales ; Italian reconnaissance reported the presence of a powerful escort , and the Italian commander , under orders not to engage unless he possessed a strong numerical superiority , broke off the operation and returned to port . On 13 December , she participated in another sweep to catch a convoy to Malta , but the attempt was broken off after Vittorio Veneto was torpedoed by a British submarine . Three days later , she steamed out to escort Operation M42 , a supply convoy to Italian and German forces in North Africa . By late @-@ 1941 , British success at breaking the Enigma code made it increasingly difficult for Axis convoys to reach North Africa . The Italians therefore committed their battle fleet to the convoy effort to better protect the transports . The next day , she took part in the First Battle of Sirte . Littorio , along with the rest of the distant covering force , engaged the escort of a British convoy heading for Malta that happened to run into the M42 convoy late in the day . Littorio opened fire at extreme range , around 35 @,@ 000 yards ( 32 @,@ 000 m ) , but she scored no hits . Nevertheless , the heavy Italian fire forced the British force to withdraw under cover of a smokescreen and the M42 convoy reached North Africa without damage .
On 3 January 1942 , Littorio was again tasked with convoy escort , in support of Operation M43 ; she was back in port by 6 January . On 22 March , she participated in the Second Battle of Sirte , as the flagship for an Italian force attempting to destroy a British convoy bound for Malta . After the fall of darkness , several British destroyers made a close @-@ range attack on Littorio , but heavy fire from her main and secondary guns forced the destroyers to retreat . As the destroyers withdrew , one of them hit Littorio with a single 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) shell , which caused minor damage to the ship 's fantail . During the battle , Littorio hit and seriously damaged the destroyers HMS Havock and Kingston . She also hit the cruiser Euryalus but did not inflict significant damage . Kingston returned to Malta for repairs , where she was later destroyed during a bombing raid . Muzzle blast from Littorio 's rear turret set one of her floatplanes on fire , though no serious damage to the ship resulted . She fired a total of 181 shells from her main battery in the course of the engagement . Though the Italian fleet was unable to directly attack the convoy , it forced the transports to scatter and many were sunk the next day by air attack .
Three months later , on 14 June , Littorio participated in the interception of the Operation Vigorous convoy to Malta from Alexandria . Littorio , Vittorio Veneto , four cruisers and twelve destroyers were sent to attack the convoy . The British quickly located the approaching Italian fleet and launched several night air strikes in an attempt to prevent them from reaching the convoy , though the aircraft scored no hits . While searching for the convoy the next day , Littorio was hit by a bomb dropped by a B @-@ 24 Liberator ; the bomb hit the roof of turret no . 1 but caused negligible damage to the rangefinder hood and barbette , along with splinter damage to the deck . The turret nevertheless remained serviceable and Littorio remained with the fleet . At 14 : 00 , the Italians broke off the chase and returned to port ; shortly before midnight that evening , Littorio was struck by a torpedo dropped by a British Wellington bomber , causing some 1 @,@ 500 long tons ( 1 @,@ 500 t ) of water to flood the ship 's bow . Her crew counter @-@ flooded 350 long tons ( 360 t ) of water to correct the list . The ship was able to return to port for repairs , and in the meantime , the threat from Vittorio Veneto forced the British convoy to abort the mission . Repair work lasted until 27 August . She remained in Taranto until 12 December , when the fleet was moved to La Spezia .
= = = Fate = = =
Littorio was inactive for the first six months of 1943 due to severe fuel shortages in the Italian Navy . Only enough fuel was available for Littorio , Vittorio Veneto and their recently commissioned sister Roma , but even then the fuel was only enough for emergencies . On 19 June 1943 , an American bombing raid targeted the harbor at La Spezia and hit Littorio with three bombs . She was renamed Italia on 30 July after the government of Benito Mussolini fell from power . On 3 September , Italy signed an armistice with the Allies , ending her active participation in World War II . Six days later , Italia and the rest of the Italian fleet sailed for Malta , where they would be interned for the remainder of the war . While en route , the German Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) attacked the Italian fleet using Dornier Do 217s armed with Fritz X radio @-@ controlled bombs . One Fritz X hit Italia just forward of turret no . 1 ; it passed through the ship and exited the hull , exploding in the water beneath and causing serious damage . Roma was meanwhile sunk in the attack .
Italia and Vittorio Veneto were then moved , first to Alexandria , Egypt , and then to the Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal in Egypt on 14 September ; they remained there until the end of the war . On 5 February 1947 , Italia was finally permitted to return to Italy . In the Treaty of Peace with Italy , signed five days later on 10 February , Italia was allocated as a war prize to the United States . She was stricken from the naval register on 1 June 1948 and broken up for scrap at La Spezia .
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= Typhoon Andy ( 1982 ) =
Typhoon Andy , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Iliang , was an intense tropical cyclone that made landfall in Taiwan . Andy formed along the northern edge of the monsoon trough south of Guam on July 22 , 1982 . It became a tropical storm the next day , although this system was initially poorly organized . Andy moved steadily west during the first few days of its life . After looping south of Guam , the cyclone moved northwest and strengthened . Andy turned westward near the 18th parallel on July 25 . The system became a strong typhoon for a prolonged period on July 27 and July 28 while attaining a peak intensity of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . However , the typhoon struck southern Taiwan on July 29 . Continuing westward through the Formosa Strait , the storm made its final landfall in southern China on July 30 and dissipated inland two days later .
During its formative stages , the typhoon brought high waves to Guam , resulting in one death . Twelve families were also left homeless . After passing near Taiwan , Andy brought strong winds , which resulted in 13 deaths . Government offices , schools and airports were closed . At least 60 fishing boats in harbors were badly damaged or wrecked due to strong winds . A total of 300 poer poles were brought down ; consequently , nearly a quarter of Taiwan residents lost power at the height of the storm . After moving ashore in China , Andy brought heavy rains to nearby Hong Kong .
= = Meteorological history = =
Typhoon Andy originated from a monsoon trough south of Guam in tandem with Typhoon Bess . Despite strong wind shear , three areas of disturbed weather soon developed . The westernmost of the three drifted westward and remained poorly defined . Late on July 21 , a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) was issued for the middle system following a drop in barometric pressure and an increase in organization . Around this time , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) started watching the cyclone . On July 22 , the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm . During the evening hours of July 22 , Hurricane Hunters found winds of 65 to 70 km / h ( 40 to 45 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . Based on this , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) classified the system as a tropical storm and named it Andy . Despite the initial overall lack of organization , Andy slowly gained strength . However , the low @-@ level circulation was initially poorly defined and difficult to find via weather satellite imagery . While passing around 160 km ( 100 mi ) south of Guam , the JMA upped Andy into a severe tropical storm . After performing a small loop , Andy accelerated northwest south of a subtropical ridge . According to the JMA , Andy attained typhoon intensity midday on July 24 .
For the ensuing 24 hours , intensification was slight . Thereafter , Andy turned west and entered a more favorable environment for intensification . On July 25 , the JMA placed the intensity of the storm at 140 km / h ( 87 mph ) . After briefly leveling off in intensity , Andy continued to gain strength , and during the morning hours of July 26 , the JMA reported winds of 170 km / h ( 105 mph ) . The next day , the JMA estimated that Andy reached peak intensity , with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , and subsequently noted that Andy attained its minimum barometric pressure of 930 mbar ( 25 inHg ) . Later that day , the JTWC estimated a peak intensity of 225 km / h ( 140 mph ) , equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the United States @-@ based Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale ( SSHWS ) .
Shortly after its peak , Andy began to slowly weaken . At 1200 UTC on July 28 , the JTWC reduced the intensity of the typhoon to 210 km / h ( 130 mph ) . However , on July 29 , the JMA lowered the intensity of the cyclone to 145 km / h ( 90 mph ) , even though the JTWC kept the intensity over 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) until landfall , which occurred later that day along the southeastern quadrant of Taiwan . Despite briefly emerging into the Formosa Strait , the JMA downgraded Andy into a severe tropical storm just before landfall in Southern China . On July 30 , the JTWC stopped watching Andy inland over the mountains terrain of southeastern China . Two days later , the JMA followed suit .
= = Preparations and impact = =
While strengthening , Typhoon Andy passed near Guam , generating 7 @.@ 6 to 9 @.@ 1 m ( 25 to 30 ft ) waves along south @-@ facing beaches . An 11 @-@ year @-@ old boy died in Naval Station after the waves swept him off of rocks . Three " huge " waves struck the shoreline near Umatac , which destroyed several homes off of their foundation . Along many nearby villages , scattered damage was noted . At least nine villages were without power for varying amounts of time . In all , 12 people were left homeless .
While affecting Taiwan , Typhoon Andy snapped trees and toppled billboards , in addition to generating high waves . In some places , rainfall reached 300 mm ( 12 in ) . Coastal areas were hardest hit . Along the southern portion of the island , 300 power poles were downed , making damage reports difficult for the United Press International to obtain . At the height of the storm , a quarter of the nation 's 18 million residents were left without power . Eight people were killed in storm @-@ related accidents , including a man and a women who died when a car flipped in the central portion of the country . Furthermore , four members of a fishing party were swept out to sea and drowned and an elderly man was blown off a roof as he tried to fix leaks in it . Another 11 @-@ year @-@ old boy was swept into the sea and was presumed to have perished while watching waves near the southeastern city of Taitung , though his 16 @-@ year @-@ old companion who was also watching the waves was swept away , but was later rescued . In all , 13 people were killed by Typhoon Andy in Taiwan . In Taipei , broken trees and signboards fell on streets due to strong winds . Government offices , schools and airports were closed . At least 60 fishing boats in harbors were badly damaged or wrecked in the wind . Elsewhere , a 23 @-@ man crew was forced to abandon a 5 @,@ 393 short tons ( 4 @,@ 890 t ) ship off the northern Philippines . Overall , no major damage was observed and no major flooding was reported . After making its final landfall in China , 205 @.@ 3 mm ( 8 @.@ 08 in ) of rain was measured in Hong Kong .
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= The Spy Who Loved Me ( film ) =
The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) is the tenth spy film in the James Bond series , and the third to star Roger Moore as the fictional secret agent James Bond . Curd Jürgens and Barbara Bach co @-@ star . It was directed by Lewis Gilbert and the screenplay was written by Christopher Wood and Richard Maibaum .
The film takes its title from Ian Fleming 's novel The Spy Who Loved Me , the tenth book in the James Bond series , though it does not contain any elements of the novel 's plot . The storyline involves a reclusive megalomaniac named Karl Stromberg , who plans to destroy the world and create a new civilisation under the sea . Bond teams up with a Russian agent , Anya Amasova , to stop Stromberg .
It was shot on location in Egypt ( Cairo , Luxor ) and Sardinia , Costa Smeralda ( Italy ) , with underwater scenes filmed at the Bahamas ( Nassau ) , and a new soundstage being built at Pinewood Studios for a massive set which depicted the interior of a supertanker . The Spy Who Loved Me was well @-@ received by critics . The soundtrack composed by Marvin Hamlisch also met with success . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards amid many other nominations and novelised in 1977 by Christopher Wood as James Bond , The Spy Who Loved Me .
= = Plot = =
British and Soviet ballistic @-@ missile submarines are mysteriously disappearing . James Bond — MI6 agent 007 — is summoned to investigate . On the way to his briefing , he escapes an ambush by Soviet agents in Austria , killing their leader during a downhill ski chase . The plans for a highly advanced submarine tracking system are being offered in Egypt . There , he encounters Major Anya Amasova — KGB agent Triple X — his rival to recover the microfilm plans . They travel across Egypt together , encountering Jaws – a tall assassin with steel teeth – along the way . Bond and Amasova reluctantly team up after a truce is agreed by their respective British and Soviet superiors . They identify the person responsible for the thefts as the shipping tycoon , scientist and anarchist Karl Stromberg .
While travelling by train to Stromberg 's base in Sardinia , Bond saves Amasova from Jaws , and their cooling rivalry turns to affection . Posing as a marine biologist and his wife , they visit Stromberg 's base and discover that he had launched a mysterious new supertanker , the Liparus , nine months previously . As they leave the base , Jaws , and Naomi , an assassin in an attack helicopter , chase them but Bond and Amasova escape underwater when his car – a Lotus Esprit from Q Branch – converts into a submarine . Jaws escapes while Naomi is killed . Bond finds out that the Liparus has never visited any known port or harbour . Amasova discovers that Bond killed her lover in Austria ( at the beginning of the movie ) , and she vows to kill Bond once their mission ends .
Bond and Amasova examine Stromberg 's underwater Atlantis base from an American submarine , and confirm that he is operating the stolen tracking system . The Liparus captures the submarine . Stromberg sets his plan in motion : the simultaneous launching of nuclear missiles from British and Soviet submarines to destroy Moscow and New York City . This would trigger a global nuclear war , which Stromberg would survive in Atlantis , and subsequently a new civilisation would be established underwater . He leaves for Atlantis with Amasova . Bond escapes and frees the captured British , Russian and American submariners and they battle the Liparus 's crew . Bond reprograms the submarines to fire missiles at each other , saving Moscow and New York City . The victorious submariners escape the sinking Liparus on the American submarine .
The submarine is ordered to destroy Atlantis but Bond insists on rescuing Amasova first . He confronts and kills Stromberg but again encounters Jaws , whom he drops into a shark tank . However , Jaws fatally bites the shark and escapes . Bond and Amasova flee in an escape pod as Atlantis is sunk . Amasova reminds Bond that she has vowed to kill him as she picks up Bond 's gun . Then , she admits to having forgiven him and the two embrace . The Royal Navy recovers the pod , and the two spies are seen in an intimate embrace through its port window , much to the consternation of their British and Soviet superiors on the ship .
= = Cast = =
Roger Moore as James Bond 007 : A British MI6 agent assigned to investigate the theft of two submarines .
Barbara Bach as Anya Amasova / Agent Triple X : A Soviet KGB agent also investigating the theft . Her attraction to Bond is cut short when she learns he killed her lover . Bach was cast only four days before principal photography began , and performed her audition expecting just a role in the film , not one of the protagonists .
Curd Jürgens ( billed as " Curt Jurgens " in the credits ) as Karl Stromberg : The main villain , a megalomaniac planning to trigger World War III and destroy the world , then recreate a new civilisation underwater . Jürgens ' casting was a suggestion of director Lewis Gilbert , who had worked with him before .
Richard Kiel as Jaws : Stromberg 's seemingly indestructible juggernaut of a henchman , afflicted with gigantism and having a set of metal teeth . He would reprise the role in the subsequent Bond film , Moonraker .
Caroline Munro as Naomi : Stromberg 's personal pilot and a would @-@ be assassin . Munro 's casting was inspired by an advertisement campaign she had made .
Walter Gotell as General Gogol : The head of the KGB and Anya 's boss . Gotell 's debut in the role ; he had previously appeared as Morzeny in From Russia with Love and would reprise the role of Gogol in the next five films .
Bernard Lee as M : The head of MI6 .
Desmond Llewelyn as Q / Major Boothroyd : MI6 's head of research and development . He supplies Bond with unique vehicles and gadgets , most notably the Lotus Esprit that converts into a submarine .
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary .
Geoffrey Keen as Frederick Gray : The British Minister of Defence . Keen 's Bond debut ; he would appear in the role in the next five films .
Milton Reid as Sandor : Stromberg 's henchman .
Robert Brown as Vice @-@ Admiral Hargreaves : Flag Officer , Submarines of Royal Navy ; Brown would later play M in Octopussy , A View to a Kill , The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill .
George Baker as Captain Benson : A British naval officer stationed at the Royal Navy 's Faslane Naval Base in Scotland . Baker had previously appeared in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service .
The assistant director for the Italian locations , Victor Tourjansky , had a cameo as a man drinking his wine as Bond 's Lotus emerges from the beach . As an in @-@ joke , he would return in similar appearances in another two Bond films shot in Italy , Moonraker and For Your Eyes Only .
= = Production = =
The Spy Who Loved Me in many ways was a pivotal film for the Bond franchise , and was plagued since its conception by many problems . The first was the departure of Bond producer Harry Saltzman , who was forced to sell his half of the Bond film franchise in 1975 for £ 20 million . Saltzman had branched out into several other ventures of dubious promise and consequently was struggling through personal financial reversals unrelated to Bond . This was exacerbated by the twin personal tragedies of his wife 's terminal cancer and many of the symptoms of clinical depression in himself .
Another troubling aspect of the production was the difficulty in obtaining a director . The producers approached Steven Spielberg , who was in post @-@ production of Jaws , but ultimately decided to wait to see " how the fish picture turns out " . The first director attached to the film was Guy Hamilton , who directed the previous three Bond films as well as Goldfinger , but he left after being offered the opportunity to direct the 1978 film Superman , although Richard Donner took over the project . Eon Productions would later turn to Lewis Gilbert , who had directed the earlier Bond film You Only Live Twice .
With a director finally secured , the next hurdle was finishing the script , which had gone through several revisions by numerous writers . The initial villain of the film was Ernst Stavro Blofeld ; however Kevin McClory , who owned the film rights to Thunderball forced an injunction on Eon Productions against using the character of Blofeld , or his international criminal organisation , SPECTRE , which delayed production of the film further . The villain would later be changed from Blofeld to Stromberg so that the injunction would not interfere with the production . Christopher Wood was later brought in by Lewis Gilbert to complete the script . Although Fleming had requested that no elements from his original book be used , the novel features two thugs named Sol Horror and Sluggsy Morant . Horror is described as having steel @-@ capped teeth , while Sluggsy had a clear bald head . These characters would be the basis for the characters of Jaws and Sandor , respectively .
Since Ian Fleming permitted Eon to use only the name of his novel and not the actual novel , Fleming 's name was moved for the first time from above the film 's title to above " James Bond 007 " . His name reverted to the traditional location for Moonraker , the last Eon Bond film based on a Fleming novel before 2006 's Casino Royale . However , the credit style first used in The Spy Who Loved Me has been used on all Eon Bond films since For Your Eyes Only , including Casino Royale .
= = = Script = = =
Broccoli commissioned a number of writers to work on the script , including Stirling Silliphant , John Landis , Ronald Hardy , Anthony Burgess , and Derek Marlowe . In the second volume of his autobiography , Burgess claims to have worked on an early treatment for the movie . The British television producer Gerry Anderson also stated that he provided a film treatment ( although originally planned to be Moonraker ) much similar to what ended up as The Spy Who Loved Me .
Eventually , Richard Maibaum provided the screenplay , and at first he tried to incorporate ideas from all of the other writers into his script . Maibaum 's original script featured an alliance of international terrorists attacking SPECTRE 's headquarters and deposing Blofeld , before trying to destroy the world for themselves to make way for a New World Order . However , this was shelved .
After Gilbert was reinstated as director , he decided to bring in another writer , Christopher Wood . Gilbert also decided to fix what he felt the previous Roger Moore films were doing wrong , which was writing the Bond character too much the way Sean Connery played him , and instead portray Bond closer to the books — " very English , very smooth , good sense of humour " . Broccoli asked Wood to create a villain with metal teeth , Jaws , inspired by a brace @-@ wearing henchman named Horror in Fleming 's novel .
Broccoli agreed to Wood 's proposed changes , but before he could set to work there were more legal complications . In the years since Thunderball , Kevin McClory had set up two film companies and was trying to make a new Bond film in collaboration with Sean Connery and novelist Len Deighton . McClory got wind of Broccoli 's plans to use SPECTRE , an organisation that had first been created by Fleming while working with McClory and Jack Whittingham on the very first attempt to film Thunderball , back even before it was a novel , in the late 1950s . McClory threatened to sue Broccoli for alleged copyright infringement , claiming that he had the sole right to include SPECTRE and its agents in all films . Not wishing to extend the already ongoing legal dispute that could have delayed the production of The Spy Who Loved Me , Broccoli requested Wood remove all references to Blofeld and SPECTRE from the script .
In the film , Stromberg 's scheme to destroy civilisation by capturing Soviet and British nuclear submarines and have them fire intercontinental ballistic missiles at two major cities is actually a recycled plot from Gilbert 's previous Bond film , You Only Live Twice , which involved stealing space capsules to start a war between the Soviets and the Americans . The similarity was apparent in the climax ; both films involved an assault on a heavily fortified enemy that had taken refuge behind steel shutters .
The scheme in which the villain wishes to destroy mankind to create a new race or new civilisation was also used in Moonraker , the next film after The Spy Who Loved Me . In Moonraker , the villain Hugo Drax had an obsession with starting human civilisation over again on Earth , using specially chosen " superior human specimens " based in space . The film Moonraker was also written by Christopher Wood .
Tom Mankiewicz , who worked on the three preceding Bond films , claims he was called in to do an extensive rewrite of the script . Mankiewicz says he did not receive credit , because Broccoli was limited to the number of non @-@ English in key positions he could employ on the films to obtain Eady Levy assistance .
= = = Filming = = =
Tom Mankiewicz claims that Catherine Deneuve wanted to play the female lead and was willing to cut her normal rate from $ 400 @,@ 000 per picture to $ 250 @,@ 000 , but Broccoli would not pay above $ 80 @,@ 000 .
The film was shot at the Pinewood Studios in London , Porto Cervo in Sardinia ( Hotel Cala di Volpe ) , Egypt ( Karnak , Mosque of Ibn Tulun , Gayer @-@ Anderson Museum , Abu Simbel temples ) , Malta , Scotland , Hayling Island UK , Okinawa , Switzerland and Mount Asgard on Baffin Island in the then northern Canadian territory of Northwest Territories ( now located in Nunavut ) .
As no studio was big enough for the interior of Stromberg 's supertanker , and set designer Ken Adam did not want to repeat what he had done with SPECTRE 's volcano base in You Only Live Twice — " a workable but ultimately wasteful set " — construction began in March 1976 of a new sound stage at Pinewood , the 007 Stage , at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 8 million . To complement this stage , Eon also paid for building a water tank capable of storing approximately 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 gallons ( 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 litres ) . The soundstage was so huge that cinematographer Claude Renoir found himself unable to effectively light it due to his deteriorating eyesight , and so Stanley Kubrick visited the production , in secret , to advise on how to light the stage . For the exterior , while Shell was willing to lend an abandoned tanker to the production , the elevated insurance and safety risks caused it to be replaced with miniatures built by Derek Meddings ' team and shot in the Bahamas . Stromberg 's shark tank was also filmed in the Bahamas , using a live shark in a saltwater swimming pool . Adam decided to do experiments with curved shapes for the scenery , as he felt all his previous setpieces were " too linear " . This was demonstrated with the Atlantis , which is a dome and curved surfaces outside , and many curved objects in Stromberg 's office inside . For Gogol 's offices , Adam wanted an open space to contrast M 's enclosed headquarters , and drew inspiration from Sergei Eisenstein to do a " Russian crypt @-@ like " set .
The main unit began its work in August 1976 in Sardinia . Don McLaughlan , then head of public relations at Lotus Cars , heard that Eon were shopping for a new Bond car . He drove a prototype Lotus Esprit with all Lotus branding taped over , and parked it outside the Eon offices at Pinewood studios ; on seeing the car Eon asked Lotus to borrow both of the prototypes for filming . Initial filming of the car chase sequence resulted in disappointing action sequences . While moving the car between shoots , Lotus test driver Roger Becker impressed with his handling of the car and for the rest of filming on Sardinia , Becker became the stunt driver .
In October , the second unit travelled to Nassau to film the underwater sequences . To perform the car becoming a submarine , seven different models were used , one for each step of the transformation . One of the models was a fully mobile submarine equipped with an engine built by Miami @-@ based Perry Submarines . The car seen entering the sea was a mock @-@ up shell , propelled off the jetty by a compressed air cannon . During the model sequences , the air bubbles seen appearing from the vehicle were created by Alka @-@ Seltzer tablets .
In September , production moved to Egypt . While the Great Sphinx of Giza was shot on the location , lighting problems caused the pyramids to be replaced with miniatures . While construction of the Liparus set continued , the second unit headed by John Glen departed for Mount Asgard , where in July 1976 they staged the film 's pre @-@ credits sequence . Bond film veteran Willy Bogner captured the action , staged by stuntman Rick Sylvester , who earned $ 30 @,@ 000 for the stunt . This stunt cost $ 500 @,@ 000 – the most expensive single movie stunt at that time .
The production team returned briefly to the UK to shoot at the Faslane submarine base before setting off to Spain , Portugal and the Bay of Biscay where the supertanker exteriors were filmed . On 5 December 1976 , with principal photography finished , the 007 Stage was formally opened by former Prime Minister Harold Wilson .
= = = Music = = =
The theme song " Nobody Does It Better " was composed by Marvin Hamlisch , written by Carole Bayer Sager , and performed by Carly Simon . It was the first theme song in the series to be titled differently from the name of the film , although the title is in the lyrics . It was nominated for Best Song but lost to " You Light Up My Life " .
The song met immediate success and is featured in numerous films , including Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) , Little Black Book , Lost in Translation , and Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) . In 2004 , it was honoured by the American Film Institute as the 67th greatest song as part of their 100 Years Series .
The soundtrack to the film was composed by Marvin Hamlisch , who filled in for veteran John Barry , who was unavailable to work in the United Kingdom because of tax reasons . The soundtrack , in comparison to other Bond films of the time , is more disco @-@ oriented and included a new disco rendition of " The James Bond Theme " titled " Bond 77 " ; several pieces of classical music were also included in the score . For instance , while feeding a duplicitous secretary to a shark , Stromberg plays Bach 's " Air on the G String " , which was famous for accompanying disappointed characters in Hamlet cigar commercials . He then plays the opening string section of the second movement , Andante , of Mozart 's Piano Concerto No. 21 as his hideout Atlantis rises from the sea . The score also includes two pieces of popular film music scored by Maurice Jarre . The Doctor Zhivago theme , which is played on Anya 's music box during the pre @-@ credit sequence , and the theme from Lawrence of Arabia , which appears as background music during a desert sequence .
= = Release and reception = =
The Spy Who Loved Me opened with a Royal Premiere attended by Princess Anne at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 7 July 1977 . It grossed $ 185 @.@ 4 million worldwide , with $ 46 million in the United States alone . On 25 August 2006 , the film was re @-@ released at the Empire Leicester Square Cinema for one week . It was again shown at the Empire Leicester Square 20 April 2008 when Director Lewis Gilbert attended the first digital screening of the film .
Eon executive Charles Juroe said that at a screening attended by Charles , Prince of Wales , during the Union Jack @-@ parachute scene " I have never seen a reaction in the cinema as there was that night . You couldn 't help it . You could not help but stand up . Even Prince Charles stood up . " It is Roger Moore 's favourite Bond film , and many reviewers consider it the best instalment to star the actor . Christopher Null praised the gadgets , particularly the Lotus Esprit car . James Berardinelli of Reelviews said that the film is " suave and sophisticated " , and Barbara Bach proves to be an ideal Bond girl – " attractive , smart , sexy , and dangerous " . Brian Webster stated the special effects were " good for a 1979 [ sic ] film " , and Marvin Hamlisch 's music , " memorable " . Danny Peary described The Spy Who Loved Me as " exceptional ... For once , the big budget was not wasted . Interestingly , while the sets and gimmicks were the most spectacular to date , Bond and the other characters are toned down ( there 's a minimum of slapstick humour ) so that they are more realistic than in other Roger Moore films . Moore gives his best performance in the series ... [ Bond and Anya Amasova ] are an appealing couple , equal in every way . Film is a real treat – a well acted , smartly cast , sexy , visually impressive , lavishly produced , powerfully directed mix of a spy romance and a war @-@ mission film . " Janet Maslin of The New York Times considered the film formulaic and " half an hour too long , thanks to the obligatory shoot- ' em @-@ up conclusion , ... nevertheless the dullest sequence here " but praised Moore 's performance and the film 's " share of self @-@ mockery " , which she found refreshing .
The Times placed Jaws and Stromberg as the sixth and seventh best Bond villains ( respectively ) in the series in 2008 , and also named the Esprit as the second best car in the series ( behind the Aston Martin DB5 ) .
Marvin Hamlisch was nominated for several awards such as the Academy Award for Best Song , Original Music Score , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , Grammy Award for Best Score for a Motion Picture and the BAFTA Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music ( " Nobody Does It Better " ) in 1978 . The film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction ( Ken Adam , Peter Lamont and Hugh Scaife ) and a BAFTA for Best Production Design / Art Direction
The end credits state " James Bond Will Return in For Your Eyes Only " , but following the success of Star Wars , the originally planned For Your Eyes Only was dropped in favour of the space @-@ themed Moonraker for the next film . Most critics received the film positively : Rotten Tomatoes sampled 47 reviewers and judged 79 % of the reviews to be positive .
= = Novelization = =
When Ian Fleming sold the film rights to the James Bond novels to Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli , he gave permission only for the title The Spy Who Loved Me to be used . Since the screenplay for the film had nothing to do with Fleming 's original novel , Eon Productions , for the first time , authorised a novelisation based upon the script . This would also be the first regular Bond novel published since Colonel Sun nearly a decade earlier . Christopher Wood , who co @-@ authored the screenplay , was commissioned to write the book titled James Bond , The Spy Who Loved Me .
The novelisation and the screenplay , although both written by Wood , are somewhat different . In the novelisation , SMERSH is still active and after James Bond . Their role begins during the pre @-@ title . After the mysterious death of Fekkish , SMERSH appears yet again , this time capturing and torturing Bond for the whereabouts of the microfilm that retains plans for a submarine tracking system ( Bond escapes after killing two of the interrogators ) . The appearance of SMERSH conflicts with a number of Bond stories , including the film The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) , in which a character remarks that SMERSH has been defunct for over 20 years . It also differs from the latter half of Fleming 's Bond novels in which SMERSH is said to have been put out of operation . Members of SMERSH from the novelisation include Amasova and her lover Sergei Borzov as well as Colonel @-@ General Niktin , a character from Fleming 's novel From Russia , with Love who has since become the head of SMERSH . In the book , Jaws remains attached to the magnet that Bond dips into the tank , as opposed to the film where Bond releases Jaws into the water .
= = Sale of props = =
The Lotus Esprit — capable of transforming from car to submarine in the movie — was purchased for £ 616 @,@ 000 at a London auction in October 2013 by Elon Musk , who plans to rebuild the vehicle and attempt to make the fictional dual @-@ purpose car be an actual dual @-@ purpose car ( underwater and on land ) .
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= FC Barcelona =
Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔɫ ˈkɫub bərsəˈɫonə ] ) , commonly known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça , is a professional football club , based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain .
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto " Més que un club " ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the second most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 3 @.@ 56 billion , and the world 's second richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of € 560 @.@ 8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the " Cant del Barça " , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs .
Domestically , Barcelona has won 24 La Liga , 28 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies . Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the third position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long @-@ standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico .
Barcelona is one of the most supported teams in the world , and has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona 's players have won a record number of Ballon d 'Or awards ( 11 ) , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) . In 2010 , the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy ( Messi , Iniesta and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d 'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school .
Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division , along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid . In 2009 , Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga , Copa del Rey , and the UEFA Champions League , and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year , completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup , UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . In 2011 , the club became European champions again and won five trophies . This Barcelona team , which reached a record six consecutive Champions League semi @-@ finals and won 14 trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . In June 2015 , Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice .
= = History = =
= = = Beginnings of FC Barcelona ( 1899 – 1922 ) = = =
On 22 October 1899 , Hans Gamper placed an advertisement in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club ; a positive response resulted in a meeting at the Gimnasio Solé on 29 November . Eleven players attended — Walter Wild ( the first director of the club ) , Lluís d 'Ossó , Bartomeu Terradas , Otto Kunzle , Otto Maier , Enric Ducal , Pere Cabot , Carles Pujol , Josep Llobet , John Parsons , and William Parsons — and Foot @-@ Ball Club Barcelona was born .
FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups , competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey . In 1902 , the club won its first trophy , the Copa Macaya , and participated in the first Copa del Rey , losing 1 – 2 to Bizcaya in the final . Hans Gamper — now known as Joan Gamper — became club president in 1908 , finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905 . Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925 , he spent 25 years in total at the helm . One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income .
On 14 March 1909 the team moved into the Camp de la Indústria , a stadium with a capacity of 8 @,@ 000 . To celebrate their new surroundings , the club conducted a logo contest the following year . Carles Comamala won the contest , and his suggestion became the crest that the club still wears – with some minor changes – as of the present day .
With the new stadium , Barcelona participated in the inaugural version of the Pyrenees Cup , which , at the time , consisted of the best teams of Languedoc , Midi and Aquitaine ( Southern France ) , the Basque Country and Catalonia ; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region . The contest was the most prestigious in that era . From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913 , Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times . Carles Comamala played an integral part of the four @-@ time champion , managing the side along with Amechazurra and Jack Greenwell . The latter became the club 's first full @-@ time coach in 1917 . The last edition was held in 1914 in the city of Barcelona , which local rivals Espanyol won .
During the same period , the club changed its official language from Castilian to Catalan and gradually evolved into an important symbol of Catalan identity . For many fans , participating in the club had less to do with the game itself and more with being a part of the club 's collective identity . On 4 February 1917 , the club held its first testimonial match to honour Ramón Torralba , who played from 1913 to 1928 . The match was against local side Terrassa : Barcelona won 6 – 2 .
Gamper simultaneously launched a campaign to recruit more club members , and by 1922 , the club had more than 20 @,@ 000 , who helped finance a new stadium . The club then moved to the new Les Cortes , which they inaugurated the same year . Les Cortes had an initial capacity of 30 @,@ 000 , and in the 1940s it was expanded to 60 @,@ 000 .
Gamper recruited Jack Greenwell as the first full @-@ time manager in Barcelona 's history . After this hiring , the club 's fortunes began to improve on the field . During the Gamper @-@ led era , Barcelona won eleven Campionats de Catalunya , six Copa del Rey and four Pyrenees Cups and enjoyed its first " golden age " .
= = = Rivera , Republic and Civil War ( 1923 – 1957 ) = = =
On 14 June 1925 , in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera 's dictatorship , the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March . As a reprisal , the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club . This coincided with the transition to professional football , and , in 1926 , the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed , for the first time , to operate a professional football club . On 3 July 1927 , the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara , against the Spanish national team . To kick off the match , local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his airplane . In 1928 , victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled " Oda a Platko " , which was written by a member of the Generation of ' 27 , Rafael Alberti , inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper , Franz Platko . On 23 June 1929 , Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League . A year after winning the championship , on 30 July 1930 , Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems .
Although they continued to have players of the standing of Josep Escolà , the club now entered a period of decline , in which political conflict overshadowed sports throughout society . Attendance at matches dropped as the citizens of Barcelona were occupied with discussing political matters . Although the team won the Campionat de Catalunya in 1930 , 1931 , 1932 , 1934 , 1936 and 1938 , success at a national level ( with the exception of the 1937 disputed title ) evaded them .
A month after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936 , several players from Barcelona enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising , along with players from Athletic Bilbao . On 6 August , Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol , a representative of the pro @-@ independence political party . He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme , and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity . In the summer of 1937 , the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States , where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic . The tour led to the financial security of the club , but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France , making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies .
On 16 March 1938 , Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force , causing more than 3 @,@ 000 deaths , with one of the bombs hitting the club 's offices . A few months later , Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the " undisciplined " Catalanism , the club , now down to just 3 @,@ 486 members , faced a number of restrictions . All signs of regional nationalism , including language , flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain . The Catalan flag was banned and the club were prohibited from using non @-@ Spanish names . These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest .
In 1943 , Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi @-@ finals of Copa del Generalísimo ( now the Copa del Rey ) . The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3 – 0 . Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg , beating Barcelona 11 – 1 . According to football writer Sid Lowe , " There have been relatively few mentions of the game [ since ] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid . Indeed , the 11 – 1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona 's history . " It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona 's players were threatened by police in the changing room , though nothing was ever proven .
Despite the difficult political situation , CF Barcelona enjoyed considerable success during the 1940s and 1950s . In 1945 , with Josep Samitier as coach and players like César , Ramallets and Velasco , they won La Liga for the first time since 1929 . They added two more titles in 1948 and 1949 . In 1949 , they also won the first Copa Latina . In June 1950 , Barcelona signed László Kubala , who was to be an important figure at the club .
On a rainy Sunday of 1951 , the crowd left Les Corts stadium after a 2 – 1 win against Santander by foot , refusing to catch any trams , and surprising the Francoist authorities . The reason was simple : at the same time , a tram strike was taking place in Barcelona , receiving the support of blaugrana fans . Events like this made CF Barcelona represent much more than just Catalonia and many progressive Spaniards saw the club as a staunch defender of rights and freedoms .
Coach Ferdinand Daučík and László Kubala led the team to five different trophies including La Liga , the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa Latina , the Copa Eva Duarte , and the Copa Martini Rossi in 1952 . In 1953 , the club won La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo again .
= = = Club de Fútbol Barcelona ( 1957 – 1978 ) = = =
With Helenio Herrera as coach , a young Luis Suárez , the European Footballer of the Year in 1960 , and two influential Hungarians recommended by Kubala , Sándor Kocsis and Zoltán Czibor , the team won another national double in 1959 and a La Liga and Fairs Cup double in 1960 . In 1961 , they became the first club to beat Real Madrid in a European Cup play @-@ off . However , they lost 2 – 3 to Benfica in the final .
The 1960s were less successful for the club , with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga . The completion of the Camp Nou , finished in 1957 , meant the club had little money to spend on new players . The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach , and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966 . Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1 – 0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Bernabéu in front of Franco , with coach Salvador Artigas , a former republican pilot in the civil war . With the end of Franco 's dictatorship in 1974 , the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design , including the original letters once again .
The 1973 – 74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff , who was bought for a world record £ 920 @,@ 000 from Ajax . Already an established player with Ajax , Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco . He further endeared himself when he named his son Jordi , after the local Catalan Saint George . Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi , Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil , he helped the club win the 1973 – 74 season for the first time since 1960 , defeating Real Madrid 5 – 0 at the Santiago Bernabéu along the way . He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona ( his second Ballon d 'Or win ; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971 ) . Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time ( the first player to do so ) in 1974 , while he was still with Barcelona .
= = = Núñez and the stabilisation years ( 1978 – 2000 ) = = =
In 1978 , Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona , and , since then , the members of Barcelona have elected the club president . The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain 's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco 's dictatorship . The new president 's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world @-@ class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch . His presidency was to last for 22 years , and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona , as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline , letting go of such players as Maradona , Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands .
On 16 May 1979 , the club won its first Cup Winners Cup by beating Fortuna Düsseldorf 4 – 3 in Basel in a final watched by more than 30 @,@ 000 travelling blaugrana fans . The same year , Núñez began to invest in the club 's youth program by converting La Masia to a dormitory for young academy players from abroad . The name of the dormitory would later become synonymous with the youth program of Barcelona .
In June 1982 , Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £ 5 million from Boca Juniors . In the following season , under coach Luis , Barcelona won the Copa del Rey , beating Real Madrid . However , Maradona 's time with Barcelona was short @-@ lived and he soon left for Napoli . At the start of the 1984 – 85 season , Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster . The next season , he took the team to their second European Cup final , only to lose on penalties to Steaua București during a dramatic evening in Seville .
Around this time , tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez 's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group , Boixos Nois . The group , identified with a left @-@ wing separatism , repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches . At the same time , Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads , who often identified with a right @-@ wing separatism . The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois ' ideology from liberalism to fascism , which caused division within the group and a sudden support for Núñez 's presidency . Inspired by British hooligans , the remaining Boixos Nois became violent , causing havoc leading to large @-@ scale arrests .
After the 1986 FIFA World Cup , Barcelona signed the English top @-@ scorer Gary Lineker , along with goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta , but the team could not achieve success , as Schuster was excluded from the team . Terry Venables was subsequently fired at the beginning of the 1987 – 88 season and replaced with Luis Aragonés . The season finished with the players rebelling against president Núñez , in an event known as the Hesperia mutiny , and a 1 – 0 victory at the Copa del Rey final against Real Sociedad .
= = = = Dream Team = = = =
In 1988 , Johan Cruyff returned to the club as manager and he assembled the so @-@ called Dream Team . He used a mix of Spanish players like Pep Guardiola , José Mari Bakero and Txiki Begiristain while signing international players such as Ronald Koeman , Michael Laudrup , Romário and Hristo Stoichkov .
It was ten years after the inception of the youth program , La Masia , when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team . One of the first graduates , who would later earn international acclaim , was previous Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola . Under Cruyff 's guidance , Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994 . They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley , with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman . They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990 , the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de España trophies . With 11 trophies , Cruyff became the club 's most successful manager at that point . He also became the club 's longest consecutive serving manager , serving eight years . Cruyff 's fortune was to change , and , in his final two seasons , he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Núñez , resulting in his departure . On the legacy of Cruyff 's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club , future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state , " Cruyff built the cathedral , our job is to maintain and renovate it . "
Reacting to Cruyff 's departure , an independent protest group was organised by Armand Caraben , Joan Laporta and Alfons Godall . The objective of the group , called L 'Elefant Blau , was to oppose the presidency of Núñez , which they regarded as a corruption of the club 's traditional values . Laporta would later take over the presidency of Barcelona in 2003 .
Cruyff was briefly replaced by Bobby Robson , who took charge of the club for a single season in 1996 – 97 . He recruited Ronaldo from his previous club , PSV and delivered a cup treble , winning the Copa del Rey , UEFA Cup Winners Cup and the Supercopa de España . Despite his success , Robson was only ever seen as a short @-@ term solution , while the club waited for Louis van Gaal to become available .
Like Maradona , Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Internazionale . However , new heroes emerged , such as Luís Figo , Patrick Kluivert , Luis Enrique and Rivaldo , and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998 . In 1999 , the club celebrated its centenari , winning the Primera División title , and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year . Despite this domestic success , the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000 .
= = = Exit Núñez , enter Laporta ( 2000 – 2008 ) = = =
The departures of Núñez and van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo , then club vice @-@ captain . Figo had become a cult hero , and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own . However , Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo 's decision to join arch @-@ rivals Real Madrid , and , during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou , Figo was given an extremely hostile reception . Upon his first return , a piglet 's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd . The next three years saw the club in decline , and managers came and went. van Gaal was replaced by Llorenç Serra Ferrer who , despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000 , presided over a mediocre league campaign and a humiliating first @-@ round Champions League exit , and was eventually dismissed late in the season . Long @-@ serving coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement , initially on a temporary basis , and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season . Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi @-@ finals of the Champions League , Rexach was never viewed as a long @-@ term solution and that summer Louis van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager . What followed , despite another decent Champions League performance , was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club 's history , with the team as low as 15th in February 2003 . This led to van Gaal 's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Antić , though a sixth @-@ place finish was the best that he could manage . At the end of the season , Antić 's short @-@ term contract was not renewed , and club president Joan Gaspart resigned , his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club 's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior .
After the disappointment of the Gaspart era , the combination of a new young president , Joan Laporta , and a young new manager , former Dutch and Milan star Frank Rijkaard , saw the club bounce back . On the field , an influx of international players , including Ronaldinho , Deco , Henrik Larsson , Ludovic Giuly , Samuel Eto 'o , and Rafael Márquez , combined with home grown Spanish players , such as Carles Puyol , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi and Víctor Valdés , led to the club 's return to success . Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004 – 05 , and Ronaldinho and Eto 'o were voted first and third , respectively , in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards .
In the 2005 – 06 season , Barcelona repeated their league and Supercup successes . The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in a 3 – 0 win over Real Madrid . It was Frank Rijkaard 's second victory at the Bernabéu , making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice . Ronaldinho 's performance was so impressive that after his second goal , which was Barcelona 's third , some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation . In the Champions League , Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final . Trailing 1 – 0 to a 10 @-@ man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining , they came back to win 2 – 1 , with substitute Henrik Larsson , in his final appearance for the club , setting up goals for Samuel Eto 'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti , for the club 's first European Cup victory in 14 years .
Despite being the favourites and starting strongly , Barcelona finished the 2006 – 07 season without trophies . A pre @-@ season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players , including leading scorer Eto 'o and rising star Lionel Messi . There was open feuding as Eto 'o publicly criticized coach Frank Rijkaard and Ronaldinho . Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form . In La Liga , Barcelona were in first place for much of the season , but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions . Barcelona advanced to the semi @-@ finals of the Copa del Rey , winning the first leg against Getafe 5 – 2 , with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona 's goal of the century , but then lost the second leg 4 – 0 . They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup , but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional . In the Champions League , Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners @-@ up Liverpool on away goals .
Barcelona finished the 2007 – 08 season third in La Liga and reached the semi @-@ finals of the UEFA Champions League and Copa del Rey , both times losing to the eventual champions , Manchester United and Valencia , respectively . The day after a 4 – 1 defeat to Real Madrid , Joan Laporta announced that Barcelona B coach Pep Guardiola would take over Frank Rijkaard 's duties on 30 June 2008 .
= = = Guardiola era ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = =
FC Barcelona B youth manager Pep Guardiola took over Frank Rijkaard 's duties at the conclusion of the season . Guardiola brought with him the now famous tiki @-@ taka style of play he had been taught during his time in the Barcelona youth teams . In the process , Guardiola sold Ronaldinho and Deco and started building the Barcelona team around Xavi , Andrés Iniesta and Messi .
Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4 – 1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final , winning the competition for a record @-@ breaking 25th time . A historic 2 – 6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008 – 09 season . Barça finished the season by beating the previous year 's Champions League winners Manchester United 2 – 0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team . The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk , becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble . In December 2009 , Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup , and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple . Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time .
After Laporta 's departure from the club in June 2010 , Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president . The elections were held on 13 June , where he got 61 @.@ 35 % ( 57 @,@ 088 votes , a record ) of total votes . Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for € 40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for € 19 million .
At the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , Barcelona players that had graduated from the club 's La Masia youth system would play a major role in Spain becoming world champions . On 11 July , seven players who came through the academy participated in the final , six of which were Barcelona players whom started the match , with Iniesta scoring the winning goal against the Netherlands .
In November 2010 , Barcelona defeated their main rival , Real Madrid 5 – 0 in El Clásico . In the 2010 – 11 season , Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy , their third title in succession , finishing with 96 points . In April 2011 , the club reached the Copa del Rey final , losing 1 – 0 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla Stadium in Valencia . In May , Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3 – 1 held at Wembley Stadium , a repeat of the 2009 final , winning their fourth European Cup . In August 2011 , La Masia graduate Cesc Fàbregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid . The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73 , matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid .
Later the same month , Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2 – 0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas . This extended the club 's overall number of official trophies to 74 , surpassing Real Madrid 's total amount of official trophies . The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Pep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club , becoming the all @-@ time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona .
In December , Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup for a record second time since its establishment , by beating the Brazilian 2011 Copa Libertadores holders , Santos , 4 – 0 in the final thanks to two goals from Lionel Messi and goals from Xavi and Fàbregas . As a result , the overall trophy haul during the reign of Guardiola was further extended and saw Barcelona win their 13th trophy out of 24 possible in four years , continuing their high @-@ quality performance in recent world football competitions .
In the 2011 – 12 season , Barcelona lost the semi @-@ finals of the UEFA Champions League against Chelsea . Right afterward , coach Pep Guardiola , who had been on a rolling contract and had faced criticism over his recent tactics and squad selections , announced that he would step down as manager on 30 June and be succeeded by assistant Tito Vilanova . Guardiola finished his tenure with Barça winning the Copa del Rey final 3 – 0 , bringing the tally to 14 trophies that Barça had won under his coaching .
= = = Recent history ( 2012 – ) = = =
It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova , assistant manager at FC Barcelona , would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager . Following his appointment , Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season , recording only two losses and amassing 100 points . Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi , who scored 46 goals in the League , including two hat @-@ tricks . On 11 May 2013 Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time , still with four games left to play . Ultimately Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid , despite losing 2 – 1 to them at the beginning of March . They reached the semifinal stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League , going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively . On 19 July , it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned , and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three @-@ month medical leave in December 2012 .
On 22 July 2013 , Gerardo ' Tata ' Martino was confirmed as manager of FC Barcelona for the 2013 – 14 season . Barcelona 's first official games under Martino were the home and away legs of the 2013 Spanish Supercup , which Barça won 1 – 1 on away goals . On 23 January 2014 , Sandro Rosell resigned as president by the admissibility of the complaint for alleged misappropriation following the transfer of Neymar . Josep Maria Bartomeu replaced him to finish the term in 2016 .
In April 2014 , FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA 's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18 . A statement on FIFA 's website read " With regard to the case in question , FC Barcelona has been found to be in breach of art . 19 of the Regulations in the case of ten minor players and to have committed several other concurrent infringements in the context of other players , including under Annexe 2 of the Regulations . The Disciplinary Committee regarded the infringements as serious and decided to sanction the club with a transfer ban at both national and international level for two complete and consecutive transfer periods , together with a fine of CHF 450 @,@ 000 . Additionally , the club was granted a period of 90 days in which to regularise the situation of all minor players concerned . " FIFA rejected an appeal in August but the pending appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport allowed Barcelona to sign players during the summer of 2014 .
On 17 May , in a game where they needed to defeat Atlético Madrid ( who had eliminated them from the UEFA Champions League in the quarterfinals earlier in the year ) to be crowned champions of La Liga for the 23rd time , they drew after Atlético defender Diego Godín headed in the equalizer in the 49th minute , giving Atlético the championship .
Two days later , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as head coach , after he agreed to a two @-@ year deal . He was recommended by sporting director Andoni Zubizarreta , his former national teammate . Following Enrique 's arrival , Barcelona broke their transfer record when they paid Liverpool F.C. between € 81 to € 94 million for striker Luis Suárez , who was serving a four @-@ month ban from all football @-@ related activity imposed by the FIFA Disciplinary Committee after biting Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during his appearance for Uruguay in a World Cup group stage match .
In late December , Barcelona 's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated , leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows . On 5 January 2015 , Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football . The next month , Barcelona announced the formation of a new Football Area Technical Commission , made up of vice @-@ president Jordi Mestre , board member Javier Bordas , Carles Rexach and Ariedo Braida .
Barcelona won the treble in the 2014 – 2015 season , winning La Liga , Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles , and became the first European team to have won the treble twice . On 17 May , the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid . This was Barcelona 's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years . On 30 May , the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou . On 6 June , Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League final with a 3 – 1 win against Juventus , which completed the treble , the club 's second in 6 years . Barcelona 's attacking trio of Messi , Suárez and Neymar , dubbed MSN , scored 122 goals in all competitions , the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history .
On 11 August , Barcelona started the 2015 – 16 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla FC 5 – 4 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup . They ended the year with a 3 – 0 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time , with Suárez , Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament . The FIFA Club World Cup was Barcelona 's 20th international title , a record only matched by Egyptian club Al Ahly SC . By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions , Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year , breaking Real Madrid 's record of 178 goals scored in 2014 .
On 4 January 2016 , Barcelona 's transfer ban ended . The same day , they registered 77 players across all categories and ages , and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team . On 10 February , qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons , Luis Enrique 's Barcelona broke the club 's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola 's team in the 2010 – 11 season , with a 1 – 1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015 – 16 Copa del Rey . With a 5 – 1 win at Rayo Vallecano on 3 March , Barcelona 's 35th match unbeaten , the club broke Real Madrid 's Spanish record of 34 games unbeaten in all competitions from the 1988 – 1989 season . After Barça reached 39 matches unbeaten , the run has ended on 2 April 2016 with a 2 – 1 defeat to Real Madrid at Camp Nou . On 14 May 2016 , Barcelona won their sixth La Liga title in eight seasons with a 3 – 0 win in the final day of the season at Granada CF .
= = Support = =
The nickname culé for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul ( English : arse ) , as the spectators at the first stadium , Camp de la Indústria , sat with their culs over the stand . In Spain , about 25 % of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers , second behind Real Madrid , supported by 32 % of the population . Throughout Europe , Barcelona is the favourite second @-@ choice club . The club 's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100 @,@ 000 in the 2003 – 04 season to 170 @,@ 000 in September 2009 , the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then @-@ president Joan Laporta 's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media .
In addition to membership , as of 2015 there are 1 @,@ 267 officially registered fan clubs , called penyes , around the world . The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona . Among the best supported teams globally , Barcelona has the highest social media following in the world among sports teams , with over 90 million Facebook fans as of February 2016 . The club has had many prominent people among its supporters , including Pope John Paul II , who was an honorary member , and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero . FC Barcelona has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund .
= = Club rivalries = =
= = = El Clásico = = =
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico . From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain : Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities . The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re @-@ enactment of the Spanish Civil War .
During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera ( 1923 – 1930 ) and especially of Francisco Franco ( 1939 – 1975 ) , all regional cultures were suppressed . All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish ( Castilian ) itself , were officially banned . Symbolising the Catalan people 's desire for freedom , Barça became ' More than a club ' ( Més que un club ) for the Catalans . According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barça . It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti @-@ Franco movement , and allowed them to express their dissidence . During Franco 's regime , however , the blaugrana team was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him .
On the other hand , Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond : Santiago Bernabeu , the former club president for whom their stadium is named , fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War . However , during the Spanish Civil War , members of both clubs such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters .
During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di Stéfano , who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock @-@ out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee . In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the " Match of The Century " by Spanish media , and Madrid 's win was watched by more than 500 million people .
= = = El derbi Barceloní = = =
Barça 's local rival has always been Espanyol . Blanc @-@ i @-@ blaus , being one of the clubs granted royal patronage , was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans , unlike the multinational nature of Barça 's primary board . The founding message of the club was clearly anti @-@ Barcelona , and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners . The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid . Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià .
Traditionally , Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona 's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority , in stark contrast to Barça 's revolutionary spirit . Also in the 1960s and 1970s , while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia 's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life , Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen , military officers , civil servants and career fascists .
In 1918 Espanyol started a counter @-@ petition against autonomy , which at that time had become a pertinent issue . Later on , an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War , siding with the fascists . Despite these differences in ideology , the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives . In recent years the rivalry has become less political , as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan .
Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga , it is also the most unbalanced , with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant . In the primera división league table , Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 81 seasons ( 1928 – 2016 ) and the only all @-@ Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957 . Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6 – 0 in 1951 , while Barcelona 's biggest win was 5 – 0 on six occasions ( in 1933 , 1947 , 1964 , 1975 , 1992 and 2016 ) . Espanyol achieved a 2 – 1 win against Barça during the 2008 – 09 season , becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble @-@ winning season .
= = = Rivalry with A.C. Milan = = =
Barcelona 's rival in European football is Italian club A.C. Milan . The team against which Barcelona has played the most matches ( 19 ) , it is also the second most played match in European competitions after Bayern Munich – Real Madrid ( 22 ) . Two of the most successful clubs in Europe , Milan has won seven European Cups to Barça 's five , while both clubs have won a record five European Super Cups . Barcelona and Milan have won other continental titles , which make them the first and third most decorated teams in world football , with 20 and 18 titles respectively .
Barcelona leads the Head @-@ To @-@ Head record with eight wins and five defeats . The first encounter between the two clubs was in the 1959 – 60 European Cup . They faced off in the round of 16 and Barça won the tie on a 7 – 1 aggregate score ( 0 – 2 in Milan and 5 – 1 in Barcelona ) . While Milan had never knocked Barcelona out of the European Cup , they 've beaten Johan Cruyff 's Dream Team 4 – 0 in the 1994 UEFA Champions League Final , despite being the underdogs . In 2013 , however , Barcelona made a " historic " comeback from a 0 – 2 first leg defeat in the round of 16 of the 2012 – 13 UEFA Champions League , winning 4 – 0 at the Camp Nou .
= = Finances and ownership = =
In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Barcelona 's worth to be around € 752 million ( USD $ 1 billion ) , ranking them fourth after Manchester United , Real Madrid and Arsenal , based on figures from the 2008 – 09 season . According to Deloitte , Barcelona had a recorded revenue of € 366 million in the same period , ranking second to Real Madrid , who generated € 401 million in revenue . In 2013 , Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world , behind Real Madrid and Manchester United , with a value of $ 2 @.@ 6 billion . In 2014 , Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 3 @.@ 2 billion , and Deloitte ranked them the world 's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of € 484 @.@ 6 million .
Along with Real Madrid , Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna , Barcelona is organised as a registered association . Unlike a limited company , it is not possible to purchase shares in the club , but only membership . The members of Barcelona , called socis , form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club . As of 2016 the club has 140 @,@ 000 socis .
= = Records = =
Xavi presently holds the team record for most number of total games played ( 767 ) and the record number of La Liga appearances ( 505 ) , Carles Puyol comes second with 593 in all competitions and 392 in the League .
Barcelona 's all @-@ time highest goalscorer in all competitions ( including friendlies ) is Lionel Messi with 482 goals , surpassing Paulino Alcántara 's record ( 369 goals ) held for 87 years , as well as being the highest goalscorer in official competitions with 453 goals . He is also the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European ( 86 goals ) and international club competitions ( 91 goals ) , and the record league scorer with 312 goals in La Liga . Alongside Messi , three other players have managed to score over 100 league goals at Barcelona : César ( 192 ) , László Kubala ( 131 ) and Samuel Eto 'o ( 108 ) . Josep Samitier is the club 's highest goalscorer in the Copa del Rey , with 65 goals .
László Kubala holds La Liga record of most goals scored in one match , with seven goals against Sporting de Gijón in 1952 . Lionel Messi , with five goals against Bayer Leverkusen in 2012 , has the Champions League record . Eulogio Martínez became Barça 's top goalscorer in a cup game , when he scored seven goals against Atlético Madrid in 1957 .
Barcelona goalkeepers have won a record number of Zamora trophies ( 20 ) , with Antoni Ramallets and Víctor Valdés winning a record five each . Valdés had a ratio of 0 @.@ 832 goals @-@ conceded @-@ per @-@ game , a La Liga record , and he also holds the record for longest period without conceding a goal ( 896 minutes ) in all competitions for Barcelona . Claudio Bravo has the record of best unbeaten start in a season in La Liga history ( 754 minutes ) .
Barcelona 's longest serving manager is Jack Greenwell , with nine years in two spells ( 1917 – 1924 ) and ( 1931 – 1933 ) , and Pep Guardiola is the club 's most successful manager ( 14 trophies in 4 years ) . The most successful Barcelona players are Andrés Iniesta and Messi ( 28 trophies ) , surpassing Xavi ( 25 trophies ) .
Barcelona 's Camp Nou is the largest stadium in Europe . The club 's highest home attendance was 120 @,@ 000 in a European Cup quarter @-@ final against Juventus on 3 March 1986 . The modernisation of Camp Nou during the 1990s and the introduction of all @-@ seater stands means the record will not be broken for the foreseeable future as the current capacity of the stadium is 99 @,@ 354 .
El Barça de les Cinc Copes is the first team in Spanish football to have won five trophies in a single season ( 1951 – 1952 ) . Barcelona is the only club to have played in every season of European competitions since they started in 1955 . On 18 December 2009 , alongside being the only Spanish club to achieve the continental treble , Barcelona became the first ever football team to complete the sextuple . On July 2014 , Barcelona signed Luis Suárez from Liverpool F.C. for about £ 75m , the highest transfer fee in the Club 's history . In 2016 , the club set a Spanish record for most consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions ( 39 ) .
Barcelona 's La Masia is ranked by the International Centre for Sports Studies ( CIES ) as the academy that produces more top @-@ level players than any other academy in the world .
= = Crest and colours = =
The club 's original crest was a quartered diamond @-@ shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James , and surrounded by two branches , one of a laurel tree and the other a palm . In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest . The winner was Carles Comamala , who at the time played for the club . Comamala 's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today , with some minor variations . The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper @-@ left corner with the Catalan flag beside it , and the team colours at the bottom .
The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900 . Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and red design of the Barcelona shirt . The son of the first president , Arthur Witty , claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor 's School team . Another explanation , according to author Toni Strubell , is that the colours are from Robespierre 's First Republic . In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team , FC Basel . The club 's most frequently used change colours have been yellow and orange . An away kit featuring the red and yellow stripes of the flag of Catalonia has also been used .
= = = Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors = = =
Prior to the 2011 – 2012 season , Barcelona had a long history of avoiding corporate sponsorship on the playing shirts . On 14 July 2006 , the club announced a five @-@ year agreement with UNICEF , which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts . The agreement had the club donate € 1 @.@ 5 million per year to UNICEF ( 0 @.@ 7 percent of its ordinary income , equal to the UN International Aid Target , cf . ODA ) via the FC Barcelona Foundation . The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then @-@ chairman of the Economical @-@ Statutory Committee , Jaime Gil @-@ Aluja . The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non @-@ profit sport company . In 2004 , a company could become one of 25 " Honorary members " by contributing between £ 40 @,@ 000 – 60 @,@ 000 ( £ 55 @,@ 400 – 83 @,@ 100 ) per year . There are also 48 associate memberships available for an annual fee of £ 14 @,@ 000 ( £ 19 @,@ 400 ) and an unlimited number of " patronages " for the cost of £ 4 @,@ 000 per year ( £ 5 @,@ 500 ) . It is unclear whether the honorary members have any formal say in club policy , but according to the author Anthony King , it is " unlikely that Honorary Membership would not involve at least some informal influence over the club " .
Barcelona ended their refusal of corporate sponsorship prior to the commencement of the 2011 – 12 season , signing a five @-@ year , € 150 million deal with Qatar Sports Investments , that meant the Qatar Foundation was on the club 's shirt for the 2011 – 12 and 2012 – 13 seasons , then replaced by Qatar Airways for the 2013 – 14 season , the deal allowing for a commercial sponsor logo to replace the charity logo , two years into the six @-@ year deal . Deal with Qatar Airways was extended for one more year in 2016 .
= = Stadiums = =
Barcelona initially played in the Camp de la Indústria . The capacity was about 6 @,@ 000 , and club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club with growing membership .
In 1922 , the number of supporters had surpassed 20 @,@ 000 and by lending money to the club , Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts , which had an initial capacity of 20 @,@ 000 spectators . After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches . This led to several expansion projects : the grandstand in 1944 , the southern stand in 1946 , and finally the northern stand in 1950 . After the last expansion , Les Corts could hold 60 @,@ 000 spectators .
After the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts . Back @-@ to @-@ back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950 , who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches , drew larger crowds to the games . The club began to make plans for a new stadium . The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954 , before a crowd of 60 @,@ 000 Barça fans . The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego . Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas , 336 % over budget .
In 1980 , when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria , the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee . The idea was popular with supporters , and thousands of people paid the fee . Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long @-@ time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu . In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline . It has a current capacity of 99 @,@ 354 making it the largest stadium in Europe .
There are also other facilities , which include :
Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper ( FC Barcelona 's training ground )
Masia @-@ Centre de Formació Oriol Tort ( Residence of young players )
Mini Estadi ( Home of the reserve team )
Palau Blaugrana ( FC Barcelona indoor sports arena )
Palau Blaugrana 2 ( Secondary indoor arena of FC Barcelona )
Pista de Gel ( FC Barcelona ice rink )
= = Honours = =
= = = Domestic competitions = = =
La Liga
Winners ( 24 ) : 1928 – 29 , 1944 – 45 , 1947 – 48 , 1948 – 49 , 1951 – 52 , 1952 – 53 , 1958 – 59 , 1959 – 60 , 1973 – 74 , 1984 – 85 , 1990 – 91 , 1991 – 92 , 1992 – 93 , 1993 – 94 , 1997 – 98 , 1998 – 99 , 2004 – 05 , 2005 – 06 , 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2012 – 13 , 2014 – 15 , 2015 – 16
Copa del Rey
Winners ( 28 ) – record : 1909 – 10 , 1911 – 12 , 1912 – 13 , 1919 – 20 , 1921 – 22 , 1924 – 25 , 1925 – 26 , 1927 – 28 , 1941 – 42 , 1950 – 51 , 1951 – 52 , 1952 – 53 , 1956 – 57 , 1958 – 59 , 1962 – 63 , 1967 – 68 , 1970 – 71 , 1977 – 78 , 1980 – 81 , 1982 – 83 , 1987 – 88 , 1989 – 90 , 1996 – 97 , 1997 – 98 , 2008 – 09 , 2011 – 12 , 2014 – 15 , 2015 – 16
Supercopa de España
Winners ( 11 ) – record : 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013
Copa Eva Duarte
Winners ( 3 ) – record : 1948 , 1952 , 1953
Copa de la Liga
Winners ( 2 ) – record : 1982 – 83 , 1985 – 86
= = = European competitions = = =
European Cup / UEFA Champions League
Winners ( 5 ) : 1991 – 92 , 2005 – 06 , 2008 – 09 , 2010 – 11 , 2014 – 15
European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup
Winners ( 5 ) – shared record : 1992 , 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015
European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup
Winners ( 4 ) – record : 1978 – 79 , 1981 – 82 , 1988 – 89 , 1996 – 97
Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup
Winners ( 3 ) – record : 1955 – 58 , 1958 – 60 , 1965 – 66
= = = Worldwide competitions = = =
FIFA Club World Cup
Winners ( 3 ) – record : 2009 , 2011 , 2015
= = Players = =
Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship . The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player ; several non @-@ European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country . Also , players from the ACP countries — countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement — are not counted against non @-@ EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling .
= = = Current squad = = =
As of 24 July 2016
Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
= = = Out on loan = = =
Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
= = Personnel = =
= = = Current technical staff = = =
= = Management = =
= = = Board members = = =
= = Filmography = =
Jordi Feliú , Barça , 75 años de historia del Fútbol Club Barcelona , 1974 .
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= Best Day Ever =
" Best Day Ever " is the 20th episode of the fourth season and the 80th overall episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . The episode was written by Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker , and Steven Banks , and was directed by Larry Leichliter . Cash and Tucker also functioned as storyboard directors . It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on November 10 , 2006 .
The series follows the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In the episode , SpongeBob is determined to have a perfect day . But much to his disappointment , however , the day refuses to go at all as he planned . Each of his friends has a different problem of his / her own , so he sets out to help them while spoiling his own agendas . As soon as SpongeBob realizes that he has forfeited ( and sacrificed ) his perfect day to help his friends , they rally around him with their thanks and congratulations . Eventually , SpongeBob realizes that he has had his best day ever after all .
The episode features an eponymous song titled " The Best Day Ever " written by Tom Kenny and Andy Paley . A soundtrack album called SpongeBob SquarePants : The Best Day Ever was released on September 12 , 2006 . " Best Day Ever " pulled an average of 6 @.@ 7 million viewers upon release .
= = Plot summary = =
SpongeBob 's " Best Day Ever " fails to turn out as he planned when he is forced to postpone his activities to help his friends with their problems . He wanted to work at the Krusty Krab , but it was condemned because of a nematode infestation ; he inadvertently lures the nematodes away using his nose as a flute . Then , he planned to practice some karate with Sandy , but she was unable to because there is a leak in her treedome . SpongeBob , believing it to be a trick , fixes it accidentally by stopping the leak with one of his adhesive karate gloves . Next , he wanted to go jellyfishing with Patrick , but Patrick ends up breaking his net , so SpongeBob gives him his old net , which quickly breaks as well . SpongeBob ends up giving Patrick his new high tech net . SpongeBob waits impatiently to use the net but decides to leave for his next planned activity .
SpongeBob 's final activity for the day is to go to Squidward 's clarinet recital . However , once he meets up with Squidward , he says that he cannot play in the concert because the reed of his clarinet is " shot " . Determined not to miss out on this activity as he had done with the other ones , SpongeBob pulls out one of his teeth to replace the reed . SpongeBob attempts to enter the building , but the usher refuses to let him in unless he has a ticket . He tries various methods of sneaking in , but at last he is let in because he is on the VIP list ( Mrs. Puff had said his name in one of his attempts ) . He gets in right as the concert ends .
SpongeBob gets mad that everything had gone entirely wrong and takes the stage to give an elaborate speech about how his " Best Day Ever " has been ruined . However , Mr. Krabs , Patrick , Sandy and Squidward tell him about how he helped them with their problems and that his " Best Day Ever " was about them rather than " perfect days " . To make it up to him , they hold a production in which SpongeBob performs his song , " The Best Day Ever " to complete his day with Patrick , Sandy , Squidward and Mr. Krabs co @-@ starring along in it . After a few hours , SpongeBob is still singing , but the others are tired and sleepy , and the audience has all departed . When Squidward asks Mr. Krabs how long they have to keep up the performance , Mr. Krabs replies , " Just ' til his little heart gives out , Squidward . Just ' til his little heart gives out . "
= = Production = =
" Best Day Ever " was written by Nate Cash , Tuck Tucker and Steven Banks , with Larry Leichliter serving as animation director . Cash and Tucker also functioned as storyboard directors . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on November 10 , 2006 .
The featured song " The Best Day Ever " was composed by Tom Kenny , SpongeBob 's voice actor , and Andy Paley . The song was originally a part of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie soundtrack that was released on November 9 , 2004 . Originally , Kenny and Paley were writing the songs " The Best Day Ever " and " Under My Rock " on what would become The Best Day Ever album . However , at the same time , the team of the 2004 feature film needed two extra filler tracks for the film soundtrack . Eventually , Stephen Hillenburg , the series creator and director of the film , heard the songs and decided to put it on the film 's soundtrack . " The Best Day Ever " was played during the closing credits of the film which was never planned until the toward .
The episode was part of the 24 @-@ hour SpongeBob marathon called " The Best Day Ever Marathon " . Starting at 8 pm EDT , the event counted down the best 100 episodes of the series as chosen by viewers on Nick.com and TurboNick . Tom Ascheim , the executive vice president and general manager for Nickelodeon Television , said " We 've received a tremendous response from almost 4 million fans who have voted online for their favorite SpongeBob episodes and we 'll reward them with our biggest SpongeBob event ever . " The marathon led up to the premiere of this episode . The marketing method was primarily organised by Frank Tanki . Ascheim explained that Nickelodeon uses modern technology to generate interest in television shows . He believes that allowing viewers to choose the episodes shown contributes to the show 's high ratings .
Best Buy stores across the United States introduced a " Best Day Ever " -themed Best Buy giftcard that doubles as a DVD @-@ ROM packed with music videos , video game previews and more . In addition , " Best Day Ever " -themed activities were held at the Nickelodeon Family Suites Hotel by Holiday Inn including a themed party called the Bikini Bottom Bash . Throughout the month of November , the hotel released a " Best Day Ever " package to its guests starting at $ 369 .
On January 9 , 2007 , the episode became available on the series ' fourth season DVD compilation . The " Best Day Ever " shorts called " A Random Act of SpongeBob " were released as a bonus feature on the DVD . The shorts are " Crossing the Street " , " Anything for Baby " , " Flowers for Sandy " , " Me Money " , and " Pie " . " Best Day Ever " was also included on SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes DVD , alongside season one through five episodes . The DVD was released on September 22 , 2009 .
= = Reception = =
On Friday , November 10 , 2006 , an average of 4 @.@ 4 million viewers tuned in between 6 : 30 am and 10 pm EDT to watch " The Best Day Ever Marathon " . The marathon earned the network its most @-@ watched and highest @-@ rated total programming day in its history , averaging 1 @.@ 9 / 4 @.@ 4 million total viewers . The premiere of the " Best Day Ever " special attracted 6 @.@ 7 million total viewers , with an average of 12 @.@ 0 / 4 @.@ 0 million kids 2 @-@ 11 , 12 @.@ 8 / 2 @.@ 6 million kids 6 @-@ 11 , according to Neilsen data .
The " SpongeBob Best Day Ever " , an online game , went live on November 9 . It generated 1 @.@ 3 million gameplay sessions and more than 867 @,@ 000 unique visitors in three days . The full @-@ length music video for " Best Day Ever " generated more than 1 @.@ 4 million streams , with 471 @,@ 000 unique visitors , making it the No. 2 video on TurboNick from November 6 to 12 . During the same time period , " Best Day Ever " ' s promotion video on TurboNick had 370 @,@ 000 streams and was ranked within the top 10 videos of the broadband channel .
= = Album = =
SpongeBob SquarePants : The Best Day Ever is a concept soundtrack album by the voice cast members of SpongeBob SquarePants . Written by Kenny and musician and producer Andy Paley , it features musical cameos by Brian Wilson , Tommy Ramone , Flaco Jiménez , and others . The Best Day Ever album was released on September 12 , 2006 to positive reviews from critics .
= = = Production = = =
The album The Best Day Ever was written by SpongeBob 's voice actor , Tom Kenny , and producer Andy Paley . Featuring 27 tracks , it was influenced by the 1960s pop music . The record 's numerous skits refer to a freeform radio station called WH2O . Kenny 's inspiration for the song " My Tighty Whiteys " was " underwear humor " . Kenny said " Underwear humor is always a surefire laugh @-@ getter with kids [ ... ] Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic , normal , Kmart , three @-@ to @-@ a @-@ pack underwear is a funny drawing [ ... ] We thought it was funny to make a really lush , beautiful love song to his underwear . "
In addition to the cast , the Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson , NRBQ 's Al Anderson , Joey Spampinato , Tom Ardolino , and Terry Adams , and Tommy Ramone of the Ramones were musical guest artists . Kenny said , on the musical cameos , that " We thought they would spread some magic dust on it . And although this is just a weird little cartoon record , I didn 't want to have today 's equivalent of Kajagoogoo or Men Without Hats on it . " He opined that " the people we got " are " kind of timeless . " Other musicians who contributed to the album were Dave Allen , Don Allen , Mandy Barnett , Jerry Blavat , Mike Bolger , Corky Hale , Lisa Hammon , Flaco Jiménez , James King , Tommy Morgan , Jillinda Palmer , Herb Peterson , Nino Tempo , Mike Uhler , and Jeremy Wakefield .
Brian Wilson provided backing vocals for the song " Doin ' the Krabby Patty " . Originally , Kenny and Paley were working on a " Brian Wilson @-@ esque " song with " Brian Wilson @-@ esque " background vocals on it . Kenny said " and at the last minute , we had this opportunity to reach out to him and ask if he 'd do it [ ... ] But Brian 's people said he was going on to Hawaii the next day with his wife and kids , and then going on the road . " Eventually , Kenny got a call from Wilson saying that " I loved the idea . " Elvis Presley 's guitarist James Burton performed the guitar in the song " You Will Obey " . Kenny said " One of our hidden Easter eggs that hopefully more than three people in the world will get is during the guitar solo when Plankton says ' Take it , James ' , which was what Elvis said in every one of those concert movies . "
= = = Reception = = =
The album received mostly positive reviews . AllMusic gave the album a score of 4 out of 5 . In his review for the IGN , Spence D. gave the album a 7 / 10 score rating it as " good " . He said , " parents who grew up in the late ' 50s and ' 60s will get a kick out of the musical tributes to the music of those eras and perhaps listen along with their kids during a family fun time extravaganza . " Geoffrey Himes of the Baltimore City Paper said " How do little kids respond to this record ? I wouldn 't know ; there aren 't any little kids in my house . You don 't have to be a parent to enjoy the killer hooks and lush harmonies on this disc . All you need is the courage to ignore the raised eyebrows of your friends . " Kerwin So of Common Sense Media gave the album a score of 4 / 5 . However , So claimed that the album is full of consumerism and said " Parents need to know that although the physical packaging of this CD contains a lot of advertisements for other SpongeBob products , the songs themselves contain very positive content and steer clear of commercialism . "
Chris Willman of the Entertainment Weekly opined that the album is " not quite a teenage symphony to God . " He called the song " My Tighty Whiteys " " the most obvious nod to the Pet Sounds sound . " According to him , " [ the ] two of the best songs are garage @-@ rock anthems " which includes " Under My Rock " and " You Will Obey " . Willman said that Plankton 's performance in the latter " sounds like a little like Eric Burdon , from the Animals , turned fascist . " He gave it an " A- " rating and recommended it for ages " 4 to ... 94 ! " In a 2014 review , The A.V. Club ranked The Best Day Ever album No. 3 in their list of " 13 novelty albums recorded by TV characters " . The publication called it " a charming throwback " when " TV character novelty albums have faded away in recent years . "
= = = Track listing = = =
All songs written and composed by Tom Kenny and Andy Paley .
Source :
= = = Chart positions = = =
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