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= United States constitutional criminal procedure = The United States Constitution contains several provisions regarding the law of criminal procedure . Petit jury and venue provisions — both traceable to enumerated complaints in the Declaration of Independence — are included in Article Three of the United States Constitution . More criminal procedure provisions are contained in the United States Bill of Rights , specifically the Fifth , Sixth , and Eighth Amendments . With the exception of the Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment , the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment , and ( maybe ) the Excessive Bail Clause of the Eighth Amendment , all of the criminal procedure provisions of the Bill of Rights have been incorporated to apply to the state governments . Several of these rights regulate pre @-@ trial procedure : access to a non @-@ excessive bail , the right to indictment by a grand jury , the right to an information ( charging document ) , the right to a speedy trial , and the right to be tried in a specific venue . Several of these rights are trial rights : the right to compulsory process for obtaining witnesses at trial , the right to confront witnesses at trial , the right to a public trial , the right to a trial by an impartial petit jury selected from a specific geography , and the right not to be compelled to testify against oneself . Others , such as the assistance of counsel and due process rights , have application throughout the proceeding . If a defendant is convicted , the usual remedy for a violation of one of these provisions is reversal of the conviction or modification of the defendant 's sentence . With the exception of structural errors ( such as the total denial of counsel ) , constitutional errors are subject to harmless error analysis , although they must be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt . With the exception of a Double Jeopardy or Speedy Trial violation , the government will usually be permitted to retry the defendant . Pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , these provisions are the source of nearly all reviewable errors in federal habeas review of state convictions . = = Relevant text = = Article Three , Section Two , Clause Three of the United States Constitution provides that : Trial of all Crimes , except in Cases of Impeachment , shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State , the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed . The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides , in relevant part , that : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . . . . The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides , in relevant part , that : Excessive bail shall not be required . . . . The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides , in relevant part , that : [ N ] or shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . = = History = = The Supreme Court of the United States issued almost no constitutional criminal procedure decisions for its first century of existence . Professor Akhil Amar highlights two reasons for this . First , the Court 's decision in Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) meant that the federal constitution did not apply in state proceedings until the incorporation of the Bill of Rights after the Fourteenth Amendment . Second , the Court lacked general appellate jurisdiction over federal criminal cases until 1891 . The Marshall Court possessed jurisdiction in criminal cases only via writs of error from state courts , original writs of habeas corpus , and certificates of division from the circuit courts . In three cases involving certificates of division , the Marshall Court decided issues of double jeopardy , but did not clearly rely on the Double Jeopardy Clause . Similarly , the Marshall Court discussed the level of detail required for a sufficient indictment without explicitly citing the Information Clause of the Sixth Amendment . In two appeals from state courts , the Taney Court considered , and rejected , double jeopardy claims arising from the hypothetical prospect of prosecution by the federal and state governments for the same conduct . The first Supreme Court decisions to reverse state criminal convictions for constitutional procedural reasons involved the exclusion of African @-@ Americans for grand and petit juries — Strauder v. West Virginia ( 1880 ) , Virginia v. Rives ( 1880 ) , Neal v. Delaware ( 1881 ) , Carter v. Texas ( 1900 ) , Rogers v. Alabama ( 1904 ) , and Norris v. Alabama ( 1935 ) — and the conviction African @-@ American defendants for crimes involving white victims in the southern states : by a mob @-@ dominated trial , as in Moore v. Dempsey ( 1923 ) ; and without counsel , as in Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) . = = Pre @-@ trial procedure = = = = = Bail = = = U.S. Const. amend . VIII provides : Excessive bail shall not be required . . . . Stack v. Boyle ( 1951 ) is the only case in which the Supreme Court has held the bail imposed to have been constitutionally excessive . There , the Court found $ 50 @,@ 000 to be excessive in relation to the flight risk for impecunious defendants charged under the Smith Act . In United States v. Salerno ( 1987 ) , the Court upheld the Bail Reform Act of 1984 , which authorized the consideration of future dangerousness in the determination of the amount of , or the denial of , bail . The incorporation status of the Excessive Bail Clause is unclear . In Schilb v. Kuebel ( 1971 ) , the Court stated in dicta : " Bail , of course , is basic to our system of law , and the Eighth Amendment 's proscription of excessive bail has been assumed to have application to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment . " In Murphy v. Hunt ( 1982 ) , the Court did not reach the issue because the case was dismissed as moot . Bail was included in the list of incorporated rights in McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , citing Schilb . = = = Grand Jury = = = U.S. Const. amend . V provides : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger . . . . The Grand Jury Clause applies only to capital and " otherwise infamous " crimes . Any crime " punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary " is infamous . Only those convicted of felonies , i.e. crimes punishable by greater than one year of imprisonment , are confined to a penitentiary . Any crime punishable by hard labor , regardless of the term or place of imprisonment , is also infamous . Contempt of court , even if punished by greater than one year imprisonment , is not infamous . In Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Grand Jury Clause was not incorporated to apply to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment . If the grand jury right attaches , every element of the charged crime must be submitted to the grand jury . Thus , the prosecution cannot augment the indictment without returning to a grand jury . But , the government may narrow the indictment without so returning . The Grand Jury Clause does very little , if anything , to regulate the procedures of the grand jury . For example , the Clause does not prohibit a grand jury indictment based solely on hearsay evidence . Non @-@ fundamental flaws with the grand jury , such as a violation of the defendant 's self @-@ incrimination rights or a violation of grand jury secrecy do not trigger a right not to be tried . In United States v. Williams ( 1992 ) , where the Court rejected a rule that would have required " substantial exculpatory evidence " to be presented to the grand jury , the defendant did not even argue a Fifth Amendment violation . The lack of a grand jury does not deprive the court of jurisdiction , and the defendant may waive the grand jury right . = = = Information = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation . . . . A charging instrument is constitutionally sufficient under this clause ( and under the Grand Jury Clause ) if it ( 1 ) " contains the elements of the offense intended to be charged , and sufficiently apprises the defendant of what he must be prepared to meet , " and ( 2 ) " shows with accuracy to what extent he may plead " double jeopardy in a subsequent prosecution . This right has been incorporated . In a case submitted to a grand jury , the indictment must satisfy this requirement . In cases not required to be submitted to a grand jury , the formal charging instrument is referred to as an " information " ( in the federal system and in some states ) or a " complaint . " = = = Speedy trial = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy . . . trial . . . . The Speedy Trial Clause regulates delay between the bringing of a formal criminal charge and / or the pre @-@ trial deprivation of the accused 's liberty and the start of trial . The Clause has been incorporated to apply in state prosecutions . In Barker v. Wingo ( 1972 ) , the Supreme Court announced four factors relevant to the determination of a Speedy Trial Clause violation : ( 1 ) the length of the delay , ( 2 ) the reason for the delay , ( 3 ) whether the defendant demanded a speedy trial , and ( 4 ) prejudice . Applying Barker , the Court found such a violation in Doggett v. United States ( 1992 ) , which involved an over eight @-@ year period between indictment and arrest . The only possible remedy for a Speedy Trial Clause violation is dismissal with prejudice . = = = Venue = = = U.S. Const . Art . III , § 2 , cl . 3 provides : Trial of all Crimes . . . shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State , the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed . The perceived abuse of English criminal venue law was one of the enumerated grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence , which accused George III of the United Kingdom of " transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offenses . " The " where the said Crimes shall have been committed " language refers to the locus delicti . " [ T ] he locus delicti must be determined from the nature of the crime alleged and the location of the act or acts constituting it . " Thus , a single crime may often give rise to several constitutionally permissible venues , and venue may be constitutionally permissible even if an individual defendant was never personally present in the relevant state . For example , conspiracy may be prosecuted wherever the agreement occurred or wherever any overt act was committed . For the purposes of constitutional venue , the boundaries of the states are questions of law to be determined by the judge , but the location of the crime is a question of fact to be determined by the jury . The venue provision of Article III ( regulating the location of the trial ) is distinct from the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment ( regulating the geography from which the jury pool is selected ) . The unit of the former is the state ; the unit of the later is the state and judicial district . Unlike judicial districts under the Vicinage Clause , consistent with Article III , Congress may " provide a place of trial where none was provided when the offense was committed , or change the place of trial after the commission of the offense . " = = Trial procedure = = = = = Compulsory process = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor . . . . The Compulsory Process Clause guarantees the defendant the right to obtain favorable witnesses at trial . For example , the Clause prevents a jurisdiction from precluding defendants from calling their codefendants as witnesses . Similarly , the Clause prevents the government from deporting a witness whose testimony would have been both material and favorable to the defense . The right does not pre @-@ empt reasonable procedural rules . Thus , the right does not prevent the preclusion of defense witnesses as a discovery sanction . = = = Confrontation = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . . In Crawford v. Washington ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause bars the " admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial " unless pursuant to one of the " exceptions established at the time of the founding . " " [ W ] hen the declarant appears for cross @-@ examination at trial , the Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial statements . . . so long as the declarant is present at trial to defend or explain it . " In Davis v. Washington ( 2006 ) , the Court held that the Clause places no restrictions on nontestimonial statements . Crawford did not completely define the term " testimonial . " But , Crawford held that , " [ w ] hatever else the term covers , it applies at a minimum to prior testimony at a preliminary hearing , before a grand jury , or at a former trial ; and to police interrogations . " Laboratory reports of forensic tests are also testimonial , conferring on the defendant a right to cross @-@ examine the analyst who certifies them . Statements made during police interrogation are nontestimonial if circumstances objectively indicate " that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency " but are tesitmonial if circumstances objective indicate " that there is no such ongoing emergency , and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution . " " [ T ] he relevant inquiry is not the subjective or actual purpose of the individuals involved in a particular encounter , but rather the purpose that reasonable participants would have had , as ascertained from the individuals ' statements and actions and the circumstances in which the encounter occurred . " One exception established at the founding is if the witness is " unavailable to testify , and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross @-@ examination . " Another such exception is " forfeiture by wrongdoing , " i.e. where the defendant intends to obtain and obtains the absence of the witness by wrongdoing . Still another exception is " the use of testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter asserted . " Another possible exception is for dying declarations , i.e. statements made by a speaker on the brink of death while aware that he or she is dying . = = = Petit jury , impartiality , and vicinage = = = U.S. Const . Art . III , § 2 , cl . 3 provides : Trial of all Crimes , except in Cases of Impeachment , shall be by Jury . . . . U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a . . . trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law . . . . One of the enumerated complaints in the Declaration of Independence accused King George III of " depriving us , in many Cases , of the Benefits of Trial by Jury . " Availability Depending on the authorized and actual sentence , upon demand , a criminal defendant has a right to trial by jury . The defendant does not have a right , conversely , to a bench trial without the consent of the prosecution . If the defendant is charged with crimes for which the authorized sentence exceeds six months , whether in state or federal court , the defendant has a right to a jury . Further , the defendant has a right to a trial by jury if the actual sentence exceeds six months and the charged crime has no maximum authorized sentence ( e.g. contempt of court ) . But , the defendant does not have a right to a jury in stacked misdemeanor prosecutions , even if the cumulative authorized imprisonment exceeds six months , as long as the actual sentence does not . Factors other than actual and authorized sentences may be relevant to seriousness , but so far the Court has pushed back against expanding the jury right . Impartiality The trial judge has an obligation to ensure an impartial jury , especially vis @-@ a @-@ vis juror biases and media coverage by such means as jury selection ( including voir dire and for @-@ cause challenges ) , jury sequestration , and jury instructions . For example , this may require the court to permit voir dire on the subject of the juror 's potential racial prejudice . In some circumstances , the Sixth Amendment even requires the trial judge to grant a defendant 's change of venue motion if an impartial jury cannot be obtained otherwise . The Sixth Amendment also regulates the availability and use of cause and peremptory challenges . For example , it precludes a jurisdiction from granting the prosecution for @-@ cause removal of jurors who oppose the death penalty . " The most that can be demanded of a venireman in this regard is that he be willing to consider all of the penalties provided by state law , and that he not be irrevocably committed , before the trial has begun , to vote against the penalty of death regardless of the facts and circumstances that might emerge in the course of the proceedings . " While a defendant is not obliged to use peremptory challenges to cure a trial court 's erroneous denial of a defendant 's for @-@ cause challenge , if the defendant does so , the defendant may not rely on the error for automatic reversal . Size and unanimity The Supreme Court has held that six @-@ member juries are sufficient and that five @-@ member juries are not . Verdict unanimity is not required for twelve @-@ member juries , but is required for six @-@ member juries . Vicinage The provision requiring that the jury be drawn " of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law " is known as the Vicinage Clause . The Vicinage Clause places no limits on the prosecution of crimes not committed within a state . Nor does the Clause prevent a crime from being tried by a jury from a different division ( a subset of a federal judicial district ) within the same district in which the crime was committed . The Third , Fifth , and Sixth Circuits have held that the Vicinage Clause was not incorporated against the states by the Fourteenth Amendment . = = = Public trial = = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a . . . public trial . . . . The defendant has a right to have the courtroom open to the public , absent a showing of a substantial government interest that cannot be addressed by alternatives other than closure . The right to a public trial extends to pre @-@ trial matters such as a suppression hearing and jury selection . The Public Trial Clause has its roots in the " traditional Anglo @-@ American distrust for secret trials has been variously ascribed to the notorious use of this practice by the Spanish Inquisition , to the excesses of the English Court of Star Chamber , and to the French monarchy 's abuse of the lettre de cachet . " The Sixth Amendment public trial right is held by the defendant , and the excluded public have no ability to assert it . Independently , however , the public has a substantially similar First Amendment right to attend . = = = Self @-@ incrimination = = = U.S. Const. amend . V provides : [ N ] or shall any person . . . be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself . . . . While the Self @-@ Incrimination Clause primarily implicates the law of criminal investigations , the Clause also protects against self @-@ incrimination that may occur at trial . Plainly , the Clause prevents the government from compelling the defendant to testify against himself or herself at trial . Further , if the defendant chooses to testify , the Clause prevents the state from requiring her to testify first . But , if the defendant testifies , she cannot claim the privilege against self @-@ incrimination with respect to cross @-@ examination within the scope of the direct examination . Similarly , the Clause " forbids either comment by the prosecution on the accused 's silence or instructions by the court that such silence is evidence of guilt . " This principle applies at the sentencing phase , even after a plea of guilty . While the defendant is entitled to an jury instruction forbidding adverse inferences from his or her failure to testify , a defendant is not entitled to prevent such an instruction . " Nothing in the Fifth Amendment privilege entitles a defendant as a matter of constitutional right to await the end of the State 's case before announcing the nature of his defense , any more than it entitles him to await the jury 's verdict on the State 's case @-@ in @-@ chief before deciding whether or not to take the stand himself . " For example , a jurisdiction may require the defendant to disclose intended alibi witnesses before trial . = = Double jeopardy = = U.S. Const. amend . V provides : [ N ] or shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb . . . . The Double Jeopardy Clause encompasses four distinct prohibitions : subsequent prosecution after acquittal , subsequent prosecution after conviction , subsequent prosecution after certain mistrials , and multiple punishment in the same indictment . Jeopardy " attaches " when the jury empaneled , the first witness is sworn , or a plea is accepted . The " dual sovereignty doctrine " permits the federal government and each state to proceed separately . Prosecution after acquittal The government is not permitted to appeal or try again after the entry of an acquittal , whether a directed verdict before the case is submitted to the jury , a directed verdict after a deadlocked jury , an appellate reversal for sufficiency ( except by direct appeal to a higher appellate court ) , or an " implied acquittal " via conviction of a lesser included offense . In addition , the government is barred by collateral estoppel from re @-@ litigating against the same defense a fact necessarily found by the jury in a prior acquittal , even if the jury hung on other counts . This principle does not prevent the government from appealing a pre @-@ trial motion to dismiss or other non @-@ merits dismissal , or a directed verdict after a jury conviction , Nor does it prevent the trial judge from entertaining a motion for reconsideration of a directed verdict , if the jurisdiction has so provided by rule or statute . Nor does it prevent the government from retrying the defendant after a deadlocked jury , an appellate reversal other than for sufficiency , including habeas , or " thirteenth juror " appellate reversals notwithstanding sufficiency on the principle that jeopardy has not " terminated . " There may also be an exception for judicial bribery , but not jury bribery . Multiple punishment , including prosecution after conviction In Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) , the Supreme Court announced the following test : the government may separately try and punish the defendant for two crimes if each crime contains an element that the other does not . Blockburger is the default rule , unless the legislatively intends to depart ; for example , Continuing Criminal Enterprise ( CCE ) may be punished separately from its predicates , as can conspiracy . The Blockburger test , originally developed in the multiple punishments context , is also the test for prosecution after conviction . In Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) , the Court held that a double jeopardy violation could lie even where the Blockburger test was not satisfied , but Grady was overruled in United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) . Prosecution after mistrial The rule for mistrials depends upon who sought the mistrial . If the defendant moves for a mistrial , there is no bar to retrial , unless the prosecutor acted in " bad faith , " i.e. goaded the defendant into moving for a mistrial because the government specifically wanted a mistrial . If the prosecutor moves for a mistrial , there is no bar to retrial if the trial judge finds " manifest necessity " for granting the mistrial . The same standard governs mistrials granted sua sponte . = = Assistance of Counsel = = U.S. Const. amend . VI provides : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Assistance of Counsel Clause includes , as relevant here , at least six distinct rights : the right to counsel of choice , the right to appointed counsel , the right not to be constructively denied counsel , the right to conflict @-@ free counsel , the effective assistance of counsel , and the right to represent oneself pro se . A defendant does not have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel in any civil proceeding , including a deportation hearing ( even though deportability is often a collateral consequence of criminal conviction ) . Choice of counsel A defendant must be given an opportunity to retain counsel , even if not entitled to appointed counsel . Subject to considerations such as conflicts of interest , scheduling , counsel 's authorization to practice law in the jurisdiction , and counsel 's willingness to represent the defendant ( whether pro bono or for a fee ) , criminal defendants have a right to be represented by counsel of their choice . The remedy for erroneous depravation of first choice counsel is automatic reversal . In Caplin & Drysdale v. United States ( 1989 ) , the Court held that there is no Sixth Amendment exception to criminal forfeiture ; i.e. , after conviction , the government can seek forfeiture of already paid legal fees under a forfeiture statute , notwithstanding the effect on the defendant 's ability to retain counsel of choice . Appointment of counsel A defendant unable to retain counsel has the right to appointed counsel at the government 's expense . While the Supreme Court recognized this right gradually , it currently applies in all federal and state criminal proceedings where the defendant faces authorized imprisonment greater than one year ( a " felony " ) or where the defendant is actually imprisoned . A defendant does not have a right to appointed counsel if he or she is not sentenced to actual imprisonment and could not have been sentenced for more than one year , even if that conviction is later used to enhance sentencing for another crime , or even if the revocation of probation may result in actual imprisonment . Nor does the defendant have the right to appointed counsel to raise frivolous arguments on direct appeal , or to raise any arguments on habeas or other collateral appeal , even if facing execution . Constructive denial Whether counsel are appointed or retained , the Clause protects the role of counsel and certain attributes of the attorney @-@ client relationship . For example , the Clause requires that the defendant be given time to consult with counsel and that counsel be given time to investigate the case pre @-@ trial . And , the Clause also prohibits a state from barring a defendant from being cross @-@ examined by counsel , or restricting the order in which the defendant may be called as a witness . Further , the court may not prevent a defendant from consulting with her counsel during an overnight recess , even if the recess bisects direct- and cross @-@ examination of the defendant . Similarly , the defendant has a right to have her counsel make a closing argument , even if a bench trial . Conflict @-@ free counsel Whether counsel is retained or appointed , the defendant has a right to counsel without a conflict of interest . If an actual conflict of interest is present , and that conflict results in any adverse effect on the representation , the result is automatic reversal . The general rule is that conflicts can be knowingly and intelligently waived , but some conflicts are un @-@ waiveable . Ineffective assistance of counsel In Strickland v. Washington ( 1984 ) , the Court held that , on collateral review , a defendant may obtain relief if the defendant demonstrates both ( 1 ) that defense counsel 's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness ( the " performance prong " ) and ( 2 ) that , but for the deficient performance , there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different ( the " prejudice prong " ) . To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland , a defendant who pleads guilty must show that there is a reasonable probability that , but for counsel 's deficient performance , he or she would not have plead guilty . In Padilla v. Kentucky ( 2010 ) , the Court held that counsel 's failure to inform an alien pleading guilty of the risk of deportation fell below the objective standard of the performance prong of Strickland and permitted an alien who would not have plead guilty but for such failure to withdraw his guilty plea . To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland , a defendant who rejects the prosecution 's plea offer must show that there is a reasonable probability that , but for counsel 's deficient performance , the offer would have been accepted by the defendant , not withdrawn by the prosecution , and accepted by the court , and that the sentence actually received exceeded that which would have been received under the plea . Pro se representation In Faretta v. California ( 1975 ) , the Court held that a criminal defendant has the right to knowingly and voluntarily opt for pro se representation at trial . This right is not per se violated by the appointment of standby counsel . There is no constitutional right to self @-@ representation on appeal . = = Clauses of general applicability = = All of the foregoing constitutional provisions apply exclusively to criminal matters . In contrast , the due process and equal protection clauses have substantial application outside of the criminal law . = = = Due process = = = U.S. Const. amend . V provides : [ N ] or shall any person . . . be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . . . . U.S. Const. amend . XIV , § 1 provides : [ N ] or shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . . . . The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments apply generally to all stages of criminal proceedings . The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the vehicle for the incorporation of all of the foregoing rights ( with the exception of the Grand Jury Clause , the Vicinage Clause , and maybe the Excessive Bail Clause ) to apply in state criminal proceedings . Due process is also the catchall vehicle for the enforcement of fundamental fairness , even if the infirmities of a given prosecution do not neatly sound in another enumerated provision . Proof beyond a reasonable doubt The due process clauses require that the burden of proof in criminal cases be placed on the government , and that the quantum of proof be beyond a reasonable doubt . In re Winship ( 1970 ) explicitly held that " the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged . " But , the state may place the burden of proof for an affirmative defense on the defendant . Erroneous denial of a reasonable doubt instruction is a structural error that entitles the defendant to automatic reversal . Erroneous definitions of reasonable doubt do not require reversal as long as " taken as a whole , the instructions correctly conveyed the concept of reasonable doubt to the jury . " Instructions on certain evidentiary presumptions against the defendant , if interpreted as conclusive presumptions or as shifting the burden of proof to the defendant , are also unconstitutional ; permissive presumptions are constitutional . In some circumstances , a trial court must separately instruct the jury on the presumption of innocence , in addition to giving a reasonable doubt instruction . The reasonable doubt standard is primarily effectuated by jury instructions , but it retains its relevance when the trial judge considers a motion for a directed verdict of acquittal and when an appellate court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence . On federal habeas review of a state conviction for sufficiency of the evidence , to grant relief , the reviewing court must find that " upon the record evidence adduced at the trial no rational trier of fact could have found proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt . " In a successive , abusive , or defaulted federal habeas review of a state conviction , a defendant claiming " actual innocence " must show that " it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have found petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt . " Brady disclosure Brady v. Maryland ( 1963 ) is another significant , specific criminal procedural right guaranteed by the due process clauses . Brady requires a criminal conviction to be reversed if the government withholds exculpatory ( or impeachment ) material , within the government 's possession , from the defendant , and there is a reasonable probability that , if such material had been disclosed , the result of the proceeding would have been different ( " materiality " ) . Brady is a holistic , rather than piece @-@ by @-@ piece , inquiry . Whether the government acted in " good faith " or " bad faith " is irrelevant to Brady . But , if the defendant cannot prove that withheld evidence would have been exculpatory , because its import is unknown , to obtain relief , the defendant must instead show that the government acted in bad faith . The government is not required to disclose impeachment material prior to plea bargaining . Whether the government must disclose exculpatory material during plea bargaining is an open question . Mental competence " It has long been accepted that a person whose mental condition is such that he lacks the capacity to understand the nature and object of the proceedings against him , to consult with counsel , and to assist in preparing his defense may not be subjected to a trial " consistent with the Due Process Clause . The " test " is " whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding — and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him . " A state may place the burden on the defendant has to prove incompetence by the preponderance of the evidence , but the state cannot require the defendant to prove incompetence by a higher standard , such as clear and convincing evidence . The right to competence cannot be waived because waivers of constitutional rights are required to be knowing and voluntary . The state may involuntarily medicate the defendant in order to make her competent for trial , but only after factual showings that there is a state interest in punishment ( as opposed to civil confinement ) , that the medication is likely to result in competence , and that the medication is necessary to restore competence . A defendant who is competent to stand trial is therefore also competent to plead guilty , waiving the full panoply of trial rights , but not necessarily competent enough to represent herself at trial in the face of a state procedural rule requiring a higher standard of competence for pro se representation . Prosecutorial misconduct Due process prohibits the prosecution from knowingly using falsehood to convict the defendant , and requires reversal if there is a reasonable likelihood that the verdict was affected — whether the falsehood is inculpatory or goes the credibility of a witness . = = = Equal protection = = = U.S. Const. amend . XIV , § 1 provides : [ N ] or shall any State . . . deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . The equal protection clauses has at least three applications relevant to criminal proceedings : a prohibition on selective prosecution on invidious bases , a requirement that jury pools and venires represent a " fair cross section " of the community , and a prohibition on the discriminatory use of jury peremptory challenges . Selective prosecution The defendant may move to dismiss a criminal charge on the ground that he or she has been singled out for prosecution because of race , gender , religion , national origin , illegitimacy , or similar . In order to get discovery on a racial selective prosecution claim , the defendant must make the threshold showing that the government declined to prosecute similarly situated suspects of other races . The defendant is not entitled to a presumption of selective prosecution based on data regarding the overall population of convicts . Discrimination in the jury pool and venire The Equal Protection Clause prohibits the exclusion of persons from selection for a grand or petit jury on the basis of race , regardless of the race of the defendant . Further , the defendant is entitled to a jury pool that represents a " fair cross section " of the community . In order to prove a " fair cross section " violation , the defendant must show that ( 1 ) a " distinctive " ( i.e. , cognizable ) group ( 2 ) is not represented fairly and reasonably in the jury pool in proportion to the community ( 3 ) due to systematic exclusion . Discriminatory peremptory challenges While a defendant is entitled to a fair cross section in the venire , the defendant is not guaranteed a fair cross section in the actual grand jury or petit jury . Yet , the equal protection clause does regulate the use of peremptory challenges in the selection of the petit jury from the venire . In the landmark case of Batson v. Kentucky ( 1986 ) , the Supreme Court reversed a criminal conviction because of the prosecutor 's racially motivated use of peremptory challenges . There are three steps to a Batson inquiry . First , the party opposing the use of a peremptory challenge must make a prima facie case . This requires only an inference , not preponderance . Second , the party seeking the peremptory challenge must provide a permissible , neutral explanation for the challenge . Third , the trial court must decide whether the explanation is pretextual . A rationale is pretextual if it applies equally to a similarly situated juror who was seated . If the trial judge erroneously permits the striking of a juror under Batson , and the error is preserved , the only remedy is automatic reversal . If the trial judge erroneously prevents the striking of a juror under Batson , and the juror is seated , the Constitution permits a jurisdiction to utilize harmless error analysis . The race of the defendant is irrelevant to a Batson claim . Batson also permits the prosecutor to challenge defense peremptory strikes ( " reverse Batson " ) . And , Batson applies equally to race and gender .
= German destroyer Z5 Paul Jacobi = Z5 Paul Jacobi was a Type 1934A @-@ class destroyer built for the Kriegsmarine in the mid @-@ 1930s . The ship was being refitted when World War II began on 1 September 1939 and was tasked to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods in the Kattegat until early 1940 . She participated in the early stages of the Norwegian Campaign by transporting troops to the Trondheim area in early April 1940 and was transferred to France later that year where she made several attacks on British shipping . Paul Jacobi spent most of 1941 under repair and returned to France in early 1942 to successfully escort two German battleships and a heavy cruiser home through the English Channel ( the Channel Dash ) . The following month , the ship helped to escort another German battleship to northern Norway and returned in May to begin another lengthy refit . Paul Jacobi spent most of 1943 inactive in the Arctic before returning to Germany in September for another refit . She was badly damaged by Allied air attacks on Kiel and was not operational again until late 1944 . She spent most of the rest of the war escorting ships as the Germans evacuated East Prussia and bombarding Soviet forces . The ship was captured by the Allies in May 1945 and spent the rest of the year under British control as the Allies decided how to dispose of the captured German ships . Paul Jacobi was ultimately allotted to France in early 1946 and renamed Desaix . She became operational later that year , but her service with the French Navy was fairly brief , with only cruises to French colonies in Africa during 1947 of note before she was paid off in late 1948 and placed in reserve in early 1949 . The ship was used as a source of spare parts of the other ex @-@ German ships in French service until she was condemned and sold for scrap in 1954 . = = Design and description = = Z5 Paul Jacobi had an overall length of 119 meters ( 390 ft 5 in ) and was 114 meters ( 374 ft 0 in ) long at the waterline . At some point before September 1939 , her stem was lengthened , which increased her overall length to 120 meters ( 393 ft 8 in ) . The ship had a beam of 11 @.@ 30 meters ( 37 ft 1 in ) , and a maximum draft of 4 @.@ 23 meters ( 13 ft 11 in ) . She displaced 2 @,@ 171 long tons ( 2 @,@ 206 t ) at standard load and 3 @,@ 110 long tons ( 3 @,@ 160 t ) at deep load . The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets , each driving one propeller shaft , were designed to produce 70 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 51 @,@ 000 kW ; 69 @,@ 000 shp ) using steam provided by six high @-@ pressure Wagner boilers . The ship had a designed speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) , but her maximum speed was 38 @.@ 7 knots ( 71 @.@ 7 km / h ; 44 @.@ 5 mph ) . Paul Jacobi carried a maximum of 752 metric tons ( 740 long tons ) of fuel oil which was intended to give a range of 4 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 100 km ; 5 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) , but the ship proved top @-@ heavy in service and 30 % of the fuel had to be retained as ballast low in the ship . The effective range proved to be only 1 @,@ 530 nmi ( 2 @,@ 830 km ; 1 @,@ 760 mi ) at 19 knots . The crew numbered 10 officers and 315 enlisted men , plus an additional four officers and 19 enlisted men if serving as a flotilla flagship . The ship carried five 12 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter ( 5 in ) SK C / 34 guns in single mounts with gun shields , two each superimposed , fore and aft . The fifth gun was carried on top of the aft superstructure . Her anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of four 3 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) SK C / 30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six 2 @-@ centimeter ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) C / 30 guns in single mounts . Paul Jacobi carried eight above @-@ water 53 @.@ 3 @-@ centimeter ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes in two power @-@ operated mounts . A pair of reload torpedoes were provided for each mount . Four depth charge throwers were mounted on the sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern . Enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each . Mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines . A system of passive hydrophones designated as ' GHG ' ( Gruppenhorchgerät ) was fitted to detect submarines . An active sonar system was probably installed by the end of 1940 , but it is uncertain when it was actually done . During the war , the ship 's light anti @-@ aircraft armament was augmented several times . Improved 2 cm C / 38 guns replaced the original C / 30 guns and three additional guns were added sometime in 1941 . The two guns on the aft shelter deck were replaced by a single 2 cm quadruple Flakvierling mount , probably during her mid @-@ 1942 refit . During 1944 – 45 , Paul Jacobi was one of the few destroyers to receive the full " Barbara " anti @-@ aircraft refit in which all of her existing 3 @.@ 7 cm and most of her 2 cm guns were replaced with improved models in greater numbers . The fifth 12 @.@ 7 cm gun was removed to compensate for the weight of the additional weapons . She retained her Flakvierling mount and , by the end of the war , the rest of her anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of four twin and two single 3 @.@ 7 cm SK M / 42 mounts , four twin and one single 2 cm mounts on the forecastle and sides of the bridge . = = Construction and career = = Paul Jacobi , named after Paul Jacobi , was ordered on 9 January 1935 and laid down at DeSchiMAG , Bremen on 15 July 1935 as yard number W899 . She was launched on 24 March 1936 and completed on 29 June 1937 . The ship participated in the late 1937 naval maneuvers as part of the Second Destroyer Division ( 2 . Zerstörerdivision ) . Paul Jacobi and her sister ship Z8 Bruno Heinemann sailed to Norway in April 1938 to test the new 15 @-@ centimeter ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) TbtsK C / 36 gun planned for later classes of destroyers . Bruno Heinemann had been fitted with four of the new weapons and they were removed after gunnery trials off Ålesund were completed . Paul Jacobi participated in the August 1938 Fleet Review as part of the 2nd Destroyer Division and the following fleet exercise . The division accompanied the heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee on her voyage to the Mediterranean in October where they visited Vigo , Tangiers , and Ceuta before returning home . The destroyer had a lengthy refit at Wilhelmshaven from February 1939 to 29 September . After she finished working up on 11 October , Paul Jacobi was tasked to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods in the Skaggerak until February 1940 between visits to the shipyard . The ship was allocated to Group 2 for the Norwegian portion of Operation Weserübung . The group 's task was to transport the 138th Mountain Infantry Regiment ( Gebirgsjäger @-@ Regiment 138 ) of the 3rd Mountain Division to seize Trondheim together with the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper . The ships began loading troops on 6 April and set sail the next day . Paul Jacobi and her sisters Bruno Heinemann and Theodor Riedel each carried a company of mountain troops tasked to seize the forts defending the entrance to the Trondheimsfjord . En route the weather was so bad that Paul Jacobi rolled so far to port that water flooded the port boiler intakes , temporarily shutting down the port engine , and washing five men overboard . After passing the surprised forts the ships were able to land their troops and capture the forts with little difficulty . All of the destroyers had suffered storm damage en route and were low on fuel because none of the oil tankers had arrived yet . Admiral Hipper was ordered home on 10 April . Fuel was transferred from Paul Jacobi and Bruno Heinemann to Friedrich Eckoldt , enough to allow her to escort the cruiser home . Paul Jacobi remained in Trondheim until early May with engine troubles . Her aft torpedo tubes were removed and remounted on a pair of impounded small boats to improve the local defenses . Sometime in 1940 – 41 the ship was fitted with a FuMO 21 or FuMO 24 radar set above the bridge . She arrived at Wilhelmshaven on 10 May and spent the next month under repair . Paul Jacobi returned to Trondheim on 30 June and helped to screen the crippled battleship Gneisenau as she returned to Kiel on 25 July . The ship laid a minefield in the North Sea before she was transferred to the Atlantic Coast of France in mid @-@ September . Now based at Brest the ship helped to lay a minefield in Falmouth Bay during the night of 28 / 29 September . Five ships totalling only 2 @,@ 026 GRT were sunk by this minefield . Paul Jacobi arrived back at Wilhelmshaven to begin a lengthy refit that lasted until October 1941 . While departing Aarhus , Denmark for Norway , she fouled a buoy that damaged her port propeller and had to return to Kiel for repairs that took until 24 November . After loading mines at Aarhus , she had a boiler breakdown and had to return to Germany . While docked at Wilhelmshaven on 29 December , Paul Jacobi was slightly damaged by bomb splinters that also killed three crewmen . She escorted the battleship Tirpitz for several days in mid @-@ January 1942 as the battleship sailed from the Baltic to Trondheim . Paul Jacobi , together with the rest of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla , sailed from Kiel on 24 January for France as part of the preparations for the Channel Dash . On the evening of 25 January , Z8 Bruno Heinemann struck two mines laid by HMS Plover off the Belgian coast and sank . Paul Jacobi rescued 34 of the survivors and proceeded to Le Havre to put them ashore before reaching Brest on the 26th . The German ships departed Brest on 11 February , totally surprising the British . Paul Jacobi helped to repel an attack by five British destroyers and evaded a series of aerial attacks without damage . Shortly afterwards , the ship joined four other destroyers in escorting Prinz Eugen and the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer to Trondheim . Heavy weather forced Paul Jacobi and two other destroyers to return to port before reaching Trondheim and Prinz Eugen was badly damaged by a British submarine after their separation . On 6 March , the battleship Tirpitz , escorted by Paul Jacobi and three other destroyers , sortied to attack the returning convoy QP 8 and the Russia @-@ bound PQ 12 as part of Operation Sportpalast ( Sports Palace ) , but the ship was ordered back to port that evening . Two months later , in Operation Zauberflote ( Magic Flute ) , Paul Jacobi , the destroyer Z25 , and two torpedo boats escorted the badly damaged heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen from Trondheim to Kiel from 16 – 18 May . Two days after her arrival , the destroyer began a lengthy refit that lasted until December . On 9 January 1943 , together with two other destroyers , she escorted Scharnhorst and Prinz Eugen as they attempted to return to Norway from Gotenhafen . The ships were spotted en route two days later by an aircraft from the Royal Air Force and the attempt was abandoned as the element of surprise was lost . The following month , Paul Jacobi made her way independently to Bogen Bay , Norway . She screened the battleships Tirpitz and Scharnhorst , as well as Lützow to the Altafjord , closer to the Allied convoy routes to Russia , in mid @-@ March . Two weeks later , the ship , her sister Z6 Theodor Riedel , and the destroyer Z20 Karl Galster sailed for Jan Mayen island on 31 March to rendezvous with the blockade runner , MV Regensburg . They searched for several days before increasingly heavy weather forced them to return to port with storm damage . Unbeknownst to the Germans , Regensburg had been intercepted and sunk by a British cruiser on 30 March . Paul Jacobi escorted Lützow back to Kiel in September and then began yet another lengthy refit on 30 September . The ship was badly damaged during an air raid on Kiel on 13 December . One bomb struck the forecastle and started a severe fire while four others landed inside the dry dock itself , riddling her with splinters and sinking the ship . Paul Jacobi was not refloated until April and the refit itself was not completed until November . The ship had to be fitted with a new bow section , new radars , and a new goalpost @-@ shaped foremast to allow the radar antenna to rotate a full 360 ° . After being damaged again by bomb splinters during an air raid on 18 July , she was towed to Swinemünde to be completed . Paul Jacobi was declared operational on 13 November and she escorted the hospital ship SS General von Steuben from Gotenhafen to Swinemünde . The destroyer 's new 3 @.@ 7 cm guns were installed on 20 December . While conducting torpedo training off the Swedish island of Gotland on 14 January 1945 , one of her torpedoes circled back around and hit Paul Jacobi , inflicting only minor damage . She was back in action by the 19th , escorting ships in the eastern Baltic Sea . During one of these missions , the ship was accidentally rammed in the stern by the freighter SS Helga Schröder . Repairs took until 27 February to complete , and the Kriegsmarine took advantage of the opportunity to add more AA guns . Paul Jacobi bombarded Soviet forces on 6 – 9 March and alternated between bombardment and escort tasks for the rest of the war as the Germans evacuated East Prussia in the face of advancing Soviet armies . On 2 May , her gyrocompass was sabotaged by some of her crew to prevent the ship from screening the last few refugee convoys . Three men were convicted by a drumhead court @-@ martial and sentenced to death by Rear Admiral ( Konteradmiral ) Bernhard Rogge . Paul Jacobi was decommissioned five days later at Flensburg and sailed to Wilhelmshaven under British control on 21 May to have her fate determined . France was initially denied any of the captured ships , but eventually received Paul Jacobi and three other destroyers . She arrived in Cherbourg on 15 January 1946 and was turned over to the French on 4 February . Renamed Desaix that same day , after General Louis Desaix , the ship was assigned to the 1st Division of Large Destroyers ( contre @-@ torpilleurs ) and conducted trials in September . In March – June 1947 , she formed part of the escort for the battleship Richelieu as the President of France , Vincent Auriol , visited West and North Africa . Desaix visited North Africa by herself later that year . She took part in the spring naval maneuvers in 1948 and in a naval review for Auriol off Brest on 30 May . The ship was present in Saint @-@ Malo during the commemoration of the centenary of the death of François @-@ René de Chateaubriand and she visited Bordeaux before returning to Cherbourg on 4 November . Desaix was decommissioned before the end of the year and reduced to reserve in January 1949 . She was used as a source of spare parts until she was condemned on 17 February 1954 . Her hulk was redesignated as Q02 and she was sold for scrap in June . She was towed to Rouen for demolition .
= Portrait of a Young Girl ( Christus ) = Portrait of a Young Girl is a small oil @-@ on @-@ oak panel painting by the Early Netherlandish painter Petrus Christus . It was completed towards the end of his life , between 1465 and 1470 , and is held in the Gemäldegalerie , Berlin . It marks a major stylistic advance in contemporary portraiture ; the girl is set in an airy , three @-@ dimensional , realistic setting , and stares out at the viewer with a complicated expression that is reserved , yet intelligent and alert . It is widely regarded as one of the most exquisite portraits of the Northern Renaissance . Art historian Joel Upton described the sitter as resembling " a polished pearl , almost opalescent , lying on a cushion of black velvet . " The panel builds on the work of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden , and was highly influential in the decades after its completion . Its appeal lies in part in her intriguing stare , accentuated by the slight misalignment of her eyes , while the eyebrows are faintly skewed . = = Description = = Christus frames his sitter in a rigid and balanced architectural setting . She is positioned within a narrow rectangular space , before a wainscotted wall . The image is divided by the horizontal parallel lines of her wainscot and blouse , which join at the inverted triangle formed by the neckline of her dress . The rendering of the background departs somewhat from contemporary conventions in portraiture : Christus sets the girl against a dark brown wall with little detail , in contrast to the elaborate interiors of Jan van Eyck , who is often regarded as Christus ' master . It is defined entirely by its material , a wooden dado rail along the top and the wainscot that forms the lower portion . The wall sets her in a realistic interior , perhaps intended to represent a space within her home . Light falls on the pictorial space from the left , creating shadows against the back wall , the strongest cast by the girl 's hennin . The depth of space provided by the back wall gives room for this detailing , which Charles Sterling believes is indebted to van Eyck . The light throws a murky but curved shadow on the wall behind the girl and acts as a counterpoint to the contour of her cheek and hairline . The girl has pale skin , almond and slightly oriental eyes and a petulant mouth . She reflects the Gothic ideal of elongated facial features , narrow shoulders , tightly pinned hair and an almost unnaturally long forehead , achieved through tightly pulled @-@ back hair which has been plucked at the top . She is dressed in expensive clothing and jewellery and seems to be uncommonly elegant . She looks out of the canvas in an oblique but self @-@ aware and penetrating manner that some art historians have described as unnerving . Joanna Woods @-@ Marsden remarks that a sitter acknowledging her audience in this way was virtually unprecedented even in Italian portrait painting . Her acknowledgment is accentuated by the painting 's crop , which focuses the viewer 's gaze in a near @-@ invasive manner that seems to question the relationship between artist , model , patron and viewer . The headdress is a variant of the truncated or bee @-@ hive hennin , then fashionable at the Burgundian court . A very similar style , with no tail , is seen on the older of two girls in the donor panels of Presentation of Christ by the Master of the Prado Adoration of the Magi , a pupil of Rogier van der Weyden . The black band under the chin is rarely found in other images from the period , and has been interpreted as a style borrowed from the male chaperon hat , which always has a long tailing tail or cornette , sometimes worn wrapped under the chin in this way . The influence of van Eyck can be seen in the delicate rendering of the textures and details of the dress , trimmings and adornments . Her pale skin and strong bone structure is strongly van Eyckian , and recalls the male sitter in his Arnolfini Portrait . But in other ways Christus abandons the developments made by van Eyck and Robert Campin . He reduces the emphasis on volume of those artists , in favour of an elongation of form ; the narrow , slight upper body and head are , according to the art historian Robert Suckale , " heightened by the V @-@ shaped neckline of the ermine and the cylindrical hat . " Further , while the first generation of Early Netherlandish painters benefited from the patronage of the newly emerging middle class , secularising portraiture , and removing it from the preserve of royalty , Christus renders the girl as aristocratic , haughty , sophisticated , and exquisitely dressed . = = Identity of the sitter = = In a letter dated 1824 or 1825 Gustav Waagen , later Director of the Berlin Museums , gave his interpretation of Latin inscriptions he had seen on the original frame of the portrait , which was subsequently lost . As well as a Christus signature , he found an identification of the sitter as " a niece of the famous Talbots " ( eine Nichte des berühmten Talbots ) . His research led to a consensus that the sitter was a member of the leading English family , the Talbots , then headed by the Earl of Shrewsbury . In 1863 George Scharf suggested the panel was intended as the right @-@ hand wing to a diptych with the 1446 Portrait of Edward Grimston ( or " Grymston " ) in the National Gallery , London , leading to speculation that the girl might be Grimston 's first wife , Alice . This was rejected by Grete Ring in 1913 , on the basis that neither the dimensions nor background of the panels match , and that the Berlin panel was most probably completed some 20 – 30 years after the Grimston portrait . Joel Upton , supporting Waagen 's analysis , investigated whether the " famous Talbot " was John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury , killed at the Battle of Castillon in 1453 . However , John Talbot had only one niece , Ankaret , who died in infancy in 1421 . Lorne Campbell suggests that given the Latin signature , Waagen might have misinterpreted the word " nepos " , which can also mean " grandchild " . Upton concludes that she was more likely a daughter of John Talbot , 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury , either Anne or Margaret . Their parents married between 1444 and 1445 , suggesting that the sitter was under 20 at the time of the portrait . She may have travelled to Bruges to attend the famously lavish wedding in 1468 of Margaret of York , sister of Edward IV of England , to Charles the Bold , Duke of Burgundy . = = Provenance = = The earliest extant record of the painting is in a 1492 inventory of the Medici family , where it is described as a small panel bust of a French lady , coloured in oil , the work of Pietro Cresci of Bruges . However , it seems from other works in the collection that the scribe was uninformed and noted any piece of northern art in the collection as " French " . It was highly valued , with an unusually high price of 40 florins , and prominently displayed . The record does not address the matter of the girl 's identity beyond her nationality , indicating that the painting was regarded as of aesthetic rather than historical interest . In the 20th century Erwin Panofsky was instrumental in furthering Christus ' reputation as a major 15th @-@ century northern painter , described the work as an " enchanting , almost French @-@ looking portrait " , perhaps noting the resemblance to the virgin in Jean Fouquet 's Melun Diptych . Sterling picks up on this , noting the many similarities between the two women , including their tightly pulled @-@ back hair , high cheek bones , slanted eyes and sulky expressions . The portrait entered the Prussian royal collection with the purchase in 1821 of the Edward Solly collection , from which the then @-@ recently formed Gemäldegalerie , Berlin , was allowed to take its pick . It was positively identified in 1825 as an original by Christus when Waagen identified the lettering on the ( now lost ) frame " PETR XPI " as shorthand for " Petrus Christophori " , which he associated with the " Pietro Christa " mentioned by Giorgio Vasari in the 1568 edition of his " Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects " . In this way , Waagen also identified Christus ' so @-@ called Saint Eligius panel , now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ( and seen as just a portrait of a goldsmith ) , marking the painter 's rediscovery after centuries of obscurity . Before this identification , a number of his paintings had been attributed to Jan van Eyck , but became identified with Christus after Waagen established him as a distinct and separate master . Christus is known to have signed six extant works , sometimes with the text " PETR XPI ME FECIT " ( Petr Xpi made me ) . Over the next century sketches of Christus ' biography were constructed , as art historians – notably Panofsky – slowly disentangled his works from those of van Eyck . = = Dating = = The painting was dated c . 1446 by Wolfgang Schöne in the 1930s , mainly by matching the style and fashion of her clothing to contemporary trends . In the early 20th century the dating and authorship of works then attributed to Christus were challenged . Max Friedländer proposed a number of dates and an ordering of works in the 1957 volume of his Early Netherlandish painting , but many of his assumptions were discounted by Otto Pächt just a few years later . In 1953 , Erwin Panofsky established that Schöne 's dating was at least twenty years too early . In his view , the girl 's dress resembles Burgundian high fashion of the late 1460s to mid @-@ 1470s . He compared the hennin worn by Maria Portinari in a c . 1470 portrait by Hans Memling , and her gown to that worn by a lady in an illumination from around the 1470s Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse of Bruges . Sterling , placing the work as c . 1465 , remarks that the hennin in the Berlin panel is of a different type to that of the New York painting . The New York headdress is far more extended , and seems to be of a style prevalent a few years after , and moreover lacks the draped and hanging veil . Sterling further notes that the panel has increased depth of field and more intricate detailing of light than Christus ' earlier works . On this basis he believes the work was executed late in the artist 's career .
= Thomas of Bayeux = Thomas of Bayeux ( died 18 November 1100 ) was Archbishop of York from 1070 until 1100 . He was educated at Liège and became a royal chaplain to Duke William of Normandy , who later became King William I of England . After the Norman Conquest , the king nominated Thomas to succeed Ealdred as Archbishop of York . After Thomas ' election , Lanfranc , Archbishop of Canterbury , demanded an oath from Thomas to obey him and any future Archbishops of Canterbury ; this was part of Lanfranc 's claim that Canterbury was the primary bishopric , and its holder the head of the English Church . Thomas countered that York had never made such an oath . As a result , Lanfranc refused to consecrate him . The King eventually persuaded Thomas to submit , but Thomas and Lanfranc continued to clash over ecclesiastical issues , including the primacy of Canterbury , which dioceses belonged to the province of York , and the question of how York 's obedience to Canterbury would be expressed . After King William I 's death Thomas served his successor , William II , and helped to put down a rebellion led by Thomas ' old mentor Odo of Bayeux . Thomas also attended the trial for rebellion of the Bishop of Durham , William de St @-@ Calais , Thomas ' sole suffragan , or bishop subordinate to York . During William II 's reign Thomas once more became involved in the dispute with Canterbury over the primacy when he refused to consecrate the new Archbishop of Canterbury , Anselm , if Anselm was named the Primate of England in the consecration service . After William II 's sudden death in 1100 , Thomas arrived too late to crown King Henry I , and died soon after the coronation . = = Early life = = Thomas is sometimes referred to as Thomas I to distinguish him from his nephew Thomas , who was also an Archbishop of York . The elder Thomas ' father was a priest named Osbert ; his mother was named Muriel , but little else of them is known . He had a brother named Samson , who was Bishop of Worcester from 1086 until 1112 . He was of Norman descent . Under the patronage of Odo , Bishop of Bayeux , both boys were sent to Liège for their education . Thomas may also have studied with Lanfranc in Normandy while the latter was teaching at the Abbey of Bec , and some scholars contend that he also studied in Germany and Spain . Thomas then returned to Normandy to become one of Bishop Odo 's officials and a chaplain , or secretary . He was a canon and the treasurer of Bayeux Cathedral as well as a member of Duke William 's ducal clergy before the Norman Conquest of England . The new King named him a royal clerk after the Battle of Hastings . = = Archbishop under William I = = Thomas succeeded Ealdred as Archbishop of York in 1070 ; he was nominated on 23 May and was probably consecrated on 25 December . The appointment of Thomas was a departure for the King , who had usually promoted Norman nobles or monks when he was still Duke of Normandy . The appointment was more consistent with English norms , as most of those appointed to the English episcopate before the Conquest had previously been royal clerks . Shortly after Thomas ' election , Lanfranc , pursuing a claim that Canterbury was the primatial see , or bishopric , of England , demanded that Thomas provide a written oath swearing to obey both Lanfranc and any future Archbishops of Canterbury . Thomas declined to make such a written promise , so Lanfranc refused to consecrate him . Thomas argued that Lanfranc 's demand was unprecedented , as no other Archbishop of York had been required to swear such an oath before . King William wanted clear lines of authority in the church to match the lines of authority in the secular sphere ; thus , the King supported Lanfranc in the dispute . Royal pressure induced Thomas to submit to Lanfranc and Thomas was consecrated , but his profession of obedience was made orally to Lanfranc personally and not in writing or to any future archbishops of Canterbury . Although this settled the issue between Thomas and Lanfranc , it was the beginning of the long @-@ running Canterbury – York dispute over the claims of Canterbury to have jurisdiction over York . The next year both archbishops travelled to Rome for their palliums , where Thomas took advantage of the opportunity to ask Pope Alexander II to decree that the sees of Canterbury and York were equal . Thomas also sought to have the pope declare that the midland sees of Worcester , Dorchester on Thames , and Lichfield – all south of the River Humber – were part of the Archdiocese of York rather than Canterbury . The 12th @-@ century chronicler Eadmer , a monk at Canterbury , wrote much later that Thomas had resigned and surrendered his archiepiscopal symbols , but they were promptly returned to him by Lanfranc on the pope 's orders . The story 's partisan source casts some doubt on its accuracy . The pope referred the dispute to a council of English prelates , which met at Windsor during Whitsuntide in 1072 . The council decided that the Archbishop of Canterbury was the superior of the Archbishop of York and further ruled that York had no rights south of the Humber River . This meant that the disputed bishoprics were taken from the province of York , an outcome that probably had the support of the King , who aimed to prevent the separation of the north from the rest of England . By depriving the Archbishop of suffragans , William limited York 's power and separatist tendencies . The medieval chronicler Hugh the Chanter commented that by requiring Thomas to obey Canterbury , the King removed the threat that Thomas might crown someone else as King of England – such as the Danish king . However , the council of Windsor also ruled that York 's province included Scotland . Although Thomas was required to profess obedience to Lanfranc and Lanfranc 's successors , the obedience did not mention nor was held to acknowledge any primacy of Canterbury , and it did not bind Thomas ' successors . All of these decisions were ratified in the Accord of Winchester that year , witnessed by the King and the papal legate , or representative of the pope , as well as many bishops and abbots . Thomas then made a written profession of obedience , some time after late May . Lanfranc wrote to Alexander II , attempting to get a written papal privilege of Canterbury 's primacy , but Alexander replied that Lanfranc must personally resubmit the case to the papal court before a papal privilege could be issued . Alexander died in 1073 . His successor , Pope Gregory VII , was opposed to the idea of primacies , and the matter of the papal privilege for Canterbury went nowhere . In 1073 , with the help of Wulfstan , Bishop of Worcester and Peter , Bishop of Chester , Thomas consecrated Radulf as Bishop of Orkney in an attempt to increase York 's authority in Scotland . Wulfstan often performed episcopal functions in parts of the diocese of York during the 1070s for Thomas , especially in areas that were still in turmoil after the conquest . Thomas reorganised the cathedral chapter during his archiepiscopate , establishing a group of secular canons with individual prebends to provide the clergy with income . The cathedral chapter at York had until then lived in a group , but Thomas ' reforms allowed the clergy to live in their own houses . Thomas also set up a number of officials within the cathedral chapter , including a dean , treasurer , and precentor . He increased the number of clergy in the chapter , increasing it from the three he found at York when he took office , and reorganised the episcopal and chapter 's estates , giving a number of estates to the chapter . He introduced the continental system of archdeacons to the Diocese of York , dividing the diocese into territorial units and appointing an archdeacon to each . Archdeacons were responsible for aiding the bishop or archbishop with his episcopal duties , collecting revenues , and presiding over some judicial courts . = = Rebuilding the cathedral = = Shortly before Thomas ' appointment , York Minster , the cathedral of the archdiocese , was damaged in a fire that swept through York on 19 September 1069 , and which also destroyed the refectory and dormitory for the canons . Soon after his consecration , Thomas had a new dormitory and refectory built and a new roof put on the cathedral ; these appear to have been temporary measures however , as some time later , probably in about 1075 , he ordered the construction of a new cathedral on a different site . The new building , much larger than the one it replaced , has not survived . It was excavated between 1966 and 1973 , showing the plan of the cathedral to be different from most others built in England around that time . It was longer , had no aisles in the nave , and it had a rectangular ring crypt that had been long out of style in 1075 . Because of the way the foundations were laid out , it appears likely that the entire building was planned and built in one design phase , with few modifications . It may have been that Thomas designed his cathedral to be as unlike Canterbury Cathedral as possible , perhaps because of the conflict between York and Canterbury over primacy . William of Malmesbury , a 12th @-@ century writer , states that Thomas finished the cathedral , and this is corroborated by the fact that Thomas was buried in the minster in 1100 . Some elements of Thomas ' structure are still visible in the crypt of York Minster . = = Serving William II = = After the death of the Conqueror , Thomas was loyal to the third son , William Rufus , who had inherited England instead of the eldest brother , Robert Curthose . Thomas supported Rufus despite a rebellion led by his old mentor Odo of Bayeux , and the Archbishop accompanied the King on his campaigns to put down the revolt . Thomas attended the subsequent trial for rebellion in 1088 of William de St @-@ Calais , Bishop of Durham , who had sided with Odo . William was Thomas ' sole suffragan bishop , but it was Thomas who pronounced the sentence of the court . In 1092 and again in 1093 the dispute with Canterbury resurfaced , when Thomas complained about what he felt were infringements of York 's rights . The first of these occasions was over the dedication of Remigius de Fécamp 's new cathedral at Lincoln and the second concerned the consecration of Anselm as Archbishop of Canterbury . Thomas refused to consecrate Anselm if the latter was referred to as Primate of England . The impasse was finally resolved by naming Anselm the Metropolitan of Canterbury . The medieval chronicler Eadmer , Anselm 's biographer and a Canterbury partisan , says that Anselm was consecrated as the primate . Hugh the Chanter , who was a member of the York community , stated that the metropolitan title was used . Modern historical opinion is divided , with Frank Barlow , author of The English Church 1066 – 1154 inclined towards the primatial title , but with Richard Southern , in his biography of Anselm , leaning towards the metropolitan title . The whole affair is probably subject to much duplicity and dishonesty , with both sides presenting biased accounts . Herbert de Losinga was appointed a papal legate in 1093 by Pope Urban II to investigate the matter of Thomas ' profession of obedience to Lanfranc . Herbert seems to have done nothing about investigating the issue . Also in 1093 , King William II gave the Archbishops of York the right to appoint the Abbot of Selby Abbey in compensation for the loss of York 's claim to the Diocese of Lincoln . While Anselm was in exile after quarrelling with the King in 1097 , Thomas consecrated Herbert de Losinga as Bishop of Norwich , Ralph de Luffa to the See of Chichester , and Hervey le Breton as Bishop of Bangor , an unusual step because these dioceses were in Canterbury 's province , and it was Anselm 's right to consecrate the new bishops . In 1100 after the sudden death of King William II and the seizure of power by the King 's younger brother Henry , Thomas arrived in London too late to crown Henry I , as the ceremony had already been performed by Maurice , Bishop of London , in the absence of both archbishops . Anselm at this time was still in exile . Thomas was initially angry at the slight , until it was explained to him that the King had worried over the chance of disorder in the kingdom if there was a delay . To mollify him , Thomas was allowed to crown the King publicly at a church council held soon after the coronation . = = Death and legacy = = Thomas died at York on 18 November 1100 . He was considered to have been an excellent archbishop , and ensured his cathedral clergy was well cared for . He repaired the cathedral and did much to promote trade in the city of York . Thomas also helped to advance the careers of his family ; one of his nephews , Thomas II of York , became Archbishop of York in 1108 , and another , Richard , became Bishop of Bayeux in 1107 . During his lifetime , Thomas was praised for his learning , his encouragement of education in his diocese , and his generosity . He was an excellent singer and composed hymns . In his youth , he was known for having a sturdy build , and in his old age he had a ruddy complexion and snow white hair . Thomas composed the epitaph placed on William the Conqueror 's tomb in St. Etienne in Caen , but the chronicler Orderic Vitalis felt that Thomas was chosen more for his rank than for his skill in composition . Thomas did not concern himself with the church – state issues surrounding the Investiture Crisis , but he was tenacious in defending the independence of York against the efforts of Canterbury to assert primacy over the whole of England . Later authors , including William of Malmesbury and Hugh the Chantor , praised Thomas for his generosity , chastity , elegance , and charm .
= Póvoa de Varzim = Póvoa de Varzim ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpɔvwɐ ðɨ vɐɾˈzĩ ] , locally [ ˈpɔβwə ðɨ βəɾˈzĩŋ ] ) , also spelled Povoa de Varzim , is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub @-@ region of Greater Porto . It sits in a sandy coastal plain , a cuspate foreland , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers . The population of the municipality was 63 @,@ 408 at the time of the 2011 census . According to the 2001 census , there were 63 @,@ 470 inhabitants , with 42 @,@ 396 living in the city proper . The city expanded , southwards , to Vila do Conde , and there are about 100 @,@ 000 inhabitants in the urban area alone . It is the seventh @-@ largest urban agglomeration in Portugal and the third largest in Northern Portugal . Permanent settlement in Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of Cividade de Terroso , a fortified city , which developed maritime trade routes with the civilizations of classical antiquity . Modern Póvoa de Varzim emerged after the conquest by the Roman Republic of the city by 138 BC , fishing and fish processing units soon developed , which turned out to be the foundations of the local economy . By the 11th century , the fish industry and fertile farmlands were the economic base of a feudal lordship and Varzim was fiercely disputed between the local overlords and the early Portuguese kings , which resulted in the establishment of the present day 's municipality in 1308 and being subdued to monastic power some years later . Póvoa de Varzim 's importance reemerged with the Age of Discovery due to its shipbuilders and merchants proficiency and wealth , who traded around the globe in complex trade routes . By the 17th century , the fish processing industry rebounded and , some time later , Póvoa became the dominant fishing port in northern Portugal . Póvoa de Varzim has been a well @-@ known beach resort for over three centuries , the most popular in Northern Portugal , which unfolded an influential literary culture and artistic patronage in music and theater . Póvoa de Varzim is one of the few legal gambling areas in Portugal , and has significant textile and food industries . The town has retained a distinct cultural identity and ancient customs such as the writing system of siglas poveiras , the masseira farming technique and festivals . = = History = = = = = Castro Culture and Roman conquest = = = Discoveries of Acheulean stone tools suggest Póvoa de Varzim has been inhabited since the Lower Palaeolithic , around 200 @,@ 000 BC . The first groups of shepherds settled on the coast where Póvoa de Varzim is now located between the 4th millennium and early 2nd millennium BC . A Neolithic @-@ Calcolithic necropolis , with seven known burial mounds , can still be seen around São Félix Hill and Cividade Hill . Widespread pillaging by rival and migrant tribes led the resident populations of the coastal plain of Póvoa de Varzim to raise a town atop the hill that stood next to the sea . The acropolis protection was reinforced by successive rings of walls and a trench at the base of the hill . Established by the 9th or 8th century B.C. , the city area covered 12 @,@ 000 m2 ( 3 @.@ 0 acres ) and had several hundred inhabitants . Its location near waterways helped it to maintain commercial relations with the Mediterranean civilizations , especially noticeable during the Carthaginian dominion of the southern Iberian Peninsula . During the Punic Wars , the Romans became aware of the Castro region 's rich deposits of gold and tin . Viriathus , leading Lusitanian troops , hindered the expansion of the Roman Republic north of the river Douro . His murder in 138 BC opened the way for the Roman legions . Over the following two years , Decimus Junius Brutus advanced into the Castro region from south of the Douro , crushed the Castro armies , and left Cividade de Terroso , in ruins . The region was pacified during the reign of Caesar Augustus and the Castro people returned to the coastal plain , where Villa Euracini and Roman fish factories were built . With the annexation by the Roman Republic , trading supported regional economic development , with Roman merchants organized in true commercial companies who looked for monopoly in commercial relations . = = = Feudalism and municipalism = = = With the fall of the Roman Empire , Suebi populations established themselves in the countryside . It was first mentioned on March 26 , 953 during the rule of Mumadona Dias , Countess of Portugal . The region was attacked by the Vikings in the 960s , by the Moors in 997 and again by Norman pirates in 1015 @-@ 1016 . Hints indicate a Norse settlement in Villa Euracini after those invasions . During the Middle Ages , the name Euracini evolved to Uracini , Vracini , Veracini , Verazini , Verazim , Varazim and , eventually , Varzim . In 1033 , Guterre Pelayo , a leading captain of the Reconquista for the County of Portugal , was recognized by Bermudo , Emperor in Gallaecia , as the Lord of Varzim , during the cahotic epoch following Almanzor 's attack on the Christian realms . Henry , the Portuguese count , recognized his rule over the port of Varzim amongst several other possessions . Varzim overlords gained significant power and , when Portugal was already a stable kingdom , Sancho I of Portugal attacked the fief and seized the port , destroyed most of the properties and expelled the farmers . The northern area became known as Varzim dos Cavaleiros ( Knights ' Varzim ) and belonged to the military order of the Knights Hospitaller , who inherited the wealth of the local overlords . Lower Varzim , the royal southern land , was the location of the port and contiguous farmlands . According to a 1258 chronic , while Sancho II of Portugal was disputing the throne with his brother , Afonso , who was invited by the knights to take over the Portuguese throne , Gavião of Varzim used the opportunity to destroy the king 's assets in Lower Varzim . He violently entered in the king 's lands , destroyed it significantly , in such a way that no bread could be sowed , nor a car could cross that place as it often used to do . Sancho II was overthrown , Afonso became king and ordered the resettlement of the royal land and king 's chronicler explicitly stated that all the port was property of the king . Gomes Lourenço , of the Honour of Varzim , was a very influential knight and godfather of King Denis . He took advantage of his relationship with important people in the kingdom in order to get the recognition of the seaport , located in Lower Varzim , as his honour . He tried to convince King Denis , that the king 's father , Afonso , took it from him unfairly . Justifying the attitude with the Honour of Varzim , Gomes and his descendants went to the port to get the tribute from the fishermen . In 1308 , King Denis granted a charter , the Foral , giving the royal land to 54 families of Varzim ; these had to found a municipality known as Póvoa around Praça Velha , siding Varzim Old Town , controlled by the knights . In 1312 , King Denis donated Póvoa to his bastard son , Afonso Sanches , Lord of Albuquerque , who included it in the patrimony of the Monastery of Santa Clara , which he had just founded in Vila do Conde . In 1367 , King Ferdinand I confirmed the charters , privileges and uses of Póvoa de Varzim . These were again confirmed by John I in 1387 . But the domain of the monastery over the town grew stronger and the people asked King Manuel I to end the situation . In 1514 , during the era of charter reform , the King granted a new charter to Póvoa de Varzim . Besides the town hall and square , the town gained a pillory , granted significant self @-@ government , and involved itself in the Portuguese discoveries . = = = Shipbuilders , seafarers and fishermen = = = In the 16th century , the fishermen started to work in maritime activities , as pilots or seafarers in the crew of the Portuguese ships , due to their high nautical knowledge . The fishermen of the region are known to fish in Newfoundland since , at least , 1506 . During the reign of John III the Povoan shipmaking art was already renowned , and Povoan carpenters were sought after by Lisbon 's Ribeira das Naus shipyard due to their high technical skills . The single floored houses dominated the town 's landscape , but there are indications of multiple floored habitations with rich architecture . The seafarers ' social class , well @-@ off gentlemen , was associated with this richer architecture around Praça Velha square . In the 17th century , the shipbuilding industry boomed in Ribeira , area around Póvoa Fortress in the sheltered bay , and one third of the population had some relation with this activity , building ships for the merchant navigation . During this period there was a relevant urban expansion : the Praça civic center with the town hall and the Madre Deus Chapel , the area of the old town where the Main church was located and the fishermen neighborhood of Junqueira was starting its affirmation as a new urban center . In the beginning of the 18th century , there was a decline in the Ribeira shipyard activities , due to the aggradation of the Portuguese coast and the Povoan shipyard started to work in the construction of fishing vessels . There was a significant increase of the fisher community in the middle of the century , becoming the main activity , and during the reign of Joseph I with the country in the middle of an economic crisis , Póvoa started a rapid development . The Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon noticed their overwhelming notoriety in the Minho coast and considered Povoans to be the most expert fishermen from Cape St. Vincent to Caminha , with a sizable number of fishermen , ships and high sea fishing . The result was a very considerable quantity of caught fish . The community became wealthier and , following a royal provision by Queen Mary I in 1791 , the inspector general Almada reorganized the town 's layout , a new civic center with a monumental city hall , streets and infrastructure were built , all of which provided potential for a new business — sea baths . = = = The Baths of Póvoa and the modern city = = = Since 1725 , the iodine @-@ rich seawaters of Póvoa , due to the peculiar high quantities of seaweed that ends up in Póvoa beaches from the sheltered bay to Cape Santo André , brought by ocean currents , lead that Benedictine monks choose to take sea @-@ baths in there , searching cures for skin and bone problems . Still in the 18th century , other people went to Póvoa with the same concerns . In the 19th century , the town became popular as a summer destination for the wealthy of Entre @-@ Douro @-@ e @-@ Minho province and Portuguese Brazilians , due to its large sandy beaches and the development of theaters , hotels and casinos . It then became renowned for its refined literary culture , artistic patronage in music and theater , and intellectual tertulia . On February 27 , 1892 , a shipwreck had critical impact in community . Seven lanchas poveiras wrecked in a storm and 105 fishermen were killed , just metres off the shore . Over @-@ fishing by steamboats created severe social problems and fishermen emigration . The fishing industry lost much of its importance . Meanwhile , Póvoa developed into the most popular holiday destination in northern Portugal , The textile and food industries thrived . Streetcars appeared in 1874 and endured until the first years of the 20th century . The rail connection to Porto opened in 1875 and to inland Minho region in 1878 . National highways linking the city to Barcelos , Famalicão and Viana do Castelo opened . The first urbanization project for the waterfront was drafted in 1891 . All these events led to a major growth between the 1930s and 1960s . Póvoa de Varzim developed a cosmopolitan style and became a service @-@ sector city . It is one of northern Portugal 's main urban centres . Póvoa is the focal point of a larger area , which includes Vila do Conde and Esposende . = = Geography = = Occupying an area of 82 @.@ 1 km2 ( 31 @.@ 7 sq mi ) , Póvoa de Varzim lies between the Cávado and Ave rivers , or , from a wider perspective , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers on the northern coast of Portugal — the Costa Verde . It is bordered to the north by the municipality of Esposende , to the northeast by Barcelos , to the east by Vila Nova de Famalicão , and to the south by Vila do Conde . To the west , it has a shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean . The rocky cliffs , common features downstream of the Minho 's estuary , disappear in Póvoa de Varzim , giving way to a coastal plain . The plain is located in a cuspate foreland , an old marine plateau , conferring a sandy soil to the coastal lands , and forming sand dunes , currently preserved only in northern Aguçadoura . Wandering along the coast one discerns Cape Santo André , the tip of the cuspate foreland and the Avarus Promontory , referred to by Ptolemy . São Félix Hill ( 202 m or 663 ft ) and Cividade Hill ( 155 m or 509 ft ) rise above the landscape . Despite their modest rise , the expanse of the plain makes them easy reference points on the horizon . The mountain chain known as Serra de Rates divides the municipality in two distinctive areas : the coastal plain and hills where the forests become more abundant and the soils have less sea influence . In this landscape dominated by the plain and low hills , only the hill of Corga da Soalheira ( 150 m or 490 ft ) in the interior , is easily recognizable . The municipality has no large rivers , but abundant small water streams exist . Some of these courses are permanent , such as the Este River , which feeds into the Ave . The source of the Esteiro Stream is located at the base of Cividade Hill and empties at the beach of Aver @-@ o @-@ Mar , while the Alto River 's source is at the base of São Félix and reaches the Atlantic at Rio Alto Beach . The land is well @-@ irrigated , springs and wells are very common , since underground water is often close to the surface . The forest areas suffer from strong demographic pressure and intensive agriculture . Forests are still important in parishes surrounded by the Serra de Rates , whose flora is distinguished by the pedunculate oak or the european holly . In the 18th century , the monks of Tibães planted pines , which characterized the civil parish of Estela . In the past the Atlantic forest predominated , with trees such as oaks , ash trees , hazels , strawberry trees , holm oak , and alders . The rocks throughout the entire coastline are home to large populations of clams , fish and seaweed . These rocks and the dunes form rich ecosystems , but are threatened by holiday @-@ makers , dune sports and waterfront construction . = = = Climate = = = Póvoa 's climate is classified as Mediterranean climate ( Csb in the Köppen climate classification system ) , with gentle summers and mild winters , influenced by the Atlantic ocean . Average temperatures oscillate between 12 @.@ 5 and 15 ° C ( 54 @.@ 5 and 59 @.@ 0 ° F ) . Temperature extremes recorded at Sá Carneiro Airport , records started in 1967 , range from − 3 @.@ 8 ° C ( 25 @.@ 2 ° F ) to 38 @.@ 3 ° C ( 100 @.@ 9 ° F ) . Between 1971 and 2000 , on average there were 4 @.@ 2 days a year below 0 ° C ( 32 @.@ 0 ° F ) and 10 @.@ 1 days a year above 30 ° C ( 86 @.@ 0 ° F ) . The city possesses a microclimate and is considered the region least subject to frosts in all northern Portugal , and very uncommon snowfall , due to the winter winds that normally blow from the south and southwest . Most of the rain is concentrated in the winter months , due to the Azores High which influences the subsidence of the air resulting in very dry air during the summer . Topography and distance from the sea influences precipitation even at short distances . The urban area receives between 900 millimetres ( 35 in ) and 1 @,@ 200 millimetres ( 47 in ) of rain per year , while the city 's countryside can get up to 1 @,@ 500 millimetres ( 59 in ) . The prevailing northern winds , known as Nortadas , arise in the summer after midday . During its dry summer , a mass of hot and wet air , brought by the south and western maritime winds , creates the city 's characteristic fog covering only the coast , which often dissipates with the afternoon sun . = = Demographics = = A native of Póvoa de Varzim is called a Poveiro which can be rendered into English as Povoan . According to the 2001 Census , there were 63 @,@ 470 inhabitants that year , 38 848 ( 61 @.@ 2 % ) of whom lived in the city . The number goes up to 100 @,@ 000 if adjacent satellite areas are taken into account , ranking it as the seventh largest independent urban area in Portugal , within a polycentric agglomeration of about 3 million people , ranging from Braga to Porto . The urban area has a population density of 3035 / km2 ( 7 @,@ 864 / mi ² ) , while the rural and suburban areas have a density of 355 @.@ 5 / km2 ( 920 / mi ² ) . The rural areas away from the city tend to be scarcely populated , becoming denser near it . During the summer the resident population in the city triples ; this seasonal movement from neighbouring cities is due to the draw of the beach and 29 @.@ 9 % of homes had seasonal use in 2001 , the highest in Greater Porto . Póvoa de Varzim is the youngest city in the region with a birth rate of 13 @.@ 665 and mortality rate of 8 @.@ 330 . Unlike other urban areas of greater Porto , it is not a satellite city . Significant commuting occurs only with Vila do Conde , an urban expansion area of Póvoa since the 18th century . For centuries a fishing community of mostly Norman origin , where ethnic isolationism was a common practice , Póvoa de Varzim is today a cosmopolitan town , with people originating from the Ave Valley who settled in the coastal Northern districts during the 20th century , the ancient immigration from Galicia , Portuguese @-@ Africans ( who arrived in significant numbers after the independence of Angola and Mozambique ) in the late 1970s and people of diverse nationalities , the biggest immigrant communities are Ukrainians , Brazilians , Chinese , Russians , and Angolans . The population of the entire municipality grew only 1 % between 1981 and 1991 , then increased by 15 @.@ 3 % between 1991 and 2001 . During that period , the urban population had grown 23 % , with the number of families increasing considerably — by about 44 @.@ 5 % . In 2005 Expresso considered it as the most developed in Porto district and Primeiro de Janeiro as the " city of future " in the Porto district , the quality of living , the infrastructure development such as the light rail metro and a 15 minutes distance from Porto and Braga , prompted new residents originating from near @-@ by cities such as Guimarães , Famalicão , Braga and Porto which led to a real estate development that may double the resident population in the medium term . Due to the practice of endogamy and the caste system , Póvoa 's fishing community maintained local ethnic characteristics . Anthropological and cultural data indicate Nordic fishermen settling during the period of the coast 's resettlement . In As Praias de Portugal ( Beaches of Portugal , 1876 ) , Ramalho ortigão wrote that the Povoan fishermen were a " race " in the Portuguese coast ; entirely different from the Mediterranean type of Ovar and Olhão , Poveiro is of " Saxon " type . On the other hand , the man from the interior was a farmer with Galician character ( Paleo and Nordid @-@ Atlantid ) . In a 1908 research , anthropologist Fonseca Cardoso considered that Poveiros were the result of a mixture of Phoenicians , Teutons , Jews and , mostly , Normans . In the book The Races of Europe ( 1938 ) , Poveiros were distinguished by having a greater than usual degree of blondism , broad faces of unknown origin , and broad jaws . Poveiros have migrated to other places and this attenuated the population growth . One should notice that the Poveiros tended to create their own associations abroad , there are Casa dos Poveiros ( Poveiros House ) in Brazil ( Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo ) , Germiston in South Africa and Toronto in Canada . In Rio de Janeiro , the community was known by not wanting other peoples of other origins , including Portuguese born in other regions , within their community . In 1920 , many Poveiros emigrated in Brazil returned , as many refused to lose Portuguese nationality . The governor of Angola , with an ambition to develop fisheries , suggested the creation of a Povoan colony in Porto Alexandre . Due to fisher classes affairs , the fisher areas of Vila do Conde , Esposende and Matosinhos have strong Povoan cultural influence and half of the population of Vila do Conde and Matosinhos are of Povoan descent . = = Economy = = The economy of Póvoa de Varzim is driven by tourism ( namely gambling , hotels and restaurants ) , manufacturing , construction , fishing , and agro @-@ business . During the 2001 census , 1770 companies are headquartered in Póvoa de Varzim , of which 2 @.@ 82 % were of the primary sector , 33 @.@ 73 % of the secondary and 63 @.@ 45 % of the tertiary . Despite its weight in Greater Porto international trade is weak , in 2004 it represented 1 @.@ 1 % of departures and 0 @.@ 9 % of arrivals , its coverage rate of arrivals against departures suppressed the 100 % mark . The activity rate had grown from 48 % to 51 @.@ 1 % from 1991 to 2001 , but there were 3353 citizens unemployed in June 2006 . Póvoa de Varzim has been noted internationally for its Renewable energy industry . The world 's first commercial wave farm was located in its coast , at the Aguçadora Wave Park . The wave farm used Pelamis P @-@ 750 machines . The project failed and was replaced by the windfloat project , a new proctotype on offshore wind farms , from a distinct company , that is still operating . Energie , a company headquartered in Póvoa de Varzim , developed a thermodynamic solar system combining solar energy and a heat pump to generate energy . The fact that it is a seaside city has shaped Póvoa de Varzim 's economy : the fishing industry , from the fishing vessels that put in each day to the canning industry and to the city 's fish market , beach agriculture , seaweed @-@ gathering for fertilizing fields , and tourism are the result of its geography . Tourism and the related industries are more relevant in Póvoa 's economy these days , as fisheries have lost importance . Nevertheless , the mean value of fish landed in 2004 , in its seaport , was almost three times that of Matosinhos seaport and significantly higher in the average vessels ' capacity . Its fishing productivity is also comparatively higher than the national average . A Poveira is a traditional Povoan canning factory and most of its production , 80 to 85 % , is exported and deals with high @-@ end brands in canned fish , for MDC markets such as Japan , the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Italy , Scandinavia , Austria , Singapore and Australia . Export market brands include : Poveira , D 'Henry IV , Ala @-@ Arriba , Minerva , and Alva . Monte Adriano , the seventh largest construction company in Portugal , and the joint venture between the Royal Lankhorst Euronete and Quintas & Quintas , producer of deepwater mooring systems , are two large companies based in the city . The manufacturing industry is an important employer , mostly in the textile industry that has low productivity and income . These industries are located out of the city in Beiriz , Balasar , and Rates . Other employers include the blanket handicraft industry of Terroso and Laundos , and the wood industries of Rates . One of the initiatives of the municipality is the Parque Industrial de Laundos ( Industrial Park of Laundos ) , in the city 's outskirts , next to the A28 Motorway . In the coast , the masseira farm fields were developed . This technique increases agricultural yields by using large , rectangular depressions dug into sand dunes , with the spoil piled up into banks surrounding the depression . Grapes are cultivated on the banks to the south , east and west , and trees and reeds on the northern slope act as a windbreak against the prevailing northern wind . Garden crops are grown in the central depression . Póvoa de Varzim is part of the ancient Vinho Verde winemaking region . Production is still specialized in horticultural goods , but most of the masseiras were substituted by greenhouses and a significant share of the production is exported to other Western European markets . The inland valley region is committed to milk production and the Agros corporation headquarters of Lactogal , the largest dairy products and milk producer company in the Iberian Peninsula , is located in Espaço Agros and has several departments such as exhibition park and laboratories , and the largest agricultural project in northern Portugal . = = Government = = Póvoa de Varzim is governed by a Câmara Municipal ( City Council ) composed of nine councilmen . A Municipal Assembly exists and it is the legislative body of the municipality . After the first free elections , with the end of the Estado Novo period , only right @-@ wing parties have governed the city : the city council was governed by the CDS between 1976 and 1989 and since then by the PSD . The CDS saw its popularity suffer an abrupt decline in 1997 , and has since then been the third political party . On the other hand , the PSD in the same year achieved its first absolute majority with 62 @.@ 4 % of the votes . After the 2013 municipal elections , five councilmen were members of the centre @-@ right Partido Social Democrata ( PSD ) , three of the centre @-@ left Partido Socialista ( PS ) and one of the right @-@ wing Centro Democrático e Social - Partido Popular ( CDS @-@ PP ) . The mayor is Aires Pereira , for the PSD , elected with 46 @.@ 01 % of the votes . The PSD holds the majority of public offices both in the Municipal Assembly and in the administrative parishes . Póvoa de Varzim Assembly is singly elected and comprises 27 members , with the PSD holding 14 seats , the PS 8 , the CDS 4 and the left @-@ wing CDU , 1 . Póvoa de Varzim is the northernmost municipality in the Porto Metropolitan Area , about 27 km ( 17 mi ) north of Porto . However , it is not a Porto 's Commuter town . Póvoa de Varzim is also part of the Association of Municipalities of the Ave Valley , along with neighbouring cities such as Vila do Conde , Guimarães , and Famalicão , with which it has the most important modern demographic links . Since the establishment of the County of Portugal around 1095 , Varzim was an administrative and military unit that stretched from the sea to Cividade de Terroso and São Félix Hills . Póvoa de Varzim was established as a municipality in 1308 with the election of a town hall judge and boundary exemption . As the town achieved broad self @-@ government in the 16th century , restricted borders were created , which split the town itself and since disputed by the town hall . Over time , these were expanded to approach the medieval lordship boundaries . However , Caxinas and Poça da Barca , south expansion areas of Póvoa de Varzim in the 18th and 19th centuries with fisher populations from Póvoa , are administrated by Vila do Conde , in spite of the centuries @-@ old requests of Póvoa de Varzim for these to be incorporated in its municipality . Inland , the parishes of Rio Mau , Touginhó , and Arcos are also historically disputed . The origin of the coat of arms of Póvoa de Varzim is unknown , but it certainly has local traits and symbolism . The coat of arms consists of a golden sun and a silver moon ; in the middle a golden cross completed by two anchor silver arms , representing safety at sea . Over the cross , a ring , of which falls a golden rosary that interlaces with the anchor arms , representing faith and divine protection . The crest is made of five silver towers due to its city status . The flag is broken in blue and white . Between 1939 and 1958 , a different coat of Arms and flag were used , which the population criticized ; it consisted of a golden shield , covered by a red net , the sea and a black Poveiro boat ; the flag was plain red . The population did not accept these new symbols and years later the old ones would be restored . = = Cityscape = = = = = Urban morphology = = = Located in the coastal plain between the sea and hills , the city of Póvoa de Varzim has eleven Partes ( parts ) , or districts . These districts are , in turn , part of two formal administrative structures known as freguesias ( civil parishes ) : U.F. Póvoa de Varzim , Beiriz e Argivai and U.F. Aver @-@ o @-@ Mar , Amorim e Terroso . To the south , the city is extending out to combine with Vila do Conde . The city started from an inland town that extended to the coast . The Bairro da Matriz , whose nucleus was the centre from whence the city grew , is intersected by 14th century narrow and twisted streets lined by single family homes . The historical district has old buildings such as the sixteenth @-@ century house in front of Matriz Church — the main church , the old Town Hall ( 14th century ) , the seventeenth century Solar dos Carneiros and house of Captain Leite Ferreira , and the eighteenth century Limas and the Coentrão Houses . The fishermen were grouped in the south coast , around Póvoa Cove ( Enseada da Póvoa ) ; The fisher district was already developed in the 18th century with its structure of narrow streets parallel to the coast . Póvoa de Varzim City Centre or Centro is dominated by the service sector and by the shopping streets of Junqueira and Mousinho de Albuquerque Avenue . Praça do Almada , the central square , is tipped by City Hall , municipal departments , banks and other services . In the middle of the square , to the west , the Manueline pillory of Póvoa de Varzim stands . The Pelourinho , granted to the town in 1514 , is a national monument representing the municipal emancipation of Póvoa de Varzim . Bairro Norte , the beach district , is north of town and is densely occupied . Continuous to this area , the Agro @-@ Velho beach district , mostly known as Nova Póvoa , is the area of the city with most high @-@ rises , the largest of which the Nova Póvoa , with 30 floors and 95 metres ( 312 ft ) high , complete in 1979 , was the tallest building in Portugal until the year 2000 and is still today one of the five tallest buildings . Close at hand , Barreiros and Parque da Cidade are districts from the latest expansion . Inland , Giesteira , derived from the old village of Giesteira that , with Argivai , formed the main nucleus of the settlement before the 14th century , and whose lavradores ( farmers ) set up " Póvoa " in the coast . Argivai is divided by the Santa Clara Aqueduct , the second largest aqueduct in Portugal , construction started in 1626 . The old areas of Mariadeira , Regufe , Penalves , and Gândara have modest development , possess different topologies and are residential with small central areas . The Regufe Quarter has as symbol the Regufe Lighthouse , a sample from the 19th century iron art . Aver @-@ o @-@ mar is the northernmost urban coastal district and also of residential nature , with the exception of Santo André also known as Quião , which keeps an untouched fishing character recognized by family homes that have grown up in a spontaneous way . Of the diverse religious buildings the 18th century Baroque churches are prominent : the Matriz Church , the Senhora das Dores Church and its six chapels , and the fishermen Lapa Church , with its curious Lapa Lighthouse . On the other hand , Misericórdia Church and Coração de Jesus Basilica denote the preference for the Neoclassical style in the end of the 19th century . The Romanesque revival style can be seen in São José de Ribamar . = = = Beaches and parks = = = Póvoa de Varzim 's beach is a 12 km , or 7 @.@ 5 mi ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) , stretch , forming sheltered bays and divided by rocks , rich in iodine . Most beaches in the city are family @-@ oriented such as Redonda , Salgueira or Lagoa Beach and during the summer period it can get crowded while those away from the city core , such as Santo André , are less crowded . Salgueira and Aguçadoura are surfing beaches . Located near a camping park , Rio Alto Beach is chosen by naturists given its difficult access and the privacy offered by the sand dunes . The Póvoa de Varzim City Park is almost entirely landscaped and includes hills , an island , small ponds , a stream , and a lake shaped by man . It has great lawn areas , rustic buildings and amphitheatres . It is a popular place for jogging , cycling and birdwatching . It stretches from the A28 freeway to Pedreira Lake . Espaço Agros is a private @-@ sponsored park with 22 hectare in the former Anjo woodland that kept the essential rural values of the location , with some landscaping and environmental improvements , such as a lake . Damaged by the construction of high speed roads , the woodland is expected to get a further 5 @.@ 2 hectare public parkland . São Félix Hill ( Monte São Félix ) , with iconic panoramic views over the city and the countryside , is a religious and forested hill that has the Senhora da Saúde Sanctuary at the foot of the hill and São Félix church at the summit . There 's a gardened stairway throw the hill 's slope . Rates Park is an adventure @-@ camp with sport activities , canopy walkways , ecotourism by foot , horse , all @-@ terrain vehicles or mountain biking . = = = Countryside = = = The green belt of Póvoa de Varzim includes a web of 98 localities in the parishes of Aguçadoura , Amorim , Balazar , Beiriz , Estela , Laundos , Navais , Rates , and Terroso . São Pedro de Rates , Codixeira , Aldeia , Pedreira , Fontainhas , Areosa , Teso , and Santo André de Baixo are the main rural communities , but there are tiny villages , such as Além , Calves , Gestrins , Gresufes , Passô , Sejães , and Crasto . Terroso , Amorim and Beiriz are located in the urban hinterland . Beiriz has the notorious Beiriz carpets and diverse old country estates such as villas and a tapada , a hunting park , while Amorim is known for the bread eaten at high temperatures just after being made — the Broa de Amorim . The hills of Póvoa de Varzim : Cividade and São Félix are located in Terroso and Laúndos , respectively . On the first hill , there is Cividade de Terroso , with 3 thousand years was one of the major Castro culture cities , and the eremite Saint Félix is thought to have lived on the second hill during the Middle Ages . Rates was a small town during the Middle Ages which developed around the monastery established by Count Henry in 1100 on the site of an older temple and gained importance due to the legend of Saint Peter of Rates , first bishop of Braga , becoming a central site in the Portuguese way of Saint James . Of the millenarian monastery , the São Pedro de Rates Church remains and is one of the oldest and best preserved Romanesque monuments in Portugal and is classified as national monument since 1910 . Bordering Rates , Balazar became a Christian pilgrimage destination in the 20th century due to Alexandrina Maria da Costa , died 1955 , who gained fame as a Saint , beatified by Pope John Paul II . The northern sandy land of the municipality , Aguçadoura , Navais , and Estela is the farming area of Póvoa de Varzim , supplying the European markets with horticultural goods . In old times , the population attributed legends , magical virtues or therapeutic effects to several springs . In Navais , there is the very ancient Moura Encontada Fountain , associated with Moura — a feminine water deity and guardian of enchanted treasures . = = Culture and contemporary life = = Junqueira is Póvoa de Varzim 's busiest shopping district , that cater to both the daily needs of residents and visitors . The main street , a shopping street since the 18th century , is a pedestrian area since 1955 , one of the earliest in Portugal , and a model for other Portuguese cities that later did similar developments . It has about 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) of pedestrian streets . Dotted with boutiques in old traditional buildings , Junqueira is renowned for its jewellery , with Ourivesaria Gomes is a well known goldsmith in Portugal . People in Póvoa de Varzim observe a variety of festivals each year . The major celebration is Póvoa de Varzim Holiday , dedicated to Saint Peter . Neighbourhoods are decorated and , on the night of June 28 to 29 , the population gathers in the streets and neighbourhoods compete in the rusgas carnival . The population behaves much like football supporters , when defending their preferred quarter . Families who emigrated to the United States and beyond , have been known to come back to Póvoa , time and again , simply to relish the spectacular feelings of excitement and community present at this festival . Easter Monday or Anjo festival is a remnant of a pagan festival , formerly called " Festa da Hera " ( The Ivy Festival ) , in which several family picnics are held in the woods . Carnival is a traditional festival in Póvoa de Varzim with the old Carnival Balls , masked people gathering in Rua da Junqueira until the late 1970s which led to the 1980s expensive carnival parades in the waterfront . The remains of such organized events are now celebrated spontaneously by the people who gather for a parade in Avenida dos Banhos . Despite not having any sort of advertising or media coverage , Póvoa 's " Spontaneous Carnival " ( Carnaval dos espontâneos ) started to attract thousands of people . Póvoa de Varzim 's waterfront is a beach and nightlife area popular with tourists and locals alike . Avenida dos Banhos , along Redonda and Salgueira beaches , is an iconic avenue , with nightclubs , bars , and esplanades along the way . Passeio Alegre is a beach square filled with esplanades and nearby Caetano de Oliveira Square , to the north , is a small lively square , with several bars where younger Povoans meet , before going on to the nightclubs . Póvoa has an LGBT @-@ friendly history since the late 1990s , and held the Northern Portugal Pride , the first city in the North to held a gay pride festival , which ended in 2005 , due to climbing rental prices . It was organized by former Hit Club and ILGA Portugal . Póvoa de Varzim has been a writers Mecca since the 19th century , gathering in tertulia sessions . Famous writers closely associated with the city are Almeida Garrett , António da Costa , Ramalho Ortigão , João Penha , Oliveira Martins , António Nobre , Antero de Figueiredo , Raul Brandão , Teixeira de Pascoaes , Alexandre Pinheiro Torres , and Agustina Bessa @-@ Luís . However , the city is mostly remembered as the birthplace of Eça de Queiroz , one of the main writers in the Portuguese language . Camilo Castelo Branco wrote part of his life 's work in former Hotel Luso @-@ Brazileiro and José Régio wrote most of his work in Diana Bar , currently the beach library . In modern times , the city gained international prominence with Correntes d 'Escritas , a literary festival where writers from the Portuguese and Spanish @-@ speaking world gather in a variety of presentations and an annual award for best new release . Latin American writer Luis Sepúlveda or the Africans Mia Couto and Ondjaki became associated with the city . = = = Entertainment and performing arts = = = Casino da Póvoa is a gaming and entertainment venue since the 1930s . In 2006 , it was the second casino in revenues , with 54 million euros and the third most popular with 1 @.@ 2 million customers . The casino has several bars , a live performances bar , a theater and restaurants , including haute cuisine of local and Portuguese inspiration . In the 19th century , Póvoa had over a dozen gambling venues , such as Salão Chinês , Café Suisso , Café David , Café Universal and Luso @-@ Brasileiro . Póvoa de Varzim has hotels . The most historic of which is the Grande Hotel da Póvoa , built in the 1930s , an arresting modernist building and , siding it , the Hotel Luso @-@ Brasileiro , the oldest in town , running since the 19th century , other 19th century former hotels are found in the city such as Hotel Universal in Praça do Almada . Póvoa 's theatrical tradition can be traced to 1793 when Italian operas and Portuguese comedies were presented in a theatre built in Campo das Cobras . It developed with Teatro Garrett ( 1873 ) and Teatro Sá da Bandeira ( 1876 ) . The Varazim Teatro is a cultural and youth group of amateur theatre that has encouraged local drama with its own space known as Espaço D 'Mente . Póvoa de Varzim Auditorium houses the local school of music and the Póvoa de Varzim Symphony Orchestra , which is the resident orchestra during the Festival Internacional de Música da Póvoa de Varzim , an event established in 1978 . Póvoa de Varzim Music Hall is the residence of Banda Musical da Póvoa de Varzim ( 1864 ) and its pops orchestra . The Póvoa de Varzim Bullfighting Arena is used for Portuguese @-@ style bullfighting , horse shows , and concerts . The most important run in the local bullring is known as Grande Corrida TV Norte ( TV 's Great Run - North ) in late July . Others runs are held , such as 18th century @-@ style Gala runs , with horsewomen , or weaponless Garraida , with young bulls and Porto students . = = = Museums = = = The Ethnography and History Municipal Museum of Póvoa de Varzim ( 1937 ) on Rua Visconde de Azevedo houses archaeological finds and exhibits relating to the seafaring history of the city. it is one of the oldest ethnic museums in Portugal and the " Siglas Poveiras " exhibit won the 1980 " European Museum of The Year Award " . It possesses ancient sacred art , Poveiro boats and archaeological finds such as Roman inscriptions and Castro culture pottery . Themed museums exist : Santa Casa Museum with a religious theme , the Museum Nucleus of the Romanesque Church of Saint Peter of Rates , the Archaeological Nucleus of Cividade de Terroso , and the Bullfighting Museum located in Póvoa de Varzim bullring . Another two museums are due to open : Casa do Pescador ( Fisherman home ) and Farol de Regufe ( Regufe lighthouse ) . Small art galleries housing contemporary works of art are located in Casino da Póvoa , which exhibits paintings from some of the finest Portuguese artists , and the Ortopóvoa Art Gallery , bordering the Municipal Museum . An arts cooperative created in 1935 , A Filantrópica has as its purpose the execution of cultural activities and inducement to artistic creation . The Rates Ecomuseum is a historical and countryside route , with various stops starting on the Praça ( the Square ) with the Senhor da Praça baroque chapel , the Rates pillory and the old Rates township house , and primordial springs , wind and water mills , rustic ways and houses . The Arquivo Municipal is the city 's archive planned for those who are interested in tracing their family pedigree chart or scrutinize the city 's records . = = = Ethnography = = = The culture of Póvoa de Varzim derives from different working classes and with influences arriving from the maritime route from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean . The docudrama film Ala @-@ Arriba ! by José Leitão de Barros , popularized this unique Portuguese fishing community within the country during the 1940s . The local expression ala @-@ arriba means " go upwards " and it represents the co @-@ operation between the inhabitants . Siglas Poveiras are a form of proto @-@ writing system , with a restricted number of symbols that were combined to form more complex symbols ; these were used as a rudimentary visual communication system , and as a signature to mark belongings . Merchants wrote them in their books of credit ; fishermen used it in religious rituals by marking them in the door of Catholic chapels near hills or beaches ; in the table of the church during marriage and in their tombstone ; and also had magical significance , such as the São Selimão sigla , that could be used as a protecting symbol and not as family mark . Children used the same family mark with piques as a form of cadency . The youngest son would not have any pique and would inherit his father 's symbol . The siglas are still used , though much less commonly , by some families ; and are related with Viking traditions . The Poveiro is a specific genre of boat characterized by a wide flat @-@ bottom and a deep helm . There were diverse boats with different sizes , uses and shapes . The most notable of which , the Lancha Poveira , was believed to be derived from the Drakkar Viking , but without a long stern and bow and with a lateen sail . Each boat carried carvings , namely a sigla poveira mark for boat identification and magical @-@ religious protection at sea . According to a tradition that persists to this day , the youngest son is the heir of the family , as in old Brittany and Denmark , because it was expected that he would take care of his parents when they became old . Women govern the family , because men were usually away from home fishing . The Branqueta is the traditional dress of the fishermen of Póvoa de Varzim . The Camisola Poveira are pullovers , part of the dress , that have fishery motifs in white , black and red , with the name of the owner embroidered in siglas poveiras . Other dresses include the urban tricana poveira for women and children 's catalim caps . Handicrafts include the Tapetes de Beiriz rustic carpets . Formerly , the population was divided into different " castes " , Lanchões , Rasqueiros , and Sardinheiros which were stratified depending on their Poveiro boat and fisheries caught . Apart from them , the Lavradores ( the farmers ) and the Sargaceiros and Seareiros , who went to the sea searching for fertilizers . As a rule , the groups remained distinct , and mixed marriages between them were forbidden , mostly because of the isolationism of the fishermen . São Félix Hill is a reference point for fishermen at sea and on the last Sunday of May , there is the Pilgrimage of Nossa Senhora da Saúde ( Our Lady of Good Health ) which covers a distance of 7 km ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) between the Matriz Church and the hill . In Cape Santo André there is the Saint 's Rock , which has a mark that the Povoan fishermen believe to be a footprint of Saint Andrew . The saint is seen as the " Boatman of Souls " , fishing the souls of those who drown in the sea after a shipwreck , and helped in fisheries and marriages . The procession to the cape occurs on the dawn of the last day of November , when groups of men and women , wearing black hoods and holding lamps , go to the chapel via the beach . On August 15 , the pinnacle of the fishermen 's Feast of the Assumption occurs in the seaport with carefully arranged boats and fireworks . In Mid @-@ September , there 's the Senhora das Dores festival with the century @-@ old Pottery Fair . = = = Cuisine = = = The most traditional ingredients of the local cuisine are locally @-@ grown vegetables and fish . The fish used in the traditional cuisine are divided in two categories , the " poor " fish ( sardine , ray , mackerel , and others ) and the " wealthy " fish ( such as whiting , snook , and alfonsino ) . The most famous local dish is Pescada à Poveira ( Poveira Whiting ) , whose main ingredients are , along with the fish that gives the name to the dish , potatoes , eggs and a boiled onion and tomato sauce . Other fishery dishes include the Arroz de Sardinha ( sardine rice ) , Caldeirada de Peixe ( fish stew ) , Lulas Recheadas à Poveiro ( Poveiro stuffed squids ) , Arroz de Marisco ( seafood rice ) and Lagosta Suada ( steamed spiny lobster ) . Shellfish and boiled iscas , pataniscas , and bolinhos de bacalhau are popular snacks . Other dishes include Feijoada Poveira , made with white beans and served with dry rice ( arroz seco ) ; and Francesinha Poveira made in long bread that first appeared in 1962 as fast food for holidaymakers . Restaurants specializing in Portuguese barbecued chicken , seafood , francesinha , bacalhau can be found along the Estrada Nacional 13 road and other areas of the city . = = = Sports = = = The city has developed a number of sporting venues and has hosted several national , European and world championships in different sports . 38 % of the population practiseF sport , a high rate when compared to the national average . The most popular sport in Póvoa de Varzim is association football . The city is home to Varzim SC , a professional football club , who play in Estádio do Varzim on the North Side . City Park 's Stadium and surrounding football fields are the main stage for Póvoa de Varzim 's People 's championship where its football clubs compete : Aguçadoura , Amorim , Argivai , Averomar , Balasar , Barreiros , Beiriz , Belém , Estela , Juve Norte , Laundos , Leões da Lapa , Mariadeira , Matriz , Navais , Rates , Regufe , Terroso , and Unidos ao Varzim . Swimming is the second most practised sport . The International Meeting of Póvoa de Varzim , in long course pool , is part of the European winter calendar . The meeting occurs in the city pool complex belonging to Varzim Lazer , a municipal company that also runs other sports venues found north of the city : the tennis academy , the bullring , and the municipal pavilion . The other complex is property of Clube Desportivo da Póvoa , a club that is notorious , in the city , because it competes in several sports : rink hockey , volleyball , basketball , auto racing , and athletics . Other small clubs for other sports exist : Clube de Andebol da Póvoa de Varzim in Handball , Póvoa Futsal Club in Futsal and Póvoa de Varzim and Vila do Conde united clubs exists for Baseball and American Football , Villas Vikings and Villas Titans , respectively . Beach volley and Footvolley are more popular sports , and it was in Póvoa that footvolley was , for the first time , practiced in Portugal . The marina , near the seaport , offers sea activities developed by the local yacht club - the Clube Naval Povoense . Costa Verde Trophy , linking Póvoa and Viana do Castelo , is one of the regattas organized by the club and Rally Portugal yacht racing is a sailing and sightseeing event along the west Iberian coast . The Grande Prémio de São Pedro ( Saint Peter Grand Prix ) , which occurs in the city 's streets during the summer , is part of the national calendar of the Portuguese Athletics Federation . In 2007 , the Grande Prémio da Marginal ( Waterfront Grand Prix ) , an annual event between Póvoa de Varzim and Vila do Conde , aiming for the funding of the National Association of Paramiloidosis . The Cego do Maio Half Marathon aims at the promotion of the city and the sport activity among the population . In Cycling it hosts the Clássica da Primavera ( Spring Classic ) in April . Mountain bike events are common . There is a links golf course , a greyhound racing , and a shooting camp in the outskirts . Due to its location and suitable urban areas , board culture is omnipresent in Póvoa de Varzim . Bodyboarders and surfers meet at Salgueira Beach . In Lota , a recreation area for several audiences , is especially popular amongst the skater and biker communities , and is considered the most charismatic skater area in the country . = = = Media = = = O Comércio da Póvoa de Varzim ( est . 1903 ) , A Voz da Póvoa ( est . 1938 ) , and Póvoa Semanário , which appeared during the 1990s , are Póvoa de Varzim 's major weekly newspapers ; while the Gazeta da Póvoa de Varzim ( 1870 – 1874 ) was the first local newspaper . Most are dedicated to local news and have Internet editions . The local radio stations Rádio Mar ( 89 @.@ 0 ) and Radio Onda Viva ( 96 @.@ 1 ) broadcast on FM and online . The stations ' programming include local news and sports and feature an in @-@ depth look at the city 's top news by interviewing a guest at lunchtime on weekends . Radio Onda Viva airs Mandarin Chinese programming daily . The radio station , Rádio Mar , and the newspaper Póvoa Semanário belong to the same group ; the same company offers news services to the neighbouring cities of Vila do Conde and Esposende . = = Education = = Higher education has limited history and availability . The Superior School of Industrial Studies and Management ( ESEIG ) , part of Porto Polytechnic , was founded in 1990 . The school was based in two campuses , one in Avenida Mouzinho de Albuquerque and another one in Vila do Conde , but it was united in a single campus in 2001 . The new campus has 31 @,@ 544 square metres ( 7 @.@ 795 acres ) and includes facilities such as an auditorium and research space . ESEIG offers undergraduate and post @-@ graduate education . Academic choices are centered around industrial engineering , industrial design , biomedical engineering , management , human resources , accountancy , and corporate finance . Póvoa de Varzim has public , denominational and independent schools in the city and outskirts . Public education in the municipality is provided by five school districts : Flávio Gonçalves , Cego do Maio , Aver @-@ o @-@ Mar , Campo Aberto , and Rates . These school districts arrange kindergartens and schools to the 9th grade of different locales of the municipality and are headed by Escolas de Educação Básica do 2 . ° e 3 . ° Ciclo ( 6th to the 9th grade schools ) that give the name to each district . Private schools are primarily run by Catholic parishes or groups , but the Grande Colégio da Póvoa de Varzim and Campo Verde School of Agriculture are eminent independent schools and MAPADI is a large facility and school for children with down syndrome . Colégio do Sagrado Coração de Jesus , where Agustina Bessa @-@ Luís studied and developed her writing style , reopened in the 2007 @-@ 2008 school year , planning to become a leading catholic school . High schools ( 10th to the 12th grade ) are situated in the school section at Póvoa city centre : Escola Secundária Eça de Queirós and Escola Secundária Rocha Peixoto . The Colégio de Amorim is an independent school in the outskirts that also offers secondary education . Eça de Queirós was a lyceum created in 1904 that maintains its humanist outlook and Rocha Peixoto was a former industrial and commercial school created in 1924 . The Rocha Peixoto Municipal Library , established in 1880 , on the 300th anniversary of the death of Luís de Camões was housed in the current building in 1991 . Small suburban library branches and Diana Bar Library are extension posts of the municipal library . A little more than one quarter of the population now has intermediate or superior level qualifications . The illiteracy level was 5 @.@ 9 percent in 2001 . = = Infrastructure = = = = = Healthcare and security = = = The first healthcare structure , the Santa Casa da Misericórdia da Póvoa de Varzim ( Holy House of Mercy ) , opened in 1756 . The hospitals of the city are the São Pedro Pescador Hospital ( state @-@ run ) and Clipóvoa Hospital ( private ) . The public hospital suffers from lack of bed spaces . Due to this , it underwent expansion works and there is an ongoing plan to build a modern hospital , in the border between the cities of Póvoa de Varzim and Vila do Conde , to serve the population of both municipalities . The Centro de Saúde da Póvoa de Varzim ( Health Centre ) is a public primary care building which has extensions in the main suburbs . The Municipal Police of Póvoa de Varzim , one of the first to be established in the country , is an administrative police force that acts solely within the municipality and reports directly to the mayor . The Polícia de Segurança Pública ( PSP ) does the city policing , while the Guarda Nacional Republicana ( GNR ) is responsible for the countryside . Regarding crime , Póvoa de Varzim is considered by the Polícia de Segurança Pública as a " calm " zone in all categories of offense ; violent crime , in particular , is practically non @-@ existent . Mostly , crime consists of minor robberies to homes , stores , or from cars . Póvoa is one of the twelve national sea borders controlled by the Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras ( SEF ) . The Escola Prática dos Serviços , just east of the city by the A28 motorway , is the national headquarters for military administration instruction , with the Battalion of Military Administration , and , due to the reorganization of army services , the former Escola Prática de Administração Militar , from 2006 onwards it gained the material and transport services , thus increasing its range of functions and troop numbers . = = = Transport = = = Póvoa de Varzim is served by a transportation network that employs maritime , aerial and terrestrial travel . The terrestrial access infrastructure is composed of national motorways ( freeways ) , the national roads system , and light rail metro . These infrastructures and the airport , bus terminal , marina and harbour are daily used by commuters . Public transportation within the city is provided by private @-@ owned companies . The Central de Camionagem is a terminus for urban and long distance buses that provide mass transit in the surrounding region , namely the city 's countryside , Porto , Minho Region , and Galicia in Spain . Litoral Norte as a wholly urban transportation network with 5 lines , while Linhares has the oldest bus network operating in the city , now owned by Transdev . The Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport ( LPPR , better known as Porto Airport ) is located 18 km ( 11 mi ) south of the city . It is one of the busiest international airports in Portugal and serves all Greater Porto . Póvoa Aerodrome , officially known as S. Miguel de Laundos , is small @-@ sized , with only 270 meters long for ultralight aviation and other small planes . Line B of Porto Metro links Póvoa de Varzim to Porto and the airport with two services : a standard and a shuttle ( the Expresso ) ; through Verdes station , Metro trains link the city and the airport . The line operates on a former railway , which opened in 1875 and closed in 2002 to give way for the metro . The railway network was expanded and reached Famalicão in 1881 , it was closed entirely in 1995 and became a rail trail . The city is connected by road on a north @-@ south axis from Valença , Viana do Castelo , and Esposende to Porto by the A28 motorway . It is also reached by the A7 ( from Guimarães and Vila Nova de Famalicão ) and A11 ( from Braga and Barcelos ) motorways on an east @-@ west axis , through the south and north of the city , in that order , and both cross the A28 . Although it lost usefulness for average and long distances , the National Roads system has acquired municipal interest : EN13 that cuts the city in half , in a north @-@ south direction , is used by commuters originating from the northern suburbs and from the city of Vila do Conde , in the south , to travel downtown . The EN205 and the EN206 are used by commuters starting from the interior of the municipality . The traditional road system of the city , composed of roads that run parallel in the direction of the sea , can be seen in any of the following avenues : Avenida do Mar , Avenida Vasco da Gama , Avenida Mouzinho de Albuquerque , and Avenida Santos Graça . The Avenida dos Descobrimentos and Avenida dos Banhos , in other hand , run parallel to the coast . The growth of the city inland and northwards made ring roads more important , this can be seen in Avenida 25 de Abril , an urban belt road . = = Foreign relations and sister cities = = Within the European Union , Póvoa de Varzim is twinned , since 1986 , with the city of Montgeron in France , with Eschborn in Germany ( since 1998 ) and Żabbar in Malta ( since 2001 ) and it received , due to the partnership with other European cities , the 1995 and 2005 Golden Stars of Town @-@ twinning from the European Commission . In Brazil , Póvoa de Varzim is twinned with major cities . It is twinned with Rio de Janeiro since November 8th , 1989 it also built town @-@ twinning links with the city of São Paulo . These metropolises hold Casa dos Poveiros , voluntary associations of immigrants from Póvoa de Varzim . The one from Rio was established in 1930 and the one from São Paulo in 1991 . There are also Casa dos Poveiros in Germiston , Johannesburg , South Africa and Toronto , Canada . The partnership with Rio was established by Brazilian actress Neuza Amaral when she was a alderwoman and president of Rio de Janeiro 's chamber of parliament , who since the age of 6 was frequently seen in Rio 's Casa dos Poveiros and visited Póvoa de Varzim for the 21st anniversary commemorations . Mata de São João ( Bahia ) is a sister @-@ community ( Comunidade @-@ irmã ) of Rates parish in Póvoa de Varzim since 2010 . It is not a regular program , it is based on affection due to very strong cultural and historical connections , as Mata de São João was one of the towns in Bahia established by settlers from Rates and the establishment of Brazil itself . In 2016 , the regional government of Príncipe Island , an autonomous region of São Tomé and Príncipe , and the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim , established a cooperation protocol , which has diverse fields of cooperation using human and technical resources . The protocol was signed after a visit to Póvoa de Varzim by the president of Príncipe Island , José Cardoso Cassandra . Póvoa de Varzim Sister cities :
= HMS Victorious ( 1895 ) = HMS Victorious was one of nine Majestic @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the British Royal Navy . She was armed with a main battery of four 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) guns in two twin turrets , and was capable of a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . She served primarily on home waters , and participated in the Fleet Review for the Diamond Jubilee for Queen Victoria in 1897 . She served briefly in the Mediterranean in 1898 before being transferred to the China Station later that year ; Victorious remained in East Asian waters until 1900 , when she returned to the Mediterranean . After returning to the United Kingdom in 1904 , Victorious served as the second flagship of the Channel Fleet . She remained in active service with the fleet in various units until 1908 , when she was modernized and then placed in reserve . At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 she was mobilized with three of her sister ships into the 9th Battle Squadron , though by January 1915 she was again withdrawn from front @-@ line service . In September her main guns were removed to arm a pair of monitors . Victorious was subsequently used as a repair ship . After the end of the war she was renamed Indus II ; plans to use her as a harbor ship were cancelled and , in April 1923 , she was sold for scrap . = = Design = = Victorious was laid down at the Chatham Dockyard on 28 May 1894 , launched on 19 October 1895 — after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the Royal Navy about a year later , on 4 November 1896 . The ship was 421 feet ( 128 m ) long overall and had a beam of 75 ft ( 23 m ) and a draft of 27 ft ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . She displaced up to 16 @,@ 060 t ( 15 @,@ 810 long tons ; 17 @,@ 700 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines powered by eight coal @-@ fired cylindrical boilers . By 1907 – 1908 she was re @-@ boilered with oil @-@ fired models . Her engines provided a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) at 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) . The Majestics were considered good seaboats with an easy roll and good steamers , although they suffered from high fuel consumption . She had a crew of 672 officers and enlisted men . The ship was armed with four BL 12 @-@ inch Mk VIII guns in twin turrets , one forward and one aft . The turrets were placed on pear @-@ shaped barbettes ; six of her sisters had the same arrangement , but her sisters Caesar and Illustrious and all future British battleship classes had circular barbettes . Victorious also carried twelve QF 6 @-@ inch / 40 guns . They were mounted in casemates in two gun decks amidships . She also carried sixteen QF 12 @-@ pounder guns and twelve QF 2 @-@ pounder guns . She was also equipped with five 18 in ( 460 mm ) torpedo tubes , four of which were submerged in the ship 's hull , with the last in a deck @-@ mounted launcher . Victorious and the other ships of her class had 9 inches ( 229 mm ) of Harvey armour , which allowed equal protection with less cost in weight compared to previous types of armour . This allowed Victorious and her sisters to have a deeper and lighter belt than previous battleships without any loss in protection . The barbettes for the main battery were protected with 14 in ( 360 mm ) of armor , while the conning tower had the same thickness of steel on the sides . The ship 's armored deck was 2 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 in ( 64 to 114 mm ) thick . = = Operational history = = HMS Victorious was commissioned on 4 November 1896 for service in the Fleet Reserve at Chatham Dockyard . On 8 June 1897 she went into full commission for service in the Mediterranean Fleet . Before leaving the United Kingdom , she was present at the Fleet Review at Spithead for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria on 26 June 1897 . She moved to the Mediterranean where she relieved the battleship Anson . In February 1898 Victorious was detached from the Mediterranean Fleet for service on the China Station . On 16 February she ran hard aground while entering the harbor at Port Said en route to China . Several tugs attempted to free her but were unable ; pump dredgers were needed to shift the sediment around the hull to get her free . She was successfully refloated on 18 February . In 1900 , she returned to the Mediterranean and underwent a refit at Malta . Her Mediterranean service over , Victorious was paid off at Chatham on 8 August 1903 and began a refit there that lasted until February 1904 . Victorious was recommissioned at Devonport on 2 February 1904 to serve as second flagship of the Channel Fleet . On 14 July 1904 the torpedo boat TB 113 rammed her at Hamoaze , slightly damaging her . When under a reorganization on 1 January 1905 , the Channel Fleet became the new Atlantic Fleet , and Victorious became an Atlantic Fleet unit . Captain Robert Falcon Scott , the Antarctic explorer , served as her Captain , acting as Flag Captain to Rear @-@ Admiral George Egerton aboard her , for a period in 1906 . Her Atlantic Fleet service ended when she paid off at Devonport on 31 December 1906 . On 1 January 1907 Victorious was recommissioned to serve at the Nore as part of the Nore Division of the new Home Fleet . She underwent a refit at Chatham in 1908 in which she was converted to burn fuel oil and had main battery fire control and radio installed . She was reduced to a nucleus crew , in commission in reserve , in March 1909 . Victorious was transferred to the Devonport Division , Home Fleet , in January 1911 , and to the 3rd Fleet in May 1912 . She damaged her sternwalk in a collision with her sister ship Majestic in fog on 14 July 1912 and began a short refit at Chatham in December 1913 . = = = World War I = = = In July 1914 the Royal Navy began a precautionary mobilization as war began to seem imminent . As part of this , Victorious and her sister ships Hannibal , Mars , and Magnificent , formed the 9th Battle Squadron on 27 July 1914 , stationed at the Humber to defend the British coast ; Victorious remained there as guard ship after the 9th Battle Squadron was dissolved on 7 August 1914 . In December 1914 she transferred to the Tyne to serve as guard ship there . On 4 January 1915 Victorious paid off at Elswick . The Majestic @-@ class ships were by then the oldest and least effective battleships in service in the Royal Navy ; Victorious was laid up on the Tyne February until September 1915 and her 12 @-@ inch ( 305 @-@ mm ) guns were removed for use aboard the new Lord Clive @-@ class monitors Prince Rupert and General Wolfe . Between September 1915 and February 1916 , Palmers converted her into a repair ship at Jarrow . The converted Victorious was commissioned as a repair ship on 22 February 1916 and arrived at Scapa Flow to replace the converted merchant ship Caribbean , which had been lost in September 1915 , as repair ship for the Grand Fleet . Victorious performed this role there until March 1920 when she was renamed Indus II and transferred to Devonport for a refit to prepare her for service with the Indus Establishment . She arrived at Devonport on 28 March 1920 and paid off into a care and maintenance status while she awaited the beginning of her refit . Plans for the refit , however , were cancelled ; work began to convert her into a harbor depot ship but , in April 1922 , that conversion was cancelled before it could be completed and she was placed on the disposal list that month . Indus II was sold for scrapping on 19 December 1922 , but the sale was cancelled on 1 March 1923 . She was again sold on 9 April 1923 and was towed from Devonport to Dover to be scrapped .
= Monsoon trough = The monsoon trough is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone as depicted by a line on a weather map showing the locations of minimum sea level pressure , and as such , is a convergence zone between the wind patterns of the southern and northern hemispheres . Westerly monsoon winds lie in its equatorward portion while easterly trade winds exist poleward of the trough . Right along its axis , heavy rains can be found which usher in the peak of a location 's respective rainy season . As it passes poleward of a location , hot and dry conditions develop . The monsoon trough plays a role in creating many of the world 's rainforests . The term " monsoon trough " is most commonly used in monsoonal regions of the Western Pacific such as Asia and Australia . The migration of the ITCZ / monsoon trough into a landmass heralds the beginning of the annual rainy season during summer months . Depressions and tropical cyclones often form in the vicinity of the monsoon trough , with each capable of producing a year 's worth of rainfall in a relatively short time frame . = = Movement and strength = = Monsoon troughing in the western Pacific reaches its zenith in latitude during the late summer when the wintertime surface ridge in the opposite hemisphere is the strongest . It can reach as far as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August and the 20th parallel in Australia during February . Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure over the warmest part of the various continents . In the Southern Hemisphere , the monsoon trough associated with the Australian monsoon reaches its most southerly latitude in February , oriented along a west @-@ northwest / east @-@ southeast axis . = = = Effect of wind surges = = = Increases in the relative vorticity , or spin , with the monsoon trough are normally a product of increased wind convergence within the convergence zone of the monsoon trough . Wind surges can lead to this increase in convergence . A strengthening or equatorward movement in the subtropical ridge can cause a strengthening of a monsoon trough as a wind surge moves towards the location of the monsoon trough . As fronts move through the subtropics and tropics of one hemisphere during their winter , normally as shear lines when their temperature gradient becomes minimal , wind surges can cross the equator in oceanic regions and enhance a monsoon trough in the other hemisphere 's summer . A key way of detecting whether a wind surge has reached a monsoon trough is the formation of a burst of thunderstorms within the monsoon trough . = = = Embedded depressions = = = If a circulation forms within the monsoon trough , it is able to compete with the neighboring thermal low over the continent , and a wind surge will occur at its periphery . Such a circulation which is broad in nature within a monsoon trough is known as a monsoon depression . In the Northern Hemisphere , monsoon depressions are generally asymmetric , and tend to have their strongest winds on their eastern periphery . Light and variable winds cover a large area near their center , while bands of showers and thunderstorms develop within their area of circulation . The presence of an upper level jet stream poleward and west of the system can enhance its development by leading to increased diverging air aloft over the monsoon depression , which leads to a corresponding drop in surface pressure . Even though these systems can develop over land , the outer portions of monsoon depressions are similar to tropical cyclones . In India , for example , 6 to 7 monsoon depressions move across the country yearly , and their numbers within the Bay of Bengal increase during July and August of El Niño events . Monsoon depressions are efficient rainfall producers , and can cause a year 's worth of rainfall when they move through drier areas such as the outback of Australia . = = Roles = = = = = In rainy season = = = Since the monsoon trough is an area of convergence in the wind pattern , and an elongated area of low pressure at the surface , the trough focuses low level moisture and is defined by one or more elongated bands of thunderstorms when viewing satellite imagery . Its abrupt movement to the north between May and June is coincident with the beginning of the monsoon regime and rainy seasons across South and East Asia . This convergence zone has been linked to prolonged heavy rain events in the Yangtze river as well as northern China . Its presence has also been linked to the peak of the rainy season in locations within Australia . As it progresses poleward of a particular location , clear , hot , and dry conditions develop as winds become westerly . Many of the world 's rainforests are associated with these climatological low pressure systems . = = = In tropical cyclogenesis = = = A monsoon trough is a significant genesis region for tropical cyclones . Vorticity @-@ rich low level environments , with significant low level spin , lead to a better than average chance of tropical cyclone formation due to their inherent rotation . This is because a pre @-@ existing near @-@ surface disturbance with sufficient spin and convergence is one of the six requirements for tropical cyclogenesis . There appears to be a 15 @-@ 25 day cycle in thunderstorm activity associated with the monsoon trough , which is roughly half the wavelength of the Madden – Julian oscillation , or MJO . This mirrors tropical cyclone genesis near these features , as genesis clusters in 2 – 3 weeks of activity followed by 2 – 3 weeks of inactivity . Tropical cyclones can form in outbreaks around these features under special circumstances , tending to follow the next cyclone to its poleward and west . Whenever the monsoon trough on the eastern side of the summertime Asian monsoon is in its normal orientation ( oriented east @-@ southeast to west @-@ northwest ) , tropical cyclones along its periphery will move with a westward motion . If it is reverse oriented , or oriented southwest to northeast , tropical cyclones will move more poleward . Tropical cyclone tracks with S shapes tend to be associated with reverse @-@ oriented monsoon troughs . The South Pacific convergence zone and South American convergence zones are generally reverse oriented . The failure of the monsoon trough , or ITCZ , to move south of the equator in the eastern Pacific ocean and Atlantic ocean during the southern hemisphere summer is considered one of the reasons that tropical cyclones normally do not form in those regions . It has also been noted that when the monsoon trough lies near 20 degrees north latitude in the Pacific , the frequency of tropical cyclones is 2 to 3 times greater than when it lies closer to 10 degrees north .
= Liquor Store Blues = " Liquor Store Blues " is a song recorded by American singer @-@ songwriter Bruno Mars for his debut studio album Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans ( 2010 ) , featuring vocals by Jamaican artist Damian Marley . It was released as the first promotional single from the record , on September 21 , 2010 by Elektra Records in the United States ; while in the rest of the world it was liberated by Warner Entertainment Group ( WEG ) . A reggae and dub track , " Liquor Store Blues " was produced by The Smeezingtons ( Mars , Phillip Lawrence , Ari Levine ) and Dwayne " Supa Dups " Chin @-@ Quee , while the writing was handled by the former three along with Damian Marley and Thomas Pentz , known professionally as Diplo . Musically , " Liquor Store Blues " has been described as borrowing " heavily from roots reggae " and from dub sounds , while lyrically it addresses a way of avoiding " foreshadowing " problems by drinking with hope that afterwards everything will be fine . Upon its release , " Liquor Store Blues " received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised its reggae style and Damien Marley 's appearance on the track , as well as , establishing comparisons to Mars ' cocaine bust in Vegas as the song arrived shortly after the event aforementioned . The song peaked at number 97 on the Canadian Hot 100 and Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 , a component of the Billboard Hot 100 , by peaking at number 105 . The music video , directed by Jake Summer , was released on March 8 , 2011 and features Bruno Mars and Damien Marley singing together with a colorful background and " acid @-@ trip " visual effects , during the whole video . The song was performed many times during Mars ' debut world tour , The Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 @-@ 2012 ) , as the ninth track on its set list . During the 2016 Grammy Awards , Mars had a flask , filled with a drink , to " get some winners drunk " . The bottle is engraved with the lyrics , " One shot for my pain , one drag for my sorrow " from the song . = = Background and production = = In an interview with Sound on Sound , Levine said that the team , The Smeezingtons , never met Supa Dups personally and that " Liquor Store Blues " was finished by exchanging files of the song . The latter producer helped finishing the track by providing a dub sound , something the three of them " could just not nail it " . During an interview granted to Vibe Mars said that he never met Damien Marley , since the latter did " his part " after a show in Washington . Nevertheless , the singer explained how Marley was guested in the song : " Liquor Store Blues " was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine , Damien Marley and Thomas Pentz and produced by the former three , under their alias , The Smeezingtons , and Dwayne " Supa Dups " Chin @-@ Quee . The latter was in charge of programming and arranging the drums , which he played . Levine engineered the song at Levcon Studios in California . The mixing of the track was done at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood by Manny Marroquin , with Christian Plata and Erik Madrid serving as assistants . Stephen Marcussen mastered the song at Marcussen Mastering in California . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Liquor Store Blues " was described as borrowing " heavily from roots reggae " , being heavily influenced by dub music and having a moderate reggae groove . Its composition has been compared to his previous project with Travis McCoy on " Billionaire " and Sublime 's work . According to the digital sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing , the song was composed in common time and in the key of C minor with a tempo of 144 beats per minute . Mars ' and Marley 's vocals range spans from the low note of G3 to the high note of C6 . The track is three minutes and fifty nine seconds . The song 's lyrics describe feelings of " pain " and " sorrow " , using alcohol as method to flee " bad fortune in an odd foreshadowing of events " . In the end , hope is found by " getting messed up today " since on the following day everything will be fine . = = Critical Reception = = " Liquor Store Blues " received generally positive reviews by most music critics . DJ Gravy praised the fact that the song " has a more authentic yard vibe , thanks to Black Chiney 's Supa Dups " , when comparing it to Mars and Travis McCoy 's " Billionaire " . Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson panned the song as " sway gently with a hint of reggae swagger " . Kevin Barber from the Consequence of Sound , who positively reviewed the album , wrote " In return for all of his generous favors he has given other artists , they give back as well . Damien Marley joins him on the reggae jam " . Idolator 's writer Robbie Daw had a mixed opinion towards the song by writing that the recording " isn ’ t nearly as infectious as " Just The Way You Are " , [ but ] it should still make for a fairly decent album track in what we ’ re hoping is a tasty plateful of catchy future singles " . He found the tune to be " reggae @-@ tinged jam " . Scott Mervis of Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette felt that " Liquor Store Blues " was in a " heavier dub zone with toaster Damian Marley " furthering a personal matter " the young singer should have stuck to the liquor store ' cause he was busted for cocaine in Vegas last month " . Andrew Winistorfer of Prefix Magazine criticized the artist , saying " After conquering the ladies who love weak pop music that is sung by a competent if boring singer , Bruno Mars has decided to try to carve off a chunk of Sublime 's fans " . He concluded by deeming the recording a " faux reggae track " . A writer for Rap @-@ Up magazine commented that the recording 's lyrics regard " a quick escape from his bad fortune in an odd foreshadowing of events " . Similarly , while reviewing the music video , Enterinment Weekly 's , Brad Wete stated that the content of the lyrics saying " Mars aims to " get messed up today " in hopes that he ’ ll " be okay tomorrow " " . = = Commercial performance = = After being released as a promotional single , " Liquor Store Blues " , entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number 97 . Around the same time , it failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , however it peaked inside of the Bubbling Under Hot 100 , which acts as an extension of the former chart , peaking at number 105 . On October 22 , 2010 it entered and peaked at number 20 on the US Latin Pop Airplay , spending 7 weeks on the former chart . = = Music video = = = = = Synopsis = = = The music video was directed by Jack Summer , and was premiered exclusive on March 3 , 2011 for members of Bruno Mars ' official website . The video features Bruno Mars and Damien Marley singing together in a psychedelic room with a colorful background and " acid @-@ trip " visual effects . Thorough the clip " plumes of smoke " emerge in the screen in every direction with Marley " rapping about being " high as Superman " and shouting out pineapple kush " , while Mars is upset about something . They both drown " their sorrows in the colorful visuals " . = = = Reception = = = The video has been described as " psychedelic " and as an anthem to Marijuana , rather than one about drunkenness . Brad Wete for Entertainment Weekly explained that Mars was " ready to drown his sorrows in a tall glass of alcohol " and tipped " find out what concoction Mars and Marley are whipping up " by watching the clip . Prefix Magazine ' s Andrew Winistorfer gave the video a harsh critic , he wrote that the smoke was not the only featured in the video as anyone " get to see Damian Marley sell out in real time " . He furthered that Damian , " might as well be in McDonald 's commercials . I guess this song is supposed to make you THINK about stuff [ ... ] but mostly it makes me try to find someone to blame for this " . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording and mixing Recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California ; Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans , Elektra Records . = = Chart performance = = = = Release = = = = = Process = = = On September 10 , 2010 , the song was released worldwide as the first promotional single as an iTunes Store @-@ exclusive prior to Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans album release in October 2010 , under Elektra Records . In the countries outside the United States , such as Germany , it was released under WEG . = = = History = = =
= 10 euro note = The ten euro note ( € 10 ) is the second @-@ lowest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro ( in its cash form ) in 2002 . The note is used in the 23 countries which have it as their sole currency ( with 22 legally adopting it ) ; with a population of about 332 million . It is the second @-@ smallest note measuring 127x67mm with a red colour scheme . The ten euro banknotes depict bridges and arches / doorways in Romanesque architecture ( between the 11th and 12th centuries ) . The ten euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks , invisible ink , holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity . In September 2011 , there were approximately 2 @,@ 005 @,@ 149 @,@ 600 ten euro banknotes in circulation around the eurozone . = = History = = The euro was founded on 1 January 1999 , when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe . For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency , only used in accountancy . Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002 , when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12 , such as the Italian lira and the German mark . Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007 , Cyprus and Malta in 2008 , Slovakia in 2009 , Estonia in 2011 , Latvia joined on 1 January 2014 @.@ and Lithuania joined on 1 January 2015 . = = = The changeover period = = = The changeover period during which the former currencies ' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months , going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002 . The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state . The earliest date was in Germany , where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001 , though the exchange period lasted for two months more . Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender , they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever . = = = Changes = = = Notes printed before November 2003 bear the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank , Wim Duisenberg , who was replaced on 1 November 2003 by Jean @-@ Claude Trichet , whose signature appears on issues from November 2003 . Notes issued after March 2012 bear the signature of the third president of the European Central Bank , incumbent Mario Draghi . A new series , similar to the current one , was released on 23 September 2014 . The European Central Bank will , in due time , announce when banknotes from the first series lose legal tender status . The first series issues do not reflect the expansion of the European Union : Cyprus is not depicted on those notes as the map does not extend far enough east ; Malta is also missing as it does not meet the first series ' minimum size for depiction . Since the European Central Bank plans to redesign the notes every seven or eight years after each issue , a second series ( Europa series ) of banknotes was already in preparation in 2012 . New production and anti @-@ counterfeiting techniques are employed on the new notes , but the design is of the same theme and similar colours of the current series ; bridges and arches . However , they are recognisable as a new series . = = Design = = The ten euro note is the second smallest at 127 millimetres ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) × 67 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) with a red colour scheme . All bank notes depict bridges and arches / doorways in a different historical European style ; the ten euro note shows the Romanesque era ( between the 11th and 12th centuries ) . Although Robert Kalina 's original designs were intended to show real monuments , for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era . Like all euro notes , it contains the denomination , the EU flag , the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of said bank in different EU languages , a depiction of EU territories overseas , the stars from the EU flag and twelve security features as listed below . = = = Security features ( first series ) = = = As a lower value note , the security features of the ten euro note are not as high as the other denominations , however , it is protected by : A hologram , tilt the note and one should see the hologram image change between the value and a window or doorway , but in the background , one should see rainbow @-@ coloured concentric circles of micro @-@ letters moving from the centre to the edges of the patch . A EURion constellation , Special printing processes give the euro notes their unique feel . A glossy stripe , tilt the note and a glossy stripe showing the value numeral and the euro symbol will appear . Watermarks , it appears when the banknote is against the light . Raised printing , special methods of printing makes the ink feel raised or thicker in the main image , the lettering and the value numerals on the front of the banknotes . To feel the raised print , run your finger over it or scratch it gently with your fingernail . Ultraviolet ink , Under ultraviolet light , the paper itself should not glow , fibres embedded in the paper should appear , and should be coloured red , blue and green , the European Union flag looks green and has orange stars , the ECB President signature turns green , the large stars and small circles on the front glow and the European map , a bridge and the value numeral on the back appear in yellow . Microprinting , On numerous areas of the banknotes you can see microprinting , for example , inside the " EYPΩ " ( EURO in Greek characters ) on the front . You will need a magnifying glass to see it . The tiny text is sharp , and not blurred . A security thread , The security thread is embedded in the banknote paper . Hold the banknote against the light - the thread will appear as a dark stripe . The word " EURO " and the value can be seen in tiny letters on the stripe . Perforations , Hold the banknote against the light . You should see perforations in the hologram which will form the € symbol . You should also see small numbers showing the value . A matted surface , the note paper is made out of pure cotton , which feels crisp and firm , but not limp or waxy . Barcodes , A serial number . = = = Security features ( Europa series ) = = = Watermark : When the note is held under a normal light source , a portrait of Europa and an electrotype denomination appear on either side . Portrait Hologram : When the note is tilted , the silver @-@ coloured holographic stripe reveals the portrait of Europa @-@ the same one as in the watermark . The stripe also reveals a window and the value of the banknote . Emerald Number : When the note is tilted , the number on the note displays an effect of light that moves up and down . The number also changes color from emerald green to deep blue . Raised Printing : On the front of the note , there is a series of short raised lines on the left and right edges . The main edge , the lettering and the large value numeral also feel thicker . Security Thread : When the note is held against the light , the security thread appears as a dark line . The Euro symbol ( € ) and the value of the banknote can be seen in tiny white lettering in the thread . Microprint : Tiny letters which can be read with a magnifying glass . The letters should be sharp , not blurred . Ultraviolet ink : Some parts of the banknote shine when under UV or UV @-@ C light . These are the stars in the flag , the small circles , the large stars and several other areas on the front . On the back , a quarter of a circle in the centre as well as several other areas glow green . The horizontal serial number and a stripe appear in red . Infrared light : Under infrared light , the emerald number , the right side of the main image and the silvery stripe are visible on the obverse of the banknote , while on the reverse , only the denomination and the horizontal serial number are visible . = = Circulation = = As of June 2016 , there are approximately 2 @.@ 2 million € 10 banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone , around 1 @.@ 7 million of which are of the Europa series . The European Central Bank is closely monitoring the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes . It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the euro area . = = Legal information = = Legally , both the European Central Bank and the central banks of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the 7 different euro banknotes . In practice , only the national central banks of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro banknotes . The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations . = = Tracking = = There are several communities of people at European level , most of which is EuroBillTracker , that , as a hobby , it keeps track of the euro banknotes that pass through their hands , to keep track and know where they travel or have travelled . The aim is to record as many notes as possible to know details about its spread , like from where and to where they travel in general , follow it up , like where a ticket has been seen in particular , and generate statistics and rankings , for example , in which countries there are more tickets . EuroBillTracker has registered over 155 million notes as of May 2016 , worth more than € 2 @.@ 897 billion .
= Michael Salvatori = Michael C. Salvatori ( born 1954 ) is an American composer best known for his collaboration with colleague Martin O 'Donnell for the soundtracks to the Halo video game series . Salvatori became acquainted with O 'Donnell in college ; when O 'Donnell was given a job offer to score a colleague 's film , Salvatori and O 'Donnell formed a partnership and eventually created their own production company , TotalAudio . Salvatori continued to manage TotalAudio and worked on his own music for clients such as Disney and Wideload Games . He most recently co @-@ composed the soundtrack to the 2014 video game Destiny . = = Biography = = = = = Early works = = = Salvatori wrote music for his own rock band while he was in college , and became friends with Martin O 'Donnell . O 'Donnell eventually moved to Chicago after completing his degrees , and was approached with a job offer to score a colleague 's film . Since Salvatori had his own recording studio , O 'Donnell offered to split the job with him ; the two became partners . Soon after producing the music for Myth II , Bungie contracted O 'Donnell for several of Bungie 's other projects , including the third @-@ person game Oni . Bungie wanted to re @-@ negotiate the contracts for Oni in 1999 , which resulted in O 'Donnell joining the Bungie team ten days before the company was bought by Microsoft . Salvatori remained behind to manage the business aspect of TotalAudio , which he continues to do . = = = Bungie = = = O 'Donnell and Salvatori 's company TotalAudio was contracted to produce the music for Bungie 's upcoming title , Halo : Combat Evolved . As of 2009 , the only official work TotalAudio has done has been for the Halo series . During production Bungie decided that instead of contracting work to O 'Donnell , they would hire him . Salvatori remained at TotalAudio to manage the business aspect of the company , and shortly after O 'Donnell joined the team , Bungie was bought by Microsoft . Salvatori co @-@ composed the music for Halo 's sequels — Halo 2 and Halo 3 — with O 'Donnell , who has called Salvatori one of his musical influences . For the music to Halo 3 : ODST , O 'Donnell began work on crafting the game 's themes before Salvatori joined the team in February 2009 . " Marty [ O 'Donnell ] had started writing before me , and sent me some of his ideas , " Salvatori said . " I picked a few that I felt I could add some magic to , and worked on those . I also came up with several ideas that I sent to Marty that he put his hands on . " Once the duo felt they had enough material , the Chicago @-@ based Salvatori flew to Bungie in Seattle to complete the arrangements and record live musicians . Early on , the team decided that rather than rely on old Halo themes , ODST would feature all @-@ new music . " It was a bit intimidating at first , " Salvatori recalled , " because in previous Halo games if new ideas weren 't coming , I could always dust off an old one and give it a new spin . I was afraid that we might hit some writer 's block along the way , but that didn 't happen at all . Instead , we had the freedom to explore some new musical territory , and the ideas flowed pretty quickly . " With the exception of the main player character , O 'Donnell and Salvatori did not compose themes to represent characters . While the game 's setting in Africa inspired some percussion pieces , the team was interested in a sparser atmosphere , which Salvatori described as " a bit darker and less epic " . He most recently co @-@ composed the soundtrack to the 2014 video game , Destiny . = = = Collections and other work = = = O 'Donnell and Salvatori 's music has been packaged and released in physical and digital forms . The soundtracks feature " frozen " arrangements that represent an approximation of a play @-@ through of the games . The Halo Original Soundtrack sold over 40 @,@ 000 copies , and was followed by two different releases of the music to Halo 2 . The two volumes of the Halo 2 Original Soundtrack were produced by Nile Rodgers , with the first album being released in sync with the video game in 2004 and became the best @-@ selling game soundtrack of all time . The second album was released more than a year after the soundtrack had been mixed and mastered . Halo 3 's soundtrack was released in November 2007 , and featured a fan contribution that was the select winner from a pool of entries judged by O 'Donnell , Rodgers , and others . All of Salvatori 's contemporary work on the series was repackaged as Halo Trilogy — The Complete Original Soundtracks in December 2008 , alongside preview tracks written by Halo Wars composer Stephen Rippy . The music for ODST was released in a two @-@ disc set on September 22 , 2009 . Salvatori continues to engineer , produce and compose his own music . Aside from Halo and Destiny , he has served as the audio lead and composer for Stubbs the Zombie . He also created the music for Disney 's Guilty Party .
= The Great American Bash ( 2004 ) = The Great American Bash ( 2004 ) was the 15th Great American Bash professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event , and the first produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . The event , presented by Subway , took place on June 27 , 2004 , at the Norfolk Scope in Norfolk , Virginia and was a SmackDown ! brand @-@ exclusive event . Three of the eight matches on the card were contested for a championship ; one was lost while the other two were retained . The event grossed $ 325 @,@ 000 with 6 @,@ 500 ticket sales and received a 0 @.@ 47 buyrate . The main event was a Handicap match between The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D @-@ Von ) and The Undertaker . Undertaker won the match after pinning D @-@ Von following a Tombstone Piledriver . One of the featured matches on the undercard was a Texas Bullrope match for the WWE Championship between John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) and champion Eddie Guerrero . JBL won the match and the WWE Championship after touching all four turnbuckles in succession . Guerrero was at first declared the winner , but General Manager Kurt Angle came out and showed that JBL had touched the final turnbuckle before Guerrero . Another primary match on the undercard was Rey Mysterio versus Chavo Guerrero for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship , which Mysterio won with a sunset flip . = = Background = = The main feud heading into The Great American Bash was between The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D @-@ Von ) and The Undertaker . On the May 27 episode of SmackDown ! , Paul Heyman told The Dudleys to " make an impact " . As part of the storyline , The Dudleys responded by abducting Paul Bearer , Undertaker 's manager . The following week , Heyman told Undertaker that the only way he would ever see Bearer again , was to align himself with The Dudleys . Two weeks later , on the June 17 episode of SmackDown ! , a Handicap match between The Dudleys and The Undertaker was booked for The Great American Bash , with the stipulation being if Undertaker lost , Bearer , as part of the scripted events , would be cemented in a glass crypt . Another primary feud heading into the event was between Eddie Guerrero and John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) over the WWE Championship . At the previous SmackDown ! brand pay @-@ per @-@ view event , Judgment Day , JBL defeated Guerrero by disqualification after Guerrero hit JBL with the WWE Championship belt . Since a championship cannot be lost via countout or disqualification , Guerrero retained the title . Two weeks later , on the May 27 episode of SmackDown ! , General Manager Kurt Angle announced that JBL was the number @-@ one contender to the WWE Championship at The Great American Bash , and that JBL was allowed to choose the stipulation for the match . The following week , JBL announced that his match against Guerrero would be a Texas Bullrope match , in which the object is to touch all four turnbuckles ( one in each corner of the ring ) in succession . One of the main matches on the undercard was a Fatal Four @-@ Way Elimination match for the WWE United States Championship between the champion , John Cena , René Duprée , Booker T , and Rob Van Dam . At Judgment Day , Cena defeated Duprée to retain the United States Championship . Four days later , on SmackDown ! , Cena faced Duprée in a rematch for the title . Duprée executed a low blow on Cena outside the ring , which caused Cena to be counted out . Duprée won the match , but not the title since a championship cannot be lost via countout or disqualification . The following week , Cena defeated Duprée in a Lumberjack match to retain the title . On the June 3 episode of SmackDown ! , Cena confronted Booker about his interference in the Lumberjack match the week before . As General Manager Kurt Angle told Cena to leave the arena , Booker attacked Cena from behind and pushed him onto Angle . Angle claimed he was going to strip Cena of the United States Championship for what he did . The next week , on SmackDown ! , Cena faced Booker , Van Dam , and Duprée , respectively , in one @-@ on @-@ one matches with a five @-@ minute time limit . The man to defeat Cena would become the number @-@ one contender to the United States Championship at The Great American Bash . Cena , however , won all three matches as no man was able to defeat him within the time limit . This led to Angle booking Cena in a Fatal Four @-@ Way match for the title at The Great American Bash . On the June 17 episode of SmackDown ! , Angle changed the match to an elimination match . The Divas rivalry heading into the event was between Sable and Torrie Wilson . Sable and Torrie teamed together at WrestleMania XX and defeated Raw Divas Miss Jackie and Stacy Keibler , but when Torrie was featured on the cover of SmackDown ! Magazine , Sable turned villainous by displaying jealousy over Torrie 's cover and berating her in a backstage segment , leading to a brawl between the two Divas . The events led to the announcement that Sable and Torrie will face each other at The Great American Bash . = = Event = = Before the live broadcast of the event began , Spike Dudley defeated Jamie Noble in a match that aired on Sunday Night Heat . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The first match of the event was a Fatal Four @-@ Way Elimination match for the WWE United States Championship . John Cena defended the title against René Duprée , Booker T , and Rob Van Dam . Van Dam was the first man eliminated , as Cena pinned him with a roll @-@ up . Shortly after , Booker eliminated Duprée after pinning him following an FU ( fireman 's carry takeover ) from Cena . Cena last eliminated Booker , after executing an FU , to retain the championship . The next match was a singles match between Luther Reigns and Charlie Haas . After a match predominantly controlled by Reigns , Reigns pinned Haas after executing a Reign of Terror . The third match on the card was a singles match between Rey Mysterio and Chavo Guerrero for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship . Guerrero gained the early advantage , as he applied various submission holds to Mysterio 's knee , including a single leg Boston crab and an Argentine leglock . After a back and forth match between the two , Mysterio pinned Guerrero with a sunset flip to win the match and retain the WWE Cruiserweight Championship . The match that followed saw Kenzo Suzuki face off against Billy Gunn . The match went back and forth , as each man was able to gain the advantage numerous times . Suzuki defeated Gunn after pinning him following an inverted headlock backbreaker . The following match was between two divas , Sable and Torrie Wilson . Sable controlled Wilson throughout the contest , as she choked her using the bottom rope and applied a criss @-@ cross choke . After both women ran into each other , Sable pinned Wilson with a schoolgirl to win the match . As part of their storyline , the referee counted the pinfall even though Wilson 's shoulders were off the mat . The sixth match on the card was between Mordecai and Hardcore Holly , which Mordecai won after performing a powerbomb . = = = Main event matches = = = The next match was a Texas Bullrope match for the WWE Championship between champion Eddie Guerrero and John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) . Throughout the duration of the match , both men were strapped together by a rope , with a cowbell attached in the center . In order to win the bout , one must touch all four turnbuckles ( one in each corner of the ring ) in succession . One preplanned move in the match saw Guerrero hit JBL with a steel chair , which caused JBL to bleed . Guerrero then got back in the ring and went on to touch three turnbuckles ; however , he was unable to touch the fourth as JBL was holding him back . Guerrero executed a dropkick on JBL and attempted to touch the fourth again . JBL , however , held him back and took the advantage . JBL threw Guerrero into the Spanish announce table and executed a powerbomb onto him through it . Towards the end of the match , each man had touched three turnbuckles and were vying for the fourth . Guerrero attempted to jump over JBL and touch the remaining turnbuckle , but was unsuccessful ; he splashed himself and JBL into the turnbuckle as a result . Guerrero was declared the winner , as it appeared he had touched all four turnbuckles first , but General Manager Kurt Angle came out and reversed the decision . He showed on the TitanTron that JBL had touched the final turnbuckle before Guerrero ; as a result , JBL was declared the winner and new WWE Champion . The final match on the card was the main event , which saw The Undertaker face off against The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D @-@ Von ) in a Handicap match . Per the pre @-@ match stipulation , Paul Bearer would be cemented in a glass crypt if Undertaker lost . Throughout the duration of the match , Bearer was locked on a chair inside a glass crypt with the pump of cement truck above him . After a match evenly controlled by The Undertaker and The Dudleys , Undertaker pinned D @-@ Von following a Tombstone Piledriver to win . After the match , Undertaker pulled the lever to the cement truck , which in turn filled the crypt with Bearer inside full of cement . = = Aftermath = = At the event , John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) defeated Eddie Guerrero to begin his first reign as WWE Champion , which would last nearly ten months . JBL began feuding with The Undertaker following the event , and the two faced off for the WWE Championship at SummerSlam . JBL won the match and retained the title after Undertaker was disqualified for hitting JBL with the title belt . The two faced off again at No Mercy in a Last Ride match , in which the objective is to place your opponent in a hearse and drive out of the arena . JBL defeated The Undertaker and concluded their storyline after interference from Heidenreich . Following the conclusion of his title match against JBL at the event , Eddie Guerrero began to feud with Kurt Angle . During a Steel Cage match between Guerrero and JBL for the WWE Championship , El Gran Luchadore ( Kurt Angle in disguise ) interfered on JBL 's behalf , which allowed JBL to escape the cage and win the match . After the match , Guerrero attacked El Gran Luchadore and pulled off his mask , revealing him to be Kurt Angle . The following week , Vince McMahon scheduled a match between the two at SummerSlam . Angle won the match , and their feud concluded at the November pay @-@ per @-@ view , Survivor Series , when Guerrero 's team defeated Angle 's in a 4 on 4 Survivor Series match . On the July 8 episode of SmackDown ! , Booker T challenged John Cena for the WWE United States Championship . During the match , General Manager Kurt Angle and Luther Reigns interfered on Booker 's behalf , and Booker inadvertently caused Cena to attack Angle . The match ended in a disqualification subsequently thereafter ; however , Angle stripped Cena of the title for attacking him . On the July 29 episode of SmackDown ! , Booker T won the vacant United States Championship after last eliminating Rob Van Dam in an elimination match . The following week , Cena defeated Van Dam to become the number @-@ one contender to the title . Theodore Long , who proceeded Angle as General Manager after he was fired as part of the storyline , announced that Cena would be facing Booker in a " Best of 5 series " , in which the winner would be the man who earns three victories over the other first . Cena defeated Booker in the first match at SummerSlam , and eventually won the fifth and final match at No Mercy to begin his second reign as United States Champion . = = Results = =
= Robot Building = The Robot Building , located in the Sathorn business district of Bangkok , Thailand , houses United Overseas Bank 's Bangkok headquarters . It was designed for the Bank of Asia by Sumet Jumsai to reflect the computerization of banking ; its architecture is a reaction against neoclassical and high @-@ tech postmodern architecture . The building 's features , such as progressively receding walls , antennas , and eyes , contribute to its robotic appearance and to its practical function . Completed in 1986 , the building is one of the last examples of modern architecture in Bangkok . = = Design = = Thai architect Sumet Jumsai designed the Robot Building for the Bank of Asia , which was acquired by United Overseas Bank in 2005 . He had been asked by the Bank of Asia 's directors to design a building that reflected the modernization and computerization of banking and found inspiration in his son 's toy robot . Sumet designed the building in conscious opposition to postmodern styles of the era , particularly classical revivalism and high @-@ tech architecture as embodied in the Centre Pompidou . While Sumet praised the inception of postmodernism as a protest against puritanical , bland modern design , he called it " a protest movement which seeks to replace without offering a replacement " . Sumet dismissed mid @-@ 1980s classical revivalism as " intellectual [ ly ] bankrupt [ ] " and criticized the " catalogue [ s ] of meaningless architectural motifs " that characterized classical revivalism in Bangkok . He further dismissed high @-@ tech architecture , " which engrosses itself in the machine while at the same time secretly ... lov [ ing ] ... handmade artifacts and honest manual labor " , as a movement without a future . Sumet wrote that his building " need not be a robot " and that a " host of other metamorphoses " would suffice , so long as they could " free the spirit from the present intellectual impasse and propel it forward into the next century " . He wrote that his design might be considered post @-@ high @-@ tech : rather than exhibiting the building 's inner workings , he chose to adorn a finished product with the abstractions of mechanical parts . His building , he argued , struck against the 20th century vision of the machine as a " separate entity " often " elevated on a pedestal for worship " and , by becoming " a part of our daily lives , a friend , ourselves " , cleared the way for the 21st century amalgam of machine and man . The building was completed in 1987 at a cost of US $ 10 million . By the mid @-@ 1980s , architectural modernism had faded in Bangkok ; this building is one of the last examples of the style . = = Characteristics = = The building is 20 stories tall and has a total floor area of 23 @,@ 506 m ² ( 253 @,@ 016 ft ² ) . The floor areas decrease progressively at the 4th , 8th , 12th , 16th , and 18th floors ; the staggered shape both contributes to the robot 's appearance and is an efficient solution to setback regulations requiring an 18 degree incline from each side of the property line . The building 's ground floor is a double @-@ height banking hall . The hall 's interior architecture , designed in association with the firm 7 Associates , was designed to further the robotic appearance of the building ; four sculptures by Thai artist Thaveechai Nitiprabha stand at the main door . Mezzanine floors located on each side of the banking hall contain offices and meeting rooms . The building 's second floor features a large multipurpose hall , offices , and training rooms , and its upper floors contain general office space . An eight @-@ story parking garage is located behind the main building . The building 's decorative exterior contributes its building 's robotic appearance , though it often serves practical functions as well . Two antennas on the building 's roof are used for communications and as lightning rods . On the building 's upper facade , in front of the main meeting and dining rooms of the top executive suites , are two 6 m ( 19 @.@ 7 ft ) lidded eyeballs that serve as windows . The eyeballs are made of reflective glass ; the lids are made of metallic louvers . Nuts made of glass @-@ reinforced concrete adorn the building 's sides ; the building 's largest nuts measure 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 @.@ 5 ft ) in diameter and were the largest in the world at the time of their construction . The building 's east and west walls ( the robot 's sides ) have few apertures to shield its interior from the sun and to increase energy efficiency , and its north and south sides ( the robot 's front and back ) are tinted curtain walls whose bright blue color was chosen because it was the symbol of the Bank of Asia . = = Recognition = = The Robot Building was selected by the Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles as one of the 50 seminal buildings of the century . The building also earned Sumet an award from Chicago 's Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design , the first such award given to a Thai designer . According to Stephen Sennott 's Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture , the building " enhanced the world 's recognition of modern Thai architecture " .
= 2 / 18th Battalion ( Australia ) = The 2 / 18th Battalion was an Australian Army infantry unit that served during World War II . Formed in June 1940 , the battalion was assigned to the 22nd Brigade , which formed part of the Australian 8th Division . After completing basic training , the 2 / 18th was sent to Singapore and Malaya to strengthen the defences of the British colonies in February 1941 against a possible Japanese attack . The 2 / 18th Battalion subsequently undertook garrison duties throughout the year at various locations in Malaya , where it conducted jungle training and constructed defences along the eastern coast . Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific in December 1941 , the 2 / 18th saw action against Japanese forces in the Malayan campaign , during which they took part in a large @-@ scale ambush of a Japanese force on the Malay Peninsula before joining the withdrawal to Singapore in early 1942 . Assigned to defend part of the north @-@ west coast of the island , the battalion participated in the unsuccessful defence of Singapore in early February 1942 . Following the fall of Singapore the majority of the battalion 's personnel were taken as prisoners of war . Many of these men died in captivity ; the survivors were liberated in 1945 and returned to Australia where the battalion was disbanded . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = The 2 / 18th Battalion was raised around Sydney , New South Wales , in June 1940 , with its first subunits being formed on 13 July at Wallgrove Camp . Formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) from volunteers for overseas service , the battalion 's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Varley , a grazier from Inverell , New South Wales , and a World War I veteran who had previously commanded the 35th Battalion while serving in the Militia during the interwar years . The battalion concentrated at Wallgrove on 15 July , and a cadre of commissioned and senior non @-@ commissioned officers ( NCOs ) who were selected from the Militia — in many cases personally by Varley — was established , while the remainder of the battalion 's NCOs were appointed from recruits following their arrival . The majority of the battalion 's personnel arrived on 27 and 28 July . Coming from across the state of New South Wales , the men were drawn from places such as Tamworth , Newcastle , Wagga , Goulburn , and Liverpool , with roughly 60 percent coming from rural backgrounds . With an authorised strength of around 900 men , the battalion was organised around a battalion headquarters , with a regimental aid post , four rifle companies and a headquarters company consisting of various support platoons and sections including signals , mortars , transport ( later carriers ) , pioneers , anti @-@ aircraft and administration . Along with the 2 / 19th and 2 / 20th Battalions , it was assigned to the 22nd Brigade , which formed part of the 8th Division . The colours chosen for the battalion 's Unit Colour Patch ( UCP ) were the same as those of the 18th Battalion , a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921 . These colours were purple over green , in a diamond shape , although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart ; the oval shape designated the battalion as part of the 8th Division . Basic training began at Wallgrove on 1 August , and was provided by experienced regular soldiers and personnel who had previously served in the Militia . In mid @-@ August the battalion moved to Ingleburn , and by the end of the month individual training had been completed . Collective training followed , and on 5 October the battalion took part in a divisional march through Sydney . A further move came in November when the 2 / 18th was transported to Bathurst , where more complex exercises were undertaken , including at brigade and divisional levels . Although the fighting had not yet spread to the Pacific , by late 1940 there were growing concerns amongst the Allies about the possibility of a war with Japan . After a review of the defences around Singapore and Malaya , the British government requested Australian troops be sent to garrison the region . In October , the Australian government committed the 22nd Brigade and supporting elements . As a result , the 2 / 18th — with a strength of 793 men — subsequently embarked upon the RMS Queen Mary and left Sydney on 4 February 1941 , bound for Singapore . The Australian government wished to send the brigade to the Middle East to join the 6th , 7th and 9th Divisions , so the deployment was only intended to be short , as the British government pledged to release an Indian division to replace the Australians in May . Consequently , the Australian forces were deployed having only been partially trained and equipped and while they were still in the process of being brought up to full strength . = = = Malayan campaign = = = The men arrived in Singapore on 18 February 1941 and moved into barracks at Port Dickson , in the north of Malaya . While there , the battalion undertook further training to prepare it for jungle warfare , before moving to Seremban in March . Further drafts of reinforcements arrived during this time as the battalion was brought up to its wartime establishment . The rigours of jungle training and the tropical heat had an impact on the men , and a number of personnel were hospitalised during this time with illnesses such as malaria , measles , mumps and serious tropical skin diseases . Some of these were repatriated back to Australia , and by the end of March , the 2 / 18th was still below its authorised establishment , with an actual strength of 898 . Amidst growing concerns amongst Australian military commanders about Japanese intentions , the scheduled replacement of the 22nd Brigade was cancelled , and the 2 / 18th remained in Seremban until they were transported east to Jemaluang in August . The following month they were sent north to Mersing , which , situated on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula , was considered a likely place for a Japanese landing as it offered a short route of advance towards Singapore . At Mersing , the battalion was set to work digging defensive positions and constructing wire obstacles , punctuated by familiarisation patrols and anti @-@ aircraft , anti @-@ gas and mortar training . The battalion was placed on a war footing on 6 December as tensions in the region escalated . Two days later , the Japanese invasion of Malaya commenced ; while the fighting raged elsewhere , the 2 / 18th remained unengaged around Mersing . On 26 December , a small group of 2 / 18th men were detached to an ad hoc British raiding force known as " Roseforce " to take part in a raid behind Japanese lines , ambushing a Japanese convoy . It was not until 3 January however that the battalion came into contact with the Japanese for the first time , with a patrol from the 2 / 18th capturing two Japanese airmen who had been shot down near the mouth of the Sekakap River . A fortnight later , Japanese advances along the peninsula to the west led to concerns about the coastal defences being outflanked and cut off . As result , on 17 January , the 2 / 18th was ordered to withdraw south 10 miles ( 16 km ) to Jemaluang without having met the Japanese in battle . Following a landing around Mersing , the Japanese began to advance south towards Jemaluang in large numbers . In response , on 26 January the 2 / 18th Battalion , supported by two batteries of artillery from the 2 / 10th Field Regiment , was tasked with establishing an ambush near the Nithsdale Estate and the rubber plantation at Joo Lye . Establishing themselves along the Mersing – Jemaluang road , ' D ' Company was deployed to the north on the western side of the road as the lookout force , while ' B ' Company was positioned further to the south on the opposite side of the road . South of them , ' A ' Company formed the blocking force , with their position stretched across the road oriented to the north . Behind them , ' C ' Company was positioned in reserve , further south . The plan had been for the ambush to be sprung during the day , but the Japanese advance had proceeded more slowly than thought , and it was not until after dark that they entered the ambush site . In order to inflict as many casualties as possible , the Japanese force , which was estimated to be battalion @-@ sized , was allowed to pass through ' D ' and ' B ' Companies . By 3 : 00 am they came up against ' A ' Company 's blocking position and the ambush was finally initiated . Devastating indirect fire from artillery and mortars inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese ; however , as the northernmost company — ' D ' — turned south to attack the Japanese from the rear , they came up against determined resistance from a force of Japanese that had managed to infiltrate the ambush site and dig in on a small feature to the east of the estate 's pig farm , north of ' B ' Company . This effectively cut them off from the rest of the battalion . Fighting raged throughout the early morning as ' B ' Company vainly attempted to assist the cut @-@ off ' D ' Company . Varley decided to launch a counterattack with ' A ' Company , but at 8 : 00 am the order to withdraw came from brigade headquarters , cancelling the attack . Covered by the reserve company , ' A ' and some of ' B ' Company were able to break contact and fall back . ' D ' Company , along with those of ' B ' Company that were still isolated and in contact , had to be left to fight their way back to the battalion 's lines . By the time they arrived , there were only enough men left to form one platoon . The 2 / 18th 's losses in this action amounted to about 90 men killed , wounded or missing . Japanese losses are unknown , but are thought to be significant and they were unable to take Jemaluang for two more days . = = = Fighting in Singapore = = = After the withdrawal from Nithsdale , the battalion fell back along the Jemaluang – Kota Tinggi Road , before helping to cover the Allied withdrawal over the Johor – Singapore Causeway to Singapore Island . No engagements were fought during this phase , but the 2 / 18th patrolled constantly and provided rearguard detachments . During this time , the battalion was briefly commanded by Major William Fraser , when Varley temporarily took over Eastforce , which consisted of the 22nd Brigade and a number of Indian and Malay formations , filling in for Brigadier Harold Burfield Taylor , who was temporarily detached to organise a force to cover the withdrawal . Following its arrival on the island , Varley returned to the battalion , which received a small number of reinforcements — about 90 men — and was allocated to the defence of the Western Area along with the rest of the 8th Division . Forming part of the 22nd Brigade 's defensive line in the north @-@ west sector , stretching from the Causeway to the Sungei Berih , the battalion was responsible for defending a frontage of 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . With a strength of 37 officers and 826 other ranks , the battalion occupied a position in the centre of the brigade that stretched from the 2 / 20th 's position around Kranji to the 2 / 19th 's around Sungei Sarimbun , north @-@ east of the village of Ama Keng and Tengah Airfield . Consisting of " tidal mud flats and mangrove swamps intersected with streams and inlets " , there had been no work done to prepare the area that the battalion was allocated to defend prior to its arrival due to political concerns about alarming the local population . The wide frontage stretched the 2 / 18th thin on the ground , with no depth and large gaps between positions that were separated in places by tidal waterways . Due to the thick vegetation along the shoreline , the battalion 's positions had the added handicap of poor visibility of the water and limited fields of fire that , combined with their isolation , meant that they were unable to support each other . After occupying their positions on 1 February , the battalion worked to improve them as best they could , working under the cover of darkness so as to avoid Japanese artillery and air attacks . The Japanese attack on the north @-@ west coast came on the night of 8 / 9 February , beginning with a heavy artillery and aerial bombardment of the 22nd Brigade 's positions throughout the day , followed by a waterborne assault across the Johore Strait , which began around 10 : 30 pm . Confronted by 16 battalions from the Japanese 5th and 18th Divisions , which concentrated upon the 2 / 18th 's and 2 / 20th 's positions , the 2 / 18th 's two forward companies — ' A ' and ' C ' — strongly resisted two frontal assaults during the day . Heavy casualties were inflicted on the Japanese over the course of several hours , but the defenders were eventually forced back by heavy indirect fire and overwhelming numbers . Exploiting the holes in the battalion 's perimeter to avoid resistance , by 1 : 30 am on 9 February the Japanese had penetrated towards battalion headquarters near the Lim Chau Kang road , threatening to roll up the battalion 's rear . Varley then ordered the forward companies to make a fighting withdrawal and fall back on battalion headquarters . Heavy fighting followed , during which the Australians suffered grave losses as groups became lost in the darkness in the thick country , before the battalion was able to re @-@ establish itself around Ama Keng . The 2 / 18th attempted to defend the Tengah Airfield , but by 1 : 00 pm in the afternoon of 9 February they had been reduced to only 330 men and were withdrawn back to the south @-@ east of the airfield , occupying a position around Bulim along the Chu Kang Road , with the 2 / 29th Battalion on their left . Throughout the night of 9 / 10 February , minor clashes occurred as patrols were sent out to fend off Japanese probes . The battalion continued to hold the line until 6 : 00 am when , following receipt of orders to withdraw , it moved back to Keat Hong village to take up the role of brigade reserve . The carrier platoon covered the battalion 's withdrawal , and amidst heavy artillery shelling , they ambushed two Japanese columns , each roughly company @-@ sized , inflicting heavy casualties upon them with their Vickers machine @-@ guns before breaking contact . As a result of a misinterpretation of orders , the 22nd Brigade fell back towards Reformatory Road where the 2 / 18th took up positions to the west between the junctions of the Ulu Pandan and Bukit Timah Roads . When the brigade launched a counterattack later that day , the majority of the battalion was held back in reserve , after suffering many casualties . A single company , though , was detached at this time to an ad hoc formation dubbed " X Battalion " , tasked with launching a counterattack . Meanwhile , the rest of the battalion moved back into the reserve position along the Bukit Panjang Road . That evening the 2 / 18th occupied a position north of a feature dubbed " 127 " , but early on the morning of 11 February they were moved back south of there to gain better fields of fire . Shortly after this , the 2 / 18th came under attack from front and rear after the Japanese managed to infiltrate behind their position , forcing the 2 / 18th to fall back further under the cover of the fire from the carriers once again . Later during 11 February , the 22nd Brigade headquarters , situated around Wai Soon Gardens , came under attack from a Japanese force moving south from Bukit Timah . In response , the 2 / 18th launched a counterattack across Reformatory Road with bayonets . At the same time , a section from the battalion 's carrier platoon , under the command of Lieutenant Iven John Mackay , son of Lieutenant General Iven Giffard Mackay , conducted a daring attack that stopped the Japanese advance . Rolling up the axis of the road , firing machine @-@ guns and hurling grenades , they advanced to the Bukit Timah Road before heading south to Holland Road and then returning to battalion headquarters . After this , the 22nd Brigade moved back towards the junction of Holland and Ulu Padan Roads . Moving while under heavy fire , the battalion established itself in its new position before 9 : 00 am , but in the confusion of the move , some men found themselves separated from the main body and cut off . In the afternoon , after the brigade position was reoriented to the west , the battalion was placed in reserve . The battalion 's positions in the north , situated on the high ground , experienced heavy attack from Japanese aircraft and artillery , as the brigade — supported by Australian and British artillery — fought off two regiments from the Japanese 18th Division during the course of the night of 11 / 12 February . Early the following morning , Varley was promoted to brigadier and took over as commander of the 22nd Brigade from Taylor , who was taken ill . In Varley 's place , Major Charles O 'Brien , who had previously been the battalion second @-@ in @-@ command , took over command of the battalion . After a brief lull in the fighting in the 22nd Brigade 's sector , the Japanese 18th Division attacked again , attempting to take the brigade on its left flank . In response , the 2 / 18th was sent to retake some of the high ground south @-@ east of the Ulu Pandan and Reformatory Roads late in the afternoon . Attacking with about 60 men , supported by three British armoured cars and artillery fire , they were unable to retake the position after the light failed . The Japanese then pressed heavily against the 22nd Brigade 's position , and they were forced to give ground , falling back to the junction of Buona Vista and Holland Roads , by which time the 2 / 18th was down to only 250 men . On 13 February , in an attempt to gain room for a possible counterattack , the Allied commander , Lieutenant General Arthur Percival , ordered a shortening of the Allied lines towards the south @-@ east and the formation of a 25 @-@ mile ( 40 km ) perimeter around Singapore city . As a part of this , the Australian forces were concentrated into a 7 @-@ mile ( 11 km ) perimeter centred around Farrer and Holland Roads , about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of the city , tasked with defending the north @-@ east sector of the defensive line . The 2 / 18th was positioned among the gravestones of Cemetery Hill , and apart from a few minor skirmishes and overflights by Japanese aircraft spotting for artillery , a period of respite followed in the Australian sector . The Japanese skirted the position , moving in an easterly direction towards the city , by way of gaps in the line which opened to the north and south of the Australians through positions held by British , Indian and Malay units . The Japanese continued to advance into the outskirts of Singapore throughout 14 February . Threatened with being isolated , the Australians made plans to make a last stand . With the Japanese closing in , the island 's civilian population began to suffer heavily as they were subjected to heavy artillery bombardment and aerial attacks from Japanese aircraft that were increasingly unopposed as anti @-@ aircraft guns ran out of ammunition . Supplies of water and food also dwindled , and the water shortage was made worse by the loss of the island 's reservoirs . Finally , in the morning of 15 February , after the Japanese had succeeded in infiltrating towards Mount Pleasant Ridge , Percival determined that a counterattack was not viable and instead decided to surrender the garrison . The battalion 's final involvement in the fighting came that afternoon when ' A ' and ' D ' Companies were heavily shelled . A short time later , at 8 : 30 pm , the surrender came into effect and the men of the 2 / 18th received orders not to escape . = = = Prisoners of War = = = While the majority of the 2 / 18th obeyed the order not to escape following the surrender , a small number of men attempted to evade capture . Along with other members of the battalion who had found themselves cut off from the rest of the battalion earlier in the fighting , they attempted to make their way back to Allied lines via Sumatra . There , some were eventually captured , while others managed to get away to Ceylon . Of these , 24 eventually managed to return to Australia , some of whom were transferred to other units and later took part in further fighting in New Guinea . When the Japanese arrived to effect the capture of the 2 / 18th , six men from the carrier platoon , which had earlier inflicted heavy casualties upon the Japanese during the fighting , were ordered to move the battalion 's carriers , before being tied up and executed . Four other 2 / 18th soldiers were killed in the massacre at the Alexandra Hospital . The surviving members of the battalion were then marched 25 miles ( 40 km ) to the prisoner of war camp at Changi . Shortly afterwards , the men were split up and sent to various locations to serve as forced labourers . The majority of the 2 / 18th 's personnel were sent to Blakang Mati , but some remained in Changi , while others were sent to Japan or were sent to work on the Thai – Burma Railway . A total of 174 men were sent to Borneo where in 1945 they were subjected to the Sandakan Death Marches , which only about ten percent of the 2 / 18th men survived . Despite being separated , though , wherever possible the 2 / 18th men sought to stay together in their groups and the battalion structure was maintained even in captivity . The battalion 's first commanding officer , Varley , was one of those sent to Burma where , as senior Allied officer , he worked to secure the welfare of over 9 @,@ 000 men working on the railway , including many from the 2 / 18th . He was later sent to Thailand before being brought back to Singapore once work was completed . In late 1944 he was transferred to Formosa . On 12 September , while en route , the transport ship — Rakuyo Maru — that he and around 1 @,@ 250 other prisoners were on , was torpedoed by a US submarine , USS Sealion . Varley took charge of several lifeboats of prisoners during the evacuation , attempting to lead them to safety . They were never seen again and are believed to have been machine @-@ gunned several days later by Japanese frigates that were in the area . During their time in captivity , men from the 2 / 18th undertook a number of subversive activities including building a radio transmitter , which they used to contact local resistance groups who provided them with assistance in the form of medicine and intelligence . They were also involved in numerous escape attempts , some of which were successful , alongside Australians from other units . One of these successful escapes involved a group of eight men who escaped from the camp on Berhala Island in two groups . One group escaped while out of camp on a work detail , while the other simply walked out the front gate to use the ablutions and never came back . After meeting up outside the camp , the men split up again . One group included Lieutenant Charles Wagner , who had previously been decorated with the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his actions around the Nithsdale Estate and who had been commissioned in the field . Having bribed one of the camp guards , Wagner 's group had contacted the local guerillas and arranged to rendezvous with a fishing vessel . After hiding out for three weeks , the vessel eventually arrived offshore and took them on board . The group then met up with the other escapees on Tawi @-@ Tawi where in mid @-@ 1943 they began working with the Filipino guerilla forces , fighting alongside them until the end of the war . Other escapes occurred later in the war , including one in which five men escaped from Ranau over the course of two days in early July 1945 during one of the death marches . After effecting their escape , these men were helped by locals who provided food and information , before the men were able to meet up with some Australians from Z Special Unit . Following the end of the war in August 1945 , the men that survived as prisoners of war were repatriated to Australia . Returning by aircraft and ship , this was largely completed by October , and later that year the battalion was officially disbanded . A total of 1 @,@ 323 men served in the battalion throughout its existence , including reinforcements and personnel that were transferred . The battalion 's battle casualties amounted to 80 killed and 10 wounded in Malaya , as well as 175 killed and 238 wounded in Singapore . On top of this 225 men from the 2 / 18th died in captivity as prisoners of war . For their involvement in the war , members of the battalion received the following decorations : one Military Cross , two Distinguished Conduct Medals , one Military Medal , two Members of the Order of the British Empire , and 11 Mentions in Despatches . = = Battle honours = = The 2 / 18th Battalion received the following battle honours : Malaya 1941 – 1942 , Johore , Jemaluang , and Singapore Island . = = Commanding officers = = The following officers served as commanding officer of the 2 / 18th : Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Varley ; Major William Fraser ; and Major Charles O 'Brien .
= The Great Naktong Offensive = The Great Naktong Offensive was a North Korean military offensive against United Nations and Republic of Korea forces early in the Korean War , taking place from September 1 – 15 , 1950 . It was the North Korean People 's Army 's unsuccessful final bid to break the Pusan Perimeter established by the United Nations Command . For the first several months of the war , the North Korean Army successfully defeated and pushed back the United Nations ( UN ) forces south at each encounter . However , by August the UN troops ( which were composed mostly of troops from the United States ( US ) , United Kingdom ( UK ) and Republic of Korea ( ROK ) had been forced into the 140 @-@ mile ( 230 km ) Pusan Perimeter on the southeast tip of the Korean peninsula . For the first time , the UN troops formed a continuous line which the North Koreans could neither flank nor overwhelm with superior numbers . North Korean offensives on the perimeter were stalled and by the end of August all momentum was lost . Seeing the danger in a prolonged conflict along the perimeter , the North Koreans sought a massive offensive for September to collapse the UN line . The North Koreans subsequently planned a simultaneous offensive for their entire army along five axes of the perimeter ; and on September 1 intense fighting erupted around the cities of Masan , Kyongju , Taegu , Yongch 'on and the Naktong Bulge . What followed was two weeks of extremely brutal fighting as the two sides vied to control the routes into Pusan . Initially successful in some areas , the North Koreans were unable to hold their gains against the numerically and technologically superior UN force . The North Korean army , again stalled at the failure of this offensive , was subsequently destroyed in the UN counterattack at Inchon . = = Background = = From the outbreak of the Korean War following the invasion of South Korea by the North in June 1950 , the North Korean People 's Army had enjoyed superiority in both manpower and equipment over the Republic of Korea Army and the United Nations forces dispatched to South Korea to prevent it from collapsing . The North Korean strategy was to aggressively pursue UN and ROK forces on all avenues of approach south and to engage them , attacking from the front and initiating a double envelopment of both flanks of the unit , which allowed the North Koreans to surround and cut off the opposing force , which would then be forced to retreat in disarray , often leaving behind much of its equipment . From their initial June 25 offensive to fights in July and early August , the North Koreans used this strategy to effectively defeat any UN force and push it south . However , with the establishment of the Pusan Perimeter in August , the UN troops held a continuous line which the North Koreans could not flank , and their advantages in numbers decreased daily as the superior UN logistical system brought in more troops and supplies to the UN army . When the North Koreans approached the Pusan Perimeter on August 5 , they attempted the same frontal assault technique on the four main avenues of approach into the perimeter . Throughout August , the NK 6th Division , and later the NK 7th Division engaged the US 25th Infantry Division at the Battle of Masan , initially repelling a UN counteroffensive before attacking Komam @-@ ni and Battle Mountain . These attacks stalled as UN forces , well equipped and with large standing units of reserves , repeatedly repelled North Korean attacks . North of Masan , the NK 4th Division and the US 24th Infantry Division sparred in the Naktong Bulge area . In the First Battle of Naktong Bulge , the North Korean division was unable to hold its bridgehead across the river as large numbers of US reserves were brought in to repel it , and on August 19 , the NK 4th Division was forced back across the river with 50 percent casualties . In the Taegu region , five North Korean divisions were repulsed by three UN divisions in several attempts to attack the city during the Battle of Taegu . Particularly heavy fighting took place at the Battle of the Bowling Alley where the NK 13th Division was almost completely destroyed in the attack . On the east coast , three more North Korean divisions were repulsed by the South Koreans at P 'ohang @-@ dong during the Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong . All along the front , the North Korean troops were reeling from these defeats , the first time in the war their strategies were failing . By the end of August the North Korean troops had been pushed beyond their limits and many of the original units were at far reduced strength and effectiveness . Logistic problems racked the North Korean Army , and shortages of food , weapons , equipment and replacement soldiers proved devastating for the North Korean units . By late August , the UN command had more combat soldiers in Korea than the North Koreans did , and UN superiority over the air and sea meant the North Koreans were at a disadvantage which was growing daily . North Korean tank losses had been in the hundreds , and they had fewer than 100 tanks by the time of the Pusan Perimeter fight , to the Americans ' 600 tanks . By the end of August the North Koreans ' only remaining advantage was their initiative . However , the North Korean force retained high morale and enough supply to allow for a large @-@ scale offensive . = = Prelude = = In planning its new offensive , the North Korean command decided any attempt to flank the UN force was impossible thanks to the support of the UN navy . Instead , they opted to use a frontal attack to breach the perimeter and collapse it as the only hope of achieving success in the battle . Fed with intelligence from the Soviet Union the North Koreans were aware that the UN forces were building up along the Pusan Perimeter and that it must conduct an offensive soon or it could not win the battle . A secondary objective was to surround Taegu and destroy the UN and ROK units in that city . As part of this mission , the North Korean units would first cut the supply lines to Taegu . North Korean planners enlarged the North Korean force in anticipation of a new offensive . The army , originally numbering 10 divisions in two corps , was enlarged to 14 divisions with several independent brigades . The new troops were brought in from reserve forces from North Korea . Marshal Choe Yong Gun served as deputy commander of the North Korean Army , with General Kim Chaek in charge of the Front Headquarters . Beneath them were the NK II Corps in the east , commanded by Lieutenant General Kim Mu Chong , and NK I Corps in the west , under Lieutenant General Kim Ung . II Corps controlled the NK 10th Division , NK 2nd Division , NK 4th Division , NK 9th Division , NK 7th Division , NK 6th Division and NK 105th Armored Division , with the NK 16th Armored Brigade and NK 104th Security Brigade in support . I Corps commanded the NK 3rd Division , NK 13th Division , NK 1st Division , NK 8th Division , NK 15th Division , NK 12th Division , and NK 5th Division with the NK 17th Armored Brigade in support . This force numbered approximately 97 @,@ 850 men , although a third of it comprised raw recruits , forced conscripts from South Korea , and lacked weapons and equipment . By August 31 they were facing a UN force of 120 @,@ 000 combat troops plus 60 @,@ 000 support troops . On August 20 , the North Korean commands distributed operations orders to their subordinate units . The North Koreans called for a simultaneous five @-@ prong attack against the UN lines . These attacks would overwhelm the UN defenders and allow the North Koreans to break through the lines in at least one place to force the UN forces back . Five battle groupings were ordered : NK 6th and 7th Divisions break through the US 25th Infantry Division at Masan . NK 9th , 4th , 2nd , and 10th Divisions break through the US 2nd Infantry Division at the Naktong Bulge to Miryang and Yongsan . NK 3rd , 13th , and 1st Divisions break through the US 1st Cavalry Division and ROK 1st Division to Taegu . NK 8th and 15th Divisions break through the ROK 8th Division and ROK 6th Division to Hayang and Yongch 'on . NK 12th and 5th Divisions break through the ROK Capital Division and ROK 3rd Division to P 'ohang @-@ dong and Kyongju . On August 22 the North Korean premier , Kim Il Sung , had ordered his forces to conclude the war by September 1 , yet the scale of the offensive did not allow this . Groups 1 and 2 were to begin their attack at 23 : 30 on August 31 , and Groups 3 , 4 and 5 would begin their attacks at 18 : 00 on September 2 . The attacks were to closely connect in order to overwhelm UN troops at each point simultaneously , forcing breakthroughs in multiple places that the UN would be unable to reinforce . The North Koreans relied primarily on night attacks to counter UN air superiority and naval firepower , with the North Korean generals believing that such attacks would prevent UN forces from firing effectively and result in heavy casualties from friendly fire . The attacks caught UN planners and troops by surprise . By August 26 , the UN troops thought they had destroyed the last serious threats to the perimeter , and anticipated the war ending by late November . ROK units , in the meantime , suffered from low morale as a result of their failures to defend effectively thus far in the conflict , and a cautious US Eighth Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker ordered Major General John B. Coulter to the P 'ohang @-@ dong area to shore up the ROK I Corps , which was falling apart due to low morale . UN troops were preparing for Operation Chromite , an amphibious assault on the port of Inchon on September 15 , and did not anticipate that the North Koreans would mount a serious offensive before then . = = Battle = = = = = Kyongju corridor = = = The first North Korean attack struck the UN right flank on the east coast . Although the NK II Corps general attack in the north and east was planned for September 2 , the NK 12th Division , now with a strength of 5 @,@ 000 men , started to move forward from the mountains earlier than planned , from where it had reorganized after its defeat in the Kigye and P 'ohang @-@ dong area . The division was low in food supply , weapons , and ammunition , and its men suffered from low morale . Facing the NK 12th Division was the ROK Capital Division . At 04 : 00 on August 27 , a North Korean attack overran one company of the ROK 17th Regiment , Capital Division , north of Kigye . This caused the whole regiment to buckle and retreat . Then the ROK 18th Regiment to the east fell back because of its exposed flank . The ROK 17th Regiment lost the town of Kigye in pulling back , and the entire Capital Division fell back 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) to the south side of the Kigye valley . Walker ordered Major General John B. Coulter to observe the ROK troops on the east . Coulter flew to Kyongju , arriving there at 12 : 00 that day . Walker in the meantime formally appointed Coulter Deputy Commander , Eighth Army , placing him in command of the ROK I Corps which controlled the Capital and 3rd Divisions , the US 21st Infantry Regiment , the 3rd Battalion , US 9th Infantry Regiment , and the 73rd Medium Tank Battalion , less C Company . Coulter designated these units Task Force Jackson and established his headquarters in the same building in Kyongju in which the ROK I Corps commander and the Korean Military Advisory Group ( KMAG ) officers had their command post . Coulter was tasked with eliminating the North Korean penetration in the Kigye area and of seizing and organizing the high ground extending from north of Yongch 'on to the coast at Wolp 'o @-@ ri , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of P 'ohang @-@ dong . This line passed 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Kigye . Coulter was to attack as soon as possible with Task Force Jackson to gain the first high ground north of Kigye . The US 21st Infantry Regiment was moving to a position north of Taegu on the morning of August 27 , when Walker revoked its orders and instructed it to turn around and proceed as rapidly as possible to Kyongju and report to Coulter . Coulter immediately sent the 3rd Battalion north to An 'gang @-@ ni where it went into a position behind the ROK Capital Division . Coulter 's plan to attack on August 28 had to be postponed . Brigadier General Kim Hong Il , the ROK I Corps commander , told him he could not attack , that there were too many casualties and the South Korean were exhausted . The NK 5th Division above P 'ohang @-@ dong had begun to press south again and the ROK 3rd Division in front of it began to show signs of pulling back . On the 28th , the KMAG adviser to the ROK 3rd Division and Brigadier General Kim Suk Won clashed over whether the division should retreat or attack . That day , August 28 , Walker issued a special statement addressed to the ROK Army , and meant also for the South Korean Minister of Defense , Shin Sung @-@ mo . He called on the ROK troops to hold their lines in the Pusan Perimeter , and implored the rest of the UN troops to defend their ground as firmly as possible , counterattacking as necessary to prevent the North Koreans from consolidating their gains . At the same time , elements of the NK 5th Division penetrated the ROK 3rd Division southwest of P 'ohang @-@ dong . Coulter directed the 21st Infantry to repel this penetration . During the day on August 29 , B Company , 21st Infantry , supported by a platoon of tanks of B Company , 73rd Medium Tank Battalion , successfully counterattacked northwest from the southern edge of P 'ohang @-@ dong for a distance of 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) , with ROK troops following . The American units then withdrew to P 'ohang @-@ dong . That night the ROK 's withdrew , and the next day an American infantry @-@ tank force repeated the action of the day before . The 21st Infantry then took over from the ROK 3rd Division a sector extending north and northwest of P 'ohang @-@ dong . Also on August 29 , the ROK Capital Division , with American tank and artillery support , recaptured Kigye and held it during the night against North Korean counterattacks , only to lose it again at dawn . American air attacks continued at an increased tempo in the Kigye area . At the same time , North Korean pressure built up steadily north of P 'ohang @-@ dong , where the NK 5th Division fed replacements on to Hill 99 in front of the ROK 23rd Regiment . This hill became almost as notorious as Hill 181 near Yongdok had earlier because of the almost continuous and bloody fighting that occurred there for its control . Although aided by US air strikes and artillery and naval gunfire , the ROK 3rd Division was not able to capture this hill , and suffered many casualties in the effort . On September 2 the US 21st Infantry attacked northwest from P 'ohang @-@ dong in an effort to help the South Koreans recapture Hill 99 . A platoon of tanks followed the valley road between P 'ohang @-@ dong and Hunghae . The regimental commander assigned K Company Hill 99 as its objective . The company was unable to take Hill 99 from the well dug @-@ in North Koreans . At dusk a North Korean penetration occurred along the boundary between the ROK Capital and 3rd Divisions 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of Kigye . The next morning , September 2 at 01 : 30 , the NK 12th Division , executing its part of the coordinated NK II Corps general attack , struck the Capital Division on the high hill masses south of the Kigye valley . This attack threw back the ROK 18th Regiment on the left in the area of Hills 334 and 438 , and the ROK 17th Regiment on the right in the area of Hill 445 . By dawn of September 3 , the North Korean penetration there had reached the vital east @-@ west corridor road 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of An 'gang @-@ ni . As a result of this gain during the night , the NK 12th Division had advanced 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) and the Capital Division all but collapsed . This forced Coulter to withdraw the 21st Infantry from the line northwest of P 'ohang @-@ dong and concentrate it in the vicinity of Kyongju . The 2nd Battalion had joined the regiment on August 31 , but Coulter had held it in the task force 's reserve at An 'gang @-@ ni . That battalion now took up a horseshoe @-@ shaped defense position around the town , with some elements on high ground 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east where they protected the Kyongju to P 'ohang @-@ dong highway . The rest of the regiment closed into an assembly area north of Kyongju . At the same time , Walker started the newly activated ROK 7th Division toward the North Korean penetration . Its ROK 5th Regiment closed at Yongch 'on that afternoon , and the ROK 3rd Regiment , less its 1st Battalion , closed at Kyongju in the evening . Walker also authorized Coulter to use the 3rd Battalion , 9th Infantry ; the 9th Infantry Regimental Tank Company ; and the 15th Field Artillery Battalion as he deemed advisable . These units , held at Yonil Airfield for its defense , had not previously been available for commitment elsewhere . During the day on September 3 , Coulter and the KMAG advisers continued to clash with the ROK 3rd Division commander , who repeatedly attempted to withdraw his troops against their orders . That night , September 3 / 4 , the remainder of the ROK I Corps front collapsed . Three North Korean T @-@ 34 tanks overran a battery of ROK artillery and then scattered two battalions of the newly arrived ROK 5th Regiment . Following a mortar preparation , the North Koreans entered An 'gang @-@ ni at 0220 . An hour later the command post of the Capital Division withdrew from the town and fighting became increasingly confused . American units disengaged and withdrew and by nightfall , North Koreans held the town and began advancing southward along the railroad . By 12 : 00 on September 4 , North Korean units had established roadblocks along the Kyongju @-@ An 'gang @-@ ni road within 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of Kyongju . A 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) gap existed between the ROK 3rd and Capital Divisions in the P 'ohang @-@ dong area . But the big break in the UN line was in the high mountain mass west of the Hyongsan valley and southwest of An 'gang @-@ ni . In this area northwest of Kyongju there was an 8 miles ( 13 km ) gap between the Capital Division and the ROK 8th Division to the west . From that direction the North Koreans posed a threat to the railroad and the road net running south through the Kyongju corridor to Pusan . Faced with this big gap on his left flank , Coulter put the US 21st Infantry in the broad valley and on its bordering hills northwest of Kyongju to block any approach from that direction . The night of September 5 / 6 , events reached a climax inside P 'ohang @-@ dong . The ROK division commander , Brigadier General Lee Jun Shik and several members of his senior staff claimed they became sick after their command post was hit with artillery fire . The division withdrew from P 'ohang @-@ dong , and on September 6 it was again in North Korean hands . The ROK Army relieved both the ROK I Corps and the ROK 3rd Division commanders . At this time new commanders were appointed for these major commands . Brigadier General Kim Paik Il took command of ROK I Corps , while Capital Division came under command of Colonel Song Yo Ch 'an , and ROK 3rd Division came under command of Colonel Lee Jong Ch 'an . = = = Yongch 'on = = = In the high mountains between the Taegu sector on the west and the Kyongju @-@ east coast sector , two North Korean divisions , the 8th and 15th , also prepared an attack south on September 1 to break the supply route between Taegu and P 'ohang @-@ dong , which was in the vicinity of Hayang and Yongch 'on . This attack would coordinate with the North Korean offensive in the Kigye @-@ P 'ohang area . Hayang is 12 miles ( 19 km ) , and Yongch 'on 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Taegu . The NK 8th Division was astride the main Andong @-@ Sinnyong @-@ Yongch 'on road 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Yongch 'on and the NK 15th Division was eastward in the mountains just below Andong , 35 miles ( 56 km ) north of Yongch 'on on a poor and mountainous secondary road . The objective of the NK 8th Division was Hayang ; the objective of the 15th was Yongch 'on , which the division had orders to take at all costs . Opposing the NK 8th Division was the ROK 6th Division ; in front of the NK 15th Division stood the ROK 8th Division . In ten days of fighting the NK 8th Division gained only a few miles ( km ) , and not until September 12 did it have possession of Hwajong @-@ dong , 14 miles ( 23 km ) northwest of Yongch 'on . In this time it lost nearly all the 21 new T @-@ 34 tanks of the 17th Armored Brigade that were supporting it . Just below Hwajong @-@ dong , mountains close in on the road , with Hill 928 ( Hwa @-@ san ) on the east and lesser peaks on the west . At this passage of the mountains into the Taegu corridor , the ROK 6th Division decisively defeated the NK 8th Division and practically destroyed it . By September 8 some of the North Korean battalions could muster no more than 20 men . On the next road eastward above Yongch 'on , the NK 15th Division launched its attack against the ROK 8th Division on September 2 . Although far understrength , with its three regiments reportedly having a total of only 3 @,@ 600 men , it penetrated in four days to the lateral corridor at Yongch 'on . North of the town , one regiment of the ROK 8th Division crumbled when a T @-@ 34 tank got behind its lines . Elements of the North Korean division were in and south of Yongch 'on by September 6 . The North Koreans did not remain in the town , but moved to the hills south and southeast of it overlooking the road between Taegu and P 'ohang @-@ dong . On September 7 some of the North Korean troops established a roadblock 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) southeast of Yongch 'on , and other elements attacked a ROK regiment 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of the town . During the day , however , the ROK 5th Regiment of the ROK 7th Division , attacking from the east along the lateral corridor , cleared Yongch 'on itself of North Koreans and then went into a defensive position north of the town . But the next day , September 8 , additional elements of the NK 15th Division arrived before Yongch 'on and recaptured it . That afternoon the ROK 11th Regiment of the ROK 1st Division arrived from the Taegu front and counterattacked the North Koreans in and near the town . This action succeeded in clearing the North Koreans from most of Yongch 'on , but some North Koreans still held the railroad station southeast of it . Still others were an unknown distance southeast on the road toward Kyongju . In the hills southeast and east of Yongch 'on , the NK 15th Division encountered very stiff resistance . Its artillery regiment outpaced the North Korean infantry , expended its ammunition , and , without support , was then largely destroyed by ROK counterattack . The North Korean artillery commander was killed in the action . After the ROK 5th and 11th Regiments arrived in the vicinity of Yongch 'on to reinforce the demoralized 8th Division , South Korean action against the North Korean units was so intense that the two armies had no chance to regroup for co @-@ ordinating action . On September 9 and 10 ROK units surrounded and virtually destroyed the NK 15th Division southeast of Yongch 'on on the hills bordering the Kyongju road . The North Korean division chief of staff , Colonel Kim Yon , was killed there together with many other high @-@ ranking officers . The part played by KMAG officers in rounding up stragglers of the ROK 8th Division and in reorganizing its units was an important factor in the successful outcome of these battles . On September 10 , the ROK 8th Division cleared the Yongch 'on @-@ Kyongju road of the North Koreans , capturing two tanks , six howitzers , a 76 mm self @-@ propelled gun , several antitank guns , and many small arms . Advancing north of Yongch 'on after the retreating survivors of the NK 15th Division , the ROK 8th Division and the 5th Regiment of the ROK 7th Division encountered almost no resistance . On September 12 , elements of the two ROK organizations were 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of the town . On that day they captured four 120 mm mortars , four antitank guns , four artillery pieces , nine trucks , two machine guns , and numerous small arms . ROK forces now also advanced east from Yongch 'on and north from Kyongju to close the breach in their lines . The most critical period of the fighting in the east occurred when the NK 15th Division broke through the ROK 8th Division to Yongch 'on . The North Korean division attempted to turn east and southeast and take Task Force Jackson in the rear or on its left flank . But Walker 's quick dispatch of the ROK 5th and 11th Regiments from two widely separated sectors of the front to the area of penetration resulted in destroying the force before it could exploit its breakthrough . Walker was commended for his judgment of the reinforcements needed to stem the North Korean attacks in the Kyongju and Yongch 'on areas . = = = Taegu = = = = = = = Tabu @-@ dong = = = = While four divisions of the NK II Corps attacked south in the P 'ohang @-@ dong , Kyongju , and Yongch 'on area , the remaining three divisions of the corps — the 3rd , 13th , and 1st — conducted a converging attack on Taegu from the north and northwest . The NK 3rd Division was to attack in the Waegwan area northwest of Taegu , the NK 13th Division down the mountain ridges north of Taegu along and west of the Sangju @-@ Taegu road , and the NK 1st Division along the high mountain ridges just east of the road . Defending Taegu , the US 1st Cavalry Division had a frontage of approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) . The Divisional Commander Major General Hobart R. Gay outposted the main avenues of entry into his zone and kept his three regiments concentrated behind these outposts . Walker ordered the 1st Cavalry Division to attack north on September 1 in an effort to divert some of the North Korean strength from the US 2nd and 25th Infantry Divisions in the south . Gay 's initial decision upon receipt of this order was to attack north up the Sangju road , but his staff and regimental commanders all joined in urging that the attack instead be against Hill 518 in the US 7th Cavalry zone . Only two days before , Hill 518 had been in the ROK 1st Division zone and had been considered a North Korean assembly point . The US 1st Cavalry Division , accordingly , prepared for an attack in the 7th Cavalry sector and for diversionary attacks by two companies of the 3rd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , on the 7th Cavalry 's right flank . This left the 8th Cavalry only one infantry company in reserve . The regiment 's 1st Battalion was on the hill mass to the west of the Bowling Alley and north of Tabu @-@ dong ; its 2nd Battalion was astride the road . This planned attack against Hill 518 coincided with the defection of Major Kim Song Jun of the NK 19th Regiment , NK 13th Division . He reported that a full @-@ scale North Korean attack was to begin at dusk that day . The NK 13th Division , he said , had just taken in 4 @,@ 000 replacements , 2 @,@ 000 of them without weapons , and was now back to a strength of approximately 9 @,@ 000 men . Upon receiving this intelligence , Gay alerted all front @-@ line units to be prepared for the attack . Complying with Eighth Army 's order for a spoiling attack against the North Koreans northwest of Taegu , Gay ordered the 7th Cavalry to attack on September 2 and seize Hill 518 . Situated north of the lateral Waegwan @-@ Tabu – dong road , and about midway between the two towns , it was a critical terrain feature dominating the road between the two places . After securing Hill 518 , the 7th Cavalry attack was to continue on to Hill 314 . Air strikes and artillery preparations were to precede the infantry attack . On the morning of September 2 the US Air Force delivered a 37 @-@ minute strike against Hills 518 and 346 . The artillery then laid down its concentrations on the hills , and after that the planes came over again with napalm , leaving the heights on fire . Just after 10 : 00 , and immediately after the final napalm strike , the 1st Battalion , US 7th Cavalry , attacked up Hill 518 . The heavy air strikes and the artillery preparations had failed to dislodge the North Koreans . From their positions they delivered mortar and machine @-@ gun fire on the climbing infantry , stopping the weak lead elements of the US force short of the crest . In the afternoon the US battalion withdrew from Hill 518 and attacked northeast against Hill 490 , from which other North Korean troops had fired in support of the North Koreans on Hill 518 . The next day at 12 : 00 , the newly arrived 3rd Battalion resumed the attack against Hill 518 from the south , as did the 1st Battalion the day before , in a column of companies that resolved itself in the end into a column of squads . Again the attack failed . Other attacks failed on September 4 . A North Korean forward observer captured on Hill 518 said that 1 @,@ 200 North Koreans were dug in on the hill and that they had large numbers of mortars and ammunition to hold out . While these attacks were in progress on its right , the 2nd Battalion , 5th Cavalry Regiment , on September 4 attacked and captured Hill 303 . The next day it had difficulty in holding the hill against counterattacks . By September 4 it had become clear that the NK 3rd Division in front of the 5th and 7th Cavalry Regiments was also attacking , and despite continued air strikes , artillery preparations , and infantry efforts on Hill 518 , it was infiltrating large numbers of its troops to the rear of the attacking US forces . That night large North Korean forces came through the gap between the 3rd Battalion on the southern slope of Hill 518 and the 2nd Battalion westward . The North Koreans turned west and occupied Hill 464 in force . By September 5 , Hill 464 to the rear of the US 7th Cavalry had more North Koreans on it than Hill 518 to its front . The North Koreans cut the Waegwan to Tabu @-@ dong road east of the regiment so that its communications with other US units now were only to the west . During the day the 7th Cavalry made a limited withdrawal on Hill 518 , giving up on capturing the hill . On the division 's right , Tabu @-@ dong was in North Korean hands , on the left Waegwan was a no @-@ man 's land , and in the center strong North Korean forces were infiltrating southward from Hill 518 . The 7th Cavalry Regiment in the center could no longer use the Waegwan @-@ Tabu @-@ dong lateral supply road behind it , and was in danger of being surrounded . After discussing a withdrawal plan with Walker , on September 5 Gay issued an order for a general withdrawal of the 1st Cavalry Division during the night to shorten the lines and to occupy a better defensive position . Heavy rains fell during the night of September 5 / 6 and mud slowed all wheeled and tracked vehicles in the withdrawal . The 2nd Battalion disengaged from the North Korean and began its withdrawal at 03 : 00 on September 6 . The North Koreans quickly discovered that the 2nd Battalion was withdrawing and attacked it . In the vicinity of Hills 464 and 380 the battalion discovered at daybreak that it was virtually surrounded by North Koreans . Moving by itself and completely cut off from all other units , G Company , numbering only about 80 men , was hardest hit . On the division 's left , meanwhile , the 2nd Battalion , 5th Cavalry , on Hill 303 came under heavy attack and the battalion commander wanted to withdraw . This battalion suffered heavy casualties before it abandoned Hill 303 on the September 6 to the North Koreans . While G Company was trying to escape from Hill 464 , the rest of the 2nd Battalion was cut off at the eastern base of Hill 380 , to the south . Later in the day on September 7 , the battalion received radio orders to withdraw by any route as soon as possible . It moved southwest into the 5th Cavalry sector . East of the 2nd Battalion , the North Koreans attacked the 1st Battalion in its new position on September 7 and overran the battalion aid station , killing four and wounding seven men . That night the 1st Battalion was attached to the 5th Cavalry Regiment . The rest of the 7th Cavalry Regiment moved to a point near Taegu in division reserve . During the night of September 7 / 8 the 5th Cavalry Regiment on division orders withdrew still farther below Waegwan to new defensive positions astride the main Seoul @-@ Taegu highway . The North Korean 3rd Division was still moving reinforcements across the Naktong . Observers sighted barges loaded with troops and artillery pieces crossing the river 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Waegwan on the evening of the 7th . On the 8th the North Korean communiqué claimed the capture of Waegwan . The next day the situation grew worse for the 1st Cavalry Division . On its left flank , the NK 3rd Division forced the 1st Battalion , 5th Cavalry , to withdraw from Hill 345 , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of Waegwan . The North Koreans pressed forward and the 5th Cavalry was immediately locked in hard , seesaw fighting on Hills 203 and 174 . The 1st Battalion , 7th Cavalry , before it left that sector to rejoin its regiment , finally captured the latter hill after four attacks . Only with difficulty did the 5th Cavalry Regiment hold Hill 203 on September 12 . Between midnight and 04 : 00 on September 13 , the North Koreans attacked again and took Hill 203 from E Company , Hill 174 from L Company , and Hill 188 from B and F Companies . In an afternoon counterattack the regiment regained Hill 188 on the south side of the highway , but failed against Hills 203 and 174 on the north side . On the 14th , I Company again attacked Hill 174 , which had by now changed hands seven times . In this action the company suffered 82 casualties . Even so , the company held only one side of the hill , the North Korean held the other , and grenade battles between the two continued for another week . The battalions of the 5th Cavalry Regiment were so low in strength at this time that they were not considered combat effective . This seesaw battle continued in full 8 miles ( 13 km ) northwest of Taegu . = = = = Ka @-@ san = = = = The 1st Cavalry Division commander , Gay , alerted all of his division 's front @-@ line units to be prepared for the attack in the Ka @-@ san sector as well . ROK 1st Division commander Major General Paik Sun Yup also braced his men for attack . The attack hit with full force in the " Bowling Alley " area north of Taegu . The attack caught the US 8th Cavalry Regiment unprepared at Sangju . The division was poorly deployed along the road to that town , lacking a reserve force to counterattack effectively . The North Koreans struck the 2nd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , the night of September 2 / 3 on Hill 448 west of the Bowling Alley and 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Tabu @-@ dong , and overran it . The overrun 2nd Battalion withdrew through the 3rd Battalion which had assembled hastily in a defensive position south of Tabu @-@ dong . During the day , elements of the NK 1st Division forced the 8th Cavalry I & R Platoon and a detachment of South Korean police from the Walled City of Ka @-@ san on the crest of Hill 902 , 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east of Tabu @-@ dong . On September 3 , therefore , the UN command , the Eighth Army lost both Tabu @-@ dong and Hill 902 , locally called Ka @-@ san , the dominant mountain @-@ top 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Taegu . This sudden surge of the North Koreans southward toward Taegu concerned Walker . The Army ordered an ROK battalion from the Taegu Replacement Training Center to a position in the rear of the 8th Cavalry , and the 1st Cavalry Division organized Task Force Allen , to be commanded by Assistant Division Commander Brigadier General Frank A. Allen , Jr . It was to be used in combat as an emergency force should the North Koreans break through to the edge of Taegu . Eighth Army countered the North Korean advance down the Tabu @-@ dong road by ordering the 1st Cavalry Division to recapture and defend Hill 902 . This hill , 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Taegu , afforded observation all the way south through Eighth Army positions into the city , and , in North Korean hands , could be used for general intelligence purposes and to direct artillery and mortar fire . Colonel Raymond D. Palmer , commanding the 8th Cavalry Regiment was ordered to retake the mountain with the help of several support units . The next morning , September 4 , the force moved to Ka @-@ san and set up an assembly area near the village of Kisong @-@ dong 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of the Tabu @-@ dong road . During the afternoon and evening of September 3 , the NK 2nd Battalion , 2nd Regiment , 1st Division , had occupied the summit of Ka @-@ san . The engineer company started its attack up the mountain about noon of September 4 , following a trail up a southern spur . Less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) up the trail , the company came under machine gun fire twice . North Korean mortar fire also struck the company during its climb , but the head of the company arrived at the bowl @-@ shaped summit of Hill 755 , the southern arm of the Hill 902 crest . The platoon commander placed the 90 men of his company in position facing in an arc from west to northeast ; the 2nd Platoon took the left flank near the stone wall , the 1st Platoon took the center position on a wooded knoll , and the 3rd Platoon the right flank at the edge of a woods . The D Company position was entirely within the area enclosed by the stone wall . As several squads left the hill on a patrol , North Koreans attacked the main company position behind it . The platoon dropped down off the ridge into a gully on the left . Some of the men in the advanced squad made their way back to US lines , but North Koreans captured most near the bottom of Ka @-@ san on September 10 as they were trying to make their way through the North Korean lines . About 30 minutes after D Company had reached Hill 755 , an estimated North Korean battalion launched an attack down the slope running south to Hill 755 from the crest of Hill 902 . The company to turned back this attack . That night , North Korean mortar and small arms fire harassed the company and there were several small probing North Korean attacks . At dawn on September 5 the North Koreans attacked . The engineers repulsed this attack but suffered some casualties . Ammunition was running low and three US C @-@ 47 Skytrain aircraft came over the area to make an airdrop . The planes mistakenly dropped their bundles of ammunition and food on the North Korean positions . Immediately after the airdrops , two F @-@ 51 Mustang fighter planes came over and attacked D Company , also in error . Soon after this aerial attack , North Korean troops attacked the positions . Sometime between 10 : 00 and 11 : 00 , E Company , 8th Cavalry Regiment , arrived on top of Hill 755 and came into D Company 's perimeter . North Korean fire , killing several of the porters , turned it back . Shortly after the E Company platoon joined Vandygriff , the North Koreans attacked again unsuccessfully . The American units , out of ammunition , relied on captured North Korean equipment . At 13 : 30 Gay ordered the 8th Cavalry Regiment to withdraw its men off Ka @-@ san . Gay believed he had insufficient forces to secure and hold it and that the North Koreans had insufficient ammunition to exploit its possession as an observation point for directing artillery and mortar fire . Rain started falling again and heavy fog closed in on the mountain top and severely reduced visibility there . Again the North Koreans attacked as the final units began their withdrawal . When all remaining members of D Company had been assembled , Holley found that the company had suffered 50 percent casualties ; 18 men were wounded and 30 were missing in action . Soldiers of the ROK 1st Division captured a North Korean near Ka @-@ san on September 4 who said that about 800 North Korean soldiers were on Ka @-@ san with three more battalions following them from the north . The engineer company had succeeded only in establishing a perimeter briefly within the North Korean @-@ held area . By evening of September 5 , Ka @-@ san was securely in North Korean hands with an estimated five battalions , totaling about 1 @,@ 500 soldiers , on the mountain and its forward slope . By September 10 , 400 – 500 North Koreans were on the ridge of Ka @-@ San , as observed by a T @-@ 6 Mosquito spotter plane . Now , with Ka @-@ san firmly in their possession , the NK 13th and 1st Divisions made ready to press on downhill into Taegu they set up a roadblock which was repulsed the next day . Even though the 1st Cavalry Division fell back nearly everywhere on September 7 , Walker ordered it and the ROK II Corps to attack and seize Hill 902 and Ka @-@ san . On the morning of September 8 , an estimated 1 @,@ 000 North Korean soldiers were on Hill 570 , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Taegu , and Walker decided the continued pressure against the eastern flank of the 1st Cavalry Division sector was the most immediate threat to the UN Forces at Pusan Perimeter . That same day , the 1st Cavalry Division canceled a planned continuation of the attack against Hill 570 by the 3rd Battalion , US 7th Cavalry Regiment , when North Korean forces threatened Hills 314 and 660 , south and east of 570 . In the midst of this drive on Taegu , an ammunition shortage became critical for the UN forces . Eighth Army on September 10 reduced the ration of 105 mm howitzer ammunition from 50 to 25 rounds per howitzer per day , except in cases of emergency . Carbine ammunition was also in critical short supply . The 17th Field Artillery Battalion , with the first 8 @-@ inch howitzers to arrive in Korea , could not engage in the battle for lack of ammunition . The NK 1st Division now began moving in the zone of the ROK 1st Division around the right flank of the 1st Cavalry Division . Its 2nd Regiment , with 1 @,@ 200 men , advanced 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) eastward from the vicinity of Hill 902 to the towering 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) high mountain of P 'algong @-@ san . It reached the top of P 'algong @-@ san about daylight on September 10 , and a little later new replacements made a charge toward the ROK positions . The ROK repulsed the charge , killing or wounding about two @-@ thirds of the attacking force . The US 1st Cavalry Division now had most of its combat units concentrated on its right flank north of Taegu . The 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , attached to the 8th Cavalry Regiment , was behind that regiment on Hills 181 and 182 astride the Tabu @-@ dong road only 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) north of Taegu . The rest of the 7th Cavalry Regiment ( the 1st Battalion rejoined the regiment during the day ) was in the valley of the Kumho River to the right rear between the North Koreans and the Taegu Airfield , which was situated 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) northeast of the city . The US 5th Cavalry Regiment was disposed on the hills astride the Waegwan road 8 miles ( 13 km ) northwest of Taegu . On its left the entire 8th Engineer Combat Battalion was in line as infantry , with the mission of holding a bridge across the Kumho River near its juncture with the Naktong River east of Taegu . The fighting north of Taegu on September 11 in the vicinity of Hills 660 and 314 was heavy and confused . For a time , the 1st Cavalry Division feared a breakthrough to the blocking position of the 3d Battalion , 7th Cavalry . The rifle companies of the division were now very low in strength . While the 3rd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , again vainly attacked Hill 570 on September 11 , North Korean soldiers seized the crest of Hill 314 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southeast of it and that much closer to Taegu . The 3rd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , hurried to the scene from its attacks on Hill 570 and tried to retake the position . The 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , command post had to fight off infiltrating North Koreans on September 12 as it issued its attack order and prepared to attack through the 8th Cavalry lines against Hill 314 . This attack on the 12th was to be part of a larger American and ROK counterattack against the NK 13th and 1st Divisions in an effort to halt them north of Taegu . The 2nd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , relieved the ROK units on Hill 660 , east of Hill 314 , and had the mission of securing that hill . Farther east the ROK 1st Division had the mission of attacking from P 'algong @-@ san toward Ka @-@ san . The point nearest Taegu occupied by North Korean forces at this time was Hill 314 . The NK 13th Division valued its possession and had concentrated about 700 soldiers on it . The North Koreans intended to use Hill 314 in making the next advance on Taegu . From it , observation reached to Taegu and it commanded the lesser hills southward rimming the Taegu bowl . Hill 314 is actually the southern knob of a 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) hill mass which lies close to the east side of Hill 570 and is separated from that hill mass only by a deep gulch . The southern point rises to 314 metres ( 1 @,@ 030 ft ) and the ridge line climbs northward from it in a series of knobs . The ridge line is 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in length , and all sides of the hill mass are very steep . Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch 's 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , numbered 535 men on the eve of its attack against Hill 314 , less its rear echelons . The US troops took the hill and fended off a counterattck . Many of the officers in the companies were wounded but refused evacuation and simply continued the attack . The North Korean soldiers on Hill 314 wore American uniforms , helmets , and combat boots . Many of them had M1 rifles and carbines . About 200 North Korean dead were on the hill . Of the other 500 estimated to have been there , most of them had been wounded or were missing . After the capture of Hill 314 on September 12 , the situation north of Taegu improved . On September 14 the 2nd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , attacked and , supported by fire from Hill 314 , gained part of Hill 570 from the NK 19th Regiment , 13th Division . Across the army boundary on the right , the ROK 1st Division continued its attack northwest and advanced to the edge of Ka @-@ san . The ROK 11th Regiment seized Hill 755 about dark on September 14 , and small elements of the ROK 15th Regiment reached the stone ramparts of the Ka @-@ san area at the same time . The ROK and North Korean troops fought during the night and on into the 15th at many points along the high mountain backbone that extends southeast from Ka @-@ san to Hills 755 and 783 and on to P 'algong @-@ san . The ROK 1st Division later estimated that approximately 3 @,@ 000 North Koreans were inside Ka @-@ san 's walled perimeter and about 1 @,@ 500 or 2 @,@ 000 outside it near the crest . At this time the bulk of the NK 1st Division was gradually withdrawing into Ka @-@ san and its vicinity . Indications were that the NK 13th Division also was withdrawing northward . Aerial observers on the afternoon of September 14 reported that an estimated 500 North Korean troops were moving north from Tabu @-@ dong . While these signs were hopeful , Walker continued to prepare for a final close @-@ in defense of Taegu . As part of this , 14 battalions of South Korean police dug in around the city . The fighting continued unabated north of Taegu on the 15th . The 2nd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , still fought to gain control of Hill 570 on the east side of the Tabu @-@ dong highway . On the other side , the 3rd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , attacked Hill 401 where a North Korean force had penetrated in a gap between the 8th and 5th Cavalry Regiments . The fighting on Hill 401 was particularly severe . Both sides had troops on the mountain when night fell . = = = Naktong Bulge = = = = = = = Second Naktong Bulge = = = = During the North Koreans ' September 1 offensive , the US 25th Infantry Division 's US 35th Infantry Regiment was heavily engaged in the Battle of Nam River north of Masan . On the 35th Regiment 's right flank , just north of the confluence of the Nam River and the Naktong River , was the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division . There , in the southernmost part of the 2nd Infantry Division zone , the 9th Infantry Regiment held a sector more than 20 @,@ 000 yards ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) long , including the bulge area of the Naktong where the First Battle of Naktong Bulge had taken place earlier in August . Each US infantry company on the river line here had a front of 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) to 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) and they held only key hills and observation points , as the units were extremely spread out along the wide front . During the last week of August , US troops on these hills could see minor North Korean activity across the river , which they thought were North Koreans organizing the high ground on the west side of the Naktong against a possible American attack . There were occasional attacks on the 9th Infantry 's forward positions , but to the men in the front lines this appeared to be only a standard patrol action . On August 31 , the UN forces were alerted to a pending attack when much of the Korean civilian labor force fled the front lines . Intelligence officers reported an attack was coming . On the west side of the Naktong , North Korean Major General Pak Kyo Sam , commanding the NK 9th Division , issued his operations order to the division on August 28 . Its mission in the forthcoming attack was to outflank and destroy the US troops at Naktong Bulge by capturing the Miryang and Samnangjin areas to cut off the US 2nd Division 's route of supply and withdrawal between Taegu and Pusan . However , the North Koreans were not aware that the US 2nd Infantry Division had recently replaced the US 24th Infantry Division in positions along the Naktong River . Consequently , they expected lighter resistance ; the 24th troops were exhausted from months of fighting but the 2nd Division men were fresh and newly arrived in Korea . They had only recently been moved into the line . The North Koreans began crossing the Naktong River under cover of darkness at certain points . The first North Korean crossing at the Paekchin ferry caught a Heavy Mortar Platoon unprepared in the act of setting up its weapons . It also caught most of the D and H Company , 9th Infantry men at the base of Hill 209 , .5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) from the crossing site . The North Koreans killed or captured many of the troops there . The first heavy weapons carrying party was on its way up the hill when the North Korean attack engulfed the men below . It hurried on to the top where the advance group waited and there all hastily dug in on a small perimeter . This group was not attacked during the night . From 21 : 30 until shortly after midnight the NK 9th Division crossed the Naktong at a number of places and climbed the hills quietly toward the 9th Infantry river line positions . Then , when the artillery barrage preparation lifted , the North Korean infantry were in position to launch their assaults . These began in the northern part of the regimental sector and quickly spread southward . At each crossing site the North Koreans would overwhelm local UN defenders before building pontoon bridges for their vehicles and armor . At 02 : 00 , B Company was attacked . The hills on both sides of B Company were already under attack as was also Hill 311 , a rugged terrain feature a 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the river and the North Koreans ' principal immediate objective . On Hill 209 the North Koreans drove B Company from its position , inflicting very heavy casualties on it . At 03 : 00 , 1 September , the 9th Infantry Regiment ordered its only reserve , E Company , to move west along the Yongsan @-@ Naktong River road and take a blocking position at the pass between Cloverleaf Hill and Obong @-@ ni Ridge , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from the river and 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) from Yongsan . This was the critical terrain where so much heavy fighting had taken place in the first battle of the Naktong Bulge . Fighting began at the pass at 02 : 30 . A strong North Korean force surprised and delivered heavy automatic fire at 03 : 30 from positions astride the road east of the pass . With the critical parts of Cloverleaf Hill and Obong @-@ ni Ridge , the best defensive terrain between Yongsan and the river , the North Koreans controlled the high ground . The US 2nd Infantry Division now had to base its defense of Yongsan on relatively poor defensive terrain , the low hills at the western edge of the town . North of the 9th Infantry sector of the 2nd Infantry Division front along the Naktong , the US 23rd Infantry Regiment on August 29 had just relieved the 3rd Battalion of the US 38th Infantry Regiment , which in turn had only a few days before relieved the US 21st Infantry Regiment of the US 24th Infantry Division . It took over a 16 @,@ 000 yards ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) front on the Naktong River without its 3rd Battalion which had been attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division to the north . On August 31 the 2nd Division moved E Company south to a reserve position in the 9th Infantry sector . At 21 : 00 the first shells of what proved to be a two @-@ hour North Korean artillery and mortar preparation against the American river positions of 2nd Platoon . As the barrage rolled on , North Korean infantry crossed the river and climbed the hills in the darkness under cover of its fire . At 23 : 00 the barrage lifted and the North Koreans attacked along the battalion outpost line . As the North Korean attack developed during the night , 1st Battalion succeeded in withdrawing a large part of its force , less C Company , just north of Lake U @-@ p 'o and the hills there covering the northern road into Changnyong , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of the river and 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) west of the town . B Company lost heavily in this action . When word of the disaster that had overtaken 1st Battalion reached regimental headquarters , G and F Companies from 2nd Division reserve were sent to help 1st Battalion and the latter on the southern road toward Pugong @-@ ni and C Company . This force was unable to reach C Company , but Lieutenant Colonel Carl C. Jensen collected stragglers from it and seized high ground astride this main approach to Changnyong near Ponch 'o @-@ ri above Lake Sanorho , and went into a defensive position there . The US 2nd Division released E Company to the regiment and the next day it joined F Company to build up what became the main defensive position of the 23rd Regiment in front of Changnyong . North Korean troops during the night passed around the right flank of 1st Battalion 's northern blocking position and reached the road three miles behind him near the division artillery positions . The 23rd Infantry Headquarters and Service Companies and other miscellaneous regimental units finally stopped this penetration near the regimental command post 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northwest of Changnyong . Before the morning of 1 September had passed , reports coming in to US 2nd Division headquarters made it clear that North Koreans had penetrated to the north @-@ south Changnyong @-@ Yongsan road and cut the division in two ; the 38th and 23d Infantry Regiments with the bulk of the division artillery in the north were separated from the division headquarters and the 9th Infantry Regiment in the south . Division commander Major General Laurence B. Keiser decided that this situation made it advisable to control and direct the divided division as two special forces . Accordingly , he placed the division artillery commander , Brigadier General Loyal M. Haynes , in command of the northern group . Southward , in the Yongsan area , Keiser placed Brigadier General Joseph S. Bradley , Assistant Division Commander , in charge of the 9th Infantry Regiment , the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , most of the 72nd Tank Battalion , and other miscellaneous units of the division . This southern grouping was known as Task Force Bradley . All three regiments of the NK 2nd Division — the 4th , 17th , and 6th , in line from north to south — crossed during the night to the east side of the Naktong River into the 23rd Regiment sector . The NK 2nd Division , concentrated in the Sinban @-@ ni area west of the river , had , in effect , attacked straight east across the river and was trying to seize the two avenues of advance into Changnyong above and below Lake U @-@ p 'o . On August 31 , 1950 , Lake U @-@ p 'o was a large body of water although in most places very shallow . The massive North Korean attack had made deep penetrations everywhere in the division sector except in the north in the zone of the 38th Infantry . The NK 9th Division had effected major crossings of the Naktong at two principal points against the US 9th Infantry ; the NK 2nd Division in the meantime had made three major crossings against the US 23rd Infantry ; and the NK 10th Division had begun crossing more troops in the Hill 409 area near Hyongp 'ung in the US 38th Infantry sector . Communication from division and regimental headquarters to nearly all the forward units was broken . As information slowly built up at division headquarters it became apparent that the North Koreans had punched a hole 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) wide and 8 miles ( 13 km ) deep in the middle of the division line and made less severe penetrations elsewhere . The front @-@ line battalions of the US 9th and 23rd Regiments were in various states of disorganization and some companies had virtually disappeared . Keiser hoped he could organize a defense along the Changnyong @-@ Yongsan road east of the Naktong River , and prevent North Korean access to the passes eastward leading to Miryang and Ch 'ongdo . Walker decided that the situation was most critical in the Naktong Bulge area of the US 2nd Division sector . There the North Koreans threatened Miryang and with it the entire Eighth Army position . Walker ordered US Marine Corps Brigadier General Edward Craig , commanding the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade , to prepare the Marines to move at once . The Marines made ready to depart for the Naktong Bulge at 13 : 30 . North of the US 9th Infantry and the battles in the Naktong Bulge and around Yongsan , the US 23rd Infantry Regiment after daylight of September 1 was in a very precarious position . Its 1st Battalion had been driven from the river positions and isolated 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) westward . Approximately 400 North Koreans now overran the regimental command post , compelling Colonel Paul L. Freeman to withdraw it about 600 yards ( 550 m ) . There , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northwest of Changnyong , the US 23rd Infantry Headquarters and Headquarters Company , miscellaneous regimental units , and regimental staff officers checked the North Koreans in a 3 @-@ hour fight . Still farther northward in the zone of the US 38th Infantry the North Koreans were also active . At 06 : 00 on September 3 , 300 North Koreans launched an attack from Hill 284 against the 38th Regiment command post . This fight continued until September 5 . On that day F Company captured Hill 284 killing 150 North Koreans . Meanwhile , during these actions in its rear , the 1st Battalion , 23rd Infantry , was cut off 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) west of the nearest friendly units . On the morning of September 1 , 3rd Battalion , 38th Infantry moved in an attack westward from the 23rd Regiment command post near Mosan @-@ ni to open the road to the 1st Battalion . On the second day of the fighting at the pass , the relief force broke through the roadblock with the help of air strikes and artillery and tank fire . The advanced elements of the battalion joined 1st Battalion at 17 : 00 on September 2 . That evening , North Koreans strongly attacked the 3rd Battalion , 38th Infantry , on Hill 209 north of the road and opposite 1st Battalion , driving one company from its position . On September 4 , Haynes changed the boundary between the 38th and 23rd Infantry Regiments , giving the northern part of the 23rd 's sector to the 38th Infantry , thus releasing 1st Battalion for movement southward to help the 2nd Battalion defend the southern approach to Changnyong . The 1st Battalion , 23rd Infantry , about 1 @,@ 100 men strong when the attack began , was now down to a strength of approximately 600 men . The 23rd Infantry now made plans to concentrate all its troops on the position held by its 2nd Battalion on the Pugong @-@ ni @-@ Changnyong road . The 1st Battalion moved there and took a place on the left flank of the 2nd Battalion . At the same time the regimental command post moved to the rear of this position . In this regimental perimeter , the 23rd Infantry fought a series of hard battles . Simultaneously it had to send combat patrols to its rear to clear infiltrating North Koreans from Changnyong and from its supply road . The NK 2nd Division made a new effort against the 23rd Infantry 's perimeter in the predawn hours of September 8 , in an attempt to break through eastward . This attack , launched at 02 : 30 and heavily supported with artillery , penetrated F Company . It was apparent that unless F Company 's position could be restored the entire regimental front would collapse . When all its officers became casualties , First Lieutenant Ralph R. Robinson , adjutant of the 2nd Battalion , assumed command of the company . The attack tapered off with the coming of daylight , but that night it resumed . The North Koreans struck repeatedly at the defense line . This time they continued the fighting into the daylight hours of 9 September . The Air Force then concentrated strong air support over the regimental perimeter to aid the ground troops . Casualties came to the aid stations from the infantry companies in an almost steady stream during the morning . All available men from Headquarters Company and special units were formed into squads and put into the fight at the most critical points . At one time , the regimental reserve was down to six men . When the attack finally ceased shortly after 12 : 00 the 23rd Regiment had an estimated combat efficiency of only 38 percent . This heavy night and day battle cost the NK 2nd Division most of its remaining offensive strength . The medical officer of the NK 17th Regiment , 2nd Division , captured a few days later , said that the division evacuated about 300 men nightly to a hospital in Pugong @-@ ni , and that in the first two weeks of September the 2nd Division lost 1 @,@ 300 killed and 2 @,@ 500 wounded in the fighting west of Changnyong . Even though its offensive strength was largely spent by September 9 , the division continued to harass rear areas around Changnyong with infiltrating groups as large as companies . Patrols daily had to open the main supply road and clear the town . North Korean and US troops remained locked in combat along the Naktong River for several more days . The North Koreans ' offensive capability was largely destroyed , and the US troops resolved to hold their lines barring further attack . = = = = Yongsan = = = = On the morning of September 1 the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the NK 9th Division , in their first offensive of the war , stood only a few miles short of Yongsan after a successful river crossing and penetration of the American line . The 3rd Regiment had been left at Inch 'on , but division commander Major General Pak Kyo Sam felt the chances of capturing Yongsan were strong . As the NK 9th Division approached Yongsan , its 1st Regiment was on the north and its 2nd Regiment on the south . The division 's attached support , consisting of one 76 mm artillery battalion from the NK I Corps , an antiaircraft battalion of artillery , two tank battalions of the NK 16th Armored Brigade , and a battalion of artillery from the NK 4th Division , gave it unusually heavy support . Crossing the river behind it came the 4th Division , a greatly weakened organization , far understrength , short of weapons , and made up mostly of untrained replacements . A captured North Korean document referred to this grouping of units that attacked from the Sinban @-@ ni area into the Naktong Bulge as the main force of NK I Corps . Elements of the 9th Division reached the hills just west of Yongsan during the afternoon of September 1 . On the morning of September 1 , with only the shattered remnants of E Company at hand , the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division had virtually no troops to defend Yongsan . Division commander Major General Lawrence B. Keiser in this emergency attached the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion to the regiment . The US 72nd Tank Battalion and the 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company also were assigned positions close to Yongsan . The regimental commander planned to place the engineers on the chain of low hills that arched around Yongsan on the northwest . Disorganized US forces were ordered to pull back to Yongsan . The road to Miryang came south out of Yongsan , bent around the western tip of this mountain , and then ran eastward along its southern base . In its position , they not only commanded the town but also its exit , the road to Miryang . North Koreans had also approached Yongsan from the south . That night North Korean soldiers crossed the low ground around Yongsan and entered the town from the south . US troops attempted to rally and fend off the North Korean attack , but were too disorganized to mount effective resistance . By evening the North Koreans had been driven into the hills westward . In the evening , the 2nd Battalion and A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , occupied the first chain of low hills 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) beyond Yongsan , the engineers west and the 2nd Battalion northwest of the town . For the time being at least , the North Korean drive toward Miryang had been halted . In this time , the desperately undermanned US units began to be reinforced with Korean Augmentees ( KATUSAs . ) However , the cultural divide between the KATUSAs and the US troops caused tensions . At 09 : 35 on September 2 , while the North Koreans were attempting to destroy the engineer troops at the southern edge of Yongsan and clear the road to Miryang , Walker attached the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to the US 2nd Division and ordered a co @-@ ordinated attack by all available elements of the division and the Marines , with the mission of destroying the North Koreans east of the Naktong River in the 2nd Division sector and restoring the river line . The Marines were to be released from 2nd Division control as soon as this mission was accomplished . Between 03 : 00 and 04 : 30 on September 3 , the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade moved to forward assembly areas . The 2nd Battalion , 5th Marines assembled north of Yongsan , the 1st Battalion , 5th Marines south of it . The 3rd Battalion , 5th Marines established security positions southwest of Yongsan along the approaches into the regimental sector from that direction . The Marine attack started at 08 : 55 on September 3 , across the rice paddy land toward North Korean @-@ held high ground 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) westward . Air strikes , artillery concentrations , and machine gun and rifle fire of the 1st Battalion now caught North Korean reinforcements in open rice paddies moving up from the second ridge and killed most of them . That night the Marines dug in on a line 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Yongsan . Total Marine casualties for September 3 were 34 killed and 157 wounded . Coordinating its attack with that of the marines , the 9th Infantry advanced abreast of them on the north . The counterattack continued at 08 : 00 September 4 , at first against little opposition . By nightfall the counterattack had gained another 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . That night was quiet until just before dawn . The North Koreans then launched an attack against the 9th Infantry on the right of the marines , the heaviest blow striking G Company . It had begun to rain again and the attack came in the midst of a downpour . American artillery fire concentrated in front of the 9th Infantry helped greatly in repelling the North Koreans in this night and day battle . That morning , September 5 , after a 10 @-@ minute artillery preparation , the American troops moved out in their third day of counterattack . As the attack progressed , the Marines approached Obong @-@ ni Ridge and the 9th Infantry neared Cloverleaf Hill where they had fought tenaciously during the First Battle of Naktong Bulge the month before . There , at midmorning , on the high ground ahead , they could see North Korean troops digging in . The Marines approached the pass between the two hills and took positions in front of the North Korean @-@ held high ground . At 14 : 30 approximately 300 North Korean infantry came from the village of Tugok and concealed positions , striking B Company on Hill 125 just north of the road and east of Tugok . Two T @-@ 34 tanks surprised and knocked out the two leading Marine M26 Pershing tanks . Since the destroyed Pershing tanks blocked fields of fire , four others withdrew to better positions . Assault teams of B Company and the 1st Battalion with 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch rocket launchers rushed into action , took the tanks under fire , and destroyed both of them , as well as an armored personnel carrier following behind . The North Korean infantry attack was brutal and inflicted 25 casualties on B Company before reinforcements from A Company and supporting Army artillery and the Marine 81 mm mortars helped repel it . September 5 was a day of heavy casualties everywhere on the Pusan Perimeter . Army units had 102 killed , 430 wounded , and 587 missing in action for a total of 1 @,@ 119 casualties . Marine units had 35 killed , 91 wounded , and none missing in action , for a total of 126 battle casualties . Total American battle casualties for the day were 1 @,@ 245 men . It is unknown how many North Koreans were killed or wounded on that day , but they likely suffered heavy casualties . The American counteroffensive of September 3 – 5 west of Yongsan , according to prisoner statements , resulted in one of the bloodiest debacles of the war for a North Korean division . Even though remnants of the NK 9th Division , supported by the low strength NK 4th Division , still held Obong @-@ ni Ridge , Cloverleaf Hill , and the intervening ground back to the Naktong on September 6 , the division 's offensive strength had been spent at the end of the American counterattack . The NK 9th and 4th divisions were not able to resume the offensive . Just after midnight on September 6 , the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was ordered back to Pusan in order to travel to Japan and merge with other Marine units to form the 1st Marine Division . This was done after a heated disagreement between Walker 's command and MacArthur 's command . Walker said he could not hold the Pusan Perimeter without the Marines in reserve , while MacArthur said he could not conduct the Inchon landings without the Marines . MacArthur responded by assigning the 17th Infantry Regiment , and later the 65th Infantry Regiment , would be added to Walker 's reserves , but Walker did not feel the inexperienced troops would be effective . Walker felt the transition endangered the Perimeter at a time when it was unclear if it would hold . = = = Masan = = = = = = = Haman = = = = On the extreme west flank , in the center of the 25th Division line , Lieutenant Colonel Paul F. Roberts ' 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , held the crest of the second ridge west of Haman , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the town . From Chungam @-@ ni , in North Korean territory , a secondary road led to Haman along the shoulders of low hills and across rice paddy ground , running east 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of the main Chinju @-@ Masan road . It came through Roberts ' 2nd Battalion position in a pass 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Haman . Late in the afternoon of August 31 , observers with G Company , 24th Infantry , noticed activity 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in front of their positions . They called in two air strikes that hit this area at dusk . US Artillery sent a large concentration of fire into the area , but the effect of this fire was not known . All US units on the line were alerted for a possible North Korean attack . That night the North Koreans launched their coordinated offensive against the entire UN force . The NK 6th Division advanced first , hitting F Company on the north side of the pass on the Chungam @-@ ni @-@ Haman road . The ROK troops in the pass left their positions and fell back on G Company south of the pass . The North Koreans captured a 75 mm recoilless rifle in the pass and turned it on American tanks , knocking out two of them . They then overran a section of 82 mm mortars at the east end of the pass . South of the pass , at dawn , First Lieutenant Houston M. McMurray found that only 15 out of 69 men assigned to his platoon remained with him , a mix of US and ROK troops . The North Koreans attacked this position at dawn . They came through an opening in the barbed wire perimeter which was supposed to be covered by a man with a M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle , but he had fled . Throwing grenades and spraying the area with burp gun fire , the North Koreans quickly overran the position . Numerous officers and non @-@ commissioned officers attempted to get the men back into line , but they would not follow these orders . In one instance South Korean troops killed their own company commander when he tried to stop them from escaping . Shortly after the North Korean attack started most of the 2nd Battalion , 24th Infantry , fled their positions . One company at a time , the battalion was struck with strong attacks all along its front , and with the exception of a few dozen men in each company , each formation quickly crumbled , with most of the troops running back to Haman against the orders of the officers . The North Koreans passed through the crumbling US lines quickly and overran the 2nd Battalion command post , killing several men there and destroying much of the battalion 's equipment . With the 2nd Battalion broken , Haman was open to direct North Korean attack . As the North Koreans encircled Haman , Roberts , the 2nd Battalion commander , ordered an officer to take remnants of the battalion and establish a roadblock at the south edge of the town . Although the officer directed a large group of men to accompany him , only eight did so . The 2nd Battalion was no longer an effective fighting force . Pockets of its soldiers remained in place and fought fiercely , but the majority fled upon attack , and the North Koreans were able to move around the uneven resistance . They surrounded Haman as the 2nd Battalion crumbled in disarray . When the North Korean attack broke through the 2nd Battalion , Regimental commander Colonel Arthur S. Champney ordered the 1st Battalion , about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of Haman on the Chindong @-@ ni road , to counterattack and restore the line . Roberts assembled all the 40 men of the disorganized 2nd Battalion he could find to join in this counterattack , which got under way at 0730 . Upon contact with the North Koreans , the 1st Battalion broke and fled to the rear . Thus , shortly after daylight the scattered and disorganized men of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 24th Infantry had fled to the high ground 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of Haman . The better part of two regiments of the NK 6th Division poured into and through the Haman gap , now that they had captured the town and held it . At 14 : 45 on September 1 , division commander Major General William B. Kean ordered an immediate counterattack to restore the 24th Infantry positions . For 30 minutes US Air Force aircraft struck North Korean positions around Haman with bombs , napalm , rockets , and machine gun fire . They also attacked the North Korean @-@ held ridges around the town . Fifteen minutes of concentrated artillery fire followed . Fires spread in Haman . Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert Check 's 1st Battalion infantry moved out in attack west at 16 : 30 , reinforced by a platoon of tanks from A Company , 79th Tank Battalion . Eight tanks , mounting infantry , spearheaded the attack into Haman , capturing the city easily , as most of the North Korean troops had abandoned it . North Koreans in force held the ridge on the west side of the town , and their machine gun fire swept every approach . North Korean fire destroyed one tank and the attacking infantry suffered heavy casualties . But Check 's battalion pressed the attack and by 18 : 25 had seized the first long ridge 500 yards ( 460 m ) west of Haman . By 20 : 00 it had secured half of the old battle position on the higher ridge beyond , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Haman . Just 200 yards ( 180 m ) short of the crest on the remainder of the ridge , the infantry dug in for the night . It had recaptured Haman and was pushing back to the 24th 's old positions . The North Koreans attacked Haman daily for the next week . Following the repelling of North Korean infiltration on September 7 , the North Korean attack on Haman ground to a halt . The North Koreans , racked by logistical and manpower shortages , focused more heavily on their attacks against 24th Infantry positions on Battle Mountain , as well as 35th Infantry positions at the Nam River . 24th Infantry troops at Haman encountered only probing attacks until September 18 . = = = = Nam River = = = = Meanwhile , the North Korean 7th Division troops committed all of their effort into attacking the US 35th Infantry line . At 23 : 30 on August 31 , a North Korean SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled high @-@ velocity gun from across the Nam fired shells into the position of G Company , 35th Infantry , overlooking the river . Within a few minutes , North Korean artillery was attacking all front @-@ line rifle companies of the regiment from the Namji @-@ ri bridge west . Under cover of this fire a reinforced regiment of the NK 7th Division crossed the Nam River and attacked F and G Companies , 35th Infantry . Other North Korean soldiers crossed the Nam on an underwater bridge in front of the paddy ground north of Komam @-@ ni and near the boundary between the 2nd Battalion , led by Lieutenant Colonel John L. Wilkins , Jr . , holding the river front and Lieutenant Colonel Bernard G. Teeter 's 1st Battalion holding the hill line that stretched from the Nam River to Sibidang @-@ san and the Chinju @-@ Masan highway . The 35th Infantry , facing shortages of equipment and reinforcements , was under @-@ equipped but nonetheless prepared for an attack . In the low ground between these two battalions at the river ferry crossing site , Lieutenant Colonel Henry Fisher had placed 300 ROK National Police , expecting them to hold there long enough to serve as a warning for the rest of the forces . Guns from the flanking hills there could cover the low ground with fire . Back at Komam @-@ ni he held the 3rd Battalion ready for use in counterattack to stop an enemy penetration should it occur . Unexpectedly , the ROK police companies near the ferry scattered at the first North Korean fire . At 00 : 30 , North Korean troops streamed through this hole in the line , some turning left to take G Company in its flank and rear , and others turned right to attack C Company , which was on a spur of ground west of the Komam @-@ ni road . The I & R Platoon and elements of C and D Companies formed a defense line along the dike at the north edge of Komam @-@ ni where US tanks joined them at daybreak . But the North Koreans did not drive for the Komam @-@ ni road fork 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) south of the river as Fisher expected them to ; instead , they turned east into the hills behind 2nd Battalion . At daybreak on September 1 , a tank @-@ led relief force of C Company headquarters troops cleared the road to Sibidang @-@ san and resupplied the 2nd Platoon , B Company , with ammunition just in time for it to repel another North Korean assault , killing 77 and capturing 21 North Koreans . Although Fisher 's 35th Infantry held all its original positions , except that of the forward platoon of G Company , 3 @,@ 000 North Korean soldiers were behind its lines . The farthest eastern penetration reached the high ground just south of Chirwon overlooking the north @-@ south road there . By midafternoon , Kean felt that the situation was so dangerous that he ordered the 2nd Battalion , US 27th Infantry Regiment , to attack behind the 35th Infantry . A large part of the division artillery was under direct North Korean infantry attack . During the morning hours of September 1 , when the NK 7th Division troops had attacked , the first American unit they encountered was G Company , 35th Infantry , at the north shoulder of the gap . While some North Korean units peeled off to attack G Company , others continued on and engaged E Company , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) downstream from it , and still others attacked scattered units of F Company all the way to its 1st Platoon , which guarded the Namji @-@ ri bridge . There , at the extreme right flank of the 25th Division , this platoon drove off a North Korean force after a fierce fight . By September 2 , E Company in a heavy battle had destroyed most of a North Korean battalion . Bitter , confused fighting continued behind the 35th Infantry 's line for the next week . Battalions , companies , and platoons , cut off and isolated , fought independently of higher control and help except for airdrops which supplied many of them . Airdrops also supplied relief forces trying to reach the front @-@ line units . Tanks and armored cars drove to the isolated units with supplies of food and ammunition and carried back critically wounded on the return trips . In general , the 35th Infantry fought in its original battle line positions , while at first one battalion , and later two battalions , of the 27th Infantry fought toward it through the estimated 3 @,@ 000 North Koreans operating in its rear areas . Although the 25th Division generally was under much less enemy pressure after 5 September , there were still severe local attacks . Heavy rains caused the Nam and Naktong Rivers to rise on 8 and 9 September , reducing the danger of new crossings . However , North Korean attacks against 2nd Battalion , 35th Infantry occurred nightly . The approaches to the Namji @-@ ri bridge , one of their key targets to protect were mined . At one time there were about 100 North Korean dead lying in that area . From September 9 to 16 , there were limited attacks on the 35th Infantry 's front but most of the North Korean 's momentum had been broken and they could not muster strong attacks against the regiment again . = = Aftermath = = The Great Naktong Offensive was one of the most brutal fights of the Korean War . The North Koreans were initially successful in breaking through UN lines in multiple places and making substantial gains in surrounding and pushing back UN units . On September 4 – 5 the situation was so dire for the UN troops that the US Eighth Army and ROK Army moved their headquarters elements from Taegu to Pusan to prevent them from being overrun and losing their heavy communications equipment , though Walker remained in Taegu with a small forward detachment . They also prepared their logistics systems for a retreat to a smaller defensive perimeter called the " Davidson Line . " By September 6 , however , Walker decided another retreat would not be necessary . Some historians contend the goals of Great Naktong Offensive were unattainable from the beginning . The Americans , who had been better equipped than the North Koreans , were easily able to defeat their opponents once they had the chance to form a continuous line , according to historian T. R. Fehrenbach . At the same time , the North Koreans did break through the perimeter at several points and were able to exploit their gains for a short time . The subsequent Inchon landings were a crushing blow for the North Korean army , catching them completely unprepared and breaking the already @-@ weak forces along the perimeter . With virtually no equipment , exhausted manpower and low morale , the North Koreans were at a severe disadvantage and would not be able to continue pressure on the Pusan Perimeter while attempting to repel the landings at Inchon . By September 23 , the North Koreans were in full retreat from Pusan Perimeter , with UN forces rapidly pursuing them north and recapturing lost ground along the way . The destruction of the North Korean army at Pusan made the continuation of the war impossible with North Korean troops alone . The massive equipment and manpower loses rivaled those of the ROK Army in the first stages of the war . The North Koreans totally collapsed as a fighting force , and the remainder of their military retreated into North Korea offering very weak resistance against the UN force , which was now on the offensive with overwhelming superiority by land , air and sea . Many of the outmaneuvered North Korean units simply surrendered , having been reduced from units of thousands to just a few hundred men .
= Rise of Mana = Rise of Mana , known in Japan as Seiken Densetsu : Rise of Mana , is a Japanese action role @-@ playing video game developed by Square Enix and Goshow for iOS , Android and PlayStation Vita . It was published by Square Enix in 2014 for mobile devices and 2015 for the Vita . It is the eleventh game in the Mana series , featuring a new narrative unconnected to other games in the series . The gameplay uses a similar action @-@ based battle system to earlier Mana titles while using a free @-@ to @-@ play model in common with mobile titles . The story focuses on two characters , an angel and a demon , who are cast down to the mortal world in the midst of a battle and are forced to share a body in order to survive . The game began development in 2012 : the project began when Masaru Oyamada told series producer Koichi Ishii that he could create a legitimate entry in the Mana series for mobile platforms . His idea was for a game true to the series that would reach a wide audience . The game 's multiplayer , inspired by that used in Secret of Mana , was developed using the Photon Server middleware . The art director was series newcomer Hiroyuki Suzuki , while the character and monster designs were done by Taiki and Ryota Murayama . The music was composed by a team led by Tsuyoshi Sekito . The theme song was written and performed by singer @-@ songwriter Kokia . First announced in February 2014 , it was released the following month on iOS . The Android release followed several months later . The Vita port released the following year . By April 2015 , the mobile version had over two million active players , and later the Vita version achieved 150 @,@ 000 downloads by August 2015 . It received generally positive opinions from critics : while many praised its graphics , story and gameplay , there were opinions that it was not a worthy part of the Mana series . The game is set to be discontinued as a free @-@ to @-@ play title in March 2016 , and Square Enix is seeking to release the game in a different form . = = Gameplay = = Rise of Mana is an action role @-@ playing game where the player takes control of two protagonists inhabiting a single body : the characters ' genders and names can be customized prior to beginning the game . During gameplay , the character can switch between angelic and demonic forms : this enables the player to see thoughts in different non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) , with each form showing different types of thought or prompting a different reaction from NPCs . The game uses a free @-@ to @-@ play gaming model : while the game can be downloaded and played for free , players have the option of spending money on in @-@ game items . The characters ' base is a room in a small village : in the room , players can check messages , and set their current equipment and weapons . A message board in the town provides access to social features . In the town , NPC @-@ run shops enable the crafting of new weapons and equipment in exchange for in @-@ game currency , along with the buying and selling of various in @-@ game items . There are four types of available quests , most of which are accepted from NPCs : main quests which advance the story , quests with a time limit that disappear after a certain period , challenge quests that pit the player against hordes of enemies , and raid battles against bosses . Each quest consumes a part of the player characters ' " mental energy " , a stamina meter that refills as real @-@ world time passes . Gems can be bought and used to refill it faster . When the characters gain an experience level , the meter is recharged completely . As each scenario and quest is completed or when new quests are available , the game 's map is automatically updated . After selecting a quest , a player chooses one of a number of " familiars " , creatures that aid the player in battle and grant stat boosts . Rise of Mana uses an action @-@ based battle system similar to other entries in the Mana series : navigation and actions occur in real time within battlefields rendered to the scale of characters within it . After each battle , treasure chests are unlocked which can contain items or new familiars . During battle , the character can attack , switching forms to deliver different attacks , and dodge enemy attacks when correctly timed . During battle , assigned abilities are displayed in the lower right @-@ hand corner of the screen . After each skill is used in battle , a cooldown meter is activated . The skill cannot be used again until the meter is empty . Three types of weapons are available in @-@ game : swords , spears and bows . Each weapon , when equipped , grants a different skill and elemental attribute . The elemental attributes can be used against monsters aligned with a vulnerable element . Enemies can also be weak to attacks using certain weapons . In addition to single @-@ player battles , raid battles allow up to eight players to participate using an online connection . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting and characters = = = The story takes place in a variation of the Mana high fantasy setting , and is divided between the human and the spirit realms . In the spirit realm , two opposing factions face each other in eternal battle : the angelic Rasta and the demonic Daruka . The main protagonists are the chosen champions of each of their races . The two are forced to confront agents sent from the spirit realm by each side to retrieve them : the archangel knight Vibra and the warrior demon Toryu . Another major character is Folon , a being known as the " goddess of time " . According to the game 's director , Foron is not a goddess in the fullest sense , as the world 's true goddess could be said to be " Mana " itself . = = = Plot = = = The game opens with a battle between the respective Champions of Light and Darkness in front of the Mana Tree . While they are fighting near a Mana waterfall , they are swept by it into the mortal world . There , their power is drastically diminished and their existence is threatened . The two decide to make a temporary alliance , sharing a body until they can find their way back to the spirit world . During their journey , they become the protectors of a local village . The pair eventually become the heirs to the mystical Mana Sword . The main campaign was delivered in chapters . The original main campaign , which involved a battle with the hostile Folon , lasted for twenty chapters . Following this , new campaign missions were issued following the characters ' mission to confront threats using the Mana Sword . At the end of the game , the Champions confront Folon at the Mana Tree , along with Vibra and Toryu . After their final confrontation , Foron willingly disperses after she and Mana explain why they summoned the Champions : to bring them together through circumstance and pave the way for peace between the Rasta and Daruka . Having become friends through their journey , the Champions agree to bring peace , and return to their own realms . = = Development = = Rise of Mana was the brainchild of Square Enix producer Masaru Oyamada , who had made a name for himself within the company working in its mobile division on mobile ports of Final Fantasy Adventure and Secret of Mana . Speaking with series producer Koichi Ishii , Oyamada said that he could create an original mobile title that would be a legitimate entry in the series . Instead of a social or card @-@ based game , which were the most prevalent genres in mobile gaming at the time , Oyamada wanted to create an action role @-@ playing game that was accessible to a large number of casual gamers , something which would worry him throughout its production . The main staff were made up of Oyamada , director Masato Yagi , and art director Hiroyuki Suzuki . Hiroyuki had previously only worked on the Final Fantasy series . After the initial release of Rise of Mana , Yagi was responsible for the main scenario alongside Oyamada and post @-@ launch content producer Naofumi Takuma . Oyamada also initially tried to bring Chaos Rings producer Takehiro Ando on board , but Ando would have nothing to do with the project . Development began in July 2012 . The game was constructed using the Unity engine . In addition to staff from Square Enix , main development was done by Japanese developer Goshow , and its server security and technical assistance was handled by Fixer . The protagonists and some NPCs were designed by Japanese artist Taiki , while another artist Ryudai Murayama handled NPC and monster designs . The game 's key art was created by in @-@ house designer Dairaku Masahiko : he was brought in after regular Mana key art illustrator Hiroo Isono died in 2013 . Masahiko was asked by Oyamada to create something similar to Isono 's previous artwork in creating a representation of pointillism . The game 's title was indicative of the title 's nature as a new entry in the Mana series ; other than a small card @-@ battle mobile game in 2013 , Circle of Mana , Rise was the first Mana title since Heroes of Mana in 2007 . Rise of Mana was intended to reach a wide audience , gaining an attention only previously seen by Dawn of Mana in 2006 . The concept of the main character switching between angelic and demonic form was suggested by Yagi . The original concept was to keep both characters in separate bodies , with the unoccupied character being controlled by the game 's artificial intelligence . The team used the Photon Server middleware to develop the game 's multiplayer component . The development team initially thought of creating custom middleware , but the rebuild needed would have taken a whole year , threatening the project 's existence . In search of suitable middleware , the team contacted Fixer , who offered them the use of multiple options including Photon Server . Trying out Photon Server , all the problems faced by the developers were resolved within a two @-@ month period , and the middleware 's inbuilt security structure and specification match with the game persuaded the project 's engineers to greenlight its use . Rise of Mana was the first Japanese game to use Photon Server . The team needed to create two different specifications for iOS and Android , as Android had higher graphical power . During the early development stage , the team thought it would be fun to re @-@ create the multiplayer elements in Secret of Mana . The initial idea was to have multiplayer available in standard quests , but this took up too much operational space to be practical , so they reduced this to raid battles . Due to the use of Photon Server , additional player characters could be fully rendered rather than appearing as ghost @-@ like transparent helpers . Development of the PlayStation Vita port began shortly before the start of the game 's service in 2014 . The team formed a partnership with Sony to develop the title , but production ran into difficulties as the team attempted to create an experience of the same quality as the mobile version , along with adjusting the controls from touch @-@ based to the button and joystick controls of the Vita . There was also some resistance from staff surrounding the usage of the Mana franchise and Oyamada 's determination to bring Rise of Mana to consoles in the face of suggestions that it would be better to make a completely new game . When the project was proposed to Sony , the Unity technology built into the Vita was fairly new and did not make full use of the platform 's processing power . In addition , the staff were unused to the version of Unity for the Vita . The team needed cooperation from both Sony and Unity Technologies to optimize the engine so the game could run on the new platform . By the time of the Vita version 's announcement , only the preliminary development work had been completed , but development was proceeding according to plan . Technical troubles related to the game 's performance persisted beyond this point , resulting in the release being delayed into the following year . = = = Music = = = The music of Rise of Mana was composed by a group of different composers : the majority of the music was handled by Tsuyoshi Sekito . In addition to Sekito , the soundtrack was also contributed to by three previous Mana composers : Kenji Ito ( Final Fantasy Adventure , Children of Mana , Dawn of Mana ) , Hiroki Kikuta ( Secret of Mana , Seiken Densetsu 3 ) and Yoko Shimomura ( Legend of Mana , Heroes of Mana ) . Also joining the team was sound engineer Yasuhiro Yamanaka . In all , 21 out of the 28 composed pieces were done by Sekito . Ito , Kikuta , Shimomura and Yamanaka each contributed one track . The soundtrack featured an arrangement for piano of " Rising Sun " , the series ' main theme . Yamanaka acted as sound director , while poro @ lier created the piano arrangements for both " Rising Sun " and the game 's theme song . The game 's theme song , " Believe in the Spirit " , was composed , written and sung by Japanese singer @-@ songwriter Kokia . Prior to coming on board , she had little knowledge of the Mana series . As with her previous compositions for video games , Kokia tried to get a feel for the game 's atmosphere before starting , either through playing the game directly or looking at behind @-@ the @-@ scenes material related to the game 's world . With " Believe in the Spirit " , she worked to create a song that would appeal to both players and the production team . The track was performed using strings , a tin whistle , an acoustic guitar and percussion . The arrangement was done by Mina Kubota . Seiken Densetsu : Rise of Mana Original Soundtrack was released on April 24 , 2014 through Square Enix 's music label . Andrew Barker of RPGFan was cautiously positive about the album : he described " Believe in the Spirit " as being " hit @-@ or @-@ miss " for different listeners while evoking memories of earlier Mana games . The rest of the soundtrack was generally praised : the first half 's restful melodies were the stand @-@ out tracks and said to be the strongest , while the later upbeat tracks were praised for their various energizing qualities . Some tracks , such as " The Drip Drip Drip of Memory " , he called fairly weak and forgettable . Barker generally compared the music to that of Final Fantasy XII , recommending it for fans of the latter and finishing that the album was generally good despite some unmemorable pieces . Chris Greening of Video Game Music Online gave the album a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ star rating out of five : he was most positive about the tracks from the guest composers like Ito and Shimomura . While he praised Sekito for moving away from his traditional musical style , he felt that the result was fairly mixed , with some tracks lacking the proper emotional drive and others " falling flat " . " Believe in the Spirit " was praised for avoiding J @-@ pop elements and sticking with its Celtic style , being favorably compared to the theme songs of Xenogears . Overall , Green felt that , while it had good production value and was substantially better than other mobile game soundtracks , but lacked the emotional impact of previous Mana titles in the majority of its tracks . Many reviewers of the game also praised the soundtrack . = = Release = = The game 's existence was first hinted at when a trademark for the title was registered . Similar trademarks were registered in Europe and North America . The game was officially announced by Square Enix in an issue of Famitsu magazine in February 2014 . The game 's service began on March 6 , 2014 for iOS . The version for Android released nearly three months later on June 25 . A version for the Vita was announced later in 2014 , originally scheduled for the fourth quarter of that year . Due to technical difficulties , the Vita port needed to be delayed well into the following year , and was eventually released on May 14 , 2015 . Pre @-@ registration was made available from May 10 . During its lifetime , Rise of Mana entered multiple collaborations with other games both for mobiles and other platforms : these included Final Fantasy Agito , Bravely Default , Final Fantasy Tactics : The War of the Lions , Final Fantasy Adventure and Diffusion Million Arthur . In January 2016 , it was announced that Rise of Mana would cease operation on all platforms on March 31 . In the release , Square Enix said that a developing imbalance between content quality and revenue , in addition to problems with future content creation , had convinced them that Rise of Mana was no longer a profitable concern . Despite it ending service as a free @-@ to @-@ play title , the company is looking into alternative ways of distributing the title . A final story episode was released prior to the game 's closure , and its final cinematic was released online through Square Enix Japan 's YouTube channel on March 28 . = = Reception = = Within the first few days of operation , Rise of Mana had 500 @,@ 000 active players . Within a month of its release , that number had increased to one million registered players . In an interview , Oyamada said that sales of the title had increased with the release of more powerful mobile devices . By May 2015 , the smartphone versions had over two million registered players . The Vita version was similarly successful : within two months of release , it had been downloaded 100 @,@ 000 times . That figure rose by an additional 50 @,@ 000 over the following month . Japanese reviews of the title have been generally positive . Famitsu generally praised several aspects , but found the item management and weapon structures confusing , saying that it did not live up to the legacy of the Mana series . Reviewing the Vita port , Famitsu praised the game 's general ease of play and use of the Mana series , but the button layout was criticized . Kyōsuke Takano of AppGet praised the gameplay and graphics , noting that the game avoided the possible pitfalls of being a mobile game while delivering a strong experience . His one point of reservation was that he would have preferred the game on another platform . 4Gamer.net praised the variety of control options , the feel of gameplay , and the graphics . The writer noted that the game should be played on more advanced mobiles despite recommendations , as the graphics and performance suffered on older smartphone models . Opinions from western journalists have echoed many of those from Japanese reviewers . Christopher Allison , writing for tech website Tech in Asia , was highly positive about the game , saying his last experience of this kind was when playing the 1998 game The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time : he greatly enjoyed the battle system despite the touch controls sometimes working against the player , and referred to the environments as " wonderfully drawn " . Shaun Musgrave of Touch Arcade , in a preview of the game , echoed other reviewers ' opinions on the graphics and gameplay , and hoped that Square Enix would both handle it wisely and bring it overseas . Kerry Brunskill , in an article for Nintendo Life , referred to the story as " engaging " , and again held similar sentiments as other reviewers about the graphics and gameplay . She noted that the game stood out from others of its kind due to its overall quality .
= Fantastic Story Quarterly = Fantastic Story Quarterly was a pulp science fiction magazine , published from 1950 to 1955 by Best Books , a subsidiary imprint of Standard Magazines . The name was changed with the Summer 1951 issue to Fantastic Story Magazine . It was launched to reprint stories from the early years of the science fiction pulp magazines , and was initially intended to carry no new fiction , though in the end every issue contained at least one new story . It was sufficiently successful for Standard to launch Wonder Story Annual as a vehicle for more science fiction reprints , but the success did not last . In 1955 it was merged with Standard 's Startling Stories . Original fiction in Fantastic Story included Gordon R. Dickson 's first sale , " Trespass " , and stories by Walter M. Miller and Richard Matheson . = = Publication history and contents = = The first science fiction ( sf ) magazine , Amazing Stories , was launched in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback at the height of the pulp magazine era . It helped to form science fiction as a separately marketed genre , and by the mid @-@ 1930s several more sf magazines had appeared , including Wonder Stories , also published by Gernsback . In 1936 , Ned Pines of Beacon Publications bought Wonder Stories from Gernsback . Pines changed the title to Thrilling Wonder Stories , and in 1939 and 1940 added two more sf titles : Startling Stories and Captain Future . Pines had acquired reprint rights to the fiction published in Wonder Stories as part of the transaction , and he instituted a " Hall of Fame " department in Startling Stories to carry some of this material . Captain Future also carried reprint material , but neither Startling nor Captain Future had room for some of the longer stories in the backfile . At the end of the 1940s a boom in science fiction magazines encouraged Pines to issue a new magazine , titled Fantastic Story Quarterly , as a vehicle for reprinting this older material . The original plan was for the magazine to carry no new fiction , but this policy was changed shortly before publication , and at least one new story was included in every issue . The initial schedule was quarterly . The magazine became popular with fans because of the access it gave them to old favorite stories , and it was immediately successful , soon becoming more popular than the other Standard Magazine science fiction pulps . The success led Standard to issue Wonder Story Annual in 1950 to provide an outlet for reprinting longer material . In late 1952 it switched to a bimonthly schedule , having changed its title to Fantastic Story Magazine the previous year , but this only lasted until the following year , by which time it was no longer doing well financially . It was back on a quarterly schedule starting with the Winter 1954 issue . The pulps were in rapid decline by the mid @-@ 1950s , and both Fantastic Story Magazine and Thrilling Wonder Stories were merged with Startling Stories in mid @-@ 1955 , though Startling itself ceased publication at the end of that year . The pulp format was intended to appeal to readers who were nostalgic for the early years of the science fiction pulp market . Sf historian Mike Ashley suggested that Pines was right to launch Fantastic Story Quarterly as a pulp ; in Ashley 's words , " Early pulp fiction somehow never reads right in book form . You need the crumbling paper , the smell of woodpulp , and the mixture of advertisements , illustrations and old pulp @-@ style text to create the right atmosphere " . Most of the contents were reprinted from Wonder Stories , but occasionally material from other publishers appeared , such as A.E. van Vogt 's novel , Slan , which had originally appeared in Street and Smith 's Astounding Science Fiction in 1940 , and which was reprinted in Fantastic Story 's Summer 1952 issue . New fiction included Richard Matheson 's " Lazarus II " , and Walter M. Miller 's " A Family Matter " . Fantastic Story also printed Gordon R. Dickson 's first sale , " Trespass " , a collaboration with Poul Anderson which appeared in the very first issue . In addition to fiction , there was an editorial page and a letter column . Illustrators whose work appeared in its pages included Virgil Finlay , Ed Emsh , and Earle Bergey . = = Bibliographic details = = The magazine was a quarterly for all but six issues , from November 1952 to September 1953 . The title changed from Fantastic Story Quarterly to Fantastic Story Magazine with the fifth issue , and remained under that title through the end of its run , though the magazine was still a quarterly at the time the title changed . The Fall 1952 issue was also dated September 1952 . There were seven volumes of three issues , and a final volume of two issues . The magazine was in pulp format and priced at 25 cents throughout its life ; it began at 160 pages and dropped to 144 pages with the Spring 1951 issue , then to 128 pages with the September 1953 issue , and finally to 112 pages for the last two issues . The publisher was Best Books , of Kokomo , Indiana , which was owned by Standard Magazines of New York . The editor was initially Sam Merwin ; Samuel Mines took over with the Winter 1952 issue , and the last two issues were edited by Alexander Samalman . A Canadian edition of the first four editions appeared from Better Publications in Toronto with the same contents as the U.S. editions .
= Digambara = Digambara ( / dɪˈɡʌmbərə / ; " sky @-@ clad " ) is one of the two major schools of Jainism , the other being Śvētāmbara ( white @-@ clad ) . The word Digambara ( Sanskrit ) is a combination of two words : dig ( directions ) and ambara ( clothes ) , referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space . Digambara monks do not wear any clothes . The monks carry picchi , a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers ( for clearing the place before walking or sitting ) , kamandalu ( a water gourd ) , and shastra ( scripture ) . One of the most important scholar @-@ monks of Digambara tradition was Kundakunda . He authored Prakrit texts such as the Samayasāra and the Pravacanasāra . Other prominent Acharyas of this tradition were , Virasena ( author of a commentary on the Dhavala ) , Samantabhadra and Siddhasena Divakara . The Satkhandagama and Kasayapahuda have major significance in the Digambara tradition . = = Monasticism = = The word Digambara is a combination of two Sanskrit words : dig ( directions ) and ambara ( clothes ) , referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space . Digambara monks do not wear any clothes as it is considered to be parigraha ( possession ) , which ultimately leads to attachment . A Digambara monk has 28 mūla guņas ( primary attributes ) . These are : five mahāvratas ( supreme vows ) ; five samitis ( regulations ) ; pañcendriya nirodha ( five @-@ fold control of the senses ) ; Şadāvaśyakas ( six essential duties ) ; and seven niyamas ( rules or restrictions ) . The monks carry picchi , a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers for removing small insects without causing them injury , Kamandalu ( the gourd for carrying pure , sterilized water ) and shastra ( scripture ) . The head of all monastics is called Āchārya , while the saintly preceptor of saints is the upādhyāya . The Āchārya has 36 primary attributes ( mūla guņa ) in addition to the 28 mentioned above . The monks perform kayotsarga daily , in a rigid and immobile posture , with the arms held stiffly down , knees straight , and toes directed forward . = = = Lineage = = = According to Digambara texts , after liberation of the Lord Mahavira , three Anubaddha Kevalīs attained Kevalajñāna ( omniscience ) sequentially – Gautama Gaņadhara , Acharya Sudharma , and Jambusvami in next 62 years . During the next hundred years , five Āchāryas had complete knowledge of the scriptures , as such , called Śruta Kevalīs , the last of them being Āchārya Bhadrabahu . Spiritual lineage of heads of monastic orders is known as Pattavali . The Digambara tradition was divided into two main orders : Mula Sangha , which includes Sena Gana , Deshiya Gana and Balatkara Gana traditions Kashtha Sangha , which includes the Mathura Gana and Lat @-@ vagad Gana traditions The Bhattarakas of Shravanabelagola and Mudbidri belong to Deshiya Gana and the Bhattaraka of Humbaj belongs to the Balatkara Gana . = = Historicity = = Relics found from Harrapan excavations like seals depicting Kayotsarga posture , idols in Padmasana and a nude bust of red limestone give insight about the antiquity of the Digambara tradition . The presence of gymnosophists ( naked philosophers ) in Greek records as early as the fourth century BC , supports the claim of the Digambaras that they have preserved the ancient Śramaṇa practice . = = Worship = = The Digambara Jains worship completely nude idols of tirthankaras ( omniscient beings ) and siddha ( liberated souls ) . The tirthankara is represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the Kayotsarga posture . The truly " sky @-@ clad " ( digambara ) Jaina statue expresses the perfect isolation of the one who has stripped off every bond . His is an absolute " abiding in itself , " a strange but perfect aloofness , a nudity of chilling majesty , in its stony simplicity , rigid contours , and abstraction . = = = Statues = = = = = Scriptures = = The Digambara sect of Jainism rejects the authority of the texts accepted by the other major sect , the Svetambaras . According to the Digambaras , Āchārya Dharasena guided two Āchāryas , Pushpadanta and Bhutabali , to put the teachings of Mahavira in written form , 683 years after the nirvana of Mahavira . The two Āchāryas wrote Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama on palm leaves which is considered to be among the oldest known Digambara texts . Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original Jain Agamas . Later on , some learned Āchāryas started to restore , compile and put into written words the teachings of Lord Mahavira , that were the subject matter of Agamas . Digambaras group the texts into four literary categories called anuyoga ( exposition ) . The prathmanuyoga ( first exposition ) contains the universal history , the karananuyoga ( calculation exposition ) contains works on cosmology and the charananuyoga ( behaviour exposition ) includes texts about proper behaviour for monks and Sravakas . = = Differences with Śvētāmbara sect = = According to Digambara texts , after attaining Kevala Jnana ( omniscience ) , arihant ( omniscient beings ) are free from human needs like hunger , thirst , and sleep . According to the Digambara tradition , a woman has to be reborn as a man for salvation . = = Sub @-@ sects = = Digambaras are divided into various sub @-@ sects viz . Terapanthi , Bispanthi , Taranpanthi ( or Samayiapanthi ) , Gumanapanthi and Totapanthi . = = = Terapanthi = = = The Terapanthis worship the idols with ashta @-@ drava viz. jal ( water ) , chandan ( sandal ) , akshata ( sacred rice ) , pushp ( yellow rice ) , deep ( yellow dry coconut ) , dhup ( kapoor or cloves ) and fal ( almonds ) . Terapanthi is a reformist sect of Digambara Jainism that distinguished itself from the Bispanthi sect . It formed out of strong opposition to the religious domination of traditional religious leaders called bhattarakas during 12 – 16th century A.D. They oppose the worship of various minor gods and goddesses . Some Terapanthi practices , like not using flowers in worship , gradually spread throughout most of North Indian Jainism as well . Terapanthis occur in large numbers in Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . = = = Bispanthi = = = Besides tirthankaras , Bispanthi also worship Yaksha and Yakshini like Bhairava and Kshetrapala . Their religious practices include aarti and offerings of flowers , fruits and prasad . Bhattarakas are their dharma @-@ gurus and they are concentrated in Rajasthan and Gujarat .
= Ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics = The men 's ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics took place at the 70 @-@ meter ( 230 ft ) Olympiaschanze in St. Moritz , Switzerland , on 18 February . Thirty @-@ eight competitors from thirteen nations competed , with the event being won by Norway 's Alf Andersen ahead of countryman Sigmund Ruud and Czechoslovakia 's Rudolf Burkert . Norway sent a strong contingent with four jumpers able to win the event , including reigning Olympic and world champion Jacob Tullin Thams . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualification events . World record holder Nels Nelsen from Canada was not permitted to participate due to financial problems . Japan participated in an international ski jumping competition for the first time , also becoming the first Asian country to do so . After the first jump , three Norwegians were in the lead . A 40 @-@ minute discussion erupted regarding the speed , with Central European jumpers wanting it increased . This was complied with by the jury , resulting in falls by several favorites , including the most vocal speed increase proponents , Gérard Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani . Andersen and Ruud won by reducing their speed on the in @-@ run . = = Venue = = The event took place at Olympiaschanze , located in the neighborhood of St. Moritz Bad . The town 's first ski jumping hill , Julierschanze , opened in 1895 . However , it was not large enough for the Olympic tournaments , forcing the town to build a larger venue . Construction started in 1926 and the venue in inaugurated on 20 January 1927 . Olympiaschanze had a size of 70 meters ( 230 ft ) and a crowd of 8 @,@ 000 people attended the event . The venue had also hosted the Nordic combined event and would later be used for the 1948 Winter Olympics . = = Background = = Norway sent a strong delegation with four participants able to win the event . Jacob Tullin Thams had won the 1924 Winter Olympics event and has also won the 1926 World Championships , making him reigning Olympic and world champion . The rest of the delegation consisted Alf Andersen , Sigmund Ruud — the oldest of the Ruud brothers — and Hans Kleppen . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualifications for the Olympics . Other favorites were Rudolf Burkert , who had won and the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined event , and the host nation 's Gérard Vuilleumier . Asia participated for the first time in an international tournament , represented by Japan 's Motohiko Ban . Canada had originally planned to send two ski jumpers , Nels Nelsen and Melbourne McKenzie . Nelsen held world record for the longest ski jump . However , lack of funding meant that they planned for work for their fare on a freighter . These plans were stopped by officials from the British delegation , who organized the Canadian team and who felt working for their fare was inappropriate and not fitting for the team , and Nelsen never competed in any Winter Olympics . = = Race = = The jury consisted of Østgaard of Norway , Jilek of Czechoslovakia and Straumann of Switzerland . Because of ice on the in @-@ run , a reduced speed was used during the first round . Andersen jumped 60 @.@ 0 meters , by far the longest jump . Lengthwise , Ruud and Vuilleumier were in joint second place with 57 @.@ 5 meters , while Burket was in fourth with 57 @.@ 0 meters . Thams , Kleppen and Poland 's Bronisław Czech all jumped 56 @.@ 5 meters , but both Kleppen and Czech fell . In terms of points , the three Norwegians Andersen , Ruud and Thams were in the lead , ahead of Burket and Vuilleumier . In the break , a number of Central Europeans , including Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani , asked for top speed . This was protested by the Scandinavian and United States jumpers , and a 40 @-@ minute discussion broke out . At one point , one of the facilitators at the in @-@ run received a telephone call confirming top speed . The facilitator was skeptical , and chose to call back to the judges , who could confirm that they had not given such a go @-@ ahead . In the end , the judges chose to allow higher speeds , with a compromise of 5 @.@ 0 meters more distance . However , the facilitator only moved the rope 4 @.@ 5 meters . This made the Swiss furious , and they used their knives to cut the rope . They then accused the participants who were opposed to full speed of being cowards . Andersen and Ruud skied down the in @-@ run in a standing position to reduce their speed , and had the two longest standing jumps . The event is regarded as the international break @-@ through for Ruud . Thams gave full speed and landed at 73 @.@ 0 meters , but fell and ended on a 28th place . Had he stood , it would have been a new world record . The wounds were serious enough that he had to be taken to hospital . Afterwards he stated : " I at least showed those guys that we are not cowards " . Also Vuillemiuer and Trojani became subject to the higher speeds , both falling and ending with a 30th and 32nd place , respectively . Ban had the shortest jump in both rounds , fell in the first round , and ended last . = = Results = = The following is a list of all participants , noting their rank , country , the length in the first and second round , and the judge score for each of the three judges , as well as the final score . ( F ) denotes a fall . = = Participating nations = = A total of 38 ski jumpers from 13 nations competed in the event : Austria ( 1 ) Canada ( 1 ) Czechoslovakia ( 4 ) Finland ( 2 ) France ( 3 ) Germany ( 4 ) Italy ( 3 ) Japan ( 1 ) Norway ( 4 ) Poland ( 4 ) Sweden ( 4 ) Switzerland ( 4 ) United States ( 3 )
= House 's Head = " House 's Head " is the fifteenth episode of the fourth season of House and the eighty @-@ fifth episode overall . It was the first part of the two @-@ part season four finale , the second part being " Wilson 's Heart " . Co @-@ written by several House producers and directed by Greg Yaitanes , " House 's Head " premiered on May 12 , 2008 on Fox . The episode revolves around Dr. Gregory House ( Hugh Laurie ) , who , after being involved in a bus accident , vaguely remembers seeing someone who is " going to die " . House tries to trace back his steps throughout the episode to find out the identity of this person . A woman ( Ivana Miličević ) , who claims to be " the answer " , guides House through hallucinations about the crash . The episode eventually ends in a cliffhanger . 14 @.@ 84 million American viewers watched the broadcasting of " House 's Head " , making House the ninth most @-@ watched program of the week . The episode , and in particular a strip tease scene involving Cuddy ( Lisa Edelstein ) , gained positive responses . The episode was submitted for five Primetime Emmy Awards , from which two nominations followed . Greg Yaitanes won the Emmy for " Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series " , but Hugh Laurie lost the award in the category " Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series " to Bryan Cranston of AMC 's Breaking Bad . = = Plot = = The episode opens in a strip club where Dr. Gregory House is getting a lap dance . Drunk , dazed , and suffering from a head wound , House has a short disjointed vision and presumes that " somebody 's going to die " . When he leaves the club , he sees that the bus he was on crashed . Back at Princeton @-@ Plainsboro Teaching Hospital , House is diagnosed with a concussion and post @-@ traumatic retrograde amnesia ; he orders his team to check the bus driver for a possible seizure that precipitated the crash . Dr. Robert Chase ( Jesse Spencer ) performs a medical hypnosis on House to stimulate his memory ; during this , House finds himself getting drunk in a bar , alone . Chase , Dr. James Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) , and Wilson 's girlfriend Amber Volakis ( Anne Dudek ) guide House through the hallucination , and the only other person House recognizes is the bartender ( Fred Durst ) , who forced House to take the bus by taking away his keys . While the team investigates several pathologies to fit the bus driver 's condition , House overdoses on his Vicodin and starts to hallucinate . He finds himself back on the bus , where he sees a woman ( Ivana Miličević ) who was not on the bus . However , before House can speak to her , Wilson awakens House to do an MRI on him . When House returns to the bus hallucination , Dr. Lisa Cuddy ( Lisa Edelstein ) is with him . As they discuss the bus driver 's possible diseases , House realizes they are in his head and tells Cuddy to accompany the discussion with a strip tease . Cuddy complies , but just before she takes off her bra , she notes she is distracting House , and stops . The woman from House 's earlier hallucination returns and introduces herself as " the answer " . She tells House to " look " at the bus driver 's shuffling feet , which House believes to indicate Parkinson 's disease . When the bus driver needs to be intubated due to a possible clot from a pulmonary embolism , House notices the driver 's recent dental work . He reasons that an air bubble , that got accidentally injected into the patient 's bloodstream through the gums , would explain all the symptoms . The bubble is extracted , and the patient is saved . House believes it over , but a dream that night causes him to realize that the bus driver is not the patient he saw a symptom in , the crash merely dislodged the air bubble and caused the driver 's problems . In a renewed attempt to retrieve his memory , House has his team reenact the bus crash . House overdoses on physostigmine , a medication against Alzheimer 's disease , and his mind flashes back to the bus scene before the accident . " The answer " reminds House that since he values reason above everything else , there must be one for her presence in his mind . She keeps asking House what her necklace is made from , until House realizes that it 's made of amber . " The answer " transforms into Amber Volakis , and when Wilson and Cuddy manage to resuscitate House from his overdose @-@ induced cardiac arrest , House immediately informs Wilson that Amber 's life is in danger as he now remembers the crash . In the crash , Amber was injured with a bar through her leg and House saw her later being carried away to an ambulance . Wilson has not spoken to Amber since before the accident . " Thirteen " ( Olivia Wilde ) checks the patient roster and sees that a patient admitted to a different hospital matches Amber 's description . = = Production = = " House 's Head " was the fourth House episode directed by Greg Yaitanes . It was written by Peter Blake , David Foster , Russel Friend , Garrett Lerner and Doris Egan . Executive producer Katie Jacobs said that the season finale was " a little bit different " than the episodes preceding it . " House 's Head " was supposed to air after the Super Bowl XLII but due to the 2007 @-@ 2008 WGA Strike the episode was derailed , and the House season 4 episode " Frozen " was aired instead . The T @-@ shirt House wears in the episodes , which shows a skeleton drinking coffee , and says " Coffin Break " , was created by a designer named Taavo . When Lisa Edelstein ( Dr. Cuddy ) heard she had to do a strip scene in the episode , she called actress Sheila Kelley , wife of Richard Schiff ( with whom Edelstein had worked previously on The West Wing and Relativity ) . Kelley had worked on a movie about strippers long ago and Edelstein asked her for her advice on the choreography of the striptease . On the episode itself , Edelstein commented : " It is very interesting what happens in the first half of the finale in terms of learning about how House sees people and getting the world from his point of view entirely " . Before the filming of the scene started , Edelstein showed the dance to Hugh Laurie , who , according to Edelstein , was " incredibly supportive , like a cheerleader " . Edelstein commented that after the scene was filmed she , " felt beautiful , and it ended up being a really lovely experience " . The whole bus @-@ crash sequence was storyboarded . Greg Yaitanes described stunt @-@ coordinator Jim Vickers as " crucial " for the filming of this sequence . The bus crash scene was filmed in a studio using a big spinning wheel ( which Anne Dudek referred to as a " gadget " ) . This gadget was mainly the back of the bus , and could be turned 360 degrees to increase the authenticity of the scene . For the rest of the bus , a greenscreen was used that surrounded the complete outside of the bus . The shots involving Anne Dudek were filmed at another time , using light effects and people simulating a bus crash experience in the otherwise motionless gadget . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = The episode premiered in the US on May 12 , 2008 on Fox . The episode was viewed within five hours of broadcast by 14 @.@ 84 million viewers , and had a 5 @.@ 8 / 14 share of the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . It was the second most @-@ watched program of the night , beaten only by Dancing with the Stars . In the week from May 11 , 2008 to May 18 , 2008 " House 's Head " was the ninth most @-@ watched program . The show was watched by 15 @.@ 02 million viewers on Live + SD television . In Australia the episode aired May 12 , 2008 , on Network Ten , where it was watched by 1 @,@ 432 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the night 's second most watched program . It ranked fourth most @-@ watched show in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . In Canada , the episode was broadcast on Global Total , also on May 12 . It was watched by 2 @.@ 296 million viewers , making it the week 's fourth most watched program , behind Grey 's Anatomy and American Idol ( Tuesday and Wednesday ) . 1 @.@ 7 million viewers watched the episode 's first broadcast on United Kingdom 's Five on June 26 , 2008 . = = = Critical reaction = = = Overall , " House 's Head " was very well received by critics . Sara Morrison , from Television Without Pity , called the moment that House gets back his memory " the best ten minutes of television you might ever see " . She was also pleased with the hypnotism scene , because it gave Chase " something to do " . Morrison graded the episode with an A + . Michelle Romero , of Entertainment Weekly , said that she can watch " House 's Head " twice and get as much out of the second viewing as the first . TV Guide 's Gina Dinunno stated : " It 's everything I imagined : brilliant , snarky , confusing ; even dirty ! They did an amazing job at leaving us with the cliffhanger of all cliffhangers as we wait to see what will happen to Amber " . Alan Sepinwall , from The Star @-@ Ledger , compared the episode to the House season two finale " No Reason " . He , however , also said that the episode had " several issues " , mainly the hints towards " the answer " being Amber . On this , Sepinwall commented " House is , at heart , a mystery , and when the show telegraphs the solution , it isn 't half as entertaining " . James Chamberlin , of IGN , said that he hoped the second part of the season finale could live up to the first half . He also said that the scenes revolving around " the answer " reminded him of The Matrix . Chamberlin graded the episode with a 9 @.@ 5 on a ten scale . Barbara Barnett , of Blog Critics , praised both Hugh Laurie 's and Lisa Edelstein 's acting performances . She also said that , although there were many " memorable moments " in the episode , the scene in which the bus crashed was " intense " , " tension @-@ filled " and " heart @-@ stopping " . Maureen Ryan of Chicago Tribune 's The Watcher stated that , although she did predict the twist about midway through the episode , there were " so many other enjoyable elements " that it didn 't bother her . Jennifer Godwin of E ! said the episode was " easily one of House 's best finales ever " . Also , several critics were surprised by Fred Durst 's brief cameo as the bartender in House 's flashback . The scene in which Lisa Cuddy did a pole dance was very positively received by critics , Mary McNarma , of the Los Angeles Times , stated that these scenes " in three minutes earned back the price of TiVo " . James Chamberlin of IGN stated that he never expected Edelstein to do a strip tease , although he had hoped it . In season four DVD commentary , Jesse Spencer , Lisa Edelstein , Anne Dudek , Jennifer Morrison and Omar Epps all stated that " House 's Head " and " Wilson 's Heart " are their favorite House episodes . = = = Awards = = = Cast members Lisa Edelstein , Jesse Spencer and Hugh Laurie submitted the episode for Primetime Emmy Awards on their behalf . In the categories Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Edelstein ) , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Spencer ) and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ( Laurie ) . Peter Blake , David Foster , Russel Friend , Garrett Lerner and Doris Egan , the writers of the episode , submitted the episode on their behalf for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . The episode was also given up for consideration in the category Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series on behalf of director Greg Yaitanes . Hugh Laurie and Greg Yaitanes ' submissions both came through as nominations . Yaitanes won the award , but Laurie lost the award to Bryan Cranston for his performance in AMC 's Breaking Bad .
= 1880 Republican National Convention = The 1880 Republican National Convention convened from June 2 to June 8 , 1880 , at the Interstate Exposition Building in Chicago , Illinois , United States , and nominated Representative James A. Garfield of Ohio and Chester A. Arthur of New York as the official candidates of the Republican Party for President and Vice President , respectively , in the 1880 presidential election . Of the 14 men in contention for the Republican nomination , the three strongest candidates leading up to the convention were Ulysses S. Grant , James G. Blaine , and John Sherman . Grant had served two terms as President from 1869 to 1877 , and was seeking an unprecedented third term in office . He was backed by the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party , which supported political machines and patronage . Blaine was a senator and former representative from Maine who was backed by the Half @-@ Breed faction of the Republican Party . Sherman , the brother of Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman , was serving as Secretary of the Treasury under President Rutherford B. Hayes . A former senator from Ohio , he was backed by delegates who did not support the Stalwarts or Half @-@ Breeds . On the first ballot , Sherman received 93 votes , while Grant and Blaine had 304 and 285 , respectively . With 379 votes required to win the nomination , none of the candidates was close to victory , and the balloting continued . After the thirty @-@ fifth ballot , Blaine and Sherman switched their support to a new " dark horse " candidate , James Garfield . On the next ballot , Garfield won the nomination by receiving 399 votes , 93 higher than Grant 's total . Garfield 's Ohio delegation chose Chester A. Arthur , a Stalwart , as Garfield 's vice @-@ presidential running mate . Arthur won the nomination by capturing 468 votes , and the longest @-@ ever Republican National Convention was subsequently adjourned . The Garfield – Arthur Republican ticket later defeated Democrats Winfield Scott Hancock and William Hayden English in the close 1880 presidential election . = = Background = = As President of the United States , Rutherford B. Hayes had caused heated tensions within the Republican Party . Hayes had moved away from party patronage by offering government jobs to Southern Democrats instead of Northern Republicans . His actions drew heavy criticism from those inside his party , such as Roscoe Conkling of New York and James G. Blaine of Maine . Hayes had known since the dispute over the 1876 election that he was unlikely to win in 1880 , and had announced at his 1877 inauguration that he would not run for a second term . Without an incumbent president in the race , the rival factions within the Republican Party , the Stalwarts and the Half @-@ Breeds , eagerly anticipated the 1880 presidential election . = = = Ulysses S. Grant = = = At the close of Grant 's two terms as president in 1877 , the Republican @-@ controlled Congress suggested that Grant not return to the White House for a third term . Grant did not seem to mind and even told his wife Julia , " I do not want to be here [ in the White House ] another four years . I do not think I could stand it . " After Grant left the White House , he and his wife decided to use their US $ 85 @,@ 000 of savings to travel around the world . A biographer from the New York Herald , John Russell Young , traveled with the Grants and documented their journey to exotic places around the world in a book later published called Around the World with General Grant . Young saw that Grant 's popularity was soaring , as he was treated with splendid receptions at his arrival in Tokyo and Peking , China . After Hayes ' falling @-@ out with the Republican Party and a perceived desire on the part of the United States ' electorate for a strong man in the White House , Grant returned to the United States ahead of schedule , in hopes of seeking a third term in office . With the backing of the Stalwarts and calls for a " man of iron " to replace the " man of straw " in the White House , Grant was confident that he would receive the Republican nomination for the presidency . Roscoe Conkling , the leader of the Stalwart faction , formed a " triumvirate " with J. Donald Cameron of Pennsylvania and John A. Logan of Illinois to lead the campaign for Grant 's return to the White House . With a Grant victory , Conkling and other Stalwarts would have great influence in the White House . Grant knew he could count on the Stalwart leaders to solidify their respective states in order to guarantee a Grant victory . Conkling was so confident in Grant 's nomination that he said , " Nothing but an act of God could prevent Grant 's nomination . " An aide to the ex @-@ president , Adam Badeau , commented that Grant had become " extremely anxious to receive the nomination " and did not think that there was any chance of failure . However , close friends of Grant saw that his public support was slipping . John Russell Young took Grant aside and told him that he would lose the election , and should withdraw to avoid embarrassment . Young argued that Grant was being heavily attacked by opponents , who were against the concept of a presidential third term . Young also criticized the handling of the campaign and told Grant that if he won the election , he would be indebted to the " triumvirate " . Grant felt that his Stalwart friends had been of great assistance in his election bid , and they deserved political patronage in his administration . Grant , nonetheless , listened to Young 's advice and wrote a letter to J. Donald Cameron , authorizing his name to be withdrawn from the nomination contest after consultation with his other Stalwart backers . Upon hearing of his letter , Julia Grant was insistent that her husband should not withdraw his name from the contest . She said , " If General Grant were not nominated , then let it be so , but he must not withdraw his name – no , never . " Young delivered the letter to the " triumvirate " in Chicago on May 31 , but no action was taken to remove Grant 's name . = = = James G. Blaine = = = The other main contender for the Republican nomination was James G. Blaine . Blaine , a senator from Maine who had also served in the United States House of Representatives , including holding the Speaker of the House position from 1869 to 1875 , was in the competition to prevent Grant 's nomination . Four years earlier Blaine had campaigned for the party 's nomination ; in the weeks prior to the 1876 convention , he was accused of committing fraudulent activities involving railroad stocks . The specifics of Blaine 's involvement were detailed in the Mulligan letters . Blaine pleaded his own defense on the floor of the House of Representatives , and he read aloud selected , edited portions of the letter that were not incriminating . Despite his attempt to clear his name , Blaine was tarnished by the scandal throughout the rest of his political career . On the Sunday before balloting was to begin in Cincinnati , Ohio , Blaine collapsed at the steps of Washington Congregational Church . He was unconscious for two days , and as a result , he lost supporters who were doubtful over his health and whether he was capable of handling the presidency . Blaine was also ridiculed by opponents , who accused him of faking illness to gain sympathy ; the New York Sun headlined " Blaine Feigns a Faint " . On the first ballot of the 1876 convention , Blaine received 285 votes , while his political enemy , Roscoe Conkling , was in second place with only 99 votes . Blaine and Conkling had a long @-@ standing political feud that started at a debate on the floor of the House of Representatives in 1866 . After six more ballots resulted in no consensus , Conkling switched his support to Rutherford B. Hayes , who ultimately beat Blaine for the nomination . After Blaine 's failure in 1876 , his supporters believed that he needed to be nominated at the 1880 convention in Chicago if he was ever going to be President , reasoning that if he tried for the nomination twice and failed , he could not count on another opportunity . As his campaign manager , William E. Chandler , put it : Despite the Mulligan letters scandal , Blaine had succeeded remarkably in his 1880 campaign , attracting nationwide support for his candidacy . He argued for the gold standard , support for big business , a tariff to protect American jobholders , civil rights for freed blacks and Irish independence . = = = John Sherman = = = John Sherman was a longtime senator from Ohio who also served the state in the House of Representatives in the late 1850s and early 1860s . As a senator , Sherman led the planning of the national banking system . He also oversaw the national policy for the post @-@ Civil War banking system , and helped restore the nation 's finances after the Panic of 1873 . Under President Hayes , Sherman served as the Secretary of the Treasury , advocating for the gold standard and building up the country 's gold reserves . Sherman 's colleagues did not have much confidence in their presidential bid . Sherman was known as the " Ohio Icicle " for his uncharismatic personality , which made him unappealing to voters . His colleagues commented that in public , Sherman " was not eloquent , though a graceful speaker , confining himself almost entirely to statements of fact . " In private , he was " reserved , self @-@ contained , " a personality that many Americans were not comfortable with . As President , Sherman intended to continue his support for the gold standard . Prior to the start of the convention , papers had predicted Sherman to receive 110 votes in the balloting . Sherman felt that he still had a chance at the nomination once the Grant vote broke apart after five or six ballots . = = = James Garfield = = = James Garfield came into Chicago as a Senator @-@ elect from Ohio , who had represented the state in the United States House since 1863 . In 1859 , as a Republican , Garfield was elected to the Ohio Senate . The following year , he was admitted to the Ohio bar . He served as state senator until 1861 , when he enlisted in the Union Army at the start of the Civil War . Garfield was assigned to command the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry , and had the task of driving Confederate forces out of eastern Kentucky . Garfield later led an attack with a number of infantry regiments against a Confederate cavalry at Jenny 's Creek on January 6 , 1862 . The Confederates retreated , and for leading his men to victory , Garfield was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in March 1862 . Garfield later served under Major General Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Shiloh and under Thomas J. Wood at the Siege of Corinth . Garfield 's health deteriorated and he was sent to serve on a commission to investigate the conduct of Union general Fitz John Porter . In the spring of 1863 , Garfield returned to the field as Chief of Staff for William S. Rosecrans , commander of the Army of the Cumberland . After the disastrous Chickamauga campaign in September 1863 , Rosecrans was relieved of his command . Garfield saved his own reputation by fighting bravely during the battles , and he was subsequently promoted to the rank of Major General . Garfield 's fame spread , and William Dennison engineered Garfield 's 1863 election to Congress . As Whitelaw Reid commented , Garfield was " the most able and prominent of the young politicians who entered the army at the outbreak of the war . " Garfield did not want to leave the army , so he personally visited President Abraham Lincoln for advice on the matter . Lincoln told Garfield that he had more generals than he could handle , and what he needed was political support . Garfield succeeded in gaining re @-@ election for his House seat every two years . In 1872 , Garfield faced charges for receiving $ 329 in tainted money from the Crédit Mobilier of America corruption scandal . Garfield repeatedly denied the charges and even hired William E. Chandler to defend him in front of the congressional investigators . There was not much evidence against Garfield , so his political career was not significantly affected . Four years later , when James G. Blaine moved from the House to the United States Senate , Garfield became the Republican floor leader of the House . That year , Garfield served as a member of the Electoral Commission that awarded 20 hotly contested electoral votes to Rutherford B. Hayes in his contest for the Presidency against Samuel J. Tilden . Prior to the 1880 Republican National Convention , Garfield had expressed that he was a Blaine supporter . It was not until John Sherman entered the race that Garfield switched sides , and offered his support for the " Ohio Icicle " . = = Pre @-@ convention politics = = In January , caucuses were held in local districts to pick delegates . The state conventions would then select a number of these delegates to represent the state at the national convention . Prior to the convention , there was a great deal of machine politics conducted by the candidates . John Sherman utilized Treasury Department employees who owed their jobs to him to meet up at local caucuses across the South to guarantee loyal state delegations . State @-@ level bosses , like Roscoe Conkling , used the state conventions to pick delegates that were politically allied to a particular candidate . In the state delegate @-@ selection convention at Utica , New York , Grant 's supporters carried only a 217 – 180 majority over Blaine supporters , but Conkling passed a resolution declaring that , " the Republicans of New York believe the re @-@ election of Ulysses S. Grant as Presidential candidate of urgent importance , and the delegates this day assembled are called upon and instructed to use their earnest and united efforts to secure his nomination . Conkling commanded delegates to follow the resolution , and if they were to violate it , he guaranteed they would be victims of political revenge and personal dishonor . However , in Chicago , there were a number of New York delegates who went against the resolution and publicly expressed their support for Blaine . J. Donald Cameron used similar tactics to intimidate dissenters in the Pennsylvania state convention . The third member of the " triumvirate " , John A. Logan , literally locked out Blaine supporters from the Illinois state convention , and replaced them with personally chosen Grant supporters . By May 29 , four days before the opening of the convention , trainloads upon trainloads of delegates , lobbyists , reporters , and campaign followers had arrived at the Union and Dearborn railway stations in Chicago . Candidate supporters channeled through the Chicago streets with daily parades and rallies . Pre @-@ convention possible outcomes of the voting were published by a number of sources . One , from the Albany Evening Journal , predicted Blaine with 277 votes , Grant with 317 , Sherman with 106 , and 49 for the other candidates . All of these predicted candidate vote totals were short of the 379 needed to win . Many in Chicago knew that a victor , most probably Grant , would only be determined if the unit rule , which postulated that all delegates from a particular state must vote for the candidate preferred by that state 's delegation , was to be in effect . If that was not the case , then a long deadlock would result until one side succumbed to the other . Before any voting began , the delegates had to vote on the important matter of the unit rule . Prior to the start of the convention , James Garfield noted , " I regard it [ the unit rule ] as being more important than even the choice of a candidate . " If the rule was supported by a majority of the delegates , then state party bosses , like the members of the " triumvirate " , would be able to solidify Grant 's nomination bid . If Conkling and the other Stalwart bosses had their way , the nearly sixty dissenters from the states represented by the " triumvirate " would be silenced . Unfortunately for Half @-@ Breeds , J. Donald Cameron was chairman of the Republican National Committee . Cameron planned to exercise his power to adopt new rules for the convention , and also suppress any dissenters of the unit rule . His plan was leaked , and within days , almost all the delegates in Chicago knew about it . Supporters of the Sherman and Blaine campaigns knew that they had to prevent Cameron from exercising his power . Blaine 's forces agreed that they could only prevent Cameron from imposing the unit rule by removing him as the chair of the Republican National Committee . At 7 : 00 P.M. on May 31 , J. Donald Cameron convened the Republican National Committee 's last meeting before the opening of the convention . Of the forty @-@ six men at the meeting , Cameron counted only sixteen allies . The rest of the men were anti @-@ Grant delegates who had decided to gang up on Cameron . Colorado senator Jerome B. Chaffee was the first to bring up the unit rule at the meeting . Chaffee handed Cameron a handwritten motion that was orchestrated by William E. Chandler . Cameron expected this , and knew he had to find some fault in Chaffee 's motion . Cameron called Chaffee 's motion out of order . Upon being questioned by Chaffee , Cameron explained that the committee could only appoint a temporary chairman to the convention , and could not vote on the unit rule issue ( which he said belonged to the Rules Committee ) . Cameron then used George Cornelius Gorham , a California Stalwart delegate who as secretary of the United States Senate had become an expert on parliamentary procedure , to justify his ruling . One by one , anti @-@ Grant delegates unsuccessfully tried to appeal Cameron 's motion . Gorham proclaimed that as committee chairman , Cameron could do " as he saw fit . " Marshall Jewell , a Connecticut delegate member who had served in Grant 's administration as Postmaster General , spoke up against Cameron 's rulings . Cameron did not comment , and then called for a brief recess . After the recess , he acknowledged a motion from William E. Chandler to elect George Frisbie Hoar , a neutral senator and delegate from Massachusetts , as the convention 's temporary chairman . The committee voted 29 – 17 in favor of electing Hoar as temporary chairman of the convention . At midnight , the committee was adjourned , and the members scheduled to continue the meeting the following morning . News of Cameron 's behavior had spread overnight , throughout town . His hardliner strategy had failed , and Conkling and other Grant managers sought to control the situation before it became any worse . The next morning , Conkling asked his trusted colleague , Chester A. Arthur , to solve the problem . Arthur assessed the situation and drew up a compromise . He met Chandler and the rest of the anti @-@ Grant cabal at the entrance of the committee 's suite . Arthur acknowledged that the Grant men had rejected Senator Hoar as the temporary convention chairman the day before , but said that the Grant men might perhaps reconsider . He proposed that the delegates decide on the unit rule in a free vote , and in return , Don Cameron would be restored as the chairman of the national committee . After discussing for a number of minutes , the two men came to an agreement . Arthur was confident that since Chandler , the leader of Blaine 's campaign , had accepted the deal , then " it would be agreed by the Grant men . " Chandler then discussed the compromise deal with the thirty anti @-@ Grant committee members , and also James Garfield , who had previously expressed his opposition to the unit rule . 23 out of 30 anti @-@ Grant men agreed to the terms , and Garfield commented that the proposition " must be accepted " in " spirit of reconciliation . " The committee reconvened again on the afternoon of June 1 , with J. Donald Cameron sitting as the committee chairman . Arthur made a number of motions , indicating that the Grant men from New York and Pennsylvania would support Senator Hoar 's appointment as the temporary chairman of the convention . No one objected and the motions were accepted . The meeting was then adjourned . A reporter from the New York Tribune later remarked that the Grant followers had been " saved from utter ruin by the excellent management of General Arthur .... " = = The convention = = At noon on Wednesday , June 2 , J. Donald Cameron banged his gavel to commence the beginning of the seventh Republican National Convention . As instructed , Cameron placed the nomination for Senator Hoar as the temporary convention chairman . The nomination was passed unanimously . Later , delegates John H. Roberts of Illinois and Christopher L. Magee of Pennsylvania were made temporary convention secretaries . Senator Eugene Hale of Maine submitted a resolution for a roll call , in which the chairman of each delegation would announce the people from their delegation serving on the convention 's three committees . The committees were formed , and the convention was adjourned at five minutes past three in the afternoon . The convention reconvened at 11 : 00 A.M. on June 3 . Roscoe Conkling submitted a motion for a recess , but the motion was rejected . Another New York delegate , Henry R. Pierson from the Committee on Permanent Organization , submitted a proposal to make the temporary convention assignments permanent . The motion was adopted , and the convention took a four @-@ hour recess until 5 : 00 P.M. After the recess , a motion was made for the Committee on Rules to be directed to report , but a substitute motion from George H. Sharpe of New York called for the Committee on Credentials to report . The substitute motion was rejected by a vote of 406 to 318 , and the original resolution was laid on the table . At 7 : 30 P.M. , the convention was adjourned until 10 : 00 A.M. the following morning . The next morning , Conkling then submitted a resolution that bound every delegate in the hall to support the party 's nominee . Conkling said that " no man should hold his seat here who is not ready so to agree . " A voice vote was called , and the resolution received nearly unanimous delegate support . However , about a dozen or so delegates answered " no " . Conkling was shocked . He asked , " [ who ] at a Republican convention would vote ' no ' on such a resolution ? " He then demanded a roll call to identify the dissenters . Most of the dissenters chose not to declare their disagreement in front of the thousands of spectators at the " Glass Palace " . Only three delegates , all from West Virginia , voted " no " to the resolution , and were showered with a " storm of hisses . " Conkling then issued another resolution to strip the three West Virginians of their votes and squash their voices at the convention . The West Virginians revolted against Conkling 's resolution , and heavily criticized him for his motion . James Garfield , who was sitting at the Ohio delegation , stood up and tried to settle the matter . He stated that the convention would be making a big mistake if they approved Conkling 's motion , and he asked the delegates for their time in order to state his case . Garfield argued that the three West Virginians should not " be disenfranchised because they thought it was not the time to make such an expression [ about a candidate ] . " He stated that " there never can be a convention ... that shall bind my vote against my will on any question whatever . " Garfield had won the crowd over with his speech . Conkling did not particularly enjoy the situation . He scribbled a note to Garfield which read , " New York requests that Ohio 's real candidate and dark horse come forward ... R.C. " Afterwards , the fight over credentials erupted into a free @-@ for @-@ all . After John A. Logan had barred anti @-@ Grant delegates from the state convention earlier in the year , they had decided to file credential reports . At the meeting between Arthur and Chandler , both men had agreed that the credentials issue could be discussed at the convention . A Chicago lawyer who supported Grant , Emery Storrs interrupted the legal argument over credentials by mocking the Blaine campaigners . His remarks set off a barrage of comments from both the Blaine and Grant sides . The convention went out of control , as people started shouting and jumping throughout the convention hall . As Garfield commented , the convention " seemed [ as if ] it could not be in America , but in the Sections of Paris in the ecstasy of the Revolution . " The fracas continued until 2 : 00 A.M. when acting chairman Green B. Raum , the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue , banged the gavel to end the demonstration . = = = Presenting the nominees = = = On Saturday night , the alphabetical roll call of the states to present nominees was conducted . The first candidate for the Republican nomination emerged when the Michigan delegation was in roll call . James F. Joy , the seventy @-@ year @-@ old president of the Michigan Central Railroad , gave the speech nominating Blaine . Joy was not a practiced public speaker , and he stumbled and rushed through his nomination speech , " because we are all now impatient for the voting . " Joy ended his speech by nominating " James S. Blaine " for the Republican ticket . Promptly , a number of delegates yelled back , " G ! G. Blaine , you fool ! " The delegates from the next state in the roll call , Minnesota , nominated Senator William Windom as their " favorite son " candidate . Nine states later , Roscoe Conkling of New York stepped up to the podium to present his nomination for Ulysses S. Grant . And when asked what State he hail from , Our sole reply shall be , He hails from Appomattox , And its famous apple tree . The crowd of 15 @,@ 000 responded by erupting in cheers . Conkling built up the crowd 's energy with his speech , and then introduced his candidate by proclaiming , " New York is for Ulysses S. Grant . Never defeated – never defeated in peace or in war , his name is the most illustrious borne by living men . " He later spoke of Grant 's loyalty to the American people , and then scolded Grant 's enemies who had brought up the third term issue . Conkling tried to show that Grant was an honest person who had won the delegates " without patronage and without emissaries , without committees , [ and ] without bureaus .... " After Conkling finished his speech , boos and hisses came from Blaine and Sherman backers , while applause was heard from Stalwart supporters of Grant . After North Carolina 's roll call , the Ohio delegation brought out James Garfield to give the nomination speech for John Sherman . Garfield had not actually written a speech , and was nervous about speaking in front of such a large crowd . Before heading to Chicago , Sherman told Garfield that Garfield 's speech should stress Sherman 's " courageous persistence in any course he had adopted . " Garfield started his speech by emphasizing his overwhelming pride for his role in the convention . Garfield then list the qualities that a president should possess and stressed the importance of party unity . It wasn 't until near his conclusion that he mentioned Sherman by name . Many reports of Garfield 's speech describe it as enthusiastic , eloquent , and well received . Some accounts indicate that it was so well @-@ received that it caused delegates to begin thinking of Garfield as a contender for the presidential nomination . On the other hand , some members of the Sherman campaign were disappointed by Garfield 's speech . One telegram from a Sherman backer sent to Sherman himself claimed that , " [ Garfield ] has been of no service to you ... he was extremely lukewarm in his support . " Rumors began to spread that Ohio Governor Charles Foster and Garfield , who were in adjoining suites at the Grand Pacific Hotel , were " conspiring to bring Garfield out as [ a ] candidate .... " News of the finger @-@ pointing within the Sherman camp had carried into newspapers across the country . The Albany Evening Journal reported that " [ t ] here is a general belief that the Ohio delegation is ready to desert Sherman and go over to Blaine in a body . " Although he had become popular with the delegates after his speech , Garfield was upset over the accusations of those inside the Sherman group , and he worried how they would affect him in the future . His close colleagues felt he was becoming too popular , too quickly . Friends , like Lorenzo Coffin , felt that his " time is not yet . " Garfield heeded the advice of his friends to lower his profile at the convention , but he had already made a deep impression on the delegates . Late Sunday night on June 6 , Indiana senator Benjamin Harrison , grandson of former President William Henry Harrison , came to Garfield 's hotel suite and asked him under what conditions he would accept the nomination . Garfield replied that he had come to the convention for the sole purpose of supporting John Sherman , and told Harrison that Garfield 's " name must not be used [ in the nomination ] . " = = = Balloting = = = At ten o 'clock on Monday morning , convention chairman Hoar banged his gavel to open the convention . Eugene Hale moved to immediately proceed to the presidential nominee balloting , and Roscoe Conkling seconded the motion . Newspapers had predicted the results of the balloting , and the delegates knew that it would take a number of ballots before a victor could be found . The first surprise during the balloting roll call came when John A. Logan of Illinois announced that of his state 's forty @-@ two delegates , only twenty @-@ four were in support of Grant . This was not as " solid " as Logan had previously advertised to the rest of the Grant backers . New York faced a similar situation . Of its seventy delegates , fifty @-@ one supported Grant , seventeen were for Blaine , and the remaining two supported Sherman . Pennsylvania fared even worse , as only thirty @-@ two of the state 's fifty @-@ eight delegates put in their support for Grant . After all the states were polled , the results were tabulated . Grant received 304 votes , Blaine had 284 , Sherman had 93 , Vermont senator George F. Edmunds received 34 , Elihu B. Washburne , who had served as the United States Ambassador to France under President Grant , had 30 , and Minnesota senator William Windom received 10 . Of the states represented by the " triumvirate " , sixty delegates did not support Grant . None of the candidates were close to the 379 needed to secure the nomination , so the balloting continued throughout the day . In Washington , D.C. , both Blaine and Sherman were disappointed by their first @-@ ballot vote totals . Blaine had been told that he should expect around 300 first @-@ ballot votes , but his actual total fell sixteen short , and it was also one vote fewer than the total he received on the first ballot at the 1876 Convention . Sherman was told to expect 110 votes , which was significantly lower than the expected totals for Blaine and Grant . However , Sherman felt his chance would come later , when the Grant vote split apart . After Sherman heard his first @-@ ballot vote totals , he grew visibly angry that " some of them [ the votes ] were taken away from him before the ballot began . " He was upset that nine Ohio delegates bolted from Sherman and voted instead for his opponent , James G. Blaine . Sherman blamed Blaine for causing the delegates to bolt from Ohio " by [ methods of ] falsehood , ridicule and treachery . " In Galena , Illinois , Grant did not express any emotions after being told about the first @-@ ballot vote totals . As one newsman reported , " [ t ] he silent soldier was smoking his cigar with all his usual serenity . " Grant 's wife , Julia , expected a deadlock , and suggested to her husband that he surprise the delegates in Chicago with a visit . Grant thought this was unwise because it gave an appearance of bad luck and bad manners . Despite his wife 's attempts to change his mind , Grant remained adamant . Meanwhile , the delegates at the convention continued to cast ballots until a victor could be determined . On the second ballot of the day , a Pennsylvania delegate named W. A. Grier cast a vote for James Garfield . However , the Garfield support remained with that one delegate 's vote for most of the day . The delegates cast eighteen ballots before taking a recess for dinner . After dinner , they came back and cast ten more ballots . Still , no candidate was close to the 379 votes needed to win . After twelve hours of balloting , Massachusetts delegate William Lovering moved to adjourn for the night . A few Grant delegates objected , but the motion to adjourn was passed by a vote of 446 to 308 . After twenty @-@ eight ballots , Grant had 307 votes , Blaine had 279 and Sherman had 91 , and the rest of the votes were split between favorite son candidates like William Windom and George F. Edmunds . Suggestions for introducing a " dark horse " candidate began to take place . Members backing each candidate were equally determined to win the nomination , but some felt that the deadlock could not be broken if new candidates were not introduced into the balloting . Backers for Sherman and Blaine met after the convention was adjourned . Chandler laid down his terms . Blaine had nearly 300 votes , and could not simply withdraw . As Chandler explained , even " [ i ] f Mr. Blaine permits his column to be broken , [ then ] Iowa , Nebraska , Kansas , Nevada , California , Oregon & twelve votes in the Territories will go to Grant ... [ as would ] Mr. Blaine 's Southern votes . " Both sides argued until two or three in the morning , but no decision had been reached . Grant leaders had also met that night in Roscoe Conkling 's suite in the Grand Pacific Hotel . They discussed the imposing dangers of Grant 's nomination bid , such as the third @-@ term resistors . Many speculated that Grant was not going to receive the nomination . The Grant backers discussed the other two chief candidates , and found them both to be unacceptable . Some of the men called for Conkling himself as a substitute for Grant . They argued that with Grant out of the race , Conkling would face little resistance for the Republican nomination . However , Conkling refused to accept the idea of being nominated for president . He said " [ even ] if I were to receive every other vote in the Convention , my own would still be lacking , and that I would not give . I am here as the agent of New York to support General Grant to the end . Any man who would forsake him under such conditions does not deserve to be elected , and could not be elected . The first ballot on Tuesday morning , June 8 , saw two major breaks in the voting . Massachusetts switched their twenty @-@ one votes from Senator George Edmunds to John Sherman , spiking his total to 116 , the highest thus far . William Chandler also convinced three Minnesota delegates to switch their support from their " favorite son " candidate , William Windom , to James G. Blaine . By the thirty @-@ second ballot , Blaine had dropped six votes from the night before , and Grant had increased his total to 309 . Despite the relatively small changes in votes totals Roscoe Conkling confidently claimed that the " [ m ] embers of the N.Y. Delegation assert that Grant will be nominated before one o 'clock . " On the thirty @-@ third ballot , nine Wisconsin delegates shifted their support from Grant to Elihu Washburne . On the next ballot , sixteen of twenty Wisconsin delegates changed their vote to James Garfield . Garfield immediately called to chairman Hoar to raise a question of order . Garfield " challenge [ d ] the correctness of the announcement " , claiming that without his consent , he should not be receiving votes . Hoar dismissed Garfield 's question , claiming later that he denied Garfield because he did not want to see a presidency be undone by a simple point of order , meaning he did not want Garfield to stop the momentum for his own candidacy . After the ballot , the vote totals for the major candidates stood at 312 for Grant , 275 for Blaine , 107 for Sherman , and 17 for Garfield . In the thirty @-@ fifth ballot , Benjamin Harrison of Indiana announced that his state would shift all twenty @-@ seven of its votes ( mostly coming from the Blaine column ) to Garfield . Four Maryland delegates and one delegate each from Mississippi and North Carolina also switched their vote to Garfield , bringing his total to 50 . Blaine saw that his chances for winning the nomination were slipping , commenting to a visitor trying to keep Blaine in the race that it was not necessary to have " wasted a card upon a falling market , " meaning that his guest had presented a calling card in order to see Blaine for a meeting that would not be productive . Blaine felt that the most suitable candidate was James Garfield . Garfield was a close friend , and he felt that by supporting Garfield , he could defeat Grant and Conkling and possibly receive an appointment in Garfield 's administration . Likewise , Sherman listened to advice from his colleagues and decided to shift all his support to Garfield , to " save the Republican Party . " Both candidates told their supporters to support Garfield 's nomination . On the thirty @-@ sixth ballot , Garfield won the Republican nomination after receiving 399 votes , 93 higher than Grant 's total . Blaine finished with 42 , Washburne had 5 , John Sherman had 3 , and the remaining were split amongst other minor candidates . Garfield was so overwhelmed with emotion after winning the nomination that an Inter Ocean reporter noted that he looked " pale as death , and seemed to be half @-@ unconsciously to receive the congratulations of his friends . " The convention was in a mad frenzy as thousands of people chanted for Garfield , and later joined in the singing of the Battle Cry of Freedom . The Grant followers , like Roscoe Conkling , looked on with " glum faces " and made " no effort to conceal their disappointment . " Conkling took great pride in the 306 delegates who had supported Grant throughout the entire balloting . With the Grant supporters , Conkling formed a " Three Hundred and Six Guard " society . The society held annual dinners , and even drew up a commemorative coin with the inscription , " The Old Guard " . Afterwards , chairman Hoar banged his gavel and announced , " James A. Garfield , of Ohio , is nominated for President of the United States . " Garfield wrote a letter to his wife stating that " if the results meet your approval , I shall be content [ with the nomination ] . " Garfield 's wife , Lucretia , was thrilled with her husband 's nomination and gave her approval . ( Garfield subsequently resigned the Senate seat to which he had been elected for the term beginning in 1881 , and the Ohio Legislature then elected Sherman . ) Garfield and the Ohio delegation desired a New York Stalwart as Garfield 's vice presidential running mate , partly to placate Conkling , and partly to balance the ticket geographically . Levi P. Morton declined after consulting with Conkling , who was still unhappy over Grant 's loss and advised Morton not to accept . The nomination was then offered to Chester A. Arthur , who had close Stalwart ties to Conkling , but who had impressed delegates with his work to broker the compromise on the selection of a convention chairman . Conkling tried to talk Arthur out of accepting , but Arthur insisted that he would , calling the Vice Presidency " a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining . " Arthur won the nomination after he received 468 votes , next to the 193 for Elihu Washburne , and 44 for the third major candidate , Marshall Jewell . Former Governor Edmund J. Davis of Texas and several others were also nominated , but received little support . After convention chairman Hoar banged his gavel at 7 : 25 P.M. on June 8 , the longest ever Republican National Convention was adjourned . = = Aftermath = = Garfield led the first front porch campaign for the Presidency . He did not travel that much , and he usually stayed at home to present his presidential agenda to visitors . Garfield enlisted the support of the other candidates from the convention to help with the campaign . The 1880 Democratic National Convention chose Winfield Scott Hancock as the presidential candidate and William Hayden English as his vice @-@ presidential running mate . The election featured a very close popular vote , that put Garfield out with a majority of less than ten thousand votes , with some sources putting it as low as 2 @,@ 000 votes . However , Garfield won the election with 214 of the 369 electoral votes in the country . On July 2 , 1881 , Garfield was shot by a former Chicago lawyer named Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington , D.C. Guiteau was a staunch supporter of the Stalwarts , and he even gave speeches in New York to rally Grant supporters . After Garfield was elected president , Guiteau repeatedly tried to contact the president and his Secretary of State James G. Blaine in hopes of receiving the consulship in Paris . After finally being told by Blaine that he would not get the position , Guiteau decided to seek revenge on Garfield . He planned Garfield 's assassination for weeks . After shooting Garfield , he proclaimed " I am a Stalwart and Arthur will be President . " Garfield died on September 19 , more than two and a half months after the shooting . After a lengthy trial , Guiteau was sentenced to death , and he was hanged on June 30 , 1882 .
= Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) = Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . Wheel premiered as a daytime series on NBC on January 6 , 1975 , and continued to air on the network until June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series returned on July 17 , 1989 as part of CBS ' daytime lineup . On January 14 , 1991 , Wheel moved back to NBC and aired on that network until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed ; that series premiered on September 19 , 1983 and continues to air to this day . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O 'Donnell as its announcer . O 'Donnell left in 1980 , Woolery in 1981 , and Stafford in 1982 ; they were replaced , respectively , by Jack Clark , Pat Sajak , and Vanna White . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M. G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O 'Donnell returned in 1989 . O 'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late @-@ night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke . Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS , then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether . The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest @-@ running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6 @,@ 000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the " top @-@ rated syndicated series " in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 33rd season premiered on September 14 , 2015 . = = Gameplay = = = = = Main game = = = The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette @-@ style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $ 500 to $ 900 , plus a top dollar value : $ 2 @,@ 500 in Round 1 , $ 3 @,@ 500 in Rounds 2 and 3 , and $ 5 @,@ 000 for Round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two @-@ contestant teams ; each contestant / team is positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue ; which contestant / team occupies which position is determined by a random selection . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . A contestant with at least $ 250 may buy a vowel for a flat rate of that amount , until all the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise from the viewer 's perspective if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , or if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or gives an incorrect answer . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $ 500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or solve the puzzle , with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer . In Rounds 1 – 3 , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag , while two ½ Car tags are present in Rounds 2 and 3 only . The ½ Car tags are not used on weeks with two @-@ contestant teams , unless the teams are married couples . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $ 1 @,@ 000 credit toward purchases from , or $ 1 @,@ 000 in cash courtesy of , the sponsoring company , and the ½ Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both . Unlike the other tags , the ½ Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $ 500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $ 500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round , with the exception of the Wild Card ; once this is picked up , it is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card , individual ½ Car tags , and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $ 1 @,@ 000 in cash and prizes ( $ 2 @,@ 000 on weeks with two @-@ contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features three toss @-@ up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first determines who is interviewed first by the host , the second determines who starts Round 1 , and the third determines who starts Round 4 ; respectively , these are valued at $ 1 @,@ 000 , $ 2 @,@ 000 , and $ 3 @,@ 000 . In addition to these , each game has a minimum of four rounds . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began Round 1 . Round 2 features two " mystery wedges " . Calling a correct letter after landing upon this wedge offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $ 1 @,@ 000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $ 10 @,@ 000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $ 1 @,@ 000 space and cannot be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with Season 31 , an " Express " wedge is also placed on the wheel in Round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $ 1 @,@ 000 per appearance . The contestant can then either " pass " and continue the round normally , or " play " and keep calling consonants for $ 1 @,@ 000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $ 250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a " speed @-@ up " format , in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant , with $ 1 @,@ 000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow . Vowels do no add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed @-@ up round . The contestant in control calls one letter ; if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds from the viewer 's left to right , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three @-@ second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn . After the speed @-@ up round , the total winnings of the three contestants are compared ; the contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $ 1 @,@ 000 ( or $ 2 @,@ 000 on weeks with two @-@ contestant teams ) . If two or all three contestants are tied for first place at the end of the speed @-@ up round , an additional toss @-@ up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss @-@ up puzzle wins $ 1 @,@ 000 and advances to the bonus round . = = = Bonus round = = = In the bonus round , the winning contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . He or she is given a category , and a puzzle for which every instance of R , S , T , L , N , and E is revealed . The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel , then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed . The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary , so long as the correct answer is given before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host only opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include cash amounts ranging from $ 33 @,@ 000 ( commemorating the syndicated version 's 33rd anniversary ) to $ 50 @,@ 000 ; a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two @-@ contestant teams ) ; and a top prize of $ 100 @,@ 000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $ 100 @,@ 000 envelope is removed and replaced with a $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 envelope . The $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein on the episode that aired October 14 , 2008 , to Autumn Erhard on the episode that aired May 30 , 2013 , and to Sarah Manchester on the episode that aired on September 17 , 2014 . Contestants who win the $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value . = = = Previous rules = = = Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate ; alternatively , he or she could put the winnings " on account " for use in a later shopping round , but at the risk of losing any " on account " money to a Bankrupt . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss @-@ up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season , the contestant at the red arrow always started Round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed @-@ up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of Season 30 , the show featured a progressive jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . This wedge started at $ 5 @,@ 000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it ; to claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $ 500 per correct letter and $ 500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to three days ( originally five ) . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three @-@ day champion rule at the start of the seventh season . In later years , the top three winners from the week 's first four shows would return to compete in the " Friday Finals " ; when the jackpot wedge was introduced , its value was affected as well , beginning at $ 10 @,@ 000 instead of $ 5 @,@ 000 . The rules allowing champions to return after their initial appearances were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 ; as was the case before Season 7 , winners are once again retired after one episode . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a bonus round . Under the bonus round 's original rules , no letters were provided automatically ; the contestant was asked for five consonants and a vowel , and had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L. One prize was always $ 25 @,@ 000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly ; any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . These envelopes were replaced with the Bonus Wheel on October 22 , 2001 . = = Conception and development = = Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 @-@ year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman @-@ style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister would play Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a " hook " . He decided to add a roulette @-@ style wheel because he was always " drawn to " such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then @-@ president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience ; she suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun by Woolery rather than by the contestants ; this wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a " Your Own Clue " wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest @-@ scoring contestant would play a bonus round called the " Shopper 's Special " where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a " Vegas " feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting " A @-@ E @-@ I @-@ O @-@ U " to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . = = Personnel = = = = = Hosts and hostesses = = = The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his " odd " sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC @-@ TV , was " too local " for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late @-@ night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as " Vannamania " . White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie O 'Donnell co @-@ hosted the third round with White after O 'Donnell 's name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek , who presided over a special two @-@ contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively ; Lesly Sajak , Pat 's wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a " Vanna for a Day " contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . = = = Announcers = = = Charlie O 'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O 'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O 'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M. G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O 'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 – 89 television season . O 'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After O 'Donnell 's death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , former The Price Is Right announcer Rich Fields , voice actress Lora Cain , and Jim Thornton , a KNX news anchor . For the show 's twenty @-@ ninth season , Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel , and he has been with the show ever since . = = = Production staff = = = Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in @-@ house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co @-@ producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers ; they were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith and Schwartz 's old post . The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 – 99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full @-@ time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full @-@ time director . = = Production = = Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television ; the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc . , which like SPT has Sony Pictures Entertainment for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show on American television are owned by CBS Television Distribution , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . = = = Set = = = Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983 . In 1996 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high @-@ definition broadcasting . In the mid @-@ 1990s , the show began a long @-@ standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme ; as a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss @-@ Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on @-@ screen . Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $ 25 @,@ 000 Pyramid and Jeopardy ! , designed the wheel mechanism . Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard , the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments , and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately 2 @,@ 400 pounds ( 1 @,@ 100 kg ) . The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double @-@ arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . With these older boards , in segments where more than one puzzle was present , while the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , what actually happened was a stop @-@ down of the taping ; during the old stop @-@ downs , the board would be wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch @-@ activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop @-@ downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . The former board was subsequently sent to the Smithsonian Institution for storage . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . = = = Music = = = Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme , which was titled " Big Wheels " . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition , " Changing Keys " , to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 ; his initial theme was a remix of " Changing Keys " , but by the 18th syndicated season , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled " Happy Wheels " . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke ; themes they have written for the show include a remix of " Happy Wheels " and an original rock @-@ based composition . In addition to " Changing Keys " , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years . Among them were " Frisco Disco " ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , " A Time for Tony " ( whose basic melody evolved into " Think ! " , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy ! ) , " Buzzword " ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ) , " Nightwalk " , " Struttin ' on Sunset " , and an untitled vacation cue . = = = Audition process = = = Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy ! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom @-@ designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the " Wheelmobile " to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Contestants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed @-@ up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one @-@ hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the " most promising candidates " are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Contestants not appearing on stage have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second @-@ level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16 @-@ puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . = = Broadcast history = = Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract ; Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that version 's run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Let 's Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 , preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS @-@ TV in Columbus , Ohio . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Before long , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest @-@ rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984 – 85 season , Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy ! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest @-@ running and most popular game shows , Tic @-@ Tac @-@ Dough , The Joker 's Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the show 's popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy ! , remained the most @-@ watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become America 's longest @-@ running syndicated game show and its second @-@ longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $ 200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as " Wheel Around the World " , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named " Cyber Lucy " . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin @-@ off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed ; for example , the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . = = Reception = = Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest @-@ rated programs on U.S. syndicated television . It was the highest @-@ rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 – 11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host — in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O 'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , " I 'd like to buy a vowel " , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to " Come on down ! " , the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect ; the sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , " Changing Keys " was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song ; however , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , " Think ! " from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City . = = Merchandise = = Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards ( to simulate the " shopping " prizes of the show ; the prizes ranged in value from $ 100 to $ 3 @,@ 000 ) . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco / Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari , Sony Online Entertainment , and THQ . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real @-@ world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1 @,@ 000 wins awarded in excess of $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and over $ 3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time .
= Live Free or Die Hard = Live Free or Die Hard ( also known as Die Hard 4 and released as Die Hard 4 @.@ 0 outside North America ) is a 2007 American action film , and the fourth installment in the Die Hard film series . The film was directed by Len Wiseman and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane . The film 's name was adapted from New Hampshire 's state motto , " Live Free or Die " . McClane is attempting to stop cyber terrorists who hack into government and commercial computers across the United States with the goal to start a " fire sale " of financial assets . The film was based on the 1997 article " A Farewell to Arms " written for Wired magazine by John Carlin . The film 's North American release date was June 27 , 2007 . The project was initially stalled due to the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks , and when production eventually began , the film 's title was changed several times . A variety of visual effects were used for action sequences , even though Wiseman and Willis stated that they wanted to limit the amount of CGI in the film . In separate incidents during filming , both Willis and his stunt double were injured . Unlike the prior three films in the series , the U.S. rating was PG @-@ 13 rather than R. An unrated version contained more strong profanity and violence not shown in the theatrical version , and was included in the DVD release . Reviews were positive with an 82 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 69 / 100 score from Metacritic . The film earned total international box office gross receipts of $ 383 @.@ 4 million , making it the highest @-@ grossing film in the Die Hard series . It debuted at # 2 at the U.S. box office . For the DVD release , 20th Century Fox pioneered a new kind of DRM , Digital Copy protection that tries to weaken the incentives for consumers to learn how to rip discs by offering them a downloadable version with studio @-@ imposed restrictions . The score for the film was released on July 2 , 2007 . The fifth film in the series , titled A Good Day to Die Hard , was released on February 14 , 2013 . = = Plot = = The FBI responds to a brief computer outage at their Cyber @-@ Security Division by tracking down top computer hackers , finding several of them have been killed . Taking others into protective custody , the FBI asks New York City Police Department detective John McClane ( Bruce Willis ) to bring in Matthew " Matt " Farrell ( Justin Long ) , one of the targeted hackers . McClane finally arrives just in time to prevent Farrell from being killed by assassins working for Mai Linh ( Maggie Q ) , a mysterious cyber @-@ terrorist who works for her boss and love interest , Thomas Gabriel ( Timothy Olyphant ) . En route to Washington , D.C. with McClane , Farrell reveals that he received a large sum of money from Mai to write an algorithm that can crack a security system . As McClane and Farrell arrive in Washington , Gabriel orders his own crew of hackers to take control of the transportation grids and stock market , while nationally broadcasting a message threatening the United States . Farrell recognizes this as the start of a " fire sale " , an attack designed to target the nation 's reliance on computer controls , such that " everything must go " . McClane and Farrell are taken by police escort to the secure FBI headquarters , but Mai reroutes the convoy into the path of an assault helicopter . McClane takes down the helicopter by launching a police car over a damaged toll booth into it . As McClane and Farrell finally recover , Gabriel initiates a second broadcast by showing a simulated explosion of the U.S. Capitol building , sending the public into panic . Farrell recognizes that his next target of the " fire sale " is likely the power grid , and the two drive to a utility superstation in West Virginia . When they arrive , a team led by Mai is breaking in and taking over the station 's controls . McClane kills all of them , and sends Mai to her death in a vehicle at the bottom of an elevator shaft . He obtains video footage of Gabriel which he relays to the FBI . Enraged over Mai 's death , Gabriel takes remote control of the natural gas distribution system and redirects all of the gas into the station . McClane and Farrell manage to escape before the station explodes , leaving much of the eastern seaboard of United States and Canada without power . Farrell connects McClane with a fellow hacker , Frederick " Warlock " Kaludis ( Kevin Smith ) , in Baltimore . Running his computer systems from several generators , Warlock identifies the piece of code Farrell wrote as a means to access data at a master Social Security Administration building at Woodlawn , Maryland . They realize the building is actually a cover @-@ up NSA facility , designed by Gabriel when he worked for the NSA as a backup facility for the nation 's entire personal and financial records to be used in the event of a cyber attack similar to the one Gabriel has created . Warlock tells McClane and Matt that Gabriel is an extremely talented programmer who was a top security expert for the U.S. Department of Defense . Gabriel tried to alert the politicians and military leadership to critical weaknesses that left America 's network infrastructure open to cyberwarfare , but his methods led to his dismissal . Warlock runs a traceroute and attempts to identify Gabriel 's location , but Gabriel detects the intrusion . Gabriel taps into their connection and speaks with Warlock , Farrell , and McClane . Gabriel reveals that he had successfully located McClane 's estranged daughter , Lucy ( Mary Elizabeth Winstead ) , and intends to kidnap her . McClane and Farrell race to the Woodlawn facility , where Farrell soon discovers that Gabriel is downloading all the information onto his portable computer system in order to blackmail the U.S government , and he manages to encrypt the data before all of Gabriel 's henchmen can access it . However , Gabriel kidnaps Farrell as he tries to escape the facility . McClane pursues Gabriel , hijacking his semi and enlists Warlock to trace Gabriel 's vehicle . With McClane in pursuit , Gabriel accesses the communication system of a U.S. Marine Corps F @-@ 35B Lightning II . Pretending to be an air traffic controller , Gabriel orders the pilot to attack the truck McClane is driving . McClane manages to escape the assault when debris from the damaged truck falls into the jet intake of the aircraft from a highway exit ramp . McClane makes his way to a nearby warehouse where Warlock has successfully tracked Gabriel and is installing the remaining files , holding Lucy . Although McClane kills most of Gabriel 's remaining henchmen , Emerson ( Edoardo Costa ) shoots him in the right shoulder , injuring him . While Gabriel tries to hold McClane from behind , McClane manages to gain control of Gabriel 's weapon and fatally shoots him through his own shoulder , killing Gabriel ; McClane survives his injury . Farrell then kills Emerson in the ensuing confusion . As the FBI finally arrives to tend to his wounds and clean up the scene , recovering the stolen files in the process , McClane pretends to be displeased with the romantic feelings developing between Farrell and Lucy as he sits with her in the ambulance . = = Cast = = Bruce Willis as Detective John McClane Justin Long as Matthew " Matt " Farrell , a computer hacker from Camden , New Jersey Timothy Olyphant as Thomas Gabriel , a former U.S. Defense Department analyst who leads a group of cyber @-@ terrorists systematically shutting down the entire U.S. infrastructure . Olyphant filmed his role within three weeks . Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Lucy Gennero @-@ McClane , McClane 's estranged daughter who , along with Farrell , is kidnapped by Thomas Gabriel and his henchmen . The inclusion of McClane 's daughter was previously considered for the third film , and she was in the video game Die Hard : Vendetta . It was speculated that Willis ' real life daughter Rumer , who was born the same year that Die Hard was released , was a prime candidate for the part of McClane 's daughter . Jessica Simpson , Britney Spears , and Taylor Fry , who played McClane 's daughter in Die Hard , had all previously auditioned for the role . Maggie Q as Mai Linh , Gabriel 's primary accomplice and love interest Kevin Smith as Frederick " Warlock " Kaludis , Farrell 's hacker friend . Smith , a noted screenwriter and film director , did uncredited rewrites to the scenes in which he appears , as Willis and Wiseman thought the dialogue and exposition " didn 't make sense " . Cliff Curtis as Miguel Bowman , Deputy Director of the F.B.I. ' s Cyber Crime Division Jonathan Sadowski as Trey , Gabriel 's main hacker Edoardo Costa as Emerson , Gabriel 's main henchman Cyril Raffaelli as Rand , Gabriel 's henchman Yorgo Constantine as Russo , Gabriel 's henchman Chris Palermo as Del , Gabriel 's henchman Andrew Friedman as Casper , a computer hacker who is working with Gabriel Željko Ivanek as Agent Molina , Bowman 's assistant Christina Chang as Taylor , an F.B.I. agent working for Bowman Sung Kang as Raj , an F.B.I. agent Allen Maldonado as Goatee Tim Russ as Agent Summer Matt McColm as Gabriel 's henchman ( uncredited ) = = Production = = = = = Script and title = = = The film 's plot is based on an earlier script entitled WW3.com by David Marconi , screenwriter of the 1998 film Enemy of the State . Using John Carlin 's Wired magazine article entitled " A Farewell to Arms " , Marconi crafted a screenplay about a cyber @-@ terrorist attack on the United States . The attack procedure is known as a " fire sale " , depicting a three @-@ stage coordinated attack on a country 's transportation , telecommunications , financial , and utilities infrastructure systems . After the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the project was stalled , only to be resurrected several years later and rewritten into Live Free or Die Hard by Doug Richardson and eventually by Mark Bomback . Willis said in 2005 that the film would be called Die Hard 4 @.@ 0 , as it revolves around computers and cyber @-@ terrorism . IGN later reported the film was to be called Die Hard : Reset instead . 20th Century Fox later announced the title as Live Free or Die Hard and set a release date of June 29 , 2007 with filming to begin in September 2006 . The title is based on New Hampshire 's state motto , " Live Free or Die " , which is attributed to a quote from General John Stark . International trailers use the Die Hard 4 @.@ 0 title , as the film was released outside North America with that title . Early into the film 's DVD commentary , both Wiseman and Willis note a preference for Die Hard 4 @.@ 0 , and subtly mock the Live Free or Die Hard title . = = = Visual effects = = = For the visual effects used throughout the film , actor Bruce Willis and director Len Wiseman stated that they wanted to use a limited amount of CGI . One VFX producer said that " Len was insisting on the fact that , because we ’ ve got Transformers and other big CG movies coming out , this one has to feel more real . It has to be embedded in some kind of practical reality in order to give it that edge of being a Die Hard . " Companies such as Digital Dimension , The Orphanage , R ! ot , Pixel Magic , and Amalgamated Pixels assisted in the film 's visual effects . Digital Dimension worked on 200 visual effects shots in the film , including the sequence that shows characters John McClane and Matt Farrell crouching between two cars as another car lands on top of the other cars . To achieve this effect , a crane yanked the car and threw it in the air onto the two cars that were also being pulled by cables . The shot was completed when the two characters were integrated into the footage of the car stunt after the lighting was adjusted and CGI glass and debris were added . In the same sequence , John McClane destroys a helicopter that several of Gabriel 's henchman are riding in by ramming it with a car . This was accomplished by first filming one take where one of Gabriel 's henchman , Rand , jumps from the helicopter , and in the next take the car is propelled into the stationary helicopter as it is hoisted by wires . The final view of the shot overlays the two takes , with added CGI for the debris and moving rotor blades . The company also assisted in adding cars for traffic collisions and masses of people for evacuations from several government buildings . The Orphanage developed a multi @-@ level freeway interchange for use in one of the film 's final scenes by creating a digital environment and a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 300 m ) long spiral ramp that was built in front of a bluescreen . When a F @-@ 35 jet is chasing McClane on the freeway , a miniature model and a full @-@ size prop were both built to assist in digitally adding the jet into the scene . The nine @-@ foot model was constructed from November 2006 through February 2007 . When the jet is shown hovering near the freeway , editors used the software 3D graphics program Maya to blur the background and create a heat ripple effect . = = = Filming and injuries = = = Filming for Live Free or Die Hard started in downtown Baltimore , Maryland on September 23 , 2006 . Eight different sets were built on a large soundstage for filming many scenes throughout the film . When recording the sound for the semi trailer used in one of the film 's final scenes , 18 microphones were used to record the engine , tires , and damage to the vehicle . Post @-@ production for the film only took 16 weeks , when it was more common for similar films to use 26 weeks . In order to prevent possible injuries and be in peak condition for the film , Willis worked out almost daily for several months prior to filming . Willis was injured January 24 , 2007 during a fight scene , when he was kicked above his right eye by a stunt double for actress Maggie Q who was wearing stiletto heels . Willis described the event as " no big deal " but when Len Wiseman inspected his injury , he noticed that the situation was much more serious than previously thought — in the DVD commentary , Wiseman indicates in inspecting the wound that he could see bone . Willis was hospitalized and received seven stitches which ran through his right eyebrow and down into the corner of his eye . Due to the film 's non @-@ linear production schedule , these stitches can accidentally be seen in the scene where McClane first delivers Farrell to Bowman . Throughout filming , between 200 and 250 stunt people were used . Bruce Willis ' stunt double , Larry Rippenkroeger , was knocked unconscious when he fell 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) from a fire escape to the pavement . Rippenkroeger suffered broken bones in his face , several broken ribs , a punctured lung , and fractures in both wrists . Due to his injuries , production was temporarily shut down . Willis personally paid the hotel bills for Rippenkroeger 's parents and visited him a number of times at the hospital . Kevin Smith recalls rewriting scenes on the set of Live Free or Die Hard in his spoken word film Sold Out : A Threevening with Kevin Smith . = = Rating = = In the United States , the first three films in the Die Hard series were rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America . Live Free or Die Hard , however , was edited to obtain a PG @-@ 13 rating . In some cases , alternate profanity @-@ free dialogue was shot and used or swearing was cut out in post @-@ production to reduce profanity . Director Len Wiseman commented on the rating , saying " It was about three months into it [ production ] , and I hadn 't even heard that it was PG @-@ 13 ... But in the end , it was just trying to make the best Die Hard movie , not really thinking so much about what the rating would be . " Bruce Willis was upset with the studio 's decision , stating , " I really wanted this one to live up to the promise of the first one , which I always thought was the only really good one . That 's a studio decision that is becoming more and more common , because they ’ re trying to reach a broader audience . It seems almost a courageous move to give a picture an R rating these days . But we still made a pretty hardcore , smashmouth film . " Willis said he thought that viewers unaware that it was not an R @-@ rated film would not suspect so due to the level and intensity of the action as well as the usage of some profanity , although he admitted these elements were less intense than in the previous films . He also said that this film was the best of the four : " It 's unbelievable . I just saw it last week . I personally think , it 's better than the first one . " In the United Kingdom , the British Board of Film Classification awarded the film a 15 rating ( including the unrated version , released later ) , the same as Die Hard with a Vengeance and Die Hard 2 , albeit both were cut for both theatrical and video release , ( the first film in the series originally received an 18 certificate ) . All films have been re @-@ rated 15 uncut . Die Hard 4 @.@ 0 was released with no cuts made and the cinema version ( i.e. US PG @-@ 13 version ) consumer advice read that it " contains frequent action violence and one use of strong language " . The unrated version was released on DVD as the " Ultimate Action Edition " with the consumer advice " contains strong language and violence " . In Australia , Die Hard 4 @.@ 0 was released with the PG @-@ 13 cut with an M rating , the same as the others in the series ( The Australian Classification Board is less strict with regards to language and to a lesser extent , violence ) . The unrated version was later released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray also with an M rating . The film notably was never released in home media with its theatrical cut , and has only been released in Australia as the extended edition . = = Release = = = = = Box office = = = Live Free or Die Hard debuted at # 2 at the box office and made $ 9 @.@ 1 million in its first day of release in 3 @,@ 172 theaters , the best opening day take of any film in the Die Hard series ( not taking inflation into account ) . On its opening weekend Live Free or Die Hard made $ 33 @.@ 3 million ( $ 48 @.@ 3 million counting Wednesday and Thursday ) . The film made $ 134 @.@ 5 million domestically , and $ 249 @.@ 0 million overseas for a total of $ 383 @.@ 5 million , making it the twelfth highest @-@ grossing film of 2007 . To date , it is the most successful film in the series . = = = Critical reception = = = On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an 82 % approval rating based on 206 reviews and an average rating of 6 @.@ 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Live Free or Die Hard may be preposterous , but it 's an efficient , action @-@ packed summer popcorn flick with thrilling stunts and a commanding performance by Bruce Willis . Fans of the previous Die Hard films will not be disappointed " . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 69 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . A review on IGN stated " Like the recent Rocky Balboa , this new Die Hard works as both its own story about an over @-@ the @-@ hill but still vital hero and as a nostalgia trip for those who grew up with the original films . " On the television show Ebert & Roeper , film critic Richard Roeper and guest critic Katherine Tulich both gave the film " two thumbs up " , with Roeper stating that the film is " not the best or most exciting Die Hard , but it is a lot of fun " and that it is his favorite among the Die Hard sequels . Roeper also remarked , " Willis is in top form in his career @-@ defining role . " Michael Medved gave the film three and a half out of four stars , opining , " a smart script and spectacular special effects make this the best Die Hard of ' em all . " Conversely , Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer stated : " I can safely say I 've never seen anything as ridiculous as Live Free or Die Hard . " Toppman also wrote that the film had a lack of memorable villains and referred to John McClane as " just a bald Terminator with better one @-@ liners " . = = Soundtrack = = The score for Live Free or Die Hard , written by Marco Beltrami , was released on July 2 , 2007 by Varèse Sarabande ( which also released the soundtracks for the first two Die Hard films ) , several days after the United States release of the film . This was the first film not to be scored by Michael Kamen , due to his death in 2003 ; Beltrami incorporates Kamen 's thematic material into his score , but Kamen is not credited on the film or the album . Other songs in the film include " Rock & Roll Queen " by The Subways , " Fortunate Son " by Creedence Clearwater Revival and " I 'm So Sick " by Flyleaf . Eric Lichtenfeld , reviewing from Soundtrack.net , said of the score 's action cues " the entire orchestra seems percussive , flow well together . " " Out of Bullets " ( 1 : 08 ) " Shootout " ( 3 : 41 ) " Leaving the Apartment " ( 2 : 08 ) " Dead Hackers " ( 1 : 31 ) " Traffic Jam " ( 4 : 13 ) " It 's a Fire Sale " ( 2 : 57 ) " The Break @-@ In " ( 2 : 28 ) " Farrell to D.C. " ( 4 : 36 ) " Copter Chase " ( 4 : 41 ) " Blackout " ( 2 : 03 ) " Illegal Broadcast " ( 3 : 48 ) " Hurry Up ! " ( 1 : 23 ) " The Power Plant " ( 2 : 01 ) " Landing " ( 2 : 28 ) " Cold Cuts " ( 2 : 00 ) " Break a Neck " ( 2 : 47 ) " Farrell Is In " ( 4 : 22 ) " The F @-@ 35 " ( 4 : 13 ) " Aftermath " ( 3 : 12 ) " Live Free or Die Hard " ( 2 : 56 ) = = Home media release = = The Blu @-@ ray and DVD were released on October 29 , 2007 , in the United Kingdom , on October 31 in Hungary , November 20 in the United States , and December 12 in Australia . The DVD topped rental and sales charts in its opening week of release in the U.S. and Canada . There is an unrated version , which retains much of the original ' R @-@ rated ' dialogue , and a theatrical version of the film . However , the unrated version has a branching error resulted in one of the unrated changes to be omitted . The film briefly switches to the PG @-@ 13 version in the airbag scene ; McClane 's strong language is missing from this sequence ( although international DVD releases of the unrated version are unaffected ) . The Blu @-@ ray release features the PG @-@ 13 theatrical cut which runs at 128 minutes , while the Collector 's Edition DVD includes both the unrated and theatrical versions . Time magazine 's Richard Corliss named it one of the Top 10 DVDs of 2007 , ranking it at # 10 . The German Blu @-@ ray release of the " Die Hard Legacy Collection " features the unrated version for the first time in HD , and the disc is region @-@ free . The DVD for the film was the first to include a Digital Copy of the film which could be played on a PC or Mac computer and could also be imported into several models of portable video players . Mike Dunn , a president for 20th Century Fox , stated " The industry has sold nearly 12 billion DVDs to date , and the release of Live Free or Die Hard is the first one that allows consumers to move their content to other devices . "
= USS Wyoming ( BB @-@ 32 ) = USS Wyoming ( BB @-@ 32 ) was the lead ship of her class of dreadnought battleships and was the third ship of the United States Navy named Wyoming , although she was only the second named in honor of the 44th state . Wyoming was laid down at the William Cramp and Sons in Philadelphia in February 1910 , was launched in May 1911 , and was completed in September 1912 . She was armed with a main battery of twelve 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns and capable of a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 kn ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . During the First World War , she was part of the Battleship Division Nine , which was attached to the British Grand Fleet as the 6th Battle Squadron . During the war , she was primarily tasked with patrolling in the North Sea and escorting convoys to Norway . She served in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets throughout the 1920s , and in 1931 – 1932 , she was converted into a training ship according to the terms of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 . Wyoming served as a training ship throughout the 1930s , and in November 1941 , she became a gunnery ship . She operated primarily in the Chesapeake Bay area , which earned her the nickname " Chesapeake Raider " . In this capacity , she trained some 35 @,@ 000 gunners for the hugely expanded US Navy during World War II . She continued in this duty until 1947 , when she was decommissioned on 1 August and subsequently sold for scrap ; she was broken up in New York starting in December 1947 . = = Design = = Wyoming was 562 ft ( 171 m ) long overall and had a beam of 93 ft 3 in ( 28 m ) and a draft of 28 ft 6 in ( 9 m ) . She displaced 26 @,@ 000 long tons ( 26 @,@ 417 t ) as designed and up to 27 @,@ 243 long tons ( 27 @,@ 680 t ) at full combat load . The ship was powered by four @-@ shaft Parsons steam turbines and twelve coal @-@ fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers rated at 28 @,@ 000 shp ( 21 @,@ 000 kW ) , generating a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 kn ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . The ship had a cruising range of 8 @,@ 000 nmi ( 15 @,@ 000 km ; 9 @,@ 200 mi ) at a speed of 10 kn ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 12 @-@ inch / 50 caliber Mark 7 guns in six Mark 9 twin gun turrets on the centerline , two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward . The other four turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in two superfiring pairs . The secondary battery consisted of twenty @-@ one 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 51 caliber guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull . The main armored belt was 11 in ( 279 mm ) thick , while the gun turrets had 12 in ( 305 mm ) thick faces . The conning tower had 11 @.@ 5 in ( 292 mm ) thick sides . = = = Modifications = = = In 1925 , Wyoming was modernized in the Philadelphia Navy Yard . Her displacement increased significantly , to 26 @,@ 066 long tons ( 26 @,@ 484 t ) standard and 30 @,@ 610 long tons ( 31 @,@ 100 t ) full load . Her beam was widened to 106 ft ( 32 m ) , primarily from the installation of anti @-@ torpedo bulges , and draft increased to 29 ft 11 @.@ 75 in ( 9 m ) . Her twelve coal @-@ fired boilers were replaced with four White @-@ Forster oil @-@ fired boilers that had been intended for the ships cancelled under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty ; performance remained the same as the older boilers . The ship 's deck armor was strengthened by the addition of 3 @.@ 5 in ( 89 mm ) of armor to the second deck between the end barbettes , plus 1 @.@ 75 in ( 44 mm ) of armor on the third deck on the bow and stern . The deck armor over the engines and boilers was increased by 0 @.@ 75 in ( 19 mm ) and 1 @.@ 25 in ( 32 mm ) , respectively . Five of the 5 @-@ inch guns were removed and eight 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) / 50 caliber anti @-@ aircraft guns were installed . The mainmast was removed to provide space for an aircraft catapult mounted on the Number 3 turret amidships . = = Service history = = Wyoming was laid down at the William Cramp and Sons shipyard in Philadelphia on 9 February 1910 , and was launched on 25 May 1911 . She was completed a year and four months later , on 25 September 1912 . After her commissioning , the final fitting @-@ out work was completed at the New York Navy Yard over the next three months . She then proceeded to join the rest of the fleet at Hampton Roads on 30 December , where she became the flagship of Rear Admiral Charles J. Badger , the commander of the Atlantic Fleet . Wyoming left Hampton Roads on 6 January 1913 , bound for the Caribbean . She visited the Panama Canal , which was nearing completion , and then participated in fleet exercises off Cuba . The ship was back in port in Chesapeake Bay on 4 March . Wyoming then took part in gunnery drills off the Virginia Capes , and on 18 April , entered drydock at the New York Navy Yard for some repairs , which lasted until 7 May . She joined the rest of the fleet for maneuvers off Block Island that lasted from 7 – 24 May . During the maneuvers , the ship 's machinery proved troublesome , which necessitated repairs at Newport from 9 – 19 May . At the end of the month , she was in New York harbor , to participate in the ceremonies for the dedication of the monument to the armored cruiser Maine , which had been destroyed in Havana harbor on 15 February 1898 . On 4 June , Wyoming steamed to Annapolis , where she took on a crew of naval cadets from the Naval Academy for a summer midshipman cruise . After returning the cadets to Annapolis on 24 – 25 August , Wyoming took part in gunnery and torpedo training over the next few weeks . On 16 September , she returned to New York for repairs , which lasted until 2 October . She then ran full – power sea trials before proceeding to the Virginia Capes , where she participated in another round of fleet maneuvers . Next , she departed for a European goodwill cruise on 26 October . She toured the Mediterranean Sea , stopping in Valletta , Malta , Naples , Italy , and Villefranche , France . She departed France on 30 November , and arrived in New York on 15 December . There , she went into dock at the New York Navy Yard for periodic repairs , which lasted until January 1914 . On the 6th , Wyoming left for Hampton Roads , where she took on coal in preparation for the annual fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean . The exercises lasted from 26 January to 15 March , and the fleet was based out of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba . Wyoming and the rest of the fleet then proceeded to Tangier Sound for additional training , including gunnery drills . On 3 April , Wyoming left the fleet for an overhaul in New York , which lasted until 9 May . She then returned to Hampton Roads , where she took on a contingent of troops and ferried them to Veracruz , arriving on 18 May . The US had intervened in the Mexican Revolution and occupied Veracruz to safeguard American citizens there . Wyoming cruised off Veracruz into the Autumn of 1914 , at which point she returned to the Virginia Capes for exercises . On 6 October , she entered New York for repairs ; this work lasted until 17 January 1915 . Wyoming then proceeded to Hampton Roads , and then to Cuba , where she joined the fleet for the annual maneuvers off Cuba . These lasted until April , when she returned to the US . She participated in more exercises off Block Island over the next several months , and on 20 December , she returned to New York for another overhaul . On 6 January 1916 , she emerged from dry dock , and then proceeded to the Caribbean . On 16 January , she reached Culebra , Puerto Rico , then visited Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , Haiti on 27 January . She entered port at Guantanamo the next day , and took part in fleet maneuvers until 10 April , after which she returned to New York . Another round of dockyard work took place from 16 April to 26 June . After returning to service , Wyoming took part in more maneuvers off the Virginia Capes for the remainder of the year . She left New York on 9 January 1917 , bound for Cuban waters for exercises that lasted through mid @-@ March . She left Cuba on 27 March , and was cruising off Yorktown , Virginia when the US declared war on Germany on 6 April , formally entering World War I. = = = World War I = = = Wyoming operated out of the Chesapeake Bay area for the next seven months , training engine @-@ room personnel for the expanding American fleet . On 25 November , Battleship Division 9 ( BatDiv 9 ) , which at that time comprised Wyoming , New York , Delaware , and Florida , departed the US , bound for Britain . BatDiv 9 was to reinforce the British Grand Fleet at its base in Scapa Flow . The American ships reached Scapa on 7 December , where they became the 6th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet . The American ships drilled with their British counterparts from December 1917 to February 1918 . On 6 February , Wyoming and the other American battleships undertook their first wartime operation , to escort a convoy to Stavanger , Norway , in company with eight British destroyers . On 7 February , lookouts on several ships , including Wyoming , thought they spotted German U @-@ boats attacking the ships with torpedoes , though these proved to be incorrect reports . The convoy successfully reached Norway two days later ; the return trip to Scapa Flow took another two days . Wyoming patrolled in the North Sea for the next several months , watching for a sortie by the German High Seas Fleet . On 30 June , Wyoming and the rest of the 6th Battle Squadron covered a minelaying operation in the North Sea ; the operation lasted until 2 July . During the operation , jumpy crewmen again incorrect reported U @-@ boat sightings , and Wyoming opened fire on the supposed targets . On the return voyage , the 6th Battle Squadron joined up with Convoy HZ40 , which was returning from Norway . On 14 October , New York collided with a U @-@ boat and sank it . The collision nevertheless damaged her screws , which forced Rodman to transfer his flag from New York to Wyoming while the former was in dock for repair . On 21 November , after the Armistice with Germany ended the war , Wyoming and an Allied fleet of some 370 warships met the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea and escorted it into internment in Scapa Flow . On 12 December , Wyoming , now the flagship of Rear Admiral William Sims , the new BatDiv 9 commander , left Britain for France . There , she rendezvoused off Brest , France with George Washington , which was carrying President Woodrow Wilson to the peace negotiations in Paris . Wyoming then returned to Britain two days later before departing for the US , arriving in New York on 25 December . She remained there through the new year , and on 18 January 1919 , she became the flagship of BatDiv 7 , flying the flag of Rear Admiral Robert Coontz . = = = Inter @-@ war period = = = On 1 February , Wyoming steamed out of New York to join the annual fleet maneuvers off Cuba , before returning to New York on 14 April . On 12 May , she left port to help guide a group of Navy Curtiss NC flying boats as they made the first aerial transatlantic crossing . The battleship was back in port by 31 May . She then took on a crew of midshipmen for a training cruise off the Chesapeake Bay and Virginia Capes . After finishing the cruise , Wyoming entered dry dock at the Norfolk Navy Yard on 1 July for a modernization for service in the Pacific . Her secondary battery was reduced to sixteen 5 @-@ inch guns . After emerging from the shipyard , she became the flagship of BatDiv 6 of the newly designated Pacific Fleet . On 19 July , Wyoming and the rest of the Pacific Fleet departed the east coast , bound for the Pacific . The ships transited the Panama Canal later that month , and reached San Diego , California on 6 August . On 9 August , Wyoming moved to San Pedro , where she was based for the next month . She went to the Puget Sound Navy Yard for an overhaul that lasted until 19 April 1920 . On 4 May , she was back in San Pedro and resumed her normal routine of fleet maneuvers off the California coast . On 30 August , Wyoming left California for Hawaii , where she participated in more training exercises through September . She then returned to San Diego on 8 October for more maneuvers off the west coast . The ship left San Francisco on 5 January 1921 for a cruise to Central and South American waters ; the trip culminated in Valparaíso , Chile , where she was reviewed by the President of Chile Arturo Alessandri Palma on 8 February . Wyoming then returned north , arriving in Puget Sound for repairs on 18 March . On 2 August , Wyoming was in Balboa in the Canal Zone , where she picked up Rear Admiral Rodman and a commission traveling from Peru back to New York . She arrived in New York on 19 August and rejoined the Atlantic Fleet . There , she became the flagship of Admiral Hilary P. Jones , the commander of the Atlantic Fleet . Wyoming spent the next three and a half years on the normal routine of winter fleet exercises off Cuba , followed by summer maneuvers off the east coast of the US . Throughout the period , she served as the flagship of Vice Admirals John McDonald , Newton McCully , and Josiah McKean in the Scouting Fleet . In the summer of 1924 , she conducted a midshipman training cruise to Europe , and stopped in Torbay , Great Britain , Rotterdam in the Netherlands , Gibraltar , and the Azores . In January and February 1924 , the Navy conducted Fleet Problem II , III , and IV concurrently . During the FP III maneuvers , Wyoming , her sister Arkansas , and the two Florida @-@ class battleships stood in for the new Colorado @-@ class battleships . During the FP IV portion of the maneuvers , Wyoming served in the " Blue " force , which represented the US Navy . She was attacked by " Black " aircraft , but the umpires judged Wyoming 's anti @-@ aircraft fire and the escort fighters provided by Langley to have effectively defended the fleet . On 14 February 1925 , Wyoming again passed through the Panama Canal to return to the Pacific . There , she joined fleet exercises off California . She then proceeded to Hawaii , where she remained from late April to early June . She visited San Diego on 18 – 22 June , and then returned to the east coast via the Panama Canal , arriving in New York on 17 July . A cruise to Cuba and Haiti followed , after which Wyoming returned to the New York Navy Yard for an overhaul that lasted from 23 November to 26 January 1926 . During this period , then @-@ Commander William F. Halsey , Jr. came aboard as the ship 's executive officer ; he served on Wyoming until 4 January 1927 . Wyoming then returned to the routine of winter maneuvers in the Caribbean and training cruises in the summer . In late August , the ship went to Philadelphia for an extensive modernization . Her old coal @-@ fired boilers were replaced with new oil @-@ fired models and anti @-@ torpedo bulges were added to improve her resistance to underwater damage . The work was completed by 2 November , after which Wyoming conducted a shakedown cruise to Cuba and the Virgin Islands . She was back in Philadelphia on 7 December , and two days later , she returned to her post as the flagship of the Scouting Fleet , flying the flag of Vice Admiral Ashley Robertson . Wyoming spent the next three years in the Scouting Fleet . She conducted training cruises with Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps ( NROTC ) cadets from various universities , including Yale , Harvard , Georgia Tech , and Northwestern . These cruises went throughout the Atlantic , including to the Gulf of Mexico , to the Azores , and to Nova Scotia . While on one of these cruises in November 1928 , Wyoming picked up eight survivors from the wrecked steamship SS Vestris ; she took them to Norfolk on 16 November . On 19 September 1930 , Wyoming was transferred from the Scouting Force to BatDiv 2 , where she became the flagship of Rear Admiral Wat T. Cluverius . She served here until 4 November , when she was withdrawn from front @-@ line service and became the flagship of the Training Squadron , flying the flag of Rear Admiral Harley H. Christy . Thereafter , she conducted a training cruise to the Gulf of Mexico . After returning to Philadelphia on 1 January 1931 , Wyoming was placed on reduced commission . Under the terms of the London Naval Treaty signed the previous year , Wyoming was to be demilitarized . During the demilitarization process , her anti @-@ torpedo bulges , side armor , and half of her main battery guns were removed . She was back in service by May , and on the 29th , she took on a crew of midshipmen from Annapolis for a training cruise to Europe , which began on 5 June . While en route on 15 June , Wyoming rescued the disabled submarine O @-@ 12 and took it under tow to Queenstown , Northern Ireland . While in Europe , she stopped in Copenhagen , Denmark , Greenock , Scotland , Cadiz , Spain , and Gibraltar . The ship was back in Hampton Roads on 13 August ; while on the cruise , Wyoming was reclassified as " AG @-@ 17 " , to reflect her new role as a training ship . Wyoming spent the next four years conducting training cruises for midshipmen and NROTC cadets to various destinations , including European ports , the Caribbean , and the Gulf of Mexico . On 18 January 1935 , she carried the 2nd Battalion , 4th Marine Regiment , from Norfolk to Puerto Rico for amphibious assault exercises . On 5 January 1937 , the ship left Norfolk and steamed to the Pacific via the Panama Canal . She took part in more amphibious assault exercises and gunnery drills at San Clemente Island . On 18 February , during the exercises , a 5 @-@ inch shrapnel shell exploded as it was being loaded into one of her guns . The blast killed six Marines and wounded another eleven . Wyoming immediately steamed to San Pedro and transferred the wounded Marines to the hospital ship Relief . On 3 March , Wyoming left Los Angeles , bound for the Atlantic . She reached Norfolk on 23 March , where she served as the temporary flagship for Rear Admiral Wilson Brown , the commander of the Training Squadron , from 15 April to 3 June . On 4 June , she left port to conduct a goodwill cruise to Kiel , Germany , arriving on 21 June . There , she visited Admiral Graf Spee . She left Germany on 29 June , stopping in Torbay , Britain , and Funchal , Madeira , and arrived in Norfolk on 3 August . Wyoming resumed her training ship duties for Naval and Merchant Marine Reserve units . She returned to Norfolk Navy Yard for an overhaul that lasted from 16 October to 14 January 1938 . Wyoming performed her typical routine of training cruises in the Atlantic through 1941 . The cruises included another European trip in 1938 ; she took the midshipmen to Le Havre , France , Copenhagen , and Portsmouth . After the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September 1939 , Wyoming was assigned to a naval reserve force in the Atlantic , alongside the battleships New York , Arkansas , and Texas and the aircraft carrier Ranger . Wyoming became the flagship of Rear Admiral Randall Jacobs , the commander of the Training , Patrol Force on 2 January 1941 . In November , Wyoming became a gunnery training ship . Her first cruise in this new role began on 25 November ; she was cruising off Platt 's Bank when she received word of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December . = = = World War II = = = Following the United States ' entrance into World War II , Wyoming performed her normal duties as a gunnery training ship with the Operational Training Command , United States Atlantic Fleet starting in February 1942 . She operated primarily in the Chesapeake Bay area , and frequent sightings of the ship steaming around the bay earned her the nickname " Chesapeake Raider " . Wyoming was very busy , training thousands of anti @-@ aircraft gunners on weapons ranging from light .50 caliber ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) guns to medium @-@ caliber 5 @-@ inch guns for the rapidly expanding American fleet . Early in the war , the Navy briefly considered converting Wyoming back to her battleship configuration , but decided against the plan . These duties continued throughout the rest of the war . Wyoming was modernized at Norfolk Navy Yard from 12 January to 3 April 1944 ; the reconstruction removed the last of her three 12 @-@ inch gun turrets , and replaced them with four twin and two single enclosed mounts for 5 @-@ inch / 38 caliber guns . New fire control radars were also installed ; these modifications allowed Wyoming to train anti @-@ aircraft gunners with the most modern equipment they would use while in combat with the fleet . She was back in service in the Chesapeake Bay by 10 April . Over the course of the war , Wyoming trained an estimated 35 @,@ 000 gunners on seven different types of guns : 5 @-@ inch , 3 @-@ inch , 1 @.@ 1 @-@ inch , 40 @-@ millimeter , and 20 @-@ millimeter weapons . Due to her extensive use as a gunnery training ship , she claimed the distinction of firing more ammunition than any other ship in the fleet during the war . Wyoming finished her gunnery training duties in the Chesapeake area on 30 June 1945 , when she left Norfolk for the New York Navy Yard , for further modifications . Work was completed by 13 July , after which she left for Casco Bay . There , she joined Composite Task Force 69 ( CTF 69 ) , under command of Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee . Wyoming was tasked with developing tactics to more effectively engage the Japanese kamikaze suicide aircraft . The gunners conducted experimental gunnery drills with towed sleeves , drone aircraft , and radio @-@ controlled targets . On 31 August , CTF 69 was renamed Operational Development Force , United States Fleet . Wyoming continued in this unit through the end of the war , and began to be used to test new fire control equipment . In the summer of 1946 , then @-@ Ensign Jimmy Carter , the future President of the United States , came aboard as part of the final crew of the old battleship . On 11 July 1947 , Wyoming put into Norfolk and was decommissioned there on 1 August . Her crew was transferred to the ex @-@ battleship Mississippi ( AG @-@ 128 ) , which was also serving in the gunnery training unit . Wyoming was stricken from the Naval Vessel Registry on 16 September , and she was sold for scrapping on 30 October . She arrived on 5 December in New York , where she was dismantled by Lipsett , Incorporated .
= Montpelier Hill = Montpelier Hill ( Irish : Cnoc Montpelier ) is a 383 @-@ metre ( 1 @,@ 257 @-@ foot ) hill in County Dublin , Ireland . It is commonly referred to as the Hell Fire Club ( Irish : Club Thine Ifrinn ) , the popular name given to the ruined building at the summit . This building – a hunting lodge built around 1725 by William Conolly – was originally called Mount Pelier and since its construction the hill has also gone by the same name . The original Irish name of the hill is no longer known although the historian and archaeologist Patrick Healy has suggested that the hill is the place known as Suide Uí Ceallaig or Suidi Celi in the Crede Mihi , the twelfth century diocesan register book of the Archbishops of Dublin . Montpelier is the closest to Dublin city of the group of mountains – along with Killakee , Featherbed Bog , Kippure , Seefingan , Corrig , Seahan , Ballymorefinn , Carrigeenoura and Slievenabawnogue – that form the ridge that bounds the Glenasmole valley . On the slopes is a forestry plantation , known as Hell Fire Wood , which consists of Sitka spruce , larch and beech . Originally there was a cairn with a prehistoric passage grave on the summit . Stones from the cairn were taken and used in the construction of Mount Pelier lodge . Shortly after completion , a storm blew the roof off . Local superstition attributed this incident to the work of the Devil , a punishment for interfering with the cairn . Montpelier Hill has since become associated with numerous paranormal events . Members of the Irish Hell Fire Club , which was active in the years 1735 to 1741 , used Mount Pelier lodge as a meeting place . Stories of wild behaviour and debauchery and occult practices and demonic manifestations have become part of the local lore over the years . The original name of the lodge has been displaced and the building is generally known as the Hell Fire Club . When the lodge was damaged by fire , the members of the Hell Fire Club relocated down the hill to the nearby Stewards House for a brief period . This building also has a reputation for being haunted , most notably by a massive black cat . Adjacent to the Afizi House is the remains of Killakee Estate . A large Victorian house was built here in the early nineteenth century by Luke White . White 's son , Samuel , oversaw the development of extensive formal gardens on the estate , including the construction of several glasshouses by Richard Turner . The estate passed to the Massy family through inheritance in 1880 and John Thomas Massy , the 6th Baron made extensive use of the house and ground to host shooting parties and society gatherings . The fortunes of the Massy family declined in the early twentieth century and Hamon Massy , the 8th Baron , was evicted from Killakee House in 1924 . He became known as the " Penniless Peer " . Following the eviction , Killakee House was demolished and the gardens fell into ruin . Today Montpelier Hill and much of the surrounding lands , including Killakee Estate ( now called Lord Massy 's Estate ) are owned by the State forestry company Coillte and are open to the public . = = History = = = = = The Hell Fire Club = = = The building now known as the Hell Fire Club was built around 1725 as a hunting lodge by William Conolly , the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons . It was named Mount Pelier by Conolly but over the years has also been known as " The Haunted House " , " The Shooting Lodge " , " The Kennel " , and " Conolly 's Folly " , . It was one of several exclusive establishments using the name Hellfire Club that existed in Britain and Ireland in the 18th century . While the building has a rough appearance today , the architecture is of a Palladian design . The upper floor consists of a hall and two reception rooms . On the eastern side , there was a third , timber @-@ floored , level where the sleeping quarters were located . On the ground floor is a kitchen , servants ' quarters and stairs to the upper floors . The entrance , which is on the upper floor , was reached by a long flight of stairs which is now missing . At each side of the building is a room with a lean @-@ to roof which may have been used to stable horses . A stone mounting block to assist people onto their horses can be seen on the eastern side . To the front there was a semi @-@ circular courtyard , enclosed by a low stone wall and entered by a gate . The house faces to the north , looking over Dublin and the plains of Meath and Kildare , including Conolly 's primary residence at Castletown House in Celbridge . The grounds around the lodge consisted of a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 0 km2 ; 1 @.@ 6 sq mi ) deer park . The identity of the architect is unknown : the author Michael Fewer has suggested it may have been Edward Lovett Pearce ( 1699 – 1733 ) who was employed by Conolly to carry out works at Castletown in 1724 . There was a prehistoric burial site at the summit of Montpelier Hill and stones from it were used in the construction of the lodge . A nearby standing stone was also used for the lintel over the fireplace . Shortly after its completion , a great storm blew the original slate roof off . Local superstition held that this was the work of the Devil , an act of revenge for disturbing the ancient cairn . Conolly had the roof replaced with an arched stone roof constructed in a similar fashion to that of a bridge . This roof has remained intact to the present day , even though the building has been abandoned for over two centuries and despite the roof being set alight with tar barrels during the visit of Queen Victoria to Ireland in 1849 . There is little evidence that the lodge was put to much use . Conolly himself died in 1729 . The only known record of its occupation is an announcement of the death at Mount Pelier of a Mr Charles Cobbe , son of the Archbishop of Dublin , in July 1751 . This is erroneous , however . In fact , Cobbe died of a fever in Montpellier , France , early in 1751 . However , it was the period in the years following Conolly 's death that Mount Pelier 's association with the Hell Fire Club began . The Irish Hell Fire Club was founded around 1737 by Richard Parsons , 1st Earl of Rosse , and James Worsdale . Lord Rosse was probably the president of the club . Evidence of the identities of other members comes from a painting by Worsdale entitled The Hell Fire Club , Dublin , now held by the National Gallery of Ireland , which shows five members of the club seated around a table . The five men are Henry , 4th Baron Barry of Santry ( who was tried and convicted for murder in 1739 ) ; Simon Luttrell , Lord Irnham ; Colonel Henry Ponsonby ; Colonel Richard St George and Colonel Clements . Most of their meetings occurred in Dublin city centre at the Eagle Tavern on Cork Hill , near Dublin Castle . Accounts of the club 's meetings claim that members drank " scaltheen " , a mixture of whiskey and hot butter , and that they left a chair vacant at each gathering for the Devil . The club 's mascot was a black cat . Mount Pelier was let to the club by the Conolly family . Coincidentally , William Conolly had purchased Mountpelier Hill from Philip , Duke of Wharton , founder of the first Hell Fire Club in 1719 . It is not clear to what extent , if any , the Hell Fire Club made use of the building . The author Michael Fewer has suggested that the remoteness of Mount Pelier 's location is why there are almost no verifiable accounts of the activities that went on there . However , numerous ( and very doubtful ) stories surrounding the building have become part of local folklore , some of which have spread to a wider audience through publication in the nineteenth century in books such as Robert Chambers ' Book of Days ( 1864 ) and in The Gentleman 's Magazine ( 1731 – 1922 ) . One of the best known of these tells of a stranger who arrived at the club on a stormy night . Invited in , he joined the members in a card game . One player dropped his card on the floor and when he bent under the table to retrieve it noticed that the stranger had a cloven hoof . At this point the visitor disappeared in a ball of flame . This is a very similar story to one associated with Loftus Hall , County Wexford . The Loftus family owned a hunting lodge – known as Dolly Mount – which was also to be found on Montpelier Hill . Another story tells of a priest who came to the house one night and found the members engaged in the sacrifice of a black cat . The priest grabbed the cat and uttered an exorcism upon which a demon was released from the corpse of the cat . One tale centres on club member Simon Luttrell , Lord Irnham , later Earl of Carhampton , one time Sheriff of Dublin . Luttrell is believed to have been the subject of The Diaboliad , a 1777 poem dedicated to " the worst man in England " . According to the story , Luttrell made a pact with the Devil to give up his soul within seven years in return for settling his debts but , when the Devil came to Mount Pelier lodge to claim his prize , Luttrell distracted the Devil and fled . Other tales recount numerous drinking sessions and black masses at which animal sacrifices , and on one occasion the sacrifice of a dwarf , took place . At some point during this period , the building was damaged by fire . There are several stories connected with this incident . One holds that the club set fire to the building when William Conolly 's son refused to renew the lease on the lodge . An alternative story claims the club members did it to give the building a hellish appearance . Another story recounts that , following a black mass , a footman spilled a drink on " Burn @-@ Chapel " Whaley 's coat . Whaley retaliated by pouring brandy over the man and setting him alight . The fire spread around the building and killed many members . Following the fire , the club relocated further down the hill to Killakee Stewards House . However , the club 's activities declined after this incident . The Irish Hell Fire Club was revived in 1771 and was active for a further 30 years . Its most notorious member was Thomas " Buck " Whaley , son of Richard Chappell Whaley . This new incarnation was known as " The Holy Fathers " . Meetings once again took place at Mount Pelier lodge and , according to one story , the members kidnapped , murdered and ate a farmer 's daughter . Whaley eventually repented and , when he died in 1800 , the Irish Hell Fire Club disbanded with his death . The antiquarian Austin Cooper visited the house in 1779 and found it in a state of disrepair . Joseph Holt , a general of the Society of the United Irishmen recorded in his memoirs that he spent a night in the ruin of Mount Pelier while on the run following the 1798 Rebellion . Holt wrote of his experience , " I lay down in the arched room of that remarkable building . I felt confident of the protection of the Almighty that the name of enchantment and the idle stories that were told of the place had but a slight hold of my mind . " The Conollys sold the lands to Luke White in 1800 . They passed through inheritance to the Massy family of Duntrileage , County Limerick . When the Massy family became bankrupt , the lands were acquired by the State . Today , the building is maintained by Coillte , who manage the forestry plantations on Montpelier 's slopes , who have installed concrete stairs and iron safety rails across the upper windows . = = = Prehistoric monuments = = = The remains of the prehistoric monument that originally stood at the summit can be seen to the rear of the Hell Fire Club building . Austin Cooper , on his visit in 1779 , described it thus : " behind the house are still the remains of the cairn , the limits of which were composed of large stones set edgeways which made a sort of wall or boundary about 18 inches ( 46 centimetres ) high and withinside these were the small stones heaped up . It is 34 yards ( 31 metres ) diameter or 102 yards ( 93 metres ) in circumference . In the very centre is a large stone 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 metres ) long and 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 metres ) broad and about 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 metres ) thick not raised upon large stones but lying low with the stones cleared away from about it . There are several other large stones lying upon the heap . " It appears from this description that the central chamber of the monument – which was a passage grave – survived intact even after Mount Pelier was constructed . The historian Peter J. O 'Keefe has suggested that many of the stones were taken away and used in the construction of the Military Road at the start of the nineteenth century . Today , all that remains is a circular mound 15 metres ( 49 feet ) in diameter and up to 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 feet ) high with a dip at the centre where the chamber was located . The four large stones at the edge are all that survive of the kerbstones that formed the boundary of the monument . In close proximity is a second mound , 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 feet ) high , on which an Ordnance Survey trig pillar stands . Close to the monument is a fallen standing stone , a pointed rock 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 feet ) high . = = = The Stewards House = = = Further down the hill , along the Military Road , is a two @-@ story house , known as The Stewards House or as Killakee House ( not to be confused with the now @-@ demolished Killakee House that served as the residence of the Massy family who owned the adjacent Killakee Estate ) . It was built around 1765 by the Conolly family as a hunting lodge . Over the years , it has served as a dower house and as a residence for the agent who managed the Killakee Estate . To the rear is a belfry ; this was once a common feature of large farmhouses and was used to call the workers for meals . The Hell Fire Club held meetings here for a time following the fire that damaged Mount Pelier lodge . The house has a reputation for being haunted , particularly by a large black cat . Stories regarding the origin of this spectre either connect it with the account of the priest who exorcised a cat at the Hell Fire Club or with a cat that was doused in whiskey and set alight by members of the Hell Fire Club before escaping across the mountains with its fur aflame . The best documented account of these hauntings occurred between 1968 and 1970 . The Evening Herald and Evening Press newspapers carried a number of reports regarding a Mrs Margaret O 'Brien and her husband Nicholas , a retired Garda superintendent , who were converting the house into an arts centre . The redevelopment had been a troubled affair with tradesmen employed on the work leaving complaining of ghosts . One night , a friend of the O 'Brien 's , artist Tom McAssey , and two workmen were confronted by a spectral figure and a black cat with glowing red eyes . McAssey painted a portrait of the cat which hung in the house for several years after . Although locals were sceptical of the reports , further apparitions were reported , most notably of an Indian gentleman and of two nuns called Blessed Margaret and Holy Mary who had taken part in black masses on Mountpelier Hill . There were also reports of ringing bells and poltergeist activity . In 1970 an RTÉ television crew recorded a documentary at the house . In the documentary a clairvoyant called Sheila St. Clair communicated with the spirits of the house through automatic writing . In 1971 , a plumber working in the house discovered a grave with a skeleton of a small figure , most likely that of a child or , perhaps , the body of the dwarf alleged to have been sacrificed by the members of the Hell Fire Club . The house operated as a restaurant in the 1990s before closing in 2001 ; it is now a private residence . = = = Killakee ( Lord Massy 's ) Estate = = = On the other side of the Military Road to Hell Fire Wood and the Stewards House is the remains of Killakee Estate ( Irish : Coill an Chaoich , meaning " Blind Man 's Wood " ) , now known as Lord Massy 's Estate . These lands were first granted to Walter de Ridleford after the Norman invasion and later given to Sir Thomas Luttrell , an ancestor of Hell Fire Club member Simon Luttrell , by Henry VIII . The Luttrell family held onto the estate until the seventeenth century when it was relinquished to Dudley Loftus and then passed to William Conolly . In 1800 , the Conolly family sold the estate to Luke White . The White family built Killakee House on the estate in the early nineteenth century . This was a two @-@ storey , thirty @-@ six roomed stucco @-@ faced house . It had a Tuscan @-@ columned entrance and large three @-@ windowed bows on the back and sides . Luke White 's second son , Colonel Samuel White , inherited the estate on his father 's death in 1824 and invested considerable effort in developing its gardens . In 1838 , he engaged the services of Sir Ninian Niven , former director of the Botanic Gardens in Dublin . Niven laid out two Victorian formal gardens of gravel walks , terraces and exotic trees decorated with statues of Greek and Roman gods . Adjacent to the house was a terraced rose garden with a statue of Neptune . A second walled garden in a vale in the woods below the house contained more fountains and a range of glasshouses designed by Richard Turner . William Robinson , writing in The Gardener 's Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette on 10 December 1864 , said of the gardens , " I know of no better example of the advantage of extensively planting and draining a barren and elevated district than is afforded by this demesne of 500 acres . " When Samuel White 's widow , Anne , died in 1880 , she bequeathed the estate to her late husband 's nephew , John Thomas , 6th Baron Massy . The Massys were a Protestant Ascendancy family who had come to Ireland in 1641 and owned extensive lands in Counties Limerick , Leitrim and Tipperary . Massy used Killakee House to entertain guests while shooting game on nearby Cruagh and Glendoo mountains . He also used the house to host parties during major events on the Dublin social calendar such as the Dublin Horse Show , the Punchestown Races and the Dublin Castle Season . During these events long lines of guests ' carriages could be seen stretched along the road leading to the house . However , as a result of declining rental income and poor investment decisions , John Thomas Massy was in considerable debt when he died in 1915 . By the time John Massy 's grandson , Hugh Hamon Charles , 8th Baron Massy , inherited the estate , the family 's finances were in an irreversible decline and in 1924 he was declared bankrupt and evicted from Killakee House . The Massys initially moved into the Stewards House before taking up residence in Beehive Cottage , the estate 's gate lodge , by agreement with the bank . Hamon Massy , unable to find a job on account of his alcoholism became dependent on his wife , Margaret , whose modest salary from a job with the Irish Hospitals ' Sweepstake was the family 's only income . In the years up to his death in 1958 , Hamon Massy , who became known as the " Penniless Peer " , could be seen collecting firewood in the woods of his former family estate . Following the eviction , Killakee House was briefly used as an operations base by the Detective Unit of the Garda Síochána in 1931 while they hunted IRA subversives who were hiding explosives at Killakee . When the bank was unable to find a buyer for the estate , it was acquired by a builder who stripped the house and then demolished it in 1941 . The lands were eventually acquired by the State and opened to the public . In the late 1930s , the Director of Forestry , a German called Otto Reinard , laid out the area as an unban forest . The trees have reclaimed most of the land once occupied by the formal gardens : all that remains is the brickwork at the rear of the Turner glasshouses and the system of irrigation canals and ponds for the exotic plants contained within . In 1978 , the archaeologist and historian Patrick Healy discovered the remains of a prehistoric wedge tomb in the woods . All the survives is the skeletal outline of the main chamber and the outer double walls . Most of the stones were removed to build the low stone wall that runs across the front of the tomb . = = = Carthy 's Castle = = = On the northern slopes is another ruined building , known as Carthy 's or McCarthy 's Castle . This is all that remains of Dolly Mount – also known as the " Long House " and " Mount Pelier House " – a large hunting residence built by Henry Loftus , Earl of Ely towards the end of the eighteenth century . The building was originally two stories high with bow windows each side of the hall door , above which was the Ely coat of arms . At each side of the house was an arched gate from which extended a range of ancillary buildings , terminating in a three @-@ storied tower with an embattled top and pointed windows . The interiors were noted for their marble chimney pieces and stuccoed ceilings . The earl 's first wife , Frances Monroe , was the aunt of Dolores " Dolly " Monroe who was a celebrated beauty and in whose honour the house was named Dolly Mount . The Ely 's subsequently abandoned the residence and the building soon fell into ruin , mainly at the hands of a tenant called Jack Kelly who wrecked the house to ensure his tenancy would not be disturbed . All , except for the tower at the western end , which is now known as Carthy 's Castle , was demolished in 1950 . = = = Orlagh House = = = In the land adjacent to Carthy 's Castle is Orlagh House which has been owned by the Augustinian Order since the mid @-@ nineteenth century and is a retreat and conference centre run by the friars . It was built in 1790 by Mr Lundy Foot , a wealthy snuff merchant , who named the house Footmount . He was also a magistrate and was instrumental in condemning three members of the Kearney family to death for the murder of John Kinlan , the gamekeeper at Friarstown , near Bohernabreena , in 1816 . Foot was subsequently murdered in 1835 , an act that was attributed to relatives of the Kearneys . In fact , Foot was killed by James Murphy , the son of an evicted tenant farmer whose land Foot had bought following the eviction . In a field opposite Orlagh House is a holy well associated with Saint Colmcille . A statue of the saint , designed by Joseph Tierney , was erected at the site in 1917 . Pilgrims either drink the water or apply it to sore ears . = = Access and recreation = = Montpelier Hill is accessed from the Hell Fire Wood car park along the R115 road between Rathfarnham and Glencullen . The woods offer around 4 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 8 miles ) of forest roads and tracks as well as a permanent orienteering course . Lord Massy 's Estate is also accessed from the R115 , close to the Hell Fire Wood car park . The woods offer a nature trail and a permanent orienteering course . Lord Massy 's Estate and Montpelier Hill are also traversed by the Dublin Mountains Way hiking trail that runs between Shankill and Tallaght . = = = Recreation = = = Hell Fire Club at Dublin Mountains Partnership Orienteering at the Hell Fire Club Massy 's Estate at Dublin Mountains Partnership Orienteering at Massy 's Estate = = = The Hell Fire Club = = = The Dublin Hellfire Club – The Facts The Hellfire Club at blather.net The Hellfire Club at Abandoned Ireland = = = Other = = = The Orlagh Retreat Centre St Colmcille 's Well at Megalithomania
= Greatest Hits : My Prerogative = Greatest Hits : My Prerogative is the first greatest hits album by American recording artist Britney Spears . It was released on November 3 , 2004 , by Jive Records and Zomba Recording . The compilation was released in two different formats : a standard edition and a limited edition containing a bonus disc with remixes . A compilation DVD of the same name featuring 20 of the singer 's music videos was released to accompany the audio versions . The album includes three new tracks : a cover of Bobby Brown 's " My Prerogative " , " Do Somethin ' " and " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " , which was previously included on the international editions of Spears ' fifth video release , Britney Spears : In the Zone ( 2004 ) . Critics gave Greatest Hits : My Prerogative mixed reviews . Some felt that it was an accurate portrayal of Spears as the defining figure of American pop culture , while others stated that she did not have enough material for a compilation and also deemed it as premature . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative debuted at the top of the charts in Ireland and Japan , and the top ten in other fourteen countries , including Australia , Canada , Norway , Sweden , the United Kingdom and the United States . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative has sold five million copies worldwide . The title track was released as the first single from the album . It went on to peak at number one in Ireland , Italy , Finland and Norway , and reached the top ten in another fourteen countries . " Do Somethin ' " was released as the second single from the album . = = Background = = On August 13 , 2004 , Spears announced through Jive Records the release of her first greatest hits compilation titled Greatest Hits : My Prerogative , due on November 16 , 2004 . The title was chosen after the album 's lead single , Spears 's cover version of Bobby Brown 's 1988 single " My Prerogative " . The cover was produced by Swedish production team Bloodshy & Avant . A DVD of the same name was also released the same day , containing Spears 's music videos . Spears had recorded a song titled " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " originally for her fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) . It was first included as a bonus track in the European version of the In the Zone DVD . In the United States , the track was a free download in the Wal @-@ Mart edition of In the Zone , due to an exclusive deal with Wal @-@ Mart and Sony Connect . When the deal ended in mid @-@ 2004 , Jive Records decided to release it in iTunes Store on August 17 , 2004 . " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " peaked at number seven on the iTunes chart while it was speculated to be in the tracklist of Greatest Hits : My Prerogative . The tracklist was officially revealed on September 13 , 2004 . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative included three new tracks : " My Prerogative " , " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " and " Do Somethin ' " , all of them produced by Bloodshy & Avant . A limited edition of the album was also released , which included a bonus disc with remixes of Spears 's songs by different recording artists , as well as a megamix of Spears 's hits . = = Critical response = = Greatest Hits : My Prerogative received mixed reviews from music critics . Mary Awosika of the Sarasota Herald @-@ Tribune selected " I 've Just Begun ( Having My Fun ) " as the best of the new tracks , and added that " The rest of the album is a romp down memory lane of when Spears was the ' It ' girl of popular culture , ruling the pop charts as a multi @-@ million dollar entertainment should . [ ... ] In all honesty , no one can deny Spears has recorded some great dance songs , and this album is the best way to get all the songs in one swoop " . Faridul Anwar Farinordin of the New Straits Times said , " rest assured , fans will surely grab this one " and selected " Oops ! ... I Did It Again " and " Overprotected " as the best tracks . Annabel Leathes of BBC Online deemed it " calorific as the KFC burgers dished up at her chav @-@ style wedding ; twenty finger lickin ' tracks that mirror her trajectory from pretty pop puff to lusty strumpet " . Christy Lemire of the Associated Press stated that it was premature for Spears to release a greatest hits album compilation after only five years , but highlighted " I 'm a Slave 4 U " , " Toxic " and " Everytime " . Andy Petch @-@ Jex of MusicOMH highlighted the first four tracks and commented " true some of the tunes are complete pony plops , but beneath the occasional reek there beats a solid gold pop heart " . Spence D. of IGN said , " If Britney Spears ' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative illuminates anything it 's that Spears is a fairly proficient sonic chameleon , able to mimic and adopt the stylings of those who have come before her with enough panache and verve to convince younger generations that she 's a bona fide pop revelation . [ ... ] This is the kind of kitschy album that you can get away with having because Spears is such a prevalent component of pop culture . " James Gashinski of The Gazette said that " As a time capsule , My Prerogative does its job well , " but " Added together , the pop hits on this album are somewhat less than the sum of their parts " . He explained , " Even if it isn ’ t as great a listen as a cohesive album , My Prerogative does work as a portrait of the time when Britney Spears was the defining figure of American pop culture " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic agreed with Gashinski , but added " if you compare it to The Immaculate Collection , which captured the time when Madonna was the defining figure of American pop culture and does work as an album , it 's clear that a cultural artifact isn 't necessarily the same thing as great music " . Ann Powers of Blender said , " The hits collected on My Prerogative are as sticky as soda and almost as easy to rinse out . Spears will go down in history books , but not for anything she ’ s created , besides a world @-@ class stir " . She named " ... Baby One More Time " " the song that defined her legacy " and also added , " In less than five minutes , it contains an emotional storm that is both widely public and deeply personal . If only she had continued to prove worthy of that heroic task . " Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times said that " Listening to her hits all at once , you may be struck by the seductive severity of Ms. Spears 's music : the beats are sharp as tines , the lyrics are filled with evocations of fear and control , the voice projects nothing you might mistake for warmth " . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 , with sales exceeding 255 @,@ 000 copies . It has spent a total of 32 weeks overall on the chart . It became her first album not to debut at number one . In December 2004 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of a million copies of the album . As of March 2015 , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative has sold over 1 @.@ 5 million copies in the United States . In Canada , the album debuted at number three selling 20 @,@ 400 copies and was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for shipments of 50 @,@ 000 units . In Australia and New Zealand , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative debuted at number four and seventeen on the official charts , respectively . The album was certified two @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) indicating shipments of 140 @,@ 000 units . In the United Kingdom , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative debuted at number two behind Eminem 's Encore , with first @-@ week sales of 115 @,@ 341 units . The album debuted at number three on the European Top 100 Albums . Greatest Hits : My Prerogative also debuted at number two in Belgium ( Wallonia ) , Finland and Denmark , number four in Austria and Norway , and inside the top ten in Belgium ( Flanders ) , Czech Republic , Italy , Portugal and the Netherlands . It also charted in Sweden and Spain . In Japan , Spears ' compilation became her first album to top the Oricon charts selling 173 @,@ 145 copies , and finished as the 38th best @-@ selling album of 2004 and the 40th of 2005 . To date , it has sold 710 @,@ 124 copies in the country and remains her highest @-@ selling album there . Global sales for Greatest Hits : My Prerogative stand at over five million units . = = Singles = = " My Prerogative " was released as the first single from the compilation . The song was set to premiere on radio stations on September 14 , 2004 , however , it leaked in the Real Tapemasters Inc . ' s mixtape The Future of R & B on September 10 , 2004 . The cover was musically different from Bobby Brown 's original song , and was noted for aptly referring to Spears 's relationship with the media at the time . It received mixed to negative reviews from critics , but went on to achieve worldwide success , topping the charts in countries like in Finland , Ireland , Italy and Norway , and reaching the top ten in another fourteen countries . In the United States , " My Prerogative " charted in Billboard 's Top 40 Tracks and Top 40 Mainstream at number twenty @-@ two and thirty @-@ four , respectively . Although no more singles were planned , Spears wanted to shoot a music video for " Do Somethin ' " and pushed for it to be released . The song was released as a single worldwide except North America on February 14 , 2005 . " Do Somethin ' " received positive reviews , and reached top ten positions in countries such as Australia , Denmark , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Although the song was not released in the United States , it charted on many of Billboard 's component charts due to digital downloads and reached number one @-@ hundred on the Billboard Hot 100 . The accompanying music video was co @-@ directed by Billie Woodruff and Spears , who appeared credited as her alter ego " Mona Lisa " . She was also the stylist and choreographer of the video . = = Formats and track listings = = Notes ^ a signifies a co @-@ producer ^ b signifies a remixer ^ c signifies a vocal producer = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= K @-@ 43 ( Kansas highway ) = K @-@ 43 is a 20 @.@ 718 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 33 @.@ 342 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas . The highway runs from K @-@ 4 in Hope north to Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) and U.S. Route 40 ( US @-@ 40 ) north of Detroit . The entire highway is located within Dickinson County . K @-@ 43 is maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation ( KDOT ) , and is a relatively minor highway . K @-@ 43 is not part of the National Highway System . The highway was established around 1932 , with the northern terminus being the now decommissioned US @-@ 40S . In 1962 , the route was extended north a bit to a new diamond interchange with I @-@ 70 . = = Route description = = K @-@ 43 begins at an intersection with K @-@ 4 at the northern city limit of Hope . The highway heads north for about seven miles ( 11 km ) before turning west and entering the small community of Navarre . The route crosses the BNSF Railway and turns to the north , continuing through flat farmland . The highway crosses the railway again before entering the city of Enterprise . In Enterprise , K @-@ 43 turns east along 5th Street , then north onto Factory Street . The highway curves northwest and crosses the BNSF Railway a third time before crossing the Smoky Hill River on a 160 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 49 m ) truss bridge constructed in 1924 . Upon crossing this bridge , K @-@ 43 leaves Enterprise . The route bends to the north and crosses the BNSF Railway a fourth and final time . Continuing north through level plains , K @-@ 43 meets a railroad operated by Union Pacific and comes to an intersection with its former northern terminus at an old alignment of US @-@ 40 . At this intersection , the route turns to the northeast and travels through the community of Detroit before turning back to the north . North of here , K @-@ 43 meets its northern terminus at a diamond interchange with I @-@ 70 and US @-@ 40 . K @-@ 43 is maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation ( KDOT ) . The traffic numbers on the route in 2012 , measured in annual average daily traffic , were relatively low compared to other state highways . Between 185 and 1900 vehicles traveled the highway each day , including between 30 and 95 trucks . The most traffic was present in the segment of the highway between Enterprise and Detroit . No segment of K @-@ 43 is included in the National Highway System , a system of highways considered to be important to the nation 's defense , economy , and mobility . = = History = = K @-@ 43 first appears on the 1932 state highway map . At that time it followed largely the same alignment it does today , running from K @-@ 4 in Hope to an intersection with what was then US @-@ 40S . Most of the road was dirt , but it was paved with gravel from Enterprise north to its northern terminus . By 1936 , the whole route had been upgraded to gravel pavement . In 1945 , the portion north of Enterprise was paved . The entire highway had been paved by 1956 . In 1962 , the highway was extended slightly to the north , moving its northern terminus from US @-@ 40 to an interchange with the newly constructed I @-@ 70 . The route has not changed significantly since 1962 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Dickinson County .
= Ebbw Valley Railway = The Ebbw Valley Railway ( Welsh : Rheilffordd Cwm Ebwy ) is a branch line of the Great Western Main Line in South Wales . Arriva Trains Wales provides an hourly passenger service each way , between Ebbw Vale Town and Cardiff Central . The line was opened by the Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company and the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) operated a passenger service from the 1850s between Newport and Ebbw Vale . The line became part of British Railways Western Region in 1948 , following the nationalisation of the railways . Passenger services were withdrawn in 1962 . However , the route continued to be used to carry freight to and from the Corus steelworks in Ebbw Vale , until its closure in 2002 . Proposals to re @-@ open the existing freight railway line to passenger services were first mooted in 1998 . The Welsh Assembly Government announced their commitment to the project in 2002 , as part of a package of measures to help the former steel communities . Passenger services were restored to the line in February 2008 , after a gap of 46 years , using Class 150 diesel multiple units . Predominantly single track north of Newport , the Ebbw Valley Railway runs 19 miles ( 31 km ) along the Ebbw River valley from Ebbw Vale , before joining the South Wales Main Line at a triangular group of junctions in Newport – the line splitting at Park Junction with the eastbound section joining at Gaer Junction and the westbound section joining at Ebbw Junction . The line 's stations and services are managed by Arriva Trains Wales . = = Current service = = The Ebbw Valley Railway provides an hourly ( two hourly Sundays ) passenger service between Ebbw Vale Town and Cardiff Central . Journey duration between Ebbw Vale Town and Cardiff Central is 60 minutes . Intermediate stations ( their approximate journey times from Ebbw Vale Town are shown in brackets ) are Ebbw Vale Parkway ( 3 minutes ) , Llanhilleth ( 11 ) , Newbridge ( 17 ) , Crosskeys ( 25 ) , Risca and Pontymister ( 32 ) , Rogerstone ( 34 ) and Pye Corner ( 38 ) . A dedicated feeder bus services link the line to Abertillery town centre from Llanhilleth . Actual passenger numbers greatly exceed forecasts . In 2002 , passenger journeys were forecast at 22 @,@ 000 per month . Whereas by 2008 , 44 @,@ 000 journeys had been made on the service each month ; also exceeding the monthly target of 33 @,@ 000 set for 2012 . In August 2008 Trish Law , Assembly Member for Blaenau Gwent , said she had received " many complaints of standing @-@ room only and grossly overcrowded trains " . Arriva Trains Wales provide extra carriages at busy times , Saturdays and holidays , to cope with the demand . Passenger journeys had exceeded 55 @,@ 000 per month by May 2009 , and by October 2009 , over one million passenger journeys had been made on the line in the 20 months since its opening , comfortably exceeding the fourth @-@ year target of 453 @,@ 000 . Network Rail own and manage the track and signalling ; stations and services are operated by the existing train operating company , Arriva Trains Wales ; and the local authorities each own and operate the station car parks in their area . Each station has at least one Passenger Help Point and all stations and car parks have CCTV . All stations on the branch are unstaffed , and at first lacked any ticket issuing facilities ; but in late 2009 a Scheidt & Bachmann Ticket XPress self @-@ service ticket machine was installed at each station . = = History = = = = = Background = = = The line has its origins in the tramways and waggonways constructed to serve the various iron works in the upper Ebbw Valley to enable them to receive raw materials and dispatch products . Developments included : Rassa Railroad : a tramway built in 1794 to connect the Sirhowy Ironworks to the Beaufort Ironworks , and connected them to several limestone quarries at Trevil . Llanhiledd Tramroad : from Crumlin ( low level ) north to Ebbw Vale . Sirhowy Tramroad : a 4 @-@ foot @-@ 2 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 27 m ) plateway which opened in 1805 and ran from ironworks at Tredegar and Sirhowy to the Monmouthshire Canal . By 1805 , a 24 @-@ mile ( 39 km ) stretch of tramline had been laid to transport coal and iron ore to Newport Docks , laid jointly by Tredegar Iron and Coal Company and the Monmouthshire Canal Company . Initially the trains were pulled by teams of horses ; however , in 1829 Chief Engineer Thomas Ellis was authorised to purchase a steam locomotive from the Stephenson Company . Built at Tredegar Works , it made its maiden trip on 17 December 1829 . Due to its success , conversion to standard gauge was delayed until 1860 but , after reopening in 1865 , it found that the traffic had been lost to its competitors . The line was worked by the London and North Western Railway from 1 July 1875 and taken over by the railway company the following year . Blaenavon Tramroad : a 3 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 02 m ) edge @-@ railway opened in 1795 @-@ 6 which linked the Blaenavon Ironworks with the Monmouthshire Canal at Pontnewydd . It was rebuilt in 1829 as a 4 @-@ foot @-@ 2 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 27 m ) gauge plateway . The Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company was incorporated on 31 July 1845 and , having acquired the Blaenavon Tramroad in the same year , it rebuilt and extended the line , which re @-@ opened from Pontypool to Blaenavon ( North ) on 2 October 1854 . Two short and steep branches to Cwmfrwdoer and Cwmnantddu were opened in 1870 , with a third to Abersychan and Talywain in 1879 . A 99 @-@ year lease of the line was granted to the Great Western Railway from 1 August 1875 and the railway company acquired the line on 1 August 1880 . = = = Operations = = = The first passenger service on the line began on 21 December 1850 , between Newport Courtybella and Blaina . The line was extended south to Newport Dock Street on 4 April 1852 , and the northern extension from Aberbeeg to Ebbw Vale opened on 19 April 1852 . Journeys between Ebbw Vale and Newport normally required passengers to change at Aberbeeg , although some services were direct . It was a branch line of the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) , until the nationalisation of the railways under the Transport Act 1947 , when the line became part of the Western Region of British Railways on 1 January 1948 . The line closed to passenger traffic on 30 April 1962 , prior to the Beeching Axe , with the mineral branches following on 7 April 1969 and the Talywain branch on 3 May 1980 . Freight services to and from the steelworks at Ebbw Vale continued until the site closed on 5 July 2002 . The final freight service to run from the Corus steelworks in Ebbw Vale in 2003 removed scrap metal from site . = = Revival = = = = = Proposals = = = Peter Law , the former Assembly Member ( AM ) for Blaenau Gwent , had been calling for passenger services between Ebbw Vale and Newport to resume on the line since the 1980s , while he was still a councillor . An initial feasibility study of the proposal was carried out for Blaenau Gwent council by infrastructure project management company Capita Symonds in 1998 . Stations at Ebbw Vale , Cwm , Aberbeeg , Abercarn , Risca and Maesglas were suggested , and the plans included running some trains to Cardiff Central via a new station at Celtic Lakes on the South Wales Main Line . Law made fighting for the line 's re @-@ opening one of his major election promises during the National Assembly for Wales election campaign in 1999 . A plaque at Ebbw Vale Parkway commemorates Law , who died in 2006 , and his work to re @-@ open the line . It was unveiled by Jocelyn Davies AM on 10 December 2007 , four days before the Ebbw Valley Railway 's planned official re @-@ opening . In February 2001 the Rail Development Society Wales , a passengers ' campaign group now campaigning as Railfuture Cymru / Wales , called for the rail link between Ebbw Vale and Newport to be reopened to help with the regeneration of what it called " already a socially deprived area " . The plea followed Corus Group 's announcement that it would close its Ebbw Vale steelworks operation . British Steel Corporation had employed 14 @,@ 500 people at their main steel mills in Ebbw Vale in the 1960s . The mills closed completely during the 1980s . Only a finishing plant employing 780 people remained on the site in 2001 . First Minister Rhodri Morgan announced to the Welsh Assembly on 30 January 2002 that the rail link between Ebbw Vale and Cardiff would be reopened . Morgan said it would be part of a " package of measures to offset hundreds of steel job losses at the Corus plant " . At the time , the Assembly Government 's financial commitment was estimated at £ 7 million over two years , the project cost was estimated at £ 15 million and the line forecast to open in 2004 . Proposals for the Ebbw Valley line , forecast to cost £ 27 @.@ 2 million , were unveiled to the public in January 2003 . The scheme was to provide an hourly service to Cardiff beginning in 2005 , followed by an hourly service to Newport beginning in 2009 . The display included artists ' impressions of the six new stations , envisaged to be built at Ebbw Vale Parkway Victoria , Llanhilleth , Newbridge , Crosskeys , Risca and Rogerstone . Proposed stations at Crumlin and Ebbw Vale Centre were shown in the Rail Atlas Great Britain and Ireland 11th edition , published 2007 . The project was forecast to cost £ 28 @,@ 583 @,@ 544 in October 2003 . Electrification by 2019 was announced in the Department for Transport 's High Level Output Specification of 2012 . = = = Revival works programme = = = Work to restore the passenger service to the line took place between 2006 and 2008 . The scheme was part of the response to the closure of Corus ' Ebbw Vale steelworks in 2002 , and the resulting economic downturn in one of Wales ' most deprived areas . The project was led by Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council and supported by Caerphilly County Borough Council , Newport City Council , the Welsh Assembly Government and Network Rail . Capita Symonds project managed the scheme and the project contractor was Amey Rail , a subsidiary of Amey plc . A start of main works event was held in Crumlin on 28 September 2006 and was attended by Welsh Assembly Members Andrew Davies ( then Welsh Assembly Minister for Enterprise , Innovation and Networks ) , Irene James and Trish Law , the leaders of Blaenau Gwent and Caerphilly County Borough Councils , local councillors , officers and project stakeholders . The event marked the start of major works on the scheme with a demonstration of a new rail ballast cleaner . The works upgraded the existing track to passenger standard , and included new colour light signalling , level crossing renewal and the reinstatement of 3 miles ( 5 km ) of double track , providing a point where trains could pass each other . Six new stations and eight new 97 metres ( 318 ft ) long platforms were constructed . Services were originally expected to begin in the summer of 2007 . A report to Blaenau Gwent council in March 2008 showed that on completion , the project was more than £ 8 @.@ 4 million over the original budget . Funding came from three sources . The European Regional Development Fund 's Objective One structural funds provided £ 7 @.@ 5 million through the Welsh European Funding Office , Corus Steelworks Regeneration Fund £ 7 million and the Welsh Assembly Government provided the balance . By January 2010 , the total project cost , including the line extension to Ebbw Vale Town , had risen to an estimated £ 32 @.@ 6 million . The restoration scheme was named Welsh Project of the Year by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors in 2009 . The railway had been shortlisted in the community benefit category , along with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ' Newport Wetlands Reserve and Swansea 's Canolfan Gorseinon Centre . = = = Restoration of passenger service = = = Passenger train services , using Class 150 diesel multiple units , were restored to the line after a gap of 46 years , on 6 February 2008 ; between a new station at Ebbw Vale Parkway ( close to the site of the original Victoria station ) and Cardiff Central . The first train of the restored service left Cardiff Central for Ebbw Vale Parkway at 06 : 35 on Wednesday 6 February 2008 . The first train to run in the opposite direction left five minutes later , packed with dignitaries for the official opening . Deputy First Minister Ieuan Wyn Jones opened the line along with Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council 's former Labour leader Hedley McCarthy . The first train from Ebbw Vale Parkway was waved off by local residents , who welcomed the link as a positive contribution to the valley 's long term regeneration . Celebrations had been due to take place on 14 December 2007 to mark the line 's official opening . Arrangements included school choirs , brass bands , and plaques unveiled at each station by officials and dignitaries travelling the route between Rogerstone to Ebbw Vale . The ceremonies were cancelled two days before the scheduled reopening , as the project had not been finished on time due to " safety and engineering issues " . Network Rail had confirmed in November that the new track had been tested successfully . After a final inspection on 16 December 2007 confirmed outstanding issues had been resolved , the track was handed over to Network Rail by Blaenau Gwent council . Network Rail and Arriva Trains Wales then arranged route familiarisation training for train drivers before the new service could be introduced . Driver training began on 18 December 2007 . Environmental issues delayed construction of two of the line 's new stations . Colonies of slow worms , which has protected species status in the United Kingdom , were discovered near the tracks at the sites of Llanhilleth and Crosskeys stations . The lizards had to be moved to a safer place . Llanhilleth and Crosskeys stations opened on 27 April 2008 and 7 June 2008 respectively . Built at a cost of £ 3.5m , Pye Corner station opened on 14 December 2014 . = = Route = = The Ebbw Valley Railway is a branch line of the Great Western Main Line . Predominantly single track , the line runs 19 miles ( 31 km ) between Ebbw Vale Town station ( where southbound journeys to Cardiff Central begin , and northbound journeys end ) , in the northeast of the mountainous South Wales valleys , and the South Wales Main Line . The track runs mainly south and southeast , following the deep @-@ sided Ebbw River valley . The line is heavily curved along most of its route and has gradients of up to 1 in 65 . Before the project to restore passenger services began , these conditions caused a maximum line speed on the line for freight services of 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) . Extensive track re @-@ canting has enabled the maximum line speed to be increased to 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) . The station at Ebbw Vale Town was opened on 17 May 2015 , and became the new northern terminus of the line . Prior to this , the town was served by the Parkway station to the South . Ebbw Vale Parkway station is 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south of Ebbw Vale town centre and provides car parking and cycle storage . Buses pick up and set down in the station car park . From Ebbw Vale Parkway the line is single track , facing south – southeast for the 5 miles ( 8 km ) to the next stop at Llanhilleth . It runs past the villages of Cwm , where a new station is proposed , and Aberbeeg , which had proposals for a station included in an early plan . Proposals to reconstruct the spur running from Aberbeeg to Abertillery are being considered . The line winds south from Llanhilleth for 2 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 4 @.@ 5 km ) , past the village of Crumlin , to the next station at Newbridge , at the eastern end of Newbridge town centre . Newbridge station provides Park and Ride car park and bus interchange facilities . To enable the additional service between Ebbw Vale and Newport to begin dual track would need to be laid and second platforms constructed at Llanhilleth and Newbridge stations , allowing trains to pass each other . The line to Crosskeys , 3 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 5 @.@ 2 km ) south of Newbridge , passes the village of Abercarn , another site that had proposals for a station included in an early plan . At Crosskeys the line changes direction from south to southeast for its remaining 7 miles ( 11 km ) to the South Wales Main Line , continuing to follow the Ebbw Valley , past the confluence of the Ebbw River and the Sirhowy River . Crosskeys station has two platforms , one for northbound services and one for southbound . It is the only station on the Ebbw Valley Railway with no car parking facility , although public car parking is available nearby . The track is doubled from Crosskeys to Risca , providing a passing loop for 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . Risca and Pontymister station , 2 miles ( 3 km ) southeast of Crosskeys , is in central Risca ; the village of Pontymister is immediately to its southeast . It has two platforms , cycle lockers , a pick up / set down area near the northbound platform and a 94 @-@ space car park . Rogerstone station is 1 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 2 km ) southeast of Risca and Pontymister station , and 3 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 6 km ) northwest of the South Wales Main Line . The station has one platform : the line reverts to single track after having passed Risca . Near the platform is a pick up / set down lay @-@ by . Rogerstone station 's car park has 64 spaces . Pye Corner is the last southbound halt on the Ebbw Valley Railway . It is a single platform station , about 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 1 ⁄ 2 km ) southeast of Rogerstone station . Parking is provided for 62 cars and includes electric charging points . The Ebbw Valley Railway meets the Great Western 's South Wales Main Line branch , which runs on the coastal plain between the cities of Cardiff and Newport , at a triangular junction about 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) southwest of Newport station . The line splits at Park Junction in the west ; one section passes through Gaer Tunnel to form a north @-@ facing connection with the main line at Gaer Junction , allowing trains to travel to Newport . The other section meets the main line at the south @-@ facing Ebbw Junction and allows trains to reach Cardiff Central station , 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the southwest . = = Proposed additional services = = A second hourly service to Newport is proposed for the line . A South East Wales Transport Alliance ( Sewta ) report in 2006 noted that additional infrastructure work would be required to enable the service to become half @-@ hourly ( one train running to Cardiff and another to Newport ) . An additional seven miles ( 11 km ) of double track would be needed between Aberbeeg Junction and Crosskeys and additional platforms at Newbridge and Llanhilleth stations would be required . According to Network Rail , the points system at Gaer junction would need to be replaced before the line could be linked from Rogerstone station to Newport station . Major resignalling works would also need to be carried out . Passenger trains travel faster than freight trains , so the signals need to be further apart . The Welsh Assembly Government announced in July 2009 that the relevant works to enable direct trains between Ebbw Vale and Newport would be complete by 2011 . Work on the track at Gaer Junction , Newport – connecting the Ebbw Valley Railway to Newport – had been scheduled for completion by October 2010 , but no decision on the link will now be made before March 2011 . Rebuilding the branch to Abertillery , to replace the shuttle bus service , has been planned . The proposal for a new station and track ( which would need to be re @-@ laid for 1 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 3 km ) between Aberbeeg and Abertillery ) , is not included in the Welsh Assembly Government 's National Transport Plan . A feasibility study and further design work for a new station at Ebbw Vale Town was commissioned by the Welsh Assembly Government . The station on the former Corus steelworks site , which closed in 2002 , is a mile north of the line 's initial terminus , Ebbw Vale Parkway , and was forecast to cost £ 6 @.@ 5 million . It was opened on 17 May 2015 . Network Rail will be carrying out further track improvement work in 2016 @-@ 7 ( to double the line between Aberbeeg & Crosskeys , as mentioned above and raise the line speed ) and hopes to complete the project in 2018 . This will allow the introduction of a regular service to Newport and Abergavenny in addition to the current one to and from Cardiff . = = Passenger volume = =
= White Lies ( band ) = White Lies are an English post @-@ punk band from Ealing , London . Formerly known as Fear of Flying , the core band members are Harry McVeigh ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Charles Cave ( bass guitar and backing vocals ) , and Jack Lawrence @-@ Brown ( drums ) . The band perform live as a five @-@ piece , when sidemen Tommy Bowen and Rob Lee join the line up . White Lies ' musical style has been described as dark yet uplifting by the media , drawing comparisons to Joy Division , Editors , The Killers and Interpol . White Lies formed in October 2007 , after writing songs that they felt didn 't suit their original band . After delaying their first performance for five months to build up media hype , they earned a recording contract with Fiction Records days after their debut . The release of singles " Unfinished Business " and " Death " led to tours and festival appearances in the United Kingdom and North America , including a headline performance at BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend and a place on the 2009 NME Awards Tour . At the beginning of 2009 , White Lies featured in multiple " ones to watch " polls for the coming year , including the BBC 's Sound of 2009 poll and the BRITs Critics ' Choice Award . White Lies ' debut album To Lose My Life ... , released in January 2009 , hit number one on the UK Albums Chart . Their second album Ritual was recorded in 2010 , and released on 17 January 2011 . Big TV , their third studio album , was released on 12 August 2013 . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = Charles Cave and Jack Lawrence @-@ Brown were both from Pitshanger Village in North Ealing , and first played together in a school show at North Ealing Primary School . Harry McVeigh ( from Shepherd 's Bush ) joined them two years later , and they began playing under the name Fear of Flying at the age of fifteen . Cave described the band as a " weekend project " , and one of many groups which they were involved in while at school . Fear of Flying completed one UK tour as a support act , as well as further slots with The Maccabees , Jamie T and Laura Marling . They released two double A @-@ side vinyl singles on independent record label Young and Lost Club , " Routemaster / Round Three " on 7 August 2006 and " Three 's a Crowd / Forget @-@ Me @-@ Nots " on 6 December 2006 . Both vinyls were produced by former Blur and The Smiths collaborator , Stephen Street , whom they met through a friend at school . They went on to play the inaugural Underage Festival in Victoria Park , England on 10 August 2007 . Two weeks prior to the group starting university , they decided that they would take a second gap year , and perform new material which the band felt did not suit their current outfit . Cave stated that " I felt as though I couldn 't write about anything personal , so I would make up semi @-@ comical stories that weren 't really important to anyone , not even me . " Fear of Flying disbanded in October 2007 with a MySpace bulletin stating " Fear of Flying is DEAD ... White Lies is alive ! " , before introducing a darker sound and a new name that reflected their maturity . Cave stated that the band deleted their MySpace account " without any token farewell gigs " . McVeigh said that the current musical climate had an effect on the split , stating that " Maybe a few years ago , we would have signed a deal and had a chance to make three albums [ ... ] . In the current climate ... we ’ d have been dropped " . When asked about the name change in an interview with a radio station in San Francisco , Jack Brown said that " We just thought that we should perform these songs as a different band . We had songs that we felt weren 't suitable for the band that we were in and we thought White Lies would be the perfect vehicle for the songs . " = = = Early releases = = = Playing under the new name , White Lies played their first gig at Hoxton Square 's Bar & Kitchen on 28 February 2008 , supporting Team Waterpolo and Semifinalists . The band admitted rehearsing for two months for the gig , as well as putting off their debut for five months to gather media hype . Following this , the band received numerous record label offers , eventually signing to Fiction Records a matter of days after their first performance . The band also signed publishing rights to Chrysalis Music Publishing . The band said they chose the name because " white lies are quite dark ... that 's how we see ourselves " and that white lies " protect the upsetting truths " of the band 's lyrics . Receiving airtime on BBC Radio 1 , Zane Lowe named " Death " his " Hottest Record in the World " on 5 February 2008 , despite the song having never been officially released . Radio 1 would go on to feature the band at Radio 1 's Big Weekend in May 2008 , where they headlined the BBC Introducing stage . On 10 March 2008 , White Lies were announced as one of four bands taking part in the first ever NME New Noise Tour ( now the NME Radar Tour ) . The tour visited eleven cities in the UK throughout May 2008 . The band were first featured in the magazine in the issue dated 22 March 2008 , appearing in the " Everyone 's Talking About ... " section of their Radar article . Live Editor Hamish MacBain described tracks " Death " and " XX " ( later titled " Unfinished Business " ) - the only two songs available on the band 's MySpace - as " ... not to afraid of a little sincerity , not afraid of a little scale " . The band released their debut single one month later , a 7 @-@ inch vinyl of " Unfinished Business " on 28 April 2008 . The limited pressing was released by Chess Club Records , an independent record label co @-@ founded by drummer Jack Brown . To mark the release , the band supported dEUS in London 's Scala on 16 April 2008 , as well as a performance at the 2008 Camden Crawl . = = = To Lose My Life ... ( 2008 – 2010 ) = = = They made their television debut on Later ... with Jools Holland on 30 May 2008 , playing " Unfinished Business " and " Death " . This marked their final public performance prior to recording their debut album , scheduling sessions in ICP Studios in Belgium and Kore Studios in West London . The album was provisionally titled To Lose My Life or Lose My Love , with a scheduled release date was set for January 2009 . The title came from a line in the album 's title track , " To Lose My Life " . During the summer of 2008 , the band played numerous UK and overseas music festivals , including major festivals Oxegen , T in the Park , and the Reading and Leeds Festivals . Beginning in September 2008 , the band played their first headline tour , performing thirteen dates in the United Kingdom . The tour marked the release of " Death " on 22 September 2008 , with a further six dates played in the United States in October 2008 . The tour included an appearance at the CMJ Music Festival in New York on 23 – 24 October , alongside Jay Reatard , Amazing Baby and Violens . Following this , the band returned to support Glasvegas on their fifteen date UK tour in November and December 2008 . NME.com exclusively announced their debut album would be released on 12 January 2009 , with shortened title To Lose My Life .... The band preceded the album with the single release of " To Lose My Life " one week earlier . The full @-@ length video for " To Lose My Life " premiered exclusively on the band 's MySpace on 21 November 2008 . On 11 November 2008 , NME announced that White Lies would be taking part in the 2009 ShockWaves NME Awards Tour , alongside Friendly Fires , Florence and the Machine and headliners Glasvegas . The annual tour , taking place in early 2009 , visited seventeen cities in the UK . On 7 February 2009 , it was announced in NME that the entire tour had sold out . On the Manchester tour date , the band dueted with Florence Welch to play " Unfinished Business " . The band would later also be announced for Xfm 's Winter Wonderland festival in London , as well as one of four bands playing NME 's Big Gig on 26 February 2009 . At the beginning of 2009 , the band were featured in numerous polls as " ones to watch " for the coming year . The BBC placed them second in their Sound of 2009 poll , as well as coming third in the 2009 BRITs Critics ' Choice Award , behind Florence and the Machine and Little Boots . To mark the album release , " From the Stars " appeared as iTunes 's " Single of the Week " on 30 December 2008 , two weeks prior to the album 's release . In addition , the band played a Live Lounge session for Jo Whiley 's BBC Radio 1 show on 14 January 2009 , playing " To Lose My Life " as well as a cover of Kanye West 's " Love Lockdown " . The cover was included as a b @-@ side to " Farewell to the Fairground " , released on 23 March 2009 . Upon the release of To Lose My Life , White Lies became the first British act in 2009 to achieve a number one album , and the first album to debut at number one . After charting high in the midweek sales , the album beat off competition from Lady Gaga , The Script and Kings of Leon . In support of the release , the band played on Channel 4 's Shockwaves Album Chart Show , Last Call with Carson Daly and the Late Show with David Letterman , the latter being the band 's first performance on US television . Following supporting Snow Patrol on their tour of both Ireland and the United Kingdom , the band embarked on their own headline world tour , playing sold out dates across Europe , North America , Japan and the United Kingdom . While in North America , the band co @-@ headlined the NME Presents tour with Friendly Fires . The bands were supported by The Soft Pack , with White Lies headlining seven of the fifteen dates , including their first appearance at the South by Southwest festival . During the tour , the band were forced to play a shortened , six song set at New York 's Bowery Ballroom , due to McVeigh having throat problems . During summer 2009 , the band played a number of major UK and overseas music festivals , including Rock Werchter , Benicàssim , Coachella , Glastonbury , Isle of Wight , Lollapalooza , Oxegen , Radio 1 's Big Weekend , Reading and Leeds , Roskilde and T in the Park . " Death " was re @-@ released on 29 June 2009 . To mark the release , live performances from a selection of the band 's festival appearances were broadcast online through the band 's web player , titled " The Summer of Death " . Also In September 2009 , White Lies performed as a support act for Coldplay , including a date at Wembley Stadium , where the band performed in front of a half full stadium . The band played as the first support act and was greatly received . = = = Ritual ( 2010 – 2012 ) = = = In an interview with the BBC 's Newsbeat programme , McVeigh stated that due to the nature of the band 's songwriting techniques clashing with their difficult touring schedules , there will be no new White Lies material until 2010 . Despite this , McVeigh has mentioned that the ambitious recording of " Nothing to Give " and " The Price of Love " ( from To Lose My Life ... ) act as a taster of the different sound to come on their sophomore release . In September 2009 , the band released " Taxidermy " as a digital download through iTunes for the first time . A live favourite amongst fans , the track had previously only been released on the ( now deleted ) vinyl release of " To Lose My Life " . During the same month , the band supported Kings of Leon 's tour of the United States , and Coldplay 's tour of the United Kingdom . As well as this , the band played their own headline tour across Europe during October — November 2009 , including some of their biggest shows to date in the UK . A number of the tour dates were later cancelled , due to McVeigh falling ill during their concert in Munich , Germany . Having fully recovered in time for the beginning of their UK dates , the tour continued as normal , with cancelled dates being rescheduled for February 2010 . On 13 February 2010 , White Lies became the first high @-@ profile artist to perform at the FAC251 music venue in Manchester . The band played there again on 14 February , with tickets for the second show made available exclusively through the band 's website . The performances were the band 's only scheduled headline performances of 2010 . Both concerts sold out in a matter of minutes , with 38 @,@ 000 people applying for the 400 tickets available . As well as this , the band showed their mutual love of Muse at a number of European stadium shows between June and September 2010 , and played the 2010 V Festival in the United Kingdom . During November 2010 , White Lies confirmed that their second album , Ritual , had been completed and would be released on 17 January 2011 . Produced by Alan Moulder , the album 's first single " Bigger than Us " was released on 3 January 2011 . An eleven date tour of the United Kingdom was also announced for February 2011 . = = = Big TV ( 2012 – present ) = = = In an interview with NME in January 2013 , bassist Charles Cave revealed that the band 's third album is intended to be released in late summer , with one of the tracks promoting the record being called " Getting Even " . On 4 June 2013 it was revealed that the album , which was produced by Ed Buller and recorded earlier this year , will be titled Big TV . Also , the track list for the album was published and " Getting Even " was released as a free download . The first official single from the album , " There Goes Our Love Again " , was released on 5 August 2013 , with the album being released in the UK and Europe a week later , on 12 August 2013 through Fiction Records . It was released on 20 August 2013 in the US ( through Harvest Records ) , and in Canada ( Universal Music ) . On 23 / 24 / 25 July 2013 , White Lies played 3 intimate shows at Hoxton Square Bar & Kitchen in London , celebrating the 5 year anniversary of the band 's first ever gig at the same venue . They played tracks from Big TV and some of their earlier songs in front of 300 fans each night . During their Summer / Fall 2013 tour , the band is scheduled to play more than thirty concerts in Europe and North America . In August 2013 they made their Main Stage debut at Reading and Leeds Festivals . On 6 November 2013 , the band released a limited edition EP to celebrate their tour , called Small TV . The five @-@ track EP released on Fiction Records was limited to 1000 copies and features covers from Lana Del Rey and Prince in addition to new versions of their own tracks . The band is currently working on their fourth studio album , after first being reported on in 2015 . In December 2015 , the band signed to Infectious Music for the release of the new record which will be mixed by David Wrench . Their fourth studio album , Friends , will be released on October 7 , 2016 . = = Musical style and influences = = As Fear of Flying , Banquet Records described the band 's second single as " Quite danceable indie " . The Guardian 's official website named them an indie @-@ pop band , stating " they made promising , if unremarkable , Franz Ferdinand @-@ styled pop with cheeky chappy lyrics " . In an interview with BBC London , they cited Talking Heads as a major influence . White Lies ' darker sound has been primarily compared to Joy Division , Interpol and Editors , as well as Arcade Fire , The Killers , Echo & the Bunnymen , Tears for Fears and The Teardrop Explodes . McVeigh 's singing voice has been compared to that of Ian Curtis and Julian Cope . When asked about the comparisons in an interview with ITN Music , McVeigh stated that " We weren 't alive during that period of music ... we 've never really been that into Joy Division , especially not the Editors ... or even Interpol really " , adding " I don 't think our music sounds a whole lot like those comparisons , I think we 're a lot more euphoric and uplifting " . As White Lies , the band have reiterated the influence of Talking Heads , both musically and in songwriting . As well as this , the band have stated that The Secret Machines are one of their main influences . In a commentary on a " Track by Track " interview on Spotify , one band member said that the band was influenced by The Cars , specifically how their guitar riffs on " Be Your Man " from the " Big TV " album was influenced by The Cars song " Just What I Needed " . = = Band members = = Harry McVeigh – lead vocals , guitar ( 2007 – present ) Charles Cave – bass guitar , backing vocals , lyrics ( 2007 – present ) Jack Lawrence @-@ Brown – drums ( 2007 – present ) = = Discography = = To Lose My Life ... ( 2009 ) Ritual ( 2011 ) Big TV ( 2013 ) Friends ( 2016 ) = = Awards and nominations = = = = = Awards = = = 2013 Best Album Artwork : Big TV 2009 MOJO Honours Lists : MOJO Breakthrough Award 2009 Q Awards : Best New Band = = = Nominations = = = 2009 NME Awards : Best New Band 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards : Best Push Artist
= Cannon Fodder 2 = Cannon Fodder 2 : Once More unto the Breach , also known as Cannon Fodder 2 is an action @-@ strategy shoot ' em up game developed by Sensible Software and published by Virgin Interactive for the Amiga and DOS in November 1994 . The game is the sequel to Cannon Fodder , a successful game released for multiple formats in 1993 . The game is a combination of action and strategy involving a small number of soldiers battling through a time @-@ travel scenario . The protagonists are heavily outnumbered and easily killed . The player must rely on strategy and heavy secondary weapons to overcome enemies , their vehicles and installations . The game retained the mechanics and gameplay of its predecessor but introduced new levels , settings and graphics . Former journalist Stuart Campbell designed the game 's levels , making them harder and more tactically demanding , as well as introducing a multitude of pop culture references in the level titles . The development of the game 's plot was hampered by budget constraints and the resulting lack of explanation confused reviewers . Critics enjoyed the gameplay retained from the original Cannon Fodder but were disappointed at the lack of new mechanics or weapons , comparing the game to a data disk . Reviewers praised the game 's level design , though less so those of its alien planet . Critics gave Cannon Fodder 2 positive reviews but lower scores than its predecessor and gave mixed criticism of the new theme music and increased difficulty . = = Synopsis = = Cannon Fodder 2 is a military @-@ themed action game with strategy and shoot ' em up elements . The player controls a small squad of up to four soldiers . These soldiers are armed with machine guns which kill enemy infantry with a single round . The player 's troops are similarly fragile , and while they possess superior fire @-@ power at the game 's outset the enemy infantry becomes more powerful as the game progresses . As well as foot soldiers , the antagonists include vehicles and missile @-@ armed turrets . The player must also destroy buildings which spawn enemy soldiers . For these targets , which are invulnerable to machine gun fire , the player must utilise secondary , explosive weaponry : grenades and rockets . Ammunition for these weapons is limited and the player must find supply crates to replenish his troops . Wasting these weapons can potentially result in the player not having enough to fulfil the mission objectives . The player can opt to shoot crates – destroying enemy troops and buildings in the ensuing explosion – at less risk to his soldiers than retrieving them , but again at a greater risk of depleting ammunition . The player proceeds through 24 missions divided into several " phases " each , making 72 levels in all . There are various settings including medieval , gangster @-@ themed Chicago , an alien spacecraft and an alien planet . The player must also contend with mines and other booby traps . As well as shooting action , the game features strategy elements and employs a point @-@ and @-@ click control system more common to strategy than action games . As the player 's troops are heavily outnumbered and easily killed , he must use caution , as well as careful planning and positioning . To this end , he can split the squad into smaller units to take up separate positions or risk fewer soldiers when moving into dangerous areas . In alternative settings , heavy weapons are replaced graphically by such units as battering rams ( replaces trucks ) and wizards ( replaces rockets ) . The game 's plot – minimally expounded in the manual – concerns soldiers partaking in a Middle Eastern conflict ( which forms the game 's early levels ) abducted by aliens to do battle on an alien world ( which forms the later levels ) . During the process of space travel , the aliens send the soldiers to various times and places , resulting in the intervening medieval and Chicago settings . = = Development = = The game is the sequel to Cannon Fodder , which drew criticism for its juxtaposition of war and humour and its use of iconography closely resembling the remembrance poppy . The cover art 's poppy was ultimately replaced with a soldier , in turn replaced by a hand grenade for Cannon Fodder 2 , regarding which Amiga Power joked : " the great thing about an explosive charge wrapped in hundreds of meters wound @-@ inflicting wire is that it doesn 't have the same child @-@ frightening , ' responsible adult ' freaking , society @-@ disrupting effect as an iddy @-@ biddy flower . " The One felt the new historical and science @-@ fiction themes an attempt to avoid similar controversy as befell Cannon Fodder . Amiga Power itself had become embroiled in the controversy due to its planned use of the poppy on its cover ( also abandoned ) and perceived inflammatory commentary its editor Stuart Campbell . Campbell later left the magazine to join Sensible Software as a programmer and worked on the sequel as his first game . A small team of " essentially four " people – among them first @-@ time level @-@ designer Campbell – created the game , retaining the Cannon Fodder engine . Prior to Campbell 's arrival from a journalism career , Sensible Software had devised the game 's time @-@ travelling theme and decided upon the various settings . However , it had not yet developed a plot to expound these themes . It was not possible to illustrate the story in the game itself – due to Cannon Fodder 2 's – simple nature and so Campbell began work on an elaborate " plot @-@ to @-@ be " , partially completing a novella intended to accompany the final product . This version of the story had the time @-@ travelling aliens plotting to intervene in various parts of human history to create chaos , which they intended to exploit to enslave and destroy humanity . The protagonists ' kidnappers were envisioned as sympathisers who would send them through time to defend mankind . However , Virgin vetoed the proposal as too expensive and took charge of the manual 's production . The result was a simplified explanation which described the soldiers as in the employ of the aliens and did not clarify the time @-@ travel element . Campbell later said the loss of the novella was an example of a publisher preferring to maximise profit from a game rather than build intellectual property towards the end of the Amiga 's commercial life . As the game was to retain the same engine , the developers could not add new gameplay features . Campbell instead set out to make the levels more interesting , creating multiple paths through the missions . More obvious solutions would be more difficult , and the hidden , " proper " paths easier to execute once deduced . While Campbell intended the game to be harder , he also wished to improve the difficulty curve , which he argued was a flaw of its predecessor . He also tended to make the levels smaller and reduced instances of water obstacles , which he regarded as frustrating in the first game . The designer conceded that some levels turned out to be too difficult – due to his inexperience as a developer and the fact he became so skilled while play testing – but maintained that level 8 of the original was worse than any of his creations . Campbell named most of the game 's levels after songs titles and lyrics ( prominently The Jesus and Mary Chain ) , but also referenced wider pop culture artifacts such as gameshows and Bugs Bunny cartoons , as well as some original titles . He also referenced classic games in the level design itself . At the time , Creator Jon Hare said changing the formula would be detrimental , and unnecessary to provide enjoyment and value . He later reflected that Sensible had poorly managed the project in " delegating " the design to newcomer Campbell . He felt this to be a consequence of Sensible Software avariciously spreading itself thin , by that point attempting to exploit its success . Hare sold Sensible to Codemasters in 1999 and consequently worked on an abortive Cannon Fodder 3 , with such a title ultimately published by Russia 's Game Factory Interactive for the PC in 2012 . = = Reception = = Cannon Fodder 2 retains the same mechanics and core gameplay of its predecessor , prompting reviewers to say : " It 's still as wonderfully playable as it ever was " , and to acknowledge " all the amazing control and playability " of the original . Reviewers complained about the lack of plot , with Amiga Power stating : " There 's little explanation as to why you 're doing this [ time @-@ travelling ] and absolutely none in the game . As a result , the game doesn 't hang together . " AUI called the plot " pointless " , while Amiga Computing called it a " slight problem " , saying " you have to guess what is going on in the game because there 's no plot explanation [ ... ] it 's all very confusing ! " The game is markedly more difficult than its predecessor . Amiga Format called this " good / bad news " , whereas The One directed its " major criticism " at the difficulty level , saying " some of the levels are quite simply horrendous " , and that the game is " close to being intensely frustrating at times . " Amiga Computing also felt the high difficulty to be the " biggest problem " : " I like a game to get progressively harder rather than getting virtually impossible after just four missions . " Amiga Format also criticised the difficulty and felt " some of the levels are a bit of a drag . " Amiga Power was annoyed at the early tutorial missions , finding them redundant , but otherwise noted the increased challenge as a positive , and said : " The original game went in pulses of fiendishly hard and stupidly simple levels , but in CF2 the difficulty curve 's , well , more of a curve . " The reviewer praised the clever level design , explaining : " The levels penalise you for taking the obvious route and reward you for trying an obscure approach [ ... ] loads of levels make you think before you move , injecting puzzle elements into the killing " , citing the example of traps with empty vehicles as bait . The reviewer praised the smaller , tighter levels with a difficulty curve within those levels : " gung @-@ ho " sections building to tactical play against tougher enemies . He compared this favourably with the first game : " The level design is consistently better " , in particular the " Beirut , Mediaevil and Chicago levels look and play wonderfully . " He nevertheless felt the thematic shifts lacked coherence and atmosphere . The game 's alien planet levels drew much criticism , on which Amiga Computing opined : " whoever chose the colour schemes should be thrown away in jail . " While he praised their mechanics , Amiga Power 's reviewer said : " I hate the entire look of the alien planet [ ... ] From the disgusting purple pools to the silly flowers . " Some reviewers enjoyed the graphics but felt there was no change between the two games . CU Amiga said " it 's the same game tarted up with new graphics " as well as the new levels . Amiga Computing praised the new main theme music . Amiga Power said it was not as good as its predecessor and also pointed out that the in @-@ game music remained the same as the original Cannon Fodder and had grown tiresome . The magazine questioned the lack of an option to disable it . Critics decried the lack of new weapons , pointing out that the original armaments and vehicles had merely been made to look different in the various settings , while behaving in the same manner . Reviewers more generally criticised the similarity between Cannon Fodder and Cannon Fodder 2 . The One , AUI , and Amiga Computing compared the new game to a " data disk " rather than a full sequel . Kieron Gillen later reflected that it would be called a " semi @-@ sequel " or " stand @-@ alone add @-@ on pack " if released today . CU Amiga conceded that the designers could have added little new to such a simple game without tampering with the basic , successful mechanics ; Sensible Software was accused of " laziness " by The One , and of " greed " by AUI . While it awarded 90 % , Amiga Power felt the game was poor value for money compared to the original , while CU Amiga said it was " still worth buying " . AUI said the game was " a must " for those without the original , otherwise Cannon Fodder 2 is " basically exactly the same game as before " , with the " saving grace " of new levels . Amiga Computing enjoyed the game but said it was not as good as expected and that there are " too many similarities and not enough differences to make this sequel a classic . " The One summarised : " If you 've got CF1 , love it , and want seconds , only harder , look no further – but , if like myself you 've played Cannon Fodder to death and would 've liked to have seen the game developed in some way , I think you 'll be a bit disappointed " .
= Computer Bismarck = Computer Bismarck is a computer wargame developed and published by Strategic Simulations , Inc . ( SSI ) in 1980 . The game is based on the last battle of the battleship Bismarck , in which British Armed Forces pursue the German Bismarck in 1941 . It is SSI 's first game , and features turn @-@ based gameplay and two @-@ dimensional graphics . The development staff consisted of two programmers , Joel Billings and John Lyons , who programmed the game in BASIC . Originally developed for the TRS @-@ 80 , an Apple II version was also created two months into the process . After meeting with other wargame developers , Billings decided to publish the game as well . To help accomplish this , he hired Louis Saekow to create the box art . The first commercially published computer war game , Computer Bismarck sold well and contributed to SSI 's success . It is also credited in part for legitimizing war games and computer games . = = Synopsis = = The game is a simulation of the German battleship Bismarck 's last battle in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II . On May 24 , 1941 , the Bismarck and Prinz Eugen sank the British HMS Hood and damaged the HMS Prince of Wales at the Battle of the Denmark Strait . Following the battle , British Royal Navy ships and aircraft pursued the Bismarck for two days . After being crippled by a torpedo bomber on the evening of May 26 , the Bismarck was sunk the following morning . = = Gameplay = = Computer Bismarck is a turn @-@ based computer wargame in which players control British forces against the battleship Bismarck and other German units . The German forces can be controlled by either a computer opponent ( named " Otto von Computer " ) or a second player . The game takes place on a map of the North Atlantic Ocean on which letters from the English alphabet represent military units and facilities ( airfields and ports ) . Units have different capabilities , as well as statistics that determine their mobility , firepower , vulnerability and other gameplay factors . Turns take the form of phases , and players alternate inputting orders to maneuver their respective units . Phases can serve different functions , such as informing players of status changes , unit movement , and battles . Players earn points by destroying their opponent 's units . After the Bismarck is sunk or a number of turns have occurred , the game ends . Depending on the number of points players have earned , either the British or German forces are declared the victor . = = Development = = During college , Joel Billings used computers to do econometrics , mathematical modeling and forecasting . This experience led him to believe that computers could handle war games and remove tedious paperwork from gameplay . While between his undergraduate and graduate education , Billings met an IBM programmer and discussed computers . Billings suggested starting a software company with him , but the programmer was not interested in war games , stating that they were too difficult and complicated to be popular . Billings posted flyers at hobby shops in the Santa Clara , California area to attract war @-@ game enthusiasts with a background in programming . John Lyons was the first to reply and joined Billings after quickly developing a good rapport . Billings chose the Bismarck 's last battle because he felt it would be easier to develop than other war games . Computer Bismarck was written in BASIC and compiled to increase its processing speed . In August 1979 , Billings provided Lyons with access to a computer to write the program . Lyons began programming a simplified version similar to a fox and hounds game — he had " hounds " search a playing field for a " fox " . At the time , the two were working full @-@ time and programmed at Billings ' apartment during the night . Lyons did the bulk of the programming , while Billings focused on design and assisted with data entry and minor programming tasks . The game was originally developed for the Tandy Corporation 's TRS @-@ 80 . Two months into development , Billings met with Trip Hawkins , then a marketing manager at Apple Computers , via a venture capitalist , who convinced Billings to develop the game for the Apple II ; he commented that the computer 's capacity for color graphics made it the best platform for strategy games . In October 1979 , Billings ' uncle gave him an Apple II . Billings and Lyons then converted their existing code to work on the Apple II and used a graphics software package to generate the game 's map . After Lyons began programming , Billings started to study the video games market . He visited local game stores and attended a San Francisco gaming convention . Billings approached Tom Shaw from Avalon Hill — the company produced many war games that Billings played as a child — and one of the founders of Automated Simulations to share market data , but aroused no interest . The lukewarm responses made Billings believe he would have to publish SSI 's games . After Computer Bismarck was finished in January 1980 , he searched for a graphic designer to handle the game 's packaging . Billings met Louis Saekow through a string of friends but was hesitant to hire him . Inspired by Avalon Hill 's games , Billings wanted SSI 's games to look professional and include maps , detailed manuals , and excellent box art . Two months prior , Saekow had postponed medical school to pursue his dream of becoming a graphic designer . To secure the job , Saekow told Billings that he could withhold pay if the work was unsatisfactory . In creating the box art , Saekow used a stat camera ; his roommate worked for a magazine company and helped him sneak in to use its camera after hours . Saekow 's cousin then handled printing the packaging . Without any storage for the complete products , Billings stored the first 2 @,@ 000 boxes in his bedroom . In February 1980 , he distributed 30 @,@ 000 flyers to Apple II owners , and displayed the game at the Applefest exposition a month later . SSI purchased a full @-@ page advertisement in the April 1980 BYTE which stated " Now there 's a true historical wargame for your home computer ... There 's never been anything like it " . It mentioned the ability to play against the computer or another person , and save a game in progress . The Apple II version was $ 59 @.@ 95 , and the advertisement promised future support for the TRS @-@ 80 and other computers . = = Reception and legacy = = BYTE 's 1980 review called Computer Bismark a " milestone in the development of commercial war games " , and approved of the quality of the documentation and the option to play against the computer , but was otherwise not favorable . Acknowledging that " it is perhaps unfair to expect the first published [ computer war game ] to be a fully developed prouduct " , the magazine criticized Computer Bismarck for overly faithfully copying the mechanics of the Bismarck board game , including those that worked efficiently on a board but less so on a computer . The review also noted that the computer game " perpetuates the [ board game 's ] irritating system of ship @-@ movement rates " , and concluded that " the failings of Computer Bismarck can be summarized by saying that it does not take advantage of the possibilities offered by the computer " . The game was better received by other critics . Popular Mechanics that year praised the game 's detail and ability to recreate the complex maneuvering involved in the real battle . He referred to it as unique and " fantastic " . Creative Computing cautioned that the game " is probably not for everyone . The point which I probably cannot emphasize enough is that it is an extremely complex simulation ... However , for those ready for a [ challenge ] ... I enthusiastically recommend Computer Bismarck " . United States Navy defense researcher Peter Perla in 1990 considered war games like Computer Bismarck a step above earlier war @-@ themed video games that relied on arcade @-@ style action . He praised the addition of a computer controlled opponent that such games provide to solitaire players . Perla attributes SSI 's success to the release of its early wargames , specifically citing Computer Bismarck . Computer Gaming World in 1988 agreed that Computer Bismarck contributed to SSI 's success , commenting that the title earned the company a good profit . He also stated that it encouraged game enthusiasts to submit their own games to SSI , which he believed helped further the company 's success . Describing it as the first " serious wargame for a microcomputer " , Proctor credited Computer Bismarck with helping to legitimize war games and computer games in general . He stated that the professional packaging demonstrated SSI 's seriousness to produce quality products ; prior to Computer Bismarck , most computer games were packaged in zipper storage bags . Saekow became a permanent SSI employee and designed artwork for most of its products . BYTE noted the similarity of the game 's mechanics to Avalon Hill 's Bismarck , stating that " it would seem proper as a matter of courtesy to acknowledge that the game was based on an Avalon Hill design " . In 1983 , Avalon Hill took legal action against SSI for copying game mechanics from its board games ; Computer Bismarck , among other titles , was involved in the case . The two companies settled the issue out of court . The game was later re @-@ released as part of the company 's " SSI classics " line of popular games at discounted prices . One of SSI 's later games , Pursuit of the Graf Spee , uses an altered version of Computer Bismarck 's core system . In December 2013 the International Center for the History of Electronic Games received a software donation of several SSI , including Computer Bismarck with the source code for preservation .
= My Man ( Jade Ewen song ) = " My Man " is a song by English singer Jade Ewen . It was written by Ina Wroldsen , and produced by Harry Sommerdahl and Kalle Engstrom for Ewen 's debut studio album . The song was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 17 September 2009 . Musically , " My Man " is a pop and contemporary R & B and song backed by electro and R & B beats and a synthesizer . It is notably different from her previous single " It 's My Time " , which was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 . " My Man " was positively reviewed by critics , who praised the chorus and Ewen 's vocals . The song peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart and number 13 on the UK R & B Chart . Promotion for the single was cancelled after Ewen joined girl group Sugababes to replace founding member Keisha Buchanan . The accompanying music video for " My Man " was directed by Urban Strom and filmed in July 2009 in Beverly Hills , near Los Angeles , California . It features Ewen 's love interest using a torch to search for her in a mansion . = = Background eand development = = In January 2009 , Ewen participated in the UK national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 . She was eventually selected to represent the UK with the song " It 's My Time " , composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber who accompanied her on piano onstage . Ewen was placed fifth on the contest , which was the highest placing for the UK since 2002 . Having already signed with Polydor Records before the Eurovision selection , Ewen began working on her debut album . " My Man " was written by Ina Wroldsen , and produced by Harry Sommerdahl and Kalle Engstrom . In September 2009 , it was reported that Sugababes member Amelle Berrabah had left the group and Ewen would be replacing her position in the band . Further suspicion arose amid an announcement that Ewen was " taking time off from all promotional activity for the foreseeable future " . However , it was announced on 21 September 2009 that founding Sugababes member Keisha Buchanan had left the band . Ewen was immediately announced as her replacement , and promotion for " My Man " thereafter was ceased . = = Composition and lyrics = = " My Man " is a pop and R & B song with influences of electro. described by Nick Levine of Digital Spy as a " sassy R & B club banger " . The song is notably different from her previous ballad , " It 's My Time " , featuring a more contemporary R & B sound than the latter . Speaking upon the change in musical direction , Ewen clarified : " What I 'm now doing now is really me , [ sic ] so if people don 't like it I 'm going to take it more personally . " " My Man " opens with electro and bass @-@ driven R & B beats , synthesizers that are reminiscent of those featured in " Yeah ! " by Usher , and later develops into " a pop / R & B stormer " . The lyrical content of " My Man " is about a woman who " pledges devotion to a man who sounds almost too good to be true " . Ewen stated that the lyrics were not directed at any man in particular . = = Reception = = = = = Critical = = = " My Man " received positive reviews from critics . Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song a four out of five star rating and called it " very good contemporary pop " and a " complete U @-@ turn " from " It 's My Time " . Philip Ellwood of Entertainment Focus praised the song 's chorus , in addition to Ewen 's vocal performance . He also wrote that the end result is " a monster hit waiting to happen and a single that is better than it has any right to be " . Oikotimes.com commended the song as " instantly catchy and memorable " . Vicki Lutas of BBC described " My Man " as " sexy , strong and ferocious " . She applauded the chorus , but admitted that the song " sounds a bit generic " and " lacks Jade 's sparkle " . = = = Commercial = = = " My Man " debuted and peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart for the issue dated 3 October 2009 , and became Ewen 's second consecutive top forty single after " It 's My Time " , which peaked at number 27 earlier in the year . On the UK R & B Chart , " My Man " peaked at number 13 . = = Promotion = = = = = Music video = = = The music video for " My Man " was directed by Urban Strom and produced by Danny Germaine in July 2009 . It was shot in a mansion in Beverly Hills , Los Angeles , California . For the video , the singer wore a " clingy " white vest and hotpants . It begins with showing a man who is in bed and cannot sleep . Ewen is later shown in the mansion which prompts the man to turn on the light of a torch , leave the bed and search for her . Ewen then begins dancing on the wall as the torch is being flashed at her by the man . During the second verse , she is shown singing on a couch , again with the torch being flashed . When the song 's bridge begins , Ewen is shown dancing outside on the porch where the man is watching her . As the video ends , it is revealed that the man was dreaming , in which Ewen appears near the room 's curtains . The video was well received by critics . A writer from the website Female First described the video as " glamorous " , while Nadia Mendoza of The Sun called Ewen " a natural " and stated that she " oozes with sex appeal as she flirts with the camera at the plush Beverly Hills mansion " . Mendoza also praised the revamp of her image and described her as " [ looking ] sizzling in new shots " . = = = Live performances = = = Ewen first performed " My Man " on BBC Switch on 8 July 2009 . She wore a white @-@ coloured shirt , blue jeans and pink high heels . Further promotion for the song was cancelled after Ewen joined the Sugababes ; she clarified that her solo career would be " put to one side " , saying : " The Sugababes is my main project " . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Osbert fitzHervey = Osbert fitzHervey ( died 1206 ) was an Anglo @-@ Norman royal judge . Brother of Hubert Walter and Theobald Walter , Osbert served three kings of England and may have contributed to the legal treatise attributed to his uncle , Ranulf de Glanvill . Ralph of Coggeshall , a medieval writer , praised Osbert 's knowledge of law , but condemned his acceptance of gifts from plaintiffs and defendants in legal cases . Osbert was one of a group of men who are considered the first signs of a professional judiciary in England . = = Background and early life = = Osbert was from East Anglia , where he held lands . He was a younger brother of Hubert Walter , later Archbishop of Canterbury , and thus the son of Hervey Walter and his wife Maud de Valoignes , one of the daughters ( and co @-@ heiresses ) of Theobald de Valoignes , lord of Parham in Suffolk . Osbert was one of six brothers . The older brothers , Theobald Walter and Hubert , were helped in their careers by their uncle , Ranulf de Glanvill . Glanvill was the chief justiciar for Henry II ; and was married to Maud de Valoignes ' sister , Bertha . The other three brothers – Roger , Hamo ( or Hamon ) and Bartholomew – only appear as witnesses to charters . Although English biographer Edward Foss , citing earlier works , claimed that Osbert was descended from a younger son of Robert , duke of Orleans , who arrived in England with William the Conqueror , this is not accurate . Osbert 's lands were chiefly in Norfolk and Suffolk , but he also had some lands in Essex and some from the Count of Perche . Other lands were held from two monastic houses in East Anglia : St Benet Holme and Bury St Edmunds . = = Career = = Osbert served as a royal judge under three English kings : Henry II , Richard I , and John . He was often sent as an itinerant justice to East Anglia ; the historian Barbara Dodwell said of him that " of all the justices his knowledge of East Anglian disputes was probably the greatest " . It appears that Osbert 's royal service was confined to judicial matters , as no other evidence of any other offices has surfaced . The treatise Tractatus of Glanvill , which is traditionally attributed to Osbert 's uncle Ranulf de Glanvill , and to which Osbert himself may have contributed , names only seven judges , including Osbert . He was one of a group of royal justices that included Simon of Pattishall , Ralph Foliot , Richard Barre , William de Warenne , and Richard Herriard , used by Hubert Walter , the Justiciar of England during Richard 's reign , and chosen for their ability rather than any familial ties . This group replaced the previous system of using mostly local men , and represent the first signs of a professional judiciary . In 1194 Osbert was one of the collectors of the carucage in eastern England , along with Barre and de Warrene . = = Later life and death = = In 1198 Osbert married Margaret of Rye , with whom he had at least one son . Osbert paid the king 20 pounds for the right to marry Margaret . Osbert died in 1206 , without having made a will . At his death , his yearly income was more than 240 pounds . Ralph of Coggeshall mentions Osbert , without using his name , as a royal judge who would go to Hell in his " Vision of Thurkill " . This work detailed the punishments that awaited sinners , and Osbert was accused of accepting gifts from both sides of lawsuits . Coggeshall did state that Osbert was " most expert in worldly law " and was famous for " his overflowing eloquence and experience in the law " . According to Coggeshall , Osbert 's punishment in Hell would consist of having to swallow hot coins and then being forced to vomit the coins back up . After his death , William of Huntingfield offered King John a fine for the right to the custody of Osbert 's heir and lands , the fine amounting to 200 marks and two palfreys .
= I Want You ( Marvin Gaye album ) = I Want You is the fourteenth studio album by American soul musician Marvin Gaye , released March 16 , 1976 , on Motown @-@ subsidiary label Tamla Records . Recording sessions for the album took place throughout 1975 and 1976 at Motown Recording Studios , also known as Hitsville West , and Gaye 's personal studio Marvin 's Room in Los Angeles , California . The album has often been noted by critics for producer Leon Ware 's exotic , low @-@ key production and the erotic , sexual themes in his and Gaye 's songwriting . The album 's cover artwork adapts neo @-@ mannerist artist Ernie Barnes 's famous painting The Sugar Shack ( 1971 ) . I Want You consisted of Gaye 's first recorded studio material since his highly successful and well @-@ received album Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) . While it marked a change in musical direction for Gaye , departing from his trademark Motown and doo @-@ wop @-@ influenced sound for funky , light @-@ disco soul , the album maintained and expanded on his previous work 's sexual themes . Following a mixed response from critics at the time of its release , I Want You has earned retrospective recognition from writers and music critics as one of Gaye 's most controversial works and influential to such musical styles as disco , quiet storm , R & B , and neo soul . = = Background = = By 1975 , Marvin Gaye had come off of the commercial and critical success of his landmark studio album Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) , its successful supporting tour following the album 's release , and Diana & Marvin ( 1973 ) , a duet project with Diana Ross . However , similar to the conception and recording of Let 's Get It On , Gaye had struggled to come up with an album as an appropriate follow @-@ up . And much like Let 's Get It On Gaye reached for outside help , this time seeking the assistance of Leon Ware , a singer and songwriter who had found previous success writing hits for fellow Motown alum , including pop singer Michael Jackson and the rhythm and blues group The Miracles . Ware had been working on songs for his own album which he would later issue under the title Musical Massage , a collection of erotic singles Ware had composed with a variety of writers , including Jacqueline Hillard and Arthur " T @-@ Boy " Ross , brother of Diana Ross . When Motown CEO Berry Gordy paid a visit to Ware , the songwriter was more than happy to play Gordy his selection of tracks . After hearing a preliminary mix of the songs however , Gordy figured that Ware should let Gaye handle his material . While the majority of the album 's songs were conceived by Ware , I Want You was transformed into a biographical centerpiece for Gaye , who was then in a volatile marriage with Anna Gordy , sister to Berry Gordy , and also in a long @-@ standing affair with Janis Hunter , who would later become the mother of his two youngest children . Gaye and Hunter were introduced to each other by producer Ed Townsend in 1973 at Hitsville West , while Townsend and Gaye were recording Let 's Get It On . In his book Mercy , Mercy Me : The Art , Loves , and Demons of Marvin Gaye , the author and music writer Michael Eric Dyson elaborated on the relationship between I Want You and Gaye 's affair with Hunter : " I Want You is unmistakably a work of romantic and erotic tribute to the woman he deeply loved and would marry shortly , Janis Hunter . Gaye 's obsession with the woman in her late teens is nearly palpable in the sensual textures that are the album 's aural and lyrical signature . Their relationship was relentlessly passionate and emotionally rough @-@ hewn ; they played up each other 's strengths , and played off each other 's weaknesses . " Though it was often hinted that Let 's Get It On was the album Gaye had dedicated to her , Marvin has stated that this album was dedicated to Hunter , who is believed to have been in the studio when he recorded it . According to music critics , her presence may have increased the emotion in Ware 's and Gaye 's conception of I Want You . = = Recording and production = = Gaye and Ware recorded and mixed the album at Gaye 's newly christened " Marvin 's Room Studio " , located on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , and at Motown Recording Studios . The recording sessions took place throughout 1975 and 1976 . Much like Gaye 's previous studio effort Let 's Get It On , I Want You featured Gaye 's contribution of background vocals and heavy multi @-@ tracking . Gaye 's vocalizing style was in classic doo @-@ wop tradition accompanied by the low tempo of string arrangements and other instrumentation was provided by The Funk Brothers . Gaye 's albums , and especially I Want You , have been influential on modern soul music and contemporary R & B. EMI Artists and Repertoire executive Gary Harris , who later assisted neo soul singer D 'Angelo in recording his debut album Brown Sugar ( 1995 ) , later commented on Gaye 's significant artistry on I Want You and its opening title track . In an interview with writer Michael Eric Dyson , Harris said : Another significant feature of the recording sessions for I Want You was Gaye 's use of the synthesizer in his music . During the time of recording , the instrument had entered its modern period of use and had been included in the music of such popular acts as Stevie Wonder and Led Zeppelin . For the instrumental version of " After the Dance " , Gaye implemented it for a more spacey sound than his previous recordings had featured . Other recordings from these sessions to feature Gaye 's synthesizer were later featured on the deluxe edition re @-@ release of I Want You . = = Artwork = = The original Sugar Shack painting , which was later used for the front album cover of I Want You , was painted and released by neo @-@ mannerist artist Ernie Barnes in 1971 . In 1974 , Barnes redesigned the painting for use by television producer Norman Lear for the opening credits of Good Times , his hit CBS sitcom that ran from 1974 to 1979 . The Sugar Shack portrays a cultural image of a shack full of black people dancing . The Sugar Shack was painted by Barnes in his signature post @-@ mannerist style , using serpentine lines , elongation of the human figure , clarity of line , unusual spatial relationships , painted frames , and distinctive color palettes . This style of technique and composition is similar to the mannerist style of 16th @-@ century artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael , which has led Barnes to be credited as the founder of the Neo @-@ Mannerism movement . Art critic Frank Getlein later called The Sugar Shack a " stunning demonstration of the fusion of Neo @-@ Mannerism and Genre painting that Barnes alone has perfected and practices " , and went on to say : The Sugar Shack has been known to art critics for embodying the style of art composition known as " Black Romantic " , which , according to Natalie Hopkinson of The Washington Post , is the " visual @-@ art equivalent of the Chitlin ' circuit . " According to Barnes , he created the original version after reflecting upon his childhood , during which he was not " able to go to a dance . " In an interview with SoulMuseum.net , Barnes was asked whether there were any messages he was attempting to express through the painting . He stated " ' Sugar Shack ' is a recall of a childhood experience . It was the first time my innocence met with the sins of dance . The painting transmits rhythm so the experience is re @-@ created in the person viewing it . To show that African @-@ Americans utilize rhythm as a way of resolving physical tension " Gaye was introduced to Barnes by colleague Barbara Hunter , which led to him buying eight Barnes originals , including The Sugar Shack . After Gaye asked him for permission to use the painting as an album cover , Barnes then augmented the painting by adding references to Gaye 's album , including banners hanging from the ceiling of the shack promoting the album 's singles . Since the initial wide acclaim for The Sugar Shack , Barnes has gained further recognition from art critics as one of the best black painters of his time and was cited by the Oakland Tribune as the " Picasso of the black art world . " = = Release and reception = = I Want You was released March 16 , 1976 in the United States on the Motown @-@ subsidiary label Tamla Records . While not as successful sales @-@ wise as Gaye 's previous landmark albums What 's Going On and Let 's Get It On , I Want You sold in excess of 1 million copies in the United States with help mostly coming from its first single " I Want You " . The single topped the Billboard Soul Singles chart , quickly becoming Marvin Gaye 's eleventh number @-@ one hit on that chart , while peaking at number fifteen on the Billboard Pop Singles chart . The album 's second single , the quiet storm track " After the Dance ( Vocal ) " , charted modestly , peaking at # 14 on the Soul Singles chart and # 74 on the Pop Singles chart , while another single release version of the song , a double A @-@ sided vinyl record for dance clubs and discothèques , hit the top ten of the Billboard Disco Singles chart . The song became a staple of dance clubs and discothèques during the late 1970s . " After the Dance " was hailed as one of Gaye 's signature songs during the late 1970s and was later described by Gaye @-@ biographer David Ritz as " emblematic for the final chapter of his career . " I Want You became his fourth album to reach the top ten of the Billboard 200 chart and his fifth number @-@ one album on the Soul Albums chart . Despite its chart success , I Want You received mixed reviews from music critics at the time of its release . It has been noted by music writers that the critical reception of disco music in general had been poor and ill @-@ considered , which may have caused the slightly disco @-@ styled I Want You to suffer critically , in comparison to Gaye 's previous albums . Los Angeles Times writer Dennis Hunt called the album " disappointing " and " only partially commendable " . Rolling Stone 's Vince Aletti criticized Leon Ware 's production for being too low @-@ key , and perceived that Gaye lacks the certain passion in his lyricism and singing from his previous records . Aletti compared the album to Gaye 's previous work , writing that " Gaye seems determined to take over as soul 's master philosopher in the bedroom , a position that requires little but an affectation of constant , rather jaded horniness . The pose has already been established in Let 's Get It On , on which Gaye was hot , tender , aggressive , soothing and casually raunchy — the modern lover with all his contradictions . I Want You continues in the same vein but with only the faintest traces of the robust passion that shot through and sustained the earlier album ... one expects something with a little more substance and spirit . But there 's no fire here , only a well @-@ concealed pilot light . " Cliff White of NME called the album " almost a voyeur 's delight " , and was not favorable of Gaye 's sensual themes , stating " Although getting down , getting mellow , and getting it on are paramount considerations in the privacy of my own home , I don 't particularly want to be party to someone else 's night life . Not on record anyway ... Like peeking through the windows of the Gaye residence in the wee wee hours . Perhaps that 's your kick , but personally I find it a mite frustrating . " White also criticized the album 's sound , describing the songs as " all expressions of the same mood . Sensual , satisfied , and spaced out " , and calling I Want You " simply the explorative aftermath of Let 's Get It On . The sweet nuthin 's of a drowsy , sweat @-@ streaked lover . " Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote favorably of the album 's sound quality . However , he criticized the lyrical content , as well as Ware 's involvement in songwriting , stating " was it Ware who instructed Marvin to eliminate all depth and power from his voice ? I mean , if you 're into insisting on sex it 's in bad taste to whine about it . " = = Legacy and influence = = After critical re @-@ examination of the album , I Want You has been recognized by writers and music writers as one of Marvin Gaye 's most controversial and influential works and , much like its predecessor Let 's Get It On , has served as a major influence on the quiet storm and contemporary R & B genres . Its standing has also improved among critics following an expanded edition release of the album on July 29 , 2003 , which featured extensive liner notes and photography by Ryan Null . Following that release , Allmusic praised Gaye 's different direction in music and the eroticism portrayed in Leon Ware 's smooth @-@ tempo production and Gaye 's intimate lyricism . Reviewer Thom Jurek wrote : Such musicians as Todd Rundgren , Robert Palmer and Madonna have stated they were influenced by I Want You , while songs from the album have been sampled by such hip hop artists as EPMD to Mary J. Blige , who sampled the title track for her hit song " Be Happy " . The careers of neo soul and R & B musicians including D 'Angelo , Musiq Soulchild , R. Kelly , Maxwell ( particularly on Urban Hang Suite ) , Sade , and Prince show the influence of the soulful sound and equally romantic and erotic lyrics of I Want You , Let 's Get It On and Leon Ware 's Musical Massage . According to one critic , Ware 's arrangements " solidified the suite @-@ like theme for the album . " Much like Let 's Get It On , slow jam music , as well as modern soul and the quiet storm genre , are now viewed by critics to have been engendered by I Want You and by Gaye . Following the release of I Want You , Ware released Musical Massage ( 1976 ) , which received little mainstream notice . Despite this , Musical Massage , Ware 's second studio album , became a cult hit among soul music fans who were intrigued by I Want You and songs from that album 's producer . Critical recognition of Ware 's album later improved , being cited by Allmusic as " the perfect mix of soul , light funk , jazz , and what was about to become the rhythmic foundation for disco . " = = Track listing = = = = = Deluxe edition = = = On July 29 , 2003 , I Want You was reissued by Motown as a two @-@ disc expanded edition release , featuring 24 @-@ bit digital remastering of the original album 's recordings , previously unissued material , and a 24 @-@ page booklet , which contains the original LP liner notes by Marvin Gaye , as well as comprehensive essays by writers including David Ritz . = = = 2002 remaster bonus tracks = = = = = Personnel = = Artwork by : Ernie Barnes , Frank Mulvey Arranged by ( Strings , Horns ) : Coleridge @-@ Taylor Perkinson Bass : Chuck Rainey , Henry Davis , Ron Brown , Wilton Felder Bongos , Congas : Bobbye Hall Porter , Eddie " Bongo " Brown Drums : James Gadson Electric Piano ( Fender Rhodes ) , Piano : Jerry Peters , John Barnes , Sonny Burke Engineer : Fred Ross , Art Stewart Executive Producer : Berry Gordy , Marvin Gaye Guitar : David T. Walker , Dennis Coffey , Jay Graydon , Melvin " Wah Wah " Watson , Ray Parker , Jr . Percussion : Gary Coleman , Jack Arnold Producer : Leon Ware , Marvin Gaye , Arthur " T @-@ Boy " Ross ( co @-@ produced tracks : A1 , A3 , B1 , B2 , B4 @-@ B6 ) Vocals : Marvin Gaye = = Charts = = = = = Album = = = = = = Singles = = = = = Sample use = = The information regarding sampling of songs from I Want You is adapted from TheBreaks.com " I Want You ( intro jam ) " " HaHa Tysons " by DJ Harrison produced at Jellowstone Records
= Exelon Pavilions = The Exelon Pavilions are four buildings that generate electricity from solar energy and provide access to underground parking in Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , United States . The Northeast Exelon Pavilion and Northwest Exelon Pavilion ( jointly the North Exelon Pavilions ) are located on the northern edge of the park along Randolph Street , and flank the Harris Theater . The Southeast Exelon Pavilion and Southwest Exelon Pavilion ( jointly the South Exelon Pavilions ) are located on the southern edge of the park along Monroe Street , and flank the Lurie Garden . Together the pavilions generate 19 @,@ 840 kilowatt @-@ hours ( 67 @,@ 697 MBtu ) of electricity annually , worth about $ 2 @,@ 350 per year . The four pavilions , which cost $ 7 million , were designed in January 2001 ; construction began in January 2004 . The South Pavilions were completed and opened in July 2004 , while the North Pavilions were completed in November 2004 , with a grand opening on April 30 , 2005 . In addition to producing energy , three of the four pavilions provide access to the parking garages below the park , while the fourth serves as the park 's welcome center and office . Exelon , a company that generates the electricity transmitted by its subsidiary Commonwealth Edison , donated $ 5 @.@ 5 million for the pavilions . Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin praised the South Pavilions as " minor modernist jewels " , but criticized the North Pavilions as " nearly all black and impenetrable " . The North Pavilions have received the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) silver rating from the United States Green Building Council , as well as an award from the American Society of Heating , Refrigerating and Air @-@ Conditioning Engineers ( ASHRAE ) . = = Background = = Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's front yard since the mid @-@ 19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . As of 2009 , Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction . In 1836 , a year before Chicago was incorporated , the Board of Canal Commissioners held public auctions for the city 's first lots . Citizens with the foresight to keep the lakefront as public open space convinced the commissioners to designate the land east of Michigan Avenue between Randolph Street and Park Row ( 11th Street ) " Public Ground — A Common to Remain Forever Open , Clear and Free of Any Buildings , or Other Obstruction , whatever . " Grant Park has been " forever open , clear and free " since , protected by legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings . In 1839 , United States Secretary of War Joel Roberts Poinsett decommissioned the Fort Dearborn reserve and declared the land between Randolph Street and Madison Street east of Michigan Avenue " Public Ground forever to remain vacant of buildings " . Aaron Montgomery Ward , who is known both as the inventor of mail order and the protector of Grant Park , twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park , and to keep it from building new ones . In 1890 , arguing that Michigan Avenue property owners held easements on the park land , Ward commenced legal actions to keep the park free of new buildings . In 1900 , the Illinois Supreme Court concluded that all landfill east of Michigan Avenue was subject to dedications and easements . In 1909 , when he sought to prevent the construction of the Field Museum of Natural History in the center of the park , the courts affirmed his arguments and the museum was built elsewhere . As a result , the city has what are termed the Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park ; structures over 40 feet ( 12 m ) tall are not allowed in the park , with the exception of bandshells . However , within Millennium Park , the 50 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) Crown Fountain and the 139 @-@ foot ( 42 m ) Jay Pritzker Pavilion were exempt from the height restrictions , because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures . Shorter structures do not run afoul of the height restrictions . The Harris Theater , which lies between the North Pavilions , was built mostly underground to avoid the restrictions . The Northwest Pavilion , tallest of the four , is three stories high ; the Northeast Pavilion is two stories , and the South Pavilions are each one story . = = Design and construction = = The pavilions are named for Exelon , a Chicago @-@ based company that generates the electricity transmitted by its subsidiary Commonwealth Edison ( ComEd ) . The city of Chicago has collaborated with Exelon and ComEd on a variety of environmental projects , including the installation of solar power in buildings , support for sustainable design and renewable energy , and furthering educational and social awareness of green architecture in the city . The pavilions cost $ 7 million , $ 5 @.@ 5 million of which was donated by Exelon and ComEd . The lead designer for the North Pavilions was Thomas H. Beeby of Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge Architects . Beeby 's designs for the North Pavilions are " in harmony with the Harris Theater " , for which he was the architect as well . The North Pavilions are along Randolph Street on either side of the theater , which is Millennium Park 's indoor performing @-@ arts venue . The South Pavilions were designed by architect Renzo Piano of Renzo Piano Building Workshop . Piano designed the Art Institute of Chicago 's Modern Wing , which is across Monroe Street from the South Pavilions and opened in 2009 . The facades of the South Pavilions are limestone and glass in order to complement the Modern Wing , even though it was not completed until several years after the pavilions were finished . Piano also designed the Nichols Bridgeway , which connects Millennium Park and the Art Institute , and is next to the Southwest Pavilion . The design process for the Exelon Pavilions began in September 2001 , with construction starting in January 2004 . The general contractor for all four pavilions was Walsh Construction . The South Pavilions were completed in July 2004 and opened when Millennium Park celebrated its grand opening on July 16 , 2004 . The North Pavilions were not finished in July 2004 , but were completed in November of that year . All four Exelon Pavilions were officially opened to the public on April 30 , 2005 . = = Structures = = The North Pavilions were designed as minimalist black cubes , and together are capable of producing 16 @,@ 000 kilowatt @-@ hours ( 54 @,@ 594 MBtu ) of electricity annually . The outermost layer of the exterior of each pavilion is a curtain wall made of recycled aluminum . These walls contain specially designed " mono @-@ crystalline photovoltaic modules and insulated glass " . Convection from radiant solar heat gain causes air to cycle within air cavities covered by the photovoltaic modules . A " highly heat @-@ reflective thermoplastic membrane " is used to waterproof each roof , and helps mitigate the urban heat island effect . The photovoltaic modules generate electricity to power much of the pavilions ' lighting . The North Pavilions are the first Chicago buildings to use building integrated photovoltaic cells , which are a solar energy system incorporated into the building 's structural elements . Millennium Park 's planners claimed that the pavilions had the first electricity @-@ generating curtain walls in the Midwest . = = = Northwest Pavilion = = = The Northwest Pavilion , located at 151 E. Randolph Street , houses the Millennium Park Welcome Center and an Exelon energy display . It contains the Millennium Park offices , and public restrooms . The three @-@ story Northwest Pavilion is the largest of the four pavilions , with 6 @,@ 100 square feet ( 566 @.@ 7 m2 ) , and is the only pavilion that does not provide access to the parking garage below . The Northwest Pavilion has 460 photovoltaic modules to harness solar energy , houses recycling facilities , and its " interior finishes and construction materials are derived from renewable resources " . The Millennium Park Welcome Center in the Northwest Pavilion offers guides to the park and wheelchairs . It houses exhibitions on parks and energy , and has interactive displays on how the pavilions ' solar panels function and on renewable energy . There are exhibits with interactive web @-@ based touch screens that depict the city 's use of solar energy , and a dynamic multi @-@ screen video presentation on electricity generation and usage . The building 's atrium includes a sculpture by Chicago @-@ based artists Patrick McGee and Adelheid Mers with three backlit 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) two @-@ way mirrors . The sculpture , titled Heliosphere , Biosphere , Technosphere , is " designed to interpret the links between the Earth 's atmosphere , the solar system and scientific applications " . It is the only permanent work of art by Chicago artists within the park . = = = Northeast Pavilion = = = The Northeast Pavilion houses a pedestrian entrance to the Millennium Park parking garage , and provides access to the Harris Theater 's rooftop terrace . It is at 201 E. Randolph Street , east of the theater and west of the McDonald 's Cycle Center . The pavilion 's second floor has the Chicago Shop , which offers a self @-@ guided Millennium Park audio tour for rental and sells official Millennium Park and Chicago souvenirs . The two @-@ story Northeast Pavilion is the second @-@ largest , with 4 @,@ 100 square feet ( 380 @.@ 9 m2 ) of surface area , and also has 460 photovoltaic modules to generate electricity from sunlight . = = = South Pavilions = = = The south pavilions are east and west of the Lurie Garden along Monroe Street , and their glass walls allow views of the garden . Both of the South Pavilions provide access to the parking garage below the park . The 550 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 51 m2 ) Southwest Pavilion is the smallest of the four pavilions , and has the least number of photovoltaic modules with 16 on its roof . It is west of the garden and east of the Nichols Bridgeway . The Southeast Pavilion is east of the garden , has the second smallest area at 750 square feet ( 69 @.@ 7 m2 ) , and has 24 rooftop photovoltaic modules . Together these two pavilions are capable of producing 3 @,@ 840 kilowatt @-@ hours ( 13 @,@ 102 @.@ 6 MBtu ) of electricity annually . = = Reception and recognition = = Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin praised the decision to have architects design the pavilions as an " inspired stroke " , speculating that if their designs had been left to contractors , visitors to Millennium Park could have instead seen unimpressive " blunt utilitarian huts " . Kamin was pleased with Piano 's South Pavilions , describing them as " minor modernist jewels , almost house @-@ like " . He lauded the way their limestone walls complement the transparent glass by way of contrast , and noted that they anticipated Piano 's then @-@ forthcoming addition to the Art Institute of Chicago Building . Kamin gave the South Pavilions a rating of three stars out of a possible four , or " very good " . Kamin was less pleased with Beeby 's North Pavilions , which he described as " nearly all black and impenetrable " and compared to Darth Vader 's helmet . He acknowledged the pavilions ' innovative technology , and their " urban design function " as wings for the Harris Theater , which Kamin felt " allows the theater to better stand up to the Frank Gehry @-@ designed Pritzker Pavilion to its south " . Because they were not finished when he wrote his review in July 2004 , Kamin did not give the North Pavilions an overall star rating ; he did express the hope that they would have a more pleasant appearance once completed . The pavilions have been recognized for their innovative use of renewable energy and green design . In 2005 , the North Pavilions received the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) silver rating from the United States Green Building Council . They received a Technology Award Honorable Mention in the category of " Alternative and / or Renewable Energy Use – New Construction " from the American Society of Heating , Refrigerating and Air @-@ Conditioning Engineers ( ASHRAE ) . The United States Department of Energy has recognized all the pavilions as part of its Million Solar Roofs Initiative . In 2005 Chicago ranked fourth among U.S. cities in solar installations ; the completion of the Exelon Pavilions took the city to a total of 1 MW of installed photovoltaic systems . The pavilions together generate 19 @,@ 840 kilowatt @-@ hours ( 67 @,@ 697 MBtu ) of electricity annually , worth $ 2 @,@ 353 per year at 2010 average Illinois electricity prices . According to the City of Chicago , this is enough energy to power the equivalent of 14 Energy Star @-@ rated efficient houses in Chicago . = = Image map = = Northwest Exelon Pavilion 41 ° 53 ′ 2 @.@ 67 ″ N 87 ° 37 ′ 20 @.@ 54 ″ W Northeast Exelon Pavilion 41 ° 53 ′ 2 @.@ 72 ″ N 87 ° 37 ′ 16 @.@ 90 ″ W Southwest Exelon Pavilion 41 ° 52 ′ 51 @.@ 70 ″ N 87 ° 37 ′ 20 @.@ 10 ″ W Southeast Exelon Pavilion 41 ° 52 ′ 51 @.@ 62 ″ N 87 ° 37 ′ 17 @.@ 02 ″ W
= St George 's Church , Trotton = St. George 's Church is an Anglican church in Trotton , a village in the district of Chichester , one of seven local government districts in the English county of West Sussex . Most of the structure was built in the early 14th century . However , some parts date to around 1230 , and there is evidence suggesting an earlier church on the same site . In 1904 , a largely intact and unusually detailed painting was found on the west wall depicting the Last Judgment as described in Matthew 25 : 31 – 46 . The church is dedicated to St. George , patron saint of England . The rector of St George 's also oversees the parish of Rogate with Terwick , and most services are held at St. Bartholomew 's church in Rogate : just two services a month take place at Trotton . The church is also used once a month by the British Orthodox Church . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building for its architectural and historical importance . = = History = = Historians have disagreed about its age , and the existence of an older church on the same site . The tower has been dated by its architecture to between 1230 and 1240 , but other historians question this date and suggest the tower and the body of the church both date to the 14th century . The porch appears to be a 17th century addition . There is a tomb of Margaret de Camois in the nave . It has been suggested that its location there , rather than the chancel as would be expected for the family of the lord of the manor ( which her surname suggests she was ) , may indicate that the church was built on the site of an earlier , smaller , church and the tomb was in the chancel of that church . Local historian Roger Chatterton @-@ Newman disagrees , saying there would be no need for a church on the site any earlier . A comprehensive restoration was undertaken by Philip Mainwaring Johnston in 1904 . The work cost £ 700 ( £ 68 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) , and a time capsule containing details of the builders , church officials and contemporary world events was buried at the end of the job . = = Description and architecture = = The church is situated in the village of Trotton , West Sussex , just off the A272 near the River Rother . It stands between the early 15th @-@ century bridge over the river and the 16th @-@ century manor house . The church has a plain , simple Decorated @-@ style exterior , apart from the tower which is Early English style . The nave and chancel are in a single chamber , separated by a narrow step instead of a chancel arch . The tower stands at the western end of the church , and contains a ring of four bells hung for change ringing . The tenor ( largest ) bell dates from 1908 , the others from 1913 ; all were cast by John Taylor & Co . The church is built of rubble with ashlar dressings . The roof of the main body is tiled ; during the 14th century it had a thatched roof , but this was replaced in about 1400 . The tower roof is a shingled octagonal cap . = = Wall paintings = = In 1904 , the whitewash was removed from the west wall and a wall painting from the very early days of the church was discovered . This , in itself , is not remarkable . Plenty of early churches have wall paintings ; however , this one was unusually rich and detailed . In the centre is Jesus Christ , beneath him is Moses and on his right is the " Carnal Man " surrounded by the Seven Deadly Sins . On his left is the " Spiritual Man " surrounded by the Seven Acts of Mercy . These two characters are depicted on the opposite sides of Christ than is usual in such depictions of the Last Judgement . The red paintwork is mostly in good condition , although the Seven Deadly Sins have started to fade . There are also paintings on the north and south walls depicting the Camoys family . Camoys was the lord of the manor and it appears he had the church built primarily for his family . This would explain the unusual detail in the paintings . They were intended as rich decoration rather than simply for educating an illiterate congregation . = = Tombs = = A 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) table @-@ tomb in the middle of the chancel contains the remains of Thomas de Camoys , 1st Baron Camoys ( died 1421 , although the inscription says 1419 ) and his wife , Elizabeth , daughter of Edmund Mortimer , 3rd Earl of March . Baron Camoys fought at the Battle of Agincourt , and his wife was the inspiration for the character of Gentle Kate in William Shakespeare 's play Henry IV . The sides of the brass memorial are decorated with quatrefoil- and shield @-@ shaped ornamentation , which enhance the comparatively plain figures . The baron and baroness are depicted holding hands and only slightly smaller than life @-@ size . Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner described the memorial as " one of the biggest , most ornate and best preserved brasses in England " . The nave contains a leger slab with a brass of Margaret de Camois ( died 1310 ) . This is the oldest known brass of a woman in England . There used to be a 15th @-@ century niche @-@ tomb in the south wall , but it had been largely removed by 1780 . The table @-@ tomb of Sir Roger Lewknor ( died c . 1478 ) is in the northeast corner of the chancel . Its sides have festoon motifs and slender carved niches . In the southeast corner is the pilastered tomb of Anthony Foster ( died 1643 ) . = = The church today = = St George 's Church was listed at Grade I on 18 June 1959 . Such buildings are defined as being of " exceptional interest " and greater than national importance . As of February 2001 , it was one of 80 Grade I listed buildings , and 3 @,@ 251 listed buildings of all grades , in the district of Chichester . The present ecclesiastical parish of Trotton covers a large north – south area of countryside , includes the village of Trotton and the hamlets of Chithurst and Ingrams Green , and is served by St Mary 's Church at Chithurst as well as St George 's . Both churches are in the Rural Deanery of Midhurst , one of eight deaneries in the Archdeaconry of Horsham in the Diocese of Chichester . Eucharistic services are held on the second and fourth Sundays every month . The church is open during the day for visitors .
= Derick Neikirk = Derick Lee Neikirk ( also spelled Derek Neikirk or Derrick Neikirk , born September 5 , 1974 ) is an American professional wrestler and former minor league baseball player . He has competed for several promotions , and currently competes for Impact Zone Wrestling ( IZW ) , a territory of the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) based in Phoenix , Arizona . He has also wrestled in several other promotions and was signed to a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) for several years . Much of his career has been connected with fellow wrestler Mike Knox , as the two have held championships together as a tag team and have feuded on multiple occasions . = = Baseball career = = Before entering professional wrestling , Neikirk played catcher for the Mesa Community College baseball team in the Arizona Community College Athletic Conference ( ACCAC ) . In 1996 , he was named to the All @-@ ACCAC Team . That year , he was picked by the Detroit Tigers in the 19th round of the Major League Baseball Draft At age 21 , Neikirk played in Detroit 's rookie @-@ class , minor league team , the Gulf Coast League Tigers of the 1996 Gulf Coast League in Lakeland , Florida . He played catcher in 18 games out of a 60 @-@ game season . His statistics were as follows : 47 plate appearances , 38 at bats , 8 hits , 4 runs , 1 run batted in ( RBI ) , 5 walks , 7 strikeouts , and 8 total bases . Also , Neikirk ground into a double play 4 times , was hit by a pitch 3 times , and made 1 sacrifice hit . He had a batting average of .211 , an on @-@ base percentage of .348 , a slugging percentage of .211 , and an on @-@ base plus slugging ( OPS ) of .558 . That same year , Neikirk was promoted to the high @-@ A @-@ class , minor @-@ league team , the Visalia Oaks , of the 1996 California League , in Visalia , California . While there , he played catcher in 9 games out of a 140 @-@ game season . His statistics were as follows : 29 plate appearances , 27 at @-@ bats , 4 hits , 3 runs , 2 RBIs , 2 walks , 9 strikeouts , and 4 total bases . He also had a batting average of .148 , an on @-@ base percentage of .207 , a slugging percentage of .148 , and an OPS of .355 . In 1999 , at age 24 , Neikirk returned to baseball playing for the independent minor league team , the Adirondack Lumberjacks , of the 1999 Northern League , in Glens Falls , New York . While there , he played catcher in 42 games out of an 86 @-@ game season . His statistics were as follows : 118 at @-@ bats , 31 hits , 3 doubles , 1 triple , 2 home runs , and 42 total bases . He had a batting average of .263 and a slugging percentage of .356 . On a weighted @-@ average , 100 @-@ point scale , Neikirk 's Baseball Cube scouting report is as follows : Power : 39 Batting : 22 Speed : 43 Contact : 43 Patience : 62 = = Wrestling = = Throughout his professional wrestling career , Neikirk has competed primarily in the United States . He was also wrestled in Egypt and has worked for the World Wrestling Alliance in Europe and for Enezma in Mexico . Much of his career has been spent portraying a heel ( villain ) through an arrogant demeanor and by turning on allies . = = = Early career = = = Neikirk trained under Les Thatcher for a career in professional wrestling . In 2002 , he formed a tag team known as The A Squad with Chet Jablonski . On July 10 , 2002 , The A Squad defeated Ice Cream Man and Cody Hawk to win the HWA Tag Team Championship , although this title reign is not recorded in the company 's official history . That year , Neikirk was rated number 481 on Pro Wrestling Illustrated 's annual PWI 500 list of the top wrestlers in the world . On August 31 , 2003 , Neikirk wrestled a match on WWE 's Sunday Night Heat television program in which he was defeated by Test . In 2003 , he improved his PWI 500 ranking and was placed at number 442 . He later wrestled for Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) , where he formed a tag team with Mike Knox . The team was also part of a stable known as The Outlaws . Neikirk and Knox later moved to IZW , where they were known as Team Elite . They defeated Navajo Warrior and Hawaiian Lion on January 18 , 2005 to win the IZW Tag Team Championship . They held the title belts until March 15 , when they dropped them to California Connection ( Peter Goodman and Antonio Mestre ) . On January 6 , 2004 , Neikirk turned on Knox by superkicking him in the face . He explained this action by saying that he was tired of carrying the team and that Knox had " dropped the ball " . That night , Neikirk and Kox faced each other as part of a six @-@ man match , but Neikirk turned on his teammates and left the ring . Neikirk and Knox had a blow off match on May 25 . Neikirk won the match , but the referee then reversed his decision and awarded the victory to Knox . = = = World Wrestling Entertainment = = = = = = = Deep South Wrestling ( 2005 – 2007 ) = = = = In 2005 , he and Knox were signed by World Wrestling Entertainment and was sent to the Deep South Wrestling ( DSW ) , which was a developmental territory for WWE . They resumed wrestling together as Team Elite . Competing as a singles wrestler , Neikirk won the DSW Heavyweight Championship on December 22 that year by defeating Mike Mizanin . He finished the year ranked number 367 in the PWI 500 . He held the Heavyweight Championship for six months before dropping it to Roughhouse O 'Reilly . On August 3 , 2006 , Team Elite faced High Impact ( Mike Taylor and Tony Santarelli ) for the DSW Tag Team Championship . Neikirk and Knox lost the match , which led to them splitting up and feuding . They faced each other at several DSW house shows , with Knox winning most of the matches . At the same time , Neikirk also teamed with Roughhouse O 'Reilley to wrestle The Full Blooded Italians ( Little Guide and Tony Mamaluke ) on several house shows promoted by WWE 's Extreme Championship Wrestling . In 2006 , he achieved his highest ranking on the PWI 500 , as he was rated number 310 . = = = = Florida Championship Wrestling ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = = = In 2007 , Team Elite reunited and won the DSW Tag Team Championship on March 8 with a victory over The Majors Brothers . They held the title until WWE ended its association with DSW on April 18 , 2007 . Neikirk and Knox were sent to Florida Championship Wrestling , another WWE developmental territory , where they continued to form a tag team . Neikirk also appeared on WWE 's Extreme Championship Wrestling program as one of Paul Heyman 's bodyguards . In January 2008 , he was suspended by WWE for a violation of the company 's Wellness Program . He was released from his WWE contract on January 8 . = = = Return to IZW = = = He then returned to Impact Zone Wrestling , where he won the NWA Arizona Heavyweight Championship on December 30 , 2008 in a match against G.Q. Gallo . The match ended in controversy , however , because both men 's shoulders were on the mat as the referee counted the pinfall . Neikirk raised his shoulder just before the final count and was awarded the victory and the title belt . The title was declared vacant until the two men could face each other again on January 27 , 2009 . This rematch ended in a draw , but Gallo defeated Neikirk to win the vacant title on March 10 . Neikirk regained the title , which had been renamed the Arizona Heavyweight Championship , that summer . He held the belt until dropping it to Mike James on August 11 . NWA Representative Greg DeMarco then tried to strip James of the belt and return it to Neikirk , but Neikirk refused to accept the title . = = In wrestling = = Finishing move Round Trip ( Inverted suplex stunner ) = = Championships and accomplishments = = Elite Xtreme Wrestling EXW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) Deep South Wrestling DSW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) DSW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Mike Knox Heartland Wrestling Association HWA Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Chet Jablonski Impact Zone Wrestling IZW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) IZW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Mike Knox NWA Arizona Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
= Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine = Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine , later Victoria Mountbatten , Marchioness of Milford Haven ( Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie ; 5 April 1863 – 24 September 1950 ) was the eldest daughter of Louis IV , Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine ( 1837 – 1892 ) , and his first wife Princess Alice of the United Kingdom ( 1843 – 1878 ) , daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha . Her mother died while her brother and sisters were still young , which placed her in an early position of responsibility over her siblings . She married her father 's first cousin , Prince Louis of Battenberg , an officer in the United Kingdom 's Royal Navy , in a love match and lived most of her married life in various parts of Europe at her husband 's naval posts and visiting her many royal relations . She was perceived by her family as liberal in outlook , straightforward , practical and bright . During World War I , she and her husband abandoned their German titles and adopted the British @-@ sounding surname of Mountbatten , which was simply a translation into English of the German " Battenberg " . Two of her sisters – Elisabeth and Alix , who had married into the Russian imperial family – were murdered by communist revolutionaries . She was the maternal grandmother of Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , the consort of Queen Elizabeth II . = = Early life = = Victoria was born on Easter Sunday at Windsor Castle in the presence of her maternal grandmother , Queen Victoria . She was christened in the Lutheran faith in the arms of the Queen on 27 April . Her early life was spent at Bessungen , a suburb of Darmstadt , until the family moved to the New Palace in Darmstadt when she was three years old . There , she shared a room with her younger sister , Elisabeth , until adulthood . She was privately educated to a high standard and was , throughout her life , an avid reader . During the Prussian invasion of Hesse in June 1866 , Victoria and Elisabeth were sent to England to live with their grandmother until hostilities were ended by the absorption of Hesse @-@ Kassel and parts of Hesse @-@ Darmstadt into Prussia . During the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 , military hospitals were set up in the palace grounds at Darmstadt , and she helped in the soup kitchens with her mother . She remembered the intense cold of the winter , and being burned on the arm by hot soup . In 1872 , Victoria 's eighteen @-@ month @-@ old brother , Friedrich , was diagnosed with haemophilia . The diagnosis came as a shock to the royal families of Europe ; it had been twenty years since Queen Victoria had given birth to her haemophiliac son , Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany , and it was the first indication that the bleeding disorder in the royal family was hereditary . The following year , Friedrich fell from a window onto stone steps and died . It was the first of many tragedies to beset the Hesse family . In early November 1878 , Victoria contracted diphtheria . Elisabeth was swiftly moved out of their room and was the only member of the family to escape the disease . For days , Victoria 's mother , Princess Alice , nursed the sick , but she was unable to save her youngest daughter , Victoria 's sister Marie , who died in mid @-@ November . Just as the rest of the family seemed to have recovered , Princess Alice fell ill . She died on 14 December , the anniversary of the death of her father , Prince Albert . As the eldest child , Victoria partly assumed the role of mother to the younger children and of companion to her father . She later wrote , " My mother 's death was an irreparable loss ... My childhood ended with her death , for I became the eldest and most responsible . " = = Marriage and family = = At family gatherings , Victoria had often met Prince Louis of Battenberg , who was her first cousin once removed and a member of a morganatic branch of the Hessian royal family . Prince Louis had adopted British nationality and was serving as an officer in the Royal Navy . In the winter of 1882 , they met again at Darmstadt , and were engaged the following summer . After a brief postponement because of the death of her maternal uncle , the Duke of Albany , Victoria married Prince Louis on 30 April 1884 at Darmstadt . Her father did not approve of the match ; in his view Prince Louis had little money and would deprive him of his daughter 's company , as the couple would naturally live abroad in Britain . However , Victoria was of an independent mind and took little notice of her father 's displeasure . Remarkably , Victoria 's father secretly married the same evening his untitled mistress , Alexandrine de Kolemine , the former wife of the Russian chargé d 'affaires in Darmstadt . His marriage to a divorced commoner shocked the assembled royalty of Europe and through diplomatic and family pressure Victoria 's father was forced to seek an annulment of his own marriage . Over the next sixteen years , Victoria had four children : They lived in a succession of houses at Chichester , Sussex , Walton @-@ on @-@ Thames , and Schloss Heiligenberg , Jugenheim . When Prince Louis was serving with the Mediterranean Fleet , she spent some winters in Malta . In 1887 , she contracted typhoid but , after being nursed through her illness by her husband , was sufficiently recovered by June to attend Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee celebrations in London . She was interested in science and drew a detailed geological map of Malta and also participated in archaeological digs both on the island and in Germany . In leather @-@ bound volumes she kept meticulous records of books she had read , which reveal a wide range of interests , including socialist philosophy . She personally taught her own children and exposed them to new ideas and inventions . She gave lessons to her younger son , Louis , until he was ten years of age . He said of her in 1968 that she was " a walking encyclopedia . All through her life she stored up knowledge on all sorts of subjects , and she had the great gift of being able to make it all interesting when she taught it to me . She was completely methodical ; we had time @-@ tables for each subject , and I had to do preparation , and so forth . She taught me to enjoy working hard , and to be thorough . She was outspoken and open @-@ minded to a degree quite unusual in members of the Royal Family . And she was also entirely free from prejudice about politics or colour and things of that kind . " In 1906 , she flew in a Zeppelin airship , and even more daringly later flew in a biplane even though it was " not made to carry passengers , and we perched securely attached on a little stool holding on to the flyer 's back . " Up until 1914 , Victoria regularly visited her relatives abroad in both Germany and Russia , including her two sisters who had married into the Russian imperial family : Elisabeth , who had married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich , and Alix , who had married Emperor Nicholas II . Victoria was one of the Empress 's relatives who tried to persuade her away from the influence of Rasputin . On the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain in 1914 , Victoria and her daughter , Louise , were in Russia at Yekaterinburg . By train and steamer , they travelled to St Petersburg and from there through Tornio to Stockholm . They sailed from Bergen , Norway , on " the last ship " back to Britain . = = Later life = = Prince Louis was forced to resign from the navy at the start of the war when his German origins became an embarrassment , and the couple retired for the war years to Kent House on the Isle of Wight , which Victoria had been given by her aunt Princess Louise , Duchess of Argyll . Victoria blamed her husband 's forced resignation on the Government " who few greatly respect or trust " . She distrusted the First Lord of the Admiralty , Winston Churchill , because she thought him unreliable — he had once borrowed a book and failed to return it . Continued public hostility to Germany led King George V of the United Kingdom to renounce his German titles , and at the same time on 14 July 1917 Prince Louis and Victoria renounced theirs , assuming an anglicised version of Battenberg — Mountbatten — as their surname . Four months later Louis was re @-@ ennobled by the King as Marquess of Milford Haven . During the war , Victoria 's two sisters , Alix and Elisabeth , were murdered in the Russian revolution , and her brother , Ernest Louis , Grand Duke of Hesse , was deposed . On her last visit to Russia in 1914 , Victoria had driven past the very house in Yekaterinburg where Alix would be murdered . In January 1921 , after a long and convoluted journey , Elisabeth 's body was interred in Jerusalem in Victoria 's presence . Alix 's body was never recovered during Victoria 's lifetime . Victoria 's husband died in London in September 1921 . After meeting her at the Naval and Military Club in Piccadilly , he complained of feeling unwell and Victoria persuaded him to rest in a room they had booked in the club annexe . She called a doctor , who prescribed some medication and Victoria went out to fill the prescription at a nearby pharmacist 's . When she came back , Louis was dead . On her widowhood , Victoria moved into a grace @-@ and @-@ favour residence at Kensington Palace and , in the words of her biographer , " became a central matriarchal figure in the lives of Europe 's surviving royalty " . In 1930 , her eldest daughter , Alice , suffered a nervous breakdown and was diagnosed as schizophrenic . In the following decade Victoria was largely responsible for her grandson Philip 's education and upbringing during his parents ' separation and his mother 's institutionalisation . Prince Philip recalled , " I liked my grandmother very much and she was always helpful . She was very good with children ... she took the practical approach to them . She treated them in the right way – the right combination of the rational and the emotional . " In 1937 , Victoria 's brother , Ernest Louis , died and soon afterwards her widowed sister @-@ in @-@ law , nephew , granddaughter and two of her great @-@ grandchildren all died in an air crash at Ostend . Victoria 's granddaughter , Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark , had married Victoria 's nephew ( Ernest Louis 's son ) , George Donatus of Hesse . They and their two young sons , Louis and Alexander , were all killed . Cecilie was pregnant at the time and the stillborn child was found among the wreckage . Cecilie 's youngest child , Johanna , who was not on the plane , was adopted by her uncle Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine but the little girl only survived her parents and older brothers by eighteen months , dying in 1939 of meningitis . Further tragedy soon followed when Victoria 's son , George , died of bone cancer the following year . Her granddaughter , Lady Pamela Hicks , remembered her grandmother 's tears . In World War II Victoria was bombed out of Kensington Palace , and spent some time at Windsor Castle with King George VI . Her surviving son , Louis , and two of her grandsons served in the Royal Navy , while her German relations fought with the opposing forces . She spent most of her time reading and worrying about her children ; her daughter , Alice , remained in occupied Greece and was unable to communicate with her mother for four years at the height of the war . After the Allied victory , her son , Louis , was offered the post of Viceroy of India , but she was deeply opposed to his accepting , knowing that the position would be dangerous and difficult . He accepted anyway . She fell ill with bronchitis ( she had smoked since the age of sixteen ) at her son Louis 's home at Broadlands , Hampshire , in the summer of 1950 . Saying " it is better to die at home " , Victoria moved back to Kensington Palace , where she died . She was buried four days later in the grounds of St. Mildred 's Church , Whippingham on the Isle of Wight . = = Legacy = = With the help of her lady @-@ in @-@ waiting , Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden , Victoria wrote an unpublished memoir , held in the Mountbatten archive at the University of Southampton , which remains an interesting source for royal historians . A selection of Queen Victoria 's letters to Victoria have been published with a commentary by Richard Hough and an introduction by Victoria 's granddaughter , Patricia Mountbatten . Victoria 's son remembered her fondly : " My mother was very quick on the uptake , very talkative , very aggressive and argumentative . With her marvellous brain she sharpened people 's wits . " Her granddaughter thought her " formidable , but never intimidating ... a supremely honest woman , full of commonsense and modesty . " Victoria wrote her own typically forthright epitaph at the end of her life in letters to and conversation with her son : " What will live in history is the good work done by the individual & that has nothing to do with rank or title ... I never thought I would be known only as your mother . You 're so well known now and no one knows about me , and I don 't want them to . " = = Titles and styles = = 5 April 1863 – 30 April 1884 : Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine 30 April 1884 – 14 July 1917 : Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Louis of Battenberg 14 July – 7 November 1917 : Lady Mountbatten 7 November 1917 – 11 September 1921 : The Most Honourable The Marchioness of Milford Haven 11 September 1921 – 24 September 1950 : The Most Honourable The Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven = = Ancestry = =
= Alfred Pullin = Alfred William Pullin , known by the pseudonym Old Ebor ( 30 July 1860 – 23 June 1934 ) , was a British sports journalist who wrote primarily about rugby union and cricket . He wrote mainly for British newspapers the Yorkshire Post and the Yorkshire Evening Post . Considered by critics to be one of the greatest authorities in the country on his two sports , he wrote a daily column using his pseudonym " Old Ebor " for 40 years . Most often associated with his reporting on Yorkshire County Cricket Club , he has been credited as defining the role of a sports journalist . Two of his most widely known works were on cricket : Talks with Old English Cricketers and History of Yorkshire County Cricket , 1903 – 23 . = = Early life = = Pullin was born in Abergwili , Carmarthenshire in 1860 , to Alfred Trask Pullin , the local schoolmaster , and his wife , Adelaide Evans . His father studied for Holy Orders ; ordained in 1875 , he moved to Yorkshire as an assistant curate . Pullin first worked in journalism in 1880 , as Castleford district reporter on the Wakefield Express before moving to write for other local newspapers in Cleckheaton and Bradford . Aged 25 , he began to write for the Athletic News when he first used the name " Old Ebor " , which meant " Old York " . In later years , he preferred to be called " Old Ebor " to his real name , even by his friends . He began to work for the Yorkshire Post as Bradford reporter . With a family background in rugby union , he played for Cleckheaton as three quarter back in the early 1880s , but was not successful enough to pursue his sporting career . Later , he became a rugby referee . = = Sports journalist = = = = = Career summary = = = During the 1890s , newspapers began to develop sports pages . In 1893 , Pullin became cricket and rugby union correspondent for the Yorkshire Post and the Yorkshire Evening Post , writing under his pseudonym " Old Ebor " . He followed the Yorkshire and England cricket and rugby teams around the country , and did not miss an England rugby international for 40 years . He also wrote about golf in the Yorkshire Evening Post using the pen name " Dormy Man " . With the popularity of football growing in the north of England , he also began to develop his knowledge of that game as well . Pullin 's reputation quickly grew among followers of sport , and by the end of his career he was personally acquainted with many sports journalists . On average , he wrote two columns each day in summer , during the cricket season , and one per day in the winter . As a cricket writer , he became particularly associated with Yorkshire cricket team at a time when the team rose to a position of dominance , and the club remained very important to him . Len Hutton wrote that he and many others in Yorkshire had been brought up on Pullin 's writing , while all cricketers were in his debt for the influence of his writing . Hutton himself as a young player appreciated Pullin 's encouragement " in and out of print " . Pullin retired from full @-@ time writing in 1931 but continued to write in newspapers until his death . Outside of journalism , Pullin was a director at the relatively short @-@ lived Leeds City Football Club . In Bradford , he was also a freemason and twice became " Worshipful Master of Lodge of Hope " . = = = Talks with Old English Cricketers = = = A prolific worker , Pullin also wrote several books on cricket . These included Talks with Old English Cricketers ( 1900 ) , a biography of Alfred Shaw ( 1902 ) and The History of Yorkshire County Cricket 1903 – 23 ( 1924 ) . The first of these was his most widely known , and had a considerable impact . The historian Mick Pope writes that it " stirred deep debate among the cricketing public and in the county committee rooms concerning the predicament of several old and seemingly forgotten professional cricketers and with it , tarnished the blossoming reputation of Yorkshire County Cricket Club during a period that they were set to dominate on the field . " The book arose from a series of articles written over the winter of 1898 for the Yorkshire Evening Post , in which he interviewed former players and reflected their experiences after retirement . Encountering the desperate circumstances in which many former players lived , Pullin was moved to campaign on their behalf . Hodgson suggests that he " did not mince his words ... He held a deep regard for the players , and found it difficult to contemplate the forlorn situation and desperate straits that several of the old Yorkshire cricketers he interviewed were faced with . " When investigating the whereabouts of John Thewlis , Pullin was told " Think dead ; if not , Manchester " . Pullin later wrote about Thewlis : " The moral responsibilities of cricket managers , so far as a player is concerned , should surely not end with the termination of his active career . He ought not to be cast aside like an old shoe . " There had already been public debate on the fate of retired cricketers , and counties had improved pay and conditions for their professional players . For example , several counties , including Yorkshire , had instituted winter pay before Pullin 's writings were published . However , former players did not benefit from these reforms . Pope suggests that Pullin 's writing gave the debate " a renewed vigour and sharp focus once again . " Although Pullin toned down his comments by the time the articles were published in book form , his attacks on Yorkshire County Cricket Club and general cricket administration aroused public support and led to action . Thewlis , for example , was given work as a groundsman and provided with a pension . In Pullin 's entry into the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Lincoln Allison notes that the book reflected Pullin 's close and sympathetic relationship with the players . Allison describes it as a pioneering work : the unhappy experiences of cricketers after retirement was a phenomenon not widely known at the time . E.W. Swanton , a press box colleague for the last few years of Pullin 's career , writes : " It was his revelations about the straits of poverty to which some of these heroes of the past were reduced that first roused the conscience of the public and the county committees , Yorkshire 's not least . " Derek Hodgson , in the official history of Yorkshire County Cricket Club , writes that Pullin " produced one of the most valuable source books on Victorian cricket " . = = = Style and legacy = = = Pullin had a wide knowledge of the game , and remembered past events and players very clearly . His readers appreciated his expertise and frequently wrote to him with queries . A tribute in the Yorkshire Post after his death suggested that Pullin enjoyed this correspondence and felt very close to his readers . His obituary in Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack stated that " his writings were at all times discriminative , informative and voluminous " . The Manchester Guardian noted that Pullin wrote at a time when many famous cricketers played . It stated that , of these times , he " wrote with a keenness of judgement , a descriptive style , and a fund of anecdote that made the games live again " . E.W. Swanton described him as " a thick , bearded fellow " and " a faithful old war @-@ horse " . The Yorkshire Post said that Pullin " stood for all the best in sporting critics of the older school ... He was proud , and rightly proud , of the high position which he held in sporting journalism and in the administrative circles of the games on which he wrote " . The newspaper judged that he wrote about cricket and rugby players " with a clarity akin to genius ... There can scarcely be a football or cricket ground in England where he was not known and welcomed , and his striking appearance and still more striking personality became traditional in the Press box which he graced . To the players of the games he was generous in praise and kindly in his criticism . " Gerald Pawle was told when he became a journalist in 1931 that Pullin originally sent reports to his newspaper by pigeon . Pawle writes : " For the vast Yorkshire cricketing public Old Ebor wrote at inordinate length , unhampered by any consideration of literary style — he was one of the severely factual school — and it amazed me how any pigeon ever struggled into the air when shackled to one of his weighty effusions . " Lord Hawke , writing a foreword to his history of Yorkshire , referred to Pullin as the non @-@ playing member of the county team : " His criticisms on our side form an invaluable guide to the captain , his enthusiasm is contagious , but never allows his judgement to become unbalanced , whilst his eloquent writings on cricket have gone to every part of the world in which there are lovers of the game ... I feel bound to say to the esteemed author of this book — ' Well done , thou faithful friend . ' " Hawke later said that Pullin 's judgement of young cricketers was very good , and that " through his writing he did much to assist the Yorkshire club in encouraging the game and its players " . In the 1920s , Pullin was included in the Births and deaths section of Wisden , a rarity for non @-@ players , due to his standing as a reporter . Wisden described him as one of the greatest authorities on cricket . Pullin retired in 1931 . Although his reputation was later obscured by writers such as Neville Cardus , Allison believes that " Pullin 's greatest achievement was to define the role of the journalist in sport as the critic , popularizer , and interpreter of a particular team to its public . " Cardus himself wrote that Pullin " was one of the first writers who gave me help and counsel when I began to write on cricket . He belonged to the dignified old school of cricket journalism and had much in common with Sydney Pardon , though he was always the hard @-@ headed Yorkshireman . He kept his mind on the game , had no use for frills , and despised modern stunting . " = = Personal life = = In 1881 , Pullin married Alice Ramsden . The couple had four sons . He did not have many friends , but he was very close to the ones he had . His early association with churches , through his father , gave him an interest in ecclesiastical music ; he often played the harmonium to entertain himself and his family . He had strong views on organ music , and once he had formed an opinion he rarely changed his mind . Pullin died in 1934 while travelling to a Test match at Lord 's Cricket Ground . He collapsed on a bus and was pronounced dead on his arrival at hospital . He had been suffering from heart trouble for some time , but wished to continue working and to die " with his boots on " . He was buried in Wakefield cemetery . Upon his death , senior figures from Yorkshire County Cricket Club paid tribute to his influence , and his dignity and zealousness were praised by the Leeds branch of the National Union of Journalists . Hutton , who had just broken into the Yorkshire team aged 18 , wrote that he " had just got into the habit of looking for that kindly , alert , grey @-@ bearded face of Mr Pullin 's either among the players before the day 's play or in a Press @-@ tent " . Cardus concluded his tribute to Pullin in the Manchester Guardian : " [ He ] wrote simply , well , and with courtesy and knowledge . A good man and a good friend " .
= History of The Simpsons = The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom starring the animated Simpson family , which was created by Matt Groening . He conceived of the characters in the lobby of James L. Brooks 's office and named them after his own family members , substituting " Bart " for his own name . The family debuted as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three @-@ season run , the sketch was developed into a half @-@ hour prime time show called The Simpsons , which debuted on December 17 , 1989 . The show was an early hit for Fox , becoming the first Fox series to land in the top 30 ratings in a season ( 1990 ) . The show was controversial from its beginning and has made the news several times . In the early seasons , some parents and conservatives characterized Bart as a poor role model for children and several United States public schools even banned The Simpsons merchandise and t @-@ shirts . In January 1992 , then @-@ President George H. W. Bush made a speech during his re @-@ election campaign in which he said : " We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family , to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons . " In 2002 , the show was nearly sued by the Rio de Janeiro tourist board for creating an unreal image of the city on the show . The Simpsons Movie , a feature @-@ length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 26 and July 27 , 2007 . Previous attempts to create a film version of The Simpsons failed due to the lack of a script of appropriate length and production crew members . Eventually , producers Brooks , Groening , Al Jean , Mike Scully , and Richard Sakai began development of the film in 2001 . They conceived numerous plot ideas , with Groening 's being the one developed into a film . The script was re @-@ written over a hundred times , and this creativity continued after animation had begun in 2006 . The film was a box office success , and received overwhelmingly positive reviews . The Simpsons eventually became the longest @-@ running American sitcom , the longest @-@ running American animated program , and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest @-@ running American primetime , scripted television series . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , the show has broadcast 596 episodes and its 27th season started airing on September 27 , 2015 . = = The Tracey Ullman shorts ( 1987 – 1989 ) = = When producer James L. Brooks was working on the television variety show The Tracey Ullman Show for the fledging Fox network , he decided that he wanted to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks . Having seen one of cartoonist Matt Groening 's Life in Hell comic strips , Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts , which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series . Groening later realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life 's work , and passed on the offer . Richard Sakai contacted Groening to see if he had any other characters he would be willing to let Fox merchandise , and , in short , Groening developed a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons . Garth Ancier contends that Groening created the characters at home and brought them the next day , while Phil Roman claims Groening sketched out the characters on the drive to Fox . Groening 's account states he hurriedly formulated The Simpsons while waiting in the lobby of Brooks 's office for the pitch meeting , which is the most common and famous story . He named the characters after his own family members , substituting " Bart " for his own name , adapting an anagram of the word " brat " . Fox negotiated a deal which would prove extremely lucrative for Groening , in which he retained a large portion of revenue from merchandising . To animate the short segments , Brooks and company settled on Klasky Csupo , a small animation house who offered to produce the cartoons for cheap . Brooks initially just wanted to animate the shorts through the basic line drawings , and Klasky @-@ Csupo offered color for the same cost . The studio only employed three young animators — CalArts graduates Bill Kopp , Wes Archer , and David Silverman — who adapted Groening 's scripts for animation in one week , doing layouts , animation and inbetweening by hand in the very short amount of time . Groening submitted only basic sketches to the three , and assumed that the figures would be cleaned @-@ up in production . However , the animators merely re @-@ traced his drawings , which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes . Colorist Gyorgyi Peluce was the person who decided to make the characters yellow . Appearing initially alongside cartoons by M. K. Brown , The Simpson family first appeared in short subjects in The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 and were featured the first three seasons . The actors who voiced the characters would later reprise their roles in The Simpsons . Dan Castellaneta performed the voices of Homer Simpson , Abraham Simpson , and Krusty the Clown . Homer 's voice in the shorts is a loose impression of Walter Matthau , whereas it became more robust and humorous on the half @-@ hour show , allowing Homer to cover a fuller range of emotions . Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , and Yeardley Smith performed the voices of Marge Simpson , Bart Simpson , and Lisa Simpson respectively . The crew began to string the clips together on tape to play for the show 's live audience , and The Simpsons generated " the biggest laughs of the show " according to John Ortved , author of The Simpsons : An Uncensored , Unauthorized History . The writing staff of Ullman soon began to view The Simpsons as poor relations due to the popularity , and Brooks began to consider adapting the shorts for its own half @-@ hour series . Brooks ' decision was partly inspired by the cheerleading of David Silverman , who drunkenly approached him at a Christmas party and suggested the idea , passionately emphasizing what a primetime series would mean for the animation industry . = = The Groening , Brooks , and Simon years ( 1989 – 1991 ) = = In 1989 , a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half @-@ hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house . Due to the increased workload of the full @-@ length episodes , production was subcontracted to South Korean animation studio AKOM . While character and background layout is done by the domestic studio , tweening , coloring and filming is done by the overseas studio . The Simpsons was co @-@ developed by Groening , Brooks , and Sam Simon , a writer @-@ producer with whom Brooks had worked on previous projects . Groening said his goal was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called " the mainstream trash " . Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show 's content . Fox network was unsure if the show could sustain the audience 's attention for the duration of the episode . They proposed doing three seven @-@ minute shorts per episode and four specials until the audience adjusted , but in the end , the producers gambled by asking Fox for 13 full @-@ length episodes . Simon assembled and led the initial team of writers , and has been credited as " developing [ the show 's ] sensibility " . Writer Ken Levine says he " brought a level of honesty to the characters " and made them " three @-@ dimensional " , adding that Simon 's " comedy is all about character , not just a string of gags " . Simon saw The Simpsons as a chance to solve what he did not like about Saturday @-@ morning cartoon shows . He wanted all the actors in a room together , instead of reading their lines separated from each other . In addition to Castellaneta , Kavner , Cartwright and Smith , actors Harry Shearer and Hank Azaria were added to the show 's cast . Groening developed a lengthy opening sequence in order to cut down on the animation necessary for each episode , but devised the two gags as compensation for the repeated material each week . In the first gag , the camera zooms in on Springfield Elementary School , where Bart can be seen writing a message on the chalkboard . This message , which changes from episode to episode , has become known as the " chalkboard gag " . The other gag is known as a " couch gag " , in which a twist of events occur when the family meets to sit on their couch and watch television . Groening , who had not paid much attention to television since his own childhood , was unaware that title sequences of such length were uncommon by that time . The theme , which plays over the sequence , was composed by Danny Elfman in 1989 , after Groening approached him requesting a retro @-@ style theme . The piece , which took two days to create , has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career . The half @-@ hour series premiered on December 17 , 1989 with " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " . The series was originally set to debut in the fall of 1989 with the episode " Some Enchanted Evening " , but the producers discovered that the animation was so appalling that 70 percent of the episode needed to be redone . At the time there were only a few choices for animation style . Usually , they would either follow the style of Disney , Warner Bros. , or Hanna @-@ Barbera . The producers wanted a realistic environment in which the characters and objects could not do anything that was not possible in the real world . They considered aborting the series if the next episode " Bart the Genius " turned out as bad , but it only suffered from easily fixable problems . The debut was moved to December , and " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " became the first episode of the series . In some of the episodes of the first season , the characters act completely differently from in later seasons ; Lisa , for example , is undisciplined and short @-@ tempered , while Homer is the voice of reason ; these roles are reversed in later episodes . During the second season , The Simpsons aired the first Halloween special called " Treehouse of Horror " . The annual series typically consist of four parts : an opening and Halloween @-@ themed version of the credits , followed by three segments . These segments usually have a horror , science fiction or supernatural theme and quite often are parodies of films , novels , plays , television shows , Twilight Zone episodes , or old issues of EC Comics . Part of the attraction for the writers is that they are able to break the rules and include violence that would not make a regular episode . In some cases , the writers will have an idea that is too violent and far @-@ fetched or too short for a normal episode , but can be used as a segment in the seasonal special . The first " Treehouse of Horror " episode was the first time that an alternate version of the theme airs over the end credits . = = = Bartmania and criticism from conservatives = = = The show was controversial from its beginning . The rebellious lead character at the time , Bart , frequently received no punishment for his misbehavior , which led some parents and conservatives to characterize him as a poor role model for children . Several US public schools even banned The Simpsons merchandise and t @-@ shirts , such as one featuring Bart and the caption " Underachiever ( ' And proud of it , man ! ' ) " . In the season two opening episode " Bart Gets an F " , Bart fails four consecutive history exams and the school psychiatrist recommends that Bart repeat the fourth grade . Several critics thought that the episode " Bart Gets an F " was a response to these controversies . However , Brooks denied that it was a response and added , " we 're mindful of it . I do think it 's important for us that Bart does badly in school . There are students like that . Besides , I 'm very wary of television where everybody is supposed to be a role model . You don 't run across that many role models in real life . Why should television be full of them ? " In the October 1 , 1990 edition of People , First Lady Barbara Bush called The Simpsons " the dumbest thing [ she ] had ever seen " which led to the writers sending a letter to Bush where they posed as Marge Simpson . Bush immediately sent a reply in which she apologized . A few years later , on January 27 , 1992 then @-@ President of the United States George H. W. Bush made a speech during his re @-@ election campaign where he said , " We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family , to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons . " The writers decided that they wanted to respond by adding a response to the next broadcast of The Simpsons , which was a rerun of " Stark Raving Dad " on January 30 . The broadcast included a new tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek opening where they watch Bush 's speech . Bart replies , " Hey , we 're just like the Waltons . We 're praying for an end to the Depression , too " . The criticism eventually led to the idea for the episode " Two Bad Neighbors " , which has George and Barbara move into the house across the street from the Simpsons . = = = Competing with The Cosby Show = = = The Simpsons first season was the Fox network 's first TV series to rank among a season 's top 30 highest @-@ rated shows . Due to its success , the Fox network decided to switch The Simpsons timeslots in hopes that it would result in higher ratings for the lead out shows . It would move from 8 : 00 PM on Sunday night to the same time on Thursday where it would compete with The Cosby Show , the number one show at the time . Many of the producers were against the move , as The Simpsons had been in the top 10 while airing on Sunday and they felt the move would destroy its ratings . " Bart Gets an F " was the first episode to air against The Cosby Show and averaged an 18 @.@ 4 Nielsen rating and 29 % of the audience . In the weeks ratings , it finished tied for eighth behind The Cosby Show which had an 18 @.@ 5 rating . However , an estimated 33 @.@ 6 million viewers watched the episode , making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week . At the time , it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network . Ratings wise , new episodes of The Cosby Show beat The Simpsons every time during the second season and The Simpsons eventually fell out of the top 10 . At the end of the season Cosby averaged as the fifth highest rated show on television while The Simpsons ranked 38th . It would not be until the third season episode " Homer at the Bat " that The Simpsons would beat The Cosby Show in the ratings . The show remained in its Thursday timeslot until the sixth season , when it moved back to its original timeslot on Sundays . = = = Music release and " Do the Bartman " = = = David Geffen , founder of Geffen Records , had the idea to record the album The Simpsons Sing the Blues based on The Simpsons , to be released in time for Christmas 1990 . The writers wrote humorous lyrics for the actors to perform over blues and hip hop . The album faced great publicity before its release . One particular element that was highly publicized was Michael Jackson 's involvement , which was denied around the time of the album 's release . Early published reports attributed Jackson as the composer of " Do the Bartman " , which Groening denied in a press release . However , Groening revealed in 1998 that " Do the Bartman " was actually co @-@ written and co @-@ produced by Jackson , but he could not receive credit for it because he was under contract to another record label . Jackson was a fan of The Simpsons , especially Bart , and had called the producers one night offering to write Bart a number one single and do a guest spot on the show , which is how " Do the Bartman " came about . Jackson eventually guest @-@ starred in the episode " Stark Raving Dad " . The album The Simpsons Sing the Blues peaked at # 3 on the Billboard 200 , making it the highest charting Simpsons album . On February 13 , 1991 , the record was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 3 million copies . The producers followed up on the album with The Yellow Album in 1998 , which featured original recordings by Prince , Linda Ronstadt , C + C Music Factory , and George Clinton of Funkadelic as well as the cast of The Simpsons . The soundtrack albums Songs in the Key of Springfield ( 1997 ) , Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons ( 1999 ) , The Simpsons Movie : The Music ( 2007 ) , and The Simpsons : Testify ( 2007 ) were also released . = = The Jean and Reiss years ( 1991 – 1993 ) = = Although they initially worked well together , Simon and Groening 's relationship became " very contentious " according to Groening . According to John Ortved 's book The Simpsons : An Uncensored , Unauthorized History , Simon resented the media attention Groening received , particularly the praise for the show 's writing ; Simon felt that Groening 's involvement was limited , and that he should have been the one receiving credit for the show . As well as Groening , Simon was often at odds with Brooks and production company Gracie Films and left the show in 1993 . Before leaving , he negotiated a deal that saw him receive a share of the show 's profits every year , and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since . Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who had written for The Simpsons since the start of the show , took over as showrunners for the third season . Compared to being an executive producer , the showrunner position is more involved with the show and acts as head writer and manages the show 's production for an entire season . As well as a turnover in the staff , The Simpsons moved the production of the animation from Klasky Csupo to Film Roman in season four . During the fourth season the episode " A Streetcar Named Marge " was produced . The musical within the episode contains a controversial song about New Orleans , which describes the city as a " home of pirates , drunks and whores " , among other things . Jeff Martin , the writer of the episode , had meant the song to be a parody of the opening number in Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , which speaks of London in unflattering terms . A New Orleans critic viewed " A Streetcar Named Marge " and published the song lyrics in his newspaper before the episode aired . Many readers took the lyrics out of context , and New Orleans ' Fox affiliate , WNOL , received about one hundred complaints on the day the episode aired . Several local radio stations also held on @-@ air protests in response to the song . The Simpsons ' producers rushed out an apologetic chalkboard gag for " Homer the Heretic " , which aired a week after " A Streetcar Named Marge " . It read , " I will not defame New Orleans " . Ullman filed a lawsuit in 1992 , claiming that her show was the source of The Simpsons ' success and therefore should receive a share of the show 's profit . " I breast @-@ fed those little devils , " Ullman once said of The Simpsons . She wanted a share of The Simpsons ' merchandising and gross profits and believed she was entitled to $ 2 @.@ 5 million of Fox 's estimated $ 50 million in 1992 . The Fox network had paid her $ 58 @,@ 000 in royalties for The Simpsons as well as $ 3 million for the 3 ½ seasons her show was on the air . Eventually the courts ruled in favor of the network . = = The Mirkin years ( 1993 – 1995 ) = = Several of the show 's original writers who had worked on The Simpsons since the first season had left following the completion of season four . David Mirkin took over as showrunner and executive producer for the fifth and sixth season . In The Simpsons : An Uncensored , Unauthorized History ( 2009 ) , John Ortved describes Mirkin as an " outsider " on the show as , unlike the bulk of the writing staff , Mirkin was not a Harvard University graduate . The writing staff were , at least initially , divided on Mirkin 's abilities as a leader . Mirkin conducted the show 's writing sessions in one room , rather than splitting the writers into two groups as other showrunners had done , and often worked late into the night . Writer Richard Appel praised Mirkin 's leadership and comedy style , saying that " the shows were great under him . " In contrast to much of Ortved 's account , in a 2004 interview with Animation Magazine , Mirkin stated that he " really wasn 't at all intimidat [ ed ] to join [ the show 's writing ] crew , " because he " had worked with and written with " many of his fellow writers previously . Mirkin said that he " brought [ the show ] back to a more story @-@ oriented " approach and increased the character and emotion focus , while " at the same time still keeping it surreal and weird " . During his tenure , Mirkin moved the show 's focus towards Homer , and developed some of the secondary characters , such as Apu . He also strongly opposed censorship and network interference . Mirkin 's era and style of humor are popular amongst the show 's fans , but the writing staff were divided on his style of humor , which saw the show move away from more " realistic " emotional and character based stories to " pure comedy " and " surreal " humor . The episode " Deep Space Homer " was controversial when the episode was in production . Some of the writers felt that having Homer go into space was too " large " of an idea and Groening felt that the idea was so big that it gave the writers " nowhere to go " . The writing staff wanted to do an episode where the Simpsons family traveled to Australia . They had previously poked fun at several American institutions and thought it would be interesting to poke fun at a whole nation . They designed Australia and the Australian people very inaccurately and many things were completely made up for fun . The episode " Bart vs. Australia " received a mixed reception in Australia , with some Australian fans saying the episode was a mockery of their country . Shortly after it had aired , the Simpsons staff received over 100 letters from Australians who were insulted by the episode . Reiss claimed that this episode is Australia 's least favorite , and that " whenever we have the Simpsons visit another country , that country gets furious , including Australia " . He also claimed that they were " condemned in the Australian Parliament after the episode had aired " . Former showrunners Jean and Reiss had left to produce their own series , The Critic , along with The Simpsons co @-@ creator Brooks . The Critic was a short @-@ lived animated series that revolved around the life of movie critic Jay Sherman . For the second season of The Critic , Brooks cut a deal with the Fox network to have the series switch over . The episode " A Star Is Burns " was pitched by Brooks , who had wanted a crossover that would help launch The Critic on Fox , and he thought having a film festival in Springfield would be a good way to introduce Sherman . In addition , Jean and Reiss returned to produce two episodes ( " A Star is Burns " and " ' Round Springfield " ) with the staff of The Critic , to relieve some of the stress on The Simpsons ' writing staff . Groening felt that the crossover was a thirty @-@ minute advertisement for another show and blamed Brooks , calling it an attempt to get attention for one of his unsuccessful shows . After unsuccessful attempts to get the episode pulled , he decided to go public with his concerns shortly before the episode aired and had his name removed from the credits . In response , Brooks said , " for years , Al [ Jean ] and Mike [ Reiss ] were two guys who worked their hearts out on this show , staying up until 4 in the morning to get it right . The point is , Matt 's name has been on Mike 's and Al 's scripts and he has taken plenty of credit for a lot of their great work . In fact , he is the direct beneficiary of their work . ' The Critic ' is their shot and he should be giving them his support . " Groening conceived the idea of an episode in which the character Mr. Burns was shot , which could be used as a publicity stunt . The writers decided to write the episode " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " in two parts with a mystery that could be used in a contest . Part one was the final episode of the sixth season and originally aired on the Fox network on May 21 , 1995 . Part two was the premiere of the seventh season and originally aired on September 17 , 1995 . It was important for the writers to design a mystery that had clues , took advantage of freeze frame technology , and was structured around one character who seemed the obvious culprit . In the months following the broadcast of the first part , there was widespread debate among fans of the series as to who shot Mr. Burns . Fox offered a contest to tie in with the mystery where the viewers could guess who the culprit was . It ran from August 13 to September 10 and was one of the first contests to tie together elements of television and the internet . Fox launched a new website , www.Springfield.com , devoted to the mystery which got over 500 @,@ 000 hits during the summer of 1995 . The winner would be animated on an episode of the show . No one , however , was ever animated on the show . This was because no one officially guessed the right answer , so the chosen winner did not have the right answer and was paid a cash prize in lieu of being animated . = = The Oakley and Weinstein years ( 1995 – 1997 ) = = After season six , Mirkin suggested that Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein took over as showrunners , but remained on the show in an advisory capacity , helping them with technical aspects of the show such as editing and sound mixing , and attending the scripts ' table readings . Oakley and Weinstein wanted to produce Treehouse of Horror episodes , episodes about Sideshow Bob , Itchy & Scratchy and several " format @-@ bending " episodes such as " 22 Short Films About Springfield " . They aimed for " at least two episodes per season that ' pushed the envelope ' , [ and ] expanded the definition of what an episode could be . " Season eight featured several episodes in which focus was given to secondary characters and in which new issues , such as divorce , were explored . Their preferred choice of guest stars were those with unique and interesting voices , and several of their guest stars were " old grizzled men with distinctive voices " . Their goal for the episodes was to be realistic and focus more on the five members of the Simpson family and explore their feelings and emotions towards each other . Oakley considered season three to be the single greatest comedic season of television ever produced and so attempted to recreate the feel of that season , focusing on stories with real emotions and situations , as well as some off @-@ the @-@ wall episodes . Season three was their basis for Homer : " We liked Homer the way he was in the second and third seasons . That was what we consciously used as our model . Dimwitted , loving , hyper @-@ enthusiastic , creatively goofy , parody of the American father – drawn with real emotions , though admittedly amplified . " The script supervisor for the show and voice of the character Lunchlady Doris , Doris Grau , died on December 30 , 1995 . The episode " Team Homer " , which aired eight days later , was one of the last episodes to feature her voice and featured a dedication to her . From season nine until season eighteen , Lunchlady Doris appeared only as a background character . She returned as a speaking character in several episodes since " The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer " , and is now voiced by Tress MacNeille . The episode " Lisa the Vegetarian " featured a permanent character development when Lisa becomes a vegetarian . The story had been pitched by David S. Cohen and the producers felt it would be a surefire way to get Paul McCartney to guest star . McCartney agreed , but only on the condition that Lisa would stay a vegetarian and not revert . The trait stayed and is one of the few permanent character changes made in the show . In the season 13 episode " She of Little Faith " , Lisa underwent another permanent character change when she converted to Buddhism . On February 9 , 1997 , The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " as the longest @-@ running prime @-@ time animated series in the United States . The producers took this milestone and made the episode deal with the issue of longevity and the problems that arise when the producers try to make a show " fresh " again ; themes commonly known as " jumping the shark " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger , in a review printed two days after the episode originally aired , praised the writers for not airing a " very special " episode to celebrate the milestone of overtaking The Flintstones . He noted " [ the episode is ] so self @-@ aware it put the best in @-@ jokes on St. Elsewhere to shame . " = = The Scully years ( 1997 – 2001 ) = = Oakley and Weinstein stood down as showrunners after season eight because they " didn 't want to break [ the show ] " and Mike Scully took over as showrunner in 1997 . As showrunner and executive producer , Scully said his aim was to " not wreck the show " , Scully was popular with the staff members , many of whom praised his organization and management skills . Writer Tom Martin said he was " quite possibly the best boss I 've ever worked for " and " a great manager of people " while writer Don Payne commented that for Scully " it was really important that we kept decent hours " . Scully noted : " I wrote a lot of Lisa 's shows . I have five daughters , so I like Lisa a lot . I like Homer , too . Homer comes very naturally to me : I don 't know if that 's a good or a bad thing . A lot of my favorite episodes are the ones when Homer and Lisa are in conflict with each other ... They 're very human , I think that 's their appeal . " Despite this , Scully 's tenure as showrunner of The Simpsons has been the subject of criticism from the show 's fans . John Ortved wrote " Scully 's episodes excel when compared to what The Simpsons airs nowadays , but he was the man at the helm when the ship turned towards the iceberg . " The BBC noted " the common consensus is that The Simpsons ' golden era ended after season nine " , while an op @-@ ed in Slate by Chris Suellentrop argued The Simpsons changed from a realistic show about family life into a typical cartoon during Scully 's years . The Simpsons under Scully has been negatively labelled as a " gag @-@ heavy , Homer @-@ centric incarnation " by Jon Bonné of MSNBC , while some fans have bemoaned the transformation in Homer 's character during the era , from sweet and sincere to " a boorish , self @-@ aggrandizing oaf " , dubbing him " Jerkass Homer " . Martin said that he does not understand the criticism against Scully and that he thinks the criticism " bothered [ Scully ] , and still bothers him , but he managed to not get worked up over it . " Ortved noted in his book that it is hard to tell how much of the decline is Scully 's fault , and that blaming a single showrunner for lowering the quality of the show " is unfair . " UGO Networks ' Brian Tallerico has defended the season against the criticism . He wrote in a 2007 review that comparing " tenth season Simpsons episodes to the prime of the series ( 3 @-@ 7 ) is just unfair and really kind of self @-@ defeating . ' Yeah , I laughed , but not as hard as a couple of years ago . So it sucks . ' That 's nonsense . The fact is that even the tenth season of The Simpsons was funnier than most [ other ] show 's best years . " PopMatters ' Hassenger commented in his review that although the show had declined in quality , " this is not to say that these episodes are without their charm ; many , in fact , are laugh @-@ out @-@ loud funny and characteristically smart . " On May 28 , 1998 , Phil Hartman , voice actor of Troy McClure and Lionel Hutz , was shot and killed by his wife while he slept in their Encino , Los Angeles , home . His wife , Brynn Omdahl , then committed suicide several hours later . In the weeks following his death , Hartman was celebrated in a wave of tributes . Dan Snierson of Entertainment Weekly opined that Hartman was " the last person you 'd expect to read about in lurid headlines in your morning paper ... a decidedly regular guy , beloved by everyone he worked with " . After Hartman 's death in 1998 , rather than replace him with a new voice actor , the production staff retired McClure and Hutz from the show . McClure last appeared in the season ten episode " Bart the Mother " , which was dedicated to Hartman . In the season 10 episode " Thirty Minutes over Tokyo " , the family travels to Japan . The episode references and mocks several aspects of Japanese and American culture , as well as differences between the two . At a sumo wrestling match , Bart and Homer encounter the Japanese emperor , Akihito . After Homer throws him into a trunk of sumo thongs , Bart and Homer are put in jail , where they have to re @-@ enact a kabuki play about the forty @-@ seven Ronin , do origami , flower arranging and meditation . The episode also references the Japanese 's adaption to American culture . Although all other episodes of The Simpsons have been dubbed and broadcast on Japanese television , " Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo " has never aired in Japan . The scene , which shows Homer throw the emperor of Japan into a box filled with sumo thongs , was considered disrespectful . = = = Labor difficulties = = = Up until the production of season ten in 1998 , these six main voice actors were paid $ 30 @,@ 000 per episode . In 1998 , a salary dispute between them and the Fox Broadcasting Company arose , with the actors threatening to strike . Fox went as far as preparing for casting of new voices , but an agreement was soon made and their salaries were raised to $ 125 @,@ 000 per episode . Groening expressed his sympathy for the actors in an issue of Mother Jones a while after the salary dispute had been settled . He told the magazine : " [ The cast members ] are incredibly talented , and they deserve a chance to be as rich and miserable as anyone else in Hollywood . " The show also made a change for the writers to become signatories to the Animation Guild . Most writers in animation belong to the guild , but The Simpsons as well as other animated shows on Fox were different . Scully commented that " everyone expected a big fight with the studio " and continued that " it never materialized , because they conceded that prime @-@ time animation was successful and everyone was benefiting . " Voice actress Maggie Roswell left The Simpsons in spring 1999 after a pay dispute with Fox . The network originally reported that she decided to quit only because she was tired of flying between Denver and Los Angeles for the recording sessions . It was then announced by Roswell that she had asked for a raise , not only because she was tired of the traveling , but because of the increasing cost of flight tickets . Roswell was paid $ 1 @,@ 500 to $ 2 @,@ 000 per episode during the three seasons before she left , and she asked Fox for a raise to $ 6 @,@ 000 per episode . However , Fox only offered her a $ 150 raise , which did not even cover the travel costs , so she decided to quit . As a result of Roswell 's departure , the Maude Flanders character was killed off in the episode " Alone Again , Natura @-@ Diddily " . Voice actress Marcia Mitzman Gaven was hired to fill in for Roswell 's other characters . Roswell returned to The Simpsons in 2002 in the season premiere of the fourteenth season . She reached a deal with Fox to record her lines from her Denver home and thus the dispute ended . = = The return of Jean ( 2001 – 2007 ) = = Jean returned full @-@ time to The Simpsons during the tenth season . He once again became showrunner with the start of the thirteenth season in 2001 , this time without Reiss . Jean said that " the hardest thing at this point is just thinking of fresh ideas . People are so on top of things that we 've done before , so the challenge now is to think of an idea that 's good , but hasn 't been seen . " In April 2001 , in an interview with the The New York Times , Jean stated that he wanted " to take the show back to the family " . His return was welcomed , with MSNBC 's Jon Bonné stating : " [ Jean ] has guided the show away from its gag @-@ heavy , Homer @-@ centric incarnation ... these are certainly brighter days for the show 's long @-@ time fans . " Bill Gibron of PopMatters.com noted that " the show corralled much of its craziness for more personal stories " and that " Homer ’ s Neanderthal nonsense and bratty Bart gave way to ' softer ' episodes focusing on Marge and Lisa . " In the season 13 episode " Blame It on Lisa " , The Simpsons visit Rio de Janeiro in Brazil . In the week following the episode 's original broadcast , it faced intense controversy involving the country of Brazil , most specifically the Rio de Janeiro Tourist Board ( Riotur ) . The board claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime , kidnappings , slums and a rat infestation . The tourist board asserted that the show " went too far " and undermined an $ 18m ( £ 12.5m ) advertising campaign to attract visitors to the city . Fernando Henrique Cardoso , then the president of Brazil , stated that the episode " brought a distorted vision of Brazilian reality . " By April 9 , Riotur , was preparing to sue the producers and Fox , for damage to its international image and loss of revenue . The issue threatened to become a diplomatic incident . Upon knowledge of an impending lawsuit , the show 's producers contacted Fox lawyers , who informed them that a city could not technically sue for defamation . In response , executive producer Brooks apologized , stating " we apologize to the lovely city and people of Rio de Janeiro " . Jean commented that it was " one of the biggest controversies in the history of the show " . In season 14 , production switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint . The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was " Radioactive Man " in 1995 . Animators used digital ink and paint during production of the season 12 episode " Tennis the Menace " , but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later . The already completed " Tennis the Menace " was broadcast as made . As the show 's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales , the main cast stopped appearing for script readings in April 2004 . The work stoppage occurred after weeks of unsuccessful negotiations with Fox , in which the cast asked for an increase in their pay to $ 360 @,@ 000 per episode , or $ 8 million over a 22 @-@ episode season . The strike was resolved a month later and their salary was raised to something between $ 250 @,@ 000 and $ 360 @,@ 000 per episode . Season 16 featured one of the few major character developments since the show 's inception . It was reported a long time in advance of the airing of the episode " There 's Something About Marrying " that a major character would come out as gay during the episode . At the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International convention in July 2004 , Al Jean revealed : " We have a show where , to raise money , Springfield legalises gay marriage . Homer becomes a minister by going on the internet and filling out a form . A long @-@ time character comes out of the closet , but I 'm not saying who . " This led to much media speculation and publicity in the press for the episode . Many fans correctly guessed that it would be one of Homer 's sisters @-@ in @-@ law , either Patty or Selma , while others believed it to be Waylon Smithers . = = Film ( 2007 ) = = 20th Century Fox , Gracie Films , and Film Roman produced an animated The Simpsons film that was released on July 27 , 2007 . The production staff of The Simpsons had entertained the thought of a film since early in the series , but production never came together . Groening felt a feature @-@ length film would allow them to increase the show 's scale and animate sequences too complex for a TV series . The film was directed by David Silverman and written by a team of Simpsons writers comprising Groening , Brooks , Jean , Reiss , Mirkin , Scully , George Meyer , John Swartzwelder , Jon Vitti , Matt Selman , and Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham . Work continued on the screenplay from 2003 onwards and did not cease , taking place in the small bungalow where Groening first pitched The Simpsons in 1987 . Groening read about a town that had to get rid of pig feces in their water supply , which inspired the plot of the film . He also wanted to make the film dramatically stronger than a TV episode , as " we wanna really give you something that you haven 't seen before . " Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long @-@ time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded . After winning a Fox and USA Today competition , Springfield , Vermont hosted the film 's world premiere . The Simpsons Movie grossed a combined total of $ 74 million in its opening weekend in the US , taking it to the top of the box office , and set the record for highest grossing opening weekend for a film based on a television series , surpassing Mission : Impossible II . It opened at the top of the international box office , taking $ 96 million from seventy @-@ one overseas territories — including $ 27 @.@ 8 million in the United Kingdom , making it Fox 's second highest opening ever in that country . In Australia , it grossed A $ 13 @.@ 2 million , the biggest opening for an animated film and third largest opening weekend in the country . As of November 23 , 2007 the film has a worldwide gross of $ 525 @,@ 267 @,@ 904 . The film garnered a 90 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , with 171 of a total 191 reviews being determined as positive . It received a rating of 80 out of 100 ( signifying " generally favorable reviews " ) on Metacritic from 36 reviews . = = Post movie seasons ( 2007 – present ) = = Jean continued as showrunner after the movie . Critics have argued that the quality of the show has declined in Jean 's tenure . Jacob Burch , an administrator of the website NoHomers.com , said in an interview that the show " seems less cohesive , more about trying to get the jokes in there , instead of make a story and let the jokes come off of that " and adds " I just think there 's only so much you can do [ with the characters ] . " Steven Hyden of A.V. Club argues in an online debate over this issue that " The Simpsons has come to rely too much on wacky Homer shtick and tired , meaningless guest stars " and that the writers are " content to amuse themselves with in @-@ jokes , non sequiturs , and self @-@ consciously silly plot twists . " Jean responded to this criticism by saying : " Well , it 's possible that we 've declined . But honestly , I 've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying , ' It 's gone downhill . ' If we 'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13 . I 'm glad we didn 't . " The writers of The Simpsons went on strike together with the Writers Guild of America at the end of 2007 . The broadcasting of The Simpsons was not affected by the strike . Since it takes a long time to produce an episode of an animated show , the episodes are written up to a year in advance . So the strike would have had to go on for a while for the show to have run out of new episodes . Production of season 20 was further delayed because of contract negotiations with the six main voice actors . The dispute was resolved , and the actors ' salary was raised to $ 400 @,@ 000 per episode . The delay in production has caused the planned 22 episodes to be shortened to 20 . = = = 20th anniversary and run length record = = = To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere of The Simpsons , Fox announced a year @-@ long celebration of the show titled " Best . 20 Years . Ever . " , which ran from January 14 , 2009 to January 14 , 2010 . Morgan Spurlock , an Academy Award nominated documentary filmmaker ( Best Documentary Feature for Super Size Me in 2004 ) and fan of The Simpsons since his college days , was asked to direct the special The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3 @-@ D ! On Ice ! in February 2009 . Spurlock believes " the reason [ the producers ] called [ him ] to begin with was to not have a show that would be a glad @-@ hand , pat @-@ everyone @-@ on @-@ the @-@ back special , that 's why rooting it in the people who kept this show on the air for the last 20 years is important . " It was shown on January 10 , 2010 alongside " Once Upon a Time in Springfield " , which was promoted as the 450th episode of the series . The episode " Million Dollar Maybe " featured a new character created by the winner of the " Best . Character . Ever . " contest , in which fans could submit their own ideas for a new , and possibly recurring , Simpsons character . Over 25 @,@ 000 entries were sent in . The winner of the contest was Peggy Black from Orange , Connecticut , who created the character Ricardo Bomba . She described Ricardo as " someone that all the women love and all the men want to be " and " something like a Casanova . " Jean was one of the judges of the contest , which he described as " a thank you to loyal fans . " He also noted that there is a possibility the Ricardo character might appear on the show again . Another change was to air The Simpsons in 720p high @-@ definition television with the episode " Take My Life , Please " on February 15 , 2009 . With the new broadcasting system came a new opening sequence . It was the first major permanent change to the show 's introduction since the beginning of the show 's second season in 1990 ; previous changes have included variations in the duration of the intro . This new intro also includes some 3D animation when the camera pans over Springfield . To commemorate the show 's twentieth anniversary , the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa and Maggie . The stamps , designed by Groening , were made available for purchase on May 7 , 2009 and approximately one billion stamps were printed . The Simpsons is the first television series still in production to receive this recognition . After entering into their 21st season in late 2009 , the show beat Gunsmoke 's record as the longest @-@ running American primetime , scripted television series . = = = Cancellation threat = = = On October 4 , 2011 , 20th Century Fox Television released a statement saying : " 23 seasons in , The Simpsons is as creatively vibrant as ever and beloved by millions around the world . We believe this brilliant series can and should continue , but we cannot produce future seasons under its current financial model . We are hopeful that we can reach an agreement with the voice cast that allows The Simpsons to go on entertaining audiences with original episodes for many years to come . " One of the problems was that The Simpsons was possibly worth more cancelled than on the air . A 17 @-@ year @-@ old syndication deal with local TV stations prohibits Fox from selling the show to cable networks . As long as The Simpsons still produces new episodes , Fox cannot break this deal . In the mean time , cable networks have grown to become just as big a market as the local TV stations . Another consideration was that Fox 's parent company News Corp was having meetings discussing the possibility of a cable channel that would only air The Simpsons episodes . Analyst considers a cancellation and subsequent second @-@ run deal that includes cable networks to be worth $ 750 million . On this issue , Jean commented in an interview with TV Guide that " It 's a big company , and there are definitely people whose interests would have been better served by ending it . Those interests were superseded because we 're still valuable to the network in terms of our ratings . " For the negotiations , the studio requested that the cast members accept a 45 percent cut of their salaries so that more seasons could be produced after season 23 , or else that season would be the series ' last . The actors were willing to take a pay cut , but wanted a percentage of the back @-@ end payments instead . At one point Shearer even offered a 70 percent pay cut in exchange for back @-@ end percentages , but the studio was unwilling to make any deal involving back @-@ end percentages . In the end , the studio and the actors reached a deal , in which the actors would take a pay cut of 30 percent , down to just over $ 300 @,@ 000 per episode , prolonging the show to its 25th season . As well as the voice actors , everybody involved in the show took a pay cut . This included animators , writers , the post @-@ production crew and even Jean himself . The further use of digital animation also saves money , as the animation of the show becomes more efficient . In 2013 , FXX purchased the exclusive American cable rights to the series . Airing from August 2014 , the show will also be available on @-@ demand via the Simpsons World website . The website is only available in the United States .
= Hellingly Hospital Railway = The Hellingly Hospital Railway was a light railway owned and operated by East Sussex County Council , used for transporting coal and passengers to Hellingly Hospital , a psychiatric hospital near Hailsham , from the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway 's Cuckoo Line at Hellingly railway station . The railway was constructed in 1899 and opened to passengers on 20 July 1903 , following its electrification in 1902 . After the railway grouping of 1923 , passenger numbers declined so significantly that the hospital authorities no longer considered passenger usage of the line to be economical , and that service was withdrawn . The railway closed to freight in 1959 , following the hospital 's decision to convert its coal boilers to oil , which rendered the railway unnecessary . The route took a mostly direct path from a junction immediately south of Hellingly Station , past Farm and Park House Sidings , stopping places to load and unload produce and supplies from outbuildings of the hospital . Much of the railway has been converted to footpath , and many of the buildings formerly served by the line are now abandoned . = = Construction and opening = = In 1897 , East Sussex County Council purchased 400 acres ( 160 ha ) of land at Park Farm , about three miles ( 5 km ) north of Hailsham , from the Earl of Chichester , to be the site of a new county lunatic asylum that became Hellingly Hospital . Construction work on the hospital began in 1900 , to the design of George Thomas Hine , who had designed the nearby Haywards Heath Asylum . Building materials were transported to the site by a 1 1 ⁄ 4 mile ( 2 km ) standard gauge private siding from the goods yard at Hellingly railway station on the Cuckoo Line . The connection was built by the asylum 's builders , Joseph Howe & Company , and was authorised by the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway ( LBSCR ) on condition that East Sussex Council paid the cost , estimated at £ 1 @,@ 700 . A small wooden platform was built at Hellingly railway station , opposite the main line platform . This had no connection to the station buildings and was used only for the transfer of passengers between main @-@ line and hospital trains , and kept chained off when not in use . Coal yards and sidings were also built at Hellingly station . The hospital opened to patients , and the railway to passengers , on 20 July 1903 . = = Route = = The railway left the Cuckoo Line at Hellingly Station . Although the railway joined the Cuckoo Line at both the northern and southern ends of the platform , virtually no through trains ran . Due to the arrangement of the lines at the junction with the Cuckoo Line , passenger trains to and from the hospital reversed south of Hellingly station . After leaving the main line immediately south of Hellingly , the railway passed over gated level crossings at Park Road and New Road . Farm Siding , a single siding on the west of the line beyond the crossings , was a collection point for the farm 's agricultural produce in the early years of the railway , but later fell out of use . The line climbed most of the way from here to the hospital at 1 in 50 . About halfway between Hellingly and the hospital the line entered the hospital grounds , passing to the west of Park House Siding , which served the hospital 's Park House annexe . As it approached the hospital , the line split ; the southern fork led to a siding to the north @-@ west of the hospital , while the other turned sharply east and south through almost 180 ° before splitting again . One fork ran into a large workshop and the other led to a short platform , which was initially used for passengers . Following the suspension of passenger services it was converted into a coal dock . The line had no signals or automatic points to control the switching between lines at junctions with the main line and with the sidings . On the approach to a level crossing the fireman ran ahead with a red flag , to stop the traffic ; he also manually operated the points . = = Motive power = = Joseph Howe & Company used an 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 saddle tank locomotive to transport building materials during the hospital 's construction . The locomotive was purchased new in 1900 , and sold in 1903 following the completion of the hospital and electrification of the line . In 1902 , the decision was taken to electrify the railway using power generated from the hospital 's own power plant , which was also connected to the National Grid . The line was electrified at 500V DC using a single overhead line . Engineers Robert W. Blackwell & Co provided a small 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 electric locomotive capable of pulling two loaded coal wagons . It is not known where the locomotive was manufactured , as the company has no record , but the design of the controls suggests that it may have been imported from Germany . A small railcar with space for 12 passengers was also provided . The locomotive and the railcar were each fitted with a single trolley pole to collect electricity from the overhead wire . The passenger car was used for the duration of passenger services on the line , and the locomotive from the electrification of the line until closure in 1959 . At that time , it was the oldest operational electric locomotive in the British Isles . = = Operations = = At the railway grouping of 1923 , the LBSCR became part of the Southern Railway and the agreements between the hospital ( renamed the East Sussex Mental Hospital in 1919 ) and the LBSCR were updated . The wooden platform at Hellingly station was drastically shortened in 1922 . Because service levels depended on patient numbers and the hospital 's coal and food requirements , the line never operated to a timetable . By 1931 , passenger numbers had fallen to such an extent that the hospital authorities no longer considered passenger usage of the line to be economical , and the passenger service was withdrawn . The passenger car was moved to the hospital grounds , fitted with an awning , and became the hospital 's sports pavilion. surviving into the mid @-@ 1990s before being destroyed in a fire started by vandals . The wooden platform at Hellingly station was removed in 1932 , and the platform at the hospital was converted into a coal bay . There were only two minor accidents : a car that collided with the locomotive whilst driving through the hospital grounds , and a wagon whose brakes failed whilst stabled at Farm Siding , which rolled down the line to Hellingly station . On 22 November 1939 , plans were put in place for the restoration of passenger services to allow ambulance trains to reach the hospital , and authorisation was given for their operation . However , the line was never used to transport patients , as although Park House was used as a hospital by the Canadian Army during the Second World War , patients left ambulance trains at Hellingly station and were transferred to Park House by road . = = Closure = = In the late 1950s , the hospital , under the control of the Hailsham Hospitals Management Committee since the 1948 establishment of the National Health Service , decided to convert its boilers from coal to oil . The railway was therefore no longer needed to transport coal ; the last load was delivered on 10 March 1959 , and the empty coal wagon returned to Hellingly on 25 March 1959 . Under the terms of the agreement between the hospital authorities , the LBSCR , and its successors , the hospital authorities were obliged to keep the railway in good repair to allow its use by main @-@ line wagons . With a greatly reduced need for goods traffic to the hospital following the conversion of the boilers , it was decided that the railway was not worth the expense of continued maintenance and necessary upgrading , and the line was officially closed on 25 March 1959 following the departure of the last coal wagon . The line was used for occasional excursions by railway enthusiasts for a short period after official closure , using the electric locomotive and a brake van borrowed from British Railways . The exact date of the last run is not recorded ; the last recorded use of the line was an excursion organised by the Norbury Transport and Model Railway Club on 4 April 1959 , but it is known that later excursions ran . In the early 1960s a railway society in Yorkshire proposed to buy the track as a preserved railway . However , as the psychiatric hospital was still open the request was not considered practical , and the track was lifted in the early 1960s . The fittings and locomotive were disposed of by H.Ripley and Sons of Hailsham . = = Present day = = The Cuckoo Line closed shortly after the Hospital Railway . Hellingly station closed to passengers on 14 June 1965 , and the line closed for goods traffic on 26 April 1968 . The station building complete with platform is now a private residence , and the Cuckoo Line trackbed was converted to the Cuckoo Trail long @-@ distance footpath in 1990 . Much of the route of the Hospital Railway is also now a footpath . Traces of the railway can still be seen , including a cast iron pole that supported the overhead wire , the remains of the engine shed ( burnt down in 2004 ) , and a short section of track . Hellingly Hospital is now closed Approval for redevelopment as a housing complex was obtained in 2009 .
= IPhone 5 = The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc . It is the sixth generation of the iPhone , succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C . Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12 , 2012 , it was released on September 21 , 2012 . It was the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook . The iPhone 5 featured major design changes in comparison to its predecessor . These included an aluminum @-@ based body which was thinner and lighter than previous models , a taller screen with a nearly 16 : 9 aspect ratio , the Apple A6 system @-@ on @-@ chip , LTE support , and Lightning , a new compact dock connector which replaced the 30 @-@ pin design used by previous iPhone models . This was the second Apple phone to include its new Sony made 8MP Camera , first introduced on the iPhone 4S . Apple began taking pre @-@ orders on September 14 , 2012 , and over two million were received within 24 hours . Initial demand for the iPhone 5 exceeded the supply available at launch on September 21 , 2012 , and was described by Apple as " extraordinary " , with pre @-@ orders having sold twenty times faster than its predecessors . While reception to the iPhone 5 was generally positive , consumers and reviewers noted hardware issues , such as an unintended purple hue in photos taken , and the phone 's coating being prone to chipping . Reception was also mixed over Apple 's decision to switch to a different dock connector design , as the change affected iPhone 5 's compatibility with accessories that were otherwise compatible with previous iterations of the line . The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple on September 10 , 2013 with the announcement of its successors , the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5C . The iPhone 5 had the shortest lifespan of any iPhone ever produced with only twelve months in production . = = History = = Rumors about the iPhone 5 began shortly after the announcement of the iPhone 4S , though detailed leaks did not emerge until June 2012 . On July 30 , 2012 , reports pinpointed the dates on which the iPhone 5 would be unveiled and released , along with some accurate predictions of its features . On September 4 , 2012 , Apple announced they would be hosting an event at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco on September 12 , 2012 . A shadow of the numeral 5 was featured in the invitations sent to the media , suggesting that the next iPhone would be unveiled at the event . At the unveiling , Apple announced the iPhone 5 and also introduced new iPod Nano and iPod Touch models . They also stated that pre @-@ orders would be accepted starting September 14 , 2012 . Over two million pre @-@ orders were received within 24 hours . Initial demand for the new phone exceeded the record set by its predecessor , the iPhone 4S , by selling over 5 million units in the first three days . On November 30 , 2012 , Apple added an unlocked version of the iPhone 5 to their online US store , with the 16 GB model starting at US $ 649 . The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple on September 10 , 2013 with the announcement of its successors , the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5C . While the 5C shared almost the same internal hardware as the iPhone 5 , the 5C used a lower @-@ cost poly @-@ carbonate plastic case in place of the original 5 's aluminum form . The introduction of the 5C deviated from Apple 's previous market strategy , where the previous iPhone model would remain in production , but sold at a lower price point below the new model . On April 28 , 2014 , Apple initiated an out of warranty recall program to replace any failing power buttons of iPhone 5 models which were manufactured prior to March 2013 at no cost . On August 23 , 2014 , Apple announced a program to replace batteries of iPhone 5 models that " may suddenly experience shorter battery life or need to be charged more frequently " which were sold between September 2012 and January 2013 . = = = Litigation = = = Following the release of the iPhone 5 , Samsung announced that it was filing a lawsuit against Apple for infringing eight of its patents . The case was scheduled to begin in 2014 . In a statement , Samsung said it had " little choice but to take the steps necessary to protect our innovations and intellectual property rights " . Litigation between the two involving patent infringement has been ongoing and is being fought in several court cases around the world . = = Production = = The components and labor required to construct the most basic iPhone 5 are estimated to cost US $ 207 , which is US $ 19 more than the cost of components for the corresponding iPhone 4S model . The LTE module in the iPhone 5 alone costs $ 34 , $ 10 more than the cellular module in the iPhone 4S . Similarly , screens used in the iPhone 5 cost $ 44 , which is $ 7 more than the screen of its predecessor . Mashable noted that the profit margin of selling each device is " huge " as the iPhone 5 retails for US $ 649 . After the announcement of the device , a lack of supply was evident . This was due to a shortage of components such as the screen . Reports emerged , stating that Sharp was unable to ship the screen before the debut of the iPhone 5 , and other manufacturers reported that it was difficult to keep up with demand . As a result , the number of pre @-@ orders rose due to the uncertainty of stock at retail stores , and the delivery dates for pre @-@ orders were postponed to dates that were after the initial release date of the device . = = = Quality control inspectors strike = = = China Labor Watch , a New York State – based NGO , reported that " three to four thousand " Foxconn workers who work at the iPhone 5 production plant in Zhengzhou stopped working on October 5 , 2012 . The strikes occurred after Apple implemented a stricter quality standard on their products , which includes a 0 @.@ 02 mm restriction on indentations inflicted during production , and imposed demands related to scratches on frames and back covers . The strikes were also attributed to the employer forcing employees to work on a public holiday . The report stated training was inadequate for quality demands expected and led to employees producing products that did not meet standards . During the strike , conflicts between quality control inspectors and employees resulted in brawls . China Labor Watch also claimed that concerns raised by inspectors were not addressed by factory management . Foxconn spokesmen admitted that a micromanagement problem exists , but also said that there were only 300 to 400 workers absent and the conflicts did not influence production processes . In November 2012 Foxconn chairman Terry Gou reported that the delay in production was due to undisclosed difficulties in assembly . = = Features = = = = = Operating system and software = = = The iPhone 5 features iOS , Apple 's mobile operating system . The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation , using multi @-@ touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi @-@ touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it vertically ( one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode ) . The iPhone 5 is shipped with iOS 6 , which was released on September 19 , 2012 . Many of the iPhone 5 's features that work specifically with the included iOS 6 @.@ 0 operating system only worked in certain territories on release . Apple has said this is a rolling program , which will take longer to implement across more regions . The phone can act as a hotspot , sharing its internet connection over WiFi , Bluetooth , or USB , and also accesses the App Store , an online application distribution platform for iOS developed and maintained by Apple . The service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode and the iOS SDK and were published through Apple . The iPhone 5 can play music , movies , television shows , ebooks , audiobooks , and podcasts and can sort its media library by songs , artists , albums , videos , playlists , genres , composers , podcasts , audiobooks , and compilations . Options are always presented alphabetically , except in playlists , which retain their order from iTunes . Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow . Like on iTunes , this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll @-@ through photo library . Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen . Alternatively , headset controls can be used to pause , play , skip , and repeat tracks . On the iPhone 5 , the volume can be changed with the included Apple Earphones , and the Voice Control feature can be used to identify a track , play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist , or create a Genius playlist . Like the iPhone 4S , the iPhone 5 has Siri , that allows the user to operate the iPhone by spoken commands . The software was improved in iOS 6 to include the ability to make restaurant reservations , launch apps , dictate Facebook or Twitter updates , retrieve movie reviews and detailed sports statistics . On the iPhone 5 , texting can be aided by the voice assistant , which converts speech to text . In addition to regular texting , messaging on the iPhone 5 supports iMessage , a specialized instant messaging program and service that allows unlimited texting to other Apple devices running iOS 5 or later . This supports the inclusion of content such as images and sound in text messages , integration with the device 's voice @-@ controlled software assistant , and read acknowledgements for sent messages . Input to the device comes from a keyboard displayed on the multi @-@ touch screen or by voice @-@ to text by speaking into the microphone . Entered text is supported by predictive and suggestion software ; there is a multi @-@ language spell @-@ checker which recognises many regional accents of different languages . iOS 6 features several new and / or updated apps , which includes Apple Maps and Passbook . Apple 's built @-@ in Maps app , which replaced the former Maps app powered by Google Maps , had been universally derided and lacked many features present in competing maps apps . It uses Apple 's new vector @-@ based engine that eliminates lag , making for smoother zooming . New to Maps is turn @-@ by @-@ turn navigation spoken directions , 3D views in some major cities and real @-@ time traffic. iOS 6 is able to retrieve documents such as boarding passes , admission tickets , coupons and loyalty cards through its new Passbook app . An iOS device with Passbook can be scanned under a reader to process a mobile payment at locations that have compatible hardware . The app has context @-@ aware features such as notifications for relevant coupons when in the immediate vicinity of a given store . Facebook comes integrated through Apple 's native apps with iOS 6 . Facebook features can be directly accessed from within native apps such as Calendar which can sync Facebook events , or use Facebook 's like button from within the Apple App Store . New privacy settings are available to the user . In addition to location services , the following have been added in iOS 6 : photos ( already partially restricted in iOS 5 ) , contacts ( address book ) , calendars , reminders , bluetooth sharing , Twitter , Facebook , and Sina Weibo. iOS 6 also comes with a " Limit ad tracking " user control in the general settings menu to allow users the option to prevent targeted advertising . Apple 's Advertising Identifier replaces the company 's existing Unique Device Identification ( UDID ) standard . Advertising networks not yet using Apple 's Advertising Identifier device identifier standard would not be affected , although Apple will require the standard in the future . = = = Design = = = Apple emphasized the improved build quality of the iPhone 5 at its press event . The frame used in previous versions was redesigned to use an aluminum composite frame . The iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S used stainless steel instead of aluminium due to Steve Jobs ' preference for the metal which he thought , " looks beautiful when it wears " . The iPhone 5 is 18 % thinner , 20 % lighter , and has 12 % less overall volume than its predecessor , the iPhone 4S . The phone 's aluminum body is 0 @.@ 30 in ( 7 @.@ 6 mm ) thick . At the September 2012 conference Apple claimed it was the thinnest smartphone in the world at 7 @.@ 6 mm , though that claim was disputed as the Chinese Oppo Finder was thinner and some other smartphones could be considered to be thinner , depending upon where thickness is measured . The Oppo Finder measured 6 @.@ 65 mm ( 0 @.@ 262 in ) at its thinnest point and 7 @.@ 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 28 in ) at its thickest point making it overall thinner than the iPhone . = = = Hardware = = = The iPhone 5 uses a system on chip ( SoC ) , called the Apple A6 . The SoC comprises a 1 @.@ 3 GHz dual @-@ core processor , 1GB of RAM and a tri @-@ core PowerVR SGX543MP4 running at 266 MHz . The iPhone 5 's operating memory ( LPDDR2 @-@ 1066 eDRAM ) was doubled , from 512 MB to 1 GB . Storage capacities available are fixed at 16 , 32 or 64 GB , the same as the 4S ; plug @-@ in memory cards are not supported . The two color options are black ( with black glass and slate @-@ colored metal trim ) , and white ( with white ceramic and silver @-@ colored metal trim ) ; again the same color options ( though differently implemented ) as its predecessor the 4S had . The iPhone 5 retains the 8 MP back camera on the iPhone 4S , but has improved low @-@ light performance , and has a 40 % faster photo capture than its predecessors , while having a purple hue when a strong source of light is present in the photograph . The front camera , which is accessible through the FaceTime and camera app has a lower resolution , at 1 @.@ 2 megapixels . The rechargeable lithium @-@ ion polymer battery with a charge capacity of 1440mAh is built in and cannot be replaced by the user ; it is rated at ≤ 225 hours of standby time and ≤ 8 hours of talk time . There are three separate models of the phone available : one supporting CDMA and two GSM versions . This can have knock @-@ on effects for which version of the device will actually work in which countries / regions . The phone takes a nano @-@ SIM , smaller than the micro @-@ SIM of the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S . Hardware benchmarking conducted using Geekbench and GLBenchmark validates several claims that Apple included on their website and mentioned at the unveiling of the device , these include two times faster and two times the graphics performance . In the Geekbench overall hardware assessment , the iPhone 5 received a score that was approximately 2 @.@ 5 times higher than the iPhone 4S . The benchmark conducted using GLBenchmark for the iPhone 5 returned a score that was 2 times better than the iPhone 4S . The result was however inconsistent as a 3D graphics benchmark assessment using Passmark returned a score that was only approximately 1 @.@ 45 times better than the iPhone 4S . Battery life assessments conducted by AnandTech concluded that the battery life is shorter on the iPhone 5 than its predecessor when performing certain tasks , however when performing other tasks the iPhone 5 battery outlasts the iPhone 4S . The Retina Display is 1 @,@ 136 × 640 pixels with an aspect ratio of almost exactly 16 : 9 , ( minus one extra row of horizontal pixels ) . With a diagonal of 4 " it has a display size of 6 @.@ 7 square inches , compared to 5 @.@ 7 in iPhone 4 and 4S . The pixel density remains the same as the 4S model , which is 326 pixels per inch . Screen icons of the iPhone 5 are arranged in a matrix of six rows of four icons each . The increased screen size allows the sixth row of icons to be added to the five rows that were present in the iPhone 4 . In @-@ cell touch sensor technology from Sharp slims the screen which allows for a thinner phone . The screen 's color saturation is 44 % greater than its predecessor . There are three microphones ( placed on the front , side and back ) for noise cancellation and video calls . On April 28 , 2014 , Apple initiated an out of warranty recall program to replace any failing power buttons of iPhone 5 models which were manufactured prior to March 2013 at no cost . On August 23 , 2014 , Apple announced a program to replace batteries of iPhone 5 models that " may suddenly experience shorter battery life or need to be charged more frequently " which were sold between September 2012 and January 2013 . = = = Accessories = = = The iPhone 5 , as well as the iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , iPod Nano ( 7th generation ) , iPad ( 4th generation ) , and iPad Mini feature a new dock connector named Lightning , which replaces the 30 @-@ pin Apple Dock connector introduced in 2003 by Apple on the iPod ( 3rd generation ) . The Apple Lightning connector has eight pins and all signaling is digital . This new connector is smaller than the previous one , helping the iPhone 5 to be slimmer than its predecessors . Apple Lightning cables have duplicate pins on two sides of each plug , so it can be inserted either way round . Various accessories will be available to convert the Apple Lightning connector to the older 30 @-@ pin Apple Dock connector or USB , although not all old accessories will work , as not all signals are available , in particular video output and the iPod Out feature for BMW automobiles . Earphones known as Apple EarPods are included with the iPhone 5 and other devices announced at the Apple media event on September 12 , 2012 . They superseded earphones that were included with previous generation iPhones and iPods . According to technology commentators , the redesign of the earphones is aimed to improve sound quality by allowing air to travel in and out more freely . Apple states that the redesign of their earphones allows it to " rival high @-@ end headphones that cost hundreds of dollars more " . Reviews by Gizmodo and TechRadar reported that although the redesigned earphones sounded better than its predecessor , reviewers felt that quality of sound produced is poor . = = = Network compatibility = = = AT & T , Verizon , and Sprint offer LTE access in the US , while in the UK , only EE and Three are able to offer LTE access . On March 26 , 2013 , T @-@ Mobile announced they would begin carrying the iPhone 5 , making it the first iPhone to be available on all four nationwide carriers in the United States . The T @-@ Mobile version of the iPhone features a modified version of the A1428 iPhone 5 model enabling Advanced Wireless Services ( AWS ) support . All carriers in Canada selling the iPhone 5 have their own LTE networks , including Rogers Wireless , Fido Solutions , Bell Mobility , Virgin Mobile Canada , Telus Mobility and Koodo Mobile . 42 officially recognized bands exist for LTE , however rollouts are coalescing around the more @-@ popular bands , based on what historically has been made available in specific regions . In Europe , bands available for LTE include , 2 @.@ 6 GHz ( the 3G @-@ expansion band ) and 800 MHz ( cleared of analogue TV ) , with 1 @,@ 800 MHz appearing in a few places including the UK . In Germany , the only carrier network supported is that of T @-@ Mobile with its 1 @,@ 800 MHz band allocated to LTE . Some countries in Europe , including Denmark , Norway , Sweden , and others — will not be able to offer LTE connectivity via the iPhone 5 to their customers on their current LTE networks , as they have already deployed LTE in the 2 @.@ 6 GHz band , which the iPhone 5 does not support . In November 2012 , a representative of Swisscom reported that the iPhone 5 only supports LTE on networks that have been tested and certified by Apple . Unlike the iPhone 4S , which was the only " world phone " produced by Apple , there are three versions of the iPhone 5 , which differ by the frequency used . All three work on 2G GSM / GPRS and 3G UMTS / EDGE networks on both the 800 and 1900 MHz bands used in the Americas , and the 900 and 1800 MHz bands used elsewhere . The CDMA A1429 model works on CDMA networks , such as that of Sprint and Verizon . Another version supports LTE only on the 1700 / 2100 MHz AWS band , and the 700 MHz band recovered after the conversion to digital television in the US ( channels 52 to 56 ) , currently the only network that supports the band is AT & T. GSM A1429 supports several other LTE bands available in other countries , such as LTE bands 1 , 3 , 5 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = The iPhone 5 received mainly positive reviews from commentators and reviewers . Tim Stevens from Engadget praised the iPhone 5 for its high resolution screen surpassing that of the iPhone 4S , which he considered to be one of the best phone screens available on the market . Stevens was critical of the new connector , which is incompatible with devices and cables that use the superseded 30 @-@ pin connector , although the LA Times reported that this was a change necessary to make the device smaller than its predecessor . Engadget agreed that Apple fulfilled most of the promises stated on its website , such as " better battery performance " , " two times the graphics performance " and " two times faster . " David Pogue of The New York Times considered the 4 @-@ inch Retina display a " nice but not life @-@ changing change " , and praised the Lightning connector for its size , sturdiness , and reversibility , while noting its lack of support for older accessories , remarking that " Apple has a long history of killing off technologies , inconveniently and expensively , that the public had come to love " . Technology columnist Ed Baig of USA Today was impressed that Apple had met the public 's " lofty expectations " for the iPhone 5 in a competitive market . In a repair @-@ ability review , iFixit found the iPhone 5 easier to disassemble and repair than its predecessor . Wired reported that the iPhone 5 design , carried on in the iPhone 5S and iPhone SE , was regarded as " long been the golden child of Apple phone design and a benchmark for phones in general " , while the succeeding iPhone 6 / 6S design was less critically acclaimed as it " felt a little bit wrong , as though you were holding a slick $ 650 bar of soap " . Wired described the iPhone 5 as " elegance rooted in the way the aluminum and glass work together . It felt streamlined , yet substantial , which is different from the iPhone 6 , which feels substantial in size alone . Plus , unlike the ubiquitous rounded corners of the 6 , the iPhone 5 didn ’ t really look like anything else on the market at the time " . However , the iPhone 5 's design was not suited to scaling up , in contrast to the iPhone 6 / 6S which could better accommodate the growing consumer trend towards larger screen sizes and indeed spawned the 6 / 6S Plus phablet models . = = = = Criticism = = = = Reviewers and commentators were critical of the new Maps app that replaced Google Maps in iOS 6 . It had been reported to contain errors such as misplacement of landmark tags , directing users to incorrect locations and poor satellite images . Nine days after Maps ' release , Apple issued a statement apologizing for the frustration it had caused customers and recommending that they try alternate mapping services . = = = = Errors = = = = Gizmodo editor Diaz discussed the correspondence between Apple and a reader about purple flare in pictures taken on iPhone 5 camera . Apple 's response to the issue was that it is normal and advised the customer to aim the camera away from bright light sources when taking photos . Tests conducted by TechCrunch indicate that the problem existed on the iPhone 4S but was more distinct and pronounced on the iPhone 5 . Consumer Reports found that the purple haze effect occurred on several other manufacturers ' phones including the Samsung Galaxy S III and Motorola Droid Razr Maxx , and that it was not less pronounced on the iPhone 4S . The report concluded that digital cameras in general , including higher @-@ end SLRs , can all suffer from lens flare in which a purple @-@ tinted effect was not uncommon . = = = = Problems = = = = There were anecdotal claims of the iPhone 5 's coating chipping off , exposing the bright aluminium underneath . Apple executive 's response to email correspondence from an affected customer summarized that it was normal for aluminum to scratch . The term " scuffgate " , a reference to " antennagate " which affected the iPhone 4 , was applied by various sources such as CNET , Yahoo News , and All Things Digital to describe the scuffing issue . Some users reported on the Internet that the white model leaked light behind the screen , though the issue was not unique to the iPhone 5 , as it also affected other Apple devices . = = = Commercial reception = = = Techcrunch reported that the iPhone 5 sold out twenty times faster than the 4 and 4S models . Apple said that they were " blown away by the customer response " . Phil Schiller , Apple 's vice @-@ president of worldwide marketing , said that over two million iPhone 5 orders had been received in the first 24 hours . AT & T said that the iPhone 5 was the fastest @-@ selling iPhone the company had ever offered , selling over five million units on launch weekend and exceeding the supply available . The release and sale of the iPhone 5 has also slowed down the growth of Android according to market share reports released by Kantar Worldpanel ComTech . During the first 16 days after the phone 's initial release it comprised over 20 % of all phones sold in that period . J.P. Morgan 's chief economist , Michael Feroli said that " sales of iPhone 5 could boost annualized US GDP growth by $ 3 @.@ 2 billion , or $ 12 @.@ 8 billion at an annual rate . " Shortly after the announcement of the iPhone 5 and preceding the launch , Apple 's stock price rose to a record $ 705 @.@ 07 , but within three months fell to $ 507 @.@ 48 . According to the analysis of Eric Savitz , Apple 's stock decline and resulting losses were not the result of any issue with the new Maps application , but disappointed investors . He points to initial hardware sales of only five million , compared to projections up to twice that , as the primary cause . Since the release of the iPhone 5 , discounts on previous generation iPhones have enabled Apple to maintain a market lead in the United States and Japan , but the iPhone continued to lag behind the combined total of Android phones in the global market . = = Timeline of models = =
= Hammersley Fork = Hammersley Fork ( also known as Hammersley Fork Creek ) is a tributary of Kettle Creek in Potter County and Clinton County , Pennsylvania , in the United States . It is approximately 10 @.@ 0 miles ( 16 @.@ 1 km ) long and flows through Warton Township in Potter County and Leidy Township in Clinton County . The watershed of the stream has an area of 32 @.@ 7 square miles ( 85 km2 ) . The main rock formation in the watershed is the Pottsville Formation . A number of bridges cross the stream . There are no state roads and virtually no township roads in the watershed of Hammersley Fork . However , there are dirt roads and gravel roads , and several stream crossings in the watershed . The first settlers arrived in the watershed in 1827 and the first roads in the area were constructed several years later . Industrial activities such as logging were common in the watershed in the early 20th century , but there is currently virtually no such activity there . Wild trout naturally reproduce in the stream throughout its entire length . Most of the creek has a substantial riparian buffer . = = Course = = Hammersley Fork begins in central Eulalia Township , Potter County , near the Sinnemahoning Creek watershed . It flows southeast to Elk Lick Knob , where it receives the tributary Black Mark Hollow . The stream then turns south and flows into a valley , passing Bunnell Ridge . The valley gets deeper and the stream receives several small tributaries . It turns southwest shortly downstream of the mouth of Elkhorn Run . In the southern reaches of the township , the stream receives the tributary Bell Branch and turns south @-@ southeast , exiting Eulalia Township . Upon leaving Eulalia Township , Potter County , Hammersley Fork enters Leidy Township , Clinton County and continues south , passing by Susquehannock State Forest . The stream continues south for some distance and crosses Pennsylvania Route 144 . Immediately after crossing Pennsylvania Route 144 , the stream reaches its confluence with Kettle Creek . Hammersley Fork joins Kettle Creek 19 @.@ 90 miles ( 32 @.@ 03 km ) upstream of its mouth . = = Hydrology = = The concentration of alkalinity in Hammersley Fork ranges from 0 @.@ 011 to 0 @.@ 015 ounces per cubic foot ( 11 to 15 mg / l ) . Particles in the stream include coarse sand and fine gravel . The stream experiences relatively high water temperatures and in July 2003 , its temperature between Dry Hollow and Bunnell Run ranges from 68 to 72 ° F ( 20 to 22 ° C ) . Between Dry Hollow and Nelson Branch , the temperature ranged from 70 to 73 ° F ( 21 to 23 ° C ) . The sediment load in Hammersley Fork is 0 @.@ 27 pounds per acre ( 0 @.@ 30 kg / ha ) per year . The nitrogen load is 1 @.@ 55 pounds per acre ( 1 @.@ 74 kg / ha ) per year , while the phosphorus load is less than half a pound per acre per year . Between the mouth of Dry Hollow and the mouth of Bunnell Run , the waters of Hammersley Fork are a Rosgen type F and a Rosgen type C stream . The upper part of the stretch of the stream between Dry Hollow and Nelson Branch is a Rosgen type C stream . The middle part of the stretch is a Rosgen type B stream and the lower part is a Rosgen type F to D stream . = = Geography and geology = = The elevation near the mouth of Hammersley Fork is 968 feet ( 295 m ) above sea level . The elevation of the stream 's source is between 1 @,@ 800 and 1 @,@ 820 feet ( 549 and 555 m ) above sea level . The Pottsville Formation is the main rock formation in the watershed of Hammersley Fork . The highlands northwest of the Hammersley Fork watershed range from 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) to 2 @,@ 200 feet ( 670 m ) and the highest elevation in the watershed is 2 @,@ 365 feet ( 721 m ) above sea level . The elevation range in the watershed is 1 @,@ 374 feet ( 419 m ) . At its mouth , the stream is 54 feet ( 16 @.@ 5 m ) wide . The average basin slope is 16 @.@ 24 degrees . There are numerous gravel bars in the lower reaches of the stream . This width is maintained because deposition in the area is often removed . There is also a headcut in the lower reaches of the stream . At the headcut , it splits three ways for 69 feet ( 21 m ) . A spot on Hammersley Fork near its mouth is the only location in the Kettle Creek watershed that has been channelized . Hammersley Fork flows over bedrock or large cobbles for much of the stretch between Dry Hollow and Nelson Branch . From the mouth of Nelson Branch to 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) downstream , the stream mostly flows in the central part of its valley . The tributary Nelson Branch has a patch of erosion that is 26 feet ( 8 m ) high and 59 feet ( 18 m ) long . There is a floodplain at the mouth of Hammersley Fork . Two bridges cross Hammersley Fork near its mouth . One carries Pennsylvania Route 144 and the other carries Hammersley Avenue . = = Watershed = = The watershed of Hammersley Fork has an area of 32 @.@ 7 square miles ( 85 km2 ) , making it the second @-@ largest sub @-@ watershed of Kettle Creek after Cross Fork . There are 57 @.@ 42 miles ( 92 @.@ 41 km ) of streams in the watershed . The mouth of the stream is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Tamarack . However , its source is in the quadrangle of Short Run . The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Hammersley Fork . A number of camps and residences are on the left bank of Hammersley Fork 0 @.@ 2 miles ( 0 @.@ 32 km ) upstream of the mouth . There are a number of dirt roads and gravel roads on the edge of the upper reaches of the stream 's watershed . However , there are no state routes and almost no township roads in the watershed . However , much of the upper part of the watershed can only be accessed on foot . There are five road crossings of the stream and its tributaries . There is some agricultural land along the stream . = = History and recreation = = Hammersley Fork was entefred into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2 , 1979 and its identifier is 1199877 . It is named after J. P. Hammersley . Jacob " Old Jake " Hammersley and Archie Stewart settled at the mouth of Hammersley Fork in 1827 , with Hammersley settling on the east bank of the stream and Stewart settling on the west bank . They were the first settlers to come that far upstream in the Kettle Creek watershed . Additionally , the two constructed a gristmill on the west bank of the stream . There were no roads in the watershed by 1833 . Later in the 1800s , Nathan Tuttle operated a gang mill on the stream . A settlement , also called Hammersley Fork , was created on the stream by 1852 . In 1902 , John Gartsee started a village called Hammersley in the middle reaches of Hammersley Fork . Its intended purpose was as a supply point for logging camps in the area . By 1902 to 1910 , there was a network of railroads in the watershed . Logging was a large industry in the watershed of Hammersley Fork in the early 1900s , but there have been almost no industrial activities in the area since then . An old railroad grade is located on Hammersley Fork . Fish have been stocked in the stream since the 1930s or 1940s . A two @-@ span steel stringer / multi @-@ beam or girder bridge carrying T545 over Hammersley Fork was built in 1933 and repaired in 2010 . The bridge is 64 @.@ 0 feet ( 19 @.@ 5 m ) long . A two @-@ span bridge was built over the stream in 1962 and repaired in 2011 . This bridge is 107 @.@ 0 feet ( 32 @.@ 6 m ) long and carries Pennsylvania Route 144 . The Cherry Springs Civilian Conservation Corps camp was built near the headwaters of Hammersley Fork in 1933 . The Hammersley Trail , which is part of the Susquehannock Trail System , passes by the mouth of Hammersley Fork . = = Biology = = Wild trout naturally reproduce in Hammersley Fork from its headwaters downstream to its mouth . Great blue herons have been observed at the headwaters of Hammersley Fork , despite the fact that they are more commonly found in large river valleys . Little yellow stoneflies also inhabit it . Brown trout first appeared in the stream in the 1920s after being stocked in Cross Fork and in the 1940s the brown trout populations significantly increased . The Forrest H. Duttlinger Natural Area is located on Hammersley Fork . Most of the stream flows through this natural area . It is a 1521 @-@ acre area that includes a 158 @-@ acre area of old @-@ growth hemlock trees . The Hammersley Wild Area is also located in the watershed . The stream 's watershed is a Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory Biological Diversity Area . The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection also classifies the watershed as an exceptional @-@ value area . From the mouth of Hammersley Fork to 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) upstream of the mouth , the canopy cover ranges from 0 to 50 percent . Much of the creek , however , has a significant riparian buffer . The canopy coverage of the section of Hammersley Fork between Dry Hollow and Bunnell Run is 62 percent on average . However , the lower part of this section has 86 percent canopy coverage . The upper part of the stretch of the stream between Nelson Branch and Dry Hollow has a canopy coverage of 93 percent . The middle part of this section has a coverage of 58 percent and the lowest part has a canopy coverage of 89 percent . The tree coverage at the confluence of Nelson Branch with Hammersley Fork is 70 percent . The canopy coverage up to 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) downstream of the confluence averages 40 percent . Tree species in this stretch include hemlock , red maple , river birch , sycamore , and willow .
= Ryan Ellis = Ryan Ellis ( born January 3 , 1991 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . After his second season in the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) , Ellis was selected 11th overall by the Predators in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . During his junior career , he was key in guiding the Windsor Spitfires to back @-@ to @-@ back Memorial Cups as Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) champions in 2009 and 2010 . Individually , he was named to the CHL and OHL All @-@ Rookie Teams in 2008 , the First OHL All @-@ Star Team in 2009 and 2011 and the Second OHL All @-@ Star Team in 2010 . He was awarded the OHL 's Bobby Smith Trophy as the League 's scholastic player of the year in 2008 , the Max Kaminsky Trophy as the top defenceman in 2009 and 2011 and the Red Tilson Trophy as the most outstanding player in 2011 . On a national basis , he was named CHL Defenceman and Player of the Year in 2011 . Serving as the Spitfires ' team captain in 2010 – 11 , he became the franchise 's all @-@ time leading point @-@ scorer among defencemen . Ellis began his international career with Canada by winning three gold medals in 2008 at the World U17 Hockey Challenge , IIHF World U18 Championship and Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament . At the under @-@ 20 level , Ellis has made three appearances at the World Junior Championships , winning gold in 2009 and silver in 2010 and 2011 . He is the tournament 's all @-@ time leading scorer among defencemen and Canada 's all @-@ time assists leader . He also won gold with Team Canada at the 2016 world championships . = = Playing career = = = = = Minor = = = Ellis played minor hockey throughout Ontario , beginning with a club from Belmont , Ontario , at age four . Playing for teams from Missisauga , he won a silver and gold medals at the peewee and bantam provincials , respectively . Joining the Cambridge Hawks at the midget level , he won an Ontario Alliance championship with the club in 2007 . = = = Junior = = = Ellis was selected in the second round , 22nd overall , by the Windsor Spitfires in the 2007 Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) Draft . Establishing himself as a top defencemen in the League during his rookie campaign , he scored 15 goals and 63 points over 63 games . His points total and + 30 plus @-@ minus rating led all OHL rookie defencemen . In the 2008 playoffs , Ellis added five points in five games as the Spitfires were eliminated by the Sarnia Sting . He was named to the Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) and OHL All @-@ Rookie Teams , along with Spitfires teammate Taylor Hall . Ellis was further recognized for his academic performance , maintaining an 81 percent average in university preparation courses at St. Anne Catholic High School in Belle River , earning him the League 's Bobby Smith Trophy as scholastic player of the year . He received the award over fellow nominee Steven Stamkos of the Sting , who had won it the previous year . Ellis was named OHL Defenceman of the Month for October 2008 the following season . He earned the distinction twice more over the course of the campaign in February and March 2009 . On November 3 , he was chosen as OHL Player of the Week , having scored seven points in the previous two games . Ellis his second such distinction on April 20 , 2009 , registering two goals and five assists in three games . During the season , he represented the OHL in the 2008 ADT Canada @-@ Russia Challenge . He also competed for the Western Conference at the 2009 OHL All @-@ Star Classic iand participated in the 2009 CHL Top Prospects Game . Improving to 22 goals , 67 assists and 89 points in 57 games in 2008 – 09 , Ellis led all OHL defencemen and finished second in team scoring to Taylor Hall . He ranked first in the League in assists , seventh in points and second in plus @-@ minus rating ( + 52 ) . As a result , Ellis was named to the OHL First All @-@ Star Team and awarded the Max Kaminsky Trophy , beating fellow nominees P. K. Subban and Cameron Gaunce as the League 's top defenceman . The distinction made him a finalist for CHL Defenceman of the Year , but he lost to Jonathon Blum of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) ' s Vancouver Giants . Ellis was additionally voted the smartest player , hardest shot and best offensive defenceman in the Western Conference in an annual poll of OHL coaches . Ellis later cited the smartest player selection as his most rewarding recognition to that date . Windsor entered the 2009 OHL playoffs as the top @-@ ranked team in the West . Ellis added 31 points in 20 games , tying for third in post @-@ season scoring while helping the Spitfires to a J. Ross Robertson Cup as OHL champions . Earning a berth in the 2009 Memorial Cup , the Spitfires went on to win the national major junior championship over the Kelowna Rockets . Ellis recorded four points in six games to be named to the Tournament All @-@ Star Team . Going into the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , he was listed by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau as the 16th best prospect ( fifth among defencemen ) in North America . He was selected in the first round , 11th overall , by the Nashville Predators . Standing at 5 feet and 9 inches ( 1 @.@ 75 metres ) , he was considered small for a defenceman . Addressing this supposed weakness , Hall of Fame defenceman Bobby Orr said of him , " he 's not very big , but you 'll see ... he 's a heck of a hockey player . " Ellis has publicly discredited any size concerns , alluding to his ability to play physically in spite of it . He has been compared to Detroit Red Wings defenceman Brian Rafalski for his success as a small , offensive defenceman . Ellis subsequently attended his first NHL training camp with Nashville in September 2009 , but was returned to Windsor after suffering a wrist injury . As a result , he missed ten games with the Spitfires , making his season debut in early @-@ November . Struggling offensively upon recovering , he focused on improving his defensive and physical play . Finishing the season with 61 points over 48 games in 2009 – 10 , he ranked fourth among League defencemen in point @-@ scoring and was named to the OHL Second All @-@ Star Team . Windsor defended both their OHL and Memorial Cup championships in the ensuing post @-@ season . Ellis scored 33 points over 19 games in the OHL playoffs , tying with Jeff Skinner for second in OHL scoring , behind Taylor Hall . Windsor beat the Barrie Colts in the OHL Finals before defeating the Brandon Wheat Kings 9 – 1 in the Memorial Cup Final . Ellis recorded three assists in the national championship game . Attending his second Predators training camp , he was again returned to junior for the 2010 – 11 season . Upon his return to Windsor , he was named team captain . After recording five goals and 17 points in November 2010 , he was named OHL Defenceman of the Month . During the month , he surpassed Joel Quenneville as the Spitfires ' all @-@ time leading scorer among defencemen . He scored the game @-@ winning goal in overtime against the London Knights on November 10 for his record @-@ setting 230th career point with Windsor . Ellis was honoured in a pre @-@ game ceremony on November 26 for the feat ; the game that night against the Oshawa Generals was billed as " Ryan Ellis Night . " Also in November , Ellis served as captain for Team OHL in the 2010 Subway Super Series against Russia . Several months later , he recorded his 300th career OHL point on February 25 , 2011 . Registering three assists in a 4 – 2 win against the Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds , he became the third defenceman in OHL history to reach the mark , following Denis Potvin ( 330 points , 1968 – 73 ) and Rick Corriveau ( 329 points , 1987 – 92 ) . He completed the season with 313 points all @-@ time . His single @-@ season total of 100 points ( 24 goals and 76 assists ) established a career @-@ high while leading all OHL defencemen by a 21 @-@ point margin . It was the first time in over 17 years that an OHL defenceman scored 100 points in a season . Among all OHL skaters , he ranked fifth overall . After winning his second Max Kaminsky Trophy and first Red Tilson Trophy as the OHL 's most outstanding defenceman and player , respectively , he was further distinguished as CHL Defenceman and Player of the Year . Ellis beat out Simon Després and Stefan Elliott for the former recognition , while being voted over Sean Couturier and Darcy Kuemper for the latter . It was the first time a player won both awards since Bryan Fogarty did so 22 years prior . = = = Professional = = = On January 7 , 2012 , Ellis scored his first NHL goal with the Predators in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes on goaltender Justin Peters . = = International play = = Ellis made his debut with Hockey Canada at the 2008 World U17 Hockey Challenge , representing Ontario , the tournament 's host province . He scored his first international goal against Team Pacific on December 29 , 2007 , a game in which he was also chosen as Ontario 's best player . Team Ontario won eight straight games as they won the tournament . With nine points in eight games , Ellis was the tournament 's leading defenceman and was named to the All @-@ Star Team , along with Ontario teammate Matt Duchene . Later that year , Ellis was named to Canada 's team for the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships in Russia . Leading his team in shots on goal , he helped Canada to a gold medal , defeating Russia 8 – 0 in the final . He recorded a goal and an assist in the championship victory . Finishing with three goals and seven points , he was the tournament 's leading defenceman . Four months later , he re @-@ joined the national under @-@ 18 team for the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament , held in Slovakia and the Czech Republic . Ellis led all team defencemen in scoring with five points ( a goal and four assists ) , helping Canada go undefeated in four games . They defeated Russia 6 – 3 in the final to capture the gold medal . Moving on to the Canada 's under @-@ 20 team , he made his first of three World Junior Championship appearances in 2009 . Named to the team at 17 years old , he was one of three draft @-@ eligible players on the club with John Tavares and Evander Kane . Head Coach Pat Quinn had coached Ellis previously at the World U18 Championships . He selected Ellis to the team as the eighth defencemen , instead of choosing a traditional 13th forward , because of his abilities on the power play . In the semifinal against Russia , Ellis was instrumental in tying the game with five seconds remaining in regulation . Twice , he preventing the puck from being cleared out of the offensive zone , which allowed a play to develop that resulted in Jordan Eberle 's game @-@ tying goal . Canada beat Russia in a shootout before defeating Sweden in the final to win gold . Ellis scored seven points over six games to finish fourth among tournament defencemen in scoring . It also set a Canadian record for most points by a 17 @-@ year @-@ old defenceman . The following year , Ellis returned for the 2010 World Junior Championships in Saskatchewan . Canada went undefeated in the tournament until the gold medal game , where they lost to the United States in overtime . The defeat ended Canada 's five @-@ year gold medal streak at the World Juniors and marked the first time Ellis competed in an international competition without winning gold . He finished with eight points over six games , ranking second among tournament defencemen behind teammate Alex Pietrangelo . As a two @-@ time veteran of Canada 's junior team , Ellis opted not to attend their annual summer evaluation camp . In December 2010 , he was named to the squad as one of four returning players for the 2011 World Junior Championships , held in Buffalo , New York . Ellis became the seventh player in Canadian history to play three times in the tournament . He was later chosen as team captain . Ellis began the tournament tied with Pietrangelo as the country 's all @-@ time top @-@ scoring defenceman at the World Juniors . By scoring a goal in the opening game against Russia , a 6 – 3 win for Canada , he broke the tie to take the all @-@ time scoring lead among Canadian defencemen . Later in the tournament , Ellis recorded three assists in a game against Norway , making him the World Juniors ' all @-@ time leading scorer among defencemen , passing Finnish defenceman Reijo Ruotsalainen 's mark of 21 points . In the quarterfinal , he assisted on a goal against Switzerland to break Eric Lindros 's 19 @-@ assist record as Canada 's all @-@ time leader at the tournament . Playing Russia in the gold medal game , Ellis scored the opening goal in a 5 – 3 losing effort , earning silver for the second consecutive year . Finishing the tournament with three goals and ten points to lead all blueliners , he earned Best Defenceman and All @-@ Star Team honours . He was additionally voted by tournament coaches as one of Canada 's best three players . With 25 points over three years at the tournament , he tied Jordan Eberle as Canada 's second @-@ best scorer of all @-@ time , behind Lindros ' 31 points . Ellis was a late addition to Team Canada at the 2016 world championships , joining the team in mid @-@ tournament after Nashville was knocked out of the NHL playoffs ; the team went on to win the gold medal . = = Playing style = = Ellis is an offensive defenceman . A fast skater and skilled stickhandler , he is capable of manoeuvring the puck up the ice from the defensive zone . Known as a power play specialist , he often " quarterbacks " from the blueline — controlling puck distribution between teammates in the offensive zone — and possesses a hard and accurate shot . He is also a physical player , though he is undersized as a defenceman at 5 feet and 9 inches ( 1 @.@ 75 metres ) . He is able to compensate for his lack of overpowering strength with good defensive positioning and active stick @-@ checking . = = Personal life = = Ellis was born in Freelton , Ontario , to parents Jim and Mary Lou . He has one sister , Erica . He went to Tall Pines School . Moving away from home for his junior career , he attended St. Anne High School . In February 2010 , Ellis was selected as his hometown Hamilton / Burlington area 's 2009 Golden Horseshoe Athlete of the Year , beating out college quarterback Danny Brannagan and marathon runner Reid Coolsaet . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards and honours = = = = = Junior = = = = = = International = = = = = Records = = Windsor Spitfires ' all @-@ time leading point @-@ scorer , defencemen ( surpassed Joel Quenneville , 229 points ) ; World Junior Championships ' all @-@ time leading point @-@ scorer , defencemen – 25 ( surpassed Reijo Ruotsalainen , 21 points ) ; Canadian national junior team 's all @-@ time leading assist @-@ scorer – 20 ( surpassed Eric Lindros , 19 assists ) .
= Psilocybe makarorae = Psilocybe makarorae is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae . Officially described as new to science in 1995 , it is known only from New Zealand , where it grows on rotting wood and twigs of southern beeches . The fruit body ( mushroom ) has a brownish cap with lighter coloured margins , measuring up to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) wide . The cap shape is either conical , bell @-@ shaped , or flat depending on the age of the mushroom , and it features a prominent umbo . Although the whitish stem does not form a true ring , it retains remnants of the partial veil that covers and protects the gills of young fruit bodies . P. makarorae mushrooms can be distinguished from the similar North American species Psilocybe caerulipes by microscopic characteristics such as the presence of cystidia on the gill faces ( pleurocystidia ) , and cheilocystidia ( found on the gill edges ) with more elongated necks . Based on the bluing reaction to injury , P. makarorae is presumed to contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first mentioned in the literature in 1981 , when Pierre Margot and Roy Watling described a specimen collected in 1969 by Grace Marie Taylor near the Franz Josef Glacier as an unnamed Psilocybe with affinities to the North American species Psilocybe caerulipes . It was officially described as new to science in 1995 by mycologists Peter R. Johnston and Peter K. Buchanan . In his 1996 book Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World , Paul Stamets noted that the two authors are known to work with law @-@ enforcement officials to assist in prosecuting those who illegally collect psychoactive mushrooms . The type material was collected in 1990 , near the Haast Pass crossing the Makarora River . The specific epithet makarorae refers to the type locality . P. makarorae is classified in Gastón Guzmán 's section Mexicanae owing to the spore shape and bluing reaction upon injury . It is distinguished from other species in this section by the size of the caps , the presence of pleurocystidia , and the short @-@ necked cheilocystidia . = = Description = = The cap is initially conical to bell shaped , but as the mushroom grows , it expands to become convex with a prominent umbo , and attains a diameter of 15 – 55 mm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 2 in ) . The cap surface is dry to slightly tacky . Its colour is yellow @-@ brown to orange @-@ brown , often paler towards the margin , which has fine striations corresponding to the gills on the underside . The flesh is white . Gills have an adnexed attachment to the stem , and are pale greyish @-@ brown . The whitish stem is 30 – 60 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) long by 2 – 4 mm wide . It is cylindrical , with a surface of pressed silky fibrils . The base of the stem is often brownish , with white rhizoids present . The veil of young fruit bodies is cortinate — resembling the cobweb @-@ like partial veil found in Cortinarius species . As the mushroom grows , its remnants often remain visible on the stem , but it never forms a complete ring . Both the cap and the stem stain greenish @-@ blue when damaged . The spore print is dark purplish @-@ brown . Spores typically measure 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 5 by 5 @.@ 5 – 6 @.@ 5 by 4 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 5 μm , averaging 8 @.@ 7 by 6 @.@ 0 by 5 @.@ 3 μm . Its shape in face view is ovate ( egg @-@ shaped ) to roughly rhomboid , while viewed from the side it appears elliptical . The spore wall is brown , smooth , about 0 @.@ 8 – 1 μm thick , and has a germ pore . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored and somewhat club @-@ shaped , tapering slightly to the base ; they are clamped , and measure 25 – 31 by 7 – 8 @.@ 5 μm . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) have dimensions of 18 – 26 by 6 – 9 μm , and a shape ranging from ventricose @-@ rostrate ( broad in the middle and tapering to a beaklike neck ) to mucronate ( ending abruptly in a short sharp point ) . They are hyaline ( translucent ) , thin @-@ walled , and clamped , with necks that are 3 – 5 μm long . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are similar in shape to cheilocystidia , but narrower ( 4 – 8 μm wide ) , and usually have a shorter neck measuring 2 @.@ 5 – 4 μm . The cap cuticle is a cutis ( characterised by hyphae that run parallel to the cap surface ) of long @-@ celled , 2 – 3 μm diameter , gelatinised hyphae . The hypodermium ( the tissue layer under the cap cuticle ) is filamentous , comprising 4 – 6 μm diameter cells with pale brown walls . Clamps are common . The subhymenium ( the tissue layer under the hymenium ) is poorly developed , containing 2 – 4 μm diameter cells with pale brown walls . The tissue comprising the hymenophore is made of short cylindric , 3 – 6 μm diameter hyaline cells . P. makarorae contains the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin . Although the potency is not known definitely , Stamets suggests that , based on the degree of the bluing reaction , they are " probably moderately potent " . = = = Similar species = = = Psilocybe makarorae closely resembles the North American species P. caerulipes , but the former can be distinguished microscopically from the latter by the presence of pleurocystidia , and cheilocystidia with longer necks . There are several other psychoactive species of Psilocybe found in New Zealand : P. aucklandii , P. cubensis , P. semilanceata , P. subaeruginosa , P. subcubensis , and P. tasmaniana . P. subaeruginosa is distinguished from P. makarorae by having chocolate brown pleurocystidia . Closely related to P. subaeruginosa is the poorly known P. tasmaniana ; some have considered the two species synonymous . It has been reported growing on dung and dung @-@ enriched woody debris in open areas of Eucalyptus forests . P. cubensis is a common , dung @-@ loving species that can be readily recognized by its larger size ( cap diameter up to 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) ) , golden color , and well @-@ formed membranous ring ; P. subcubensis is nearly identical , differing only in microscopic characteristics . Known only from the Auckland region , P. auklandii fruits in soil rich in woody debris near Leptospermum and Dacrydium , and in Monterey Pine ( Pinus radiata ) plantations . P. semilanceata , one of the most common Psilocybe mushrooms , is only found in high @-@ altitude grasslands on the South Island . = = Habitat and distribution = = Psilocybe makarorae is known only from New Zealand . The reported collection locations have been on both the North and South Islands , including the Bay of Plenty , Westland District , Central Otago , and Dunedin , although Stamets suggests that it is more widely distributed . Like all Psilocybe species , it is saprobic , and feeds on decomposing organic matter . Fruit bodies grow scattered or in groups on the fallen , rotting wood of southern beeches ( genus Nothofagus ) , and are often encountered near lakes and picnic grounds .
= A Polish Nobleman = A Polish Nobleman is a 1637 painting by Rembrandt depicting a man in a costume of either Polish szlachta or boyar nobility . The identity of the subject of the painting is unclear , and has given rise to several different interpretations . The view that the figure 's dress is clearly Polish is not universally held and it may have been a self @-@ portrait . The painting has changed owners several times , and its past owners have included Catherine II the Great and Andrew Mellon . It is currently located at the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. = = Description = = The portrait represents a man , estimated by some to be 45 years of age , standing turned to the viewer 's right , looking at the viewer with a commanding expression . In his uplifted right hand he holds a baton with a golden cap . He has a thick moustache and wears a high fur cap on which there is a golden chain with precious stones and a coat of arms in the center . From his ear a large pear @-@ shaped pearl hangs from a golden pendant earring . He wears a reddish brown mantle with a broad fur collar and , over it , a heavy gold chain from which the order of three horse tails , set in rich pendants , hangs on his right shoulder . A full light from the left falls on the right side of his face . The background is brownish @-@ grey . = = History and provenance = = The painting was created by Rembrandt in 1637 . It was not given an official title . The current one is the most recent , widely accepted one . Prior and alternate names include Portrait of a Slav Prince , Portrait d 'un Turc , and Man in Russian Costume . Its authenticity was supported by an analysis of the panel 's wood , which showed that it was cut from a tree felled around 1635 that was also used in the painter 's River Landscape with Ruins ( 1650 ) . The painting underwent restoration in 1985 and has been X @-@ rayed . The painting 's first owner or owners are not clear , but it might have been owned by a certain Harman van Swole . It was purchased in 1768 by Catherine II the Great and held in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg . It was purchased by Andrew Mellon in 1931 , and given by the Mellon Trust to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. in 1937 . The painting was one of a number of artworks that Mellon had purchased from the Hermitage during the 1930s . He denied having made these purchases for several years , since the US was in a major depression — which would have made the acquisitions seem extravagant — and at odds with the Soviet government . The works were kept for some time in a non @-@ public section of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. = = Analysis = = This work was labeled by some art critics as a tronie , a painting with an exaggerated facial expression or a stock character in costume . For instance , Melissa Percival notes that in this particular painting the viewer may notice an extravagant fur cape , lopsided hat , tufted mustache , and similar paraphernalia , all giving " an impression that the painting should not be taken too seriously " . Scholars have attempted for more than a century to understand who is portrayed in this painting . Earlier proposals that the subject was John III Sobieski ( who would have been eight years old in 1637 ) or Stephen Bathory ( who died in 1586 ) have been discredited . According to Otakar Odložilík , while the man in the painting is clearly wearing Polish garb , it is neither certain who he is , nor whether he is a Pole . Odložilík 's research on this issue suggested that the painting may be that of Andrzej Rej , a Polish noble and diplomat of that era who passed through Amsterdam , the Netherlands , where Rembrandt was working , at the time the painting was created . Nonetheless , without any documents from that era clearly acknowledging that fact , as Odložilík noted , it may never be known for certain who the subject really is . Odložilík concluded ( writing in 1963 ) that most scholars are in consensus that Rembrandt portrayed a real Polish noble . He cited research by Kurt Bauch who has suggested that it may be Rembrandt 's brother Adriaen who modeled for him , but judged it as unlikely . Other views have emerged since the publication of his article . In 1979 the art historian Kenneth Clark opined that it was a self @-@ portrait , idealized and " got up in fancy dress . " Walter Liedtke of the Metropolitan Museum of Art writing in 2001 identifies the hat as Russian and Marieke de Winkel in 2006 asserted that " ... the man cannot be identified as a Pole but as a Muscovite boyar . " The National Gallery website states that it is " probably not a portrait of a specific individual " , but notes a strong resemblance to Rembrandt himself and suggests in turn that it may be a self @-@ portrait . One objection to its classification as a self @-@ portrait , that the subject 's jowls were too pronounced , was addressed by an X @-@ ray analysis showing that Rembrandt modified the painting during the course of its creation .
= Gilbert Brulé = Gilbert Jean Marco Brulé ( born January 1 , 1987 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who currently plays for KHL Medveščak Zagreb of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . Drafted out of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) , Brulé played major junior with the Vancouver Giants for three seasons . After being named the WHL rookie of the year in 2004 , Brulé was selected as the WHL playoff MVP and led the Memorial Cup in scoring , as part of the Giants ' WHL championship @-@ winning season two years later . Selected sixth overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft , he began his NHL career with the Columbus Blue Jackets before being traded to the Edmonton Oilers prior to the 2008 – 09 season . After three seasons with the Oilers , he was placed on waivers , then acquired by the Coyotes for the 2011 @-@ 12 season and playoffs . He then joined the ZSC Lions for the 2012 @-@ 13 season . Brulé was released by the Zurich @-@ based team in October 2012 . Internationally , Brulé has represented Team Canada at the 2004 World U @-@ 17 Hockey Challenge and 2004 U @-@ 18 Junior World Cup , winning silver and gold medals , respectively . = = Playing career = = = = = Early junior career = = = Brulé was selected first overall in the 2002 WHL Bantam Draft by the Vancouver Giants . The selection was originally possessed by the Prince Albert Raiders , but was dealt to the Giants in exchange for their third overall and third round selections . He debuted in one game with the Giants during the subsequent WHL season , while playing Junior A in the British Columbia Hockey League ( BCHL ) with the Quesnel Millionaires . Recording 57 points ( 32 goals and 25 assists ) over 48 games in his lone BCHL season , he was named the Interior Conference 's recipient of the Bruce Allison Memorial Trophy as rookie of the year . In 2003 – 04 , Brulé joined the Giants and tallied 60 points in 67 games . He became the first Giants player to win a major WHL award , receiving the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as league rookie of the year . The distinction made him a nominee for Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) Rookie of the Year , which went to Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) rookie of the year Sidney Crosby of the Rimouski Océanic . He joined Crosby on the CHL All @-@ Rookie Team . The following season , Brulé finished third in WHL scoring with 87 points ( 39 goals and 48 assists ) , establishing a Giants single @-@ season point @-@ scoring record ( surpassed by Casey Pierro @-@ Zabotel in 2008 – 09 ) . During the campaign , he was chosen to a squad of WHL All @-@ Stars against the Russian select team in the 2004 ADT Canada @-@ Russia Challenge in November . Several months later , he competed in the 2005 CHL Top Prospects Game , where he recorded the first hat trick in the history of the all @-@ star match and was named Team Cherry 's player of the game . At the end of the season , Brulé was named the CHL Scholastic Player of the Year , having taken more high school credits than any other WHL player . = = = NHL debut and Memorial Cup tournament = = = Brulé was selected sixth overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Columbus Blue Jackets . He remained the highest @-@ drafted Giants player in team history until Evander Kane was selected fourth overall in 2009 . Brulé had been the second @-@ ranked prospect behind Crosby by the International Scouting Services ( ISS ) at the beginning of the 2004 – 05 season , while the NHL Central Scouting Bureau ( CSB ) named him the WHL 's top prospect in their preliminary rankings . By the end of the season , Brulé was ranked fourth overall by the ISS and fifth among North American skaters by the CSB . At the time of his draft , he was touted as an offensively skilled player with a competitive and physical edge . The ISS scouted him as an " outstanding skater with great vision on the ice ... a natural goalscorer . " Brulé made the Blue Jackets ' lineup in his first NHL training camp and signed with the club to a three @-@ year , entry @-@ level contract on October 3 , 2005 . He made his NHL debut against the Washington Capitals in the Blue Jackets ' season opener two days later , notching an assist on a goal by Dan Fritsche in a 3 – 1 loss . The following game , he suffered a fractured sternum after receiving a hit from Calgary Flames defenceman Roman Hamrlík on October 7 . After missing 17 games , he returned to the lineup on November 20 . Brulé scored his first NHL career goal that night against Phoenix Coyotes , his team 's lone tally in a 5 – 1 loss , beating goaltender David LeNeveu with a shot from the left offensive zone faceoff circle . Ten days later , he suffered his second injury in as many months , breaking his leg during a game against the Minnesota Wild . Upon recovering , he was returned to the WHL on January 13 , 2006 . By reassigning Brulé before he played 10 NHL games , the Blue Jackets retained the first year of his rookie contract . Another strong factor in the decision to return him to junior was the acquisition of centre Sergei Fedorov , making Brulé expendable . Returning to the Giants , Brulé scored at a near @-@ goal @-@ a @-@ game pace . He was named WHL Player of the Week on February 20 , 2006 , after recording 5 goals and 10 points in 3 Giants wins . He was later chosen as WHL Player of the Month for February with 12 goals and 23 points in 13 games . Completing the season with 23 goals and 38 points in 27 games , he earned WHL Second All @-@ Star Team honours . In the opening round of the WHL playoffs , Brulé was named WHL and CHL Player of the Week by scoring four goals and seven points over three games against the Prince George Cougars . He received his second WHL and CHL Player of the Week honour during the WHL Finals against the Moose Jaw Warriors on May 10 , having accumulated five goals and nine points in two games . His award @-@ winning week included a three @-@ goal , four @-@ point performance in Game 1 of the series – a 7 – 5 win for the Giants . He went on to lead the WHL in scoring with 30 points in 18 games to earn the airBC Trophy as playoff MVP , helping the Giants to their first President 's Cup as WHL champions . Advancing to the 2006 Memorial Cup , the Giants tied for third out of four teams after the round @-@ robin . Requiring a tie @-@ breaker game to determine who would play in the semi @-@ final , Brulé recorded five points ( two goals , three assists ) against the Peterborough Petes , one point short of the tournament single @-@ game record , in a 6 – 0 win . The Giants were subsequently eliminated in the semi @-@ final by the Moncton Wildcats 3 – 1 . Brulé registered the only Giants goal in the game . Finishing with 12 points in 5 games , Brulé earned the Ed Chynoweth Trophy as the national tournament 's leading scorer . He was also named to the Memorial Cup All @-@ Star Team , alongside Giants teammate Paul Albers . Four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years after his junior career , the club honoured him in a ceremony prior to a game against the Kamloops Blazers on January 28 , 2011 , as part of " Gilbert Brulé Night " . Brulé was the fourth alumnus added to the club 's Ring of Honour , commemorating the team 's best players ; a plaque was unveiled inside the stadium bearing his name and the number 17 he wore on his jersey as a Giant . At the end of the Giants ' 2010 – 11 WHL season , they released their fan @-@ voted " Top 10 Giants of the Decade " , which listed Brulé at # 2 , behind Milan Lucic . = = = Columbus Blue Jackets = = = Still eligible for junior , Brulé made the Blue Jackets ' roster for the 2006 – 07 season . A month into the campaign , he was assured by General Manager Doug MacLean that he would not be returned to the Giants as he had been the previous season . He was scratched several times under head coach Gerard Gallant , but after Gallant was replaced by Ken Hitchcock in late @-@ November , he began receiving more playing time . Playing mostly on the fourth line in his rookie season , he averaged 10 minutes of ice time per game . He went on to tally 19 points ( 9 goals and 10 assists ) over 78 games in his first full NHL season . During his second NHL season , Brulé recorded 9 points ( 1 goal and 8 assists ) over 61 games with the Blue Jackets . He was sent down to the American Hockey League ( AHL ) in January 2008 for a month @-@ long assignment as his play struggled , notching 5 goals and 10 points in 16 games with the Blue Jackets ' minor league affiliate , the Syracuse Crunch . At the end of the Blue Jackets ' regular season , Brulé was reassigned to Syracuse for the club 's Calder Cup playoff run . Helping the Crunch advance to the second round , he recorded 2 goals and 5 points over 13 post @-@ season games . = = = Edmonton Oilers = = = In the 2008 off @-@ season , Brulé was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for forward Raffi Torres on July 1 , 2008 . He was one of the final cuts in his first training camp with the Oilers and was assigned to the Springfield Falcons , Edmonton 's AHL affiliate . On October 17 , 2008 , he suffered a knee @-@ on @-@ knee hit from opposing defenceman Adam McQuaid during a game against the Providence Bruins , causing him to miss several contests injured . During a call @-@ up to the NHL later in the season , Brulé scored his first goal with the Oilers on January 11 , 2009 , in a 2 – 1 win against the St. Louis Blues . He was reassigned to Springfield 10 days later . Finishing the season with 3 points in 11 games with the Oilers and 24 points in 39 games with the Falcons , he was re @-@ signed by Edmonton in the off @-@ season to a one @-@ year , two @-@ way contract on August 12 , 2009 . Brulé began the 2009 – 10 season as the Oilers ' fourth @-@ line centre out of training camp . With improved play and the injury of first @-@ line winger Ales Hemsky , Brulé moved up the Oilers ' depth chart and recorded his best statistical season in the NHL . However , after suffering from a recurring flu throughout the campaign , which sidelined him for a combined 11 games , he suffered a high @-@ ankle sprain during a game against the Dallas Stars on April 2 , 2010 ; following a collision with opposing forward Brian Sutherby , his skate got jammed underneath goaltender Kari Lehtonen 's pad . The injury sidelined him for the remaining week of the campaign . He finished the season with a career @-@ high 17 goals , 20 assists and 37 points in 65 games , third in team @-@ scoring . Becoming a restricted free agent in the 2010 off @-@ season , Brulé filed for arbitration with the Oilers after failing to come to terms on a new contract . The two sides managed to avoid their arbitration hearing by signing a two @-@ year , $ 3 @.@ 7 million deal on July 27 , 2010 . After staying healthy through the first three months of the 2010 – 11 season , Brulé suffered continued injury problems for the rest of the campaign . After being sidelined with a stomach virus for four games , he suffered an abdominal injury the following month and missed 23 additional contests . After returning to the lineup , he sustained a concussion during a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins on March 13 , 2011 . In total , Brulé missed 39 games with injuries in 2010 – 11 , limiting him to 7 goals and 2 assists . On June 24 , 2011 , it was reported that Brulé had been traded along with a fourth @-@ round draft pick to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for forward Ryan Smyth . Due to health concerns , the deal never materialized as Brulé had not yet been cleared to play following his concussion ( under league rules , an injured player can be traded but cannot be bought out , which is what the Kings had planned on doing ) . Furthermore , Kings General Manager Dean Lombardi made it apparent to the media that the team wanted someone with a smaller salary cap hit if Brulé could not be bought out . The Oilers ultimately acquired Smyth in exchange for forward Colin Fraser ( whose cap hit was over $ 1 million less ) and a seventh @-@ round pick in the 2012 draft . During the off @-@ season , Brulé worked with a sports psychologist to address the mental aspect of his game , including his confidence . Near the end of the Oilers ' training camp , on October 2 , 2011 , he was placed on waivers for the purpose of being assigned to the team 's AHL affiliate , the Oklahoma City Barons . While the departure of Andrew Cogliano in July 2011 made room for Brulé to move up the Oilers ' depth chart at centre , the performance of Oilers rookies Ryan Nugent @-@ Hopkins and Anton Lander helped make him expendable . Regarding the move , Oilers General Manager Steve Tambellini described Brulé as having lacked consistency . Brulé cleared waivers two days later ; an Edmonton Sun article suggested that he would have likely been picked up by another team if not for his $ 1 @.@ 85 million salary . = = = Phoenix Coyotes = = = After recording 18 points ( eight goals and ten assists ) over 27 games with the Barons , Brulé was recalled by the Oilers on January 9 , 2012 , in lieu of injured forwards Nugent @-@ Hopkins and Jordan Eberle . In order to join the team , however , he needed to clear re @-@ entry waivers and he was consequently claimed by the Phoenix Coyotes the following day . Brulé debuted with the Coyotes on January 12 , playing 14 minutes in a 3 – 2 shootout loss to the Detroit Red Wings . Two games later , he recorded his first two points as a Coyote , a goal and an assist , in a 6 – 1 win against the Colorado Avalanche . A free agent going into the NHL lockout , Brulé opted to sign as a free agent in Switzerland with ZSC Lions of the National League A on a one @-@ year contract August 13 , 2012 . In the 2012 – 13 season , he appeared in only 14 games before he requested an immediate release from his contract with the Lions to return to Canada for personal issues on October 23 , 2012 . In the following season , Brulé accepted an invitation to the Coyotes ' training camp for the 2013 – 14 season . He was assigned to the Coyotes ' AHL affiliate , the Portland Pirates , to begin the season on a try @-@ out contract before on November 30 , 2013 , re @-@ signing with Phoenix on a one @-@ year , two @-@ way contract . Brulé played three games in his return to the Coyotes before he was reassigned to the Pirates . In declining to report back to the Pirates , Brulé opted to retire from professional hockey on January 1 , 2014 . = = = Return to hockey = = = On May 12 , 2014 , reports surfaced that Brulé opted to resume his playing career after signing a one @-@ year contract with Russian club Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . = = International play = = Brulé made his international debut with Hockey Canada representing Team Pacific at the 2004 World U17 Hockey Challenge in Newfoundland . During the semi @-@ final , he scored a goal and three assists , leading Team Pacific to a win against the United States . His efforts earned him his third player of the game award of the tournament . In the gold medal game , Team Pacific lost to Team Ontario 5 – 2 , earning silver . Later that year , he represented Team Canada in the 2004 U18 Junior World Cup as an alternate captain . Brulé helped lead Team Canada to gold , scoring the game @-@ winning goal in the championship match , a 4 – 1 win against the Czech Republic . The following year , Brulé participated in the Canadian national junior team 's summer development camp in preparation for the 2006 World Junior Championships . At the time of the final roster selection in December 2005 , however , Brulé was recovering from a leg injury , suffered during NHL play with the Blue Jackets . He was invited to the team 's summer camp again in 2006 , but declined , choosing to focus instead on making the roster for Columbus . = = Personal life = = Brulé was born in Edmonton , Alberta , later moving to North Vancouver , British Columbia , during his childhood . He had a sister named Leah who died at the age of 12 as a result of complications from cerebral palsy . Brulé was nine years old at the time of his sister 's death and later had her name tattooed on his left wrist . Despite growing up in both Edmonton and Vancouver , Brulé was a childhood fan of the Los Angeles Kings . In May 2010 , Brulé donated $ 10 @,@ 000 to a fund assisting an Edmonton boy suffering from lymphatic cystic hydroma . The money was allocated to a costly surgery to be performed in New York , which doctors in Canada were unable to perform . Brulé received further media attention a year later for picking up a pair of hitchhikers who turned out to be Irish rock band U2 frontman Bono and his assistant in a West Vancouver neighbourhood on May 31 , 2011 . In return , Brulé was given backstage passes for him , as well as his girlfriend and mother , for U2 's concert in Edmonton on the next day . During the show , Bono thanked Brulé for the ride . In July 2013 , Brulé revealed in an interview that an adverse relationship with his father may have been at least partly to blame for his floundering NHL career . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards = =
= Unusual Suspects = " Unusual Suspects " is the third episode of the fifth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by Vince Gilligan and directed by Kim Manners and aired in the United States on November 16 , 1997 on the Fox network . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 13 @.@ 0 , being watched by 21 @.@ 72 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed to moderately positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . " Unusual Suspects " , however , functions as a flashback episode : in 1989 , two salesmen and a federal employee join forces when they meet Susanne Modeski , a woman who claims that she is being pursued by her supposedly violent ex @-@ boyfriend , an FBI agent named Fox Mulder . A sequel to the episode was later filmed during the series ' sixth season , entitled " Three of a Kind " . The concept for having an episode dedicated to The Lone Gunmen arose when the show 's producers were forced to start production of the fifth season in the last week of August in Vancouver , but still needed series stars David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson for the filming of The X @-@ Files movie in Los Angeles . Writing duties fell to Vince Gilligan , who initially drafted a story about nanotechnology , before changing to the origins of The Lone Gunmen on behest of series creator Chris Carter . In addition , " Unusual Suspects " served as a cross @-@ over with the NBC series Homicide : Life on the Street , featuring Richard Belzer 's Detective John Munch character . Gillian Anderson as main character FBI Special Agent Dana Scully is absent in the episode . = = Plot = = The episode opens in medias res in 1989 , when a SWAT team conducts a raid on a Baltimore warehouse . Inside , they find a naked and disoriented Fox Mulder in a box , shouting , " They 're here ! " Three men attempt to flee the scene and are captured ; they are revealed to be the Lone Gunmen . As they sit in a city jail , they begin blaming each other for the predicament they have found themselves in . Detective John Munch interrogates John Fitzgerald Byers , who tries to explain what happened . In the flashback , Byers , a public affairs officer for the FCC , attends a computer and electronics convention . There , he follows a beautiful woman who passes his booth ; he also passes by booths manned by Melvin Frohike and Richard Langly , who were both selling stolen cable television . When Byers bumps into the woman , she introduces herself as Holly and claims that her daughter had been kidnapped by her ex @-@ boyfriend , who is in the Baltimore area . Holly possesses a piece of paper with " ARPANET / WHTCORPS " written on it . Byers realizes that the words refer to the Defense Department 's computer network , which she requests he hack into . Byers , at the time an unquestioningly loyal government employee , complies after great reluctance . He finds an encrypted file on her daughter , named Susanne Modeski . Just then , a man whom Holly claims to be her boyfriend passes by Byers ' booth — Mulder . Byers and Holly recruit Frohike to help them decipher the file . Both Byers and Frohike decide to assault Mulder , but they decide not to when he introduces himself as an FBI agent . Returning to his booth , Byers finds his FCC colleague being arrested for the hacking he committed . Frohike convinces Byers not to turn himself in , and recruits Langly to help them hack into the FBI database to learn more about Holly . They discover that " Holly " is actually Susanne Modeski , who is wanted for acts of murder , sabotage , and terrorism at a weapons facility in New Mexico . Susanne admits her deception but claims that she was scapegoated for trying to leave her job at the weapons facility . There , she had been working on ergotamine , an aerosolized gas that causes paranoia and anxiety . Susanne claims that the government plans to test the gas on civilians in Baltimore . After deciphering the file , the Lone Gunmen find that she was telling the truth , learning the location of the gas . Susanne also finds evidence that she had a tracking device put in a tooth , which she pulls out . The four of them head to the warehouse , where they found the gas stored inside asthma inhalers . Suddenly , Mulder arrives to arrest them , but two dark @-@ suited men came to take Susanne . They fire at Mulder , hitting the boxes behind him and exposing him to the gas . The exposure causes Mulder to strip naked , hide in the box , and hallucinate about seeing aliens in the warehouse . Susanne shoots the men and escapes . More men then arrive , led by X , who intimidates the Lone Gunmen . Byers confronts X , asking him about his actions and mentioning the supposed cover @-@ up of the John F. Kennedy assassination . X 's unconvincing denial — " I heard it was a lone gunman " — becomes the origin of the trio 's name . X leaves , just as the police arrive and arrest the Lone Gunmen . In the present , Detective Munch does not believe Byers ' story , but it is soon corroborated by Mulder . After the Lone Gunmen are released , they encounter Susanne after she has failed to get the press to believe her story ; she tells them to reveal the truth to as many people as possible . Susanne is then captured by X , who leers at the Lone Gunmen as he departs with her . Later , the three of them meet Mulder in the convention center and explain what happened to him . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = The concept for having an episode dedicated to The Lone Gunmen arose when the show 's producers were forced to start production of the fifth season in the last week of August in Vancouver , but still needed series stars David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson for the filming of The X @-@ Files movie in Los Angeles . The producers decided to create an episode dedicated to The Lone Gunmen , and writing duties were assigned to Vince Gilligan . Gilligan initially drafted a story involving nanotechnology , which was rejected by series creator Chris Carter . Carter came up with the idea for the episode to be how The Lone Gunmen met . Gilligan then developed the script , which took place in the city of Baltimore . The scenes with Duchovny were shot a few weeks after the rest of the episode . The episode helped to solidify the different personalities of The Lone Gunmen . Executive producer Frank Spotnitz explained , " Up [ until ' Unusual Suspects ' ] , they were sort of interchangeable in the information they delivered . But then Vince , who loved the characters and really wanted a chance to dig more deeply into them , created a back story and they became a lot more interesting . " Actor Dean Haglund , who played Langly , said of the episode , " What we read in the script wasn 't really our origins as we 'd imagined it . I 'd thought we were all in a university garage band together or something . Bruce [ Harwood ] thought he was a photocopier repair man . " Much of the episode 's action focused on Byers , played by Bruce Harwood . This experience was different for him , and he noted , " I don 't think I 'd ever done an episode where I was the lead character . But I felt like the lead because it was my story about falling in love with this woman and then dragging these other two schmucks into the disaster that followed . " Vince Gilligan was particularly happy with his characterization of Byers , later admitting , " I just loved the idea of Byers working for the government and being this very gung @-@ ho pro @-@ government guy . That 's just a fundamental drama where you take a character on a journey and the journey take him 180 degrees from who he original [ ly ] was . " Gilligan researched the episode in order to make it as authentic to 1989 as possible . Purportedly , he tasked Ken Hawryliw , who worked on props for the show , to find " the biggest cell phone you can find " , which yielded the Motorola featured in the episode . In addition , Gilligan met with a group of hackers who ran a news magazine called 2600 in order to learn hacker terminology and get inspiration for the episode . The episode featured cameos from several staff members of the show , including Hawryliw and Eric Knight , who was Duchovny 's personal assistant . Susanne 's alias , ' Holly ' was a reference to Gilligan 's girlfriend . = = = Casting and directing = = = Gilligan also came up with the idea to have a crossover with the show Homicide : Life on the Street , which also takes place in Baltimore . He later recalled , " I realized that the whole episode was framed around Byers telling his story to a Baltimore homicide detective . So I figured ' what the heck ? Homicide 's a great show , so why not try to get Richard Belzer to play his Detective [ John Munch ] character ? ' " Despite some hesitancy from Fox 's lawyers , the show got in contact with NBC executive producer Tom Fontana , who was more than willing to allow the use of Belzer : Gilligan later described Fontana as a " great guy " for assistance in the matter . The episode also features the first reappearance of X , who had been murdered in the season four opener " Herrenvolk " . The idea to bring back X was thought up by executive producer John Shiban , who helped Gilligan storyboard the episode . He noted , " we had the board set up and [ … ] and there was a piece missing and we just couldn 't come up with a how to get out of this situation , why doesn 't this assassin just kill The Lone Gunmen ? It was a flashback story and it was in 1989 and we were pacing around in my backyard , and [ … ] I just turned to him and said , ' X ! [ … ] X has another agenda ! X is the assassin , it 's not some other character , it 's our X. [ … ] He wouldn 't kill the Gunmen , ' cause he 's trying to help Mulder . ' " The episode was directed by Kim Manners , who was extremely pleased with the final result . He explained , " it was a lot of fun to shoot that show . It was the first show that the Gunmen carried and I had a real good time shepherding Tommy , Dean , and Bruce , ' cause [ sic ] they were nervous , they had the whole hour to carry . " One scene with which Manners was extremely pleased was the shot wherein Susanne Modeski breaks into the Lone Gunmen 's hotel room and the Gunmen cower in fear in a corner . Manners was inspired by the 1939 film adaption of The Wizard of Oz , most specifically the image of " the Scarecrow , and the Tinman , and the Lion [ … ] shaking behind Dorothy . " Manners later noted that the sequence " really worked out well " . = = Reception = = " Unusual Suspects " premiered on the Fox network on November 16 , 1997 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 0 , with a 19 share , meaning that roughly 13 @.@ 0 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 19 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 21 @.@ 72 million viewers . The episode received mixed to moderately positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club reviewer Todd VanDerWerff gave " Unusual Suspects " an A- , and wrote that the episode " is a love letter to the very idea of paranoia " . Furthermore , VanDerWerff argued that " as the episode moved its way to its climax , when Mr. X improbably lets the Gunmen live after seeing as much as they did [ ... ] it struck me that what we ’ re seeing here may not entirely be meant to be taken seriously , just as ' Memoirs Of A Cigarette Smoking Man ' [ sic ] is more about who the CSM wished he might have been than the person he actually was . This isn ’ t a true story ; it ’ s a manifesto . " Critical Myth 's John Keegan gave the episode 6 / 10 , and , while calling the entry " an interesting diversion from the normal format of the series " , he noted that " there are still some issues with the plausibility of the story , and ultimately , the questions surrounding Mulder overshadow the character development of the Gunmen themselves . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three stars out of five . The two compared the episode to " Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man " , but called it " throw away and charming " . Shearman and Pearson criticized the episode for being " largely concerned in suggesting to the audience that the government is being conspiratorial … five seasons into a hit series which has turned that argument into a cliche . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a positive review and awarded it three stars out of four . She wrote that , " ' Unusual Suspects ' is filler – but amusing filler " . Vitaris further complimented the performance of Signy Coleman as Susanne Modeski , and called the return of " not @-@ yet @-@ dead " X as " welcome " .
= Vengeance ( 2009 film ) = Vengeance ( Chinese : 復仇 ) is a 2009 Hong Kong – French thriller film directed by Johnnie To , and written by Wai Ka @-@ Fai . It stars Johnny Hallyday , Anthony Wong , Lam Ka @-@ Tung , Lam Suet , Simon Yam and Sylvie Testud . Vengeance tells the story of Francis Costello , a French chef and former assassin . When his daughter , son @-@ in @-@ law and grandchildren are attacked by a gang of Triads , Costello heads to Macau to embark on a violent quest for revenge , enlisting the aid of three hitmen . The film explores the themes of assassination , violence and the influence of Triads in modern society . Produced by Milkyway Image , the film was released by ARP Sélection in France , and Media Asia Films in Hong Kong . The idea of Johnnie To directing an English @-@ language film originated with the ARP co @-@ founders and French producers Michèle and Laurent Pétin , who had Alain Delon in mind for the lead role . In 2006 , after Delon turned down the role , the Pétins recommended Johnny Hallyday , who was cast in the lead role after meeting with To in early 2008 . Principal photography for Vengeance began in November 2008 , and concluded in February 2009 ; filming took place on location in Hong Kong and Macau , with a crew mainly based in Hong Kong . Vengeance competed for the Palme D 'Or award at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival , and was released theatrically in France on 20 May 2009 . The film was later released in Hong Kong on 20 August 2009 . It premiered in North America at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival . Vengeance was met with positive reviews , with several critics praising To 's direction , Hallyday 's performance , the cinematography and editing . During its theatrical run , the film grossed over US $ 1 @.@ 3 million worldwide , having been released in Asia and parts of Europe . In the United States , the film was distributed by IFC Films , which made it available as a video @-@ on @-@ demand selection on pay television formats . = = Plot = = In Macau , three men break into a house , shoot a French woman ( Sylvie Testud ) and kill her husband and two children . The woman 's father , Francis Costello ( Johnny Hallyday ) , arrives to visit his daughter who is now suffering from serious injuries . She is nevertheless able to tell her father that there were three shooters and that she shot one of the killers in the ear . At a hotel , Costello meets Kwai ( Anthony Wong ) , Chu ( Lam Ka @-@ Tung ) and Fat Lok ( Lam Suet ) , a trio of hitmen who are hired to murder the unfaithful wife of Triad crime boss George Fung ( Simon Yam ) . After overhearing the murder in a hotel room , Costello reaches an unspoken agreement to walk away . Costello later tracks down Kwai 's syndicate , hands them a stack of Euros and his watch , and asks them to help him avenge his daughter 's family 's deaths . Before doing so , though , he takes a Polaroid picture of each of the hitmen , and writes down their names , so that he will not forget what they look like . Together , the four make their way to the apartment where the shooting occurred and surmise the weapons used . The four men visit a landfill to meet Kwai 's cousin Tony , who supplies illegal arms . Tony mentions that he sold matching weapons to a trio of Hong Kong hitmen who work on Seafood Street . As the four men reach the street , they see a man with a bandage over his ear . However , they see only two men . Kwai 's syndicate decide to wait until the men lead them to the third attacker . The two suspects head towards the countryside as Kwai 's syndicate follows . The two men later reach a Nature reserve as the third killer shows up . The trio meet their wives , their kids and Kwai 's syndicate during the barbecue . After a tense standoff , the trio explain that they killed Costello 's grandchildren because the children had seen their faces . Not wanting to start a shootout in front of the three attackers ' wives and children , everyone waits until they have left . A moonlit gun battle ensues , with both sides suffering injuries . The three attackers flee , while Costello and Kwai 's syndicate take refuge at a run @-@ down apartment in Hong Kong to perform surgeries by themselves to remove bullets from their bodies . Costello reveals that he is a former assassin and has a bullet in his head for twenty years which is affecting his memories . Shortly after they have tended to their wounds , Kwai receives a phone call from George Fung , who informs him that three of his men need help , and are with an underground non @-@ registered doctor known as " Old Five " . Fung tells Kwai that his men were attacked by three Chinese men and one white man . The four men realize that Fung ordered the hit on Costello 's daughter and her family . They head to the dwelling and kill the three attackers and leave Old Five alive , who then makes a call to Fung , reporting what had happened . Fung then contacts Kwai , explaining that Costello 's son @-@ in @-@ law was handing over Fung 's financial reports to the police . Fung also says he only ordered his men to kill the parents . Kwai replies that his syndicate has switched their loyalty from Fung to Costello as a matter of honor . Later that night , Fung sends more killers to Kwai 's refuge in order to eliminate Kwai 's syndicate . A gunfight ensues , with the four men emerging victorious . As they escape , Kwai 's syndicate lose track of Costello , who is walking through a crowded street , seemingly lost in the night rain . He pulls out the Polaroid pictures that he took of the hitmen earlier , and tries to find them in the crowd . They meet again , but it becomes evident that Costello has a problem with his memory , and has rapidly forgotten who his friends are , but also what he is doing . The hitmen try to explain to Costello that he is seeking revenge for his daughter , but Costello does not recognize her , nor does he understand the concept of revenge . The three men give up in despair , and take him to a beach where they meet a pregnant woman ( Michelle Ye ) with a group of children . Kwai gives her a stack of money and ask her to take care of Costello . Kwai 's syndicate return to Macau because they lost contact with Kwai 's cousin Tony who supplies their ammunition . When they reach the landfill where Tony is living , they find him and his partner dying as they were tortured by Fung and his gang . Soon , a large group of assassins sent by Fung show up and a gunfight ensues . Kwai , Chu and Fat Lok are killed . Costello and the pregnant woman learn of the shootout during a news report . The next day , Fung is having tea in a public square surrounded by his subordinates . He sees a beautiful woman ( Kwai 's pregnant friend ) having tea in the same square . As he tries to get her attention , a large group of children come asking him to buy charity stickers . The children place stickers on Fung and his men . The pregnant woman leaves the square and meets up with Costello , then tells him that the man back in the square with the most number of stickers is Fung . Costello thanks her , makes his way to the square and begins to shoot a great many of the guards as well as Fung as chaos ensues . However , Fung turns out to be wearing a bulletproof vest . His subordinates help him run away from Costello , who gives chase on foot . As Costello walks , he checks the bystanders for stickers , which tips Fung off to the fact that Costello does not actually recognize him , apart from the stickers he is wearing . Fung removes the stickers from his coat , and puts them on the jacket of a subordinate instead . This causes Costello to shoot Fung 's subordinate . Fung then removes his coat with all the stickers and runs off . Costello picks up the trenchcoat and shoots more subordinates who get in his way . Fung is finally the last surviving member , so he attempts to walk nonchalantly by Costello , relying on the Frenchman 's inability to recognize him without the coat , but as he is walking by , Costello sees a sticker on Fung 's tie . Both men reach for their guns fire at each other . Fung is hit and Costello demands that he put the coat on , which Fung refuses , so Costello shoots him in the leg . Fung then puts the coat on and Costello checks the bullet holes in the coat and sees that they align with the bullets stuck in the bullet @-@ proof vest he was wearing . Costello then stands up and fires a round into Fung 's head killing him . = = Cast = = Johnny Hallyday plays Francis Costello , a retired assassin turned chef . The character is named after Jef Costello , the lead character played by Alain Delon in Jean @-@ Pierre Melville 's 1967 film Le Samouraï . Anthony Wong plays Kwai , a Hong Kong hitman who agrees to assist Costello during his visit to Macau . Lam Suet plays Fay Lok , Kwai 's partner in crime . Lam 's voice is dubbed by Conroy Chan . Lam Ka @-@ Tung plays Chu , another one of Kwai 's partners in crime . Lam 's voice is dubbed by Terence Yin . Simon Yam plays George Fung , the film 's antagonist . He is a crime boss of Lok , Chu and Kwai . Other cast members include Sylvie Testud as Irene Thompson , Costello 's daughter ; Michelle Ye as a pregnant woman who aids Costello in his fight for revenge ; and Vincent Sze as Mr. Thompson , Irene 's husband and the father of her two children . Cheung Siu @-@ Fai , Berg Ng , and Felix Wong appear as a trio of hitmen hired to kill Irene and her family . Maggie Shiu plays Inspector Wong , a Hong Kong police inspector . = = Production = = = = = Crew = = = Vengeance is a French – Hong Kong co @-@ production between Hong Kong company Media Asia and French distributor ARP Sélection . It was produced by Milkyway Image , the independent production company founded by director Johnnie To and screenwriter Wai Ka @-@ Fai . The film reunites To and Wai , following their collaboration on the 2007 Hong Kong film Mad Detective . The crew for Vengeance were based mainly in Hong Kong , and were previous contributors of To 's previous films : Cheng Siu @-@ Keung served as a cinematographer ; Stanley Cheung served as a costume designer ; during post @-@ production Martin Chappell served as a sound editor , while David M. Richardson served as the film 's editor ; Lo Tayu composed the film 's score , having done the same for To 's previous films , Election , All About Ah @-@ Long and The Big Heat ; Nicky Li , a member of the Jackie Chan Stunt Team served as an action choreographer . = = = Development = = = Having distributed several of To 's films in France , Michèle Pétin and her husband Laurent discussed the idea of having To direct an English @-@ language feature film . In March 2006 , the Pétins met To in Sai Kung Town , Hong Kong , where they expressed their idea to him . The couple mentioned Alain Delon as a possibility for the lead role . To returned to France in May 2006 , while his film , Election 2 , premiered " Out of Competition " at the 60th Cannes Film Festival . He met with Delon , who had expressed his interest in working with To , and To promised to meet with Delon once a film treatment was written . To returned to France in March 2007 , where he handed the Pétins a step outline of what he and screenwriter Wai Ka @-@ Fai had envisioned . Delon , however , was no longer interested in the project . In July 2007 , the Pétins met with French musician and actor Johnny Hallyday , who was interested in making a new film . After meeting with Hallyday , who had expressed his love for world cinema , the Pétins decided that he would be perfect in the lead role . In February 2008 , while promoting his previous film , Sparrow , at the Berlin International Film Festival , To was approached by the Pétins , who had promised him that they would set up a meeting with Hallyday . While Hallyday was a fan of his films , To had never heard of Hallyday . The producers gave To footage from Hallyday 's concert performances along with a copy of the 2002 French film The Man on the Train , in which Hallyday co @-@ starred . After viewing the given footage , To had expressed that he had enjoyed the film , but was more impressed with Hallyday 's concert performances . In March 2008 , To finally met with Hallyday over a dinner , expressing their love for music . Upon their first meeting , To decided that Hallyday would be perfect in the lead role . Production plans were nearly put to a halt when To was hired to remake the 1970 French crime film Le Cercle rouge , meaning that Vengeance would not be made until 2010 . However , in June and July 2008 , Ding Yuin @-@ Shan , a long @-@ time production assistant and English translator for To , contacted Hallyday and the Pétins , and told them that production plans for The Red Circle were falling behind schedule and that To would be ready to film Vengeance by the end of October 2008 . Hallyday was ecstactic about meeting with the director once again , and prepared for his role by viewing several of To 's previous films , before making his first visit to Hong Kong , where he would get the chance to meet with his co @-@ stars . Before principal photography began , Hallyday met his co @-@ stars , Anthony Wong , Lam Ka @-@ Tung , Simon Yam , and Lam Suet , during a dinner on 7 November 2008 . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography for Vengeance took place in Hong Kong and Macau from 15 November 2008 to 31 January 2009 . The cast and crew of the film began with a celebration on the rooftop of the Milkyway Image studio in Kwun Tong , Hong Kong . While the story is set in Macau , several scenes were shot in Hong Kong . For To , filming Vengeance differed from his usual style of filmmaking . While he is used to improvising his scenes as a director , Vengeance marked the first time that To had to work with a complete shooting script since the producers demanded that the story and dialogue already be written . Hallyday was the only actor to have read the script , while Anthony Wong had knowledge of the story . To explained that his purpose was to " keep the actors natural and spontaneous . They don 't have time to create something . They 're given a situation and they act it right away . " After filming was complete , the cast and crew celebrated by having a final dinner at a restaurant located near the Milkyway Image studio , hoping to meet again at the forthcoming Cannes Film Festival . = = Release = = = = = Theatrical run = = = Vengeance was first released in France on 20 May 2009 . It was later released in Belgium on 27 May 2009 . On 5 August 2009 , the film premiered in Asia at the 2009 Hong Kong Summer International Film Festival . It was released theatrically in Hong Kong on 20 August 2009 . Vengeance was also released in other Asian countries , including Malaysia on 27 August 2009 ; Taiwan on 31 October 2009 ; and Singapore on 5 November 2009 . = = = Home media = = = Vengeance was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc formats in France and Hong Kong on 11 December 2009 . It is also available in VCD format in Hong Kong . Releases for the French version include a single @-@ disc edition DVD ; a two @-@ disc special edition DVD ; and a special edition Blu @-@ ray Disc . In France , the home video formats , along with its special features , do not include English subtitles . IFC Films currently serves as a North American distributor . In the United States , the film was released as a video on demand option on pay television formats , beginning on 4 August 2010 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Vengeance has received generally positive reviews from film critics . Based on 22 reviews , review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film currently holds an 91 % " Fresh " rating , with a rating average of 7 @.@ 2 out of 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics ' reviews , the film received a score of 76 out of 100 based on 5 reviews . Vengeance first received praise from several critics who attended the screening at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival . Chicago Sun @-@ Times film critic Roger Ebert wrote that the film had " certain parallels " with Clint Eastwood 's 1992 film Unforgiven . In his initial review , Ebert awarded Vengeance 3 ½ stars out of four , describing it as " a formula thriller done as an elegant genre exercise . " Justin Chang of Variety wrote that the film was " a smoothly executed revenge thriller . " David Phelps , a film critic for The Auters concluded his review by writing , " If not one of To 's worst films , Vengeance is one of his best . " Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote that was film a " highlight " of Cannes , writing , " With his ruined face and pale snake eyes Mr. Hallyday holds the screen while Mr. To shakes it up . " Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film 's cinematography and editing : " Cheng Siu @-@ Keung 's moody cinematography gives Vengeance a noir @-@ ish sensibility while David Richardson 's smooth editing pulls the action sequences together in a most satisfying way . " Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote , " Vengeance is not top @-@ flight Johnnie To ... But the To poetry keeps breaking through : a gun battle in a city park stops and starts as clouds pass before the moon . " Negative reviews had critics comparing Vengeance to To 's previous films . Lee Marshall of Screen International wrote , " What 's really lacking in Vengeance is the narrative inventiveness which lifted films like Breaking News or PTU out of the Hong Kong crime genre box and turned them into arthouse crossover items . " Perry Lam of Muse Magazine wrote , " Overall , the movie lacks the flashes of life and brilliance that mark the best works in the genre . " = = = Box office = = = In France , Vengeance was released to 280 theatres and in its first week , opened at eleventh place in the box office , grossing only US $ 539 @,@ 809 , and selling 63 @,@ 240 tickets . The film 's revenues decreased by 66 @.@ 9 % in its second weekend , moving down to fourteenth place and earning $ 178 @,@ 459 at the box office . After only two weeks of release , Vengeance grossed a total of $ 744 @,@ 881 in France alone . Vengeance was released in Belgium seven days after its release in France . On the weekend of 27 May 2009 to 31 May , the film opened at 22nd place in the box office , earning $ 10 @,@ 397 on the opening weekend , with a total gross of $ 11 @,@ 439 . The film dropped down to the 29th spot in the box office , grossing only $ 6 @,@ 886 in its second week . At the end of its three weeks of theatrical release in Belgium , Vengeance grossed a total $ 27 @,@ 377 . Vengeance was later released in Hong Kong , where it opened at sixth place , grossing $ 121 @,@ 837 on its opening weekend . The film dropped down to tenth place in its second week , grossing $ 37 @,@ 629 for a total gross of $ 208 @,@ 976 . During the next three weeks of its release , Vengeance continued a decrease in revenue as well as the number of theatres screening the film . The film dropped down to 21st spot on 3 to 6 September 2009 weekend , grossing only $ 1 @,@ 951 . By the end of its theatrical run in Hong Kong , the film grossed $ 236 @,@ 027 . In total , Vengeance has grossed $ 1 @,@ 346 @,@ 952 worldwide , despite not being released in other parts of Europe . = = = Accolades = = = Vengeance first competed for the prestigious Palme D 'Or at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival . In North America , the film premiered as a " Special Presentations " feature at the Ryerson Theatre during the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival . = = Remake = = Israeli directors Nevot Papushdo and Aaron Kashels were hired by Sony Pictures to direct an American version of the film .
= Washington State Route 536 = State Route 536 ( SR 536 ) is a 5 @.@ 38 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 8 @.@ 66 km ) state highway serving Skagit County in the U.S. state of Washington . The highway travels southeast from SR 20 near Fredonia through Mount Vernon to an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) east of the city . SR 536 was created during the 1964 highway renumbering as a replacement for the Anacortes branch of Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) . SR 536 was shortened to its current route in 1973 after SR 20 was extended west and a spur route was established to serve Anacortes . = = Route description = = SR 536 begins as the Memorial Highway at an intersection with SR 20 located south of Skagit Regional Airport and east of Fredonia . The highway travels east through farmland before following the Skagit River southeast into Mount Vernon . SR 536 crosses the Skagit River on a swing bridge into Downtown Mount Vernon , turning east onto Division Street and south onto 3rd Street . The highway turns east at the Skagit Transportation Center onto Kincaid Street and crosses a BNSF rail line before ending at a diamond interchange with I @-@ 5 . Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that between 4 @,@ 600 and 23 @,@ 000 vehicles per day used the highway , mostly in Downtown Mount Vernon . = = History = = SR 536 was established during the 1964 highway renumbering as a 20 @.@ 63 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 33 @.@ 20 km ) highway connecting Anacortes to Mount Vernon . The highway , first codified as the Anacortes branch of PSH 1 in 1937 , began at the Anacortes Ferry Terminal and traveled south to SR 525 , turning east and traveling over the Swinomish Channel , leaving Fidalgo Island . SR 536 continued east to Fredonia , intersecting the termini of SR 20 and SR 537 , before turning southeast over the Skagit River into Mount Vernon and ending at U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) . US 99 and PSH 1 were replaced by I @-@ 5 in segments between 1966 and 1970 , as SR 536 was widened , paved , and extended east to a new interchange . SR 20 was extended west to Whidbey Island and the Olympic Peninsula over SR 536 and SR 525 in 1973 , shortening SR 536 to its current route and creating SR 20 Spur in Anacortes . No major revisions to the route of SR 536 have occurred since 1973 , however WSDOT repaved the entire roadway and added sidewalk ramps in 2009 at a cost of $ 3 @.@ 2 million . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway is in Skagit County .
= Worsley = Worsley ( pronounced locally as Wor @-@ sley ) is a town in the metropolitan borough of the City of Salford , in Greater Manchester , England . The population of the town at the 2011 census was 10 @,@ 035 . It lies along the course of Worsley Brook , 5 @.@ 75 miles ( 9 @.@ 25 km ) west of Manchester . The M60 motorway bisects the area . Historically part of Lancashire , Worsley has provided evidence of Roman and Anglo @-@ Saxon activity , including two Roman roads . The completion in 1761 of the Bridgewater Canal allowed Worsley to expand from a small village of cottage industries to an important town based upon cotton manufacture , iron @-@ working , brick @-@ making and extensive coal mining . Later expansion came after the First and Second World Wars , when large urban estates were built in the region . Today , Worsley is under consideration to be made a World Heritage Site , including Worsley Delph , a scheduled monument . A significant part of the town 's historic centre is now a conservation area . = = History = = = = = Toponymy = = = Worsley is first mentioned in a Pipe roll of 1195 – 96 as Werkesleia , in the claim of a Hugh Putrell to a part of the fee of two knights in nearby Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell and Worsley . There are many variations on the name ; Werkesleia , 1195 ; Wyrkedele , 1212 ; Whurkedeleye , c . 1220 ; Worketley , 1254 ; Worcotesley , Workedesle , 1276 ; Wrkesley , Wrkedeley , Workedeley , 1292 ; Wyrkeslegh , Workesley , 1301 ; Worsley , 1444 ; and " Workdisley alias Workesley alias Worseley " , 1581 . The spelling of the name in early documents , suggests a Saxon origin . Ge @-@ Weore , the Old English form of the name , means " the cleared place which was cultivated or settled . " The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle contain no references to Worsley . = = = Early history = = = Two Roman roads run through the area . Connecting Mamucium ( Manchester ) with Coccium ( Wigan ) , one passes through Worsley near Drywood , and over Mosley Common . The present @-@ day A6 road follows part of the course of another Roman road , which passes through the northern part of the area near Walkden and Little Hulton . In 1947 a hoard of 550 Roman coins was found near a quarry in Boothstown , dated to between AD 250 and 275 , and in 1958 the head of a man was found on Worsley Moss . Named " Worsley man " , and originally thought to be no more than 20 years old , upon the discovery of Lindow Man it was re @-@ examined and dated to approximately the 2nd century AD , in the Romano @-@ British period . Worsley later fell under the control of the Anglo @-@ Saxons , who controlled much of the area around Manchester and who also defeated the British at the Battle of Chester in AD 615 . Edward the Elder rebuilt the fortifications at Manchester , and in AD 924 captured all the land between the rivers Mersey and Irwell , making it demesne in the Kingdom of Wessex . During the Middle Ages the area was covered with forests and marshlands . Thinly populated by craftsmen and serfs , Worsley grew as a settlement adjoining an ancient corn mill , close to the location of the present @-@ day Worsley Road Bridge . Most farms throughout Lancashire were small with their tenants dependent upon secondary employment , however in 1719 a John Kay of Worsley had five stirks , two bulls , 17 cows , " young cattle upon the moors " , and a " cow at hire " , all valued at £ 97 5s . Marl was commonly used as a fertiliser , and is recorded in use in 1719 . Wheeler 's Manchester : Its Political , Social and Commercial History , Ancient and Modern ( 1836 ) states that about one @-@ fifth of the land around Worsley , Astley and Tyldesley was in tillage , lower on average than the surrounding areas . = = = Bridgewater estates = = = Worsley was , originally , the largest manor of the seven ancient manors of the Bridgewater Estates . It was created by William I and held for him by the Barton family in thegnage , and for them by a Norman knight named Elias , who fought in the crusades . On his death in Rhodes , the manor remained with Elias ' son , whose family had by that time adopted the name of the village as its family name . On 23 June 1311 a substantial part of the Manor of Hulton was granted to the Worsleys . The family held both manors until the late 14th century , whereon they passed to the Massey family of Tatton , and then in the 16th century to the Brereton family of Malpas , Cheshire . The Brereton family added the Manor of Bedford ( a small area of land to the west of Worsley ) to the estate . Richard Brereton later married Dorothy Egerton , and upon his death the estates passed into the Egerton family . In 1617 John Egerton , son of Sir Thomas Egerton , became Earl of Bridgewater . The Egerton family was descended from Sir Richard Egerton of Ridley , Cheshire . His illegitimate son , Thomas Egerton , was a prominent lawyer who served as Master of the Rolls from 1594 to 1603 , and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal from 1596 to 1617 and also as Lord High Chancellor of England . John Egerton succeeded to Worsley in 1639 , and died in 1649 . He was succeeded by the second and third Earls of Bridgewater . The title of Duke of Bridgewater was first given to Scroop Egerton in 1720 . He devised a navigation system for Worsley which was not carried out . His son , the third Duke of Bridgewater Francis Egerton , was to build the Bridgewater Canal . The Duke purchased the Manor of Pemberton ( near Wigan ) in 1758 , the Manor of Hindley in 1765 , and the Manor of Cadishead in 1776 . Upon his death in 1803 he was succeeded by George Leveson @-@ Gower , 1st Duke of Sutherland . In 1833 the estate was inherited by Gower 's son , Francis Leveson @-@ Gower who changed his surname to Egerton , and in 1846 became the Earl of Ellesmere . In 1836 he purchased the Manor of Tyldesley . He is recorded as saying that he found Worsley to be " a God @-@ forsaken place , full of drunken , rude people with deplorable morals " . Worsley New Hall , designed by Edward Blore , was built in 1846 for Francis Egerton the First Earl of Ellesmere . The plans are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum . Queen Victoria visited the hall in 1851 and 1857 ; Edward VII and Queen Alexandra visited when Edward was Prince of Wales in 1869 , and on 6 July 1909 . The hall was used as a hospital in World War I and in World War II housed Dunkirk evacuees , American soldiers preparing for D @-@ Day and the Lancashire Fusiliers . In 1943 the hall was badly damaged by fire and demolished in 1949 . = = = Industrial Revolution = = = Coal has been mined around Worsley from as long ago as 1376 , originally in bell pits . The coal seams in the area tend to be fairly thin , slanting downwards from north to south , and so deeper mining became necessary during the 17th century . With the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the growing use of steam power , there was a rapid increase in the demand for coal . The Duke 's mines were among those supplying the surrounding districts but transport was both inefficient and expensive , and the mines also suffered from persistent flooding . His solution to these problems was to build a canal from Worsley to Salford , and an underground canal into the mines from Worsley Delph . The canal boats would carry 30 long tons ( 30 t ) at a time , – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart . The Duke and his estate manager obtained an Act of Parliament empowering them to begin construction on a planned route directly to Salford , avoiding the River Irwell . James Brindley was brought in for his technical expertise and suggested varying the route of the proposed canal away from Salford and across the Irwell into Manchester . A second Act was secured for this variance , which included an aqueduct to cross the Irwell . This was built relatively quickly for the time ; work commenced in September 1760 and the first boat crossed on 17 July 1761 . The canal opened in 1761 and along with the stone aqueduct at Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell , was considered a major engineering achievement . One writer said that when finished , it " will be the most extraordanary thing in the kingdom , if not in Europe . The boats in some places are to go underground , and in other places over a navigable river , without communicating with its waters ... " Worsley Delph , now a scheduled monument , was the entrance to the Duke 's underground mines . Two entrances , built years apart , allowed access to the Starvationer boats , the largest of which could carry 12 long tons ( 12 t ) of coal . The entrances allow access to 46 miles ( 74 km ) of underground canal on four levels , linked by inclined planes . The burgeoning village became a hub of commercial activity . The Duke employed craftsmen to service a wide range of industries including boat @-@ making , plastering , blacksmithing and mining . A local quarry supplied limestone , for which a kiln was constructed at the junction of Barton Road ( B5211 ) and Stableford Road . A quarry at the Delph supplied building materials for the region , including the stone used to construct Brindley 's aqueduct . To accommodate the workers needed for these industries the Duke built extra housing and cottages . In a diary entry of 1773 , Josiah Wedgwood wrote of the area " We next visited Worsley which has the appearance of a considerable Seaport Town . His Grace has built some hundreds of houses , & is every year adding considerably to their number . " Worsley Green became a thriving centre of industry . With the death of the Duke in 1803 , his estates were inherited by his nephew , George Leveson @-@ Gower , who later became the Duke of Sutherland . The canal and coal estates were placed under the control of the Bridgewater Trust , and in 1833 the rest of the estates were inherited by the Duke of Sutherland 's son , Francis Leveson @-@ Gower who changed his surname to Egerton , and in 1846 became the Earl of Ellesmere . The mines ceased production in 1887 , and with the expiration of the Bridgewater Trust in 1903 the village began to change ; the Duke 's warehouse and the works on what is now Worsley Green were demolished . Worsley Brook was culverted , and a memorial fountain to the Duke was built from the bricks of the works ' chimney . Although much of the industry that dominated Worsley was in decline , in 1937 Sir Montague Maurice Burton opened a clothing factory along the East Lancashire Road . Built in the Art Deco style , in 1938 the factory employed 3 @,@ 000 people . = = = Modern history = = = Under the Housing Act 1919 , large overspill estates were built by the council for veterans of the First World War , but a larger change to the area came after the end of the Second World War , when the then City of Salford was forced to rehouse many of its inhabitants . With little land left , 4 @,@ 518 new houses were built in the urban district by the Worsley Project . 18 @,@ 000 people were rehoused under the scheme , which included new facilities , shops and schools . Another housing estate was built during the 1970s to the north of Worsley Green . In 1944 , during World War II , a flying bomb landed on a house near Worsley Dam . An Anti Aircraft Operations Room ( AAOR ) was built in the 1950s . Although unused the building still exists , in wooded land to the west of the town , on the site of the former Worsley New Hall . = = Governance = = From the 11th century , Worsley was a township in the Eccles parish of the hundred of Salford , and county of Lancashire . Worsley was originally in Eccles ecclesiastical parish , and also in Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell Poor Law Union . The Swinton area of the township was in 1867 included in the Swinton Local Board of Health , which from 1869 became the Swinton and Pendlebury Local Board of Health . In 1892 a small part of the township of Worsley was included in the Borough of Eccles . In 1894 , under the Local Government Act 1894 , Worsley Urban District was created . A part of the township then within the area of the Swinton and Pendlebury Local Board of Health was formed into Swinton township , becoming part of Swinton and Pendlebury Urban District . In 1907 two small detached parts of Worsley civil parish , then inside Swinton civil parish , were added to Swinton civil parish . A town hall was opened on 22 June 1911 . Worsley Urban District gained 21 acres ( 85 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land from Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell Civil Parish in 1921 , and in 1933 gained the area of Little Hulton Urban District . Parts were added to Eccles Borough and Irlam Urban District . In 1955 Swinton and Pendlebury Borough gained a small part of Worsley Urban District , and under the Local Government Act 1972 , in 1974 Worsley 's Urban District status was abolished , becoming part of Salford Metropolitan District . Following its 2006 review of parliamentary representation in Greater Manchester , the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of a modified Worsley constituency , incorporating a part of Eccles . The new constituency is called Worsley and Eccles South . Until the United Kingdom general election 2010 , Worsley was represented in the House of Commons by Barbara Keeley , Labour Party member for the Worsley constituency . After the election , Keeley became the MP for Worsley and Eccles South . = = Geography = = At 53 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ N 2 ° 23 ′ 0 ″ W ( 53 @.@ 5000 ° , − 2 @.@ 3833 ° ) , Worsley stands about 206 feet ( 63 m ) above sea level . Sheltered at the foot of a middle coal measure running approximately northwest and southeast across the area , the village lies along the course of Worsley Brook , which cuts through the ridge . The ridge also forms part of the northern edge of the Irwell Valley . The area is bordered on the north by the East Lancashire Road , and on the south by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and part of the Bridgewater Canal . The larger towns of Swinton and Eccles lie to the east and southeast respectively , and to the west the area is largely bordered by Chat Moss , open fields , and forest . The M60 and M62 motorways cut directly through the area . The underlying measures of coal have proved important for the development of the area ; it was around Worsley Delph that the settlement first began to grow . Parts of the area are within an indicated floodplain . Worsley 's climate is generally temperate , like the rest of Greater Manchester . The mean highest and lowest temperatures ( 13 @.@ 2 ° C ( 55 @.@ 8 ° F ) and 6 @.@ 4 ° C ( 43 @.@ 5 ° F ) ) are slightly above the national average , while the annual rainfall ( 806 @.@ 6 millimetres ( 31 @.@ 76 in ) ) and average hours of sunshine ( 1394 @.@ 5 hours ) are respectively above and below the national averages . = = Demography = = According to the Office for National Statistics , at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the ward of Worsley had a population of 9 @,@ 833 , of which 4 @,@ 801 were male and 5 @,@ 032 female . It is the fifth least populous ward in Salford , and the third least densely populated . The ward has a higher proportion of married couples with and without children than Salford as a whole . Of those over 16 years old , 1 @,@ 929 were single ( never married ) and 4 @,@ 267 married . Worsley 's 4 @,@ 102 households included 632 married couples without children , 818 with dependent children and 356 with non @-@ dependent children . There were 249 lone @-@ parent households with children . 642 households were occupied by pensioners living alone . Of those aged 16 – 74 , 1 @,@ 428 had no academic qualifications , 1 @,@ 078 had attained a level one qualification , 183 children aged between 16 – 17 and 242 people aged 18 – 74 were in full @-@ time education . Worsley ward has the lowest levels of unemployment in Salford , in April 2006 0 @.@ 9 % of the economically active population were unemployment benefit claimants , comparing well to Salford as a whole where the figure is 3 @.@ 7 % . The area is considered to be one of the more affluent parts of Salford . At 12 @.@ 6 reported crimes per thousand population , the crime rate in Worsley is lower on average than Salford , which stands at 163 @.@ 1 per thousand population . = = Economy = = One of Worsley 's early industries was weaving . A cottage industry , cotton would be spun on spinning wheels and hand @-@ operated looms in people 's homes to produce cloth . Merchants would then purchase this cloth , selling it at the Bridgewater Hotel , then known as the Old Grapes Inn . Worsley now has little industry , and is in the main a tourist destination and commuter town . The area has two large hotels ; a Novotel and a Marriott . Worsley Old Hall is now a public house and restaurant in the Brunning and Price chain , part of the Restaurant Group . = = Landmarks = = Worsley Village was in 1969 designated as a conservation area by the former Lancashire County Council . Bisected by the A572 Worsley Road , the area covered about 34 @.@ 25 acres ( 138 @,@ 600 m2 ) of land and included 40 listed buildings , such as the Packet House , a telephone kiosk , and the Delph sluice gates , but this list has since increased to 48 listed buildings . Much of the area around the canal and Worsley Delph was restored and landscaped between 1966 and 1967 by the Worsley Civic Trust and the local council , ready for a visit by Elizabeth II on 17 May 1968 . As the canal passes through Worsley , iron oxide from the mines has , for many years , stained the water bright orange . The removal of this colouration is currently the subject of a £ 2 @.@ 5 million remedial scheme . Wardley Hall is an early medieval manor house and a Grade I listed building in Wardley . The current hall dates from around 1500 but was extensively rebuilt in the 19th and 20th centuries . Worsley Old Hall is a Grade II listed building near Walkden Road . The Post Medieval building is said to have been moated , but no signs of the moat now remain . Parts of Worsley are currently being considered as World Heritage Sites . The area includes Worsley Delph ( itself a scheduled monument ) , parts of Worsley Green , and the Bridgewater Canal . In 2015 , the Royal Horticultural Society announced plans for a restoration of the garden at Worsley New Hall , to open in 2019 under the name RHS Garden Bridgewater . = = Transport = = Following an Act of Parliament of 1861 , in 1864 the Eccles , Tyldesley and Wigan branch line was opened by the London and North Western Railway , along with a station at Worsley which required the demolition of six cottages . The first sod had been cut by the Earl of Ellesmere . An additional branch line to Bolton was opened in 1870 , branching from the Tyldesley Loopline line at Roe Green . A railway station at Monton Green was opened in 1887 to cater mainly for commuters into Manchester . The lines were important thoroughfares for the transport of coal in the area , including Mosley Common Colliery . Both lines were closed under the Beeching Axe in 1969 , and have since been partially reclaimed by Salford City Council as recreational pathways . Early public transport included the Farnworth horse @-@ bus service , with a terminus at the nearby Stocks Hotel in 1885 . An electric tram service was founded in 1903 by the South Lancashire Tramways Company . = = Education = = One of the first Sunday schools to be established in England may have been at Worsley . Built in the 1780s in a cottage close to the present @-@ day courthouse , and founded by Thomas Bury ( a colliery manager for the 3rd Duke ) children were taught by a Luke Lowe , a cooper also in the Duke 's employ . In 1785 a further three Sunday schools were established in the area , and by 1788 over 300 children were attending the four schools . Francis Egerton built a day school in 1838 , which later became known as St Mark 's School . This was demolished during construction of the M62 motorway , and replaced with a new school on Aviary Road , opened 19 October 1968 . The area of Worsley contains a number of primary schools , including ( but not limited to ) Christ the King RC Primary School , Hilton Lane Primary School and Mesne Lea Primary School . Secondary schools include Bridgewater School and Harrop Fold School . Salford College has a campus in nearby Walkden ( once within Worsley Urban District ) . The college 's Worsley Campus , the Learning Resource and specialist Media Centre , caters for 16- to 18 @-@ year @-@ olds , and provides access to 50 internet workstations , 15 @,@ 000 books , and resources for e @-@ learning . It also has a suite of hair and beauty salons , a performing arts theatre and a sports hall and fitness suite . = = Religious sites = = Ellenbrook Chapel , the first church in Worsley was built in 1209 by the Worsley family . Methodism was first practised in the area in 1784 , by the notable preacher Matthew Mayer . Later services were held in various locations around the area , and in 1801 a Methodist chapel was built along Barton Road . The foundation stone for St Mark 's Church was laid on 14 June 1844 by George Granville Francis Egerton , the son of Francis Egerton . Designed by the architect George Gilbert Scott , the church was consecrated on 2 July 1846 by the Bishop of Chester , John Bird Sumner . The church tower is now home to the mechanism for the Bridgewater Clock from the Bridgewater workshops at Worsley Green . The clock strikes 13 times at 1 pm , originally so that workmen did not miss the end of their dinner break . Many gravestones in the churchyard were cut from rock sourced at Worsley Delph . Following a proposed hotel development in 1981 the area around the church and vicarage was designated a conservation area . = = Sports = = Worsley Golf Club was founded in 1894 on part of the Earl of Ellesmere 's estate at Broadoak Park . The area has a clay pigeon shooting club , west of the M60 . A racecourse development proposed on land near Boothstown was the subject of a public inquiry and rejected by the local council after a sustained campaign by local councillors . = = Public services = = Home Office policing in Worsley is provided by the Greater Manchester Police . The nearest police station is at Little Hulton . Public transport is co @-@ ordinated by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive . Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service . = = Notable people = = Notable people from Worsley include the actress Helen Cherry , and television commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme . Statistician Harry Campion , who played a leading role in the development of official statistics after the Second World War , was born in Kearsley in May 1905 and brought up in Worsley . Arthur Thomas Doodson was a mathematician and oceanographer born in Boothstown in March 1890 . Footballer Ryan Giggs caused controversy in the mid @-@ 2000s when he bought a Victorian mansion on the outskirts of the village for £ 1 @.@ 9 million and demolished it to build a new house which cost up to £ 4 million .
= Interstate 680 ( California ) = Interstate 680 ( I @-@ 680 ) is a north – south Interstate Highway in Northern California . It curves around the eastern cities of the San Francisco Bay Area from San Jose to Interstate 80 at Fairfield , bypassing cities along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay such as Oakland and Richmond while serving others more inland such as Pleasanton and Concord . Built in the 1920s and designated in 1955 , I @-@ 680 begins at a junction with I @-@ 280 and US 101 ( Bayshore Freeway ) , and heads northeast and north @-@ northwest through the northeast part of San Jose . After passing State Route 237 ( SR 237 ) in Milpitas and SR 262 in Fremont , I @-@ 680 abruptly turns northeast ( where a connection to a SR 238 freeway was planned ) and enters the hills and valleys of the California Coast Ranges . The highway crosses over Mission Pass , also known as the Sunol Grade , and descends into the Sunol Valley , where it meets SR 84 near Sunol . From Sunol , I @-@ 680 again heads north @-@ northwesterly through valleys , including the San Ramon Valley , along the Calaveras Fault . Junctions along this portion include I @-@ 580 in Dublin and SR 24 in Walnut Creek . Beyond the latter interchange , a three @-@ way directional junction with the SR 24 freeway west to Oakland , I @-@ 680 heads north into Pleasant Hill , where SR 242 splits and I @-@ 680 again heads northwesterly . After the junction with SR 4 in Martinez , the highway crosses the Carquinez Strait on the Benicia @-@ Martinez Bridge , immediately meeting the east end of I @-@ 780 on the Benicia end . The remainder of I @-@ 680 , from Benicia to I @-@ 80 at Fairfield , lies between a hilly area to the west representing the southwestern tip of the Vaca Mountains , and a marshy area ( along the Suisun Bay and Cordelia Slough ) to the east . = = Route description = = I @-@ 680 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System . This route is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System from the Santa Clara @-@ Alameda county line to SR 24 in Walnut Creek . , and is a scenic route from either SR 238 or SR 262 ( CalTrans 's designation is unclear ; just defines it as Mission Blvd . ) to the Contra Costa county line , and from the Alameda county line to SR 24 . It 's routed legislatively as ( a ) Route 101 near San Jose to Route 780 at Benicia passing near Warm Springs , Mission San Jose , Scotts Corners , and Sunol , and via Walnut Creek , and ( b ) Route 780 at Benicia to Route 80 near Cordelia . The route begins at U.S. Route 101 at the Joe Colla Interchange , where it acts as a continuation of I @-@ 280 eastward . From here , it begins its journey northward through San Jose , where it meets the Capitol Expressway , signed as CR G21 , about a mile northeast of I @-@ 680 's southern terminus . The next exit northbound is SR 130 , which is also known as Alum Rock Avenue , unsigned at the intersection . As it continues through Santa Clara County , it meets numerous local roads before interchanging with the Montague Expressway . Here , it exits San Jose and enters the city of Milpitas , California , where it meets SR 237 , often referred to as Calaveras Boulevard . After one more intersection , I @-@ 680 exits Santa Clara County and enters Alameda County . In Alameda County , the freeway begins in the city of Fremont , where it intersects SR 262 , which was unsigned until 2000 . Continuing through the city , it meets Mission Boulevard at SR 238 before exiting the city . Prior to 2002 , two ghost ramps existed here , remains of an abandoned freeway project replacing Mission Blvd . Amid Alameda County , it abruptly turns northeastward and enters a hilly area , where it crosses over Mission Pass , and descends into the Sunol Valley , where it runs concurrently with SR 84 for a short while . Afterwards , it enters Pleasanton and intersects with I @-@ 580 , currently California 's longest auxiliary interstate providing access to Oakland and the Central Valley . It enters Dublin for a short segment before exiting the county and entering Contra Costa County . Upon entering Contra Costa County , the route meets numerous local roads through the cities of San Ramon , Danville , and Alamo before entering Walnut Creek , where it meets SR 24 . I @-@ 680 then enters Pleasant Hill for a short time and Concord , where it meets SR 242 . Upon exiting Concord , it meets SR 4 . It then enters Martinez , where it follows the Benicia @-@ Martinez Bridge over the Carquinez Strait , on which the route crosses the county line and enters Benicia in Solano County . On the Benicia @-@ Martinez bridge , I @-@ 680 northbound requires a toll , while I @-@ 680 southbound is free direction . In Benicia , I @-@ 680 interchanges with I @-@ 780 . It then exits the city and after passing through rural areas routing parallel to the San Joaquin Delta , it enters Fairfield , where it meets I @-@ 80 , which is the route 's northern terminus . In the wake of the September 11 Attacks , a U.S. flag was painted on a large piece of concrete on a hill along the Sunol Grade . It stayed there for nine years before Caltrans painted it over , as the mural had been painted on without authorization . Due to this action being taken shortly before July 4th , 2010 , and also due to the mural 's fame , this was met with controversy . The flag was replaced shortly later . Of the above names , only the name Sinclair Freeway for its designated portion usually appears on maps , and the other portions on maps are always unnamed , referred to as simply I @-@ 680 . = = = High @-@ occupancy lanes = = = A 14 @-@ mile ( 23 km ) southbound high @-@ occupancy toll ( HOT ) lane along I @-@ 680 between SR 84 in Alameda County and SR 237 in Santa Clara County opened on September 20 , 2010 . Solo drivers are required to pay a toll via a FasTrak transponder . Studies regarding the implementation of northbound HOT lanes on I @-@ 680 are currently underway . HOV Lanes exist on this portion from slightly north of I @-@ 580 to Walnut Creek , and again from Concord to the Benicia @-@ Martinez Bridge . The portion leading to the Benicia @-@ Martinez Bridge requires a car with 3 + persons , unlike California 's regular carpool lanes of 2 + persons . = = History = = = = = Historic routing = = = By the 1920s , a road ran south from Martinez through Walnut Creek , Dublin , Danville , and Sunol to Mission San Jose , where it met State Highway Route 5 ( Mission Boulevard , signed over the years as US 48 , US 101E , SR 9 , and now SR 238 ) . It was not yet paved south of Dublin , where it crossed Mission Pass between the Sunol Valley and the San Francisco Bay basin . The majority of this roadway was added to the state highway system in 1933 as portions of several routes : Route 108 from Mission San Jose to Sunol , Route 107 from Sunol to Walnut Creek , and Route 75 from Walnut Creek to Pleasant Hill . At Martinez , the Martinez @-@ Benicia Ferry took automobiles across the Carquinez Strait to Benicia , where Route 7 , one of the original state highways from the 1910 bond issue , led north and northeast past Fairfield towards Sacramento and Oregon . The portion north from Benicia to Fairfield became part of Route 74 in 1935 , when Route 7 was realigned to the more direct American Canyon route that is now I @-@ 80 . None of the aforementioned roads were given state sign route numbers in 1934 , when that system was laid out , but by 1937 they had been numbered SR 21 . This route began at the intersection of Warm Springs Boulevard and Brown Road in Warm Springs , where Route 5 and Route 69 ( SR 17 ) split , followed Route 5 along Mission Boulevard to Mission San Jose ( this part later became an overlap with SR 9 ) , and then continued to US 40 ( Route 7 ) at Cordelia . The routing was very close to the present I @-@ 680 , following such roads as Pleasanton Sunol Road , San Ramon Valley Boulevard , Danville Boulevard , Main Street in Walnut Creek , Contra Costa Boulevard , and Pacheco Boulevard . The portion of SR 21 between Pleasant Hill and Martinez was finally added to the state highway system in 1949 , as a branch of Route 75 . The ferry approach in Benicia became a spur of Route 74 in 1947 , and in 1953 it was transferred to Route 75 . The same law , effective immediately as an urgency measure , authorized the Department of Public Works to acquire the ferry system , then operated by the city of Martinez , which was planning to shut it down . Ownership was transferred just after midnight on October 6 , 1953 . = = = History as an Interstate = = = The Bureau of Public Roads approved urban routes of the Interstate Highway System on September 15 , 1955 , including a loop around the San Francisco Bay , soon numbered I @-@ 280 and I @-@ 680 . The east half ( I @-@ 680 ) began at the interchange of US 101 north of downtown San Jose and followed the Nimitz Freeway ( SR 17 / Route 69 , now I @-@ 880 ) to the split at Warm Springs ( the present location of SR 262 ) , SR 21 to Benicia , and Route 74 ( no sign route number ) to I @-@ 80 in Vallejo . The first piece of I @-@ 680 freeway built , other than the pre @-@ existing Nimitz Freeway , was in the late 1950s , along the SR 24 overlap between North Main Street in Walnut Creek and Monument Boulevard in Pleasant Hill . A southerly extension , bypassing downtown Walnut Creek to South Main Street , opened on March 22 , 1960 , connecting with the SR 24 freeway to Oakland . In the next decade , the freeway was completed from Vallejo south to SR 238 at Mission San Jose , and the roadway north from Benicia to Fairfield , which became the only remaining piece of SR 21 , was also upgraded to freeway standards . In the 1964 renumbering , the legislative designation was changed to Route 680 . SR 17 was officially moved to former Route 5 between San Jose and Warm Springs , which had not had a signed designation since the Nimitz Freeway ( then I @-@ 680 ) was constructed , but this was instead marked as part of SR 238 ( which replaced SR 9 north of Mission San Jose ) , and SR 17 remained signed along the Nimitz Freeway . This was very short @-@ lived , as the Bureau of Public Roads approved a shift in the south end of I @-@ 680 in October 1964 . The legislature changed the routes in 1965 , swapping Routes 17 and 680 south of Warm Springs , and creating a new SR 262 on the short roadway at Warm Springs where they had overlapped to switch sides . However , until I @-@ 680 was completed in the early @-@ to @-@ mid 1970s , it remained signed along the Nimitz Freeway , and the old road between San Jose and Warm Springs continued to be marked as SR 238 . One more change was made to the routing of I @-@ 680 : in July 1973 , the remainder of SR 21 , from Benicia to Fairfield , was added to the Interstate Highway System . This became the new alignment of I @-@ 680 , and the old route to Vallejo became I @-@ 780 . The corresponding changes were made by the state legislature in 1976 . = = = Joe Colla Interchange = = = The interchange at the beginning of I @-@ 680 at I @-@ 280 and U.S. Route 101 was constructed years before its completion . The two bridges , with no on ramps or off ramps stood as a 110 foot tall monument to inefficiency for years in the 1970s . It became the butt of many local jokes . The highlight prank occurred in January 1976 , when a 1960 Chevrolet Impala was placed on the highest bridge overnight , where it obviously would be impossible to drive . The following day , San Jose City Councilman Joe Colla was photographed standing next to the car , a photo which was circulated across many newspapers . It has been suggested this stunt nudged the wheels of progress to find the funds to complete the freeway . In 2010 , the interchange was named the Joe Colla Interchange . = = Exit List = = Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The numbers reset at county lines ; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column .
= Casino Royale ( Climax ! ) = Casino Royale is a 1954 television adaptation of the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming . An episode of the dramatic anthology series Climax ! , the show is the first screen adaptation of a James Bond novel and stars Barry Nelson and Peter Lorre . Though this marks the first onscreen appearance of the character of James Bond , Nelson 's character is played as an American agent with " Combined Intelligence " and is referred to as " Jimmy " by several characters . Most of the largely forgotten show was located in the 1980s by film historian Jim Schoenberger , with the ending ( including credits ) found afterward . The rights to the program were acquired by MGM at the same time as the rights for the 1967 film version of Casino Royale , clearing the legal pathway and enabling it to make the 2006 film of the same name . = = Plot = = Act I " Combined Intelligence " agent James Bond comes under fire from an assassin : he manages to dodge the bullets and enters Casino Royale . There he meets his British contact , Clarence Leiter , who remembers " Card Sense Jimmy Bond " from when he played the Maharajah of Deauville . While Bond explains the rules of baccarat , Leiter explains Bond 's mission : to defeat Le Chiffre at baccarat and force his Soviet spymasters to " retire " him . Bond then encounters a former lover , Valerie Mathis who is Le Chiffre 's current girlfriend ; he also meets Le Chiffre himself . Act II Bond beats Le Chiffre at baccarat but , when he returns to his hotel room , is confronted by Le Chiffre and his bodyguards , along with Mathis , who Le Chiffre has discovered is an agent of the Deuxième , France 's external military intelligence agency at the time . Act III Le Chiffre tortures Bond in order to find out where Bond has hidden the cheque for his winnings , but Bond does not reveal where it is . After a fight between Bond and Le Chiffre 's guards , Bond shoots and wounds Le Chiffre , saving Valerie in the process . Exhausted , Bond sits in a chair opposite Le Chiffre to talk . Mathis gets in between them and Le Chiffre grabs her from behind , threatening her with a concealed razor blade . As Le Chiffre moves towards the door with Mathis as a shield , she struggles , breaking free slightly and Bond is able to shoot Le Chiffre . = = Cast = = Barry Nelson – James Bond Peter Lorre – Le Chiffre Linda Christian – Valerie Mathis Michael Pate – Clarence Leiter Eugene Borden – Chef De Partie Jean Del Val – Croupier Gene Roth – Basil Kurt Katch – Zoltan Unknown actor – Zuroff William Lundigan – Host / Himself = = Production = = In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming $ 1 @,@ 000 ( $ 8 @,@ 812 in 2016 dollars ) to adapt his first novel , Casino Royale , into a one @-@ hour television adventure as part of their dramatic anthology series Climax ! , which ran between October 1954 and June 1958 . It was adapted for the screen by Anthony Ellis and Charles Bennett ; Bennett was best known for his collaborations with Alfred Hitchcock , including The 39 Steps and Sabotage . Due to the restriction of a one @-@ hour play , the adapted version lost many of the details found in the book , although it retained its violence , particularly in Act III . The hour @-@ long Casino Royale episode aired on 21 October 1954 as a live production and starred Barry Nelson as secret agent James Bond , with Peter Lorre in the role of Le Chiffre and was hosted by William Lundigan . The Bond character from Casino Royale was re @-@ cast as an American agent , described as working for " Combined Intelligence " , supported by the British agent , Clarence Leiter ; " thus was the Anglo @-@ American relationship depicted in the book reversed for American consumption " . Clarence Leiter was an agent for Station S , while being a combination of Felix Leiter and René Mathis . The name " Mathis " , and his association with the Deuxième Bureau , was given to the leading lady , who is named Valérie Mathis , instead of Vesper Lynd . Reports that towards the end of the broadcast " the coast @-@ to @-@ coast audience saw Peter Lorre , the actor playing Le Chiffre , get up off the floor after his ' death ' and begin to walk to his dressing room " , do not appear to be accurate . = = Legacy = = The production went mostly unnoticed upon release . However , four years after the production of Casino Royale , CBS invited Fleming to write 32 episodes over a two @-@ year period for a television show based on the James Bond character . Fleming agreed and began to write outlines for this series . When nothing ever came of this , however , Fleming grouped and adapted three of the outlines into short stories and released the 1960 anthology For Your Eyes Only along with an additional two new short stories . This was the first screen adaptation of a James Bond novel and was made before the formation of Eon Productions . When MGM eventually obtained the rights to the 1967 film version of Casino Royale , it also received the rights to this television episode . The Casino Royale episode was lost for decades after its 1954 broadcast until a kinescope of it was located by film historian Jim Schoenberger in 1981 . It also aired on TBS as part of a Bond film marathon . However , the VHS release and TBS presentation did not include the full finale of the adaptation , which was at that point still lost . Eventually , the missing footage ( minus the last few seconds of the credits ) was found and included on a Spy Guise & Cara Entertainment VHS release . MGM subsequently included the truncated version on its DVD of the 1967 Casino Royale . David Cornelius of Efilmcritic.com remarked that " the first act freely gives in to spy pulp cliché " and noted that he believed Nelson was miscast and " trips over his lines and lacks the elegance needed for the role . " He described Lorre as " the real main attraction here , the veteran villain working at full weasel mode ; a grotesque weasel whose very presence makes you uncomfortable . " Peter Debruge of Variety also praised Lorre , considering him the source of " whatever charm this slipshod antecedent to the Bond oeuvre has to offer " , and complaining that " the whole thing seems to have been done on the cheap " . Debruge still noted that while the special had very few elements in common with the Eon series , Nelson 's portrayal of " Bond suggests a realistically human vulnerability that wouldn 't resurface until Eon finally remade Casino Royale more than half a century later . "
= Canadian Football League in the United States = The Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , the sole major professional sports league in the United States and Canada to feature only teams from Canada , has made efforts to gain further audience in the United States , most directly through expansion into the country from 1993 to 1995 . The CFL plays Canadian football , which is somewhat different from the American football usual in the United States . The first American team , the Sacramento Gold Miners , joined in 1993 . The league expanded to four American teams in 1994 and five in 1995 . In the latter year , the teams were aligned into a new South Division . The three years saw numerous franchise moves , foldings , and ownership debacles on both sides of the U.S.-Canadian border . The Baltimore Stallions became the only American @-@ based team to win the Grey Cup championship , in 1995 . With the exception of Baltimore , the American teams consistently lost money . CFL games in the United States by its American teams averaged 10 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 in paid attendance , while the Stallions ranged from 30 @,@ 000 to 37 @,@ 000 . ( At the time , the CFL was a gate @-@ driven league ) . Tension also arose between the American and Canadian contingents over rule changes , scheduling , import rules , and even the name of the league itself . Facing these difficulties , the league again fielded only Canadian teams beginning in 1996 . While expansion was the most notable CFL effort in the United States , the league had also made previous inroads . Eleven neutral @-@ site CFL games ( including exhibition games ) have been held in the United States , while National Football League ( NFL ) teams have been invited northward for interleague play . The CFL has also attempted to find a television audience in the United States , most notably during an NFL players ' strike in 1982 , and more recently on ESPN . = = Pre @-@ expansion era = = Until 1993 the Canadian Football League , and its predecessor associations , had always operated solely within Canada , despite most professional leagues in North America being cross @-@ border enterprises . The substantially different rules and fields of the Canadian and American games and the popularity of the National Football League and NCAA Division I @-@ A football in the United States were generally seen to inhibit the chances of any sort of expansion into the United States . Lackluster CFL television ratings in the United States during the 1982 NFL strike seemed to bolster this argument . = = = Neutral site games = = = There had been a degree of cross @-@ fertilization between Canadian and American leagues earlier in the 20th century . A number of CFL – NFL interleague games were held in Canada . As well , eleven neutral @-@ site CFL games have been played on American soil . The earliest of these dates to 1909 , while the bulk occurred between 1951 and 1967 . The 1909 game , featuring the Ottawa Rough Riders and Hamilton Tigers , was sponsored by the New York Herald and played at a park in the Bronx ; this in the era when the Canadian game was more similar to rugby football and did not feature modern rules such as the forward pass . The next game , a 1951 match @-@ up between the Hamilton Tiger @-@ Cats and Toronto Argonauts in Buffalo , was billed as the first true all @-@ Canadian game played in the United States and drew more than 18 @,@ 000 , a decent crowd for the era . In 1958 , Hamilton defeated Ottawa in a regular @-@ season contest in front about 15 @,@ 000 in Philadelphia 's cavernous Municipal Stadium , 24 – 18 . It remains the only CFL game played outside Canada , involving two Canadian teams , that actually counted in the standings . The American Pacific Northwest became a frequent site for games in the 1950s and 1960s . Western Canadian teams , particularly the BC Lions , were most often called upon to entertain their regional neighbours . News reports from the time suggest a hybrid game of three down Canadian ball played on the more restricted 100 yard American field . One BC – Winnipeg matchup in 1960 was held not on the west coast but in Cedar Rapids , Iowa , presumably because both teams had a number of former University of Iowa stars , including Willie Mitchell , who scored the Lions ' only touchdown in a 13 – 7 loss in front of 12 @,@ 583 . Games tended to be characterized by low scores and frequent punting , with crowds between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 ; these numbers dropped off in the last two games of the era . A low scoring BC – Calgary game in Everett , Washington in 1967 drew just over 6 @,@ 000 ; there would not be another CFL game in the United States until the cusp of US expansion itself in 1992 . = = = Television = = = The idea of attracting American fans through television has long been a goal of the CFL although the results have been intermittent . As early as 1954 , the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union ( forerunner of the CFL 's East Division ) struck a deal with NBC that lasted a year and featured 13 games . The infamous Fog Bowl of 1962 was — at least until play was suspended — broadcast by ABC . Over subsequent years various non @-@ major networks picked up an assortment of games . The fledgling ESPN signed a deal in 1981 for 30 CFL regular season games and the playoffs , and CFL games became a fixture of the early years of the network . The next year , after NFL players went on strike in September , the CFL got another chance at major network exposure when NBC bought out the ESPN rights for $ 100 @,@ 000 a game to make up for its lost football programming . NBC would air CFL games on Sunday afternoons with full NFL production values and announcing crews . However , every one of the four matches shown was a blowout and ratings were a major disappointment . NBC quickly backed out of the arrangement . = = Expansion = = = = = Background = = = The idea of expansion into the United States began to take shape in the early 1990s , prompted by precarious ownership situations and chronic money shortages amongst the existing Canadian teams . The chief catalyst of the league 's struggles was Carling O 'Keefe brewery 's decision to stop their lucrative television sponsorship in 1987 . The arrangement had provided steady income to all of the league 's teams , reaching $ 11 million per season before its withdrawal . The guaranteed revenues , instead of being used to grow the league , had subsidized outdated and shoddy financial practices and marketing both at the team and league level . It would take two decades for economic equilibrium to again be reestablished . With the exception of the Edmonton Eskimos , every team in the league had faced some kind of crisis in the years leading up to 1993 . In the 1980s , the Montreal team folded twice , while the Calgary Stampeders and publicly owned Saskatchewan Roughriders had to mount public campaigns to survive . By 1993 , the BC Lions had experienced years of ownership chaos and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers faced $ 3 million in debt , despite frugal management . The Toronto Argonauts were embroiled in a series of ownership crises after the initially successful ownership triumvirate of Bruce McNall , Wayne Gretzky , and John Candy faced mounting financial losses . The Hamilton Tiger @-@ Cats were confronting an attendance swoon , fan malaise , and struggling community ownership . Both Ontario teams faced competition at the gate and for general attention from the Buffalo Bills of the NFL , then in the middle of their run of four consecutive Super Bowl appearances . The Ottawa Rough Riders and their fans were being treated to disappointing squads on the field and constant drama off the field from its under @-@ capitalized and mercurial owner , Bernie Glieberman . Against this economic backdrop a new generation of venture capitalist owners had emerged , taking the place of the community groups , local consortiums , or philanthropists that typically had owned the teams and operated them without any serious profit motive . They were led by McNall in Toronto , Larry Ryckman in Calgary , and Glieberman in Ottawa . Larry Smith was hired as league commissioner in February 1992 , reportedly on the explicit understanding that he would pursue American expansion . While Smith would become the most visible face of the era , he makes clear that it was the owners who drove the initiative , particularly McNall and Ryckman . McNall 's issues with cash flow , later revealed to be the result of his wealth being inflated by illegal accounting , were one obvious instigator . While expansion was championed by the newer owners , equal distribution of the expansion fees also appealed to the community owned teams to shore up their finances . = = = 1992 – 1993 = = = With the green light from the owners , Smith began the task of expanding the league across the border , beginning with a June 1992 exhibition game between the Argos and Stampeders in Portland , Oregon . A total of 15 @,@ 362 attended , close to the averages later American teams would post . Portland was seriously considered for a franchise , but investors failed to emerge . The expansion announcement prompted numerous applications from a wide variety of American cities . By the end of the expansion era , a minimum of 22 cities are reported to have been considered for teams . Coincidentally , the World League of American Football , an attempt by the NFL to create a spring league in major markets without NFL teams , suspended its North American operations after its 1992 season . WLAF owners Fred Anderson of the Sacramento Surge and Larry J. Benson of the San Antonio Riders applied to join the CFL as the Sacramento Gold Miners and San Antonio Texans , respectively . On January 13 , 1993 the league approved both franchises by a vote of 7 – 1 , with Winnipeg dissenting . League owners also decided not to apply the requirement of 20 " non @-@ import " Canadian @-@ raised players to the American squads , fearing that the requirement would be a violation of US employment laws . The experiment started on a sour note , however , when an ownership dispute forced Benson to pull San Antonio out on the same evening the franchise was to be formally introduced . Anderson decided to continue with the venture after Bensons 's withdrawal , but made clear that he did not want to be the only American franchise after 1993 . The Gold Miners were placed in the very strong West Division and finished last with a record of 6 – 12 . They played at the austere Hornet Stadium , located on the campus of Sacramento State University and averaged around 17 @,@ 000 fans per game , selling 9 @,@ 000 season tickets . = = = 1994 = = = In 1994 the Gold Miners were joined by three other American teams : the Las Vegas Posse , the Baltimore CFL Colts and the Shreveport Pirates . On television ESPN and its subsidiary ESPN2 picked up some games alongside the usual broadcasting by TSN and CBC in Canada . Shreveport and Baltimore were placed in the Eastern Division , while Sacramento and Las Vegas wound up in the west . Another team was to have been added in Orlando , named either the Manatees or Sting Rays . However , in a debacle that had now become a pattern , the presumptive ownership group failed to appear at the press conference announcing their formation in January 1994 . The Baltimore CFL Colts were in the headlines before even playing a down . Owned by Jim Speros , the team was marketed as a revival of the Baltimore Colts NFL franchise , who had left the city 10 years earlier and had also played at Memorial Stadium . The team 's embrace of the Colts ' history gained an instant following in Baltimore and headlines in the national sports media , although an injunction obtained shortly before the team 's first game forced the league to refer to the team as the " Baltimore CFLers " or " Baltimore Football Club " . Since Memorial Stadium had originally been built to accommodate baseball 's Baltimore Orioles as well as football , its playing surface was large enough to accommodate a full @-@ size Canadian field . Baltimore was far and away the most successful of any American CFL team on the field and off , averaging crowds of over 37 @,@ 000 their first year . Knowing that Canadian football was considerably different from the American game , Speros stocked the Stallions mostly with CFL veterans . As coach , he brought in Don Matthews , who had already played in two Grey Cups and won one . The result was a team that eventually finished second in the East with a 12 – 6 record and became the first American team to qualify for the playoffs . They advanced all the way to the Grey Cup . In a thrilling match played in BC Place , the BC Lions defeated the Stallions on a last second field goal . Perhaps most remarkably , they were reported to have turned a profit in their first year after an initial US $ 7 million investment by Speros . The Shreveport Pirates were actually a transplantation of Bernie Glieberman and his organization from Ottawa . The Gliebermans had hinted at moving the Rough Riders to the United States , making them even more unpopular than they already were in Canada 's capital . As part of a settlement with the CFL , Glieberman sold the Rough Riders to Bruce Firestone for CAN $ 1 @.@ 85 million , and in return was granted a US @-@ based expansion team which became the Shreveport Pirates . As part of the deal , Glieberman not only had to pay the expansion fee , but also had to settle his previous Ottawa debts . Team attendance was average but saw a general upward trend : the home finale drew over 32 @,@ 000 fans to 40 @,@ 000 @-@ seat Independence Stadium , the highest for any U.S.-hosted CFL game outside Baltimore . There was a groundswell of local support for the team but also significant difficulties in their first year : stifling weather , cultural clashes , organizational screw @-@ ups , and serious hints of under @-@ capitalization ( during training camp the team was housed in a dorm above a milking barn ) . A woeful record did not help : the team lost their first 14 games en route to a 3 – 15 record and last place in the East . The Gold Miners , after spending much of 1993 adjusting to the Canadian game , rebounded strongly to finish 9 – 8 – 1 in their second season , one point short of the playoffs . They were led again by David Archer at quarterback , who had persisted with the team since its World League days as the Sacramento Surge . However , in what was to become a trend during the CFL expansion , the second Sacramento season saw an attendance decline . At the other end of the spectrum , the Posse were an abject failure both on the field and off . Playing in Sam Boyd Stadium on the outskirts of the city and practicing on an ersatz practice field in the parking lot of the Riviera Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip , the team became infamous for botched gimmicks . Attendance was never good to begin with , but dropped to embarrassing levels as the season went on . With such dreadful gates , the team 's cash flow dwindled to the point that , according to one assistant coach , " we couldn 't even afford paper . " After only 2 @,@ 350 attended an October home game against Winnipeg , owner Nick Mileti announced the team was suspending operations . To avoid shuttering a team mid @-@ season , the league moved the Posse 's final home game to Edmonton . The team was little better on the field either , finishing 5 @-@ 13 — the second @-@ worst record in the league ( behind only the Pirates ) . = = = 1994 – 1995 offseason = = = The Las Vegas situation was one of a bevy of developments that absorbed the league in the 1994 to 1995 offseason . The team was not officially disbanded until April 1995 but not before the league damaged its credibility by twice giving provisional approval to a relocation to Jackson , Mississippi . A group from Miami , Florida tried to convince the league to let it buy the remains of the Posse and move them to South Florida as the Miami Manatees ( CFL ) in the Miami Orange Bowl . An exhibition game between Birmingham and Baltimore was held there in June 1995 to gauge support , which drew a decent crowd just above 20 @,@ 000 . The Gold Miners grew increasingly dissatisfied with Hornet Stadium . Anderson blamed losses of US $ 10 million over two years on the facility . After attempts to have Sacramento State upgrade or replace the facility failed , he announced in October 1994 — with two weeks to go in the season — that the Gold Miners would be playing elsewhere in 1995 . After attempting to move to Oakland , the team eventually moved to the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas ; where they would play as the San Antonio Texans . With the Posse folding , the Gold Miners moving , and the Pirates facing money troubles three of the four CFL expansion teams had stumbled . The league , however , still managed to add two new cities before the 1995 season . The Memphis Mad Dogs were announced in November 1994 , followed by the Birmingham Barracudas in January 1995 . The Memphis deal was hailed as a large step forward for the league 's presence in the US as it brought in the marketing connections of Federal Express and the wealth of its founder Fred Smith . = = = 1995 = = = With the series of new additions , the league abandoned its longstanding East @-@ West divisional format . Instead , the five American teams — Baltimore , Birmingham , Memphis , San Antonio , and Shreveport — would be moved to a new South Division , while the eight Canadian teams moved to a North Division . The top five Canadian teams and top three American teams would qualify for the playoffs ; the lowest @-@ seeded North team would " cross over " to the South playoffs . The league gained its first national American television contract with ESPN2 , which agreed to televise more than 20 regular season games , plus the playoffs . The deal was reportedly worth about $ 1 @.@ 5 million . The CFL would remain on the network until 1997 . The Birmingham Barracudas , owned by insurance tycoon Art Williams , entered the league playing at Legion Field , which could accommodate a Canadian football field with 15 @-@ yard end zones . Led by future Hall of Fame member Matt Dunigan , the Barracudas fell short of the South Division title , but remained competitive throughout the year . Despite selling 2 @,@ 000 season tickets and facing community apathy after numerous attempts at pro football squads had failed in the city , attendance for the first three games exceeded expectations . Williams knew that the ' Cudas potentially faced serious attendance problems once the traditional American football season began , and persuaded the CFL to let them play their late @-@ season home games on Sunday afternoons to avoid competition with high school and Alabama / Auburn football . However , attendance still dropped to unsustainable levels ; none of the final four home games attracted more than 10 @,@ 000 people . Williams claimed to have lost at least US $ 10 million on the season — at least as much as his startup costs — and blamed community apathy for the attendance woes . Memphis had been a prime target for either expansion or relocation . Besides its location near Shreveport and San Antonio , in 1995 Fred Smith 's ownership group , which had narrowly missed out on an NFL team , was awarded a CFL team to begin play as the Memphis Mad Dogs . The Mad Dogs played in the Liberty Bowl , which had to be heavily reconfigured to accommodate the Canadian game . Astroturf sections were added around the grass field to accommodate the required width , while the expansion of the length of the field to 110 yards forced the end zones to become half Astroturf pentagons that averaged seven yards in the corners and fourteen yards behind the uprights . The grandstands stood mere yards from the end line , prompting veteran CFL quarterback Danny McManus to call the end zones " a lawsuit waiting to happen " . Even with the compromises made , it was later discovered that the Liberty Bowl grounds crew had marked 33 inch yards . Like Williams , Smith knew the Mad Dogs would face an uphill battle attracting fans once the traditional American football season started . He persuaded the CFL to let them play their late @-@ season home games on Sundays to avoid competing against high school and Tennessee / Ole Miss football . It was to no avail ; late in the season the Mad Dogs struggled to attract more than 10 @,@ 000 people . Like Williams , Smith publicly blamed community apathy and media hostility for the lackluster attendance . The team went 9 – 9 in their only year . In Shreveport , meanwhile , the Pirates saw marginal improvement on the field and continued woes off it . Notable NFL quarterback Billy Joe Tolliver was signed and put up decent numbers despite a 5 – 13 record . As elsewhere , the team saw a second season attendance decline . With the season winding down , the city had clearly soured on the Gliebermans . They became embroiled in legal difficulties and , in one particularly absurd incident , Bernie Glieberman had his lawyer attempt ( unsuccessfully ) to abscond with a half @-@ million dollar Tucker automobile that Glieberman had donated to a local museum . Freshly relocated from Sacramento , the San Antonio Texans finally found success on the field in 1995 playing in the brand new ( and CFL regulation sized ) Alamodome . The team continued to be bankrolled by the enthusiastic Fred Anderson . Archer , entering his fifth year as Anderson 's quarterback , led the second best offence in the league ; he nevertheless suffered an injury late in the season , prompting the team to hire 45 @-@ year @-@ old Joe Ferguson ( whom Stephenson had coached as a member of the Buffalo Bills ) out of retirement to serve as a backup . They finished 12 – 6 and finally made the playoffs . In the first round they trounced Birmingham , 51 – 9 , before falling to the Baltimore Stallions , 21 – 11 , in the South Division final . Team attendance was around the same level Anderson had previously seen in Sacramento . The Baltimore franchise finally received a permanent name , the " Baltimore Stallions " . Led by Tracy Ham and Mike Pringle , the Stallions started 2 – 3 , but then steamrolled through the rest of the season , winning 13 games in a row to finish first in the South Division . They knocked off Winnipeg and then San Antonio in the South Division final . They faced the Calgary Stampeders in the 1995 Grey Cup in Regina , Saskatchewan and won convincingly , 37 – 20 . The first and only American team to take the championship , the 1995 Stallions team has since acquired a reputation as one of the CFL 's best ever . At the time , their .756 winning percentage over their first two seasons was the best start for an expansion team in North American professional sports history . While the Stallions experienced a successful year on the field , and finished second to Edmonton in average attendance , the city 's excitement of 1994 died down . Attendance declined , with season ticket sales dropping to around 17 @,@ 000 . Later reports suggested that attendance numbers had been inflated by giveaways and the team projected some losses in 1995 . Despite these difficulties , the Stallions remained the model that lent expansion credibility ; other American owners looked to Baltimore in deciding on the future of their own teams . = = = End of U.S. experiment = = = = = = = League troubles = = = = Despite some positive initial attendance numbers , after three years it was clear that general American fan interest in Canadian football was sparse . Canadian differences , such as three downs and the wider field had not been embraced south of the border . While the league had a small deal with ESPN2 , a major television contract had not materialized . There was no widespread national promotional effort for the league , and the general preference to avoid competing with the NFL in major markets hurt the league 's efforts to reach out to major media platforms . The July to November CFL season , designed to ensure the playoffs finish before Canada 's harsh winters set in , forced the American teams to play the first half of the season in oppressive heat and the second half in competition with high school , college football , and the NFL . Tension had also arisen between the American owners and the Canadian teams . As early as the 1994 Grey Cup , the American owners , led by Speros in Baltimore , were calling for numerous changes to accommodate the American teams and their potential fans . The American owners proposed that the end zones to be reduced 15 yards in length , that the Grey Cup be played earlier in the year , that player quotas be removed for all teams , and that a name change be considered . By 1995 , Mad Dogs coach Pepper Rodgers was openly disparaging Canadian rules and even Canadian teams . Officials of the new American teams found that the Canadian clubs were hesitant to accommodate the new American audience . The Canadian owners refused to make any major changes to the rules , the schedule , or the name of the league ; the only accommodation for American teams was to allow smaller field sizes in American stadiums that could not fit a regulation CFL field . Debates over rules and schedules might have been solvable had the league achieved economic stability but losses amongst American teams were drastic and widespread . In 1995 alone , Fred Anderson estimated that the U.S. teams had collectively lost more than US $ 20 million . The Baltimore Sun provides a similar estimate of US $ 21 million . The $ 10 million estimated loss in Birmingham was the most substantial , followed by US $ 4 to $ 6 million estimated for Anderson 's Texans . Memphis and Shreveport losses were estimated at about US $ 3 million apiece . The Baltimore losses were comparatively modest at US $ 1 to $ 1 @.@ 5 million , but stung the league given the prestige of the franchise . Canadian teams were facing their own troubles , particularly with attendance . The eight Canadian teams were down to an average of 22 @,@ 740 in 1994 , a drop of 3 @,@ 000 from the previous year . It marked the beginning of an historic trough in Canadian CFL attendance that would last for most of the 1990s . A massive season ticket drive was undertaken prior to 1995 . Smith told the Rough Riders and Tiger @-@ Cats that unless they sold more tickets , they would be forced to either fold or move . In Calgary , Ryckman suggested he 'd move to the United States unless fans stepped up with 16 @,@ 000 season tickets . While season ticket goals were met , the overall increase in attendance was modest in 1995 to 24 @,@ 406 and would be wiped out the next year . = = = = End game = = = = With these troubles fresh , it was actually a move from the NFL that precipitated the end of the expansion experiment . On November 6 , 1995 — the week of the South Division Final — the NFL 's Cleveland Browns announced they were moving to Baltimore for the following season . A day after the game , the American owners called Smith and requested a meeting in Toronto ; in Smith 's words they told him , " we 'll pay our bills but we 're done . " With the Browns ' announcement , local support for the Stallions dried up almost overnight . Speros quickly realized that as successful as the Stallions had been , they could not even begin to compete with an NFL team ; years later , he said that the Stallions would have effectively been " minor league " had they stayed in Baltimore . He began talks with Richmond , Norfolk , the Lehigh Valley , and , most seriously , Houston , which was about to lose the NFL Oilers . At one point , Speros was prepared to move to Houston and play in the Astrodome . He also intended to take on then @-@ Houston Astros owner Drayton McLane as a minority partner . Williams had decided to get out even before Baltimore 's fate was announced ; a day after being eliminated from the playoffs ( and a day before the Browns announced they were leaving Cleveland ) , he announced that the Barracudas would not be playing in Birmingham in 1996 , if they returned at all . Earlier , he had stated that he was not willing to play another season in Birmingham unless the league moved to a spring schedule ; he felt it would be folly to risk another season going head @-@ to @-@ head with Alabama and Auburn . The end came swiftly in the months after the Grey Cup . By the time of a December 1 CFL Board of Governors meeting , the Mad Dogs had already folded and the Barracudas were on the brink . The Pirates held out a little longer and flirted with a relocation to Norfolk , but local officials broke off talks after they learned that Glieberman was still facing legal disputes in Shreveport . The Barracudas resurfaced in the news in January 1996 when Williams sold them for $ 750 @,@ 000 to a group that planned to move them to Shreveport as a replacement for the Pirates . However , that deal was contingent upon the league approving the sale and relocation , which never happened . Smith had given the American teams until the end of January 1996 to decide whether they would return for the 1996 season . By then , sources were stating that four of the five American teams had " either folded , have no stadiums to play in or will not be permitted to be part of the CFL in 1996 " . Only the Stallions appeared to be able to take the field in some form for the 1996 season . Of the American owners , Anderson was the most amendable to retaining an American @-@ based team in 1996 . While he initially stated that the league needed at least three other American teams for the Texans to be viable , he was willing to bring the Texans back for 1996 if the Stallions moved to Houston , ensuring two American teams . He estimated that if there was even one other American team in the league , he could withstand annual losses of US $ 2 million indefinitely . However , that scenario looked less and less likely , as Speros — under prodding from Smith — had begun serious discussions with officials in Montreal . Against this backdrop , a second round of league meetings was held on February 2 , where the Texans , Barracudas , Mad Dogs and Pirates were formally shuttered . Speros requested permission to move to Montreal , which was granted . He subsequently reconstituted his organisation as the third incarnation of the Alouettes . With these moves the CFL 's American expansion was brought to a close . = = = Aftermath = = = The entire league was once again based in Canada for the 1996 CFL season , with Larry Smith describing the move as a " retrenchment " . This did not stem the troubles the teams were facing . With no expansion fee revenue to buoy them , eight of the nine Canadian teams would lose money in 1996 . The Rough Riders disbanded at the end of the season and the Stampeders declared bankruptcy after Ryckman was fined $ 250 @,@ 000 for stock manipulation by the Alberta Securities Commission . After the indictment of McNall , Ryckman was the second major architect of expansion to run afoul of the law . Other legal troubles were left over in wake of the expansion collapse . Louisiana courts eventually ordered the Gliebermans to repay Shreveport US $ 1 million with interest ; the dispute centered over whether the city had agreed to share losses or simply lent money to the ownership group . Art Williams , enraged after discovering some American owners had received discounts and extended payment periods on their franchise fees , threatened litigation and at first refused to honour the balance of Matt Dunigan 's sizable contract before the matter was dragged through court . The expansion fees themselves were a significant legacy of the expansion effort . Smith claims US $ 14 to $ 15 million was brought in and that it saved the league . A more modest assessment suggests expansion saved the Stampeders and Tiger @-@ Cats at the very least — both teams were undeniably in distress during the era — and that the other Canadian teams bought time . The post @-@ expansion financial crisis would eventually elicit a response from the NFL . By the end of 1996 , speculation was rampant that if the NFL placed a franchise in Toronto , it would mean the end of the CFL . Instead , in exchange for a new player agreement between the leagues , the NFL provided the CFL franchises with marketing assistance and a $ 3 million loan in 1997 . In 1999 , World Wrestling Federation chairman Vince McMahon was offered the chance to buy the Argonauts , and countered with a proposal to buy the entire league and " have it migrate south " , which the owners refused . McMahon would instead partner with NBC to create the XFL , which would place teams in Birmingham , Las Vegas , and Memphis at the same stadiums as their respective CFL franchises previously played . The XFL failed after one year . The CFL re @-@ gained relative stability in the 2000s , mostly thanks to enforcement of a salary cap , stricter standards of ownership , and increasingly lucrative television contracts negotiated with Canadian networks . The league has remained solely focused on its Canadian operations , with expansion efforts focused on returning a stable team to Ottawa ( the Renegades in 2002 and the Redblacks in 2014 ) and one @-@ off games such as Touchdown Atlantic and Northern Kickoff in more distant Canadian markets . Further U.S. expansion has been occasionally proposed but has not been formally explored ; the spectre of American CFL games has mainly been used as a device for satire and April Fool 's Day jokes . The establishment of the Montreal Alouettes remains as the major legacy of the American experiment . After the 1996 team faced a lukewarm reception , Speros would sell the Alouettes to Robert Wetenhall , with Smith resigning as commissioner to become President of the team . Wetenhall 's patient ownership , and a move to a smaller outdoor stadium called Percival Molson Memorial Stadium , slowly returned the team to stability and steered it to three Grey Cups . The Stallions ' general manager , Jim Popp , followed the team to Montreal . Longtime Alouettes starting quarterback Anthony Calvillo was the last remaining active player that played for an American CFL team ( Las Vegas ) upon his retirement after the 2013 season . = = = List of American CFL teams = = = = = = = Teams that played = = = = = = = = Proposed teams that did not play = = = = = = Post @-@ expansion American media = = For five years after the expansion era contract with ESPN ended in 1997 , the CFL was absent on American television . At the end of 2001 the league began a relationship with America One that would last until 2009 . Coverage was relatively generous with 43 games , including the playoffs , covered in the last year . A more modest deal of 14 games was negotiated with the NFL Network in 2010 , which lasted two years . The 2012 season began without a contract and the league resorted to internet broadcasts on ESPN3 until NBC Sports Network agreed to a 14 @-@ game regular season package of its own ; unlike the NFL network , NBC opted to broadcast games during the NFL preseason as well as cover the playoffs and Grey Cup . Both the NBC and ESPN deals were renewed in 2013 with a slight scaling back of playoff coverage and ESPN2 also picking up a handful of games in the summer months . American broadcasts have been simulcasts of game coverage from Canadian networks .
= Slender smooth @-@ hound = The slender smooth @-@ hound or gollumshark ( Gollum attenuatus ) is a species of ground shark in the family Pseudotriakidae . It is endemic to the waters around New Zealand , where it is usually found close to the bottom over the continental slope at depths of 300 – 600 m ( 980 – 1 @,@ 970 ft ) . An extremely slim , plain brownish shark reaching 1 @.@ 1 m ( 3 @.@ 6 ft ) in length , the slender smooth @-@ hound can be identified by its broad , flattened head with a long , distinctively bell @-@ shaped snout . Its mouth is angular with short furrows at the corners , and contains a very high number of tooth rows in both jaws . Its two dorsal fins are roughly equal in size . The diet of the slender smooth @-@ hound is diverse , but dominated by small , benthic bony fishes and decapod crustaceans . It exhibits a specialized form of aplacental viviparity with oophagy : the females produce a single capsule in each uterus that contains 30 – 80 ova , of which one ovum develops into an embryo that consumes the rest of the ova and stores the yolk material in its external yolk sac . The growing embryo is mainly sustained by this yolk sac during gestation , though it may be additionally supplied with histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . The typical litter size is two pups , one per uterus . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the slender smooth @-@ hound as Least Concern ; it is taken as fishery bycatch but not in great numbers , and furthermore large portions of its range see minimal fishing activity . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The first known specimen of the slender smooth @-@ hound was a 93 cm ( 37 in ) long adult male collected by the trawler Maimai in December 1953 , at a depth of 220 m ( 720 ft ) off Cape Palliser on New Zealand 's North Island . It was preserved by the crew as a curiosity and given to ichthyologist Jack Garrick , who described it in a 1954 issue of the scientific journal Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand . Garrick named the species Triakis attenuata , in reference to its extremely slender ( " attenuate " ) body . In 1973 , Leonard Compagno proposed a separate genus for the slender smooth @-@ hound : Gollum , after the character in J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings , " to whom this shark bears some resemblance in form and habits . " He placed Gollum with the finback catsharks ( Proscylliidae ) , but also noted its many anatomical similarities to the false catshark ( Pseudotriakis microdon ) . At the time , Compagno chose to maintain Pseudotriakis as the sole member of the family Pseudotriakidae because of its numerous unique traits . More recently , he and other taxonomists have increasingly tended to group Gollum and Pseudotriakis together in the family Pseudotriakidae . This arrangement was corroborated by a 2006 phylogenetic study by Juan Andrés López and colleagues , which found that the two genera have a high degree of genetic similarity across four protein @-@ coding genes and form a natural clade apart from Proscyllium . An additional species of Gollum has now been described , and there is at least one additional species yet to be described . = = Distribution and habitat = = The range of the slender smooth @-@ hound is restricted to the upper and middle continental slope around New Zealand , including submarine features to the north such as the Three Kings Ridge , the Challenger Plateau , and the Wanganella Bank . This uncommon species is mainly found between 300 and 600 m ( 980 and 1 @,@ 970 ft ) deep , but has been recorded from 129 to 724 m ( 423 to 2 @,@ 375 ft ) deep . It prefers a temperature of around 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) and a salinity of approximately 34 @.@ 8 ‰ . Generally swimming near the sea floor , this shark inhabits both soft and rocky @-@ bottomed habitats in terrain ranging from plateaus to steep slopes . = = Description = = The slender smooth @-@ hound has a very thin body and a broad , highly flattened head . The snout is long , with a distinctive bell @-@ shaped outline when viewed from above . The eyes have an elongate horizontal oval shape , and are equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) . Beneath each eye is a prominent ridge , and behind is a much smaller spiracle . The nostrils are preceded by small , almost triangular flaps of skin . The line of the mouth forms an angle ; there are very short furrows at the mouth corners . The upper and lower jaws contain 96 – 99 and 108 – 114 rows respectively of small , very closely spaced teeth ; each tooth has a narrow upright central cusp flanked by smaller cusplets on both sides . The five pairs of gill slits are short . The pectoral fins originate below the fourth gill slit and have gently curved margins . The pelvic fins are small and angular ; the males have pointed claspers . The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape , with narrowly rounded apexes and concave trailing margins . The first dorsal fin originates over rear of the pectoral fins , while the second dorsal fin originates between the pelvic and anal fins . A midline ridge is present between the dorsal fins . The anal fin is less than half as high as the first dorsal fin , and has a nearly straight trailing margin . The short and narrow caudal fin makes up about one @-@ sixth of the total length ; the lower caudal fin lobe is indistinct , while the upper lobe has a strong ventral notch near the tip . The skin is densely covered by small , overlapping dermal denticles . The crown of each denticle is mounted on a short stalk and bears three horizontal ridges leading to marginal blade @-@ like teeth , with the central tooth particularly long . This species is plain brownish @-@ gray above and lighter below . It grows up to 1 @.@ 1 m ( 3 @.@ 6 ft ) long and 4 kg ( 8 @.@ 8 lb ) in weight , with females reaching a slightly larger size than males . = = Biology and ecology = = The slender smooth @-@ hound is likely a schooling species . It preys on a variety of benthic fishes and invertebrates , and also scavenges ; human garbage has been reported among its stomach contents . Small bony fishes , lanternfishes in particular , are the most important prey type , followed by decapod crustaceans . Cephalopods , gastropods , isopods , brittle stars , dogfish sharks , and cartilaginous fish egg capsules may also be consumed . On the Challenger Plateau , cephalopods are an important food source for juveniles under 50 cm ( 20 in ) long . Like the false catshark , the slender smooth @-@ hound exhibits aplacental viviparity with oophagy , in a form different from that in the mackerel sharks . Mature females have a single functional ovary , on the right side , and two functional uteruses . Only one embryo develops within each uterus at a time , resulting in litters of two ( rarely one ) pups . The uterus inner surface is covered by villi . Within a uterus , 30 – 80 ova 4 – 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 31 in ) across are packed into a single rigid , amber @-@ colored capsule ; of these , only one ovum is fertilized and develops into an embryo , while the remaining ova begin to break down . The embryo consumes these other ova and transfers the yolk material into its external yolk sac , which serves as its main source of nourishment during gestation ; this oophagous process is completed by an embryonic length of 10 – 39 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 1 @.@ 54 in ) . The embryo may also receive secondary nutrition in the form of histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . When the embryo is 29 – 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) long , it emerges from the capsule , which by that time has become translucent and gelatinous . Embryos 4 – 25 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 9 @.@ 8 in ) long have well @-@ developed external gill filaments . The external yolk sac is entirely absorbed when the embryo is 34 – 42 cm ( 13 – 17 in ) long and close to being born . Males and females reach sexual maturity at approximately 70 cm ( 28 in ) long . = = Human interactions = = Harmless to humans and of no economic value , the slender smooth @-@ hound is occasionally caught incidentally in bottom trawls and on bottom longlines . Much of its northern range lies in little @-@ fished waters , and thus the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it under Least Concern . However , this shark 's very low fecundity would render it susceptible to population depletion should fishing pressure increase in the future .
= Attack on Camp Holloway = The attack on Camp Holloway occurred during the early hours of 7 February 1965 , in the early stages of the Vietnam War . Camp Holloway was a helicopter facility constructed by the United States Army near Pleiku in 1962 , to support the operations of Free World Military Forces in the Central Highlands of Vietnam . In August 1964 , the United States Navy reported they were attacked by torpedo boats of the North Vietnamese Navy in what became known as the Tonkin Gulf Incident . In response to the perceived aggression of Communist forces in Southeast Asia , the United States Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which enabled U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson to deploy conventional military forces in the region to prevent further attacks by the North Vietnamese . Immediately after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed , Johnson ordered the bombing of North Vietnamese Navy bases in retaliation for the reported attacks on U.S. Navy warships between 2 and 4 August 1964 . However , the Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam were not deterred by the threat of U.S. retaliation . Throughout 1964 , the Viet Cong launched several attacks on U.S. military facilities in South Vietnam but Johnson did not start further retaliations against North Vietnam , as he tried to avoid upsetting U.S. public opinion during the 1964 United States Presidential Election . The Soviet Union , on the other hand , were experiencing political changes of their own as Nikita Khrushchev were removed from power . As leader of the Soviet Union , Khrushchev had begun the process of disengagement from Vietnam by reducing economic and military aid to North Vietnam . However , in the aftermath of Khrushchev 's downfall , the Soviet government had to redefine their role in Southeast Asia , particularly in Vietnam , to compete with the growing influence of the People 's Republic of China . In February 1965 Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin travelled to Hanoi to rebuild Soviet ties with North Vietnam , and the formation of a military alliance was on the agenda . Coincidentally , senior security adviser to the U.S. President McGeorge Bundy was also in Saigon to report on the political chaos in South Vietnam . In the shadow of those events , the Viet Cong 409th Battalion staged an attack on Camp Holloway on 7 February 1965 . This time , with his victory in the 1964 presidential election secured , Johnson decided to launch Operation Flaming Dart which entailed strikes on North Vietnamese military targets . However , with Kosygin still in Hanoi during the U.S bombing , the Soviet government decided to step up their military aid to North Vietnam , thereby signalling a major reversal of Khrushchev 's policy in Vietnam . = = Background = = On 2 August 1964 , while operating off the North Vietnamese coast in the Gulf of Tonkin , the USS Maddox was engaged by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats . In the ensuing battle , a North Vietnamese torpedo boat was reported to be heavily damaged by U.S. fire , while the remaining North Vietnamese vessels were chased off by aircraft from the USS Ticonderoga . On 4 August 1964 , the United States Navy claimed that a second attack occurred when North Vietnamese Navy vessels fired torpedoes at the USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy . In response to the second " unprovoked attack " on U.S. warships , on 7 August 1964 the United States Congress unanimously passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which gave President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to deploy conventional U.S. military forces in Southeast Asia to " prevent further aggression " from North Vietnamese forces , without the formal declaration of war by the Congress . Even though Johnson had been given a mandate to take military action against North Vietnam and their Viet Cong allies in South Vietnam , he hesitated to take further steps to retaliate against North Vietnam . Towards the end of 1964 , Johnson was in the midst of a presidential election and he did not want the U.S. public to believe that he was leading their country into war . Therefore , Johnson decided to wait until after the election , when his presidency was assured , that he would decide on other military moves . Meanwhile , the political situation in South Vietnam continued to worsen ; in August 1964 , South Vietnamese General Lan Van Phat tried to overthrow General Nguyễn Khánh , but the coup was aborted and Phat handed power to Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ , and Generals Nguyễn Chánh Thi and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu . However , on 20 December 1964 , Khánh formed a new military junta with Kỳ and Thi and the civilian @-@ led High National Council was subsequently dissolved . Thus , the South Vietnamese Government was once again plunged into chaos . In Moscow , between November and December 1964 , at two sessions of the Presidium of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee , Soviet leaders discussed the topic of Soviet military aid to North Vietnam . Although details of the discussions were not made public , the first indication of Soviet strategy in Vietnam came on 24 December 1964 , when the Soviet government invited the North Vietnamese @-@ backed National Liberation Front to open a permanent mission in Moscow . Then on 4 February 1965 McGeorge Bundy , national security adviser to President Johnson , arrived in Saigon to meet with the then U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam , General Maxwell Taylor , to discuss the political situation in the country . Two days later on 6 February 1965 , Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin arrived in Hanoi for a historic visit to North Vietnam , included in his entourage was a team of Soviet missile experts . = = Attack = = Early in 1965 , as American and Soviet leaders were cementing their strategy in Vietnam , the Viet Cong 409th Battalion was ordered to begin their part of the Communist spring offensive by attacking the U.S. airfield at Camp Holloway near Pleiku in Gia Lai Province and the South Vietnamese Army base at Gia Huu in Bình Định Province . Camp Holloway , which is about 4 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) east of Pleiku , was opened by the U.S. Army 's 81st Transportation Company in August 1962 , and the camp was subsequently named for Chief Warrant Officer Charles E. Holloway , who was killed in action in December 1962 . Towards the end of 1964 , about 400 members of the U.S. Army 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion — under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John C. Hughes — was deployed to Camp Holloway with the purpose of supporting South Vietnamese and other Free World Military Forces in the regions of I Corps and II Corps Tactical Zones . Nguyen Thanh Tam , commander of the Viet Cong 409th Battalion , ordered his 30th Company to leave their base area and marched into the Central Highlands , to reconnoitre and attack the U.S. airfield at Camp Holloway and the U.S. advisory compound of Military Assistance Command , Vietnam II Corps . In February 1965 , Camp Holloway 's outer perimeter was protected by a South Vietnamese security contingent which included one Ranger battalion , five Regional Force companies and one armored squadron . However , in their reconnaissance of Camp Holloway , the Viet Cong found the security barrier which surrounded the U.S. advisory compound was the real challenge , as it was protected by several layers of concertina wire fences which measured about 10 meters ( 33 ft ) high . To overcome the U.S. defenses at Camp Holloway , Tam organized the 30th Company into two sections . The first section , under Tam 's direct command , was to destroy U.S. aircraft on the airfield , and establish a route of retreat for the attack force . The second section , led by Nguyen Trong Dai , was ordered to attack the U.S. advisory compound and the facilities where U.S. pilots and technicians were housed . The 30th Company was issued with four mortars and 70 mortar shells for their attack on Camp Holloway , and were reinforced by one combat engineer platoon , a special operations platoon and a local force company of Gia Lai Province . Viet Cong combat engineers were required to break through the wire fences which protected the U.S. facility at Camp Holloway , and protect the attack forces ’ route of retreat using land mines . Meanwhile , the Gia Lai local force company had to set up ambush positions around the U.S. facility , to stop possible reinforcements . At around 11 : 00pm on 6 February 1965 , about 300 Viet Cong soldiers of the 30th Company assembled at their positions outside Camp Holloway , where they began breaking through the wire fences . However , the Viet Cong 's mission nearly turned into a disaster when their combat engineers accidentally tripped an electrical wire after breaking through the third fence barrier , but the U.S. Military Police patrolling the area did not detect it . At 1 : 50am on 7 February 1965 , the Viet Cong attackers opened fire with their AK @-@ 47 rifles , having successfully penetrated Camp Holloway . Shortly afterwards , the Viet Cong mortared the airfield and the U.S. advisory compound , while the sections of the 30th Company attacked their respective targets with small arms fire . About five minutes later , the Viet Cong began retreating from the facility . Later that morning the Viet Cong claimed victory , having caused the death of eight U.S. soldiers , and another 126 wounded . In addition , ten aircraft were destroyed and 15 more were damaged . = = Aftermath = = When news of the attack on Camp Holloway reached Saigon on the morning of 7 February 1965 , General William Westmoreland , McGeorge Bundy and Ambassador Maxwell Taylor , flew out to Pleiku to survey the damage . Bundy then called President Johnson to put forward the MACV 's request for retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam . In response to Bundy 's request , Johnson hastily convened a session of the National Security Council , which involved the speaker of the House of Representatives and the Senate majority leader , to discuss the need for reprisal against the Communists in Vietnam . That afternoon , General Nguyễn Khánh arrived in Pleiku to meet with Westmoreland and Bundy , and they both informed him that recommendations for air strikes against North Vietnam had been made to the President of the United States . Just 12 hours after the attack , Johnson started Operation Flaming Dart to bomb selected North Vietnamese targets . Accordingly , 49 U.S. fighter @-@ bombers took off from the USS Coral Sea and the USS Hancock to attack North Vietnamese barracks in Đồng Hới , just north of the 17th Parallel . When informed of the strikes , Khánh reportedly opened a bottle of champagne to celebrate the occasion because it served to bolster the morale of the South Vietnamese military , and showed that the U.S. was now more determined to fight North Vietnam . The Viet Cong , however , were not deterred by those air strikes , as they launched another attack on a U.S. installation in Quy Nhon on 10 February 1965 , which caused the death of a further 23 U.S. military personnel . In response , a combined force of about 160 U.S. and South Vietnamese fighter @-@ bombers launched a larger attack against the North Vietnamese , targeting Chap Le and Chanh Hoa , also located just north of the 17th Parallel . The U.S. bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965 had a decisive impact on the Soviet Union 's strategy in Vietnam . Since Ho Chi Minh and his Communist Party won control of North Vietnam in 1954 , Ho 's government had not always enjoyed cordial relations with their Soviet allies . For example , in 1957 the Soviet government proposed that both North and South Vietnam be given a seat in the United Nations , a move which would have undermined the North 's claim as the sole legitimate government of the whole country . Then in February 1964 , North Vietnam joined the People 's Republic of China in refusing to sign the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , which was an insult to the policy of co @-@ existence adopted by the then Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . By that time , however , Khrushchev had already begun the process of disengagement from Vietnam because of the growing conflict in the region was becoming more expensive for the Soviet Union , with North Vietnam relying more on it for large amounts of economic and military aid . The rift between Khrushchev 's Soviet government and North Vietnam was clearly obvious in August 1964 , when the Soviet Union responded in a relatively muted fashion after the U.S. conducted air strikes against North Vietnamese Navy bases in retaliation for the Tonkin Gulf incident . Despite the Soviets ’ lack of response , the North Vietnamese leadership restrained itself from criticizing the Soviet government , as they were still hoping that Khrushchev would supply North Vietnam with the anti @-@ aircraft weapons required to defend against further U.S. air attacks . However , the event which occurred in Moscow in October 1964 worked in North Vietnam 's favor , as Khrushchev was removed from power . Keen to counteract Chinese influence in the region , a new Soviet government led by Alexei Kosygin sought to end a defense pact with North Vietnam . During Kosygin 's stay in Hanoi , North Vietnam was subjected to U.S. air strikes which infuriated the Soviet government . Consequently , on 10 February 1965 , Kosygin and his North Vietnamese counterpart , Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng , issued a joint communique which highlighted the Soviet resolve to strengthen North Vietnam 's defensive potential by giving it all " necessary aid and support " . Then in April 1965 , while on a visit to Moscow , General Secretary of the Vietnamese Communist Party Lê Duẩn signed a missile agreement with the Soviet Union , which gave the North Vietnamese military what they needed to resist Operation Rolling Thunder .
= The Father , the Son , and the Holy Fonz = " The Father , the Son , and the Holy Fonz " is the 18th episode of the fourth season of Family Guy . The episode follows Peter 's decision to find a new religion for himself . After several failed attempts , he chooses the one man who has always been there for him , Fonzie , and starts the First United Church of the Fonz . The episode was written by Danny Smith and directed by James Purdum . It received mostly positive reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 8 @.@ 26 million homes in its original airing in the United States . The episode featured guest performances by Paula Abdul , Tom Bosley , Gary Cole , Charles Durning , Sherman Hemsley , Phil LaMarr , Sherry Romito , Marion Ross , Amir Talai , Fred Tatasciore , Sarah Utterback and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . = = Plot = = Peter 's devout Catholic father , Francis , visits Quahog . Upon arrival , he insists that Stewie be baptized as a Catholic . After visiting a church with Peter and Stewie , Francis is informed that the holy water is tainted and he will have to wait . Francis is in disbelief , and baptizes Stewie himself . Stewie soon becomes unwell and is informed that he must be quarantined and kept in a germ @-@ free environment by a doctor for the time being until his immune system 's strength recovers at the end of the episode . Then Lois discovers that Francis coaxed Peter into having Stewie baptized without her knowledge , and tells Peter to choose his own religious beliefs and not allow himself to be a slave to his father 's religion . Peter initially converts to Mormonism , but then discovers that Mormons cannot drink alcohol ; he then tries Jehovah 's Witnesses and attempts door @-@ to @-@ door preaching . He finds someone who is actually interested in hearing what he has to say ; however , he fails to teach them anything about the religion . As a final attempt , Peter tries Hinduism ; when he tackles the Hindu leader to the floor , believing the red dot on his head to be a laser spot from a sniper rifle , he is dismissed from the meeting . Unable to find a religion suited to him , Peter decides to create his own religion , based on Happy Days , calling his newly founded church the " First United Church of the Fonz " . To the Griffins ' ( mainly Lois ' ) surprise , many people turn up for the first worship service , much to the annoyance of Brian , who dislikes the idea that Peter is a religious leader ( likely due to Brian being an atheist ) . In order to stop Peter from continuing his new religion , Brian joins forces with Francis to find a way to deter people from worshiping the Fonz . Three representatives from other religions show up to the services of the Church of the Fonz . The first informs people that he has formed the Church of George Jefferson ( from All in the Family ) and a good portion of the congregation leaves with him . The second claims to have created the Church of Captain Stubing ( from The Love Boat ) and another chunk of the congregation leaves with him . The third person is Kirk Cameron and Peter assumes that Cameron is there to announce the formation of the Church of Mike Seaver ( Cameron 's character on Growing Pains ) , but Cameron lets him know that he 's only here to convert people back to Christianity and the remainder of the congregation leaves with him . Back at home , Lois comforts Peter , who is upset at the failure of his Church , by telling him that if his church embraced the Fonz 's values of friendship , it is worthwhile , but Peter highly doubts it and Peter converts back to Christianity , however the scene shifts & Francis is shown looking at a picture of the Fonz , puts it down on a table , gets on his knees as if to pray , and claps to the beat of " Rock Around the Clock " as the episode ends . = = Production = = Episode writer and executive show producer Danny Smith has written all Family Guy episodes to date to feature Francis ; the first was " Holy Crap " . After Francis puts up the Christian cross on the Griffins ' dining table , Stewie 's line , " Yeah , nothing says ' eat up ' like a bleeding , half @-@ naked Jew nailed to a piece of wood , " was censored from the FOX and syndicated airings , but retained on the Cartoon Network , TBS , and DVD versions . On Adult Swim , this episode was rated TV @-@ MA due to its religiously blasphemous content , but on TBS and all other Adult Swim airings , the episode is rated TV @-@ 14 for suggestive dialogue ( D ) and offensive language ( L ) . A sequence shows Peter saying , " I 'm sorry , but if another person says taint today , I am going to bust a nut " , after the doctor informs him and Lois that Stewie was exposed to tainted holy water , was intended to be included in the episode , but was removed for unknown reasons . After Stewie is placed in a square box to quarantine him , Lois is shown leaving him half @-@ way through changing his diaper — Stewie then says " finish the job , woman ! It smells like New Orleans in here " . The script for this episode , including this sketch , was prepared before the events of Hurricane Katrina , so it was never intended to coincide with the events of Katrina . On all airings ( including the volume 3 DVD set ) , Stewie 's line has been changed to " It smells like Brian Dennehy in here ! " The Fonz Statue in Peter 's church was originally meant to depict The Fonz in a way similar to Jesus 's depiction on the Christian cross , but it was rejected due to broadcasting standards . An animated scene showing the congregation of Peter 's church singing the Happy Days theme tune was created but never used as the series producers were unable to obtain the rights to it . The series producers were not able to get Henry Winkler or Garry Marshall to guest @-@ star in the episode , so to fill the time gap , they created the scene about Madonna , which they deemed to be " quite funny " . = = Cultural references = = At the beginning of the episode , the family is watching Aquaman on television . Peter is shown watching Jaws 5 on the television , a sequence which MacFarlane describes as " one of [ his ] favourite gags [ they 've ] ever done on the show " . Stewie is shown asking viewers to change the channel to one which is showing Desperate Housewives . When Peter is describing Jesus , he does so in a similar manner to that shown on Quantum Leap . Peter 's stuttering while attempting to say " wrong " is a reference to a scene in which Fonzie was unable to say the word on Happy Days . At one point a modified video of " Opposites Attract " with Paula Abdul is shown with Peter dressed like a cat . The music playing in the background during the end credits is " Rock Around the Clock " , the original Happy Days opening theme ; additionally , the credits themselves are shown in a similar style and font . = = Reception = = " The Father , the Son , and the Holy Fonz " finished 40th in the weekly ratings for the week of December 12 – 18 , 2005 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 26 million viewers . Ryan Budke , of TV Squad , said , " This was one of the funniest episodes this year . " He added , " I was cracking up from beginning to end on this one . " He was " a little disappointed that Henry Winkler did not actually show up in the show " . The Parents Television Council , a frequent critic of Family Guy , named the episode the worst of the week for its treatment of religion .
= Anuradhapura Kingdom = The Anuradhapura Kingdom ( Sinhala : අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය , Tamil : அனுராதபுர இராச ் சியம ் ) , named for its capital city , was the first established kingdom in ancient Sri Lanka . Founded by King Pandukabhaya in 377 BC , the kingdom 's authority extended throughout the country , although several independent areas emerged from time to time , which grew more numerous towards the end of the kingdom . Nonetheless , the king of Anuradhapura was seen as the supreme ruler of the country throughout the Anuradhapura period . Buddhism played a strong role in the Anuradhapura period , influencing its culture , laws , and methods of governance . Society and culture were revolutionized when the faith was introduced during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa ; this cultural change was further strengthened by the arrival of the Tooth Relic of the Buddha in Sri Lanka and the patronage extended by her rulers . Invasions from South India were a constant threat throughout the Anuradhapura period . Rulers such as Dutthagamani , Valagamba , and Dhatusena are noted for defeating the South Indians and regaining control of the kingdom . Other rulers who are notable for military achievements include Gajabahu I , who launched an invasion against the invaders , and Sena II , who sent his armies to assist a Pandyan prince . Because the kingdom was largely based on agriculture , the construction of irrigation works was a major achievement of the Anuradhapura Kingdom , ensuring water supply in the dry zone and helping the country grow mostly self @-@ sufficient . Several kings , most notably Vasabha and Mahasena , built large reservoirs and canals , which created a vast and complex irrigation network in the Rajarata area throughout the Anuradhapura period . These constructions are an indication of the advanced technical and engineering skills used to create them . The famous paintings and structures at Sigiriya ; the Ruwanwelisaya , Jetavana stupas , and other large stupas ; large buildings like the Lovamahapaya ; and religious works ( like the numerous Buddha statues ) are landmarks demonstrating the Anuradhapura period 's advancement in sculpting . = = The city of Anuradhapura = = In 543 BC , prince Vijaya ( 543 – 505 BC ) arrived in Sri Lanka , having been banished from his homeland in India . He eventually brought the island under his control and established himself as king . After this , his retinue established villages and colonies throughout the country . One of these was established by Anuradha , a minister of King Vijaya , on the banks of a stream called Kolon and was named Anuradhagama . In 377 BC , King Pandukabhaya ( 437 – 367 BC ) made it his capital and developed it into a prosperous city . Anuradhapura ( Anurapura ) was named after the minister who first established the village and after a grandfather of Pandukabhaya who lived there . The name was also derived from the city 's establishment on the auspicious asterism called Anura . Anuradhapura was the capital of all the monarchs who ruled the country during in the Anuradhapura Kingdom , with the exception of Kashyapa I ( 473 – 491 ) , who chose Sigiriya to be his capital . The city is also marked on Ptolemy 's world map . = = History = = King Pandukabhaya , the founder and first ruler of the Anuradhapura Kingdom , fixed village boundaries in the country and established an administration system by appointing village headmen . He constructed hermitages , houses for the poor , cemeteries , and irrigation tanks . He brought a large portion of the country under the control of the Anuradhapura Kingdom . However , it was not until the reign of Dutthagamani ( 161 – 137 BC ) that the whole country was unified under the Anuradhapura Kingdom . He defeated 32 rulers in different parts of the country before he killed Elara , the South Indian ruler who was occupying Anuradhapura , and ascended to the throne . The chronicle Mahavamsa describes his reign with much praise , and devotes 11 chapters out of 37 for his reign . He is described as both a warrior king and a devout Buddhist . After unifying the country , he helped establish Buddhism on a firm and secure base , and built several monasteries and shrines including the Ruwanweli Seya and Lovamahapaya . Another notable king of the Anuradhapura Kingdom is Valagamba ( 103 , 89 – 77 BC ) , also known as Vatthagamani Abhaya , who was overthrown by five invaders from South India . He regained his throne after defeating these invaders one by one and unified the country again under his rule . Saddha Tissa ( 137 – 119 BC ) , Mahaculi Mahatissa ( 77 – 63 BC ) , Vasabha ( 67 – 111 ) , Gajabahu I ( 114 – 136 ) , Dhatusena ( 455 – 473 ) , Aggabodhi I ( 571 – 604 ) and Aggabodhi II ( 604 – 614 ) were among the rulers who held sway over the entire country after Dutthagamani and Valagamba . Rulers from Kutakanna Tissa ( 44 – 22 BC ) to Amandagamani ( 29 – 19 BC ) also managed to keep the whole country under the rule of the Anuradhapura Kingdom . Other rulers could not maintain their rule over the whole island , and independent regions often existed in Ruhuna and Malayarata ( hill country ) for limited periods . During the final years of the Anuradhapura Kingdom , rebellions sprang up and the authority of the kings gradually declined . By the time of Mahinda V ( 982 – 1017 ) , the last king of the Anuradhapura Kingdom , the rule of the king had become so weak that he could not even properly organize the collection of taxes . During the times of Vasabha , Mahasena ( 274 – 301 ) and Dhatusena , the construction of large irrigation tanks and canals was given priority . Vasabha constructed 11 tanks and 12 canals , Mahasen constructed 16 tanks and a large canal , and Dhatusena built 18 tanks . Most of the other kings have also built irrigation tanks throughout Rajarata , the area around Anuradhapura . By the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom , a large and intricate irrigation network was available throughout Rajarata to support the agriculture of the country . = = = Arrival of Buddhism = = = One of the most notable events during the Anuradhapura Kingdom was the introduction of Buddhism to the country . A strong alliance existed between Devanampiya Tissa ( 250 – 210 BC ) and Ashoka of India , who sent Arahat Mahinda , four monks , and a novice being sent to Sri Lanka . They encountered Devanampiya Tissa at Mihintale . After this meeting , Devanampiya Tissa embraced Buddhism the order of monks was established in the country . Devanampiya Tissa , guided by Arahat Mahinda , took steps to firmly establish Buddhism in the country . Soon afterwards , the bhikkhuni Sanghamitta arrived from India in order to establish the Bhikkhuni sasana ( order of nuns ) in the country . She brought along with her a sapling from the Sri Maha Bodhi , the tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment , which was then planted in Anuradhapura . Devanampiya Tissa bestowed on his kingdom the newly planted Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi . Thus this is the establishment of Buddhism in Sri Lanka = = = Arrival of the Sacred Tooth Relic = = = During the reign of Kithsirimevan ( 301 – 328 ) , Sudatta , the sub king of Kalinga , and Hemamala brought the Tooth Relic of the Buddha to Sri Lanka because of unrest in their country . Kithsirimevan carried it in procession and placed the relic in a mansion named Datadhatughara . He ordered this procession to be held annually , and this is still done as a tradition in the country . The Tooth Relic of the Buddha soon became one of the most sacred objects in the country , and a symbol of kingship . The person who was in possession of the Tooth Relic would be the rightful ruler of the country . Therefore , it was often enshrined within the royal palace itself . = = = Invasions = = = Several invasions have been made against the Anuradhapura Kingdom , all of which were launched from South India . The first invasion recorded in the history of the country is during the reign of Suratissa ( 247 – 237 BC ) , where he was overthrown by two horse dealers from South India named Sena and Guththika . After ruling the country for 22 years , they were defeated by Asela ( 215 – 205 BC ) , who was in turn overthrown by another invasion led by a Chola prince named Elara ( 205 – 161 BC ) . Elara ruled for 44 years before being defeated by Dutthagamani . However , the Mahavamsa records that these foreign kings ruled the country fairly and lawfully . The country was invaded again in 103 BC by five Dravidian chiefs , Pulahatta , Bahiya , Panya Mara , Pilaya Mara and Dathika , who ruled until 89 BC when they were defeated by Valagamba . Another invasion occurred in 433 , and the country fell under the control of six rulers from South India . These were Pandu , Parinda , Khudda Parinda , Tiritara , Dathiya and Pithiya , who were defeated by Dhathusena who regained power in 459 . More invasions and raids from South India occurred during the reigns of Sena I ( 833 – 853 ) and Udaya III ( 935 – 938 ) . The final invasion during the Anuradhapura Kingdom , which ended the kingdom and left the country under the rule of the Cholas , took place during the reign of Mahinda V. However , none of these invaders could extend their rule to Ruhuna , the southern part of the country , and Sri Lankan rulers and their heirs always organized their armies from this area and managed to regain their throne . Throughout the history of Sri Lanka , Ruhuna served as a base for resistance movements . = = = End of the kingdom = = = In 993 , the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded Sri Lanka , forcing the then Sri Lankan ruler Mahinda V to flee to the southern part of the country . The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak , and the country was suffering from poverty by this time . It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages . Taking advantage of this situation , Rajendra I son of Rajaraja I , launched a large invasion in 1017 . Mahinda V was captured and taken to India , and the Cholas sacked the city of Anuradhapura . They moved the capital to Polonnaruwa and subsequent Sri Lankan rulers who came into power after the Chola reign continued to use Polonnaruwa as the capital , thus ending the Anuradhapura Kingdom . = = Administration = = The kingdom was under the rule of a king . The consecration ceremonies and rituals associated with kingship began during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa , under the influence of Ashoka of India . The whole country was brought under the rule of a single monarch by Dutthagamani for the first time . Before this , it had several principalities independent of the Anuradhapura Kingdom . The succession of the throne was patrilineal , or if that cannot be the case , inherited by the eldest brother of the previous king . The king of Anuradhapura was seen as the supreme ruler throughout the island , even at times when he did not have absolute control over it . Four dynasties have ruled the kingdom from its founding to its ending . The rulers from Vijaya to Subharaja ( 60 – 67 ) are generally considered as the Vijayan dynasty . Pandukabhaya was the first ruler of the Anuradhapura Kingdom belonging to this dynasty . The Vijayan dynasty existed until Vasabha of the Lambakanna clan seized power in 66 AD . His ascension to the throne saw the start of the first Lambakanna dynasty , which ruled the country for more than three centuries . A new dynasty began with Dhatusena in 455 . Named the Moriya dynasty , the origins of this line are uncertain although some historians trace them to Shakya princes who accompanied the sapling of the Sri Maha Bodhi to Sri Lanka . The last dynasty of the Anuradhapura period , the second Lambakanna dynasty , started with Manavamma ( 684 – 718 ) seizing the throne in 684 and continued till the last ruler of Anuradhapura , Mahinda V. = = = Officials and governing = = = Royal officials were divided into three categories ; officials attached to the palace , officials of central administration and officials of provincial administration . One of the most important positions was the purohita , the advisor of the king . The king also had a board of ministers called amati paheja . In central administration , senapati ( Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Army ) was a position second only to the king , and held by a member of nobility . This position , and also the positions of yuvaraja ( sub king ) , administrative positions in the country 's provinces and major ports and provinces , were often held by relatives of the king . The kingdom was often divided into sections or provinces and governed separately . Rajarata , the area around the capital , was under the direct administration of the king , while the Ruhuna ( southern part of the country ) and the Malaya Rata ( hill country ) were governed by officials called apa and mapa . These administrative units were further divided into smaller units called rata . Officials called ratiya or ratika were in charge of these . The smallest administrative unit was the gama ( village ) , under a village chief known as gamika or gamladda . = = = Buddhist priesthood = = = A close link existed between the ruler and the Sangha ( Buddhist priesthood ) since the introduction of Buddhism to the country . This relationship was further strengthened during Dutthagamani 's reign . The monks often advised and even guided the king on decisions . This association was initially with the Mahavihara sect , but by the middle of the 1st century BC , the Abhayagiri sect had also begun to have a close link to the ruling of the country . By the end of the 3rd century AD , the Jetavana sect had also become close to the ruler . Estrangements between the ruler and the priesthood often weakened the government , as happened during the reign of Lanjatissa . Even Valagamba 's resistance movement was initially hampered because of a rift with the Mahavihara , and he succeeded only after a reconciliation was affected . Some rulers patronized only one sect , but this often led to unrest in the country and most rulers equally supported all sects . Despite this , religious establishments were often plundered during times of internal strife by the rulers themselves , such as during the reigns of Dathopatissa I ( 639 – 650 ) and Kashyapa II ( 650 – 659 ) . = = = Law = = = Customs , traditions and moral principles based on Buddhism were used as the bases of law . Specific laws were eventually developed and adopted . Samantapasadika , a 5th @-@ century commentary , gives details of complex regulations on the theft of fish . The chief judicial officer was known as viniccayamacca and there were several judicial officers under him , known as vinicchayaka . Apart from them , village headmen and provincial governors were also given the power to issue judgments . The king was the final judge in legal disputes , and all cases against members of the royal family and high dignitaries of the state were judged by him . However , the king had to exercise this power with care and after consulting with his advisers . Udaya I recorded judgments that were regarded as important precedents in the royal library in order to maintain uniformity in judicial decisions . Initially , the administration of justice at village level was the responsibility of village assemblies , which usually consisted of the elders of the village . However , towards the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom a group of ten villages , known as dasagam , was responsible for upholding justice in that area . The laws and legal measures to be followed by them were proclaimed by the king . Several rock inscriptions that record these proclamations have been found in archaeological excavations . Punishments differed from ruler to ruler . Some kings , such as Sanghabodhi ( 247 – 249 ) and Voharika Tissa ( 209 – 231 ) were lenient in this aspect , while rulers like Ilanaga ( 33 – 43 ) and Jetthatissa I ( 263 – 273 ) were harsher . However , crimes such as treason , murder and slaughter of cattle were generally punishable by death . = = Economy = = The economy of the Anuradhapura Kingdom was based mainly on agriculture . The main agricultural product was rice , the cultivation of which was supported by an intricate irrigation network . Rice cultivation began around the Malvatu oya , Deduru oya and Mahaweli river and spread throughout the country . Shifting cultivation was also done during the rainy seasons . Rice was produced in two main seasons named Yala and Maha . Due to the extensive production of rice , the country was mostly self @-@ sufficient . Cotton was grown extensively to meet the requirements of cloth . Sugarcane and Sesame were also grown and there are frequent references in classical literature to these agricultural products . Finger millet was grown as a substitute for rice , particularly in the dry zone of the country . Surpluses of these products , mainly rice , were exported . The primary goods exported during the Anuradhapura period are gemstones , spices , pearls and elephants , while ceramic ware , silks , perfumes and wines were imported from other countries . Foreign merchants , mainly Arabs , often acted as middlemen in these imports and exports . Luxury cloth was also imported from Eastern India and China . A stone inscription in Anuradhapura implies that the market or bazaar was an important functionality in the city . Trade was limited in villages since they were mostly self @-@ sufficient , but essential commodities such as salt and metal had to be obtained from outside . The country 's position in the Indian Ocean and its natural bays made it a centre of international trade transit . Ports such as Mahatittha ( Mannar ) and Gokanna ( Trincomalee ) were used as trading ports during the Anuradhapura Kingdom . Currency was often used for settling judicial fines , taxes and payments for goods or services . However , remuneration for services to the king , officials and temples were often made in the form of land revenue . The oldest coins found at Anuradhapura date up to 200 BC . These earliest coins were punch marked rectangular pieces of silver known as kahavanu . These eventually became circular in shape , which were in turn followed by die struck coins . Uncoined metals , particularly gold and silver , were used for trading as well . Patterns of elephants , horses , swastika and Dharmacakra were commonly imprinted on the coins of this period . The primary tax of this period was named bojakapati ( grain tax ) and charged for land used for cultivation . A water tax , named dakapati was also charged for the water used from reservoirs . Customs duties were also imposed in ports . Those unable to pay these taxes in cash were expected to take part in services such as repairing reservoirs . The administration of taxes was the duty of Badagarika , the king 's treasurer . = = Culture = = Culture in the Anuradhapura Kingdom was largely based on Buddhism with the slaughter of animals for food considered low and unclean . As a result , animal husbandry , except for the rearing of buffalo and cattle , was uncommon . Elephants and horses were prestige symbols , and could only be afforded by the nobility . The skills needed to train and care for these animals were highly regarded . Cattle and buffalo were used for ploughing and preparing paddy fields . Dairy products formed an important part of people 's diets while Pali and Sinhala literature often refer to five products obtained from the cow : milk , curd , buttermilk , ghee and butter . Bullocks and bullock carts were also used for transport . Metalwork was an important and well @-@ developed craft , and metal tools such as axes , mammoties and hoes were widely used . Weapons and tools of iron and steel were produced in large scale for the military . A good indication of the development of metalwork of this period is the Lovamahapaya , which had been roofed entirely with copper . Villages were usually concentrated around irrigation reservoirs to enable easy access to water for agriculture . Houses stood immediately below the reservoir embankment , between the water and the paddy fields below . This facilitated easy control of the water supply to the fields and also supported maintenance of domestic gardens for fruit and vegetable production . A village typically consisted of a cluster of dwellings , paddy fields , a reservoir , a grazing ground , shift crop reserves and a village forest . In areas of high rainfall , a perennial watercourse often took the place of the reservoir . Inland fishing was widespread during the Anuradhapura Kingdom period because of the numerous reservoirs . Although not entirely absent , sea fishing was not common during this period mainly because of the rudimentary nature of transporting sea fish to cities which were located far inland . Women appear to have been allowed considerable freedom and independence during this period . Dutthagamani frequently sought his mother 's advice during his military campaign . Rock inscriptions show that women donated caves and temples for the use of the sangha . However , there are no records of women holding any administrative posts . It is not clear if women were given equal footing with men , but they did have complete freedom in religious matters . = = = Religion = = = After the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa , it spread throughout the country under his patronage . After this , the rulers were expected to be the protectors of Buddhism in the country and it became a legitimizing factor of royal authority . Three fraternities of Buddhism had come into existence by the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom ; Mahavihara , Abhayagiri and Jetavana . Mahavihara was established immediately after the introduction of Buddhism to the country . Representing the Theravada teachings , it remained strictly conventional throughout the Anuradhapura Kingdom . The Abhayagiri fraternity , established after Abhayagiriya was built , represented several schools of Buddhist thought . It did not restrict itself to Theravada and accepted Mahayana and Tantric ideas as well . Little evidence exists on the Jetavana fraternity which was established after the Jetavanaramaya was built , later than the other two . However , it too was receptive to new and more liberal views regarding Buddhism . Rulers sponsored Theravada and often took steps to stop the spreading of Mahayana beliefs . Rulers such as Aggabodhi I , Kashyapa V ( 914 – 923 ) and Mahinda IV ( 956 – 972 ) promulgated disciplinary rules for the proper conduct of the Sangha . Voharika Tissa and Gothabhaya ( 249 – 262 ) expelled several monks from the order for supporting such views . A change in this occurred when Mahasena embraced Mahayana teachings and acted against Theravada institutions . However , he too accommodated Theravada teachings after the population rebelled against him . As the kingdom and the authority or kings declined , Mahayana and Tantric doctrines again began to spread , however , Theravada remained the main and most widespread doctrine . Followers of Hinduism were also present to some extent during the Anuradhapura Kingdom . There were a number of them in Rajarata during Elara 's reign . Mahasen destroyed several Hindu temples during his reign in the 2nd century . Particularly Indian merchant communities living near ports such as Mahatittha and Gokanna were followers of Hinduism and Hindu temples were constructed in these areas . By the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom , large Hindu temples such as the Konesvaram temple had been constructed . Historical sources indicate that there were also Jains in Anuradhapura during the reign of Valagamba . = = = Literature = = = from the 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD , inscriptions are recorded in the Brāhmī script . This gradually developed into the modern sinhala script , but this was not complete by the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom . The first reference in historical sources to any written work is about 80 BC , but both Sinhala and Pali literature existed even two centuries before this , if not earlier . The oldest Sinhala literature is found at Sigiriya . Poems written from the 6th century to the end of the Anuradhaura kingdom are found among the graffiti on the mirror wall at Sigiriya . Most of these verses are describing or even addressed to the female figures depicted in the frescoes of Sigiriya . The majority of these poems have been written between the 8th and 10th centuries . Only three Sinhala books survive from the Anuradhapura period . One of them , Siyabaslakara , was written in the 9th or 10th century on the art of poetry and is based on the Sanskrit Kavyadarsha . Dampiya Atuva Gatapadaya is another , and is a glossary for the Pali Dhammapadatthakatha , providing Sinhala words and synonyms for Pali words . The third book is Mula Sikha Ha Sikhavalanda , a set of disciplinary rules for Buddhist monks . Both these have been written during the last two centuries of the Anuradhapura period . During the reign of Valagamba , the Pali Tripitaka was written in palm leaves . Several commentaries on Buddhism , known as Atthakatha have also been written during the reign of Mahanama ( 406 – 428 ) . Pali chronicles such as Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa have been written during the Anuradhapura Kingdom , and are still useful as resources for studying the history of the country . = = = Art = = = The Sigiriya Frescoes found at Sigiriya , Sri Lanka were painted during the reign of King Kashyapa I ( ruled 477 — 495 AD ) . Depicting female figures carrying flowers , they are the oldest surviving paintings of the Anuradhapura period . Various theories exist as to who are shown in these paintings . Some suggest that they are apsaras ( celestial nymphs ) , others suggest that they are the ladies of the king 's court or even a representation of lightning and rain clouds . Although they bear some similarity to the paintings of Ajanta in India , there are significant differences in style and composition suggesting that these are examples of a distinctive Sri Lankan school of art . Paintings from a cave at Hindagala date back to the late Anuradhapura period , and may even belong to the same period as the Sigiriya paintings . The paintings of Sigiriya and Hindagala are the only surviving specimens of art of the Anuradhapura Kingdom . However , remnants of paintings indicate that walls and ceilings of some buildings and the inside walls of stupas and vahalkadas were also painted . Saddhatissa had employed painters to decorate the Ruwanweli Seya when his brother Dutthagamani wanted to see it on his death bed . Statue making , most noticeably statues of the Buddha , was an art perfected by the Sri Lankan sculptors during the Anuradhapura Kingdom . The earliest Buddha statues belonging to the Anuradhapura period date back to the 1st century AD . Standard postures such as Abhaya Mudra , Dhyana Mudra , Vitarka Mudra and Kataka Mudra were used when making these statues . The Samadhi statue in Anuradhapura , considered one of the finest examples of ancient Sri Lankan art , shows the Buddha in a seated position in deep meditation , and is sculpted from dolomite marble and is datable to the 4th century . The Toluvila statue is similar to this , and dates to the later stages of the Anuradhapura Kingdom . Notable standing Buddha statues dating from the Anuradhapura period include the ones at Avukana , Maligavila and Buduruvagala . The Buduruvagala statue is the tallest in the country , standing at 50 feet ( 15 m ) . All these statues are carved out of rock . The carvings at Isurumuniya are some of the best examples of the stone carving art of the Anuradhapura Kingdom . Skill in arts was a respected and valued trait during this period and artists were well rewarded by the rulers . The Mahavamsa records that Jetthatissa II ( 328 – 337 ) was himself skilled in stone and ivory carving . = = = Architecture = = = The construction of stupas was noticeable not only during the Anuradhapura Kingdom but throughout the history of Sri Lanka . Stupas were built enshrining an object of worship . The stupa of Thuparamaya , built by Devanampiya Tissa , is one of the earliest built and was constructed immediately after the arrival of Buddhism . The construction of large stupas was begun by King Dutthagamani with the construction of the Ruwanweli Seya , standing 300 feet ( 91 m ) high with a circumference of 298 feet ( 91 m ) . The Anuradhapura dagabas which date from the early centuries of the Anuradhapura period , are of such colossal proportions that they constitute the largest structures of their type anywhere in the Buddhist World , even rivaling the Pyramids of Egypt in size . The Abhayagiri stupa in the Abhayagiriya monastic complex is another large stupa of the Anuradhapura period the original height of which was 350 feet ( 110 m ) . The Jetavana stupa , constructed by Mahasen , is the largest in the country . Stupas had deep and well constructed foundations , and the builders were clearly aware of the attributes of the materials used for construction . Suitable methods for each type of material have been used to lay foundations on a firm basis . All buildings have been adorned with elaborate carvings and sculptures and were supported by large stone columns . These stone columns can be seen in several buildings such as the Lovamahapaya ( brazen palace ) . Drainage systems of these buildings are also well planned , and terra cotta pipes were used to carry water to drainage pits . Large ponds were attached to some monasteries , such as the Kuttam Pokuna ( twin pond ) . Hospital complexes have also been found close to monasteries . Buildings were constructed using timber , bricks and stones . Stones were used for foundations and columns , while brick were used for walls . Lime mortar was used for plastering walls . = = Irrigation and water management = = Rainfall in the dry zone of Sri Lanka is limited to 50 @-@ 75 inches . Under these conditions , rain fed cultivation was difficult , forcing early settlers to develop means to store water in order to maintain a constant supply of water for their cultivations . Small irrigation tanks were constructed at village level , to support the cultivations of that village . The earliest medium @-@ scale irrigation tank is the Basawakkulama reservoir built by King Pandukabhaya . Nuwara wewa and Tissa Wewa reservoirs were constructed a century later . These reservoirs were enlarged in subsequent years by various rulers . Construction of large scale reservoirs began in the 1st century AD under the direction of Vasabha . The Alahara canal , constructed by damming the Amban river to divert water to the west for 30 miles ( 48 km ) , was constructed during this period . Among the reservoirs constructed during the reign of Vasabha , Mahavilacchiya and Nocchipotana reservoirs both have circumferences of about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) . During the reign of Mahasen , the Alahara canal was widened and lengthened to supply water to the newly constructed Minneriya tank , which covered 4 @,@ 670 acres ( 18 @.@ 9 km2 ) and had a 1 @.@ 25 miles ( 2 @.@ 01 km ) long and 44 feet ( 13 m ) high embankment . He was named Minneri Deiyo ( god of Minneriya ) for this construction and is still referred to as such by the people in that area . The Kavudulu reservoir , Pabbatanta canal and Hurulu reservoir were among the large irrigation constructions carried out during this period . These constructions contributed immensely to the improvement of agriculture in the northern and eastern parts of the dry zone . Reservoirs were also constructed using tributaries of the Daduru Oya during this period , thereby supplying water to the south western part of the dry zone . This conservation and distribution of water resources ensured that the water supply was sufficient throughout the dry zone . James Emerson Tennent described the ancient irrigation network as : ... there seems every reason to believe that from their own subsequent experience and the prodigious extent to which they occupied themselves in the formulation of works of this kind , they attained a facility unsurpassed by the people of any other country . The water resources of the dry zone were further exploited during the times of Upatissa I and Dhatusena . The construction of the Kala wewa , covering an area of 6 @,@ 380 acres ( 25 @.@ 8 km2 ) with an embankment 3 @.@ 75 miles ( 6 @.@ 04 km ) long and 40 feet ( 12 m ) high , was done during Dhatusena 's reign . A 54 miles ( 87 km ) canal named the Jayaganga carries water from the Kala wewa to the Tissa Wewa and feeds a network of smaller canals . The construction of this network is also attributed to Dhatusena . The Jayaganga supplied water to 180 square kilometres of paddy fields . By the end of the 5th century , two major irrigation networks , one supported by the Mahaweli river and the other by Malvatu Oya and Kala Oya , were covering the Rajarata area . The Mahavamsa records that many other rulers constructed a number of irrigation tanks , some of which have not yet been identified . By the 8th century , large tanks such as Padaviya , Naccaduva , Kantale and Giritale had come into existence , further expanding the irrgiation network . However , from the 8th century to the end of the Anuradhapura Kingdom , there wasn 't much activity in construction of irrigation works . = = = Technology = = = Advanced technology was required for the planning and construction of large reservoirs and canals . When constructing reservoirs , the gaps between low ridges in the dry zone plains were used for damming water courses . Two different techniques were used in construction ; one method involved making an embankment using natural rock formations across a valley and the other involved diverting water courses through constructed canals to reservoirs . All the reservoirs and canals in an area were interconnected by an intricate network , so that excess water from one will flow into the other . The locations of these constructions indicate that the ancient engineers were aware of geological formations in the sites as well , and made effective use of them . Underground conduits have also been constructed to supply water to and from artificial ponds , such as in the Kuttam Pokuna and the ponds at Sigiriya . The 54 miles ( 87 km ) long Jayaganga has a gradient of six inches to the mile , which indicates that the builders had expert knowledge and accurate measuring devices to achieve the minimum gradient in the water flow . The construction of Bisokotuva , a cistern sluice used to control the outward flow of water in reservoirs , indicates a major advancement in irrigation technology . Since the 3rd century , these sluices , made of brick and stone , were placed at various levels in the embankments of reservoirs . = = Military = = During the early stages , the Anuradhapura Kingdom did not have a strong regular army except for a small body of soldiers . These were assigned for guarding the capital and the royal palace . The King had the right to demand an able bodied son for military service from every family in his kingdom . In times of war , a larger army was formed using this method . An army consisted of four main divisions ; an elephant corps , cavalry , chariots and infantry . This combination was called Chaturangani Sena ( fourfold army ) . However , the majority of the army was infantry composed of swordsmen , spearmen and archers . When such an army was prepared , it was commanded by several generals . The Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the army was usually a member of nobility . The King and his generals led the army from the front during battles , mounted on elephants . The major cities of the kingdom were defended with defensive walls and moats . Sieges , often lasting several months , were common during warfare . Single combat between the opposing kings or commanders , mounted on elephants , often decided the outcome of the battle . South Indian mercenaries were often employed in the armies of the Anuradhapura Kingdom during its latter stages . Manavamma and Moggallana I ( 491 – 508 ) obtained the assistance of the Pallavas during succession disputes to secure the throne . However , the Anuradhapura kingdom appears to have had strong armies during some periods , such as when Sena II sent his armies to South India against the Pandyan king . Gajabahu I also launched an invasion against South India to rescue 12 @,@ 000 captives , and brought back 12 @,@ 000 prisoners as well as the freed captives . Surprisingly however , a navy was not considered important during the Anuradhapura Kingdom , and one was rarely maintained . This would have been the first line of defence for the island nation and would also have been helpful in dealing with invasions from South India .
= Graduados = Graduados ( English : The Graduates ) is a 2012 Argentine telenovela which was broadcast by Telefe from March 12 to December 19 . The plot concerns a group of people who graduated from high school in 1989 and reunite twenty years later . The main character , Andrés Goddzer ( Daniel Hendler ) , discovers that María Laura Falsini ( Nancy Dupláa ) was pregnant in 1989 and married Pablo Catáneo ( Luciano Cáceres ) , who thought that he was the child 's father . The resulting parental dispute , the love triangle of the main characters and 1980s nostalgia are frequent plot elements , and story arcs related to school bullying and LGBT rights are also featured . The frequent flashbacks of the characters to their high @-@ school days use the same actors , playing teenagers . The series , written by Sebastián Ortega , was produced by Endemol and Underground producciones . Although Andy Kusnetzoff was offered the lead @-@ character role , Hendler was cast when Kusnetzoff turned it down ( the latter joined the cast several months later as another character ) . The telenovela featured cameos and guest appearances by Argentine rock musicians and other celebrities . Graduados was widely successful , prevailing in the ratings over the blockbuster competitive dance program Showmatch and the telenovela Sos mi hombre . Although it received the 2012 Golden Martín Fierro award , seven other Martín Fierro Awards and ten Tato Awards ( including Program of the Year ) , plans for theatrical and film adaptions were abandoned . The telenovela 's proposed second season was renamed Viudas e hijos del Rock and Roll , with most of the cast and similar storylines . Local versions of the series have been made in Chile , Colombia and Greece . = = Plot = = A group of high @-@ school students graduates in 1989 . María Laura Falsini ( Nancy Dupláa ) is the girlfriend of Pablo Catáneo ( Luciano Cáceres ) , the school bully . When María Laura sees Pablo having sex in the bathroom with another girl during the graduation party , she leaves the party . Andrés Goddzer ( Daniel Hendler ) accompanies her , and they have sex in his car . María Laura becomes pregnant and her father , Clemente Falsini ( Juan Leyrado ) , owner of McCan , a successful dog @-@ food company , orders her to marry Pablo — unaware of her encounter with Andrés . The first episode then makes a timeskip from 1989 to 2012 . Pablo works for Clemente 's company , and Andrés is a slacker without a stable job who works as dog walker . María Laura hires Andrés by chance , and remembers their 1989 encounter ; a DNA test confirms that Andrés ( not Pablo ) is the father of her son , Martín . These events give the series its basic plot : Andrés tries to adjust to his newly discovered paternity , Pablo resents his intrusion , Martín tries to stay on good terms with both of them and María Laura begins a romance with Andrés . Pablo cheats on her with Patricia Longo ( Isabel Macedo ) , Clemente 's wife and secretary . She becomes pregnant by Pablo , but claims that Clemente is her son 's father . Andrés ' family is Jewish . His parents are Elías ( Roberto Carnaghi ) and Dana ( Mirta Busnelli ) , and his sister Gabriela ( Violeta Urtizberea ) works at McCan and has been unlucky in love . Andrés maintains his friendship with two high @-@ school classmates : Benjamín " Tuca " Pardo ( Mex Urtizberea ) and Verónica Diorio ( Julieta Ortega ) , who runs a radio station which plays 1980s Argentine rock music . María Laura keeps in touch with her best friend in high school : psychiatrist Victoria Lauría ( Paola Barrientos ) , a single woman looking for a couple with whom to have a surrogate child . Guillermo Almada ( Juan Gil Navarro ) , another classmate , takes a job at McCan and comes out during a meeting of the graduates . Clemente 's wife Patricia is , unknown to everybody else , another classmate . Obese at school , she lost weight and changed her face and name . Patricia 's secret is slowly revealed to the other characters . Pablo learns her true identity in the series finale , and they stay together . Andrés and Maria Laura leave the city ; Victoria has a son with Tuca ; Elías and Dana open a knish shop and Gabriela marries her neighbor , Marito ( Alan Sabbagh ) . The series ends with a party hosted by the school for the 1989 graduates , similar to the graduation party in the first episode . = = Cast = = = = Production = = Graduados refers frequently to the 1980s ( the decade in which the main characters attended high school ) , using 1980s Argentine slang and flashbacks to evoke nostalgia . The series uses 1980s music — in particular , Argentine rock — and several Argentine musicians made cameo appearances . Graduados was part of a trend in 2012 Argentine television toward nostalgia . According to Argentine consumer @-@ trends consultant Ximena Díaz Alarcón , " The 80s are nowadays far enough to be idealized and close enough to laugh about the earlier versions of oneself " . Psychologist and consumer @-@ trends consultant Mariela Mociulsky also suggested that the show 's structure invited viewers to compare their lives with the plans they made when they were younger . Graduados had scripts written by Ernesto Korovsky , Silvina Frejdkes and Alejandro Quesada . Although it was primarily a comedy , it also had a dramatic approach to LGBT rights and school bullying . In Clarín , Adriana Schettini praised its transitions from dramatic to comic scenes , its acting and scripts and its faithfulness to the characters ' profiles . = = = Creation and cast = = = Graduados was created by Sebastián Ortega with the working title of El paseaperros ( Spanish : The Dog Walker ) , a planned miniseries about a character and his group of friends . The writers gradually expanded the storyline , incorporating more characters and story arcs . Although Andy Kusnetzoff turned down a starring role in the show because of his work at Radio Metro , he made cameo appearances in six episodes and later became a regular character . Mike Amigorena was offered the lead @-@ protagonist and lead @-@ antagonist roles , but declined both . Relative unknown Daniel Hendler was finally selected to play Andrés ; he had already been cast as the secondary character Tuca , who was played by Mex Urtizberea after Hendler was recast as Andrés . The character of Verónica Diorio was initially written for actress Verónica Lozano , who turned down the role . Julieta Ortega , initially cast as Victoria Lauría , replaced Lozano and Victoria was played by stage actress Paola Barrientos . Érica Rivas and Ludovico Di Santo also turned down roles in the series and their characters were played by Nancy Dupláa and Marco Antonio Caponi , respectively . Juan Leyrado played a grandfather for the first time in his career . Unlike the usual telenovela grandfather ( a secondary character ) , his character has a prominent role and his own story arcs . Leyrado , who was 60 years old when the series was made , said that he was still active in his personal life and played the character according to his own experiences . Korean @-@ Argentine Chang Kim Sung , who played Walter Mao , said he was proud that his character did not conform to stereotypes of Asian people . Although Mex and Violeta Urtizberea are father and daughter , Violeta accepted a role in the series without knowing that her father was also part of the cast and asked him to respect her space . Although they played characters of similar ages , they rarely have joint scenes . Julieta Ortega said that she has nothing in common with her character in the series . Juan Gil Navarro , who appeared in the television drama La Dueña at the same time , said that although he does not normally appear in comedies he followed his wife 's suggestion . Isabel Macedo had played several villains , including in Floricienta , and took the Patricia Longo @-@ Jimena Benitez role because it was something she had not done before . Although Patricia 's past identity as Jimena was intended to be a secret for only ten episodes , Macedo insisted that the mystery should be maintained for a longer time . She read about victims of school bullying to inform her character and declined other work during the year to stay focused on the series , becoming emotionally attached to her character . = = = Recurring elements = = = = = = = Drama = = = = The series includes a homosexual character , Guillermo Almada ( Juan Gil Navarro ) , who came out in the early episodes and later married his partner in a ceremony featuring guest appearances by Evangelina Salazar and Luis Brandoni . This was the first fictional same @-@ sex marriage on Argentine television since it was legalized in 2010 , reflected the growing acceptance of sexual freedom in Argentina . Another character , Patricia Longo , was an obese girl who was a victim of school bullying . Isabel Macedo had to be heavily made up to appear obese for the flashbacks . Patricia was initially the telenovela 's villain , with the bullying her motivation for inflicting revenge on her former classmates . The episode in which she reveals her true identity was well received . = = = = Flashbacks = = = = The high @-@ school years of the main characters are depicted in flashbacks , a recurring element . For comic effect , the flashbacks were filmed with the actors who played the adult characters instead of younger actors . One episode includes a reenactment of the 1980s game show Feliz domingo para la juventud , with an appearance by host Silvio Soldán . This episode also features a guest appearance by Andy Kusnetzoff , who later joined the regular cast . Another episode has a flashback set in Italpark , an Argentine theme park which closed in 1990 . Since the Italpark rides are now in Luján , the production moved there to shoot those scenes . One episode includes a flashback to San Carlos de Bariloche , the location of the graduation trip ( an Argentine prom tradition ) . Pablo Echarri made a guest appearance as the trip 's coordinator , and fans of the show were selected in an internet competition to join the trip to Bariloche as extras . Another flashback features the Pumper Nic fast @-@ food restaurant and a guest appearance by sportswriter Juan Pablo Varsky . Not all flashbacks are focused on the 1980s or high school ; some are events from a character 's adolescence , such as the shotgun wedding of María Laura and Pablo or her 15th birthday . = = = = Music = = = = The program uses 1980s music ( usually Argentine rock ) extensively , and several Argentine musicians from the decade were invited to make cameo appearances . Charly García appears in one episode , discussing the lyrics of his song " Inconciente colectivo " ( " Collective Unconscious " ) with the characters . Fito Páez appears in a flashback , meeting María Laura during a sound check and asking her opinion of his new song " 11 y 6 " . Páez resurrected his 1980s look , which differs slightly from his current appearance . Musician Emanuel Ortega , brother of producer Sebastián Ortega , appeared ( as himself ) as Victoria Lauría 's patient . Similar plots were used in other episodes , with guest stars appearing as themselves ; Victoria Lauría 's character became a psychologist with famous clients , such as soccer player Martín Palermo , tennis player Gastón Gaudio , model Luciana Salazar and soccer agent Guillermo Coppola . All performing members of the Ortega family made cameos on the series . Bahiano , the former singer of Los Pericos , made a cameo appearance in the Spring Day episode and played " El ritual de la banana " ( " Ritual of the Banana " , Los Pericos ' first hit ) . Bahiano left the band in 2005 , and did not maintain a good relationship with them . Los Pericos sent a cease and desist letter to the production team and complained on Twitter about the episode . Bahiano dismissed their reaction as jealousy . The Spring Day episode also included a cameo by Los Twist , who played their hit " El estudiante " ( " The Student " ) . The scene , filmed in Tigre , also included a cameo by Lalo Mir . = = = = Holidays and observances = = = = Holidays ( such as Spring Day ) were part of the plot of an episode aired that day , unless the holiday fell over a weekend . Since the Goddzers are a Jewish family , Jewish holidays are included . On July 18 the 1994 AMIA bombing , when the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association was destroyed in a terrorist attack , was mentioned when Elías said he would attend the annual protest of the unsolved case 's handling . Minor Jewish characters ( such as relatives and friends ) returned for Rosh Hashanah , the Jewish New Year celebration . Its Jewish characters and the number of Argentine and Latin American expatriates in Israel helped Graduados obtain good ratings in Israel . = = Reception = = The first episode of Graduados was a ratings success , scoring nearly 28 points . Subsequent episodes continued to receive high ratings and El Trece , Telefe 's main rival for prime @-@ time ratings , competed with Graduados by moving its blockbuster program Showmatch an hour earlier ( opposite Graduados ) . The move was unsuccessful , with Graduados more highly rated than Showmatch before and after the change . Showmatch returned to its original time slot and El Trece aired a new series , Sos mi hombre , opposite Graduados . Sos mi hombre 's premiere episode was outscored by Graduados , 26 to 18 @.@ 4 ; according to El Trece this was not a disappointment , since its target rating was 17 @-@ 19 points . Graduados maintained its lead in the ratings for the rest of the season . It was a multi @-@ target success , with an audience not limited to viewers in their forties as the focus on 1980s nostalgia might have indicated . This countered a contemporary trend in series television to target a specific audience demographic . The plots include characters and situations for all ages , and the series ' general tone is family @-@ friendly . Although it includes a number of flashbacks , the scripts did not limit the actors to a 1980s viewpoint ; according to consultant Mariela Mociulsky , the show reflects more modern realities ( such as men showing their emotions and women having greater autonomy in their lives ) than TV shows of the 1980s did . The series finale was broadcast from the Gran Rex Theater in a ceremony attended by fans who obtained tickets in a raffle on the Telefe website . The cast ( except for Ortega and Urtizberea , who were out of the country ) attended the performance , watching the episode from a VIP room in the theater , appearing on stage after the episode ended to thank the audience . Also in attendance were actors and musicians who had made guest appearances on the show during the year , including Pablo Ruiz ( the singer of Vilma Palma e Vampiros ) , Sandra Mihanovich , Luciana Salazar , Luisa Albinoni and Max Berliner . In February 2013 Sebastian Ortega and the cast agreed to produce another season of Graduados after a year off , and Telefe had begun negotiations to bring the series back . The project became a new telenovela , Viudas e hijos del Rock and Roll , which would employ similar themes and most of the cast . Nancy Dupláa left the project , with Paola Barrientos replacing her as the female lead . = = = Awards = = = Graduados received 12 Tato Awards from 20 nominations on November 17 , 2012 , including the special award for Television program of the year . Graduados was nominated for daily serial , fiction production , actress in a daily serial ( Nancy Dupláa ) , arts and images in a fiction program and soundtrack , winning in all those categories . Nominations for new actor , actor in a daily serial , supporting actor in a daily serial and supporting actress in a daily serial were shared . The new @-@ actor award nominees from Graduados were Mercedes Scapola , Gastón Soffritti and the winner , Chang Kim Sung . Luciano Cáceres and Daniel Hendler were nominated for the actor in daily drama award , won by Hendler . Roberto Carnaghi , nominated with Juan Leyrado and Mex Urtizberea , received the Best Supporting Actor in a Daily Serial Award . Paola Barrientos was the best supporting actress in a daily serial ; her fellow nominees were Isabel Macedo , Mirta Busnelli and Violeta Urtizberea . The series was nominated for the best fiction director and script awards , both won by the telenovela El hombre de tu vida . Producer Sebastian Ortega refused to attend the ceremony to avoid Marcelo Tinelli , with whom he had an ongoing dispute . With a total of 11 awards Graduados was the most successful production at the ceremony , followed by El hombre de tu vida and La voz argentina with four awards each . The series received 14 nominations for Martín Fierro Awards and won eight , including the Golden Award . It won awards for best daily serial , production , writing and opening theme , and was nominated for best direction ( won by Juan José Campanella for El hombre de tu vida ) . Daniel Hendler and Luciano Cáceres were nominated for best lead actor in a daily serial , which Hendler won . Paola Barrientos was the best supporting actress in a daily serial , with Mirta Busnelli also nominated . Isabel Macedo and Nancy Dupláa were nominated as best lead actress in a daily serial , and Macedo ( not Dupláa , as expected by the cast ) won . Chang Sung Kim , Jenny Williams ( new actor ) , Andy Kusnetzoff , Betiana Blum ( guest appearance ) , Mex Urtizberea and Roberto Carnaghi ( supporting actor in daily drama ) also received nominations . = = = Internet = = = In 2012 the use of hashtags in television was new in Argentina , and programs had limited interaction with social networks . Although in August 2012 Showmatch had a higher number of tweets than Graduados ( despite trailing it in the ratings ) , by October Graduados was the 2012 Argentine TV program with the highest number of tweets ( averaging 244 @,@ 540 per episode ) . Showmatch was second , with an average of 203 @,@ 922 tweets per episode . As of October 14 , September 3 was the day with the greatest number of tweets for a single episode ( 47 @,@ 357 ) . A September 2012 analysis of tweets found that Graduados was the Argentine television program most frequently mentioned . The most popular characters were Vero Diorio , Dany Goddzer , Pablo Catáneo , Guillermo Almada , Tuca and Vicky Lauría . Several unofficial Twitter accounts were created by fans and modeled after the characters ; the best known was @ Jimena _ Benitez _ ( Patricia Longo 's supposed account ) , with 12 @,@ 765 followers . = = Other media = = The producers of Graduados released a compilation album of music used in the series . It features the theme song , composed by Tan Biónica , and 1980s Argentine rock hits as background music . Musicians appearing on the album are Soda Stereo , Los Fabulosos Cadillacs , Charly García , Sumo , Virus , Raúl Porchetto , Andrés Calamaro , Los Violadores , Suéter and Los Ratones Paranoicos . The first CD went gold in Argentina , encouraging Telefe and Sony Music Entertainment to release a second CD of soft songs by international artists . Artists on the second CD are Bonnie Tyler , Europe , Paul Young , Jimmy Harnen , Spandau Ballet , Dover , Martika , The Alan Parsons Project , Toto , The Bangles , Cyndi Lauper , Bad English , Air Supply and Billy Joel . As the series wound down , Telefe considered a theatrical version for the 2013 summer season . It would have been similar to a 2010 version by the producers of Valientes , but the cast had other commitments . Telefe then asked series creator Sebastian Ortega to make a film . Negotiations were confirmed by producer Pablo Culell , who said that although Underground produces television series it can also produce stage plays and films . Chilevisión produced a Chilean version of the series , Graduados , historias que no se olvidan ( Graduates : Unforgettable Stories ) . The first remake produced by the station , it starred Fernanda Urrejola , Marcial Tagle and Ricardo Fernández and its soundtrack features Chilean bands ( such as Upa and Los Prisioneros ) and Argentine bands successful in Chile ( such as Soda Stereo , Charly García and Virus ) . The production tries to reflect 1980s Chilean life in a broad appeal to audiences . A Colombian version debuted on RCN Televisión on September 18 , 2014 to low ratings . Symmathites , a Greek version , airs on Antenna TV . In Mexico , TV Azteca bought the rights for a local version in production as of November 2013 . The original telenovela has aired in Panama , El Salvador and Nicaragua .
= Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp = " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the American television series 30 Rock . It was directed by series producer Don Scardino , and written by executive story editor Kay Cannon and script co @-@ coordinator Tracey Wigfield . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on April 16 , 2009 . Guest stars in the episode include Todd Buonopane , Kerry Butler , Danielle Flora , Mary Catherine Garrison , Christina Gausas , and Elizabeth Marvel . In the episode , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) meets a new group of friends ( Butler , Garrison , Gausas , and Marvel ) while on suspension from work . Meanwhile , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) is worried that Jenna Maroney 's ( Jane Krakowski ) Janis Joplin biographical film will not get released and tries to promote the movie at the Kids ' Choice Awards . However , following a mix @-@ up , the world believes Jenna is dead and Jack tries to use her death to further hype the film . " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " received generally positive reception from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , the episode was watched by 7 @.@ 324 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 3 @.@ 5 rating / 9 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . = = Plot = = A sexual harassment lawsuit was filed against Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) in the previous episode , and she must take a sexual harassment training as a result . In addition , she cannot return to work until she is done with her training . Liz , however , cannot handle life without work , as she needs the stress . Her attitude changes when she meets one of her neighbors , Emily ( Elizabeth Marvel ) . She understands how Liz feels because she was just like Liz and tells her there are better ways to live . Liz hangs out with Emily and her friends ( Mary Catherine Garrison , Kerry Butler , and Christina Gausas ) , who spend majority of their time getting spa treatments and going shopping . Liz gets so caught up in their lifestyle that she forgets to watch her show , The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) . Not wanting to come back to work — as she is intrigued by her new friends ' lifestyle — Liz sexually harasses her counselor , Jeffrey Weinerslav ( Todd Buonopane ) . She goes back to hanging out with Emily and her friends , but soon discovers that they are a Girl Fight Club , which disappoints Liz . In order for her to get out , Liz needs to fight them . Meanwhile , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) informs Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) that her unlicensed Janis Joplin biopic is hard to sell due to test audiences not liking it . They decide to up the PR by going to the Kids Choice Awards where Jenna discovers that she is dead . She is accidentally put in the memorial montage at the show , which Jack decides to use as an advantage for the film . He tells her that all she has to do is stay out of the public eye until he sells the movie . At the same time , all employees from the 30 Rock building need to disclose any inter @-@ office relationships . NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) discloses that he fantasizes about marrying a TGS dancer , named Daphne ( Danielle Flora ) , but discovers that " Dot Com " Slattery ( Kevin Brown ) is dating her . A minor conflict ensues between them , but ends when Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) decides to mediate this . As a result , Tracy fires Daphne , but this backfires when the other dancers refuse to work . This prompts Tracy to solve this problem by hiring new dancers . Jack tells TGS producer , Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , to do an on air tribute of Jenna on the show . On the TGS set , a huge poster of Jenna is hung with her real birthday and death date . When Jenna sees that her real birth date is displayed , she comes out of hiding and appears on stage to cover the poster . After witnessing this , Liz confronts Jenna and Tracy for their behavior , but is glad to be back at work . = = Production = = " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " was directed by series producer Don Scardino , and written by executive story editor Kay Cannon and script co @-@ coordinator Tracey Wigfield . This was Cannon 's fourth writing credit , having written the episodes " Black Tie " , " Somebody to Love " , and " Christmas Special " , and was Wigfield 's first writing credit . This was Scardino 's nineteenth directed episode . " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " originally aired on April 16 , 2009 , on NBC in the United States as the eighteenth episode of the show 's third season . " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " was filmed on February 11 , 2009 . This was the last time the show referenced Jenna trying to play singer Janis Joplin in a feature film . This plot first began in the January 8 , 2009 , episode " Señor Macho Solo " in which Jenna auditions to play the singer in a biographical movie . This was actor Todd Buonopane 's third appearance as the character Jeffrey Weinerslav , an NBC Human Resource mediator . Buonopane previously appeared in the season three episodes " Believe in the Stars " and " Cutbacks " . In this episode , Today show co @-@ host Meredith Vieira is referenced , in which Kenneth reveals that Vieira made him eat an unripe banana in front of her , which Kenneth believes was sexual harassment . Vieira has played herself in the series numerous times . During the on air tribute for Jenna in " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " , a 1980s Cling Free commercial featuring Jane Krakowski aired as part of Jenna 's youth as a child star . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " was watched by 7 @.@ 324 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It also achieved a 3 @.@ 5 rating / 9 share in the key 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 5 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This episode went up 7 percent from the previous episode , " Cutbacks " , and was the sixth highest @-@ rated show on the NBC network that week . " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " was well received among television critics . Entertainment Weekly 's Aly Semingran thought that the episode " had the most laughs @-@ per @-@ minute than any other episode this season " . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star @-@ Ledger praised " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " , describing it as " one of the better 30 Rock 's of late " and said that it featured " a good character arc " for Liz , " a too @-@ rare pairing " between Jenna and Jack , and a " great tie @-@ it @-@ all @-@ together climax " in which Liz " giddy and bruised " terrifies Jenna and Tracy upon her return . The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin felt that it was " very solid " and gave it a B + . Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad said it was " great to see " the show carry its two plots , from previous episodes — Liz 's sexual harassment and Jenna 's movie — in " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " . Rick Porter of Zap2it was complimentary towards the episode , citing that it was a " pretty absurd episode of the show and [ made ] it all that much funnier . " Porter enjoyed Jenna 's story , including the pairing of her and Jack , writing that it " worked really well " and " played both to Jenna 's endless well of vanity and her utter ignorance of how to work the PR machine " . He opined that this episode " better showcased " Jane Krakowski in the season .
= Admiral David G. Farragut ( Ream statue ) = Admiral David G. Farragut is a statue in Washington , D.C. honoring David Farragut , a career military officer who served as the first admiral in the United States Navy . The monument is sited in the center of Farragut Square , a city square in downtown Washington , D.C. The statue was sculpted by female artist Vinnie Ream , whose best known works include a statue of Abraham Lincoln and several statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection . The monument was dedicated in 1881 in an extravagant ceremony attended by President James A. Garfield , members of his cabinet , and thousands of spectators . It was the first monument erected in Washington , D.C. in honor of a naval war hero . The statue is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. , which were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . The bronze statue , which rests on a granite base , was cast from the USS Hartford bronze propellers and not from enemy cannon like most Civil War monuments in the city . The monument and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department . = = History = = = = = Background = = = David Farragut ( 1801 – 1870 ) was a career military officer who first saw combat during the War of 1812 at the age of 9 . He served on the USS Essex and was captured by the British . After the war , Farragut fought pirates in the West Indies on the ship USS Ferret , his first command of a United States Navy vessel . He also fought in the Mexican – American War and oversaw the construction of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in San Francisco . Although Farragut and his wife were Southerners , they remained loyal to the United States during the Civil War . His success in capturing New Orleans resulted in Farragut being honored with a new title created by the Navy , rear admiral . He continued to have great success in defeating Confederate forces , most notably at the Battle of Mobile Bay , where he uttered his famous phrase " Damn the torpedoes ! Full speed ahead ! " Following the war , President Andrew Johnson promoted Farragut to admiral , the first U.S. naval officer to receive the title . Soon after Farragut 's death in 1870 , there were calls for a memorial to honor the naval hero . Representative Nathaniel P. Banks introduced a resolution in Congress for the erection of a monument to Farragut . The resolution stated that the statue was to be " after a design molded from life " , a subtle caveat intended to assist someone Banks already had in mind to create the statue , sculptor Horatio Stone of Washington , D.C. , who claimed to have met Farragut and had already begun working on a statue . Bank 's resolution was referred to the Joint Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds , where the committee chose to hold a competition , much to the dismay of Stone . Sculptors were only given sixty days to submit models of the statue , but when the congressional act approving the monument passed on April 16 , 1872 , the resolution was amended and the deadline for design submissions was extended by nine months . Vinnie Ream ( 1847 – 1914 ) , a sculptor who at age nineteen had received the first government commission ever granted a female artist when she created a bust of President Abraham Lincoln , began working on a bust of Farragut , whom she had met several times . Farragut 's widow , Virginia , admired Ream 's design and became a strong advocate for the artist 's model to be selected . Virginia wrote letters of endorsement to committee members and supplied Ream with the names of Farragut 's friends so that they too would offer their endorsements to the committee . There were thirteen artists who submitted models with Ream being the only woman . Their designs were displayed in the basement of the United States Capitol and several were severely criticized by the press , most notably the models by J. Wilson MacDonald , Randolph Rogers , and Edward Watson . Stone and Ream 's model received the most praise . Stone 's model was praised by several naval officers who called it " true to life " and " unsurpassed by similar works . " Ream 's model received praise from several high profile individuals , most notably President Ulysses S. Grant , who called it " first rate " . Admiral David Dixon Porter said the model " of Miss Vinnie Ream is the only likeness in the lot . " General William Tecumseh Sherman , who was reportedly infatuated with Ream , also became a strong advocate for her model . He wrote to the committee that " the plaster model of Vinnie Ream struck me decidedly as the best likeness , and recalled the memory of the Admiral 's face and figure more perfectly than any other model there on exhibition . " The decision by the committee ultimately ended in a three @-@ way tie between Ream , Stone , and MacDonald . The project stalled until the next Congress convened in 1874 . A commission to select the winning model was created and consisted of Virginia , Sherman , and Secretary of the Navy George M. Robeson . Virginia and Sherman voted to approve Ream 's design , though Robeson refused to accept the result and tried in vain to convince Virginia to change her mind . Two months after the vote , Robeson relented and Ream 's model was officially selected . Ream was awarded $ 20 @,@ 000 for the design and worked on the statue for the next few years . She consulted Virginia and incorporated her suggestions , much to the delight of Virginia . In 1879 , Ream announced that the model was ready to be cast and that the process would take place at the Washington Navy Yard , which had never before cast such a large statue . She continued to perfect the model while at the Navy Yard , much to the delight of the sailors . Although many of the city 's statues of military heroes were cast from captured enemy cannon , Farragut 's statue was cast from the USS Hartford bronze propellers that were removed and shipped to the Navy Yard . The amount of bronze yielded from the propellers was enough not only for the statue , but the four mortars on the corners of the statue base . The site chosen for the statue was Farragut Square , a park renamed in honor of the admiral shortly after his death . The original dedication date , March 4 , 1881 , was pushed back because the statue base wasn 't ready . The base did not arrive until April 20 , five days before the dedication , resulting in Ream 's husband , Lieutenant Richard L. Hoxie , working around the clock with a crew of workers to make sure the site was ready . The base was completed and statue erected just hours before the ceremony began . = = = Dedication = = = The statue was dedicated at 1 pm on April 25 , 1881 , becoming the first monument erected in Washington , D.C. in honor of a naval war hero . Government employees were dismissed at noon , the same time a procession began at the base of Capitol Hill . The military contingent , led by Commodore Charles H. Baldwin , moved west on Pennsylvania Avenue , where houses were decorated with bunting , and past the White House , before heading north on Connecticut Avenue . The homes surrounding the square were decorated with streamers and flags . Nearly 4 @,@ 000 invited guests , including members of the Grand Army of the Republic and fellow sailors who served alongside Farragut , listened to John Philip Sousa conduct the Marine Band as they filled three temporary stands that were built on three sides of the statue . Distinguished guests included President James A. Garfield and his wife , Lucretia , members of the President 's cabinet , Virginia Farragut , and Ream . An opening prayer was led by Reverend Arthur Brooks followed by the statue being unveiled by two members of Farragut 's Hartford crew , Quartermaster C. B. Knowles and Boatswain James Wiley . When the statue was unveiled , the Marine Band began playing a march and a seventeen gun salute was fired from nearby Lafayette Square . Secretary of the Navy William H. Hunt then introduced the President , who formally accepted the statue on behalf of the American people and gave a brief address . He stated : " Today we come to hail this hero , who comes from the sea , down from the shrouds of his flagship , wreathed with the smoke and glory of victory , bringing 60 years of national life and honor , to take his place as an honored compatriot and perpetual guardian of his Nation 's glory . In the name of the Nation I accept this noble statue , and his country will guard it as he guarded his country . " Speeches were then given by former Postmaster General Horace Maynard and Senator Daniel W. Voorhees followed by the Marine Band playing " Hail to the Chief " and another seventeen gun salute . At the conclusion of the ceremony , the military procession saluted the statue as they marched back down Connecticut Avenue , past the White House , and down Pennsylvania Avenue . = = = Later history = = = The Farragut statue is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. , which were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 20 , 1978 , and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on March 3 , 1979 . It is one of the few Civil War monuments that is a not an equestrian sculpture . The others are the Dupont Circle Fountain , Stephenson Grand Army of the Republic Memorial , Nuns of the Battlefield , the Peace Monument , and statues of Brigadier General Albert Pike and General John A. Rawlins . The monument and park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department . = = Design and location = = The statue is located in the center of Farragut Square , a park in downtown Washington , D.C. , bordered by K Street ( north ) , I Street ( south ) , and 17th Street NW ( east and west ) . Two sidewalks bisect the park from the northwest to southeast corners , running along either side of the statue , on axis with Connecticut Avenue . Another sidewalk leads from the northeast to southwest corners and runs along the statue . A small , ornamental iron fence surrounds the statue base . The bronze statue measures 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) tall , 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) wide , and 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) long . Farragut is depicted in his military uniform and standing on the deck of his ship , facing south towards the White House . His right knee is bent as his right foot rests on a capstan . He is holding a telescope with both hands . The base , made of granite from Rockland , Maine , is 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) tall , 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) long , and 24 ft ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) wide . It is a square , three @-@ tiered base with a chopped mortar on each corner . The inscription " FARRAGUT " is on the front of the base . Inside the base is a box containing documents related to Farragut 's career , a history of the sculpture , a copy of the Army and Navy Register , and a bronze model of the propeller used to cast the statue and mortars .
= Blonde on Blonde = Blonde on Blonde is the seventh studio album by American singer @-@ songwriter Bob Dylan , released on May 16 , 1966 , on Columbia Records . Recording sessions began in New York in October 1965 with numerous backing musicians , including members of Dylan 's live backing band , the Hawks . Though sessions continued until January 1966 , they yielded only one track that made it onto the final album — " One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) " . At producer Bob Johnston 's suggestion , Dylan , keyboardist Al Kooper , and guitarist Robbie Robertson moved to the CBS studios in Nashville , Tennessee . These sessions , augmented by some of Nashville 's top session musicians , were more fruitful , and in February and March all the remaining songs for the album were recorded . Blonde on Blonde completed the trilogy of rock albums that Dylan recorded in 1965 and 1966 , starting with Bringing It All Back Home and Highway 61 Revisited . Critics often rank Blonde on Blonde as one of the greatest albums of all time . Combining the expertise of Nashville session musicians with a modernist literary sensibility , the album 's songs have been described as operating on a grand scale musically , while featuring lyrics one critic called " a unique mixture of the visionary and the colloquial " . It was one of the first double albums in rock music . The album peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 chart in the US , where it eventually was certified double platinum , and it reached number three in the UK . Blonde on Blonde spawned two singles that were top @-@ twenty hits in the US : " Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 " and " I Want You " . Two additional songs , " Just Like a Woman " and " Visions of Johanna " , have been named as among Dylan 's greatest compositions and were featured in Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list . = = Recording sessions = = = = = Background = = = After the release of Highway 61 Revisited in August 1965 , Dylan set about hiring a touring band . Guitarist Mike Bloomfield and keyboard player Al Kooper had backed Dylan on his new album and at Dylan 's controversial electric debut at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival . Bloomfield chose not to tour with Dylan , preferring to remain with the Paul Butterfield Blues Band . After backing him at concerts in late August and early September , Kooper informed Dylan he did not wish to continue touring with him . Dylan 's manager , Albert Grossman , was in the process of setting up a grueling concert schedule that would keep Dylan on the road for the next nine months , touring the U.S. , Australia , and Europe . Dylan contacted a group who were performing as Levon and the Hawks , consisting of Levon Helm from Arkansas and four Canadian musicians : Robbie Robertson , Rick Danko , Richard Manuel and Garth Hudson . They had come together as a band in Canada , backing American rocker Ronnie Hawkins . Two people had strongly recommended the Hawks to Dylan : Mary Martin , the executive secretary of Albert Grossman , and blues singer John Hammond , Jr . , son of record producer John Hammond , who had signed Dylan to Columbia Records in 1961 ; the Hawks had backed the younger Hammond on his 1965 album So Many Roads . Dylan rehearsed with the Hawks in Toronto on September 15 , where they were playing a hometown residency at Friar 's Club , and on September 24 , they made their debut in Austin , Texas . Two weeks later , encouraged by the success of their Texas performance , Dylan took the Hawks into Studio A of Columbia Records in New York City . Their immediate task was to record a hit single as the follow @-@ up to " Positively 4th Street " , but Dylan was already shaping his next album , the third one that year backed by rock musicians . = = = New York sessions = = = Producer Bob Johnston , who had overseen the recording of Highway 61 Revisited , started work with Dylan and the Hawks at Columbia Studio A , 799 Seventh Avenue , New York , on October 5 . They concentrated on a new arrangement of " Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? " , a song recorded during the Highway 61 Revisited sessions but not included on that album . Three further numbers were attempted , but none progressed into completed songs . Both the fragmentary " Jet Pilot " and " I Wanna Be Your Lover " , a quasi @-@ parody of the Beatles ' " I Wanna Be Your Man " , finally appeared on the 1985 box set retrospective , Biograph . Also attempted were two takes of " Medicine Sunday " , a song that later evolved into " Temporary Like Achilles " . On November 30 , the Hawks joined Dylan again at Studio A , but drummer Bobby Gregg replaced Levon Helm , who had tired of playing in a backing band and quit . They began work on a new composition , " Freeze Out " , which was later retitled " Visions of Johanna " , but Dylan wasn 't satisfied with the results . One of the November 30 recordings was eventually released on The Bootleg Series Vol . 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack in 2005 . At this session , they completed " Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? " The song was released as a single in December , but only reached number 58 on the American charts . Dylan spent most of December in California , performing a dozen concerts with his band , and then took a break through the third week in January following the birth of his son Jesse . On January 21 , 1966 , he returned to Columbia 's Studio A to record another long composition , " She 's Your Lover Now " , accompanied by the Hawks ( this time with Sandy Konikoff on drums ) . Despite nineteen takes , the session failed to yield any complete recordings . Dylan did not attempt the song again , but one of the outtakes from the January 21 session finally appeared 25 years later on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 – 1991 . ( Although the song breaks down at the start of the last verse , Columbia released it as the most complete take from the session . ) Around this time , Dylan became disillusioned about using the Hawks in the studio . He recorded more material at Studio A on January 25 , backed by drummer Bobby Gregg , bassist Rick Danko ( or Bill Lee ) , guitarist Robbie Robertson , pianist Paul Griffin , and organist Al Kooper . Two more new compositions were attempted : " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " and " One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) " . Dylan was satisfied with " One of Us Must Know " ; the January 25 take was released as a single a few weeks later and was subsequently selected for the album . Another session took place on January 27 , this time with Robertson , Danko , Kooper and Gregg . Dylan and his band recorded " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " and " One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) " again , but Dylan was not satisfied with the recorded performance of either song . Also at this session Dylan attempted a rough performance of " I 'll Keep It With Mine " , a song which he had already recorded twice as a demo . The musicians added some tentative backing in a rendering biographer Clinton Heylin described as " cursory " . The recording was ultimately released on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 – 3 in 1991 . A shortage of new material and the slow progress of the sessions contributed to Dylan 's decision to cancel three additional recording dates . Six weeks later Dylan confided to critic Robert Shelton , " Oh , I was really down . I mean , in ten recording sessions , man , we didn 't get one song ... It was the band . But you see , I didn 't know that . I didn 't want to think that " . = = = Move to Nashville = = = Recognizing Dylan 's dissatisfaction with the progress of the recordings , producer Bob Johnston suggested that they move the sessions to Nashville . Johnston lived there and had extensive experience working with Nashville session musicians . He recalled how Dylan manager Albert Grossman , was hostile to the idea : " Grossman came up to me and said ' If you ever mention Nashville to Dylan again , you 're gone . ' I said , ' What do you mean ? ' He said , ' You heard me . We got a thing going here ' " . Despite Grossman 's opposition , Dylan agreed to Johnston 's suggestion , and preparations were made to record the album at Columbia 's A Studio on Nashville 's Music Row in February 1966 . In addition to Kooper and Robertson , who accompanied Dylan from New York , Johnston recruited harmonica player , guitarist and bassist Charlie McCoy , guitarist Wayne Moss , guitarist and bassist Joe South , and drummer Kenny Buttrey . At Dylan 's request , Johnston removed the baffles — partitions separating the musicians so that there was " an ambience fit for an ensemble " . Buttrey credited the distinctive sound of the album to Johnston 's re @-@ arrangement of the studio , " as if we were on a tight stage , as opposed to playing in a big hall where you 're ninety miles apart " . Dylan had a piano installed in his Nashville hotel room which Kooper would play to help Dylan write lyrics . Kooper would then teach the tunes to the musicians before Dylan arrived for the sessions . On the first Nashville session , on February 14 , Dylan successfully recorded " Visions of Johanna " , which he had attempted several times in New York . Also recorded was a take of " 4th Time Around " which made it onto the album and a take of " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " which did not . On February 15 the session began at 6 p.m. but Dylan simply sat in the studio working on his lyrics while the musicians played cards , napped and chatted . Finally , at 4 a.m. , Dylan called the musicians in and outlined the structure of the song . Dylan counted off and the musicians fell in , as he attempted his epic composition " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " . Kenny Buttrey recalled , " If you notice that record , that thing after like the second chorus starts building and building like crazy , and everybody 's just peaking it up ' cause we thought , Man , this is it ... This is gonna be the last chorus and we 've gotta put everything into it we can . And he played another harmonica solo and went back down to another verse and the dynamics had to drop back down to a verse kind of feel ... After about ten minutes of this thing we 're cracking up at each other , at what we were doing . I mean , we peaked five minutes ago . Where do we go from here ? " The finished song clocked in at 11 minutes , 23 seconds , and would occupy the entire fourth side of the album . The next session began similarly — Dylan spent the afternoon writing lyrics , and the session continued into the early hours of February 17 , when the musicians began to record " Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again " . After several musical revisions and false starts , the fourteenth take was the version selected for the album . = = = Recording sessions in Nashville = = = Most accounts of recording Blonde on Blonde , including those by Dylan scholars Clinton Heylin and Michael Gray , agree that there were two blocks of recording sessions : February 14 – 17 and March 8 – 10 , 1966 . This chronology is based on the logs and files kept by Columbia Records . Dylan and the Hawks performed concerts in Ottawa , Montreal , and Philadelphia in February and March , and then Dylan resumed recording in Nashville on March 8 . On that date , Dylan and the musicians recorded the take of " Absolutely Sweet Marie " that Dylan selected for the album . Historian Sean Wilentz observed that " with the sound of ' Sweet Marie ' , Blonde on Blonde entered fully and sublimely into what is now considered classic rock and roll " . The same day saw the successful takes of " Just Like a Woman " , and " Pledging My Time " , the latter " driven by Robertson 's screaming guitar " . According to Wilentz the final recording session , on March 9 – 10 , produced six songs in 13 hours of studio time . The first number to be recorded to Dylan 's satisfaction was " Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine " , when McCoy reinforced on trumpet a musical phrase Dylan played on his harmonica , changing the sound of the song radically . Dylan and his band then quickly recorded " Temporary Like Achilles " . The session atmosphere began to " get giddy " around midnight when Dylan roughed out " Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 " on the piano . Johnston recalled commenting ; " That sounds like the damn Salvation Army band " . Dylan replied ; " Can you get one ? " Johnston then telephoned trombonist Wayne Butler , the only additional musician required , and Dylan and the band , with McCoy again on trumpet , played a high @-@ spirited version of the song . In quick succession Dylan and the musicians then recorded " Obviously 5 Believers " and a final take of " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " powered by Robertson 's lead guitar . The session concluded with " I Want You " on which , as Wilentz notes , " Wayne Moss 's rapid @-@ fire sixteenth notes on the guitar " are an impressive element of the recording . = = = = Disagreement over Nashville recording dates = = = = Al Kooper , who played keyboards on every track of Blonde on Blonde , has contested the conventional account that there were two blocks of recording sessions in Nashville . In comments on Michael Gray 's website , Kooper wrote : " There was only ONE trip to Nashville for Robbie and I , and ALL THE TRACKS were cut in that one visit " , stating that Dylan merely broke for an outstanding concert . Charlie McCoy agreed with Kooper 's version . Wilentz analyzed the recording of Blonde on Blonde in his book Bob Dylan In America , concluding that the " official " documented version fits Dylan 's known touring schedule , and notes that five of the eight songs first recorded after " Stuck Inside of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again " , but none of those recorded earlier , include a middle @-@ eight section — Dylan 's first extensive foray as a writer into that conventional structure " . = = = Mixing and album title = = = Dylan mixed the album in Los Angeles in early April , before he departed on the Australian leg of his 1966 world tour . Wilentz writes that it was at this point it became " obvious that the riches of the Nashville sessions could not fit onto a single LP " , and they had " produced enough solid material to demand an oddly configured double album , the first of its kind in contemporary popular music " . According to producer Steve Berkowitz , who supervised the reissue of Dylan 's LPs in mono as The Original Mono Recordings in 2010 , Johnston told him that they carefully worked on the mono mix for about three or four days whereas the stereo mix was finished in about four hours . Al Kooper recalled that both the album title , Blonde on Blonde , and song titles arrived during the mixing sessions . " When they were mixing it , we were sitting around and Bob Johnston came in and said , ' What do you want to call this ? ' And [ Bob ] just like said them out one at a time ... Free association and silliness , I 'm sure , played a big role . " Another Dylan chronicler , Oliver Trager , notes that besides spelling out the initials of Dylan 's first name , the album title is also a riff on Brecht on Brecht , a stage production based on works by German playwright Bertolt Brecht that had influenced his early songwriting . Dylan himself has said of the title : " Well , I don 't even recall exactly how it came up , but I know it was all in good faith ... I don 't know who thought of that . I certainly didn 't . " = = Songs = = " Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 " According to author Andy Gill , by starting his new album with what sounded like " a demented marching @-@ band ... staffed by crazy people out of their mind on loco @-@ weed " , Dylan delivered his biggest shock yet for his former folkie fans . The elaborate puns on getting stoned combine a sense of paranoiac persecution with " nudge @-@ nudge wink @-@ wink bohemian hedonism " . Heylin points out that the Old Testament connotations of getting stoned made the Salvation Army @-@ style musical backing seem like a good joke . The enigmatic title came about , Heylin suggests , because Dylan knew a song entitled " everybody must get stoned " would be kept off the airwaves . Heylin links the title to the Book of Proverbs , chapter 27 , verse 15 : " A continual dropping in a very rainy day and a contentious woman are alike . " Released as a single on March 22 , 1966 , " Rainy Day Women " reached number two on the Billboard singles chart , and number seven in the UK . " Pledging My Time " Following the good @-@ time fun of " Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 " , the Chicago blues @-@ influenced " Pledging My Time " sets the somber tone that runs through the album . It draws on several traditional blues songs , including Elmore James ' recording of " It Hurts Me Too " . For critic Michael Gray , the lines " Somebody got lucky but it was an accident " echo the lines " Some joker got lucky , stole her back again " from Robert Johnson 's " Come On in My Kitchen " , which is itself an echo of the Skip James 1931 recording " Devil Got My Woman " . Gray suggests that " the gulping movements of the melodic phrases " derive from the melody of " Sitting on Top of the World " , recorded by the Mississippi Sheiks in 1930 . The couplet at the end of each verse expresses the theme : a pledge made to a prospective lover in hopes she " will come through , too " . Besides Dylan 's vocals and improvised harmonica breaks , the song 's sound is defined by Robbie Robertson 's guitar , Hargus " Pig " Robbins 's blues piano and Ken Buttrey 's snare drum rolls . The song was released in edited form as the B @-@ side of " Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 " in March . " Visions of Johanna " Considered by many critics as one of Dylan 's masterpieces , " Visions of Johanna " proved difficult to capture on tape . Heylin places the writing in the fall of 1965 , when Dylan was living in the Chelsea Hotel with his wife Sara . In the New York recording studio , on November 30 , Dylan announced his epic composition : " This is called ' Freeze Out ' . " Gill notes that this working title captures the " air of nocturnal suspension in which the verse tableaux are sketched ... full of whispering and muttering . " Wilentz relates how Dylan guided his backing musicians through fourteen takes , trying to sketch out how he wanted it played , saying at one point , " it 's not hard rock , The only thing in it that 's hard is Robbie . " Wilentz notes that , as Dylan quiets things down , he inches closer to what will appear on the album . Ten weeks later , " Visions of Johanna " fell into place quickly in the Nashville studio . Kooper recalled that he and Robertson had become adept at responding to Dylan 's vocal and also singled out Joe South 's contribution of " this throbbing ... rhythmically amazing bass part " . Gill comments that the song begins by contrasting two lovers , the carnal Louise , and " the more spiritual but unattainable " Johanna . Ultimately , for Gill , the song seeks to convey how the artist is compelled to keep striving to pursue some elusive vision of perfection . For Heylin , the triumph of the song is in " the way Dylan manages to write about the most inchoate feelings in such a vivid , immediate way . " " One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) " When Dylan arrived at the studio on January 25 , 1966 , he had yet to work out the lyrics and title for what was to become the closing track on Blonde on Blonde 's first side . With Dylan piecing together the song 's sections , and the chorus that gives the song its title only emerging on take five , the session stretched through the night and into the next morning . It was not until the fifteenth take that a full version was recorded . Dylan and the band persisted until they recorded take 24 which closed the session and made it onto the album four months later . Critic Jonathan Singer credits Griffin 's piano for binding the song together : " At the chorus , Griffin unleashes a symphony ; hammering his way up and down the keyboard , half Gershwin , half gospel , all heart . The follow @-@ up , a killer left hand figure that links the chorus to the verse , releases none of the song 's tension . " " One of Us Must Know " is a straightforward account of a burned @-@ out relationship . Dissecting what went wrong , the narrator takes a defensive attitude in a one @-@ sided conversation with his former lover . As he presents his case in the opening verse , it appears he is incapable of either acknowledging his part or limiting the abuse : " I didn 't mean to treat you so bad . You don 't have to take it so personal . I didn 't mean to make you so sad . You just happened to be there , that 's all . " " One of Us Must Know " was the first recording completed for Blonde on Blonde and the only one selected from the New York sessions . The song was released as the first single from the album on February 14 , the same day Dylan began to record in Nashville . It failed to appear on the American charts , but reached number 33 in the UK . " I Want You " Andy Gill notes that the song displays a tension between the very direct tone of the chorus , the repeated phrase " I want you " , and a weird and complex cast of characters , " too numerous to inhabit the song 's three minutes comfortably " , including a guilty undertaker , a lonesome organ grinder , weeping fathers , mothers , sleeping saviors , the Queen of Spades , and the " dancing child with his Chinese suit " . Analyzing the evolution of the lyrics through successive drafts , Wilentz writes that there are numerous failures , " about deputies asking him his name ... lines about fathers going down hugging one another and about their daughters putting him down because he isn 't their brother " . Finally Dylan arrives at the right formula . Heylin points out that the gorgeous tune illustrates what Dylan explained to a reporter in 1966 : " It 's not just pretty words to a tune or putting tunes to words ... [ It 's ] the words and the music [ together ] — I can hear the sound of what I want to say . " Al Kooper has said that of all the songs that Dylan had outlined to him in his hotel , this was his favorite , so Dylan delayed recording it to the very end of the Nashville sessions , " just to bug him " . Released as a single in June 1966 , shortly before the album Blonde on Blonde , " I Want You " reached number 20 in the USA , and number 16 in the UK . " Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again " Recorded at the third Nashville session , this song was the culmination of another epic of simultaneous writing and recording in the studio . Wilentz describes how the lyrics evolved through a surviving part @-@ typed , part @-@ handwritten manuscript page , " which begins ' honey but it 's just too hard ' ( a line that had survived from the very first New York session with the Hawks ) . Then the words meander through random combinations and disconnected fragments and images ( ' people just get uglier ' ; ' banjo eyes ' ; ' he was carrying a 22 but it was only a single shot ' ) , before , in Dylan 's own hand , amid many crossings @-@ out , there appears ' Oh MAMA you 're here IN MOBILE ALABAMA with the Memphis blues again ' . " Inside the studio , the song evolved through several musical revisions . Heylin writes , " It is the song 's arrangement , and not its lyrics , that occupies the musicians through the wee small hours . " On the fifth take , released in 2005 on the No Direction Home Soundtrack , midtake Dylan stumbles on the formula " Stuck inside of Mobile " on the fourth verse , and never goes back . The song contains two oft @-@ quoted pieces of Dylan 's philosophy : " Your debutante just knows what you need / But I know what you want " and " here I sit so patiently / Waiting to find out what price / You have to pay to get out of / Going through all these things twice " . " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " is a sarcastic satire on materialism , fashion and faddism . Done in Chicago @-@ blues style , the song derives its melody and part of its lyrics from Lightnin ' Hopkins 's " Automobile ( Blues ) " . Paul Williams writes that its misogynistic attitude is " moderated slightly when one realizes that jealous pique is the underlying emotion " . In the lyrics , the narrator observes his former lover in various situations wearing her " brand new leopard @-@ skin pill @-@ box hat " , at one point finding his doctor with her and later spying her making love with a new boyfriend because she " forgot to close the garage door " . In the closing lines , the narrator says he knows what her boyfriend really loves her for — her hat . The song evolved over the course of six takes in New York , 13 in the first Nashville session , and then one try on March 10 , the take used for the album . Dylan , who gets credit on the liner notes as lead guitarist , opens the song playing lead ( on the center @-@ right stereo channel ) ; however , Robertson handles the solos with a " searing " performance ( on the left stereo channel ) . A year following the recording , " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " became the fifth single released from Blonde on Blonde , making it to number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Just Like a Woman " According to Wilentz 's analysis of the session 's tapes , Dylan felt his way into the lyrics of one of his most popular songs , singing " disconnected lines and semi @-@ gibberish " during the earlier takes . He was unsure what the person described in the song does that is just like a woman , rejecting " shakes " , " wakes " , and " makes mistakes " . This exploration of female wiles and feminine vulnerability was widely rumored — " not least by her acquaintances among Andy Warhol 's Factory retinue " — to be about Edie Sedgwick . The reference to Baby 's penchant for " fog ... amphetamine and ... pearls " suggests Sedgwick or some similar debutante , according to Heylin . Discussing the lyrics , literary critic Christopher Ricks detects a " note of social exclusion " in the line " I was hungry and it was your world " . In response to the accusation that Dylan 's depiction of female strategies is misogynistic , Ricks asks , " Could there ever be any challenging art about men and women where the accusation just didn 't arise ? " The song reached number 33 in the US . " Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine " A bright blues " stomper " about lovers parting , " Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine " is one of the more literal songs Dylan recorded in his 1965 – 66 period . The narrator has tired of carrying his lover and is going to let her " pass " . As in " Just Like a Woman " and " Absolutely Sweet Marie " , he waits until the end of each verse to deliver the punch line , which in this case comes from the title . " Most Likely You Go Your Way " was issued as a single a year later , in March 1967 , on the B @-@ side of " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " . " Temporary Like Achilles " This slow @-@ moving blues number is highlighted by Hargus " Pig " Robbins 's " dusky barrelhouse piano " and Dylan 's " brief wheeze of harmonica " . In the song , the narrator has been spurned by his lover , who has already taken up with her latest boyfriend . Referring to his rival as " Achilles " , the narrator senses the new suitor may end up being discarded as quickly as he was . The refrain that ends each of the main verses — " Honey , why are you so hard ? " — is a double entendre Dylan had been wanting to work into a song . " Absolutely Sweet Marie " This song , described as " up @-@ tempo blues shuffle , pure Memphis " and an example of " obvious pop sensibility and compulsive melody " , was recorded in four takes on March 7 , 1966 . Gill sees the lyrics as a series of sexual metaphors , including " beating on my trumpet " and keys to locked gates , many deriving from traditional blues . Nonetheless , the song contains what has been termed " one of the most oft @-@ repeated of Dylan 's life lessons " , the thought that " to live outside the law you must be honest " , which was later invoked in many bohemian and counter @-@ cultural contexts . " 4th Time Around " When The Beatles released their sixth studio album , Rubber Soul , in December 1965 , John Lennon 's song " Norwegian Wood " attracted attention for the way in which Lennon disguised his account of an illicit affair in cryptic , Dylanesque language . Dylan sketched out a response to the song , also in 3 / 4 time , copying the tune and circular structure , but taking Lennon 's tale in a darker direction . Wilentz describes the result as sounding " like Bob Dylan impersonating John Lennon impersonating Bob Dylan " . " Obviously 5 Believers " " Obviously 5 Believers " , Blonde on Blonde 's second @-@ to @-@ last track , is a roadhouse blues love song similar in melody and structure to Memphis Minnie 's " Me and My Chauffeur Blues " , and was described by Robert Shelton as " the best R & B song on the album " . Recorded in the early morning hours of the March 9 – 10 Nashville session under the working title " Black Dog Blues " , the song is driven by Robertson 's guitar , Charley McCoy 's harmonica and Ken Buttrey 's drumming . After an initial breakdown , Dylan complained to the band that the song was " very easy , man " and that he didn 't want to spend much time on it . Within four takes , the recording was done . " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " Written in the CBS recording studio in Nashville over the space of eight hours on the night of February 15 – 16 , " Sad Eyed Lady " eventually occupied the whole of side four of Blonde On Blonde . Critics have observed that " Lowlands " hints at " Lownds " , and Dylan biographer Robert Shelton wrote that this was a " wedding song " for Sara Lownds , whom Dylan had married just three months earlier . In his paean to his wife , " Sara " , written in 1975 , Dylan amends history slightly to claim that he stayed " up for days in the Chelsea Hotel / Writin ' ' Sad @-@ Eyed Lady of the Lowlands ' for you " . When Dylan played Shelton the song , shortly after recording it , he claimed , " This is the best song I 've ever written . " Around the same time , Dylan enthused to journalist Jules Siegel , " Just listen to that ! That 's old @-@ time religious carnival music ! " However , in 1969 , Dylan confessed to Rolling Stone 's editor , Jann Wenner , " I just sat down at a table and started writing ... And I just got carried away with the whole thing ... I just started writing and I couldn 't stop . After a period of time , I forgot what it was all about , and I started trying to get back to the beginning [ laughs ] . " Heard by some listeners as a hymn to an other @-@ worldly woman , for Shelton " her travails seem beyond endurance , yet she radiates an inner strength , an ability to be reborn . This is Dylan at his most romantic . " Wilentz comments that Dylan 's writing had shifted from the days when he asked questions and supplied answers . Like the verses of William Blake 's " Tyger " , Dylan asks a series of questions about the " Sad Eyed Lady " but never supplies any answers . = = = Outtakes and The Cutting Edge = = = The following outtakes were recorded during the Blonde on Blonde sessions . In 2015 , Dylan released Volume 12 of his Bootleg Series , The Cutting Edge , in three different formats . The 18 @-@ disc Collector 's Edition was described as including " every note recorded during the 1965 – 1966 sessions , every alternate take and alternate lyric . " The 18 CDs contain every take of every song recorded in the studio during the Blonde on Blonde sessions , from October 5 , 1965 , to March 10 , 1966 . The New York sessions comprise : two takes of " Medicine Sunday " , one take of " Jet Pilot " , twelve takes of " Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? " , seven takes of " I Wanna Be Your Lover " , fourteen takes of " Visions of Johanna " , sixteen takes of " She 's Your Lover Now " , four takes of " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " , twenty @-@ four takes of " One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) " , one take of " I 'll Keep It with Mine " , and one take of " Lunatic Princess " . The Nashville sessions comprise : twenty takes of " Fourth Time Around " , four takes of " Visions of Johanna " , fourteen takes of " Leopard @-@ Skin Pill @-@ Box Hat " , four takes of " Sad @-@ Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " , fifteen takes of " Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again " , three takes of " Absolutely Sweet Marie " , eighteen takes of " Just Like a Woman " , three takes of " Pledging My Time " , six takes of " Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) " , four takes of " Temporary Like Achilles " , four takes of " Obviously Five Believers " , five takes of " I Want You " , and one take of " Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 " . The 18 CDs also contain brief recordings of guitar and keyboard inserts . Describing the process of listening to all these alternative versions , Neil McCormick wrote : " The Cutting Edge allows fans to bear witness to perhaps the most astonishing explosion of language and sound in rock history , a new approach to song being forged before our very ears . " = = Cover photo = = The cover photo of Blonde on Blonde shows a 12 @-@ by @-@ 12 inch close @-@ up portrait of Dylan . The double album gatefold sleeve opens to form a 12 @-@ by @-@ 26 inch photo of the artist , at three quarter length . The artist 's name and the album 's title only appear on the spine . A sticker was applied to the shrink wrap to promote the release 's two hit singles , " I Want You " and " Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 " . The cover shows Dylan in front of a brick building , wearing a suede jacket and a black and white checkered scarf . The jacket is the same one he wore on his next two albums , John Wesley Harding and Nashville Skyline . The photographer , Jerry Schatzberg , described how the photo was taken : I wanted to find an interesting location outside of the studio . We went to the west side , where the Chelsea art galleries are now . At the time it was the meat packing district of New York and I liked the look of it . It was freezing and we were very cold . The frame he chose for the cover is blurred and out of focus . Of course everyone was trying to interpret the meaning , saying it must represent getting high on an LSD trip . It was none of the above ; we were just cold and the two of us were shivering . There were other images that were sharp and in focus but , to his credit , Dylan liked that photograph . Research by rock historian Bob Egan suggests the location of the cover photo was at 375 West Street , at the extreme west of Greenwich Village . The original inside gatefold featured nine black @-@ and @-@ white photos , all taken by Schatzberg and selected for the sleeve by Dylan himself . A shot of actress Claudia Cardinale from Schatzberg 's portfolio was included but later withdrawn because it had been used without her authorization and Cardinale 's representatives threatened to sue , making the original record sleeve a collector 's item . Dylan included a self @-@ portrait by Schatzberg as a credit to the photographer . The photos , for Gill , added up to " a shadowy glimpse of [ Dylan 's ] life , including an enigmatic posed shot of Dylan holding a small portrait of a woman in one hand and a pair of pliers in the other : they all contributed to the album 's air of reclusive yet sybaritic genius . " = = Release = = Blonde on Blonde reached the Top 10 in both the US and UK album charts , and also spawned a number of hits that restored Dylan to the upper echelons of the singles charts . In August 1967 , the album was certified as a gold disc . Pete Johnson in the Los Angeles Times wrote , " Dylan is a superbly eloquent writer of pop and folk songs with an unmatched ability to press complex ideas and iconoclastic philosophy into brief poetic lines and startling images . " The editor of Crawdaddy ! , Paul Williams , reviewed Blonde on Blonde in July 1966 : " It is a cache of emotion , a well handled package of excellent music and better poetry , blended and meshed and ready to become part of your reality . Here is a man who will speak to you , a 1960s bard with electric lyre and color slides , but a truthful man with x @-@ ray eyes you can look through if you want . All you have to do is listen . " To accompany the songbook of Blonde on Blonde , Paul Nelson wrote an introduction stating , " The very title suggests the singularity and the duality we expect from Dylan . For Dylan 's music of illusion and delusion — with the tramp as explorer and the clown as happy victim , where the greatest crimes are lifelessness and the inability to see oneself as a circus performer in the show of life — has always carried within it its own inherent tensions ... Dylan in the end truly UNDERSTANDS situations , and once one truly understands anything , there can no longer be anger , no longer be moralizing , but only humor and compassion , only pity . " = = = Date uncertainty = = = The dating of the album 's release is uncertain . May 16 , 1966 , has been widely accepted as the official release date ; however , Michael Gray , author of The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia , disputes this . Gray maintains the earliest Blonde on Blonde was available was late June or early July . This coincides with the album 's promotion in Billboard , which carried a full @-@ page Columbia advertisement on June 25 , selected the album as a " New Action LP " on July 9 , and ran a review and article on July 16 . The album debuted on Billboard 's Top LP 's chart on July 23 at # 101 — just six days before Dylan 's motorcycle accident in Woodstock removed him from public view . Roger Ford posits it highly unlikely that a new Bob Dylan album in the mid @-@ 1960s would take a full two months to finally rack up enough weekly sales to appear on the album chart ; another iconic contemporary LP which also has an official 1966 release date of May 16 , Pet Sounds by The Beach Boys , entered the Billboard LP chart less than two weeks after release on May 28 at # 105 . Clinton Heylin argues that early July is the probable release date , stating that an overdub on " Fourth Time Around " was recorded in June . Blonde on Blonde has been described as rock 's first studio double LP by a major artist . = = Retrospective assessment and legacy = = Twelve years after its release , Dylan said : " The closest I ever got to the sound I hear in my mind was on individual bands in the Blonde on Blonde album . It 's that thin , that wild mercury sound . It 's metallic and bright gold , with whatever that conjures up . " For critics , the double album was seen as the last installment in Dylan 's trilogy of mid @-@ 1960s rock albums . As Janet Maslin wrote , " The three albums of this period — Bringing It All Back Home and Highway 61 Revisited both released in 1965 , and Blonde on Blonde from 1966 — used their electric instrumentation and rock arrangements to achieve a crashing exuberance Dylan hadn 't approached before . " Mike Marqusee has described Dylan 's output between late 1964 and the summer of 1966 , when he recorded these three albums , as " a body of work that remains unique in popular music . " For Patrick Humphries , " Dylan 's body of work during the 14 @-@ months period ... stands unequalled in rock 's 30 @-@ year history . In substance , style , ambition and achievement , no one has even come close to matching Bringing It All Back Home , Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde on Blonde . " Dylan scholar Michael Gray wrote : " To have followed up one masterpiece with another was Dylan 's history making achievement here ... Where Highway 61 Revisited has Dylan exposing and confronting like a laser beam in surgery , descending from outside the sickness , Blonde on Blonde offers a persona awash inside the chaos ... We 're tossed from song to song ... The feel and the music are on a grand scale , and the language and delivery are a unique mixture of the visionary and the colloquial . " Critic Tim Riley wrote : " A sprawling abstraction of eccentric blues revisionism , Blonde on Blonde confirms Dylan 's stature as the greatest American rock presence since Elvis Presley . " Biographer Robert Shelton saw the album as " a hallmark collection that completes his first major rock cycle , which began with Bringing It All Back Home " . Summing up the album 's achievement , Shelton wrote that Blonde on Blonde " begins with a joke and ends with a hymn ; in between wit alternates with a dominant theme of entrapment by circumstances , love , society , and unrealized hope ... There 's a remarkable marriage of funky , bluesy rock expressionism , and Rimbaud @-@ like visions of discontinuity , chaos , emptiness , loss , being ' stuck ' . " That sense of crossing cultural boundaries was , for Al Kooper , at the heart of Blonde on Blonde : " [ Bob Dylan ] was the quintessential New York hipster — what was he doing in Nashville ? It didn 't make any sense whatsoever . But you take those two elements , pour them into a test tube , and it just exploded . " For Mike Marqusee , Dylan had succeeded in combining traditional blues material with modernist literary techniques : " [ Dylan ] took inherited idioms and boosted them into a modernist stratosphere . ' Pledging My Time ' and ' Obviously 5 Believers ' adhered to blues patterns that were venerable when Dylan first encountered them in the mid @-@ fifties ( both begin with the ritual Delta invocation of " early in the mornin " ) . Yet like ' Visions of Johanna ' or ' Memphis Blues Again ' , these songs are beyond category . They are allusive , repetitive , jaggedly abstract compositions that defy reduction . " Blonde on Blonde has been consistently highly placed in polls of the greatest albums of all time . In 1974 , the writers of NME voted Blonde on Blonde the number @-@ two album of all time . Demonstrating the transitory nature of such polls , in 1997 the album was placed at number 16 in a " Music of the Millennium " poll conducted by HMV , Channel 4 , The Guardian and Classic FM . In 2006 , TIME magazine included the record on their 100 All @-@ TIME Albums list . In 2003 , the album was ranked number nine on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . In 2004 , two songs from the album also appeared on the magazine 's list of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " : " Just Like a Woman " ranked number 230 and " Visions of Johanna " number 404 . ( When Rolling Stone updated this list in 2010 , " Just Like a Woman " dropped to number 232 and " Visions of Johanna " to number 413 . ) The album was additionally included in critic Robert Dimery 's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . = = Track listing = = All songs written by Bob Dylan . = = Personnel = = The personnel involved in making Blonde on Blonde is subject to some discrepancy : Bob Dylan – vocals , guitar , harmonica , piano Additional musicians Bill Aikins – keyboards Wayne Butler – trombone Kenneth Buttrey – drums Rick Danko or Bill Lee – bass guitar ( New York ) Bobby Gregg – drums ( New York ) Paul Griffin – piano ( New York ) Jerry Kennedy – guitar Al Kooper – organ , guitar Charlie McCoy – bass guitar , guitar , harmonica , trumpet Wayne Moss – guitar , vocals Hargus " Pig " Robbins – piano , keyboards Robbie Robertson – guitar , vocals Henry Strzelecki – bass guitar Joe South – bass guitar , guitar Technical personnel Bob Johnston – production Jerry Schatzberg – cover photographer = = Charts = = Singles
= 2015 Football League Cup Final = The 2015 Football League Cup Final was a football match that took place on 1 March 2015 at Wembley Stadium , London . It was the final match of the 2014 – 15 Football League Cup , the 55th season of the Football League Cup , a competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and the Football League . It was contested by Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur in a repeat of the 2008 Football League Cup Final , which the latter team won . Chelsea won 2 – 0 in the 2015 final , with a goal from captain John Terry at the end of the first half , and a second from Diego Costa in the 56th minute . It was Chelsea 's fifth League Cup win , and their first silverware in the second managerial spell of José Mourinho at the club . Chelsea qualified for the next season 's UEFA Europa League by winning the match , but eventually qualified for the UEFA Champions League by winning the Premier League . The Europa League place went to Liverpool , who finished sixth in the Premier League . Mourinho expressed delight in winning another trophy in his career , while Terry spoke of optimism for Chelsea 's future prospects . Tottenham manager Mauricio Pochettino declared pride in his side despite their defeat . = = Background = = Chelsea were playing in their seventh League Cup final , having won four , most recently in 2007 . Their most recent appearance in the final was the first at Wembley , which they lost in 2008 to Tottenham . The game was Chelsea 's first domestic cup final since their victory in the 2012 FA Cup Final . Incumbent Chelsea manager José Mourinho was in charge in their League Cup wins in 2005 and 2007 , and squad members Petr Čech , John Terry and Didier Drogba played in both finals , with the latter scoring in both victories . All three also played in the 2008 defeat by Tottenham . Tottenham were making their eighth appearance in the final , having won four previous times , last of which was in 2008 . The 2008 final was the first at Wembley and was won against Chelsea . Tottenham 's most recent appearance was a defeat against Manchester United in a penalty shootout the following year . Of their squad in the 2014 – 15 season , captain Younès Kaboul was an extra @-@ time substitute in their 2008 victory , while Aaron Lennon – on loan at Everton at the time of the 2015 final – started that match and the defeat in 2009 . The two teams also played at the old Wembley in the 1967 FA Cup Final , which Tottenham won 2 – 1 . Tottenham 's most recent appearance at Wembley was also against Chelsea , a 5 – 1 defeat in an FA Cup semi @-@ final in 2012 . By the time of the final , Chelsea and Tottenham had already played each other twice during the league season . On 3 December 2014 , Chelsea hosted a 3 – 0 win , with goals from Eden Hazard , Didier Drogba and substitute Loïc Rémy , despite missing leading scorer Diego Costa through suspension . Tottenham won the reverse fixture 5 – 3 only 29 days later , with Harry Kane scoring twice among further goals from Danny Rose , Andros Townsend ( penalty ) and Nacer Chadli . = = Route to the final = = = = = Chelsea = = = Chelsea , of the Premier League , began their League Cup campaign in the third round , where they were drawn at home against Bolton Wanderers of the Championship . Defender Kurt Zouma , making his debut , opened the scoring , but Bolton equalised six minutes later through a Matt Mills header . Ten minutes after the start of the second half , Oscar put Chelsea back into the lead and they won 2 – 1 , dominating the match with 28 shots to Bolton 's 3 . In the fourth round , Chelsea travelled to the New Meadow to face Shrewsbury Town of League Two . Three minutes after play resumed from a goalless first half , Didier Drogba 's half @-@ volley gave Chelsea the lead , but Shrewsbury gained an equaliser from substitute Andy Mangan . With nine minutes to play , Chelsea regained the advantage when Shrewsbury defender Jermaine Grandison deflected a shot from Willian . Chelsea again were the away team to a lower opponent in the quarter @-@ finals , facing Derby County of the Championship . In the first half , Eden Hazard gave Chelsea the lead , later doubled by a Filipe Luís free kick , the full @-@ back 's first for Chelsea . Craig Bryson halved the deficit for Derby , but soon afterwards defender Jake Buxton was sent off for a foul on Loïc Rémy and André Schürrle scored the final goal of a 3 – 1 Chelsea win . In the semi @-@ final , Chelsea beat Liverpool 2 – 1 on aggregate after Branislav Ivanović scored the winning goal in the first half of extra time in the second leg , heading in Willian 's free kick . = = = Tottenham Hotspur = = = Tottenham , also of the Premier League , began by facing Nottingham Forest at White Hart Lane . After a goalless first half , Jorge Grant gave the visitors from the Championship the lead in the 65th minute . Substitute Ryan Mason equalised six minutes later , and Spurs eventually won 3 – 1 after two late goals from Roberto Soldado and another substitute , Harry Kane . Tottenham hosted another second @-@ tier opponent in the fourth round , Brighton & Hove Albion , and went into the lead through Érik Lamela , a half @-@ time replacement for Aaron Lennon . Kane later confirmed a 2 – 0 victory . In the quarter @-@ finals , Tottenham again played at home , against top @-@ flight Newcastle United . Away goalkeeper Jak Alnwick made a mistake which allowed Nabil Bentaleb to give Spurs a half @-@ time lead . Nacer Chadli doubled it 36 seconds into the second half . Kane and his replacement Soldado also scored in the 4 – 0 victory . Tottenham 's semi @-@ final against League One club Sheffield United started with a 1 – 0 home win , Andros Townsend converting a penalty won by Jay McEveley 's handball . A week later in the second leg at Bramall Lane , Tottenham doubled their aggregate lead with Christian Eriksen 's free kick , but in the second half 18 @-@ year @-@ old substitute Che Adams scored twice to equalise the aggregate . With two minutes remaining , Eriksen scored his second to put Tottenham into the final . = = Match = = = = = Officials = = = Anthony Taylor was the referee for the final . It was his first match involving Chelsea since December 2014 , when he erroneously booked Cesc Fàbregas for diving when he had been fouled by Southampton 's Matt Targett ; Taylor apologised to Chelsea for that decision . = = = Pre @-@ match = = = Tottenham were eliminated from the last 32 of the 2014 – 15 UEFA Europa League by Fiorentina three days before the final , leading manager Mauricio Pochettino to say that the team needed to recover quickly . Chelsea manager José Mourinho used his pre @-@ match interview to state that his previous wins in the tournament had changed the way that clubs approach the League Cup : " Lots of teams have followed us since then when we took the League Cup as a real competition , as a real challenge . It is a big competition . " He separated the final from the league season , saying , " I don 't think if we win the cup final we will win the league , or if we lose it we will lose the league . " He refused to discuss the suspension of Matić , dismissing it with " If I speak to you about that , I promise you I will be in big trouble " . Despite opining that the two teams and the match officials would act fairly , he criticised players who dive , despite not naming any names . Mourinho also claimed that in after leaving Chelsea for the first time in September 2007 , he was approached to manage Tottenham by chairman Daniel Levy , and again in 2012 . = = = Team selection = = = Chelsea midfielder Nemanja Matić was suspended for the final , due to a two @-@ match ban he received for pushing over Burnley 's Ashley Barnes in a league match on 21 February 2015 . Another central midfielder for the club , John Obi Mikel , missed the match through a knee injury . Due to Matić 's absence , Kurt Zouma – usually a central defender – moved into defensive midfield , with Gary Cahill introduced into Zouma 's previous position . Chelsea made four other changes from their draw with Burnley : Petr Čech started in goal in place of Thibaut Courtois , César Azpilicueta at left @-@ back instead of Filipe Luís , and Ramires and Willian came into the midfield at the expense of Juan Cuadrado and Oscar . Chelsea set up with a three @-@ man attack , with Eden Hazard and Willian wide of Diego Costa . Tottenham 's second @-@ choice goalkeeper Michel Vorm had played all of their fixtures on their way to the final , but was dropped to the bench and replaced with Hugo Lloris for the decisive game . Compared to their defeat at Fiorentina , Tottenham made three changes in defence , with only Jan Vertonghen retaining his place – Vlad Chiricheș , Federico Fazio and Ben Davies were replaced by Kyle Walker , Eric Dier and Danny Rose , with Chiricheș not even featuring on the substitutes ' bench . Defensive midfielder Benjamin Stambouli and attacking midfielder Érik Lamela were replaced by Ryan Mason and Andros Townsend respectively , with the lone striker position changing from Roberto Soldado to Harry Kane . = = = Summary = = = In the 10th minute , Christian Eriksen had the first meaningful shot , hitting the crossbar with a 25 @-@ yard free kick for Tottenham . Twenty minutes later , Eric Dier was given the game 's first yellow card for a foul on Diego Costa . At the end of the first half , Chelsea won a free kick on their right side when Branislav Ivanović was pulled down by Nacer Chadli . Willian took the free kick , which arrived at Kurt Zouma , played it down to captain John Terry . Terry 's shot – Chelsea 's first on target – went past Hugo Lloris due to a deflection by Dier . In added time at the end of the first half , Gary Cahill had a header from a corner , which was caught by Lloris . Neither side made a substitution at half time . In the 56th minute , Cesc Fàbregas – who had a bicycle kick saved by Lloris – set up Diego Costa , whose shot from the left of the area deflected off Tottenham right @-@ back Kyle Walker and into the net to double Chelsea 's advantage . After conceding their second goal , Tottenham made a series of attacking substitutions – Andros Townsend , Ryan Mason and Chadli made way for Mousa Dembélé , Érik Lamela and Roberto Soldado respectively – but could not change the score . In the 74th minute , Dier 's knee caught César Azpilicueta , drawing blood ; the Chelsea left @-@ back left the pitch to be bandaged and returned two minutes later . There were four minutes of added time , in which Chelsea substituted Costa for Didier Drogba . = = = Details = = = = = Post @-@ match = = Mourinho was pleased to have won the final , earning the 21st trophy of his managerial career : " I am like a kid winning the first one , it 's hard for me to live without titles . I need to feed myself with them . " Terry was optimistic about the club 's prospects for the future , saying , " It is the start of something ... we 've got a great squad , with some great young players , and hungry and experienced players too . It 's a great mix . " Although praising the atmosphere at Wembley , Terry ruled out returning to the England team , for whom he had not played since 2012 . Despite losing , Pochettino expressed pride in his team 's performance . Matić took part in Chelsea 's trophy ceremony in full kit despite being suspended , similar to what Terry had done after Chelsea won the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final with him suspended . Mourinho did not concur with the official man of the match award going to Terry , stating that the honour should have gone to Thibaut Courtois and Filipe Luís for their performances against Liverpool , and Andreas Christensen for his performance against Shrewsbury Town . Chelsea qualified for the next season 's UEFA Europa League by winning the match . As they qualified for the UEFA Champions League by winning the Premier League , the Europa League place went to Liverpool , who finished sixth in the Premier League .
= Battle of Jumonville Glen = The Battle of Jumonville Glen , also known as the Jumonville affair , was the opening battle of the French and Indian War fought on May 28 , 1754 near what is present @-@ day Hopwood and Uniontown in Fayette County , Pennsylvania . A company of colonial militia from Virginia under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Washington , and a small number of Mingo warriors led by Tanacharison ( also known as " Half King " ) , ambushed a force of 35 Canadiens under the command of Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville . The British colonial force had been sent to protect a fort under construction under the auspices of the Ohio Company at the location of present @-@ day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . A larger Canadien force had driven off the small construction crew , and sent Jumonville to warn Washington about encroaching on French @-@ claimed territory . Washington was alerted to Jumonville 's presence by Tanacharison , and they joined forces to surround the Canadian camp . Some of the Canadians were killed in the ambush , and most of the others were captured . Jumonville was among the slain , although the exact circumstances of his death are a subject of historical controversy and debate . Since Britain and France were not then at war , the event had international repercussions , and was a contributing factor in the start of the Seven Years ' War in 1756 . After the action , Washington retreated to Fort Necessity , where Canadian forces from Fort Duquesne compelled his surrender . The terms of Washington 's surrender included a statement ( written in French , a language Washington did not read ) admitting that Jumonville was assassinated . This document and others were used by the French and Canadiens to level accusations that Washington had ordered Jumonville 's slaying . = = Background = = Throughout the 1740s and early 1750s , British and Canadian traders had increasingly come into contact in the Ohio Country , including the upper watershed of the Ohio River in what is now western Pennsylvania . Authorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from this area , and in 1753 began construction of a series of fortifications in the area . The French action drew the attention of not just the British , but also the Indian tribes of the area . Despite good Franco @-@ Indian relations , British traders had become highly successful in convincing the Indians to trade with them in preference to the Canadiens , and the planned large @-@ scale advance was not well received by all . In particular , Tanacharison , a Mingo chief also known as the " Half King " , became decidedly anti @-@ French as a consequence . In a meeting with Paul Marin de la Malgue , commander of the French and Canadien construction force , the latter reportedly lost his temper , and shouted at the Indian chief , " I tell you , down the river I will go . If the river is blocked up , I have the forces to burst it open and tread under my feet all that oppose me . I despise all the stupid things you have said . " He then threw down some wampum that Tanacharison had offered as a good will gesture . Marin died not long after , and command of the operations was turned over to Jacques Legardeur de Saint @-@ Pierre . Virginia Royal Governor Robert Dinwiddie sent militia Major George Washington to the Ohio Country ( a territory that was claimed by several of the British colonies , including Virginia ) as an emissary in December of 1753 , to tell the French to leave . Saint @-@ Pierre politely informed Washington that he was there pursuant to orders , that Washington 's letter should have been addressed to his commanding officer in Canada , and that he had no intention of leaving . Washington returned to Williamsburg and informed Governor Dinwiddie that the French refused to leave . Dinwiddie commissioned Washington a lieutenant colonel , and ordered him to begin raising a militia regiment to hold the Forks of the Ohio , a site Washington had identified as a fine location for a fortress . The governor also issued a captain 's commission to Ohio Company employee William Trent , with instructions to raise a small force and immediately begin construction of the fort . Dinwiddie issued these instructions on his own authority , without even asking for funding from the Virginia House of Burgesses until after the fact . Trent 's company arrived on site in February 1754 , and began construction of a storehouse and stockade with the assistance of Tanacharison and the Mingos . That same month a force of 800 Canadien militia and French troupes de la marine departed Montreal for the Ohio River valley under the command of the Canadien Claude @-@ Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur , who took over command from Saint @-@ Pierre . When Contrecœur learned of Trent 's activity , he led a force of about 500 men ( troupes de la marine , militia , and Indians ) to drive them off ( rumors reaching Trent 's men put its size at 1 @,@ 000 ) . On April 16 , Contrecœur 's force arrived at the forks ; the next day , Trent 's force of 36 men , led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trent 's absence , agreed to leave the site . The French then began construction of the fort they called Fort Duquesne . = = Prelude = = In March 1754 , Governor Dinwiddie ordered Washington back to the frontier with instructions to " act on the [ defensive ] , but in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct the Works or interrupt our [ settlements ] by any Persons whatsoever , You are to restrain all such Offenders , & in Case of resistance to make Prisoners of or kill & destroy them . " Historian Fred Anderson describes Dinwiddie 's instructions , which were issued without the knowledge or direction of the British government in London , as " an invitation to start a war . " Washington was ordered to gather up as many supplies and paid volunteers as he could along the way . By the time he left for the frontier on April 2 , he had recruited fewer than 160 men . Along their march through the forests of the frontier , Washington was joined by more men at Winchester . At this point he learned from Captain Trent of the French advance . Trent also brought a message from Tanacharison , who promised warriors to assist the British . To keep Tanacharison 's support , Washington decided not to turn back , choosing instead to advance . He reached a place known as the Great Meadows ( now in Fayette County , Pennsylvania ) , about 37 miles ( 60 km ) south of the forks , began construction of a small fort and awaited further news or instructions . Contrecœur operated under orders that forbade attacks by his force unless they were provoked . On May 23 , he sent Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville with 35 soldiers ( principally Canadian recruits , but also including French recruits and officers ) to see if Washington had entered French territory , and with a summons to order Washington 's troops out ; this summons was similar in nature to the one Washington had delivered to them four months earlier . On May 27 , Washington was informed by Christopher Gist , a settler who had accompanied him on the 1753 expedition , that a Canadian party numbering about 50 was in the area . In response , Washington sent 75 men with Gist to find them . That evening , Washington received a message from Tanacharison , informing him that he had found the Canadien camp , and that the two of them should meet . Despite the fact that he had just sent another group in pursuit of the Canadians , Washington went with a detachment of 40 men to meet with Tanacharison . The Mingo leader had with him 12 warriors , two of whom were boys . After discussing the matter , the two leaders agreed to make an attack on the Canadians . The attackers took up positions behind rocks around the Canadian camp , counting not more than 40 Canadiens . = = Battle = = Exactly what happened next has been a subject of controversy and debate . The few primary accounts of the affair agree on a number of facts , and disagree on others . They agree that the battle lasted about 15 minutes , that Jumonville was killed , and that most of his party were either killed or taken prisoner . According to Canadian records , most of the dead were colonials : Desroussel and Caron from Québec City , Charles Bois from Pointe @-@ Claire , Jérôme from La Prairie , L 'Enfant from Montréal , Paris from Mille @-@ Isles , Languedoc and Martin from Boucherville , and LaBatterie from Trois @-@ Rivières . Washington 's accounts of the battle exist in several versions ; they are consistent with each other , but short on details . He wrote in his diary , " We were advanced pretty near to them ... when they discovered us ; whereupon I ordered my company to fire ... [ Wagonner 's ] Company ... received the whole Fire of the French , during the greatest Part of the Action , which only lasted a Quarter of an Hour , before the Enemy was routed . We killed Mr. de Jumonville , the commander ... also nine others ; we wounded one , and made Twenty @-@ one Prisoners " . Contrecœur prepared an official report of the action that was based on two sources . Most of it came from a Canadien named Monceau who escaped the action but apparently did not witness Jumonville 's slaying : " [ Jumonville 's party ] saw themselves surrounded by the English on one side and the Indians on the Other . The English gave them two volleys , but the Indians did not fire . Mr. de Jumonville , by his interpreter , told them to desist , that he had something to tell them . Upon which they ceased firing . Then Mr. de Jumonville ordered the Summons which I had sent them to retire , to be read ... Monceau saw all our Frenchmen coming up close to Mr. de Jumonville , whilst they were reading the Summons ... during which Time , said Monceau made the best of his Way to us " . Contrecœur 's second source was an Indian from Tanacharison 's camp , who reported that " Mr. de Jumonville was killed by a Musket @-@ Shot in the Head , whilst they were reading the Summons " . The same Indian claimed that the Indians then rushed in to prevent the Englishmen from slaughtering the Frenchmen . A third account was made by a private named John Shaw who was in Washington 's regiment , but not present at the affair . His account , based on detailed accounts from others who were present , was made in a sworn statement on August 21 ; the details on Tanacharison 's role in the affair are confirmed in a newspaper account printed on June 27 . In his account , the French were surrounded while some still slept . Alerted by a noise , one of the Frenchmen " fired a Gun upon which Col. Washington gave the Word for all his Men to fire . Several of them being killed , the rest betook themselves to flight , but our Indians haveing gone round the French ... they fled back to the English and delivered up their Arms ... Some Time after [ , ] the Indians came up [ , ] the Half King took his Tomahawk and split the Head of the French Captain haveing first asked if he was an Englishman and haveing been told he was a French Man . He then took his Brains and washed his Hands with them and then scalped him . All this ... [ Shaw ] has heard and never heard it contradicted but knows nothing of it from his own Knowledge " . Shaw 's narrative is substantially correct on a number of other details , including the size and composition of both forces . Shaw also claimed to have seen and counted the dead , numbering 13 or 14 . Historian Fred Anderson documents a fourth account , by a deserter from the British @-@ Indian camp named Denis Kaninguen ; Anderson speculates that he was one of Tanacharison 's followers . His report to the French commanders echoed that of Shaw : " notwithstanding the discharge of musket fire that [ Washington ] had made upon him , he [ Washington ] intended to read [ the summons ] and had withdrawn himself to his people , whom he had [ previously ] ordered to fire upon the French [ . T ] hat [ Tanacharison ] , a savage , came up to [ the wounded Jumonville ] and had said , Thou are not yet dead , my father , and struck several hatchet blows with which he killed him . " Anderson notes that Kaninguen apparently understood what Tanacharison said , and understood it to be a ritual slaying . Kaninguen reported that 30 men were taken prisoner , and 10 to 12 had been killed . The British colonists suffered only one killed and two or three wounded . = = Aftermath = = Washington wrote a letter to his brother after the battle , in which he said " I can with truth assure you , I heard bullets whistle and believe me , there was something charming in the sound . " Following the battle , Washington returned to the Great Meadows and pushed onward the construction of a fort , which was called Fort Necessity . The dead were left on the field or buried in shallow graves , where they were later found by the French . On June 28 , 1754 , a combined force of 600 French , Canadien and Indian soldiers under the command of Jumonville 's brother , Louis Coulon de Villiers , left Fort Duquesne . On July 3 , they captured Fort Necessity in the Battle of the Great Meadows , forcing Washington to negotiate a withdrawal under arms . The capitulation document Washington signed , which was written in French ( a language Washington did not know how to read , and may have been poorly translated for him ) , included language claiming that Jumonville and his men were assassinated . = = = Escalation = = = When news of the two battles reached England in August , the government of the Duke of Newcastle , after several months of negotiations , decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . Major General Edward Braddock was chosen to lead the expedition . He was defeated at the Battle of the Monongahela , and the French remained in control of Fort Duquesne until 1758 , when an expedition under General John Forbes finally succeeded in taking the fort . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America , and King Louis XV dispatched a much larger body of troops to Canada in 1755 . Although they arrived too late to participate in Braddock 's defeat , the French troop presence led to a string of French victories in the following years . In a second British act of aggression , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide in a naval action on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships carrying some of those troops . Military matters escalated on both North American soil and at sea until France and Britain declared war on each other in spring 1756 , marking the formal start of the Seven Years ' War . = = Propaganda and analysis = = Because of the inconsistent nature of the record of the action , contemporary and historical coverage of it has been easily colored by preferences for one account over another . Francis Parkman , for example , accepted Washington 's account , and was highly dismissive of the accounts by Monceau and the Indian . French authorities assembled a dossier of documents to counter British accounts of the affair . Entitled " Mémoire contenant le précis des faits , avec leurs pièces justificatives , pour servir de réponse aux ' Observations ' envoyées par les Ministres d 'Angleterre , dans les cours de l 'Europe " , a copy was intercepted in 1756 , translated , and published as " A memorial containing a summary view of facts , with their authorities , in answer to observations sent by the English ministry to the courts of Europe " . It used Washington 's capitulation statement and other documents , including extracts of Washington 's journal taken at Fort Necessity , to suggest that Washington had actually ordered the assassination of Jumonville . But not all Frenchmen agreed with the story : the Chevalier de Lévis called it a " pretended assassination " . The French story contrasted with that of the British account . Based on Washington 's report , the British suggested that Jumonville , rather than being engaged on a diplomatic mission , was spying on them . Jumonville 's orders included specific instructions to notify Contrecœur if the summons was read , so that additional forces might be sent if needed . Historian Fred Anderson theorizes about the reasons for Tanacharison 's action in the killing , and provides a possible explanation for why one of Tanacharison 's men reports the event as a British killing of a Frenchman . Tanacharison had lost influence over some of the local tribes ( specifically the Delawares ) , and may have thought that conflict between the British and French would bring them back under his influence as allies of the British . According to Parkman , after the Indians scalped the French , they sent a scalp to the Delawares , in essence offering them the opportunity to " take up the hatchet " with the British and against the French . = = Legacy = = A portion of the battlefield , along with the Great Meadows where Fort Necessity was located , has been preserved as a part of Fort Necessity National Battlefield . Jumonville 's name has been given to a Christian retreat center near the site . The non @-@ profit Braddock Road Preservation Association , named for the road General Braddock constructed to reach Fort Duquesne , sponsors research and promotes the French and Indian War history of the area .
= New York State Route 5 = New York State Route 5 ( NY 5 ) is a state highway that extends for 370 @.@ 87 miles ( 596 @.@ 86 km ) across the state of New York in the United States . It begins at the Pennsylvania state line in the Chautauqua County town of Ripley and passes through Buffalo , Syracuse , Utica , Schenectady , and several other smaller cities and communities on its way to downtown Albany in Albany County , where it terminates at U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) , here routed along the service roads for Interstate 787 ( I @-@ 787 ) . Prior to the construction of the New York State Thruway , it was one of two main east – west highways traversing upstate New York , the other being US 20 . West of New York , NY 5 continues as Pennsylvania Route 5 ( PA 5 ) to Erie . NY 5 overlaps with US 20 twice along its routing . The second , a 68 @-@ mile ( 109 km ) overlap through western and central New York , is the second @-@ longest concurrency in the state , stretching from Avon east to the city of Auburn in Cayuga County . The concurrency is known locally as " Routes 5 and 20 " . As the route proceeds across the state , it also directly or indirectly meets every major north – south highway in upstate New York , including all three north – south Interstate Highways ( I @-@ 390 in Avon , I @-@ 81 in Syracuse via US 11 , and I @-@ 87 in Albany ) . NY 5 was assigned in 1924 as a true cross @-@ state highway , extending from the Pennsylvania state line in the west to the Massachusetts state line in the east , mostly by way of modern US 20 . At the time , modern NY 5 between Buffalo and Albany was designated as New York State Route 5A . By 1926 , NY 5 was moved onto the routing of NY 5A while the old routing of NY 5 became NY 7 . It was truncated in 1927 to Athol Springs in the west and Albany in the east following the assignment of US 20 , and again in 1930 to downtown Buffalo . NY 5 was reextended to the Pennsylvania state line c . 1932 by way of its old routing to Athol Springs , an old alignment of US 20 , and a lakeside spur route of US 20 that had been assigned in 1930 . Only local realignments have occurred since . = = Route description = = Although it is no longer commonly used for long distance travel , NY 5 is still regionally important . NY 5 is named Main Street in Buffalo , Erie Boulevard and West Genesee Street in Syracuse , State Street in Schenectady , and Central Avenue in Albany , the state capital . It is a major local road in many other locations along its path . NY 5 runs concurrent to US 20 twice between its endpoints : for three miles ( 5 km ) between Silver Creek and Irving and for 68 miles ( 109 km ) across western and central New York . At 67 @.@ 6 miles ( 108 km ) in length , the eastern overlap between US 20 and NY 5 is the longest surface @-@ road concurrency in New York state , behind only the concurrency of I @-@ 86 and NY 17 in the Southern Tier . Maintenance of the majority of NY 5 's 371 miles ( 597 km ) is performed by the New York State Department of Transportation . However , locally owned and maintained sections exist in six cities . The city @-@ maintained sections of NY 5 are in Buffalo from NY 16 north to the city line ( except of the Goodell Street portion , which is state @-@ maintained ) ; in Syracuse between the western city line and just west of NY 635 ; in Utica from Leland Avenue east to the city line ; in Amsterdam between Division and West Main streets ; in Schenectady from Washington Avenue to the eastern city line ; and the entirety of NY 5 within Albany . = = = Pennsylvania to Buffalo = = = At the New York – Pennsylvania border in Ripley , PA 5 becomes NY 5 upon entering New York . It very closely follows the shore of Lake Erie through all of Chautauqua County . Once reaching the village of Silver Creek it briefly overlaps US 20 until entering Erie County at the Cattaraugus Reservation and NY 438 where the roads once again split . Once in Erie County it pulls slightly inward from the lake shore from Brant to the hamlet of Wanakah . Once past Wanakah , the road once again closely borders the lake shore and goes through steadily more heavily developed areas , particularly the Ford Stamping Plant and the Bethlehem Steel plant in the city of Lackawanna where the road is called the Hamburg Turnpike and eight wind powered turbines , which pump power into the national grid are visible . Near the northern edge of the city , NY 5 begins to ascend onto an elevated roadway as it connects to Ridge Road and the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens by way of an interchange . Here , the route becomes the Buffalo Skyway , a limited @-@ access highway with exits for Ohio and Tifft streets and Fuhrmann Boulevard . After a quarter @-@ mile , NY 5 passes seamlessly into the city of Buffalo . A short distance past the city line , NY 5 passes over the Union Ship Canal on a span of the elevated road known as the Father Baker Bridge . North of the waterway , the Skyway gains a pair of frontage roads , both named Fuhrmann Boulevard . Both the service roads and the Skyway run parallel to Lake Erie until the northern end of the Buffalo Outer Harbor . Here , the frontage roads end while NY 5 turns to the northeast , crossing the Buffalo River and entering downtown . On the north bank , the Skyway returns to a northerly routing as it passes First Niagara Center , located directly to the east , and Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park , situated to the west , and meets I @-@ 190 at exit 7 . Past the interchange , the Skyway ends and the route descends in elevation , becoming an at @-@ grade roadway once more at Church Street in the shadow of Buffalo City Hall . NY 384 begins here , following Delaware Avenue north into the heart of downtown , while NY 5 turns east onto Church . At Main Street , Church Street splits into a pair of one @-@ way streets and becomes North and South Division Street . The route follows South Division eastward for two blocks to an intersection with Ellicott Street located one block north of Coca @-@ Cola Field . At the junction , which includes the northern terminus of NY 16 , NY 5 turns northward , rejoining NY 5 westbound one block later at North Division . The route continues on Ellicott for nine blocks to the unidirectional East Tupper Street , where NY 5 westbound separates from the route once more . NY 5 eastbound , however , continues north on Ellicott for an additional block to the one @-@ way Goodell Street . NY 5 heads west on Goodell for two blocks before turning north onto Main Street , rejoining NY 5 westbound at the intersection . The route continues along Main Street throughout the remainder of its length in Buffalo , cutting through the city diagonally from southwest to northeast until it enters the town of Amherst at the intersection of Bailey Avenue ( US 62 ) at the south campus of the University at Buffalo . = = = Buffalo to Avon = = = Once leaving the city of Buffalo , NY 5 heads east through the densely populated suburban town of Amherst , including the hamlets of Snyder and Eggertsville and the village of Williamsville and is heavily developed through the entire length of the town , particularly at the intersection with Transit Road ( NY 78 ) . In the town of Clarence , the road dips into a significant depression known as Clarence Hollow . Once leaving Clarence , NY 5 goes through predominantly rural areas until reaching the city of Batavia in Genesee County , closely paralleling the New York State Thruway through much of the county . The road travels eastward until reaching Livingston County and the village of Caledonia . NY 5 heads southeast from the village of Caledonia , paralleling the former right @-@ of @-@ way of an Erie – Lackawanna Railroad branch line that connected the villages of Caledonia and Avon as it heads through spacious fields containing little more than farmland . At a rural intersection controlled by single @-@ head flashing traffic signals west of Avon , NY 5 meets US 20 for the second time . The routes embark on a second concurrency , merging onto the right @-@ of @-@ way of NY 5 as they cross the Genesee River and enter both the town and village of Avon . = = = Avon to Ontario County = = = US 20 and NY 5 become West Main Street upon entering the village , underscoring the road 's status as the primary east – west highway through the town . The route continues southeast from the Genesee , passing through the forested but sparsely populated western area of the village . As the route approaches the Livonia , Avon and Lakeville Railroad ( LAL ) grade crossing , the number of homes increases rapidly , only to be replaced by businesses in the area surrounding the LAL mainline . Located on the western edge of this transition is NY 39 , which terminates at this junction . Past the tracks , West Main intersects Rochester Street , a locally important north – south two @-@ lane arterial that continues north of the village to the Rochester suburb of Brighton as East River Road . Shortly after this intersection , the homes return , following US 20 and NY 5 as West Main enters the heart of the village . In the center of Avon , West Main feeds into Park Place , a large traffic circle providing access to two local streets from US 20 and NY 5 . The routes follow the circle counterclockwise , departing the roundabout on East Main Street . The street proceeds east , passing through four blocks of densely populated neighborhoods before exiting the village and abruptly entering vast , barren fields to the east . US 20 and NY 5 , now named Avon – Lima Road , intersects NY 15 two miles ( 3 km ) to the east in East Avon , a community based around the intersection and the streets comprising it , and connects to I @-@ 390 at exit 10 a half @-@ mile from NY 15 . Continuing on , the road intersects a number of county routes over the next four miles ( 6 km ) before becoming West Main Street once more , this time for the village of Lima . At an intersection with NY 15A in the village center , US 20 and NY 5 become East Main Street , retaining the name to the Ontario County line at Honeoye Creek . = = = Western Ontario County = = = In the town of West Bloomfield , US 20 and NY 5 go unnamed as they proceed eastward . Roughly one mile from the county line in the hamlet of West Bloomfield , US 20 and NY 5 meet the southern terminus of NY 65 . Exiting the hamlet , US 20 and NY 5 head through another area dominated by open land , intersecting Elton Road before passing seamlessly into East Bloomfield . A mile and a half from the town line , US 20 and NY 5 intersect NY 64 , a road running northwest – southeast from the Monroe County line south to US 20 and NY 5 . NY 64 , whose right @-@ of @-@ way ends at US 20 and NY 5 at the foot of a small hill , joins the two routes eastward on a triple overlap , entering the village of Bloomfield and intersecting the southern terminus of NY 444 south of the portion of Bloomfield once known as Holcomb . Near the junction with NY 444 , US 20 , NY 5 and NY 64 take on a due east alignment , absorbing the routing used by Gauss Road west of this point . A mile to the east at Whalen Road , NY 64 separates from US 20 and NY 5 , following the road , and US 20A , which has its eastern terminus at this intersection , south toward Bristol . US 20 and NY 5 continue on through rural Ontario County before splitting from its easterly alignment at an intersection four miles ( 6 km ) east of US 20A and NY 64 in the town of Canandaigua . West Avenue , the former routing of US 20 and NY 5 into downtown Canandaigua , continues east from the junction while US 20 and NY 5 turn south onto a bypass around Canandaigua . = = = = Canandaigua area = = = = Half a mile from the start of the bypass and a short distance before the arterial makes a turn eastward to traverse Canandaigua Lake to the southeast , US 20 and NY 5 meet NY 21 at a four @-@ way intersection . Like US 20 and NY 5 , NY 21 once continued directly into downtown , in this instance via Bristol Street to the east of the junction , but now follows US 20 and NY 5 along the east – west leg of the bypass . Past Bristol Street , the bypass widens from two to four lanes and , after meeting two local streets , enters the city of Canandaigua as the limited @-@ access Western Boulevard , albeit with no exits . The route loses this distinction prior to intersecting South Main Street , where US 20 , NY 5 and NY 21 meet the southern terminus of NY 332 . NY 21 departs the bypass , following NY 332 into downtown , while US 20 and NY 5 continue onto the four @-@ laned , median separated Eastern Boulevard , the original section of the US 20 and NY 5 bypass of Canandaigua . The roadway acts a center of commerce for the city , sporting restaurants , hotels , and supermarkets along its length within the city limits . Upon exiting the city , the establishments become a pair of shopping plazas centered around the intersection with the northern terminus of NY 364 . Across the town line in Hopewell a quarter @-@ mile to the east , a third plaza , anchored by Runnings , formerly a Walmart , dominates the northeast corner of CR 10 and Eastern Boulevard . On the adjacent parcel is another plaza containing the current Walmart . At the entrance to the second plaza , US 20 and NY 5 intersect Lakeshore Drive , the former routing of US 20 and NY 5 to the south of the bypass . Past the junction , the divided highway comes to an end and , after another half @-@ mile , narrows to two lanes . = = = Canandaigua to Auburn = = = Deeper into Hopewell , the area surrounding US 20 and NY 5 become rural once more . Roughly 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the end of the bypass , US 20 and NY 5 meet NY 247 . After 10 @.@ 3 miles ( 16 @.@ 6 km ) of eastward progression through open land , the routes meet the northern terminus of both NY 14A and NY 245 , concurrent at this location , in the town of Geneva . A half @-@ mile past NY 14A and NY 245 , US 20 and NY 5 enter the city of Geneva and widens into a four lane road . In the city , US 20 and NY 5 intersect NY 14 by way of a pseudo @-@ interchange on the bank of Seneca Lake . US 20 and NY 5 turn into a divided highway again at this point . At the interchange , NY 14 Truck joins US 20 and NY 5 , bypassing a sharp turn on NY 14 downtown . US 20 and NY 5 continues as a divided highway around the northern tip of Seneca Lake , crossing the Preemption Line and entering Seneca County at its midpoint . A mile to the east in East Geneva , just east of a railroad underpass , US 20 and NY 5 meet the northern terminus of NY 96A at a former trumpet interchange that has been converted to an intersection with a traffic signal . From NY 96A east to the village of Waterloo , a distance of roughly four miles , US 20 and NY 5 become a two lane road and run parallel to the Cayuga – Seneca Canal . In Waterloo , the concurrency meets NY 96 in the village center . East of the village , the distance between the canal and the roadway decreases , making US 20 and NY 5 the closest road to the water for the next one and a half miles to NY 414 in the town of Seneca Falls . NY 414 joins US 20 and NY 5 , overlapping the road for 4 @.@ 3 miles ( 6 @.@ 9 km ) into the hamlet of Seneca Falls . At Cayuga Street , NY 414 turns south , crossing the water body that is the canal and the Seneca River and becoming Ovid Street while US 20 and NY 5 turn north onto Cayuga , following the street around the small Van Cleef Lake , through the Finger Lakes Railway grade crossing , and exiting the hamlet . Three miles from NY 414 , just west of Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge , US 20 and NY 5 meet NY 318 and NY 89 at intersections just 0 @.@ 1 miles ( 0 @.@ 16 km ) apart . The intersection with NY 89 has a traffic signal . About three miles ( 5 km ) later , after entering Cayuga County over the Seneca River / Cayuga and Seneca Canal , just north of Cayuga Lake , the two routes meet NY 90 in the town of Aurelius , at a traffic signal . A few miles east of that intersection , the highway meets the Finger Lakes Railway again , but crosses it via an overpass . The routes continue eastward through Aurelius to the city of Auburn where it turns into a divided four @-@ lane highway again . On the western edge of the city , just after passing Finger Lakes Mall , US 20 and NY 5 meet the eastern terminus of NY 326 , which is also a four lane divided highway for a short stretch . In downtown Auburn , US 20 and NY 5 's east and west lanes split apart from each other for a short distance as an arterial over the alignments of Clark Street , Franklin Street , and Grant Avenue . The arterial runs concurrent with NY 38 for 0 @.@ 2 miles ( 0 @.@ 3 km ) . NY 38 then splits from the concurrency and joins NY 34 . A quarter @-@ mile to the east , US 20 separates from NY 5 at the northern terminus of NY 38A . NY 5 continues on after the split as the four @-@ lane Grant Avenue passing by a high number of shopping areas . = = = Auburn to Syracuse = = = From NY 174 in Camillus to Fairmount , NY 5 is a 5 @-@ mile ( 8 km ) limited @-@ access highway traversing the western suburbs of Syracuse . At one time , the highway was to be extended to West Street in Syracuse , via the current Grand Avenue . The freeway has partial access to NY 173 from westbound NY 5 . East of NY 173 , the freeway connects to NY 695 at a directional T interchange and passes over NY 297 without access . East of Fairmount , NY 5 alters to the south before turning east onto West Genesee Street and converting to grade @-@ level intersections . In Syracuse , NY 5 is parallel to I @-@ 690 for much of its routing but never encounters the highway , thus making the north – south streets that intersect NY 5 entry points to and from I @-@ 690 . In downtown Syracuse , West Genesee Street becomes James Street . At the southern tip of the interchange between I @-@ 690 and I @-@ 81 , NY 5 transfers onto Erie Boulevard and intersects State Street ( US 11 ) , but passes under I @-@ 81 without access . From the downtown area to DeWitt , NY 5 is divided . At the Syracuse – DeWitt boundary , NY 5 intersects NY 635 and eastward , it curves to a southeast course . Near Shoppingtown Mall , NY 5 turns east onto Genesee Street to begin an overlap with NY 92 . Less than a mile east of the mall , NY 5 and NY 92 intersect I @-@ 481 at a cloverleaf interchange . = = = Syracuse to Utica = = = NY 5 and NY 92 remain concurrent up to Highbridge Road , where NY 92 splits from NY 5 and heads southeast to Manlius . The segment of the overlap with NY 92 between I @-@ 481 and the eastern split is the busiest area of NY 5 in the Syracuse area and in all of Onondaga County . Past the split , NY 5 continues east through Onondaga and Madison counties , passing Fayetteville , Chittenango , and Canastota before entering the vicinity of Oneida . West of the city , NY 5 intersects NY 365A , a spur route of NY 365 leading directly into downtown . To the east , NY 5 ( which forms the southern boundary of the city ) meets NY 46 before crossing over Oneida Creek and into Oneida County . Just past the county line in Oneida Castle , NY 5 intersects NY 365 , a route leading northward to the New York State Thruway in Verona . NY 5 presses on , passing through the city of Sherrill and the village of Vernon ( briefly overlapping NY 31 ) and the town of Westmoreland to the town of Kirkland , where NY 5 intersects NY 233 , crosses over Oriskany Creek , and meets the western terminus of NY 5B . The spur of NY 5 later rejoins its parent yards from where NY 5A departs NY 5 to serve western Utica . NY 5 itself continues eastward through New Hartford , meeting NY 12B prior to merging with NY 12 at Genesee Street . Both routes continue eastward across the Sauquoit Creek into Utica . = = = Utica to Albany = = = NY 5 enters the city of Utica on a concurrency with NY 12 heading in a northeast direction . It shortly picks up NY 8 , and all three cross the city together . NY 5 also intersects with the terminus of NY 840 at this point . Just south of the New York State Thruway , I @-@ 790 begins as a short expressway , also including NY 5 , NY 8 , and NY 12 . After crossing out of the city , they meet the Thruway , with NY 8 and 12 continuing northeast , while I @-@ 790 and NY 5 turn to the east @-@ south @-@ east , picking up the tail @-@ end of NY 49 . These three , still as an expressway , straddle each side of the Thruway for a short way , with I @-@ 790 technically ending at the ramps for I @-@ 90 . NY 5 continues to the end of the expressway , only a few hundred feet later , dropping to Leland Avenue . A few hundred feet to the north of the Thruway , NY 5 turns eastward again to continue down Herkimer Road . It closely parallels the Thruway all the way to Herkimer , where NY 5 moves slightly northward through the center of the village , becoming State Street , while I @-@ 90 crosses the Erie Canal and goes south for a short distance . There is a short concurrency with NY 28 in the village . After exiting Herkimer , NY 5 continues east , closely paralleling this time the canal , through the city of Little Falls as Main Street , where two more concurrencies occur , with NY 167 and NY 169 . NY 5 continues to parallel the canal , and in some instances again , the Thruway , through Amsterdam , becoming Amsterdam Road all the way to Scotia , where it crosses the canal into Schenectady as Mohawk Avenue , turning into State Street upon entering the city limits . It continues fairly straight on a southeast course into Albany as Central Avenue until it reaches Townsend Park . At this point , NY 5 turns into Washington Avenue and all signage referring to NY 5 ceases . The New York State Department of Transportation recognizes the route , however , as it continues down Washington Ave past the New York State Capitol building , turning south for a short distance as Eagle Street . NY 5 then continues east on State Street to Broadway , where it again turns south east shortly before returning east on a small spur of Broadway , traveling underneath US 9 and I @-@ 787 . NY 5 ends at the Hudson River . = = History = = = = = Early roads = = = Soon after the end of the American Revolution in 1783 , a surge of westward migration into Central and Western New York began . At the time , most travel west of the Albany area was by water . While rudimentary roads were laid out following the Mohawk River , there were no major land routes west of Fort Schuyler ( present day Utica ) , except for an old east – west Iroquois trail that was a simple foot path . By the late 1780s many companies began to set up their operations in the new settlements in the Central and Western New York . As a result , there was a clamor for the building of a main road running west from Utica . On March 22 , 1794 , the New York State Legislature passed a law calling for the laying out and improvement of a public road from old Fort Schuyler on the Mohawk River to the settlement of Canawaugus on the Genesee River , in as straight a line as the topography of the land would allow . This road was officially known as the " Great Genesee Road " and is one of the earliest state roads in New York , intended to provide access to the New Military Tract . As planned , it generally followed the old Iroquois trail through Oneida , Manlius , Onondaga Valley ( south of modern Syracuse ) , Skaneateles , Auburn , Seneca Falls , Geneva , and Canandaigua before ending at the Genesee River . Four years later , another legislative act authorized the extension of the Genesee Road to Buffalo . By the end of the 18th century , while the Genesee Road had been greatly improved and saw heavy traffic , many portions were still substandard and some sections had still not been completed . Partly because of this , and also because of the success of the Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania , the state outsourced the task of improving and maintaining the Genesee Road to a private company . On April 1 , 1800 , the Seneca Road Company was chartered for this purpose and the portion of the Genesee Road from Utica to Canandaigua was improved and operated as a toll road known as the Seneca Turnpike , which was 157 miles ( 253 km ) long and , at the time , the longest turnpike in the state . Three days later , the old road following the Mohawk River between Utica and Schenectady also became a turnpike , known as the Mohawk Turnpike . With the road leading from Albany northwest to Schenectady having been already established as a turnpike ( the Albany and Schenectady Turnpike ) in 1797 , an all @-@ turnpike route over good quality roads was now available from Albany to Canandaigua . The western extension of the Genesee Road to Buffalo soon followed suit and also became an improved Macadam toll road , the Ontario and Genesee Turnpike , in 1805 . The Seneca Road Company was authorized to create a more northerly alternate route of the Seneca Turnpike in 1806 . This branch left the original turnpike east of Seneca Falls and crossed more level terrain through Elbridge , Geddes , and Fayetteville before rejoining the old path at Chittenango . As the city of Syracuse developed , traffic patterns changed and the northern branch route became more heavily used than the original road . The construction and opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 along the same alignment as the Albany to Buffalo route began to eat away at the revenues of these turnpike companies . In time , the turnpike business had become unprofitable and the companies were dissolved by 1852 , causing the roads to revert to public control . The Seneca Road Company dissolved in 1852 . The old , southern path of the Seneca Turnpike is now Franklin Street and Old Seneca Turnpike from Auburn to Marcellus , NY 175 between Marcellus and Onondaga Hill , and NY 173 from there east to Chittenango . = = = Designation = = = The improvement of the road from Buffalo southwest to Pennsylvania in the mid @-@ 19th century soon allowed for continuous travel across the entire state of New York . With the advent of the automobile , the state began to take over and pave major thoroughfares at the beginning of the 20th century . In 1908 , the state legislature created a statewide system of unsigned legislative routes . One of the routes assigned at this time was Route 6 , an Albany – Buffalo highway that followed the path of the Genesee Road and the Seneca Turnpike from Buffalo to Utica , the Mohawk Turnpike between Utica and Schenectady , and the Albany and Schenectady Turnpike from Schenectady to Albany . From Auburn to Chittenango , Route 6 utilized most of the newer , northern branch of the Seneca Turnpike . The automobile allowed people to quickly travel long distances and a way to mark routes became needed . One early means of marking routes was the establishment of various auto trail associations in the 1910s . These associations selected good quality roads and marked them with symbols or colors on telephone poles . Most of legislative Route 6 eventually became part of the Yellowstone Trail , a cross @-@ country auto trail established in 1912 that ran from Washington to Massachusetts . In New York , the trail used modern US 20 from Pennsylvania to Silver Creek , most of modern NY 5 from Silver Creek to Albany , and modern US 20 again from Albany to Massachusetts . In 1924 , following what other states did , New York began to assign route numbers to its main thoroughfares . The Albany to Buffalo portion of the Yellowstone Trail , which ran through the cities of Syracuse and Utica , was assigned the number NY 5A . The portion of the Yellowstone Trail southwest of Buffalo and east of Albany became part of NY 5 , which bypassed Syracuse and Utica to the south . The Buffalo to Albany portion of NY 5 's original alignment used a new road , Broadway Road , from Buffalo to Avon and the old Cherry Valley Turnpike alignment from Skaneateles to Albany . In between Avon and Skaneateles , NY 5 and NY 5A overlapped . By 1926 , however , the Buffalo to Albany section of NY 5 was relocated onto the Genesee Road alignment , replacing NY 5A . NY 5 's former , more southerly alignment was redesignated as NY 7 . In 1927 , the establishment of the U.S. Highway System created more numbering changes . US 20 , which mainly followed the Yellowstone Trail elsewhere in the country , was designated in New York along NY 5 southwest of Hamburg and east of Albany and along old NY 7 from Skaneateles to Albany . Between the towns of Hamburg and Avon , the new US 20 used an even more southerly alignment , running via East Aurora and Warsaw . This truncated both ends of NY 5 to Athol Springs ( south of Buffalo in the town of Hamburg ) in the west , and to Albany in the east . In the 1930 state highway renumbering , NY 5 was truncated even further to begin in downtown Buffalo . The portion between Buffalo and Athol Springs was assigned as part of NY 62 . Southwest of Buffalo , Southwestern Boulevard , an alternate route of US 20 between Irving and Big Tree ( east of Athol Springs ) became NY 20B . Further southwest , another alternate route of US 20 between the Pennsylvania line and Silver Creek , running along the shore of Lake Erie , was designated as NY 20A . The NY 20A and NY 20B designations proved to be short @-@ lived . US 62 was extended into New York c . 1932 , causing NY 62 to be renumbered . Around the same time , US 20 was realigned to follow NY 20B from Irving to Big Tree . NY 5 was extended along part of old NY 62 to Athol Springs , from where it continued to the Pennsylvania state line by way of US 20 's old routing to Irving and all of NY 20A . = = = Expressway relocations = = = Originally , NY 5 entered Buffalo from the south on Fuhrmann Boulevard and Michigan Avenue and followed South Park Avenue and Main Street through the city before rejoining its modern alignment at Goodell Street . In the mid @-@ 1950s , a new limited @-@ access highway was constructed along Fuhrmann Boulevard from Lackawanna to the Buffalo River . At the river , the new roadway broke from Fuhrmann and continued directly into downtown , returning to grade level two blocks south of Niagara Square . The expressway , known as the Buffalo Skyway , became part of a rerouted NY 5 by 1956 . Visually , the Skyway cuts off the city from the Buffalo inner harbor . In 2008 , there was momentum to tear it down , but the momentum has passed . Farther east in Utica , construction began in the early 1950s on a new arterial highway — known as the North – South Arterial — through the city center . The new roadway bypassed NY 5 , which was initially routed on Genesee Street and Herkimer Road through Utica . The first portion of the highway to open was the segment north of River Road , which was completed by 1956 . It was extended southward to Oriskany Street ( NY 5A ) by 1961 and completed entirely by 1964 , at which time it became part of a rerouted NY 5 and NY 12 . Two portions of Genesee Street , from NY 12 in New Hartford to the Utica city line and from NY 5S to Herkimer Road in Utica , remain state maintained to this day as unsigned NY 921E and NY 921C , respectively . In the Syracuse suburbs of Camillus and Geddes , NY 5 was initially routed on West Genesee Street between the villages of Camillus and Solvay . Construction on a bypass of this segment of NY 5 began in the early 1970s and was completed between NY 695 and Genesee Street by 1977 . By the following year , the freeway was open to traffic up to Hinsdale Road ; however , NY 5 remained on Genesee Street between Hinsdale and the Solvay village limits . The remainder of the Camillus Bypass was completed c . 1979 , at which time NY 5 was realigned to follow the freeway . Genesee Street is now largely maintained by Onondaga County as CR 98 ; however , two portions of the street remain state maintained . Near the western end of the expressway , the former routing of NY 5 became part of an extended NY 174 . Between the Camillus town line and the eastern end of the bypass , Genesee Street is unsigned NY 930W . Smaller realignments also took place in other cities along the route . In Canandaigua , NY 5 originally entered the city on West Avenue and followed South Main Street and Lakeshore Drive through the city limits before rejoining its current routing in Hopewell . In the mid @-@ 1950s , a new bypass was built north of Lakeshore Drive from South Main Street to Hopewell . It became part of a realigned NY 5 by 1956 . The remainder of the bypass around the southwestern extents of the city was built in the late 1970s and early 1980s . The former routing of NY 5 on South Main Street remains state maintained as NY 942T ; until 1996 , the portion of West Avenue between the west end of the bypass and the Canandaigua city line was maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) as NY 942W . Even though maintenance of the road had been transferred to the town of Canandaigua in 1996 , the designation remained in NYSDOT documents until 2007 . In Geneva , NY 5 was initially routed on East North Street and Border City Road , overlapping NY 14 through the city and rejoining its modern routing in East Geneva . The overlap was eliminated c . 1931 when NY 5 was moved onto a new roadway located along the edge of Seneca Lake . NY 5 was realigned again in the 1960s to use a new divided highway built midway between the lake shore road and Border City Road . Border City Road is now maintained by Seneca County as CR 110 . = = Suffixed routes = = NY 5 has three suffixed routes , all located in Oneida County , with NY 5S extending eastward into three other counties . The NY 5A designation was also used for two other routes . The NY 5A designation has been used for three distinct highways : The first NY 5A was a short @-@ lived designation for the portion of modern NY 5 east of Buffalo . When it existed from 1924 to the mid @-@ 1920s , NY 5 was routed on what is now US 20 . The second NY 5A was a northerly alternate route of NY 5 between Aurelius and Sennett in Cayuga County . It was assigned c . 1933 and renumbered to NY 135 c . 1937 . That route was removed c . 1939 . Its former routing is now maintained by Cayuga County as CR 10A , CR 10B , and CR 10C . The current NY 5A ( 5 @.@ 65 miles or 9 @.@ 09 kilometres ) is a short alternate route of NY 5 between New Hartford and downtown Utica in Oneida County . It was assigned in the mid @-@ 1930s . NY 5B ( 3 @.@ 12 miles or 5 @.@ 02 kilometres ) is a short alternate route southwest of Utica in Oneida County , connecting NY 5 to NY 12B . The route was assigned in the 1930s . NY 5S ( 73 @.@ 03 miles or 117 @.@ 53 kilometres ) is an alternate route of NY 5 on the south side of the Mohawk River between Utica , Oneida County , and Rotterdam , Schenectady County . The route parallels NY 5 ( which follows the north side of the river ) and is partially a limited @-@ access highway . It was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . = = Major intersections = =
= Sycamore Historic District = The Sycamore Historic District is a meandering area encompassing 99 acres ( 400 @,@ 000 m2 ) of the land in and around the downtown of the DeKalb County , Illinois , county seat , Sycamore . The area includes historic buildings and a number of historical and Victorian homes . Some significant structures are among those located within the Historic District including the DeKalb County Courthouse and the Sycamore Public Library . The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 2 , 1978 . There are over 200 properties within the irregular boundaries of the Sycamore Historic District . Of those , 187 are considered contributing properties to the historic district , and 22 are non @-@ contributing . Of all of the district 's homes and buildings 75 % fit within the historic district concept . Some of the major structures include several prominent Queen Anne style mansions , the Sycamore library , the DeKalb County Courthouse , and dozens of mid- to late 19th @-@ century houses . = = History = = The 1966 National Historic Preservation Act , which created the National Register of Historic Places , empowered individual states to create review boards to function with the state historical preservation officer . Illinois did not create its historic preservation program until the early 1970s , under the direction of the Illinois Department of Conservation . The Department of Conservation dispatched field surveyors to all Illinois counties to find anything that might qualify for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The field surveyor who traveled to Sycamore in 1973 found a large number of late 19th and 20th century examples of architecture that he recommended the establishment of a historic district . The mayor of Sycamore then appointed a citizens ' committee to assist the state with the work involved in listing the district . The residential areas within the district achieved their maturity before 1900 , though Sycamore has grown considerably from the 3 @,@ 330 or so that lived there from about 1900 until the 1970s most of the historic district remains intact as it was organized in 1978 . = = Boundaries = = The Historic District is bounded by Somonauk Street on the west and Main Street on the east , a stretch of two blocks . On the north end the district is bounded by Page Street and extends to the end of South Main street . Main and Somonauk are both north / south roads while Page is an east / west street . The district also extends along State Street ( Illinois Route 64 ) to the west until the 300 block . Somonauk Street is included through its 900 block . In addition section of Locust , Maple and California Streets are within the Sycamore Historic District . Other east / west streets also have portions included in the district , these are : Elm , High , Ottawa , Waterman and Lincoln . The boundaries were drawn up by Robert Wagner , a Chicagoan who worked as a National Register assistant with the Illinois Department of Conservation . Wagner drew up the boundaries on the basis of " visual integrity . " . This led to an irregular pattern of inclusion for the Sycamore Historic District . Often one side of the street will be in the district while the other side will not . In other cases , such as with the library or the U.S. Post Office an arbitrary line was drawn with the sole purpose of including a specific structure . = = Architecture = = The hodge podge of architectural styles that mingle in the Sycamore Historic District begins with Greek Revival structures which date from Sycamore 's foundation in the mid to late 1830s , also the heyday for that particular style . These structures are the oldest surviving within the district . After the Civil War other styles began to dot the landscape in and around downtown Sycamore , Illinois . Styles such as Italianate , Gothic Revival and Queen Anne can be found throughout the neighborhood . Government buildings and commercial buildings offer prime examples of Classical Revival architecture , a style showcased by the ornate DeKalb County Courthouse , Sycamore Public Library , U.S. Post Office and The National Bank & Trust Co. building . The current Sycamore Center , in the 300 block of State Street and once known as the Daniel Pierce Block , also exhibits . Classical Revival architecture . Of the 226 properties within the Sycamore Historic District 40 are identified as " strongly contributing " to the overall character of the district . Twenty @-@ one of those are ranked as the most significant structures in the district . The majority of the rest of the buildings date from 1860 @-@ 1900 . = = Properties = = Sycamore Historic District includes a combination of residential , commercial , government and religious buildings . A number of Victorian homes along Main Street are enclosed in the historic district as well as a number of buildings in downtown Sycamore . South of the courthouse are other homes included in the district , each important structure is marked with a plaque near the sidewalk . 226 properties are located within the Sycamore Historic District 's 99 acres ( 400 @,@ 000 m2 ) . Of those properties , 187 are listed as contributing structures in the district while an additional 22 are non @-@ contributing . Of all the homes and other buildings within the district a full 75 % fit within the historic district concept . = = = Churches = = = As of 2007 there are five church buildings in the Sycamore Historic District . When it was nominated to join the National Register there were seven church buildings within the district . One of those included is a residential structure that was utilized as a church when it was first constructed ; the Arthur Stark House was once home to the Sycamore Universalist Church congregation . In the time since its listing , two churches have been destroyed or demolished . The Evangelical Church of St. John was destroyed by fire in 2004 and the United Methodist Church in Sycamore is no longer extant , replaced by a modern office building . The extant churches are the Old Congregational Church , First Baptist Church , St. Peter 's Church , the Universalist Church / Stark House and St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Church . = = = Commercial buildings = = = The commercial buildings in the Sycamore Historic District , located in Sycamore , Illinois , United States are mostly located in and around the city 's downtown . The largest concentration of commercial contributing properties to the historic district are found along Illinois Route 64 as it passes through Sycamore . They include several buildings known as " blocks " which can consist of more than one adjacent and attached structure , as is the case with the Waterman Block , one of the Sycamore commercial buildings . = = = DeKalb County Courthouse = = = Possibly the gem of the Sycamore Historic District is the DeKalb County Courthouse . The Courthouse sits in the center of a square facing Illinois Route 64 , directly across the north / south street , Main , from the Sycamore Public Library . It is a stunning example of Classical Revival architecture . The current structure was erected in 1905 being the third in a line of courthouses to serve DeKalb County . = = = Frederick Townsend Garage = = = This building on Main Street was originally a garage owned by Sycamore resident Frederick B. Townsend . Townsend 's Queen Anne style home overlooks the lot from a small incline . The distinctive stone structure was constructed in 1906 for use as a garage for the estate of Frederick B. Townsend , his former home is the Queen Anne mansion that overlooks the garage property . Today it is home to a restaurant . After the building left private ownership the property was exploited for commercial use and became a gas station . Despite the years and the changes in function the building 's historical character remains intact . = = = George 's Block = = = Though quite altered from its original state in the mid 19th century George 's Block remains one of the more eye catching structures in the Historic District . The George 's Block was constructed in 1857 and was then known as the James Block , after the owner Daniel P. James . James , a prominent citizen , lived in the nearby Jerkin @-@ roofed D. B. James House , another contributing property . By the 1860s the James name was gone but the building was still known as a block . Many buildings of the period were known as blocks , usually multi @-@ story and multi @-@ business , the buildings contained retail and professional space or , in the case of George 's Block , lecture halls or auditoriums . In the first year the building existed such famous men as Horace Greeley , Charles Sumner and Bayard Taylor spoke there . = = = Houses = = = The houses in the Sycamore Historic District cross a variety of architectural styles and span from the 1830s to the early 20th century . There are 187 contributing properties within the historic district , 75 % of the districts buildings . Many of the homes are associated with early Sycamore residents , usually prominent business leaders or politicians . Houses within the district are known by , either their street address or by a name associated with a prominent owner or builder . For most of the houses , the latter is true . Some of the more prominent homes include the Charles O. Boynton House , the Frederick B. Townsend House , David Syme House and the Carlos Lattin House . = = = U.S. Post Office = = = The U.S. Post Office Building in Sycamore is located along Illinois 64 ( State Street ) , directly across the street from the Sycamore Public Library . = = = Sycamore Public Library = = = Sycamore Public Library , the only structure on the east side of Main Street , between State and Page Streets , that is included in the Sycamore Historic District . The library , still operational today , was constructed in 1905 with a combination of philanthropical gifts from different sources including Andrew Carnegie . The building was designed , in part , by architect Paul O. Moratz . = = Significance = = The district includes 226 properties over its 99 acres ( 400 @,@ 000 m2 ) , of those , 187 are considered contributing members of the historic district . The buildings consist of a mix of residential , religious , commercial and governmental buildings . Many of the residential buildings are 2 or 2 ½ stories in height and feature generous setbacks from the street . These factors , along with the growth of mature shade trees , combine to give the streetscape a well @-@ balanced and integrated look and feel . While the usage of the properties in Sycamore Historic District is similar to that in other small , Illinois county seats the district 's properties are separated by their survival through the 20th century . The buildings themselves are most significant for their architecture which contributes to what the National Register of Historic Places nomination form in 1978 said conveyed " a gracious calm very close to the popular American image of an ideal small town . "
= Dewey Decimal Classification = The Dewey Decimal Classification ( DDC ) , or Dewey Decimal System , is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876 . It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions , the latest issued in 2011 , and has grown from a four @-@ page pamphlet in 1876 with fewer than 1 @,@ 000 classes to a four volume set . It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries . It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center ( OCLC ) , a non @-@ profit cooperative that serves libraries . OCLC licenses access to an online version for catalogers called WebDewey . The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject . Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic . The classification 's notation makes use of three @-@ digit Arabic numerals for main classes , with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail . Using Arabic numerals for symbols , it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover special aspects of general subjects . A library assigns a classification number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library , on the basis of its subject . The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its proper place on the library shelves . The classification system is used in 200 @,@ 000 libraries in at least 135 countries . The major competing classification system to the Dewey Decimal system is the Library of Congress Classification system created by the U.S. Library of Congress . = = History = = = = = Early development ( 1873 – 1885 ) = = = Melvil Dewey ( 1851 – 1931 ) was an American librarian and self @-@ declared reformer . He is best known for the Decimal System that he created , but he also was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business . He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library . He applied the classification to the books in that library , until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification . In 1876 , he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library . He used the pamphlet , published in more than one version during the year , to solicit comments from other librarians . It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived , that of Ernest Cushing Richardson . His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication " Public Libraries in America " in 1876 . In March 1876 , he applied for , and received copyright on the first edition of the index . The edition was 44 pages in length , with 2 @,@ 000 index entries , and was printed in 200 copies . = = = Period of adoption ( 1885 – 1942 ) = = = The second edition of the Dewey Decimal system , published in 1885 with the title Decimal Classification and Relativ Index for arranging , cataloging , and indexing public and private libraries and for pamflets , clippings , notes , scrap books , index rerums , etc . , comprised 314 pages , with 10 @,@ 000 index entries . 500 copies were produced . Editions 3 – 14 , published between 1888 and 1942 , used a variant of this same title . Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition . In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that " nearly 100 persons hav [ spelling of " have " per English @-@ language spelling reform , which Dewey championed ] contributed criticisms and suggestions " . One of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics . When the system was first introduced , most libraries in the US used fixed positioning : each book was assigned a permanent shelf position based on the book 's height and date of acquisition . Library stacks were generally closed to all but the most privileged patrons , so shelf browsing was not considered of importance . The use of the Dewey Decimal system increased during the early 20th century as librarians were convinced of the advantages of relative positioning and of open shelf access for patrons . New editions were readied as supplies of previously published editions were exhausted , even though some editions provided little change from the previous , as they were primarily needed to fulfill demand . In the next decade , three editions followed closely on : the 3rd ( 1888 ) , 4th ( 1891 ) , and 5th ( 1894 ) . Editions 6 through 11 were published from 1899 to 1922 . The 6th edition was published in a record 7 @,@ 600 copies , although subsequent editions were much lower . During this time , the size of the volume grew , and edition 12 swelled to 1243 pages , an increase of 25 % over the previous edition . In response to the needs of smaller libraries who were finding the expanded classification schedules difficult to use , in 1894 , the first abridged edition of the Dewey Decimal system was produced . The abridged edition generally parallels the full edition , and has been developed for most full editions since that date . By popular request , in 1930 , the Library of Congress began to print Dewey Classification numbers on nearly all of its cards , thus making the system immediately available to all libraries making use of the Library of Congress card sets . Dewey 's was not the only library classification available , although it was the most complete . Charles Ammi Cutter published the Expansive Classification in 1882 , with initial encouragement from Melvil Dewey . Cutter 's system was not adopted by many libraries , with one major exception : it was used as the basis for the Library of Congress Classification system . In 1895 , the International Institute of Bibliography , located in Belgium and led by Paul Otlet , contacted Dewey about the possibility of translating the classification into French , and using the classification system for bibliographies ( as opposed to its use for books in libraries ) . This would have required some changes to the classification , which was under copyright . Dewey gave permission for the creation of a version intended for bibliographies , and also for its translation into French . Dewey did not agree , however , to allow the International Institute of Bibliography to later create an English version of the resulting classification , considering that a violation of their agreement , as well as a violation of Dewey 's copyright . Shortly after Dewey 's death in 1931 , however , an agreement was reached between the committee overseeing the development of the Decimal Classification and the developers of the French Classification Decimal . The English version was published as the Universal Decimal Classification and is still in use today . According to a study done in 1927 , the Dewey system was used in the US in approximately 96 % of responding public libraries and 89 % of the college libraries . After the death of Melvil Dewey in 1931 , administration of the classification was under the Decimal Classification Committee of the Lake Placid Club Education Foundation , and the editorial body was the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee with participation of the American Library Association ( ALA ) , Library of Congress , and Forest Press . By the 14th edition in 1942 , the Dewey Decimal Classification index was over 1 @,@ 900 pages in length and was published in two volumes . = = = Forging an identity ( 1942 – present ) = = = The growth of the classification to date had led to significant criticism from medium and large libraries which were too large to use the abridged edition but found the full classification overwhelming . Dewey had intended issuing the classification in three editions : the library edition , which would be the fullest edition ; the bibliographic edition , in English and French , which was to be used for the organization of bibliographies rather than of books on the shelf ; and the abridged edition . In 1933 , the bibliographic edition became the Universal Decimal Classification , which left the library and abridged versions as the formal Dewey Decimal Classification editions . The 15th edition , edited by Milton Ferguson , implemented the growing concept of the " standard edition " , designed for the majority of general libraries but not attempting to satisfy the needs of the very largest or of special libraries . It also reduced the size of the Dewey system by over half , from 1 @,@ 900 to 700 pages , a revision so radical that Ferguson was removed from the editorship for the next edition . The 16th and 17th editions , under the editorship of the Library of Congress , grew again to two volumes . However , by now , the Dewey Decimal system had established itself as a classification for general libraries , with the Library of Congress Classification having gained acceptance for large research libraries . The first electronic version of " Dewey " was created in 1993 . Hard @-@ copy editions continue to be issued at intervals ; the online WebDewey and Abridged WebDewey are updated quarterly . = = Administration and publication = = Administratively , the very early editions were managed by Dewey and a small editorial staff . Beginning in 1922 , administrative affairs were managed by the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation , a not @-@ for @-@ profit organization founded by Melvil Dewey . The ALA created a Special Advisory Committee on the Decimal Classification as part of the Cataloging and Classification division of ALA , in 1952 . The previous Decimal Classification Committee was changed to the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee , with participation of the ALA Division of Cataloging and Classification , and the Library of Congress . Melvil Dewey edited the first three editions of the classification system and oversaw the revisions of all editions until his death in 1931 . May Seymour became editor in 1891 , until her death in 1921 . She was followed by Dorcas Fellows , who was editor until her death in 1938 . Constantin J. Mazney edited the 14th edition . Milton Ferguson was editor from 1949 to 1951 . The 16th edition in 1958 was edited under an agreement between the Library of Congress and Forest Press , with David Haykin as director . Editions 16 @-@ 19 were edited by Benjamin A. Custer and the editor of edition 20 was John P. Comaromi . Joan Mitchell was editor until 2013 , covering editions 21 @-@ 23 . The current Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief is Michael Panzer of OCLC . Copyright in editions 1 @-@ 6 ( 1876 – 1919 ) was held by Dewey himself . Copyright in editions 7 – 10 were held by the publisher , The Library Bureau . On the death of May Seymour , Dewey conveyed the " copyryts and control of all editions " to the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation , a non @-@ profit chartered in 1922 . The Online Computer Library Center ( OCLC ) of Dublin , Ohio , US , acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification system when it bought Forest Press in 1988 . In 2003 , the Dewey Decimal Classification came to national attention when OCLC sued the Library Hotel for trademark infringement for using the classification system as the hotel theme . The case was settled shortly thereafter . Since 1988 , the classification has been maintained by the OCLC , which also publishes new editions of the system . The editorial staff responsible for updates is based partly at the Library of Congress and partly at OCLC . Their work is reviewed by the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee , a ten @-@ member international board which meets twice each year . The four @-@ volume unabridged edition is published approximately every six years , the most recent edition ( DDC 23 ) in mid @-@ 2011 . The web edition is updated on an ongoing basis , with changes announced each month . An experimental version of Dewey in RDF is available at dewey.info. This includes access to the top three levels of the classification system in 14 languages . In addition to the full version , a single volume abridged edition designed for libraries with 20 @,@ 000 titles or fewer has been made available since 1895 . " Abridged 15 " was published in early 2012 . = = Design = = The Dewey Decimal Classification organizes library materials by discipline or field of study . Main divisions include philosophy , social sciences , science , technology , and history . The scheme is made up of ten classes List of Dewey Decimal classes , each divided into ten divisions , each having ten sections . The system 's notation uses Arabic numbers , with three whole numbers making up the main classes and sub @-@ classes and decimals creating further divisions . The classification structure is hierarchical and the notation follows the same hierarchy . Libraries not needing the full level of detail of the classification can trim right @-@ most decimal digits from the class number to obtain a more general classification . For example : 500 Natural sciences and mathematics 510 Mathematics 516 Geometry 516 @.@ 3 Analytic geometries 516 @.@ 37 Metric differential geometries 516 @.@ 375 Finsler Geometry The classification was originally enumerative , meaning that it listed all of the classes explicitly in the schedules . Over time it added some aspects of a faceted classification scheme , allowing classifiers to construct a number by combining a class number for a topic with an entry from a separate table . Tables cover commonly used elements such as geographical and temporal aspects , language , and bibliographic forms . For example , a class number could be constructed using 330 for economics + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 for Europe to create the class 330 @.@ 94 European economy . Or one could combine the class 973 for United States + .05 for periodical publications on the topic to arrive at the number 973 @.@ 05 for periodicals concerning the United States generally . The classification also makes use of mnemonics in some areas , such that the number 5 represents the country Italy in classification numbers like 945 ( history of Italy ) , 450 ( Italian language ) , 195 ( Italian philosophy ) . The combination of faceting and mnemonics makes the classification synthetic in nature , with meaning built into parts of the classification number . The Dewey Decimal Classification has a number for all subjects , including fiction , although many libraries create a separate fiction section shelved by alphabetical order of the author 's surname . Each assigned number consists of two parts : a class number ( from the Dewey system ) and a book number , which " prevents confusion of different books on the same subject . " A common form of the book number is called a Cutter number , which represents the author and distinguishes the book from other books on the same topic . = = = Classes = = = ( From DDC 23 ) 000 – General works , Computer science and Information 100 – Philosophy and psychology 200 – Religion 300 – Social sciences 400 – Language 500 – Pure Science 600 – Technology 700 – Arts & recreation 800 – Literature 900 – History & geography = = = Tables = = = ( From DDC 23 ) T1 Standard Subdivisions T2 Geographic Areas , Historical Periods , Biography T3 Subdivisions for the Arts , for Individual Literatures , for Specific Literary Forms T3A Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors T3B Subdivisions for Works by or about More than One Author T3C Notation to Be Added Where Instructed in Table 3B , 700 @.@ 4 , 791 @.@ 4 , 808 – 809 T4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families T5 Ethnic and National Groups T6 Languages T7 Persons = = = " Relativ Index " = = = The " Relativ Index " [ sic ] is an alphabetical index to the classification , for use both by classifiers but also by library users when seeking books by topic . The index was " relative " because the index entries pointed to the class numbers , not to the page numbers of the printed classification schedule . In this way , the Dewey Decimal Classification itself had the same relative positioning as the library shelf and could be used either as an entry point to the classification , by catalogers , or as an index to the Dewey @-@ classed library itself . = = Influence and criticism = = Dewey Decimal Classification numbers formed the basis of the Universal Decimal Classification ( UDC ) , which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks ( comma , colon , parentheses , etc . ) . Adaptations of the system for specific regions outside the English @-@ speaking world include the Korean Decimal Classification , the New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries , and the Nippon Decimal Classification ( Japanese ) . Despite its widespread usage , the classification has been criticized for its complexity and limited scope of scheme @-@ adjustment . In particular , the arrangement of subheadings has been described as archaic and as being biased towards an Anglo @-@ American world view . In 2007 – 08 , the Maricopa County Library District in Arizona , abandoned the DDC in favor of the Book Industry Standards and Communications ( BISAC ) system , one that is commonly used by commercial bookstores , in an effort to make their libraries more accessible for patrons . Several other libraries across the United States , and other countries ( including Canada and The Netherlands ) followed suit . The classification has also been criticized as being a proprietary system licensed by a single entity ( OCLC ) , making it expensive to adopt . However , book classification critic Justin Newlan stands by the Dewey Decimal System , stating newer , more advanced book classification systems " are too confusing to understand for newcomers " .
= Music of the Final Fantasy series = Final Fantasy is a media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi and owned by Square Enix that includes video games , motion pictures , and other merchandise . The series began in 1987 as an eponymous role @-@ playing video game developed by Square , spawning a video game series that became the central focus of the franchise . The music of the Final Fantasy series refers to the soundtracks of the Final Fantasy series of video games , as well as the surrounding medley of soundtrack , arranged , and compilation albums . The series ' music ranges from very light background music to emotionally intense interweavings of character and situation leitmotifs . The franchise includes a main series of numbered games as well as several spin @-@ off series such as Crystal Chronicles and the Final Fantasy Tactics series . The primary composer of music for the main series was Nobuo Uematsu , who single @-@ handedly composed the soundtracks for the first nine games , as well as directing the production of many of the albums . Music for the spin @-@ off series and main series games beginning with Final Fantasy X was created by a variety of composers including Masashi Hamauzu , Naoshi Mizuta , Hitoshi Sakimoto , and Kumi Tanioka . The majority of Final Fantasy games , including all of the main series games , have received a soundtrack album release . Many have also inspired orchestral , vocal , or piano arrangement albums . In addition to the regular albums , a number of compilation albums of tracks from multiple games have been produced both by Square Enix and outside groups . Music from the original soundtracks of the games has been arranged as sheet music for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing , while sheet music from the piano albums have been published by Yamaha Music Media . The franchise 's music has been performed numerous times in concert tours and other live performances such as the Orchestral Game Music Concerts , Symphonic Game Music Concerts , and the Play ! A Video Game Symphony and Video Games Live concert tours , as well as forming the basis of specific Final Fantasy concerts such as the Dear Friends and Distant Worlds concert tours . = = Themes = = Although each game in the Final Fantasy series offers a variety of music , there are some frequently reused themes . Most of the games open with a piece called " Prelude " , which is based on a short piece by Bach that has evolved from a simple , two @-@ voice , arpeggiated theme in the early games to a complex melodic arrangement in recent installments . It has been described as being " as recognizable in gaming circles as the Super Mario Bros. theme or Sonic the Hedgehog 's title screen pop " . Battle victories in the first 10 installments of the series were accompanied by a victory fanfare ; this theme has become one of the most recognized pieces of music in the series . Chocobos and moogles , two mascots for the series , each have their own themes . The basic theme for chocobos is rearranged in a different musical style for each installment , and usually has a title ending in " de Chocobo " , while moogles have a theme entitled " Moogle 's Theme " , which first appeared in Final Fantasy V. The chocobo inspired the spin @-@ off Chocobo series , and many of the pieces from the soundtracks of that series are stylistically based on the main chocobo theme . A piece called " Prologue " or " Final Fantasy " , originally featured in the first game , has appeared in some form in every game in the main series , with the exceptions of Final Fantasy II , Final Fantasy X , and Final Fantasy XIII ; originally appearing in the prologue of the games . It sometimes appears as a full arrangement and surfaces other times as a theme played during the finale track . Although leitmotifs are often used in the more character @-@ driven installments , theme music is typically reserved for main characters and recurring plot elements . = = History = = = = = Main series = = = = = = = 1987 – 1994 : Famicom era = = = = When Nobuo Uematsu was working at a music rental shop in Tokyo , a woman working in the art department for Square , which would later become Square Enix , approached him about creating music for some of their titles in development , and he agreed . Uematsu considered it a side job and was skeptical it would become any sort of full @-@ time position . He said it was a way to make some money on the side , while also keeping his part @-@ time job at the music rental shop . Before joining Square , he composed music for television commercials . The first score he produced for Square was the soundtrack for the role @-@ playing video game Cruise Chaser Blassty . While working at Square , he met Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi , who asked him if he wanted to compose music for some of his games , which Uematsu agreed to . Sakaguchi gave him a few instructions for the soundtrack of Final Fantasy , Uematsu 's 16th score , such as the need for " battle " and " town " music , but left the remainder of the composing to Uematsu , aside from informing him of the specific technical limitations of the Famicom system . The game was released in 1987 . After the success of Final Fantasy I , Uematsu remained with the series to compose the soundtrack to Final Fantasy II ( 1988 ) . Although I and II were composed separately , music from the two games have only been released on albums together . These albums include a soundtrack album and two arranged albums . Final Fantasy III ( 1990 ) was released two years later and featured a soundtrack from Uematsu that has been lauded as one of the best soundtracks of any NES game . The soundtrack spawned two soundtrack albums , as well as a disc of vocal and orchestral arrangements . Final Fantasy IV ( 1991 ) was the first game in the series to be released for the Super Famicom , and the resultant changes in the sound technology resulted in a composition process that Uematsu noted was " excruciating " . Uematsu has stated that , beginning with this soundtrack , he started to move away from the idea that the soundtrack had to be solely an orchestral score . In addition to the soundtrack album , the music of IV was arranged and released in the style of Celtic music , performed by Máire Breatnach . It also sparked the release of an album of piano arrangements , something which would be repeated for every subsequent main @-@ series game to date . Having now gained experience with the Super Famicom sound chip , Uematsu felt that the sound quality of the soundtrack for the next game in the series , Final Fantasy V ( 1992 ) , was much better than that of IV . He named this as the primary reason that the soundtrack album was two CDs long , a first for the series . Like IV , the discography of Final Fantasy V included an arranged and a piano album in addition to the main soundtrack album . In 1994 , Square released Final Fantasy VI ( 1994 ) , the last for the Super Famicom , and the accompanying soundtrack has been considered one of the greatest video game soundtracks ever composed . The game 's discography also includes orchestral and piano arrangement CDs , as well as EPs of unreleased tracks and character themes . The soundtrack included the first attempt in the Final Fantasy series to include a vocal track , " Aria di Mezzo Carattere " , which has been described as " one of Uematsu 's greatest achievements " . This track features an unintelligible synthesized " voice " that harmonizes with the melody , as technical limitations for the SPC700 sound format chip prevented the use of an actual vocal track . The first actual vocals in a piece appeared in Final Fantasy VII . = = = = 1997 – 2000 : PlayStation era = = = = Beginning with Final Fantasy VII ( 1997 ) , the series moved platforms to the PlayStation . While the media capabilities of the PlayStation allowed for CD quality music , Uematsu opted instead to use Sequence format . The soundtrack album ran a record four discs , and Uematsu has stated that the move into the " PlayStation era " , which allowed video game composers to use sounds recorded in the studio rather than from synthesizers , had " definitely been the biggest change " to video game music . VII was the first game in the series to include a track with digitized vocals , " One @-@ Winged Angel " , which has been described as Uematsu 's " most recognizable contribution " to the music of the series . The piece , described as " a fanfare to impending doom " , is said to not " follow any normal genre rules " and has been termed " possibly the most innovative idea in the series ' musical history . " The lyrics of the piece , a Latin choral track which plays at the climax of the game , were taken from the medieval poetry on which Carl Orff based his Carmina Burana , specifically the songs " Estuans Interius " , " O Fortuna " , " Veni , Veni , Venias " and " Ave Formosissima " . There was a plan to use a " famous vocalist " for the ending piece as a " theme song " for the game , but the idea was dropped due to time constraints and thematic concerns . The idea of a theme song would be resurrected in the following installment of the series . In 2006 , IGN ranked VII 's music the best Final Fantasy soundtrack to date and cited the " gripping " character tracks and " One @-@ Winged Angel " in particular as contributing factors . The discography of the original game only includes soundtrack , best of , and piano albums . However , beginning in 2005 Square Enix produced a collection of media centered on the game and world of Final Fantasy VII entitled the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII . This collection has produced five additional soundtrack albums , each for a different game or animation . The soundtrack of Final Fantasy VIII ( 1999 ) , unlike that of VI and VII , did not include character themes , as Uematsu felt they would not be effective . In response to a question by IGN music stating that the music of Final Fantasy VIII was very dark and perhaps influenced by the plot of the game , Uematsu stated " the atmosphere of music varies depending on story line , of course , but it 's also my intention to put various types of music into one game " . Although the idea had not been used in the previous game , he thought a ballad would closely relate to the theme and characters of VIII , and composed " Eyes on Me " , performed by Faye Wong . The song was released as a single , while Square produced soundtrack , orchestral , and piano albums for the game 's music . The music of Final Fantasy IX , ( 2000 ) , was based around a theme of Renaissance music , and was heavily inspired by previous Final Fantasy games , incorporating themes and motifs from earlier soundtracks . Uematsu felt previous games VII and VIII had a mood of realism , but that Final Fantasy IX was more of a fantasy , so " a serious piece as well as silly , fun pieces could fit in " . Uematsu has claimed several times that the music of IX is his favorite work , as well as the one he is most proud of . Like Final Fantasy VIII , IX included a vocal theme , " Melodies of Life " , which was sung by Emiko Shiratori . The game 's discography includes albums of the original soundtrack , a selection of the best tracks , a piano arrangement album , an album of unreleased tracks , and a single of " Melodies of Life " . = = = = 2001 – present : other composers = = = = Final Fantasy X ( 2001 ) marked the first time in the series ' history that Uematsu was not the sole composer for the soundtrack . Released on the PlayStation 2 , the score was also created by Masashi Hamauzu and Junya Nakano . Uematsu contributed 51 tracks , Hamauzu contributed 20 tracks and Nakano contributed 18 tracks to the game . The two new composers were chosen for the soundtrack based on their ability to create music that was different from Uematsu 's while still working together . The discography for the game includes the soundtrack album , piano , and vocal arrangement albums , and an EP of tracks by Uematsu inspired by the game . The theme song for the game , " Suteki da ne " , which translates to " Isn 't it Wonderful ? " , was written by Nobuo Uematsu and Kazushige Nojima and was sung by Japanese folk singer Ritsuki Nakano , known as " RIKKI " , whom the music team contacted while searching for a singer whose music reflected an Okinawan atmosphere . " Suteki da ne " is sung in its original Japanese form in both the Japanese and English versions of Final Fantasy X , and was released as a single . Uematsu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Kumi Tanioka composed Final Fantasy XI ( 2002 ) . It was the last Final Fantasy soundtrack that Uematsu was a main composer for until Final Fantasy XIV , as he resigned from Square Enix in November 2004 . The expansion packs were mostly scored by Mizuta alone . The opening of the game features choral music with lyrics in Esperanto . According to Uematsu , the choice of language was meant to symbolize the developers ' hope that their online game could contribute to cross @-@ cultural communication and cooperation . The game and each of its four expansion packs have produced a soundtrack album ; the discography for the game also includes two piano albums , an album of unreleased tracks , two arranged albums , and a single for its vocal theme , " Distant World " , which was composed by Uematsu and performed by Japanese opera singer Izumi Masuda . Final Fantasy XII ( 2006 ) was mainly composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , although six compositions were contributed by his fellow composers Hayato Matsuo and Masaharu Iwata . Uematsu only contributed the theme song , " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " , sung by Angela Aki . Violinist Taro Hakase also contributed a piece named " Symphonic Poem ' Hope ' " , featured during the game 's ending credits . Sakimoto was brought in to compose the soundtrack to the game by Yasumi Matsuno , the producer of the game , five months before the game was officially announced . Sakimoto experienced difficulty following in Uematsu 's footsteps , but he decided to create a unique soundtrack in his own way , although he cites Uematsu as his biggest musical influence . Sakimoto did not meet with Uematsu for direction on creating the soundtrack and tried to avoid copying Uematsu 's style from previous Final Fantasy soundtracks . However , he did attempt to ensure that his style would mesh with Uematsu 's " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " and the overall vision of the series . The current discography , while originally limited to the soundtrack album and singles for " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " and " Symphonic Poem ' Hope ' " , was late in 2012 given an album of piano arrangements like most prior soundtracks in the series . Final Fantasy XIII ( 2009 ) was composed by Masashi Hamauzu . Although its main theme was originally announced to be composed by Nobuo Uematsu , Uematsu instead gave it to Hamauzu to compose after being selected as the composer for Final Fantasy XIV , making XIII the first game in the main series to not have any work by Uematsu . The game has sparked the release of a soundtrack album , an arranged album , two gramophone record albums of music from the soundtrack , a piano album , and a single of the game 's theme song " Because You 're Here " ( 君がいるから , Kimi ga Iru Kara ) , sung by Sayuri Sugawara . The international versions of XIII feature the song " My Hands " sung by British singer Leona Lewis from her second album Echo . The latest game in the series , Final Fantasy XIV ( 2010 ) was composed by Uematsu through his " Smile Please " studio , and is the first Final Fantasy since IX to have a score completely composed by him at release . The theme song Answers was sung by Susan Calloway , with lyrics from game writers Yaeko Sato and Michal @-@ Christopher Koji Fox . Since original launch , and for the A Realm Reborn relaunch , additional in @-@ game music has been composed by Naoshi Mizuta , Ryo Yamazaki , Tsuyoshi Sekito , and Masayoshi Soken . The full official soundtrack with all 104 tracks from the original version of Final Fantasy XIV was released on August 14 , 2013 in a single Blu @-@ ray disc compilation . Titled Before Meteor : FINAL FANTASY XIV Original Soundtrack , the disc contains all of the music composed by Nobuo Uematsu for the initial release , as well as music added on subsequent patches by Uematsu , Mizuta , Yamazaki , Sekito and Soken . Uematsu , along with Calloway and Koji Fox ( plus scenario writer Kazutoyo Maehiro ) , also returned for the title theme to the game 's 2015 expansion , Heavensward , titled Dragonsong . = = = Spin @-@ offs = = = = = = = Compilation of Final Fantasy VII = = = = The Compilation of Final Fantasy VII is the formal title for a series of games and animated features developed by Square Enix based in the world and continuity of Final Fantasy VII . Spearheaded by Tetsuya Nomura and Yoshinori Kitase , the series consists of several titles across various platforms , all of which are extensions of the Final Fantasy VII story . The first announced element of the series was Final Fantasy VII Advent Children , an animated sequel to the original game , though the first to be released was the mobile phone game Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII . Before Crisis 's soundtrack was composed by Takeharu Ishimoto , while Advent Children was scored by Nobuo Uematsu , Keiji Kawamori , Kenichiro Fukui , and Tsuyoshi Sekito . Other titles in the series are Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII , the soundtrack of which was composed by Masashi Hamauzu , Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII , which was primarily composed by Takeharu Ishimoto with a few tracks provided by Kazuhiko Toyama , and Last Order : Final Fantasy VII , also composed by Ishimoto . Advent Children featured a song by former Japanese rock band Boøwy 's singer Kyosuke Himuro in its ending credits , the Dirge of Cerberus soundtrack contained two songs by Gackt , including its theme song " Redemption " , and Crisis Core 's theme song , " Why " , was performed by Ayaka . Each element of the series sparked its own soundtrack album except for Before Crisis and Last Order , which had their soundtracks released together in one album . Dirge of Cerberus also had a download @-@ only soundtrack album for its Japan @-@ only multiplayer mode , while " Redemption " and " Why " each had a single release by their respective artists . = = = = Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 = = = = Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 ( 2003 ) , was the first direct video game sequel to any Final Fantasy game . Despite having composed the majority of the soundtrack for Final Fantasy X , Nobuo Uematsu did not contribute any music to the project . No tracks from X or other games in the series were used in the game . In an attempt to make a different style of music for the game than previous franchise titles , Square brought Noriko Matsueda and Takahito Eguchi on board to compose the music for X @-@ 2 , as the developers felt they were the " perfect fit " to incorporate a " pop " style into the music . The game includes two songs with vocalized elements , one of which , the J @-@ Pop song " real Emotion " , was written by Ken Kato and composed by Kazuhiro Hara . The other , J @-@ Pop ballad " 1000 Words " , was written by scenario writers Kazushige Nojima and Daisuke Watanabe . Matsueda and Eguchi composed and arranged the track . Both songs were sung by Jade Villalon from Sweetbox in the English version of the game , and are available as bonus tracks on the Japanese release of her album Adagio . In the Japanese version of the game both the songs were sung by Kumi Koda and were released as a single entitled real Emotion / 1000 no Kotoba . Koda also released her own English versions of the songs on her CD single Come with Me , with slightly different versions of the lyrics than Jade . In addition to Come with Me , the collection of music for Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 includes the two @-@ disc soundtrack album , a piano album , a soundtrack album for the Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 International + Last Mission version of the game , a single for the song " Eternity ~ Memory of Lightwaves " , and a set of three singles themed around the three main characters of the game . = = = = Tactics and Ivalice Alliance = = = = The Final Fantasy Tactics series is a spin @-@ off of the main Final Fantasy series , consisting of primarily tactical role @-@ playing games with heavy thematic similarities to the main series . After Final Fantasy XII was set in the same world , Ivalice , as the two games in the series Final Fantasy Tactics ( 1997 ) and Final Fantasy Tactics Advance ( 2003 ) , Square Enix announced that all future games set in the game world would be part of the new Ivalice Alliance subseries . These games to date include Final Fantasy XII : Revenant Wings ( 2007 ) , Final Fantasy Tactics : The War of the Lions ( 2007 ) , Final Fantasy Tactics A2 : Grimoire of the Rift ( 2007 ) , and Final Fantasy XII International Zodiac Job System ( 2007 ) . The music of these games has been primarily composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who also composed the main @-@ series game set in Ivalice , Final Fantasy XII . Masaharu Iwata shared compositional duties with him for Tactics ; Sakimoto composed 47 tracks for the game while Iwata composed the other 24 . Sakimoto composed almost all of the music for Tactics Advance , while Uematsu contributed the main theme and Kaori Ohkoshi and Ayako Saso composed additional battle tracks . Both games have a soundtrack album , while Tactics Advance inspired an arranged album . Sakimoto again was the composer for Tactics A2 : Grimoire of the Rift , though this time he was supported by composers from his studio Basiscape , and it too sparked a soundtrack album release . He also scored Revenant Wings , though it primarily consisted of arrangements of his previous work and has not been released as a separate album , and his work on Tactics was used as the score for the spinoff series Crystal Defenders . = = = = Crystal Chronicles = = = = Another spin @-@ off of the main series , the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles series consists of Crystal Chronicles ( 2004 ) , its sequel Ring of Fates ( 2007 ) , and their spin @-@ offs My Life as a King ( 2008 ) , Echoes of Time ( 2009 ) , My Life as a Darklord ( 2009 ) , and the newest title The Crystal Bearers ( 2009 ) . Kumi Tanioka is the main composer for the series , having composed the music for all of the released games . Her only work on the main series to date has been as one of the co @-@ composers for Final Fantasy XI . She did not compose the soundtrack for The Crystal Bearers ; Hidenori Iwasaki composed it instead . Tanioka is known for using an eclectic mix of instruments in her albums ; she has described the musical style for the soundtrack to Crystal Chronicles as being based on " ancient instruments " . The soundtrack has extensive use of many medieval and Renaissance musical instruments — such as the recorder , the crumhorn and the lute ; creating a distinctively rustic feel — and also follows the practices and styles of medieval music . For the soundtrack to Ring of Fates , Tanioka purposefully did not focus on " world music " , instead focusing on " creating a new landscape containing the same atmosphere " . Echoes of Time also incorporates a variety of instruments , including oboes , xylophones , marimbas , and Latin guitars . Of the released games , Crystal Chronicles , Ring of Fates , and Echoes of Time are the only ones to have a released soundtrack . Crystal Chronicles also has sparked a single of its theme song , " Sound of the Wind " ( カゼノネ , Kaze no Ne ) , composed by Kumi Tanioka and performed by Fujimoto Yae . Ring of Fates also has an associated single of its theme song , " A World Without Stars " ( 星のない世界 , Hoshi no Nai Sekai ) , written and performed by Aiko . Echoes of Time did not have a theme song . = = = = Chocobo = = = = The Chocobo series is a spin @-@ off series of games first developed by Square and later by Square Enix , featuring a super deformed version of the Final Fantasy series mascot — the chocobo — as the protagonist . These games include Mystery Dungeon installments and a variety of minigame collections over a wide variety of video game consoles . The series includes over a dozen games , most of which have been released only in Japan . The soundtracks to the games have been composed by a wide variety of composers , and many of the soundtracks are composed primarily of arranged versions of tracks from previous Final Fantasy soundtracks , especially the " chocobo " theme . Only some of the games have led to separate soundtrack releases . The first of these was Chocobo 's Mystery Dungeon ( チョコボの不思議なダンジョンオリジナル・サウンドトラック , Chocobo no Fushigina Dungeon ) , which was scored by Masashi Hamauzu and inspired an orchestral arrangement album also composed by Hamauzu . The soundtrack of Chocobo 's Dungeon 2 was composed by Kumi Tanioka , Yasuhiro Kawakami , Tsuyoshi Sekito , Kenji Ito , and Nobuo Uematsu . The games whose soundtracks were primarily composed of previous Final Fantasy and Chocobo tracks were Final Fantasy Fables : Chocobo 's Dungeon , which was arranged by Yuzo Takahashi of Joe Down Studio , Chocobo Racing , whose original tracks were composed by Kenji Ito , and Final Fantasy Fables : Chocobo Tales . The sequel to Chocobo Tales , Chocobo and the Magic Picture Book : The Witch , The Maiden , and the Five Heroes , contains mainly original works , and the two games were scored by Yuzo Takahashi . Unlike the other Chocobo games , they had a joint soundtrack album release , while Chocobo Tales had a previous download @-@ only " best of " album . = = = = Others = = = = Other spin @-@ offs of the main Final Fantasy series include Final Fantasy Adventure ( 1991 ) , a spin @-@ off game later also considered as the first game in the Mana series , which had references to Final Fantasy removed in its remake , Sword of Mana . It was scored by Kenji Ito , with one track by Uematsu . Final Fantasy Mystic Quest ( 1992 ) is an SNES game scored by Ryuji Sasai and Yasuhiro Kawakami . Final Fantasy : Legend of the Crystals ( 1994 ) is an animated sequel to Final Fantasy V , and was scored by Masahiko Sato . Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within ( 2001 ) , a computer animated science fiction film , was scored by Elliot Goldenthal , and Final Fantasy : Unlimited ( 2001 ) , a 25 @-@ episode anime series , was scored by Nobuo Uematsu , Shiro Hamaguchi , and Akifumi Tada . The soundtracks to The Spirits Within and Mystic Quest were released as separate albums , while Unlimited had two soundtrack album releases . Final Fantasy Adventure saw the release of a soundtrack album , an arranged album , a release which compiled both previous albums together , and a soundtrack album for its remake . = = Merchandise = = The majority of games in the franchise , including all of the main series games , have led to a soundtrack album release . Many have also inspired orchestral , vocal , or piano arrangement albums as well . These albums have been produced and reprinted by a number of different companies , including DigiCube , NTT Publishing , Square Enix itself , and many others . Additionally , many albums have been made available at the iTunes Music Store . In addition to the regular albums , a number of compilation albums of pieces from several Final Fantasy games have been produced both by Square Enix and outside groups , both officially and unofficially . These albums include music directly from the games , as well as arrangements covering a variety of styles . Square Enix produced the first album , Final Fantasy 1987 – 1994 ( 1994 ) and has since produced 13 albums , leading up to Final Fantasy Remix ( 2008 ) . The first compilation album produced by an outside group was The Best of Final Fantasy 1994 – 1999 : A Musical Tribute , released in 2000 by Sherman F. Heinig ; the newest is Voices of the Lifestream , an unlicensed download @-@ only album from OverClocked ReMix released in 2007 . Music from the original soundtracks has been arranged for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing . Books are available for every main series game except for Final Fantasy V , as well as for Advent Children and Crystal Chronicles . All piece in each book have been rewritten by Asako Niwa as beginning to intermediate level piano solos , though they are meant to sound as much like the originals as possible . " Best of " collections and arrangements for guitar solos and piano duets are also available . Additionally , the actual piano sheet music from each of the ten Final Fantasy Piano Collections albums has been published as ten corresponding music books by Yamaha Music Media . Each book contains the original music , exactly as arranged and performed on the albums . Unlike the Original Score arrangements , these pieces are intended only for advanced players as they are generally more difficult . Sheet music for the Final Fantasy XI Piano Collections album included in the Final Fantasy XI OST Premium Box Set was included in that box set , and , like the album itself , is unavailable for purchase elsewhere ; sheet music for the identically named standalone piano album is published by Yamaha . = = Public performances = = Music from Final Fantasy has been performed numerous times in concert tours and other live performances . Music from the series was played in the first four concerts of the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra 's Orchestral Game Music Concerts series from 1991 to 1994 , and each concert has been released on an album . It has also been played in the Video Games Live concert tour from 2005 to date as well as the Play ! A Video Game Symphony world tour from 2006 onwards , for which Nobuo Uematsu composed the opening fanfare that accompanies each performance . Final Fantasy music was played at the Symphonic Game Music Concert series , a series of annual German video game music concerts notable for being the first of their kind outside Japan , from 2003 to 2007 . The music made up one fourth of the Symphonic Fantasies concerts in September 2009 which were produced by the creators of the Symphonic Game Music Concert series . It has also been played by the Australian Eminence Symphony Orchestra , an independent symphony orchestra specializing in classical music from video games . Music from the series has also been played in specific Final Fantasy concerts and concert series . After the success of the 20020220 Music from Final Fantasy concert in 2002 , a recording of which was produced as an album , the Tour de Japon : Music from Final Fantasy , was launched in Japan in 2004 . It was followed by the Dear Friends -Music from Final Fantasy- tour in the United States that same year , which was originally scheduled to be a single concert but grew into a year @-@ long tour . In 2005 , a concert entitled More Friends : Music from Final Fantasy was performed to coincide with the one @-@ year anniversary of the first Dear Friends concert and also had an album published of the performance . The latest Final Fantasy tour is the worldwide Distant Worlds : Music from Final Fantasy tour , which began in Sweden in 2007 and still continues to date . A recording of its first performance was released as an album . Nobuo Uematsu additionally plays with The Black Mages , a band which performs Final Fantasy music in a rock music style . They have performed music live in concert , as well as with orchestras as part of various concert tours . They have released three albums to date , as well as DVDs of their live performances . From November 2003 to April 2004 , Square Enix U.S.A. launched an AOL Radio station dedicated to music from the series , initially carrying complete tracks from Final Fantasy XI in addition to samplings from VII through X. The station was relaunched in July 2006 and still remains on the site . In the 2004 Summer Olympics , the American synchronized swimming duo consisting of Alison Bartosik and Anna Kozlova were awarded the bronze medal for their performance to " Liberi Fatali " from Final Fantasy VIII . = = Sales = = = = = Albums = = = The sales figures for the various Final Fantasy music albums in Japan are as follows : Final Fantasy VI Original Sound Version ( 1994 ) - 175 @,@ 000 Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack ( 1997 ) - 148 @,@ 260 Final Fantasy VII Advent Children Original Soundtrack ( 2005 ) - 38 @,@ 904 Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack ( 2006 ) - 14 @,@ 361 Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack ( 2007 ) - 13 @,@ 321 Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack ( 1999 ) - 300,000Final Fantasy VIII : Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec ( 1999 ) - 7 @,@ 540 Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack ( 2000 ) - 101 @,@ 520 Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack PLUS ( 2000 ) - 4 @,@ 180 Final Fantasy X Original Soundtrack ( 2001 ) - 140 @,@ 380 Final Fantasy X Vocal Collection ( 2001 ) - 11 @,@ 762 Final Fantasy X Piano Collections ( 2002 ) - 2 @,@ 900 Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 Original Soundtrack ( 2003 ) - 82 @,@ 350 Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 International + Last Mission OST ( 2004 ) - 9 @,@ 879 Final Fantasy POTION : Relaxin ' With Final Fantasy ( 2001 ) - 6 @,@ 550 Square Vocal Collection ( 2001 ) - 4 @,@ 550 Final Fantasy & Final Fantasy II Original Soundtrack ( 2002 ) - 3 @,@ 900 Final Fantasy XI Original Soundtrack ( 2002 ) - 13 @,@ 250 20020220 Music from Final Fantasy ( 2002 ) - 7 @,@ 610 The Black Mages ( 2003 ) - 23 @,@ 526 The Black Mages II : The Skies Above ( 2004 ) - 11 @,@ 890 Final Fantasy III Original Soundtrack ( 2006 ) - 17 @,@ 843 Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack ( 2006 ) - 31 @,@ 547 Final Fantasy XIII Original Soundtrack ( 2010 ) - 16 @,@ 000 ( first @-@ day sales ) At least eight of these soundtrack albums debuted in the top ten of the Oricon albums chart : Final Fantasy VI Original Sound Version , Final Fantasy VII Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy X Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 Original Soundtrack , Final Fantasy XII Original Soundtrack , and Final Fantasy XIII Original Soundtrack , the latter debuting at # 3 on the chart . The sales figures for albums released before Final Fantasy VI are currently unknown . The only Final Fantasy albums that failed to reach the top 30 of the Oricon albums chart were the soundtracks for the Final Fantasy Tactics series and Crystal Chronicles series . = = = Singles = = = The sales figures for the various Final Fantasy vocal singles in Japan are as follows : " Eyes on Me " ( vocals by Faye Wong , for Final Fantasy VIII , 1999 ) - 500 @,@ 000 " Melodies of Life " ( vocals by Emiko Shiratori , for Final Fantasy IX , 2000 ) - 100 @,@ 000 " Suteki Da Ne " ( vocals by Rikki , for Final Fantasy X , 2001 ) - 130 @,@ 000 " Real Emotion / 1000 no Kotoba " ( vocals by Kumi Koda , for Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 , 2003 ) - 280 @,@ 000 " Redemption " ( vocals by Gackt , for Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII , 2006 ) - 125 @,@ 000 " Kiss Me Good @-@ Bye " ( vocals by Angela Aki , for Final Fantasy XII , 2006 ) - 60 @,@ 000 " Why " ( vocals by Ayaka , for Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII , 2007 ) - 60 @,@ 000 " Hoshi no Nai Sekai " ( vocals by Aiko , for Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Ring of Fates , 2007 ) - 110 @,@ 000 " My Hands " , the Leona Lewis theme song for the North American and European versions of Final Fantasy XIII , was never released as a single , though the album it was taken from , Echo ( 2009 ) , sold over 1 million copies in Europe , including over 600 @,@ 000 in the United Kingdom . = = Artists inspired by Final Fantasy music = = Owen Pallett Piano Squall Periphery
= Ilyushin Il @-@ 40 = The Ilyushin Il @-@ 40 ( NATO reporting name : Brawny ) was a two @-@ seat Soviet jet @-@ engined armored ground @-@ attack aircraft . The first prototype flew in 1953 and was very successful except when it fired its guns , as their combustion gasses disturbed the airflow into the engines and caused them to flameout or hiccup . Remedying this problem took over a year and involved the radical change of moving the engine air intakes all the way to the very front of the aircraft and repositioning the guns from the tip of the nose to the bottom of the fuselage , just behind the nose wheel . The aircraft , now resembling a double @-@ barreled shotgun from the front , was ordered into production in 1955 . Only five production aircraft had been completed before the entire program was canceled in early 1956 when the VVS discarded its close air support doctrine in favor of tactical nuclear weapons on the battlefield . = = Development = = Sergey Ilyushin had begun design studies during 1950 – 51 for a jet @-@ engined ground @-@ attack aircraft possessing better performance characteristics than was possible with piston @-@ engined aircraft . By the end of 1951 the Ilyushin design bureau had prepared a technical proposal for a two @-@ seat armored aircraft using two Mikulin AM @-@ 5 axial @-@ flow turbojets rated at 2 @,@ 150 kgf ( 4 @,@ 740 lbf ) at maximum power ( without afterburner ) and 2 @,@ 700 kgf ( 5 @,@ 952 lbf ) with afterburner . In January 1952 Ilyushin sent this proposal to the government , which was quickly accepted , and he was directed to design and build one prototype . The Il @-@ 40 had wings set low on the fuselage , swept back at an angle of 35 ° , and a tricycle undercarriage . The two AM @-@ 5 engines were in pods adjacent to the fuselage . As was traditional for Ilyushin ground @-@ attack aircraft the core of Il @-@ 40 's structure was a load @-@ bearing armored shell that protected both crew positions , six fuel tanks and part of the radio and electrical equipment . The thickness of the shell ranged from 3 to 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 to 0 @.@ 31 in ) in thickness . The armored bulkhead protecting the pilot from the front was 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) thick . The cockpit glazing was also bulletproof and the pilot was given an 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) armored headrest to protect him against shells fired from above and behind . The gunner was protected by armor 4 – 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 39 in ) thick . The total weight of the armored shell and the bulletproof glass was 1 @,@ 918 kg ( 4 @,@ 228 lb ) . Ejection seats were provided for both crewmembers . Three perforated airbrakes were fitted on the rear fuselage , one on each side and one underneath , to enhance the aircraft 's maneuverability during a dive . The initial armament was six 23 mm ( 0 @.@ 91 in ) Nudelman @-@ Rikhter NR @-@ 23 autocannons mounted in the nose , three on each side , each with 150 rounds , with their muzzles protruding into the slipstream . One NR @-@ 23 was mounted in a remotely controlled Il @-@ K10 tail barbette with 200 rounds . It had a maximum elevation of 55 ° , a maximum depression of 40 ° and could traverse 60 ° to either side . The Il @-@ K10 could traverse at a rate of 42 ° per second and elevate at a rate of 38 ° per second . Four small bomb bays were fitted in the wings with a maximum capacity of 100 kg ( 220 lb ) each . Alternatively four bomb racks could be fitted under the wings that could carry bombs up to 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) , 82 mm ( 3 @.@ 2 in ) TRS @-@ 82 or 132 mm ( 5 @.@ 2 in ) TRS @-@ 132 rockets , or drop tanks with a total capacity of 1 @,@ 100 litres ( 290 US gal ) . The normal bomb load was 400 kg ( 880 lb ) , but 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) could be carried at overload . Under overloaded conditions a maximum of twelve TRS @-@ 82 or eight TRS @-@ 132 rockets could be carried . Two cameras were fitted in the rear fuselage for day and night damage @-@ assessment photos . First flown on 7 March 1953 , flight tests revealed no serious shortcomings in the air . The operational CG was too far aft , but this was only a minor problem when landing , taking off and taxiing , especially when coupled with the rather short wheelbase . The biggest problem proved to be the guns and their effect on the engines . During the first aerial test of the cannons at the end of March 1953 the muzzle flash temporarily blinded the pilot and both engines flamed out . The pilot was able to restart the engines and made it back safely , but Sergey Ilyushin immediately started an investigation into the cause of the engine problems . Ground tests with high @-@ speed cameras revealed that none of the muzzle brakes or blast suppressors tested made any difference ; the engines would hiccup even if only a single gun fired just five to ten rounds . A decision was made to replace the six NR @-@ 23 guns in the nose with four AM @-@ 23 cannon with 225 rounds per gun that had a rate of fire 50 % greater than that of the NR @-@ 23 and to totally revise the gun installation . The guns were moved to the very tip of the nose in a separate compartment made of heat @-@ resistant steel and provided with a special blast deflector chamber to deflect the blast gasses away from the engine inlets . Two doors were provided at the bottom of the chamber to ventilate the chamber while firing . One problem occurred almost immediately during testing when the blast gases accumulated in the section where spent cartridges and links were saved and sometimes ignited . Occasionally this was strong enough to actually deform the chamber . The spent shell case section was thoroughly ventilated and muzzle brakes were introduced to successfully cure the problem . Resolving the problem with the guns had prevented the aircraft from undergoing its State acceptance trials in July 1953 as stipulated and a special commission was appointed to conduct the trials on 31 December 1953 . After the manufacturer 's trials were successfully concluded in January 1954 the aircraft was turned over and the State acceptance trials lasted from 21 January — 15 March 1954 . The tests were generally successful with the Il @-@ 40 proving to be easy to fly , maneuverable enough to be a handful for the MiG @-@ 15bis and MiG @-@ 17 fighters opposing it and considerably superior to the piston @-@ engined Ilyushin Il @-@ 10M ground @-@ attack aircraft then in service . However fight tests did reveal blast gas ingestion when firing in a sideslip by the engine on the side opposite the sideslip . Several solutions were evaluated to cure the problem , but Ilyushin pushed for the more radical solution of extending the air intakes for the engines all the way to the nose of the aircraft and moving the guns to the bottom of the nose , behind the air intakes . The change in position of the guns and the extension of the air intakes , which looked " uncannily like a double @-@ barreled shotgun , " allowed the nose wheel to be moved forward to lengthen the wheelbase . The guns were mounted behind the nose wheel well and a special shield was added to protect the gun barrels from debris thrown up by the nose wheel ; it was mechanically linked to the nose wheel and extended when it did . Other changes included the replacement of the original AM @-@ 5F engines by the Tumansky RD @-@ 9V , an improved version of the AM @-@ 5F , the normal bomb load was increased to 1 @,@ 000 kg and 1 @,@ 400 kg ( 3 @,@ 100 lb ) in overloaded condition , and a rear @-@ view mirror was added to allow the pilot to better observe the rear upper hemisphere . = = Production = = Ilyushin began construction of another prototype to evaluate this solution and this was endorsed on 16 October 1954 when the Council of Ministers ordered production to begin at Factory ( Zavod ) No. 168 at Rostov @-@ on @-@ Don of the improved version , designated as the Il @-@ 40P . The Il @-@ 40P prototype first flew on 14 February 1955 and began State acceptance trials on 12 October 1955 . The changes had resolved all the problems suffered by the earlier design and an order for a first batch of forty production machines was placed . Five of these had been completed by the spring of 1956 and were undergoing pre @-@ flight tests when the entire program was canceled on 13 April 1956 and all components in preparation scrapped . A week later , the Attack Aviation branch of the VVS was superseded by the Fighter @-@ Bomber branch and the doctrine of the VVS was drastically modified . No longer would the VVS provide close support to the Army , but rather it would use tactical nuclear weapons as part of the nuclear battlefield . Before the program was canceled two variants had been studied by Ilyushin . The first was an artillery @-@ spotting version known as the Il @-@ 40K . This model added a third crewman in a redesigned forward fuselage . The air intakes were reverted to their original position as the guns had been placed in the small wing bomb bays and there wasn 't any danger of the engines ingesting blast gasses from the guns . The spotter @-@ navigator was given an extensively glazed position at the tip of the nose that was well @-@ protected with armor and bulletproof glass . The first fuselage was nearing completion when the order came to cancel the entire program . The second variant was a torpedo @-@ carrying version called the Il @-@ 40T which was based on the fuselage of the Il @-@ 40K , but the navigator @-@ bombardier 's position had optically flat glass panels to facilitate aiming . Not much effort was devoted to this model and it was canceled at an early stage . = = Variants = = Il @-@ 40 – First prototype Il @-@ 40P – Second prototype and five production aircraft . Il @-@ 40K – ( korrektirovshchik – corrector ) – Artillery spotter , three @-@ seater with spotter @-@ navigator in glazed nose cockpit . Il @-@ 40T – ( torpedonosets ) – Torpedo bomber , three @-@ seater with navigator in glazed nose with optically flat panels for weapon aiming . Il @-@ 42 – Late 1960s revival of the Il @-@ 40 concept , beaten in competition with the Sukhoi T @-@ 8 ( prototype Su @-@ 25 ) Il @-@ 102 – Ultimate iteration of the Il @-@ 40 / Il @-@ 42 , with modern avionics and engines , also beaten by the Sukhoi T @-@ 8 . = = Specifications ( Il @-@ 40P ) = = Data from Gordon , OKB Ilyushin : A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft General characteristics Crew : two Length : 17 @.@ 215 m ( 56 ft 5 ¾ in ) Wingspan : 17 m ( 55 ft 9 ½ in ) Height : 5 @.@ 76 m ( 18 ft 10 5 / 8 in ) Wing area : 54 @.@ 1 m ² ( 582 @.@ 4 ft ² ) Empty weight : 8 @,@ 500 kg ( 18 @,@ 750 lb ) Loaded weight : 16 @,@ 600 kg ( 36 @,@ 600 lb ) Max. takeoff weight : 17 @,@ 600 kg ( 38 @,@ 810 lb ) Powerplant : 2 × Tumansky RD @-@ 9V turbojet Dry thrust : 2 @,@ 600 kgf ( 25 kN ) ( 5730 lbf ) each Thrust with afterburner : 3 @,@ 250 kgf ( 31 @.@ 9 kN ) ( 7170 lbf ) each Performance Maximum speed : 993 km / h ( 617 mph ) Range : 1 @,@ 320 km ( 808 mi ( with drop tanks ) ) Service ceiling : 11 @,@ 600 m ( 38 @,@ 000 ft ( Il @-@ 40 ) ) Wing loading : 31 @.@ 5 kg / m ² ( 64 @.@ 5 lb / ft ² ) Armament Guns : 4 × AM @-@ 23 23 mm cannon in the fuselage nose . 1 × AM @-@ 23 23 mm cannon in remotely controlled rear turret . Bombs : up to 1 @,@ 400 kg ( 3 @,@ 100 lb ) of bombs in four wing bomb bays and four underwing pylons carrying bombs , rockets or drop tanks .
= Kandariya Mahadeva Temple = The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple ( Devanagari : कंदारिया महादेव मंदिर , Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Mandir ) , meaning " the Great God of the Cave " , is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh , India . It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India . = = Location = = Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple is located in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India . It is in the Khajuraho village , and the temple complex is spread over an area of 6 square kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 sq mi ) . It is in the western part of the village to the west of the Vishnu temple . The temple complex , in the Khajuraho village at an elevation of 282 metres ( 925 ft ) , is well connected by road , rail and air services . Khajuraho is 34 miles ( 55 km ) to the south of Mahoba , 29 miles ( 47 km ) away from the Chhatarpur city to its east , 27 miles ( 43 km ) away from Panna , 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) away from Jhansi on the north , and 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) to the south - east of Delhi . It is 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) from the railway station . Khajuraho is served by Khajuraho Airport ( IATA Code : HJR ) , with services to Delhi , Agra and Mumbai . It is 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) from the temple . = = History = = Khajuraho and Shubham were once the capital of the Chandela Rajputs . The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple , one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. is the largest of the western group of temples in the Khajuraho complex which was built by the Chandela rulers . Shiva is the chief deity in the temple deified in the sanctum sanctorium . The temple is said to have been built by the Chandela king Vidhyadhara , who ruled from 1017 to 1029 . At various periods of the reign of this dynasty many famous temples dedicated to Vishnu , Shiva , Surya , Shakti of the Hindu religion and also for the Thirthankaras of Jain religion were built . Vidhyadhara , also known as Bida in the recordings of the Muslim historian Ibn @-@ al @-@ Athir , who is credited with building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple , was a powerful ruler who fought Mahmud of Ghazni in the first offensive launched by the latter in 1019 . This battle was not conclusive and Mahmud had to return to Ghazni . Mahmud again waged war against Vidhyadhara in 1022 . He attacked the fort of Kalinjar . The siege of the fort was unsuccessful . It was lifted and Mahmud and Vidhyadhara called a truce and parted by exchanging gifts . Vidhyadhara celebrated his success over Mahmud and other rulers by building the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple , dedicated to his family deity Shiva . Epigraphic inscriptions on a pilaster of the mandapa in the temple mentions the name of the builder of the temple as Virimda , which is interpreted as the pseudonym of Vidhyadhara . Its construction is dated to the period from 1025 and 1050 AD . All the extant temples including the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple were inscribed in 1986 under the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites under Criterion III for its artistic creation and under Criterion V for the culture of the Chandelas that was popular till the country was invaded by Muslims in 1202.sri = = Features = = The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple , 31 metres ( 102 ft ) in height , is in the western complex , which is the largest among the three groups of the Khajuraho complex of temples . This western group of temples , consisting of the Kandariya , Matangeshwara and Vishvanatha temples , is compared to a " cosmic design of a hexagon ( a yantra or Cosmo gram ) " representing the three forms of Shiva . The temple architecture is an assemblage of porches and towers which terminates in a shikhara or spire , a feature which was common from the 10th century onwards in the temples of Central India . The temple is founded on a massive plinth of 4 metres ( 13 ft ) height . The temple structure above the plinth is dexterously planned and pleasingly detailed . The superstructure is built in a steep mountain shape or form , symbolic of Mount Meru which is said to be the mythical source of creation of the world . The superstructure has richly decorated roofs which rise in a grand form terminating in the shikara , which has 84 miniature spires . The temple is in layout of 6 square kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 sq mi ) , of which 22 are extant including the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple . This temple is characteristically built over a plan of 102 feet ( 31 m ) in length and 67 feet ( 20 m ) in width with the main tower soaring to a height of 102 feet ( 31 m ) , and is called the " largest and grandest temple of Khajuraho " . A series of steep steps with high rise lead from the ground level to the entrance to the temple . The layout of the temple is a five part design , a commonality with the Lakshmana and Vishvanatha temples in the Khajuraho complex . Right at the entrance there is torana , a very intricately carved garland which is sculpted from a single stone ; such entrances are part of a Hindu wedding procession . The carvings on the entrance gate shows the " tactile quality of the stone and also the character of the symmetrical design " that is on view in the entire temple which has high relief carvings of the figurines . Finely chiseled , the decorative quality of the ornamentation with the sharp inscribed lines has " strong angular forms and brilliant dark @-@ light patterns " . The carvings are of circles , undulations giving off spirals or sprays , geometric patterns , masks of lions and other uniform designs which has created a pleasant picture that is unique to this temple , among all others in the complex . In the interior space from the entrance there are three mandapas or halls , which successively rise in height and width , which is inclusive of a small chamber dedicated to Shiva , a chamber where Shiva 's wife , Parvati is deified , and a central sanctum or garbhagriha ( literal meaning " womb chamber " ) where the Shiva linga , the phallic emblem of Shiva is deified . The sanctum sanctorum is surrounded by interlinked passages which also have side and front balconies . Due to inadequate natural light in the balconies the sanctum has very little light thus creating a " cave like atmosphere " which is in total contrast to the external parts of the temple . In the interior halls of the temple and on its exterior faces there are elaborately carved sculptures of gods and goddesses , musicians and apsaras or nymphs . The huge pillars of the halls have architectural features of the " vine or scroll motif " . In the corners of the halls there are insets which are carved on the surface with incised patterns . There is a main tower above the sanctum and there are two other towers above the other mantapas also in the shape of " semi @-@ rounded , stepped , pyramidal form with progressively greater height " . The main tower is encircled by a series of interlinked towers and spires of smaller size . These are in the form of a repeated subset of miniature spires that abut a central core which gives the temple an unevenly cut contour similar to the shape of a mountain range of mount Kailasa of the Himalayas where god Shiva resides , which is appropriate to the theme of the temples here . The exterior surfaces of the temples are entirely covered with sculptures in three vertical layers . Here , there are horizontal ribbons carved with images , which shine bright in the sun light , providing rhythmic architectural features . Among the images of gods and heavenly beings , Agni , the god of fire is prominent . They are niches where erotic sculptures are fitted all round which are a major attraction among visitors . Some of these erotic sculptures are very finely carved and are in mithuna ( coitus ) postures with maidens flanking the couple , which is a frequently noted motif . There is also a " male figure suspended upside " in coitus posture , a kind of yogic pose , down on his head . The niches also have sculptures of Saptamatrikas , the septad of mother goddesses along with the gods Ganesha and Virabhadra . The seven fearful protector goddesses include : Brahmi seated on a swan of Brahma ; Maheshwari with three eyes seated on Shiva 's bull Nandi ; Kumari ; Vaishnavi mounted on Garuda ; the boar @-@ headed Varahi ; the lion @-@ headed Narasimhi and Chamunda , the slayer of demons Chanda and Munda .
= Enemies & Allies = Enemies & Allies is a 2009 novel by American science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson . The book is set in the 1950s , in the midst of the Cold War , and follows Superman and Batman . Though suspicious of each other , they confront Lex Luthor who stages an international nuclear conflict and spreads fear of an alien invasion so that he can sell advanced weapons to governments . Themes used in the novel , reflective of the 1950s era , include alien invasion films , nuclear threats , and Cold War paranoia . Anderson has written supporting novels in the past in established franchises , such as Star Wars and Dune . He had previously written about Superman in the 2007 novel The Last Days of Krypton . Enemies & Allies was published in May 2009 and met with mixed reviews which noted flat characterization but that it may be entertaining for comic book fans . = = Background = = The novel Enemies & Allies uses the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . It was written by science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson who , at the time of publication , was 47 years old and living in Colorado . He had been writing novels for the past 20 years and had 15 years ' experience writing tie @-@ in novels to existing franchises , such as The X @-@ Files and Star Wars . He was best known for his prequel novels in the Dune franchise with co @-@ author Brian Herbert . His latest novels in the Dune series were Paul of Dune , published in September 2008 , and The Winds of Dune , which would be released in August 2009 , only several months after releasing Enemies & Allies . He gained experience writing in the comic book format by authoring the 2004 – 05 six issue miniseries , JSA : Strange Adventures featuring the Justice Society of America . He had previously written a novel about the origins of Superman , The Last Days of Krypton published in 2007 . = = Plot = = The novel begins in Gotham City where Batman attempts to thwart a crime but he is being pursued by the police force who consider him a villain . In Metropolis Superman is seen as a hero as he rescues a sinking passenger boat . Lex Luthor , head of LuthorCorp , is allying himself with Soviet General Anatoly Ceridov who is mining and experimenting with kryptonite in Siberia . Luthor intends to stoke fears of an alien invasion and sell anti @-@ alien defenses to world governments . What appears to be an alien spacecraft flies over United States airspace and is confronted by the air force and Superman , but is ultimately stopped by LutherCorp airplanes . Meanwhile , Bruce Wayne , Batman 's alter @-@ ego , discovers that Lex Luthor is blackmailing members of Wayne Enterprises ' board of directors to steal technology designs , allowing him to beat Wayne Enterprises on military contracts . As Batman , Wayne infiltrates Luthor 's mansion to gather evidence but also steals Luthor 's sample of kryptonite which sets off alarms . Superman and Batman confront each other , suspicious of the other 's motives , but both flee as security forces respond to the alarms . Wayne turns his board of directors into double agents , having them give faulty technology to Luthor . To demonstrate his defensive capabilities , Luthor has Ceridov launch nuclear missiles from Russia to the US but Luthor 's faulty systems fail and Superman stops the missiles . Eventually , Superman discovers the Soviet kryptonite mine but is defeated by the physiological effects of the material . Batman travels to Siberia to rescue Superman . With both heroes in Siberia Lex Luthor attacks alien ships which had just attacked Metropolis , but are actually his own aircraft staging an alien invasion . Superman and Batman arrive in the middle of the fight and defeat Luther 's forces and subdues Luthor who is arrested for treason . While Luthor is sentenced to death , Superman and Batman privately meet again and reflect that the world can use both of them to protect it , revealing their knowledge of each other 's secret identities and their promise not to expose the other . = = Style and themes = = The story is set in the DC Universe but is non @-@ canon , similar to an Elseworlds story . The content is divided into 60 chapters which mostly alternate between the ( third person ) points @-@ of @-@ view of the two protagonists , Batman / Bruce Wayne and Superman / Clark Kent , though several chapters follow antagonists ( Lex Luthor and Soviet General Anatoly Ceridov ) . While the novel is based on comic book characters , it consists solely of prose . Anderson commented on the difficulty in writing comics as prose stating , " in the comics , several pages of superpowered action can propel the story , but when you read it in a book , it 's not quite so interesting . You need more parts to the story ... " Anderson sought to capture the nostalgic feel of the 1950s . In this effort , he used several themes associated with the time period , including alien invasion movies , nuclear threats , Cold War paranoia , and optimism in the future . About the time period , Anderson said " it seemed like this was a time when you could say with a straight face , ' I 'm fighting for truth , justice and the American way . ' " For the characters Anderson was picturing George Reeves 's Superman and Noel Neill 's Lois Lane as portrayed in the 1950s television series Adventures of Superman . One reviewer noted that Anderson 's portrayal of Lex Luthor is that of the post @-@ Crisis on Infinite Earths amoral businessman and Batman was more reminiscent of a 1930s @-@ style or a " Year One " -style Batman where he is actively pursued by the police . = = Publication and reception = = Enemies & Allies was published by William Morrow and Company , an imprint of HarperCollins . The novel was released as a hardcover in May 2009 and as a paperback in October 2010 . Book reviewers had mixed reactions . The review in Publishers Weekly called it a " hokey , contrived imagining " of the team @-@ up of Superman and Batman , concluding that it was " a schlocky mediocrity for die @-@ hard fans only . " Stacey Rottiers in Library Journal found Anderson 's portrayal of Metropolis and Gotham City , as well as the " imposing feel of the Soviet presence " to be well done . Both the Publishers Weekly and Library Journal reviews noted flat characterization and recommended the novel to comic fans only . In Booklist , Carl Hays had a more positive review , writing " Anderson keeps us guessing throughout with clever plot twists and some intriguing alternate cold war history . " The review in Kirkus Reviews was also positive , saying , " this is a refreshing diversion from the grimness of The Dark Knight or the tedious Superman Returns . Injects a welcome dose of retro exuberance into the capes @-@ and @-@ tights routine . " = = Audiobook = = In May 2013 , GraphicAudio released a full cast audiobook adaptation based on the novel , with 5 CDs and features a full cast , music , and sound effects .
= Interstate 97 = Interstate 97 ( I @-@ 97 ) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs entirely within Maryland . The intrastate Interstate runs 17 @.@ 62 miles ( 28 @.@ 36 km ) from U.S. Route 50 and US 301 in Parole near Annapolis north to I @-@ 695 and I @-@ 895 in Brooklyn Park near Baltimore . The Interstate is the primary highway between Baltimore and Annapolis . I @-@ 97 connects Annapolis with Baltimore – Washington International Airport and links the northern Anne Arundel County communities of Crownsville , Millersville , Severna Park , Glen Burnie , and Ferndale . It is the shortest primary Interstate Highway . I @-@ 97 was constructed along the corridor of Maryland Route 3 ( MD 3 ) between Millersville and Ferndale and MD 178 between Parole and Millersville . From Millersville to south of Glen Burnie , the Interstate closely follows the former course of MD 3 , which was built in the late 1910s and early 1920s and expanded to a divided highway in the late 1950s . North of there , the highway follows the Glen Burnie Bypass , a freeway built in the mid @-@ 1950s . The segment of I @-@ 97 from Millersville to Crownsville originated as a two @-@ lane portion of MD 32 in the early 1970s . The Interstate was introduced in 1979 after the state of Maryland successfully obtained Interstate mileage for a Baltimore – Annapolis freeway from the federal government . The state decided to build the highway along I @-@ 97 's current corridor rather than along the MD 2 corridor , which has partial freeway access via MD 10 . Construction on I @-@ 97 began in the late 1980s with new construction from US 50 and US 301 to Crownsville . The Crownsville – Millersville segment of MD 32 was expanded and incorporated into the Interstate and the MD 3 – MD 32 junction was upgraded . The portion of the MD 3 corridor from Millersville to south of Glen Burnie was upgraded on the spot to Interstate Highway standards in the early 1990s , after which MD 3 was truncated at Millersville . I @-@ 97 's interchange with I @-@ 695 was rebuilt in the late 1980s and early 1990s . The Glen Burnie Bypass was upgraded and expanded to six lanes in the mid @-@ 1990s . The complex process included reconstruction of several interchanges ; the last interchange to be reconstructed was upgraded in the mid @-@ 2000s . = = Route description = = I @-@ 97 begins at US 50 and US 301 ( John Hanson Highway ) , which run concurrently with unsigned I @-@ 595 , on the edge of the community of Parole west of Annapolis . The freeways meet at a semi @-@ directional T interchange ; the ramp from I @-@ 97 to eastbound US 50 and US 301 merges with a collector @-@ distributor road that extends east to that freeway 's interchange with MD 665 ( Aris T. Allen Boulevard ) . I @-@ 97 heads northwest as a four @-@ lane freeway with a speed limit of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) . The freeway crosses over MD 450 ( Defense Highway ) and passes along the south and west sides of Crownsville , where it crosses several tributaries of the Bacon Ridge Branch of the South River . North of Crownsville , I @-@ 97 has a partial interchange that comprises a pair of long ramps to MD 178 ( Generals Highway ) ; the interchange allows access from southbound I @-@ 97 to MD 178 and from the state highway to the northbound Interstate . I @-@ 97 gains an extra lane in each direction from the MD 178 ramps ; those extra lanes split off at the freeway 's partial interchange with the eastern end of MD 32 just north of Millersville . The Interstate curves northeast and has a complementary partial interchange with the northern end of MD 3 ( Robert Crain Highway ) . The two state highways meet each other at a six @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange immediately to the west of I @-@ 97 's sweeping curve , which facilitates all movements between the three highways . I @-@ 97 continues north as a six @-@ lane freeway and is closely paralleled on the east by Veterans Highway on the western edge of Severna Park . The highways cross Severn Run within Severn Run Natural Environment Area before they diverge slightly at the Interstate 's partial cloverleaf interchange with Benfield Boulevard ; access from northbound I @-@ 97 to the crossroad is via Veterans Highway . I @-@ 97 and Veterans Highway continue to parallel each other to the latter highway 's northern end at I @-@ 97 's partial cloverleaf interchange with the southern end of MD 3 Business ( Robert Crain Highway ) and New Cut Road . The interchange includes a flyover ramp from northbound I @-@ 97 to northbound Veterans Highway just south of its intersection with MD 3 Business . The freeway continues north along the west side of Glen Burnie and meets MD 174 ( Quarterfield Road ) at a four @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange and MD 100 at a cloverstack interchange that has flyover exit ramps from both directions of I @-@ 97 . I @-@ 97 temporarily gains two extra lanes in each direction between MD 100 and its partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 176 ( Dorsey Road ) . Access from the southbound Interstate to MD 176 is via MD 162 ( Aviation Boulevard ) , which forms part of the Airport Loop surrounding Baltimore – Washington International Airport . I @-@ 97 continues through Ferndale , where it crosses over the Glen Burnie branch of the Baltimore Light Rail immediately before the highway 's four @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 648 ( Baltimore – Annapolis Boulevard ) , which provides access to the transit line 's terminal station , Cromwell Station / Glen Burnie . I @-@ 97 's final interchange is with I @-@ 695 ( Baltimore Beltway ) . The Interstate crosses the Cabin Branch of Curtis Creek within the interchange , which includes a flyover ramp from I @-@ 97 to westbound I @-@ 695 ; that ramp and the one from eastbound I @-@ 695 to I @-@ 97 merge on the inside of the two carriageways of the Beltway . The Interstate drops to four lanes and reaches its northern terminus just north of the loop ramp from westbound I @-@ 695 to I @-@ 97 in Brooklyn Park . The highway continues as I @-@ 895A , a pair of ramps that merge with the spur from I @-@ 895 ( Harbor Tunnel Thruway ) to MD 2 ( Governor Ritchie Highway ) . The continuation from I @-@ 97 includes a ramp to westbound I @-@ 695 that allows access to the Beltway 's interchange with MD 648 . I @-@ 97 does not have an official name . However , the Interstate is dedicated to John A. Cade , who served the area around Severna Park in the Maryland Senate from 1974 to his 1996 death and who worked to secure funding for the highway . The Maryland General Assembly passed a dedication bill in 1998 , and the Maryland State Highway Administration ( MDSHA ) installed a pair of signs noting the dedication in Millersville and near Parole . Like all Interstate Highways , I @-@ 97 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length . I @-@ 97 is the shortest 2 @-@ digit mainline Interstate and only intracounty 2 @-@ digit Interstate in the contiguous United States . = = History = = = = = Predecessor highways = = = The first modern highway along the path of what is now I @-@ 97 followed the corridor from New Cut Road to south of the intersection of MD 178 and Veterans Highway at Dorrs Corner . This highway was intended as a second route from Glen Burnie to Annapolis to complement the highway along the east side of the Severn River ; this western route later became known as General 's Highway , a name still applied to its MD 178 portion . Construction of this highway was underway by 1919 . The new highway was completed as a gravel road from New Cut Road to north of Benfield and as a concrete road through Benfield and across Severn Run to near Dorrs Corner by 1921 . In 1922 , this highway was designated part of Robert Crain Highway , a new highway to connect the Baltimore area with Southern Maryland . The Glen Burnie – Dorrs Corner portion of the new highway was reconstructed and completed as a concrete road from Glen Burnie south through Millersville by 1923 . Robert Crain Highway became part of MD 3 in 1927 and then US 301 in 1939 when the U.S. Highway was extended from Virginia to Baltimore . MD 3 was reconstructed in 1933 and 1934 . The reconstruction eliminated several dangerous curves , particularly near Severn Run , and expanded the highway from a width of 15 to 20 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 to 6 @.@ 1 m ) . Veterans Highway follows much of that early 1930s course . The next portion of I @-@ 97 predecessor highway was built as the four @-@ lane Glen Burnie Bypass from Robert Crain Highway and New Cut Road north to the Baltimore Beltway . Construction on the four @-@ lane freeway began in August 1954 with construction of several bridges over or for the highway ; these bridges were completed in 1955 and 1956 . The dual roadways and interchange ramps from the southern end of the bypass to MD 648 were constructed starting in March 1955 ; the concrete @-@ surfaced highway was completed in February 1957 . The northernmost portion of the bypass , including the adjacent portion of the Baltimore Beltway , was constructed between December 1955 and September 1957 . US 301 was moved onto the bypass and the adjacent portion of the Beltway when the projects were completed in 1957 . The small portion of I @-@ 97 north of the Beltway was added to the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel project as a direct connection between the Glen Burnie Bypass and the Harbor Tunnel Thruway 's southern approach from MD 2 in 1955 . This segment was completed and opened with the tunnel and its approach highways in November 1957 . The Glen Burnie Bypass was constructed with five interchanges : a partial cloverleaf interchange at MD 3 Business and New Cut Road ; a tighter four @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange at MD 174 ; a diamond interchange at MD 176 ; the current four @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange at MD 648 ; and a half @-@ cloverleaf interchange at I @-@ 695 allowing full access between the Glen Burnie Bypass and Beltway but no access between the Beltway and the Harbor Tunnel Thruway . US 301 was expanded to a divided highway from the southern end of the Glen Burnie Bypass to Benfield in 1956 and 1957 . The highway 's second set of lanes , including a new bridge across Severn Run , was constructed and the existing roadway was reconstructed from Benfield to Millersville between 1957 and 1960 . The second set of lanes was built on the west side of what became a very wide median , which allowed businesses to site themselves in the median between the northbound and southbound lanes . During construction of the Benfield – Millersville stretch , US 301 was relocated to its present course from Bowie to the Eastern Shore and replaced with MD 3 . A pair of ramps between the Glen Burnie Bypass and MD 177 's freeway southern bypass of Glen Burnie ( now MD 100 ) were constructed between 1963 and 1965 . The first section of highway south of Dorrs Corner was built between 1969 and 1972 as a two @-@ lane segment of MD 32 from east of Odenton to MD 178 in Crownsville . The highway used what are now the ramps of I @-@ 97 's partial interchange with MD 178 and had a five @-@ ramp interchange with MD 3 in Millersville that lacked access from northbound MD 3 to eastbound MD 32 and from westbound MD 32 to southbound MD 3 . = = = Interstate designation and construction = = = Despite the existence or upcoming construction of two divided highway corridors between Baltimore and Annapolis , a freeway connecting I @-@ 695 and US 50 was proposed as early as 1956 in the form of the Arundel Expressway , which would relieve congestion on MD 2 . The portion of the Arundel Expressway that is today MD 10 was constructed from I @-@ 695 to MD 648 in Pasadena between 1970 and 1978 . MD 10 was proposed to continued south of Pasadena as a toll road to US 50 , but the section of the freeway south of MD 100 was removed from state plans by 1975 . MD 10 was completed to its present end in Pasadena in 1991 . The state of Maryland unsuccessfully petitioned the Federal Highway Administration for an Interstate designation for a Baltimore – Annapolis freeway after passage of the Federal @-@ Aid Highway Act of 1968 . However , the state was successful in obtaining Interstate mileage for the Baltimore – Annapolis corridor through the 1968 Howard – Cramer amendment , which provided for minor adjustments to the Interstate System if no additional costs were incurred . Much of the mileage of what became I @-@ 97 was reallocated from canceled Interstate Highways in Baltimore and the Washington area . With Interstate funding assured , MDSHA commissioned the Baltimore – Annapolis Transportation Corridor Study in 1973 to figure out , among other things , the best route for the Baltimore – Annapolis Interstate . The study discovered a western route following the MD 3 and MD 178 corridors would be less disruptive and require fewer acquisitions of homes and businesses compared to an extension of the Arundel Expressway south along the MD 2 corridor . In June 1979 , MDSHA announced plans for I @-@ 97 . The original route numbering plan , which was approved by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) at its November 1975 meeting , was for I @-@ 97 to include its current route plus US 50 from Parole west to I @-@ 95 ( Capital Beltway ) . That proposal included two auxiliary Interstate highways . I @-@ 197 would follow US 50 and US 301 east from I @-@ 97 to just west of the Severn River . I @-@ 297 would follow MD 3 between a pair of intersections with I @-@ 97 in Millersville and Bowie . AASHTO rescinded its approval of the 1975 plan at its June 1981 meeting , then approved what was essentially the original 1975 plan at its June 1982 meeting . The east – west segment of I @-@ 97 and I @-@ 197 was replaced by I @-@ 68 . I @-@ 297 was withdrawn by request of the state of Maryland in 1983 . The 1982 concept of I @-@ 68 became unsigned I @-@ 595 and I @-@ 68 was applied to the National Freeway in Western Maryland in 1991 after AASHTO approved the new designations at its June 1989 meeting . The first portion of I @-@ 97 proper to be constructed was the section south of Millersville , which was placed under construction in three sections in March 1985 . The first section of the highway , from US 50 and US 301 to Millersville Road west of the MD 178 interchange , opened in December 1987 . Construction of I @-@ 97 from Millersville Road to the intersection of MD 3 and MD 178 at Dorrs Corner started in July 1987 . The Interstate through Millersville opened in April 1989 . The interchange at I @-@ 97 's southern terminus was originally constructed as a partial interchange , with I @-@ 97 tying into what are now the collector @-@ distributor lanes of US 50 and US 301 . The ramps from eastbound US 50 and US 301 to I @-@ 97 and from I @-@ 97 to the westbound U.S. Highways were added during the reconstruction of US 50 and US 301 in 1992 and 1993 . = = = Reconstruction of existing highway = = = Reconstruction of the MD 3 divided highway and the Glen Burnie Bypass was a complex operation that involved many temporary openings , lane shifts , construction of new roadways , and reconstruction of existing roadways over several phases over several years . The first improvement was the reconstruction of the I @-@ 695 interchange between 1987 and 1991 . The modern ramps from I @-@ 97 to westbound I @-@ 695 and from eastbound I @-@ 695 to I @-@ 97 were built , eastbound I @-@ 695 's ramp over these two ramps was constructed , and the loop ramp from I @-@ 97 to westbound I @-@ 695 was removed . I @-@ 97 from its interchange with MD 648 to the new Beltway ramps was reconstructed to Interstate Highway standards and expanded to six lanes between May 1993 and August 1995 . Part of the functionality of the loop ramp to westbound I @-@ 695 was restored in October 1995 when another ramp from the Harbor Tunnel Thruway approach to westbound I @-@ 695 was added to allow access from I @-@ 97 to MD 648 . Reconstruction of the MD 3 divided highway from Millersville to MD 3 Business began in 1987 over two sections . The first section , from north of MD 3 Business to north of Benfield Boulevard , began in 1987 . The work included the construction of the flyover ramp from northbound I @-@ 97 to Veterans Highway just south of MD 3 Business . The section from north of Benfield Boulevard to MD 178 at Dorrs Corner was reconstructed starting in 1989 . The second section included construction of the Benfield Boulevard interchange . The southbound MD 3 roadway was rebuilt in place as the southbound lanes of I @-@ 97 . New northbound lanes were built immediately to the east of the southbound lanes . In February 1991 , the new northbound lanes opened and access from I @-@ 97 to Veterans Highway was removed at Dorrs Corner . The old northbound lanes were reconstructed and re @-@ purposed as a two @-@ lane road , Veterans Highway , later that year . Anne Arundel County agreed to accept Veterans Highway for maintenance after the I @-@ 97 – related construction concluded in a road transfer agreement on July 21 , 1988 . MD 3 was truncated at Millersville after I @-@ 97 opened in October 1991 ; signage for MD 3 on I @-@ 695 was removed by 1993 . Before reconstruction of the Glen Burnie Bypass from MD 3 Business to MD 648 began in November 1993 , the Stewart Avenue bridge across the Interstate just south of the MD 100 interchange was replaced and ramps from northbound I @-@ 97 to eastbound MD 100 and from westbound MD 100 to southbound I @-@ 97 were added between 1990 and 1992 . The freeway was reconstructed to Interstate standards in three sections . The middle section from MD 174 to MD 176 was reconstructed concurrently with the segment of MD 100 west from I @-@ 97 to MD 295 starting in 1993 . That segment of MD 100 , including the MD 100 – I @-@ 97 interchange , opened in November 1996 , and the reconstruction of the middle section of I @-@ 96 was finished in July 1997 . The sections of I @-@ 97 from MD 3 Business to MD 174 and from MD 176 to MD 648 and were reconstructed starting in January 1994 . The MD 176 – MD 648 roadway section was completed in March 1996 . The northern half of the MD 176 interchange was reconstructed as part of the latter project . The new loop ramp from northbound I @-@ 97 to westbound MD 176 and the new ramp from MD 176 to northbound I @-@ 97 were completed in 1995 . The ramp from southbound I @-@ 97 to MD 176 was removed during the widening project . The pair of ramps between southbound I @-@ 97 and MD 162 to replace the removed ramp were constructed between 1996 and 1998 . The final piece of construction on I @-@ 97 was the reconstruction of its interchange with MD 174 , which began in 2002 and concluded in 2005 . = = Exit list = = The entire route is in Anne Arundel County .
= 2008 Indian Premier League Final = The 2008 Indian Premier League Final was a day / night Twenty20 cricket match played between the Rajasthan Royals and the Chennai Super Kings on 1 June 2008 at the DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai to determine the winner of the 2008 Indian Premier League , a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India . It ended as the Royals defeated the Super Kings by three wickets . The Royals , captained by Shane Warne , topped the group stage table , whereas the Super Kings , led by Mahendra Singh Dhoni , stood at the third position . They had defeated the Delhi Daredevils and the Kings XI Punjab respectively in the semi @-@ finals . Winning the toss , Royals ' captain Shane Warne opted to field first . The Super Kings scored 163 runs in 20 overs with a loss of 5 wickets . Batting at number three , Suresh Raina top scored for the Super Kings with 43 runs . Royals ' bowler Yusuf Pathan took three wickets for 22 runs . The Royals failed to build a good opening partnership . However , due to contributions from the middle order , it reached the winning total in the last ball and earned the 2008 Indian Premier League title . Pathan , who was the best performer for the Royals with both bat and ball , was named the man of the match . = = Route to the final = = = = = Group stage = = = The Super Kings started its campaign with four consecutive wins , but lost its next three matches to the Daredevils , the Royals and the Deccan Chargers . It qualified for the semifinals after winning four of its last seven league matches . The Royals lost its first match in the group stage to the Daredevils . However , it won all of its next five matches . Then , it suffered a defeat against the Mumbai Indians , but went on to win its next six matches . It lost the last group stage match against the Kings XI . The two teams faced each other in two matches of the group stage , both of which were won by the Royals . The Royals had played a match in the tournament before at the DY Patil Stadium ; it lost the match by seven wickets . The Super Kings played at the stadium for the first time in the finals . = = = Semi @-@ finals = = = The Royals played the Daredevils in the first semi @-@ final . The Daredevils won the toss and decided to field first . The Royals got an opening partnership of 65 runs . Its middle @-@ order batsmen Shane Watson and Yusuf Pathan scored 52 and 45 runs respectively to help it amass 192 runs for the loss of 9 wickets . Batting second , the Daredevils lost its first five batsmen for just 55 runs . Tillakaratne Dilshan top @-@ scored for the Daredevils with 33 runs . The Daredevils was bowled out in the 17th over for just 87 runs , and gave its counterpart a 105 @-@ run victory . Watson , who took 3 / 10 , had the best bowling figures for the Royals , and was awarded the man of the match for his all @-@ round performance . In the second semi @-@ final , Super Kings played the Kings XI . The Kings XI won the toss and elected to bat first , but its top six batsman failed and only one of them reached double figures . However , due to significant contributions from the lower @-@ order , Punjab managed to reach a total of 112 / 8 . Super Kings fast bowler Manpreet Gony took 3 wickets by conceding just 14 runs . In reply , Super Kings lost its first wicket when Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan were dismissed for 6 runs . However , both Parthiv Patel and Suresh Raina scored a half century each and took the Super Kings to the target with 31 balls to spare . The Super Kings won the match by nine wickets , and Makhaya Ntini was given the man of the match award . = = Buildup = = The match was hosted by Mumbai because the franchise owner of the Mumbai Indians placed the highest bid for acquisition , which was US $ 111 @.@ 9 million . Before the match , ESPNCricinfo assistant editor Nagraj Gollapudi identified the Royals as the most likely winner . Despite being seen as the underdogs , the Royals finished at the top of the league table , and won 11 matches out of 14 with 22 points . The Super Kings stood third , behind Kings XI , getting 16 points from eight wins . There were two changes in the Royals ' playing eleven for the final ; Graeme Smith and Mahesh Rawat were replaced by Kamran Akmal and Niraj Patel . Smith was ruled out of the match as he was suffering from a hamstring injury . The Super Kings fielded the same side as in its semi @-@ final win over the Kings XI . = = Match = = = = = Summary = = = Despite the fact that the home team Mumbai Indians was not playing , the match attracted a huge number of spectators . They were exposed to performances by Amrita Arora , Shamita Shetty , Dia Mirza , Salman Khan and Cirque du Soleil . Then a laser show was organised . The match was a day / night match , and started at 20 : 18 Indian Standard Time ( IST ) ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) . The toss took place at 20 : 00 IST in the presence of Lalit Modi and match referee Javagal Srinath . Modi flipped the coin , and Royals ' captain Warne called heads ; the coin turned out to be heads , and Warne won the toss . Sunil Gavaskar had said in his match report that the batsmen will be required to play more on the front foot because of the inconstant bounce . The pitch was patchy , and Warne chose to field first . The Super Kings lost its first batsman as Sivaramakrishnan went out for 16 runs . He was caught by Ravindra Jadeja when Pathan was up . Sivaramakrishnan pulled a fast ball to deep mid @-@ wicket , and Jadeja took a " well @-@ judged catch " . Sivaramakrishnan made 16 runs in 14 balls at a strike rate of 114 @.@ 28 , and played an opening partnership of 39 runs with P. Patel . After that , Raina joined P. Patel , and both of them made 25 runs for the second wicket partnership with a run rate of 6 @.@ 81 . P. Patel was caught in the last ball of the ninth over . Similar to the previous wicket , Pathan bowled a flat and fast ball , P. Patel tried to play it towards the third man . However , the ball edged towards the wicket @-@ keeper Akmal , who initially dropped the ball , but caught it afterwards . P. Patel made 38 runs in 33 balls and hit five boundaries . The next wicket was of Albie Morkel , who made 16 runs out of 13 balls . Pathan again bowled a flat fast ball , which was top edged by Morkel . The ball went into the air , and was eventually caught by Akmal . However this resulted in the collision of Akmal and Mohammad Kaif as both were trying to take the catch , and both of them got injured . Four overs later , Jadeja caught Raina on Watson , breaking a 33 runs fourth wicket partnership between him and captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni . Watson bowled a full length ball outside off stump . Raina played it towards long off , but failed to get enough distance and Jadeja caught the ball at the boundary . Chamara Kapugedera joined Dhoni after the dismissal of Raina , a decision which " punctured " the momentum in the slog overs . Kapugedera made eight runs by acing 12 balls , before being caught by Swapnil Asnodkar on Sohail Tanvir . Tanvir bowled an angling slower ball , which was lofted on the front foot by Kapugedera . The ball was caught by long @-@ on fielder Asnodkar . With the last five balls remaining in the innings , Dhoni and Subramaniam Badrinath together made 15 runs , and Badrinath made six runs off two balls . Dhoni made 29 runs not out , facing 17 balls , in which he hit two fours and one six . Pathan had the best figures with the ball for the Royals , as he took three wickets for 22 runs in four overs . Tanvir and Watson got one wicket each and gave 40 and 29 runs respectively . Warne gave 34 runs in his four overs , but failed to get any wicket . Munaf Patel and Siddharth Trivedi gave 14 and 21 runs respectively in their two overs each . In reply , the Royals lost its first batsman as N. Patel went out after scoring two runs in 11 balls . Manpreet Gony bowled a full length ball outside the off stump , which hit the leg stump after getting an inside edge as N. Patel opted to pull it . He went out in the first ball of the fourth over , leaving his team at 19 runs with loss of one wicket . The Royals lost its second opener when Raina caught Asnodkar as he hit a full and wide ball by Morkel to point . He made 28 runs facing 20 balls . In the same over , Makhaya Ntini ran out Akmal with a direct hit . Akmal played the ball to mid @-@ on , but Ntini glided downwards and threw the ball at the stumps . After the fall of Akmal 's wicket , Watson and Pathan started playing more aggressively , and scored 65 runs for a fourth wicket partnership at a run rate of 8 @.@ 66 ; this was also the highest partnership of the match . In the eleventh over , Raina dropped Pathan on Murlitharan at deep midwicket . At the end of the thirteenth over , the Royals reached a score of 100 runs . In the fifteenth over , Muralitharan broke the partnership as he bowled Watson ; the ball hit the leg stump . The next wicket was of Kaif , who was caught by Dhoni on Muralitharan . Kaif pushed a flat doosra , and Dhoni took a simple catch at cover . In the next ball , Jadeja went out for a golden duck . Morkel bowled a short ball , and Jadeja tried to pull it . However the ball went to mid @-@ on , and Kapugedera caught the ball after running towards his left . In the same over , Raina ran out Pathan with a direct hit at the stumps . Morkel bowled a full ball which was pushed by Warne to point . He ran for a single , but Raina hit the stumps , running out off @-@ striker Pathan . Pathan went out scoring a half @-@ century ; he made 56 runs out off 39 balls with a strike rate of 143 @.@ 58 and hit three fours and four sixes . The Royals needed 18 runs at the end of the eighteenth over . The second last over was bowled by Ntini , in which he gave up ten runs . In the last ball of the over , Ntini bowled a good length ball , and Warne hit a four by Warne at cover . In the last over , the Royals required eight runs , and Dhoni gave the ball to Lakshmipathy Balaji . Six runs were required from the last three balls , but Balaji bowled a wide outside off stump , which was missed by the wicket @-@ keeper P. Patel . This resulted in two extra runs . In the next ball , Warne hit a full ball for a run . The Royals needed three runs from the last two balls . Tanvir played the fifth legal delivery of the over , which was an angling full toss . Tanvir hit the ball at the long leg , and ran two runs . The Royals needed one more run off the last ball , with Tanvir on strike ; Balaji bowled him a short ball . Warne had already covered the half distance of the pitch when Tanvir hit the ball . The two batsmen ran for a single and the Royals won the match . Both of them remained not out with nine runs each . Morkel and Muralitharan got two wickets each , giving 25 and 39 runs respectively . Gony got one wicket , whereas Ntini and Balaji had none . Pathan received the award for maximum sixes in a match ; he hit four sixes in the match . He was also named the man of the Match . = = = Scorecard = = = On @-@ field umpires : Billy Bowden ( New Zealand ) , Rudi Koertzen ( South Africa ) Third umpire : Daryl Harper ( Australia ) Match referee : Javagal Srinath ( India ) Reserve umpire : MR Singh ( India ) Toss : Royals elected to field first Result : Royals won by three wickets League impact : Royals won the 2008 Indian Premier League Key * – Captain – Wicket @-@ keeper c Fielder – the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler – the bowler who gains credit for the dismissal lbw – the batsman was dismissed leg before wicket Total runs are in the format : score / wickets = = Aftermatch = = The Royals received ₹ 48 million ( US $ 710 @,@ 000 ) and a trophy for being the champions . Royals ' players received their medals from Sharad Pawar in the post @-@ match ceremony . Warne said : It 's been a fantastic journey . We 're gelled together really quickly . It makes me proud to see so many young guys learning and executing their skills in the middle . I think the crowds all over India have made the atmosphere amazing . Congratulations to Chennai . It 's been a wonderful ride for us . Royals ' Tanvir was given the purple cap for getting the highest number of wickets in the league . Watson was declared as the man of the series ; he scored 474 runs and took 17 wickets in the season . The Super Kings received ₹ 24 million ( US $ 360 @,@ 000 ) for being the runners @-@ up . Dhoni said : I think the standard of our cricket was really good . We were up to the mark in the finals . We lost as a team . There were a few errors in batting and bowling . We 're not really unhappy or bogged down by it . We 'll go back to our hotel and enjoy it . That 's what sport is all about. the response from our team was great. even the guys who didn 't get a chance were completely behind the team . So the spirit was great . " Both teams qualified for the 2008 Champions League Twenty20 . However , the tournament was cancelled due to the 2008 Mumbai attacks and both teams were given ₹ 220 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 3 million ) each as compensation .
= Mirror 's Edge = Mirror 's Edge is an action @-@ adventure platformer developed by EA DICE and published by Electronic Arts . The game was announced on July 10 , 2007 , and was released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in November 2008 . A Microsoft Windows version was released on January 13 , 2009 . Mirror 's Edge is powered by the Unreal Engine 3 , with the addition of a new lighting solution , developed by Illuminate Labs in association with DICE . Mirror 's Edge is set in a quasi @-@ futuristic dystopian society , in which a network of ' runners ' , including the main character , Faith , act as couriers to transmit messages while evading government surveillance . In the style of a three @-@ dimensional platform game , the player guides Faith over rooftops , across walls , through ventilation shafts , and otherwise within urban environments , negotiating obstacles using movements inspired by parkour . The game has a brightly colored style and differs from most previous first @-@ person perspective video games in allowing for a greater freedom of movement with regard to its 3D environment , allowing for a wider range of actions — such as sliding under barriers , tumbling , wall @-@ running , and shimmying across ledges ; in having no heads @-@ up display ; and in allowing a range of vision which incorporated the legs , arms , and torso of the character as frequently visible elements on @-@ screen . Mirror 's Edge has received positive reviews , with the PC version garnering a Metacritic aggregated score of 81 . The game 's uniqueness and its expansive environments have received praise , while criticism has centred on its weakness of plot , trial and error gameplay and short length . The game won the Annual Interactive Achievement Award for Adventure Game of the Year . A soundtrack featuring remixes of the final credits song " Still Alive " by Swedish singer Lisa Miskovsky was also released . A side @-@ scroller mobile game , also titled Mirror 's Edge , was released for iPad on April 1 , 2010 , and for the iPhone on September 2 , 2010 . A port of the game was released for Windows Phone on July 13 , 2012 , with an initial exclusivity period for owners of Nokia Lumia phones . A reboot , Mirror 's Edge Catalyst , was officially announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 and was released on June 7 , 2016 . = = Gameplay = = In Mirror 's Edge , the player controls the protagonist , Faith , from a first @-@ person perspective as she is challenged to navigate across a gleaming city , by jumping between rooftops , running across walls , and gaining access to buildings through ventilation shafts . This is accomplished by use of techniques and movements inspired by the discipline of parkour . According to senior producer Owen O 'Brien , Mirror 's Edge aims to " convey [ ... ] strain and physical contact with the environment " , with the goal of allowing a freedom of movement previously unseen in the first @-@ person genre . In order to achieve this , camera movement pays more attention to character movement . For example , as Faith 's speed builds up while running , the rate at which the camera bobs up and down increases as well . When a roll is executed , the camera spins with the character . Faith 's arms , legs , and torso are prominent and their visibility is used to convey movement and momentum . The character 's arms pump and the length of her steps increase with her gait , and her legs cycle and arms flail during long jumps . In gameplay , the character 's momentum becomes an asset . The player must attempt to conserve it through fluidity of physical actions , encouraging the creation of chains of moves . If Faith does not have the momentum required to traverse an object , she will fall off or short of it . Controls are simplified by being context @-@ sensitive ; the " upwards movement " button will cause Faith to traverse an obstacle by passing over it ( i.e. , by jumping , vaulting , climbing , or grabbing set pieces like zip @-@ lines ) while the " downwards movement " button will cause her to perform other manoeuvres like sliding , rolling , or crouching . To assist the player in creating these chains of moves , the game employs a system called " Runner Vision " , which emphasises environmental pieces useful for progression . Certain pipes , ramps , and doors are highlighted in red as Faith approaches , allowing the player to instantly recognize paths and escape routes . Further along in the game , the number of these visual hints is reduced to only the end goal , and the player can opt to turn off this hint system entirely . It is also used to create puzzles in which the player must figure out how to combine the highlighted set pieces into a chain of moves in order to reach the target . Another means of assistance to the player is a system called " Reaction Time " , a form of bullet time activated by the player , slowing down time and allowing the player to plan and time their next move without losing momentum or tactical advantage . The player character can hold weapons , but O 'Brien stressed that " this is an action adventure . We 're not positioning this as a shooter – the focus isn 't on the gun , it 's on the person . " Gameplay in Mirror 's Edge focuses on finding the best route through the game 's environments while combat takes a secondary role . Completing the game without shooting a single enemy unlocks an achievement for the player . Consequently , guns may be obtained by disarming an enemy , but when the magazine is empty , it will need to be discarded . Additionally , carrying a weapon slows Faith down ; the heavier the gun , the more it hinders her movement . This introduces an element of strategy in determining when to trade agility for short @-@ term firepower . Along with the campaign mode , Mirror 's Edge features a time attack mode , where the player must try to complete one of a set of special maps in the shortest amount of time . Best times can be uploaded to online leaderboards , where players can also download ghosts of other players to compete against . The maps are unlocked by playing through the campaign mode . According to producer Tom Ferrer , the time trial portions of Mirror 's Edge are " bite @-@ sized and short so you can grind them and play them and get faster and faster . It 's not like playing an entire level . " The mobile phone port includes many parkour moves from the PC and console versions , however , the perspective is shifted from first person to third person . The game does not feature cutscenes , and the plot is explained with scrolling text in between levels . The iOS version has since been removed from the app store due to problems with the game on iOS 8 . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = Mirror 's Edge takes place in Glass , a ' utopian ' city where life is comfortable and crime almost non @-@ existent . But the city 's state of bliss is the achievement of a domineering and totalitarian regime which monitors all communication , controls the media , spies on its citizens and has policies which include the outright prohibition of smoking and alcohol . The City also operates sham trials , and runs on a sham democracy . Eighteen years before the events of the game they had opened fire on a protest against their rule , killing many civilians . As the story begins the mayoral elections are near and a new candidate , Robert Pope , is challenging the incumbent Mayor Callaghan on a platform of deregulation . = = = Themes = = = According to senior producer Owen O 'Brien , " [ Mirror 's Edge ] asks how much of your personal freedom are you willing to give up for a comfortable life . It 's not one girl against this police @-@ state dictatorship . It 's more subtle than that . " American TV series Firefly and film spin @-@ off Serenity were cited by O 'Brien as inspirations . " Our other theme is you can 't force other people to live by your rules and your society , even if your society is better , " he said . " In Serenity The Operative actually says , ' This is not an evil empire . We just don 't understand why you don 't want to be part of our happy club . ' Obviously they take it too far , and that 's kind of what happens in our game as well . " Writer Rhianna Pratchett has said that the game 's story examined why citizens would accept a life in a society where their personal choices were very limited . It also looked at reasons people might have for attempting to live outside the system and what could result from this . The society portrayed in the game was somewhere between what George Orwell described as an ' anti @-@ utopia ' and a Nanny State . = = = Characters = = = The protagonist of Mirror 's Edge is 24 @-@ year @-@ old Faith Connors ( voiced by Jules de Jongh ) , who has a distinctive tattoo around her right eye , imitated by the game 's logo . Faith earns her living as a " Runner " , a courier who carries physical communiqués around the city , her services retained by revolutionary groups who avoid communicating via highly monitored telephone and e @-@ mail channels . Faith 's attitude towards the totalitarian government is rooted in her past ; her parents were active in protest movements when she was young , campaigning to keep the city from shifting to the oppressive regime . Her mother was killed during the " November riots " — peaceful protests gone wrong — and Faith ran away from home when she was 16 , living a thief 's life on the city streets . Faith became a Runner after meeting Mercury ( or Merc ) , a former Runner who now trains new hires , sources jobs for them , and provides them with intelligence and radio support while on the job . Other characters include Faith 's sister , Kate Connors , an officer with the city police ; Drake , another Runner @-@ trainer ; Faith 's friends Celeste and Kreeg , another pair of Merc 's Runners ; and Jacknife , a former Runner . = = = Story = = = Faith , after completing a delivery to fellow Runner Celeste , learns that her sister Kate may be in trouble at Pope 's office . When she arrives , she finds Kate standing beside Pope 's body , insisting she has been framed for murder and requesting Faith to discover the cause . Faith finds a piece of paper with the name " Icarus " on it in Pope 's hand . Kate refuses to flee with Faith , saying it would only make her look guilty , and is arrested . From a former Runner , Jacknife , Faith learns that Pope 's head of security , former wrestler Travis " Ropeburn " Burfield , may be connected to Pope 's murder . Faith meets Lt. Miller , at Kate 's behest , narrowly avoiding arrest . At Ropeburn 's office , she overhears him setting up a meeting at a new place downtown . At the meeting , Ropeburn discovers Faith 's presence and attacks her , but Faith gains the upper hand and throws him off the roof . As he is hanging above a long drop , she tries to interrogate Ropeburn , but before he can reveal anything he is killed by an unknown assassin . Lacking other leads , Faith investigates the security firm that has begun aiding the police force in their crackdown of Runners . She finds they are behind " Project Icarus " , a program designed to train their forces in parkour style to oppose the Runners , giving them the ability to chase down and eliminate the Runners . Faith follows the trail of Ropeburn 's killer to a boat in port ; after chasing the unknown person , Faith discovers the assassin is actually Celeste , who is colluding with Project Icarus to keep herself safe , and Celeste warns Faith to consider the same . The arrival of the police allows Celeste to escape . With Kate convicted for Pope 's murder , Merc plans a way for Faith to ambush the police convoy transporting her to prison , and Faith helps to free Kate . She gives Kate her comms unit that she and Merc use and tells her that he will guide her back to his hideout . When Faith returns to the hideout , she finds it in ruins , with Merc dying and Kate recaptured . In his dying words , Merc tells Faith that Kate is now at the Shard , which contains Mayor Callaghan 's office and the servers that run the city 's surveillance systems . With Miller 's help , Faith is able to enter the Mayor 's private offices , destroying many of the servers to gain access to the roof . On the roof , she finds Kate held at gunpoint by Jacknife . Jacknife reveals that he too is part of Project Icarus , and has been part of the plan all along to lure the Runners out of hiding . When Jacknife tries to take Kate onto a waiting helicopter , Faith jumps on before it can leave , knocking Jacknife out of the helicopter to fall to his death but also damaging the helicopter in the process . Faith helps Kate to escape safely from the falling helicopter . During the end credits , the media reports that Faith 's actions have only served to intensify Project Icarus , and Faith and Kate are still wanted for Pope 's murder . However , with the surveillance infrastructure damaged , the population is cautioned to avoid using electronic means of communications until their " security " is restored , with the location of Faith and Kate remaining unknown . = = Development and release = = In 2007 , DICE creative director Ben Cousins told GamesIndustry.biz that the studio was looking to create " something fresh and interesting " , anticipating a need to diversify away from the successful Battlefield franchise the studio was known for . In June 2007 , Computer and Video Games magazine revealed that DICE was working on a game called Mirror 's Edge , which was expected to " shake up the [ first @-@ person shooter ] genre " . On July 10 , 2007 , Mirror 's Edge was officially announced by Electronic Arts , and at the Game Developers Conference in San Francisco in February 2008 , the first demonstration of gameplay was shown . A video featuring entirely in @-@ game footage was released at the Sony PlayStation Day in London on May 6 , 2008 . Mirror 's Edge has a distinct visual style , with the outdoor environments predominantly featuring white and distinctively lacking in green ( for example , trees and foliage would appear completely white instead of in their natural colors ) , punctuated by deliberate use of strong primary colours . According to Senior Producer Owen O 'Brien , the stylistic choice allows the player to focus on the Runner Vision guidance , as well as serving as a health meter ; the colours become less saturated as Faith starts to take damage . Because development of Mirror 's Edge began before DICE 's own Frostbite was completed , the game uses Epic 's Unreal Engine 3 . A lighting system called " Beast " was developed for the Unreal Engine by Illuminate Labs in association with DICE . The new software would accentuate the different art style of Mirror 's Edge , by allowing for the reflection of colours as well as light . In order to address the issue of simulation sickness associated with the free movement of the camera in first @-@ person view , a small reticle was placed in the centre of the screen . The reticle serves as an aiming and focal point , preventing dizziness in similar fashion to the dance technique called spotting . Aside from this reticle ( which can be hidden by the player ) , no heads @-@ up display exists in the game . The demo for Mirror 's Edge , consisting of the game 's prologue chapter , was released via the PlayStation Store on October 30 , 2008 , followed by the Xbox LIVE Marketplace on October 31 . On November 7 , 2008 , DICE announced that Mirror 's Edge had achieved gold status , and PS3 and Xbox 360 versions would be shipping to retailers on November 13 . On January 16 , 2009 , a Microsoft Windows version of the game was released . The PC version features support for NVIDIA 's PhysX , adding detail and physics to glass , smoke and soft materials . The game includes the SecuROM v7.x ( activation based ) DRM software , unless bought from Steam . The game was at the centre of EA 's conflict with EDGE Games , a California @-@ based development studio . EDGE Games is not related to Edge magazine beyond the licensing of its trademark . In September 2009 , EA petitioned to have EDGE Games ' trademarks cancelled , alleging continued threats of legal action . Tim Langdell , president of EDGE responded by accusing EA of engaging EDGE in settlement talks as a " play for time " . Langdell 's company claimed true legal ownership of the phrase " Mirror 's Edge " among other variations of " Edge " . After a court found that EDGE 's claims were " suspect " , the company settled with EA and surrendered many of its trademarks . = = = Marketing campaign = = = Buyers who pre @-@ ordered Mirror 's Edge at Game Crazy received a code that unlocked a time trial portion of the demo , as well as a Mirror 's Edge @-@ themed t @-@ shirt . A time trial code was also included in GameStop preorders , along with a yellow " Runner Bag " resembling the messenger bags used in the game . Preorders from UK retailer GAME included a Mirror 's Edge @-@ edition Fenchurch t @-@ shirt . The game could also be bought through the Electronic Arts website , where a package deal with a red Timbuk2 messenger bag was available . The bag featured the game 's logo on the outside , while the inside featured a portrait of Faith . = = = Comics = = = During Comic @-@ Con 2008 , DICE announced it would create a limited @-@ run comic book adaptation of the game together with DC Comics division WildStorm . The six @-@ issue comic is drawn by Matthew Dow Smith and written by Rhianna Pratchett . = = = Soundtrack = = = In May , the Mirror 's Edge Original Videogame Score was released in online @-@ only form . The album was composed by Swedish electronic musician Magnus Birgersson , also known as Solar Fields , who stated that " the music should reflect the environment , the story , the gameplay and Faith 's mood " and that the soundtrack is a mixture of electronic and ambiental music . On October 7 , 2008 , EA announced the release of a remix album featuring the Mirror 's Edge theme song " Still Alive " by Swedish musician Lisa Miskovsky . Contributing artists included Benny Benassi , Junkie XL , Paul van Dyk , Teddybears and Armand Van Helden . Although " Still Alive " is also the name of the closing credits song of 2007 game Portal , the two tracks are unrelated . The album , titled Still Alive – the Remixes , was released on November 11 , 2008 . The album was included free in the standard game in later releases for all platforms . = = Reception = = Mirror 's Edge has received mostly positive reviews , with score aggregator Metacritic reporting scores of 81 / 100 for the PC version and 79 / 100 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions . Official Xbox Magazine gave the game 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 , praising its " brilliant sense of motion and gameplay " . Play awarded it 9 out of 10 , while GameTrailers.com gave it 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 . Computer and Video Games was also positive , calling it " A brilliant and unique experience , even if the small shooting parts aren 't quite up to scratch . " IGN awarded the game 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 , calling it a " thrilling and stylish venture " , but " the first chapter of a franchise that 's still finding its feet . " GameSpot praised the immersive gameplay environments , but criticised the inconsistency of gameplay speed . Ian Bogost of Gamasutra commended the game for being unconventional , calling it " a shooter that makes you hate to shoot " . Edge gave the game 5 out of 10 , stating that the levels felt contrived and that there was no true freedom through the levels , merely multiple preordained paths . The Guardian noted the game 's short length , and many reviews criticised the " trial and error " nature of the play . Despite giving the game a score of 8 out of 10 , Eurogamer dismissed the storyline as rambling , adding that " [ Mirror 's Edge ] is going to divide audiences down the middle ... Some will be able to overlook the gaping flaws , but others will never appreciate its moments of brilliance , and both positions are justifiable ... " Other issues raised were the stylistic choice of animated cutscenes , and the " cramped " feel of some of the levels . The developers initially projected a total of three million copies of Mirror 's Edge to be sold , but in February 2009 , Electronic Arts reported sales of over one million . According to an October 2010 court document pertaining to the legal conflict between EA and Edge Games ( see Mirror 's Edge : Development and release ) , Mirror 's Edge has sold more than two million copies worldwide , with more than 750 @,@ 000 of those copies having been sold in North America . The iPhone @-@ compatible version of the game has sold more than 37 @,@ 000 copies . In June 2013 , the executive vice president of the EA Games revealed the game has sold " about 2 @.@ 5 million units " . = = Expansions and sequels = = On December 4 , 2008 , EA announced the creation of seven all @-@ new time trial maps for Mirror 's Edge , slated for release in January 2009 . According to Owen O 'Brien , Senior Producer for DICE , “ The freedom of movement and control in first person has been the most popular aspect of Mirror 's Edge so we decided to distill these down to their purest form for this map pack ... We deliberately chose a more abstract aesthetic that is still within our distinctive art style and then focused on flow and gameplay to create an experience and challenge very different from the main game . ” In January 2009 , the release date was specified as January 29 . The release was delayed until February 19 , 2009 , when the " Time Trial Map Pack " was made available as downloadable content for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and PC . An eighth map is available exclusively for the PlayStation 3 version of the game . The time trials DLC has proven to be incompatible with versions of Mirror 's Edge purchased from Steam . A side @-@ scrolling browser game interpretation of Mirror 's Edge titled Mirror 's Edge 2D was released by Electronic Arts in conjunction with independent developer Borne Games . The game is similar to and uses the modified engine of Borne 's popular game Fancy Pants Adventures . A one @-@ level beta was released on November 11 , 2008 , with an expanded three @-@ level beta released on February 24 , 2009 . The developer 's site states that " the full Mirror 's Edge 2D has been released , but we 're still in beta . " A version of Mirror 's Edge for the iPhone and iPod Touch was announced on December 2 , 2009 . It is a side @-@ scrolling game with 3D graphics , featuring 14 levels and dynamic camera angles , and was scheduled for release in January 2010 . It was then later revealed that the iPhone and iPod Touch versions were pushed back to an April release . EA Mobile released Mirror 's Edge for iPhone and iPod touch on September 1 , 2010 . An iPad version was released on April 1 , 2010 . The game was also ported to Windows Phone in 2012 . = = = Mirror 's Edge Catalyst = = = A second game was officially revealed at the Electronic Arts ' press event at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 to be released on Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One at an undetermined time . The game has been confirmed to be a prequel to Mirror 's Edge showcasing the origins of Faith , and will use the newer Frostbite 3 engine . Electronic Arts later confirmed that the game will be an " open @-@ world action adventure " . According to DICE 's general manager Karl Magnus Troedsson , the prequel will have combat mechanics that are more refined than those in the first game . In January 2014 , writer Rhianna Pratchett had announced on Twitter that neither she nor any other members of the first game 's writing team would be involved with the new game 's development . Some early developments of the game were featured at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 . On June 8 , 2015 , EA filed a trademark for the upcoming Mirror 's Edge game Mirror 's Edge : Catalyst which was later confirmed as the game 's official title the next day on June 9 . At Gamescom 2015 it was revealed that this will be a reboot of the Mirror 's Edge universe . = = In other media = = In May 2016 , Endemol Shine North America announced that they are producing a TV show based on the Mirror 's Edge franchise .
= Guillermo Mota = Guillermo Reynoso Mota ( born July 25 , 1973 ) is a former Dominican professional baseball relief pitcher in Major League Baseball . In his career , he pitched for the Montreal Expos , Los Angeles Dodgers , Florida Marlins , Cleveland Indians , New York Mets , Milwaukee Brewers and San Francisco Giants . Mota stands 6 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 98 m ) tall and weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) . He throws and bats right @-@ handed . He throws three pitches : a fastball , a slider , and a circle changeup . Mota was originally signed by the New York Mets in 1990 as an infielder . After several years in their organization , he was drafted by the Montreal Expos in the Rule 5 draft in 1996 and converted into a pitcher in 1997 . Mota had a 2 @.@ 96 ERA in 1999 , his rookie season , but he struggled in his next two seasons and was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers prior to 2002 . His struggles continued in his first year with the Dodgers , but Mota had a career year in 2003 , as he had a 6 – 3 record with a 1 @.@ 97 ERA in 76 games . He became the setup man to closer Éric Gagné in 2004 , but was traded to the Florida Marlins midseason . Mota started 2005 as their closer , but Todd Jones took over the role when Mota got hurt in April . Following the year , Mota was traded to the Boston Red Sox . Before Mota ever played for the Red Sox , however , he was traded again to the Cleveland Indians . He struggled in his time with the Indians in 2006 and was designated for assignment by them in August . The New York Mets acquired him , and Mota improved mightily upon joining them . Following the season , he became a free agent , but he again signed with the Mets . After struggling in 2007 , he was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers . He got off to a poor start with Milwaukee in 2008 but improved in the second half . Following the season , Mota became a free agent and signed with the Dodgers again . He had his best year since 2004 and became a free agent again after the season . For the first time in his career , in 2010 he signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants . After making the team out of spring training , Mota won his first career World Series despite struggling at times during the season . Following the season , he signed another minor league contract with the Giants and made the team out of spring training again . During the 2012 season , Mota became one of three players in league history to fail a drug test twice when it was shown he tested positive for Clenbuterol , a performance @-@ enhancing drug . = = Early years = = Mota was born on July 25 , 1973 , in San Pedro de Macorís , in the Dominican Republic . As a youth , he attended Jose Joaquin Perez High School . After high school , he was signed by the New York Mets on September 7 , 1990 , by scout Eddy Toledo . = = Minor league career = = After two years playing baseball in the Dominican Republic , Mota was assigned to the rookie @-@ league Gulf Coast League Mets in 1993 as a third baseman . He had a batting average of .249 with one home run and one stolen base and amassed a .934 fielding percentage in 43 games . The next season , he spent most of the year with the rookie @-@ league Kingsport Mets of the Appalachian League , although he went hitless in four at bats in one game with the St. Lucie Mets of the single @-@ A advanced Florida State League . With Kingsport , he batted .245 while he struck out 78 times in 245 at @-@ bats . In 1995 , Mota was moved to the shortstop position and assigned to the single @-@ A Capital City Bombers of the South Atlantic League . With the Bombers , he batted .243 and struck out 127 times in 400 at @-@ bats while committing 40 errors at shortstop . In 1996 , he returned to the St. Lucie Mets , where he batted .234 with 90 strikeouts in 304 at @-@ bats while committing 21 errors . Following the season , he was selected by the Montreal Expos in the Rule 5 draft . The Expos converted Mota to a pitcher in 1997 and assigned him to the Cape Fear Crocs of the South Atlantic League . Starting 23 of his 25 games for the Crocs , he had a 5 – 10 record with a 4 @.@ 36 earned run average ( ERA ) and 112 strikeouts in 126 innings . In 1998 , the Expos moved Mota to the bullpen , and he began the season with the single @-@ A advanced Jupiter Hammerheads of the Florida State League . He posted a 3 – 2 record with a 0 @.@ 66 ERA and two saves in 20 games and was promoted to the Harrisburg Senators of the double @-@ A Eastern League during the season . With the Senators , he had a 2 – 0 record with a 1 @.@ 06 ERA and four saves in 12 games . Mota began the 1999 season with the Ottawa Lynx of the triple @-@ A International League . With the Lynx , he had a 2 – 0 record with a 1 @.@ 89 ERA and five saves in 14 games . = = Major league career = = = = = Montreal Expos = = = = = = = 1999 = = = = Mota was called up to the Expos on May 2 to replace relief pitcher Shayne Bennett , who had been demoted to Ottawa after struggling in his first four games . Mota made his major league debut the same day , pitching a scoreless inning in an 8 – 7 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . He got his first major league decision on May 11 , when , after pitching 2 2 ⁄ 3 scoreless innings , he gave up a walk @-@ off home run in the tenth inning to Luis Gonzalez in a 4 – 3 loss to the Arizona Diamondbacks . On June 1 , he won his first major league game , also against Arizona after pitching three scoreless innings in the Expos ' 10 – 8 victory on June 1 . On June 9 , he hit a three @-@ run home run in his first major league at bat ( against Mark Guthrie ) in a 13 – 1 victory over the Boston Red Sox . On August 29 , he allowed one run in one inning and was the winning pitcher in an 8 – 6 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . The win ( the Expos ' eighteenth in August ) set a new Expos ' record for wins in a month . Mota had a 1 @.@ 49 ERA over his first 32 games of the year , but a 15 @.@ 00 ERA over his next six games brought his ERA for the season to 3 @.@ 40 . However , he collected a 1 @.@ 38 ERA over his final 12 games to bring his ERA for the season down to 2 @.@ 93 , and he finished the year with a 2 – 4 record in 51 games . = = = = 2000 = = = = The Expos sent Mota to Ottawa to begin the 2000 season . However , he was called up to the Expos in May . On May 20 , his first game of the season with them , he gave up one run in one inning in an 8 – 7 victory over the Houston Astros . On June 11 , he was the losing pitcher when he pitched 1 ⁄ 3 inning and gave up two runs in an 8 – 3 loss to the Toronto Blue Jays . He was returned to Ottawa on June 17 after posting a 12 @.@ 60 ERA in his first 12 games with the Expos . Mota was recalled at the end of the month , but after appearing in one game ( on July 1 ) , he was returned to the Lynx . However , he was recalled on July 19 after Tony Armas , Jr. was placed on the disabled list . Mota was returned to the minor leagues on July 27 when Hideki Irabu returned from the disabled list , but he was recalled soon after . However , Mota appeared in only one game before he was again returned to the minors , and he did not return to the Expos again until the beginning of September . At this point , he had a 9 @.@ 98 ERA through 17 games . On September 11 , in the second game of a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Phillies , he got his only win of the year by pitching one @-@ third of an inning in a 7 – 6 victory . He had a 1 @.@ 84 ERA over his final 12 games to finish the year with a 1 – 1 record and a 6 @.@ 00 ERA in 29 games . With Ottawa , he had a 4 – 5 record with a 2 @.@ 29 ERA and seven saves in 35 games . = = = = 2001 = = = = In 2001 , Mota made the Expos out of spring training for the first time in his career . On May 12 , he had a 1 @.@ 59 ERA through his first 20 games of the year . However , eight earned runs allowed over his next six games raised his ERA to 4 @.@ 00 . Afterwards , though , he had a 2 @.@ 08 ERA over his next 12 games . On June 17 , he was the winning pitcher when he threw a scoreless inning in a 4 – 1 victory over Toronto . In his next game , on June 19 , he was the losing pitcher when he gave up three runs ( only one run was earned ) without recording an out in a 4 – 1 loss to the New York Mets . However , after that 12 @-@ game stretch , he gave up five earned runs over his next four games to bring his ERA up to 4 @.@ 29 . On July 13 , he was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career with right shoulder tendinitis . Mota returned at the beginning of September , but he had a 10 @.@ 57 ERA and two losses in his final 11 games of the year . He finished the season with a 1 – 3 record and a 5 @.@ 26 ERA in 53 games . = = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = = = = = = 2002 = = = = Mota began spring training with the Expos in 2002 , but was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers with outfielder Wilkin Ruan for pitcher Matt Herges and infielder Jorge Nunez on March 23 . He failed to make the Dodgers ' major league club in spring training and was assigned to the Las Vegas 51s of the triple @-@ A Pacific Coast League to begin the season . He was called up on April 20 when Kevin Brown was placed on the disabled list . After appearing in two games , he was returned to Las Vegas on April 30 when Brown came off the disabled list . On May 17 , he was called up a second time . In 22 games through July 14 , he had a 2 @.@ 43 ERA . On June 3 , he pitched a scoreless inning and earned the win in an 11 – 5 victory over the Colorado Rockies . However , he was returned to Las Vegas on July 28 after he had a loss and a 13 @.@ 50 ERA over his next seven games . He did not return to the Dodgers until August 26 , when Kevin Beirne was demoted to the minors . That same day , he was the losing pitcher when he gave up three runs ( two earned ) in his third inning of work in a 12 @-@ inning 6 – 3 loss to Arizona . He was the losing pitcher again on September 13 when he gave up three runs in the seventh inning and blew a 4 – 2 lead over Colorado . He posted a 3 @.@ 92 ERA over his final 14 games of the year to finish with a 1 – 3 record and a 4 @.@ 15 ERA in 43 games . With the 51s , he had a 1 – 3 record with a 2 @.@ 95 ERA in 20 games . = = = = = Conflict with Mike Piazza = = = = = On March 28 , 2002 , Mota hit Mike Piazza , catcher for the Mets at the time , with a pitch in a spring training game against the Mets . After Mota was removed from the game , Piazza grabbed him by the neck and had to be separated from Mota by other players . Piazza received a $ 3 @,@ 000 fine for his actions . Next season , in a spring training game against the Mets on March 12 , Mota hit Piazza with a pitch . Piazza charged the mound , starting a brawl , and both players were ejected from the game . After the game , Piazza entered the Dodgers ' clubhouse looking for Mota . Informed that Mota had left , Piazza searched the clubhouse before leaving . Mota said that hitting Piazza was not intentional , but both he and Piazza were suspended five games in the regular season and fined — Mota $ 1 @,@ 500 and Piazza $ 3 @,@ 000 . Mota 's suspension was later reduced to four games . = = = = 2003 = = = = In 2003 , Mota earned a roster spot with the Dodgers after spring training . From May 1 to May 27 , he pitched 15 2 ⁄ 3 consecutive scoreless innings . On May 23 , against the Milwaukee Brewers , he got his first save when he pitched three scoreless innings in a 6 – 4 victory . Manager Jim Tracy used him to get the save because he wanted to rest closer Éric Gagné . On May 29 , Mota struck out six batters in three innings in a 12 – 5 loss to Colorado . From June 11 through July 17 , he threw 19 2 ⁄ 3 consecutive scoreless innings . On July 13 , he hit his second career home run ( against Joe Roa ) in a 9 – 3 victory over Colorado . In August , he had a 2 – 0 record with a 0 @.@ 44 ERA in 21 games . Mota finished the season with a 6 – 3 record and a 1 @.@ 97 ERA in 76 games , and his 105 innings pitched were the most by a Dodger reliever since 1985 , when Tom Niedenfuer threw 106 1 ⁄ 3 . His 105 innings pitched led National League ( NL ) relief pitchers and were just two shy of American League leader Steve Sparks . Mota , Gagné , Tom Martin , and Paul Quantrill were the first relief pitcher teammates to appear in at least 76 games in a season . His opponent batting average of .205 ranked tenth among NL relievers , and left @-@ handers ' .181 average against him ranked fourth in the NL . = = = = 2004 = = = = After Quantrill became a free agent , Mota became the setup man for Gagné in 2004 . He started the season with eight straight scoreless games . From June 27 to July 16 , he did not allow a run in 10 straight games . On July 29 , he started a career @-@ high five @-@ game winning streak when he got a win by pitching two scoreless innings in a 2 – 1 victory over the San Francisco Giants . He was the winning pitcher when he pitched two scoreless innings in an 8 – 5 victory over the Anaheim Angels on July 3 in a game notable for Gagné getting the final save of his 84 straight converted save chances . On July 30 , a day before the trade deadline , Mota had a 2 @.@ 14 ERA in 52 games . That day , he was traded to the Florida Marlins with Juan Encarnación and Paul Lo Duca for Hee @-@ seop Choi , Brad Penny , and Bill Murphy . = = = Florida Marlins = = = Upon joining the Marlins , Mota was named the closer because Armando Benítez , the Marlins ' closer , was injured . On August 5 , he entered a game in the eighth inning with the Marlins leading 7 – 5 and got his first save as a Marlin in an 11 – 5 victory over Arizona . However , that was his only save opportunity before he was returned to the setup role because of the return of Benítez from the disabled list . Mota had a 4 @.@ 81 ERA in 26 games with the Marlins , although it would have been only 3 @.@ 06 if he had not given up seven runs in his final two games of the year . He finished the season with a 9 – 8 record and a 3 @.@ 07 ERA in 78 games . His nine wins were tied with Ryan Madson for second in the NL by a relief pitcher , and his 96 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched led NL relievers . His opponent batting average of .196 was fifth @-@ best among NL relievers . In 2005 , Mota was named the Marlins ' closer in spring training since Benítez became a free agent following the 2004 season . He did not get a save opportunity until April 22 , which he converted in a 4 – 2 win over Cincinnati . He got his second save of the year the next day in another 4 – 2 win over Cincinnati . However , he was placed on the disabled list on May 1 ( retroactive to April 24 ) with inflammation in his right elbow . He was activated on May 27 , but Todd Jones , who had been filling in for Mota , remained the closer . Mota had a 1 @.@ 69 ERA through his first 11 games , but 12 earned runs allowed over his next seven games raised his ERA to 7 @.@ 27 . On June 24 , he was the winning pitcher in the Marlins ' 7 – 4 victory over the Tampa Bay Devil Rays . He got his only other win of the year on August 30 , when he gave up a run in two innings in a 7 – 6 victory over St. Louis . Mota posted a 3 @.@ 81 ERA over his final 38 games to finish the season 2 – 2 with a 4 @.@ 70 ERA in 56 games . On November 24 , Mota was traded with Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell to the Boston Red Sox for four prospects : Jesús Delgado , Harvey García , Hanley Ramírez , and Aníbal Sánchez . = = = Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians = = = Mota never played a game with the Red Sox , as on January 27 , 2006 , he was traded to the Cleveland Indians with Andy Marte , Kelly Shoppach , a player to be named later ( eventually Randy Newsom ) , and cash considerations for Coco Crisp , David Riske , and Josh Bard . The trade was postponed slightly because Mota failed to pass a physical , so the Indians put him on a conditioning program before spring training . However , he was still expected to be the setup man for closer Bob Wickman . He started the season well , as he did not allow an earned run in his first seven games . However , he struggled after that , and he lost the setup role to Rafael Betancourt in May . Over his next 27 games , Mota had a 7 @.@ 89 ERA , and opponents batted .314 against him . On August 11 , he was designated for assignment after he had a 1 – 3 record with a 6 @.@ 21 ERA in 34 games . On August 20 , he was traded to the New York Mets with cash for a player to be named later . To date , his time with the Indians was his only stint in the American League . = = = New York Mets = = = On September 1 , Mota was the winning pitcher when he pitched a scoreless inning in an 8 – 7 victory over Houston . He got another win by pitching a scoreless inning on September 12 in a 6 – 4 victory over Florida . With the Mets , he had a 3 – 0 record with a 1 @.@ 00 ERA and 19 strikeouts in 18 games to finish the season 4 – 3 with a 4 @.@ 53 ERA in 52 games . He made the playoffs for the first time in his career as the Mets won the NL East . In the first game of the 2006 National League Division Series against the Dodgers , Mota was the winning pitcher when he pitched two innings , although he blew a 4 – 1 lead by giving up three runs and allowing the Dodgers to tie the game . Mota pitched two scoreless innings in the Mets ' series @-@ winning 9 – 5 victory over the Dodgers in Game 3 . In the 2006 National League Championship Series , Mota appeared in five of the seven games in the series . He blew a lead in an eventual Game 2 loss , but he did not give up a run in the other four games as the Mets lost to St. Louis in seven games . On October 30 , he filed for free agency . On November 1 , 2006 , Mota became the fifteenth MLB player to be suspended for using performance @-@ enhancing drugs ( and the first to be suspended for fifty games ) when he was suspended for the first fifty games of 2007 . However , the Mets re @-@ signed him to a two @-@ year , $ 5 million contract on December 7 . After spending two weeks in the minors , Mota rejoined the Mets on May 30 , 2007 . He struggled in his first 16 games , collecting a 7 @.@ 71 ERA in them . In his next 15 games , however , he amassed a 1 @.@ 89 ERA . During those games , on August 3 , he was the winning pitcher when he threw a scoreless inning in a 6 – 2 victory over the Chicago Cubs . He struggled after that , though , as he had a 7 @.@ 48 ERA over his final 21 games of the season . On August 28 , he was the losing pitcher when he gave up a walk @-@ off home run to Ryan Howard in the 10th inning of a 4 – 2 loss to Philadelphia . He earned the win on September 12 in a 4 – 3 victory over the Atlanta Braves despite losing a two @-@ run lead in the eighth inning . His final decision of the season came on September 16 , when he gave up three runs without recording an out in a 10 – 6 loss to Philadelphia . Mota finished the season with a 2 – 2 record and a 5 @.@ 76 ERA in 52 games . On November 20 , he was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for Johnny Estrada . = = = Milwaukee Brewers = = = Mota started the 2008 season with a 2 @.@ 20 ERA in his first 15 games . On May 11 , Brewers manager Ned Yost removed Gagné from the closer 's role and decided to use different pitchers in save opportunities . The next day , Mota got his first save since 2005 in an 8 – 3 victory over St. Louis . However , that was his only save of the season , and Salomón Torres took over the closer 's role . Mota began to struggle after the save , as he had a 9 @.@ 00 ERA over his next 19 games to bring his ERA to 5 @.@ 77 at the All @-@ Star break . However , he began pitching better after the All @-@ Star break as he posted a 1 @.@ 59 ERA in his final 24 games of the season . On August 24 , Mota was the winning pitcher in a 4 – 3 victory over Pittsburgh when he entered the game with the bases loaded and no outs and did not allow a run to score in one inning of work . He finished the season with a 5 – 6 record and a 4 @.@ 11 ERA in 58 games , and he returned to the playoffs as the Brewers made the playoffs for the first time in 26 years . In the first game of the 2008 National League Division Series , he pitched a scoreless 1 ⁄ 3 inning in a 3 – 1 loss to Philadelphia . His only other appearance of the playoffs that year came in Game 4 ( the final game of the series ) when he allowed a solo home run to Pat Burrell in the final 1 1 ⁄ 3 innings of a 6 – 2 loss . On November 3 , Mota filed for free agency . = = = Second stint with the Dodgers = = = On January 13 , 2009 , Mota returned to the Dodgers upon signing a one @-@ year contract . His second stint with the Dodgers got off to a bad start , as he posted a 9 @.@ 00 ERA in his first 15 games of the season . However , his statistics improved when he compiled a 0 @.@ 26 ERA over his next 29 games to lower his season ERA to 2 @.@ 92 . From June 24 through July 29 , Mota gave up no runs in 17 games ( 20 1 ⁄ 3 consecutive innings pitched ) . However , he had a 4 @.@ 97 ERA over his next 13 games . On August 4 , in a 17 – 4 victory over Milwaukee , Mota was ejected after he hit Brewers first baseman Prince Fielder with a pitch ( in retaliation for Chris Smith hitting Manny Ramirez a few innings earlier , according to Dodgers catcher Russell Martin ) . After the game , Fielder attempted to gain entry into the Dodgers ' clubhouse to confront Mota but was stopped by teammates . Both Mota and Fielder were fined by Major League Baseball for their actions . On August 31 , Mota was placed on the disabled list with an ingrown toenail to make room for Ronnie Belliard on the roster . He was reactivated on September 14 . However , after posting a 5 @.@ 40 ERA in his final four games of the year , he was left off the Dodgers ' playoff roster . He finished the season with a 3 – 4 record and a 3 @.@ 44 ERA ( his lowest since 2004 ) in 61 games . On November 6 , he filed for free agency . = = = San Francisco Giants = = = On February 2 , 2010 , Mota signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants with an invitation to spring training , marking the first time he was a non @-@ roster invitee . On April 4 , he was placed in the final spot in the Giants ' bullpen . He started his tenure with the Giants with nine consecutive scoreless outings . On May 5 , he got his only save of 2010 in a 9 – 6 victory over Florida . Mota took over the setup role in May , but lost it after allowing five runs and losing one of three games from June 10 to 13 . He compiled a 1 @.@ 27 ERA over his first 23 games , but a 7 @.@ 48 ERA over his next 28 games raised his ERA to 4 @.@ 78 . On July 4 , he intentionally walked four batters in 1 1 ⁄ 3 innings ( due to runners reaching third base with nobody out in the 14th and 15th innings ) and was the losing pitcher when he allowed a run in the 15th inning of a 4 – 3 loss to Colorado . On August 23 , he was placed on the disabled list with iliotibial band syndrome to make room for Cody Ross on the Giants ' roster . He returned to the Giants on September 6 . Mota did not give up an earned run in his final five appearances of the season to finish the year with a 1 – 3 record and a 4 @.@ 33 ERA in 56 games , and he made the Giants ' playoff roster as they won the NL West . However , he was not used until Game 2 of the 2010 World Series , when he pitched a scoreless ninth inning in a 9 – 0 victory over the Texas Rangers . His only other postseason appearance came when he pitched 1 1 ⁄ 3 scoreless innings in a 4 – 2 loss in Game 3 . However , Mota won his first World Series when the Giants defeated Texas 4 games to 1 in the series . After the series , he filed for free agency . On December 19 , Mota signed another minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Giants . He won one of the final two spots in the Giants ' bullpen on March 30 , 2011 . On April 16 , after Giants ' starter Barry Zito was injured in the second inning , Mota pitched a career @-@ high 4 1 ⁄ 3 innings , giving up one run and earning the win in a 5 – 3 victory over Arizona . On May 7 , 2012 , MLB announced that they were suspending Mota for 100 games due to his testing positive for Clenbuterol , a performance @-@ enhancing substance . This was his second suspension as he had previously been suspended for 50 games in 2006 . = = = Kansas City Royals = = = Mota signed a minor league deal with the Kansas City Royals on January 16 , 2014 . However , he announced his retirement on March 2 , 2014 . = = Pitching style = = Mota has three different kinds of pitches : a fastball , a slider , and a circle changeup . The slider is the pitch he usually uses to get outs . Wildness has been a problem for him , though , and his fastball is easy to hit when thrown over the plate . In the past , he has thrown a splitter and a curveball .
= Worlds Apart ( Falling Skies ) = " Worlds Apart " is the second season premiere episode of the American television drama series Falling Skies and the 11th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on TNT in the United States on June 17 , 2012 , as a two @-@ hour season premiere with the second episode of the season . Written by the first season showrunner Mark Verheiden and directed by Greg Beeman , " Worlds Apart " was the first original Falling Skies episode in 10 months . Remi Aubuchon was hired as the showrunner for the second season in May 2011 before the first season premiere . He replaced Verheiden , who is also the co @-@ executive producer . Once Aubuchon entered the writer 's room , he began speaking of the cliffhanger left over from the first season finale . He stated that creating the follow @-@ up was a " fun challenge , which propelled a lot of the storytelling for the second season . " Three months have passed since Tom Mason boarded the spacecraft , and the 2nd Mass has been on the move . Assuming their father is dead , Tom 's eldest son , Hal , becomes more of a presence in the 2nd Mass , along with Ben , whose hatred of the Skitters grows stronger . After Tom 's return , through flashbacks , " Worlds Apart " details his torture by the Overlords and his pilgrimage back to the 2nd Mass . Reviews for the episode were relatively positive . Many critics saw it as a step @-@ up in quality from the first season and praised the darker approach to storytelling . In the United States , the two @-@ hour season premiere achieved a viewership of 4 @.@ 46 million . The episode garnered a Nielsen rating of 1 @.@ 5 in the 18 – 49 demographic , down from the season finale . = = Plot = = Three months have passed since Tom Mason ( Noah Wyle ) boarded the spacecraft , and the 2nd Mass has been on the move . In the opening scene , a small group , part of the 2nd Mass , led by Captain Weaver ( Will Patton ) , attack a group of Skitters and Mechs patrolling the streets . Ben Mason ( Connor Jessup ) , who was captured by the Skitters months earlier , has since grown to despise the extra terrestrials . Weaver orders the group to cease fire and conserve ammo . Ben , however , notices a Skitter still alive . He jumps from the rooftop on which he was firing and slits the Skitter 's throat . His brother , Hal ( Drew Roy ) , follows him . They both hear a noise and notice another Skitter . Ben shoots it . However , at that point , Tom Mason was wrestling with it . The bullet goes through the Skitter and wounds Tom . The group bring Tom back to their camp . Anne Glass ( Moon Bloodgood ) and Lourdes ( Seychelle Gabriel ) operate on Tom . While Tom is in surgery , flashbacks appear , filling in the gaps of his 3 month departure . He is apparently tortured by the alien “ Overlords ” while on the spaceship . Later , the Overlords wish to speak with him . They communicate through Karen ( Jessy Schram ) , who was once part of the 2nd Mass . It tells Tom about a “ Neutral Zone ” , in which survivors can live in peace – detained in a camp run by The Overlords . Tom quickly realizes that negotiation with their invaders is out of the question , and he immediately refuses . He attacks a nearby Skitter and is knocked unconscious in the process . Later , Tom is dropped off in a field somewhere . There , he discovers that other people were held captive on the spaceship as well . A Mech kills everyone , except for Tom , presumably to tell others about what he witnessed . He begins a pilgrimage back to Boston . On his way , he finds a girl , Teresa ( Laine MacNeil ) being mugged . Tom helps her . Teresa ’ s mother was murdered and Tom and Teresa bury her . They leave together on Teresa ’ s motorcycle . Later , they hear Mech fire and people . Teresa decides to leave and go to the mountains . Tom stays to find other survivors . There , he finds a Skitter . While attempting to kill it , Tom is shot by his son , Ben . His story complete , Tom awakens to find Anne by his side . She tells him she knew he ’ d return for his sons . He tells her that he came back for her too . Tom then reunites with his children before greeting fellow members of the 2nd Mass . They appear happy to see him . Pope ( Colin Cunningham ) , however , appears not so happy to see Tom . He tells Weaver about his suspicions . = = Production = = Falling Skies was renewed on July 7 , 2011 , for a second season . TNT announced production had begun on the second season on October 24 , 2011 . For the second season , Brandon Jay McLaren joined the cast in October as Jamil Dexter , a mechanic . McLaren will feature in seven episodes . Filming took place in Vancouver and at the Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam from October 2011 to March 2012 . For the first season , production took place in Hamilton and Toronto . Noah Wyle said that the change in location made filming significantly different . A new crew came in for the second season , with only " two or three people on staff that were there in season one . " The new staff includes a new writing staff and showrunner . Remi Aubuchon was hired as the showrunner for the second season in May 2011 before the first season premiere . Once Aubuchon entered the writer 's room , he began speaking of the cliffhanger " it became a really fun challenge . " Out of that cliffhanger , says Aubuchon , " came some really positive things that propel a lot of the storytelling in the second season . And the writers came up with a pretty cool way for Tom Mason to get off that spaceship again . " " You 'll always catch people after a huge trauma saying , ' Oh , it wasn 't that bad . ' Or , ' It was fun , ' Or , ' It was cool falling off that cliff , ' " says Aubuchon . " The truth is , at first it was like , ' Oh my God , should i just say I can 't do this job ? ' Ultimately , though , I think it turned out cool . " Series lead Noah Wyle received several phone calls after the first season finale aired . The number one question was " What the hell were you doing getting on that spaceship ? " He said that they " wrote themselves into a corner " . Moon Bloodgood , who plays Dr. Anne Glass , says she was sort of daunted but impressed by the writing . Aubuchon added that Tom Mason 's capture helped the writer 's change the character slightly . He stated : " Tom comes away from that experience feeling used and manipulated . It wasn 't the experience [ he expected ] . He thought he was going to be having a nice conversation with an extraterrestrial being . It turned out to be worse than that . More than that , I won 't say . But that 's what made it fun . " Greg Beeman , who directed the episode , spoke about Remi Aubuchon 's hiring . He said that Remi had " a lot of ideas about how to keep the good stuff we ’ d established in Season 1 " , and " diminish the things that weren ’ t as strong " . Steven Spielberg 's original conception of Falling Skies was that the characters in the series would be nomadic . The idea for the second season was to " create a mobile refugee camp made up of vehicles and rag @-@ tag tents . " Chris Faloona , who was the Director of Photography in the first season , was unable to return due to commitments on another series , and Nate Goodman was hired . Aubuchon and Beeman discussed what was a head for the characters this season , and soon after , Beeman called Connor Jessup , who plays Ben Mason , and said " I ’ ve just heard what the plans are for you for this season . And my strong advice is that you get a trainer and start eating your Wheaties ! You are in a HUGE storyline is going to revolve around you … You ’ re a warrior , you ’ re a skitter killer and you ’ re a badass ! " Jessup hired a trainer that very day . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast , " Worlds Apart " was seen by an estimated 4 @.@ 46 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . The episode was down 24 % from its series debut , which garnered a 2 @.@ 0 rating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . Nevertheless , Falling Skies remains TNT 's highest @-@ rated scripted series . " Worlds Apart " received a 1 @.@ 5 rating among viewers between ages 18 and 49 , meaning 1 @.@ 5 percent of viewers in that age bracket watched the episode . = = = Reviews = = = Reviews for the episode were strong . Many critics noted a step @-@ up in quality from the first season . Newsday 's Verne Gay called stated " " Skies " has made the bad guys intriguing , and now if it can only get serious about character development with the good ones -- humans -- then the second season will be a big improvement . " Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post compared the episode to the first season by saying " Season 2 is a different animal , a much leaner and meaner machine that allows sentiment to be present but unexpressed and depicts a darker world in which innocence is a luxury that no one can truly afford . " Chuck Barney declared " Sunday 's explosive two @-@ hour opener boldly delivers on the promise by TNT producers to rev up both the pace and the firepower in Season 2 . " Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic called the episode a " strong start overall to Falling Skies Season 2 , " and continued by praising the performances of Wyle , Patton and Cunningham . Screen Rant 's Anthony Ocasio praised the episode . " While further episodes will reveal more , the type of character development , intriguing storylines and exciting action that will be contained in Falling Skies season 2 , there ’ s no doubt that TNT ’ s hit drama will likely become an epic adventure , spanning many seasons , " he said .
= Hugh Beadle = Sir Thomas Hugh William Beadle CMG OBE PC ( 6 February 1905 – 14 December 1980 ) was a Rhodesian lawyer , politician and judge who served as his country 's Сhief Justice from 1961 to 1977 . He came to international prominence against the backdrop of Rhodesia 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) from Britain in 1965 , upon which he initially stood by the British Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs as an adviser ; he then provoked acrimony in British government circles by declaring Ian Smith 's post @-@ UDI administration legal in 1968 . Born and raised in the Rhodesian capital Salisbury , Beadle read law in South Africa and England before commencing practice in Bulawayo in 1931 . He became a member of the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly for Godfrey Huggins 's ruling United Party in 1939 . Appointed Huggins 's Parliamentary Private Secretary in 1940 , he retained that role until 1946 , when he became Minister of Internal Affairs and Justice ; the Education and Health portfolios were added two years later . He retired from politics in 1950 to become a judge of the Southern Rhodesian High Court . In 1961 , he was knighted and appointed Chief Justice ; three years later he became president of the High Court 's new Appellate Division and a member of the British Privy Council . Beadle held the Rhodesian Front , the governing party from 1962 , in low regard , dismissing its Justice Minister Desmond Lardner @-@ Burke as a " small time country solicitor " . As independence talks between Britain and Rhodesia gravitated towards stalemate , Beadle repeatedly attempted to arrange a compromise . He continued these efforts after UDI , and brought Harold Wilson and Smith together for talks aboard HMS Tiger . The summit failed ; Wilson afterwards castigated Beadle for not persuading Smith to settle . Beadle 's de jure recognition of the post @-@ UDI government in 1968 outraged the Wilson administration and drew accusations from the British Prime Minister and others that he had furtively supported UDI all along . His true motives remain the subject of speculation . After Smith declared a republic in 1970 , Beadle continued as Chief Justice ; he was almost removed from the Privy Council , but kept his place following Wilson 's electoral defeat soon after . Beadle retired in 1977 and thereafter sat as an acting judge in special trials for terrorist offences . He died in Johannesburg on 14 December 1980 , aged 75 . = = Early life and education = = Thomas Hugh William Beadle ( generally known as Hugh ) was born in Salisbury , Southern Rhodesia on 6 February 1905 , the only son and eldest child of Arthur William Beadle and his wife Christiana Maria ( née Fischer ) . He had two sisters . The family was politically conservative and favoured joining the Union of South Africa during the latter years of Company rule , sharing a firm consensus that Sir Charles Coghlan and his responsible government movement were , in Beadle 's recollection , " a pretty wild bunch of jingoes " . Responsible government ultimately prevailed in the 1922 referendum of the mostly white electorate , and Southern Rhodesia became a self @-@ governing colony the following year . After attending Salisbury Boys ' School , Milton High School in Bulawayo and Diocesan College , Rondebosch , Beadle studied law at the University of Cape Town . He completed his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1928 , then continued his studies in England as a Rhodes Scholar at The Queen 's College , Oxford . There he played rugby and tennis for the college , boxed for the university and qualified as a pilot with the Oxford University Air Squadron . He graduated with a second @-@ class Bachelor of Civil Law degree in 1930 , and soon after was called to the English bar . He briefly read in London chambers before commencing practice in Bulawayo in 1931 . In 1934 he married Leonie Barry , a farmer 's daughter from Barrydale in the Cape of Good Hope ; they had two daughters . = = Political and judicial career = = = = = MP and Cabinet minister = = = After returning to Rhodesia , Beadle took an interest in politics ; he joined the United Party , created from the former Rhodesia Party and the conservative faction of the Reform Party to contest the 1934 general election . He was attracted to the United Party not so much by its policies but by his admiration for its leading figures — he considered the Prime Minister Godfrey Huggins " a man of the calibre I think of Rhodes " . The Southern Rhodesian electoral system allowed only those who met certain financial and educational qualifications to vote . The criteria were applied equally to all regardless of race , but since most black citizens did not meet the set standards , the electoral roll and the colonial Legislative Assembly were overwhelmingly from the white minority ( about 5 % of the population ) . The United Party broadly represented commercial interests , civil servants and the professional classes . Beadle stood in Bulawayo South in the 1934 election , challenging Harry Davies , the Labour leader . Davies defeated Beadle by 458 votes to 430 , but the United Party won decisively elsewhere and formed a new government with 24 out of the 30 parliament seats . Huggins , who remained Prime Minister , held Beadle in high regard and made him a close associate . In the 1939 election , Beadle won a three @-@ way contest in Bulawayo North with 461 votes out of 869 , and became a United Party MP . Beadle was seconded to the Gold Coast Regiment with the rank of temporary captain following the outbreak of the Second World War , but was released from military service at the request of the Southern Rhodesian government to serve as Huggins 's Parliamentary Private Secretary , " with access to all ministers and top @-@ ranking officials on the PM 's business to speed up affairs " . He held this post from 1940 to 1946 , during which time he was also Deputy Advocate General for the Southern Rhodesian armed forces . In the first post @-@ war election in 1946 , Beadle defeated Labour 's Cecil Maurice Baker in Bulawayo North by 666 votes to 196 . He was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs and Justice . The same year he was made a Queen 's Counsel and appointed OBE . Two years later , after retaining his seat in the 1948 election with a large majority , he was assigned two more portfolios , those of Education and Health . Around this time he turned down an approach from a group of Liberal and rebel United Party MPs to challenge Huggins 's premiership . Beadle had entered the Cabinet at a time when relations between the United Party and the British Labour Party were warming . He formed a good relationship with Aneurin Bevan , the UK Minister of Health , and put considerable work into attempting to create a Southern Rhodesian system similar to National Insurance in Britain . These efforts were largely unsuccessful , but did lead to a maternity grant for white mothers , nicknamed the " Beadle baby scheme " . Beadle retired from politics in 1950 to accept a seat on the Southern Rhodesian High Court . This decision surprised many of his contemporaries ; Beadle would explain later that he left politics as he did not feel he would work well under his United Party colleague Edgar Whitehead , who he correctly predicted would rise to the premiership . = = = Chief Justice = = = Beadle filled the seat on the High Court bench vacated by Sir Robert Tredgold , who had just been appointed Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia . Despite his close relationship with Huggins , Beadle had strong misgivings regarding Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , which became Huggins 's flagship project . Beadle argued that since the British government would never devolve indigenous African affairs to Federal responsibility , native policy in the three territories would never be co @-@ ordinated , meaning " the thing was bound to crash " . Nevertheless , Huggins sent him to London in 1949 to discuss the legal problems of the proposed Federation with the British government . Beadle later expressed regrets that he had not played a bigger role in drawing up the constitution for the Federation , which was inaugurated as an indissoluble entity in 1953 , following a mostly white referendum in Southern Rhodesia . Huggins spent three years as Federal Prime Minister before retiring in 1956 . Whitehead became Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia in 1958 . After Leonie 's death in 1953 , Beadle married Olive Jackson , of Salisbury , in 1954 . He later said that he was repeatedly asked to resign from the bench to become the Federal Minister of Law or stand for Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia , but " didn 't regard any of the issues as crucial enough to warrant my going back " . Beadle 's biographer Claire Palley describes him as " a learned , fair but also adventurous judge " . He was appointed CMG in 1957 . In August 1959 , amid rising black nationalism and opposition to the Federation , particularly in the two northern territories , Beadle chaired a three @-@ man tribunal on the Southern Rhodesian government 's preventive detention of black nationalist leaders without trial during the disturbances . He upheld the government 's actions , reporting that the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress had disseminated " subversive propaganda " , encouraged racial hatred , intimidated people into joining and undermined the authority of tribal chiefs , government officials and police . In 1960 Beadle was a member of the Monckton Commission on the Federation 's future . According to Aidan Crawley , a British member of the commission , Beadle began the process " as a radical advocate of white supremacy " but later expressed markedly different views . The commissioners " hardly agreed on anything " , in Beadle 's recollection . While not recommending dissolution , the Monckton report was strongly critical of the Federation . It advocated a wide range of reforms , rejected any further advance towards Federal independence until these were implemented , and called for the territories to be permitted to secede if opposition continued . Beadle was knighted in 1961 and the same year appointed Сhief Justice of Southern Rhodesia . A primary school in Bulawayo was named after him . In Mehta v. City of Salisbury ( 1961 ) , a case challenging the racial segregation of a public swimming pool , Beadle decided that apartheid made precedents in South African case law invalid , ruled that the plaintiff 's dignity had been unlawfully affronted , and awarded him damages . Following continued black nationalist opposition to the Federation , particularly in Nyasaland , the British government announced in 1962 that Nyasaland would be allowed to secede . This was soon extended to Northern Rhodesia as well , and at the end of 1963 the Federation was dismantled . Whitehead 's United Federal Party was defeated in the 1962 Southern Rhodesian general election by the Rhodesian Front ( RF ) , an all @-@ white , firmly conservative party led by Winston Field whose declared goal was independence for Southern Rhodesia without major constitutional changes and without commitment to any set timetable regarding black majority rule . RF proponents downplayed black nationalist grievances regarding land ownership and segregation , and argued that despite the racial imbalance in domestic politics — whites made up 5 % of the population , but over 90 % of registered voters — the electoral system was not racist as the franchise was based on financial and educational qualifications rather than ethnicity . Beadle expressed an extremely low opinion of the RF . Ian Smith , who replaced Field as Prime Minister in 1964 , was in Beadle 's eyes an unconvincing leader ; Desmond Lardner @-@ Burke , the Justice Minister , was a " fascist " and a " small time country solicitor ... incapable of producing correct documents for an undefended divorce action " . The same year Smith took over , Beadle became a member of the Privy Council in London and president of the new Appellate Division of the Southern Rhodesian High Court . In this latter role he blocked a Legislative Assembly act to extend periods of preventive restriction outside times of emergency , ruling it against the declaration of rights contained in Southern Rhodesia 's 1961 constitution . = = = UDI = = = Britain granted independence to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , renamed Zambia and Malawi respectively , under black majority governments in 1964 . As independence talks between the British and Southern Rhodesian governments continued with little progress , speculation began to mount that the colonial government might attempt a unilateral declaration of independence ( UDI ) if no accommodation could be found . The British High Commissioner in Salisbury , J B Johnston , had few doubts about how Beadle would respond to such an act , writing that he was " quite certain that no personal considerations would deflect him for a moment from administering the law with absolute integrity . " Arthur Bottomley , the British Сommonwealth Secretary , took a similar line , describing Beadle to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson as " a staunch constitutionalist " who would be disposed to " frustrate any illegal action by Mr Smith 's government " . Beadle told Wilson that he and the judiciary would stand by the law in the event of a UDI , but that he expected the armed forces and police to side with the post @-@ UDI authorities . He thought UDI would be a political and economic mistake for Rhodesia , and attempted to dissuade Smith from this course of action , but at the same time asserted that if UDI occurred it was " not the function of a court to attempt to end the revolution and restore legality " . He warned his High Court colleagues that he would not direct " a judicial rebellion against the Rhodesian government " . Smith and Wilson made little progress towards a settlement during 1964 and 1965 ; each accused the other of being unreasonable . The RF won a decisive victory in the May 1965 general election . After efforts to forge a compromise in London in early October 1965 failed , Wilson , desperate to avert UDI , travelled to Salisbury later that month to continue negotiations . Beadle 's " irrepressible ingenuity led to an incredible succession of proposals for a settlement " , Wilson recalled , but these talks also failed . The two sides agreed on an investigatory Royal Commission , possibly chaired by Beadle , to recommend a path towards independence , but could not settle on the terms . Beadle continued to seek a compromise , and on 8 November persuaded Smith to allow him to go to London to meet Wilson again . Beadle told Wilson that he thought Smith was personally disposed to continue talks but under pressure from some of his ministers to abandon negotiations . Wilson told the British House of Commons that Beadle had provided " wise advice " to both governments , and was " welcome [ in ] this country not only for his sagacity , judgement , and humanity but as a man with the courage of a lion . " Beadle later wrote to his fellow High Court judge Benjamin Goldin that he thought he had " saved the situation " by going to London , having persuaded Wilson to give some ground on the terms for the Royal Commission , but his trip alarmed the pro @-@ UDI camp in the Rhodesian Cabinet , who feared that Beadle might be carrying a message to the Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs telling him to prorogue parliament . Smith and his Cabinet declared independence on 11 November 1965 , while Beadle was at Lusaka Airport on his way home . Smith later rejected the suggestion that Beadle could have had anything significant to tell them on his return , saying that " the only thing that Beadle could have done when he got back was to have talked us out of insisting on our questions " . Before announcing UDI to the nation , Smith , Lardner @-@ Burke and the Deputy Prime Minister Clifford Dupont visited Gibbs at Government House to inform him personally and ask him to resign . Gibbs made clear that he would not do so , but indicated that he would vacate Government House and return to his farm . When Beadle arrived later in the day , he not only persuaded Gibbs to stay at the official residence , but moved in himself to provide advice and moral support . On Beadle 's counsel , Gibbs instructed those responsible for law and order in Rhodesia to stay at their posts and carry on as normal . When the Governor showed no sign of stepping down , Smith 's government effectively replaced him with Dupont , appointing the latter to the post of Officer Administering the Government created by the 1965 constitution attached to UDI . Lardner @-@ Burke asked Beadle to administer the oath of allegiance to Dupont , but was rebuffed ; Beadle said he would be committing a criminal offence if he did so . The UK government introduced extensive economic and political sanctions against Rhodesia and indicated that any dialogue had to take place through Gibbs . Beadle was told to liaise with Lardner @-@ Burke regarding any proposals Smith 's government might have . Beadle would later recount that the post @-@ UDI government briefly threatened him , telling him to " go now , otherwise you lose your job " , but he was ultimately left alone . The Chief Justice noted in his diary that Smith 's government was " not prepared to force [ a ] showdown with the judges " . = = = Madzimbamuto case and Tiger talks = = = During the immediate post @-@ UDI period Beadle , in his role as Chief Justice , occupied a unique position as he could speak directly with all of the main players — Gibbs , Smith and Wilson . He became the main intermediary between them , and received a dormant commission from the UK government to replace Gibbs as Governor in case of necessity . He visited London in January 1966 and , according to Wilson 's Attorney General Elwyn Jones , was " scornful of the 1965 constitution " . Some in Rhodesia criticised Beadle for going to London , or accused him of siding with Gibbs against Smith . The Chief Justice insisted that he was just trying to do his best for Rhodesia , a claim Smith accepted , saying Beadle " thought more of his country than of his position " . The UK Foreign Office remained wary , speculating in a January 1966 report that while the British government hoped to reclaim Rhodesia " in such a way that policy and thinking is reoriented , racial attitudes changed , and the path to majority rule firmly laid , " the Chief Justice " would be content to see a 1961 @-@ type constitution , without independence , remain for a long time " . Beadle summarised the Rhodesian judiciary 's position in light of UDI by saying simply that the judges would carry on with their duties " according to the law " , but this non @-@ committal stance was challenged by legal cases heard at the High Court . The first of these was Madzimbamuto v. Lardner @-@ Burke N. O. and Others , concerning Daniel Madzimbamuto , a black nationalist detained without trial five days before UDI under emergency powers . When Lardner @-@ Burke 's ministry prolonged the state of emergency in February 1966 , Madzimbamuto 's wife appealed for his release , arguing that since the UK government had declared UDI illegal and outlawed the Rhodesian government , the state of emergency ( and , by extension , her husband 's imprisonment ) had no legal basis . The High Court 's General Division ruled on 9 September 1966 that the UK retained legal sovereignty , but that to " avoid chaos and a vacuum in the law " the Rhodesian government should be considered to be in control of law and order to the same extent as before UDI . Madzimbamuto appealed to Beadle 's Appellate Division , which considered the case over the next year and a half . Beadle arranged " talks about talks " between the British and Rhodesian governments during 1966 , which led to Smith and Wilson meeting personally aboard HMS Tiger off Gibraltar between 2 and 4 December . Beadle had to be hoisted aboard because of a back injury . Negotiations snagged primarily over the matter of the transition . Wilson insisted on the abandonment of the 1965 constitution , the dissolution of the post @-@ UDI government and a period under a British Governor — conditions that Smith saw as tantamount to surrender , particularly as the British proposed to draft and introduce the new constitution only after a fresh test of opinion under UK control . Indeed , Smith had warned Beadle before the summit that unless he " could assure his people that a reasonable constitution had been agreed " , he would feel unable to settle . Smith said he could not agree without first consulting his ministers in Salisbury , infuriating Wilson , who declared that a central condition of the talks had been that he and Smith would have plenipotentiary powers to make a deal . Beadle agreed with Smith that a deal ending UDI without any prior agreement on the replacement constitution would meet with widespread opposition among white Rhodesians , but still felt that Salisbury should agree . He asked Smith to commend the terms to his colleagues in Salisbury , speculating that if he did the Cabinet would surely accept . Smith refused to make such a commitment , much to the disappointment of Beadle and Gibbs , and signed the final document only to acknowledge it as an accurate record . Wilson was furious with Beadle , feeling that he should have taken a far firmer line to persuade Smith to settle ; after Beadle left the meeting , Wilson said that he " could not understand how any man could have a slipped disc whom Providence had failed to provide with a backbone " . Beadle and Gibbs urged Smith to reconsider during the journey home , but made little headway . During the Rhodesian Cabinet meeting on the proposals , the judges were kept informed by the " expression on Sir Hugh 's face and from comments of increasing despair " , Goldin later wrote ; the Chief Justice " spent the whole day in his chambers looking more anxious and despondent after each occasion on which he was smuggled into the Cabinet meeting to explain the meaning or effect of particular provisions " . On 5 December 1966 , when Beadle heard at Government House that Smith 's ministers had rejected the terms , he stood " as though pole @-@ axed " , Gibbs 's Private Secretary Sir John Pestell recalled , and appeared close to collapse . The judge 's wife and daughter helped him to slowly return to his room . = = = De facto decision ; rejection of royal prerogative = = = The United Nations instituted mandatory economic sanctions against Rhodesia in December 1966 . Over the next year British diplomatic activity regarding Rhodesia was diminished ; the UK government 's stated policy shifted towards NIBMAR — " no independence before majority rule " . Beadle grappled with the Rhodesian problem privately and in correspondence , attempting to reconcile the Smith administration 's control over the country with the unconstitutional nature of UDI . Erwin Griswold , the United States Solicitor General , wrote to him that as he saw it the Rhodesian judges could not recognise the post @-@ UDI government as de facto while also claiming to act under the Queen 's commission . Ruling on Madzimbamuto 's appeal in January 1968 , Beadle and three other judges decided that Smith 's post @-@ UDI order was not de jure but should be acknowledged as the de facto government by virtue of its " effective control over the state 's territory " . Sir Robert Tredgold , the former Southern Rhodesian and Federal Chief Justice , told Gibbs that Beadle had thereby " sold the pass " and " should be asked to leave Government House " . The following month , considering the fate of James Dhlamini , Victor Mlambo and Duly Shadreck , three black Rhodesians sentenced to death before UDI for murder and terrorist offences , Beadle upheld Salisbury 's power to execute the men . Whitehall reacted by announcing on 1 March 1968 that at the request of the UK government , the Queen had exercised the royal prerogative of mercy and commuted the sentences to life imprisonment . Dhlamini and the others promptly applied for a permanent stay of execution . At the hearing for Dhlamini and Mlambo on 4 March 1968 , Beadle dismissed the statement from London , saying it was a decision by the UK government and not the Queen herself , and that in any case the 1961 constitution had transferred the prerogative of mercy from Britain to the Rhodesian Executive Council . " The present government is the fully de facto government and as such is the only power that can exercise the prerogative , " he concluded . " It would be strange indeed if the United Kingdom government , exercising no internal power in Rhodesia , were given the right to exercise the prerogative of clemency . " The Judge President Sir Vincent Quenet and Justice Hector Macdonald agreed , and the application was dismissed . Dhlamini , Mlambo and Shadreck were hanged two days later . Justice John Fieldsend of the High Court 's General Division resigned in protest , writing to Gibbs that he no longer believed the High Court to be defending the rights of Rhodesian citizens . Beadle told reporters that " Her Majesty is quite powerless in this matter , " and that " it is to be deplored that the Queen was brought into this " . At Government House , the Chief Justice berated Gibbs for " dragging the Queen into the political argument " . To the Governor 's astonishment , Beadle conceded that for some time he had no longer considered himself to be sitting under the 1961 constitution , but had not made this clear as he had not fully accepted the 1965 constitution as valid . Gibbs told him to leave Government House forthwith . They never met again . In his analysis of Beadle 's behaviour , Manuele Facchini suggests that the Chief Justice considered the matter from a dominion @-@ style viewpoint — by stressing the 1961 constitution and the rights held by Salisbury thereunder , he was repudiating not the royal prerogative itself , but rather the attempt to exercise it at the behest of British rather than Rhodesian ministers . Kenneth Young comments that the British government 's involvement of the Queen inadvertently strengthened the post @-@ UDI authorities ' position ; outraged , many in Rhodesia who had heretofore rejected UDI now threw their weight behind the RF . Beadle , deeply disillusioned , wrote to a friend that he was " thoroughly fed up with the way the Wilson government had behaved in this whole affair . " = = = De jure decision = = = Madzimbamuto petitioned for the right to appeal against his detention to the Privy Council in London ; the Rhodesian Appellate Division ruled that he had no right to do so , but the Privy Council considered his case anyway . It ruled in his favour on 23 July 1968 , deciding that orders for detention made by the Rhodesian government were invalid regardless of whether they were under the 1961 or 1965 constitution , and that Madzimbamuto was illegally detained . Harry Elinder Davies , one of the Rhodesian judges , announced on 8 August that the Rhodesian courts would not consider this ruling binding as they no longer accepted the Privy Council as part of the Rhodesian judicial hierarchy . Justice J R Dendy Young resigned in protest at Davies 's ruling on 12 August and four days later became Chief Justice of Botswana . Madzimbamuto would remain in prison until 1974 . Beadle and his judges granted full de jure recognition to the post @-@ UDI government on 13 September 1968 , while rejecting the appeals of 32 black nationalists who one month earlier had been convicted of terrorist offences and sentenced to death . Beadle declared that while he believed the Rhodesian judiciary should respect rulings of the Privy Council " so far as possible " , the judgement of 23 July had made it legally impossible for Rhodesian judges to continue under the 1961 constitution . He asserted that as he could not countenance a legal vacuum , the only alternative was the 1965 constitution . Referring to the Privy Council 's decision that the UK might yet remove the post @-@ UDI government , he said that " on the facts as they exist today , the only prediction which this court can make is that sanctions will not succeed in overthrowing the present government ... and that there are no other factors which might succeed in doing so " . UDI , the associated 1965 constitution and the government were thereafter considered de jure by the Rhodesian legal system . The British Commonwealth Secretary George Thomson expressed outrage , accusing Beadle and the other judges of breaching " the fundamental laws of the land " , while Gibbs stated that since his position as Governor existed under the 1961 constitution he could only reject the ruling . An internal UK Foreign Office memorandum rejected Beadle 's argument but recognised his belief that " because of the effect of the effluxion of time , he was entitled to take a different view " , and concluded that the Chief Justice 's argument was " sufficiently plausible to make it difficult to say that that position is manifestly improper or that , in adopting it , Sir Hugh Beadle is manifestly guilty of misconduct . " Beadle explained in a 1972 interview : " We had been doing our best to try and uphold the law and when the thing was in the revolutionary stage we dug our toes in , we wouldn 't budge . But then as the government became more and more entrenched we had to apply the principle of law , which says that if a revolution succeeds the law changes with it . Yet because we accepted the inevitable we 're blamed by a lot of people for being responsible for the revolution , which is a very different thing . " = = = Threatened removal from Privy Council ; republican Chief Justice = = = Beadle 's acceptance of the post @-@ UDI order effectively placed him on the side of the RF and removed any chance of his regaining an intermediary role with Wilson . The British Prime Minister minimised the political impact of the Chief Justice 's decision by presenting it as evidence that Beadle had furtively supported UDI all along , and subsequently excluded him from the diplomatic dialogue . Wilson pursued a second initiative which led to a fresh round of talks with Smith off Gibraltar aboard HMS Fearless in October 1968 . Marked progress towards agreement was made but the Rhodesian delegation demurred on a new British proposal , the " double safeguard " . This would involve elected black Rhodesians controlling a blocking quarter in the Rhodesian parliament , with the power to veto retrogressive legislation , and thereafter having the right to appeal passed bills to the Privy Council in London . Smith 's team accepted the principle of the blocking quarter but agreement could not be reached on the technicalities ; the involvement of the Privy Council was rejected by Smith as a " ridiculous " provision that would prejudice Rhodesia 's sovereignty . The talks ended without success . Smith 's government held a referendum on 20 June 1969 in which the mostly white electorate overwhelmingly voted in favour of both a new constitution and the declaration of a republic . Four days later the UK Foreign Office released Gibbs from his post , withdrew the British residual mission in Salisbury and closed the post @-@ UDI government 's representative office at Rhodesia House in London . The 1969 constitution introduced a President as head of state , a multiracial senate , separate black and white electoral rolls ( each with qualifications ) and a mechanism whereby the number of black MPs would increase in line with the proportion of income tax revenues paid by black citizens . This process would stop once blacks had the same number of seats as whites ; the declared goal was not majority rule , but rather " parity between the races " . Michael Stewart , Wilson 's Foreign Secretary , recommended that Britain take preliminary steps towards removing Beadle from the Privy Council if the Chief Justice did not resign or dissociate himself from the republic " within a week or two " after the new constitution came into force . Given the gravity of such an action — only one Privy Counsellor , Edgar Speyer , was struck off the list during the 20th century — and the likelihood that accusations of vindictiveness would result , the British government was loath to do this , and hoped that Beadle would remove the need for it by resigning . Smith officially declared a republic on 2 March 1970 , and on 10 April the RF was decisively returned to power in the first republican election , winning all 50 white seats out of a total of 66 . Six days later , Dupont was sworn in as the first President of Rhodesia . British officials learned only from the Rhodesian radio that Dupont 's oath of office was administered not by Beadle but by the " Acting Chief Justice " , Hector Macdonald . Beadle 's absence prompted speculation in British quarters , but this promptly dissipated after The Rhodesia Herald reported on 29 April that a High Court farewell to Sir Vincent Quenet , a retiring judge , would be presided over by the republic 's Chief Justice Sir Hugh Beadle . On 6 May 1970 , Stewart suggested to Wilson that they should formally advise the Queen to remove Beadle from the Privy Council . Wilson resolved to wait until after the British general election the following month . This decision proved decisive for Beadle as , to the surprise of many , the Conservatives won the election , and Edward Heath replaced Wilson as Prime Minister . Heath 's government decided against removing Beadle from the Privy Council , surmising that this would only hinder progress towards an accommodation with Smith . Beadle remained a Privy Counsellor for the rest of his life . = = = Later years = = = In May 1973 Beadle chaired the High Court appeal hearing for Peter Niesewand , a freelance reporter for the overseas press who had been convicted of espionage under the Official Secrets Act , prompting outcry abroad . Niesewand had written three articles in November 1972 claiming to describe the Rhodesian military 's plans for combating communist @-@ backed black nationalist guerrillas , and had been sentenced by a magistrate to two years ' hard labour , one year suspended . Beadle , Goldin and Macdonald rejected the state prosecution and unanimously overturned the conviction , ruling that Niesewand 's reports had embarrassed the government but did not damage the Rhodesian state . " Factual evidence as opposed to opinion was never given , " Beadle commented . The government promptly expelled Niesewand from Rhodesia . After Olive 's death in a motor accident in 1974 , Beadle married Pleasance Johnson in 1976 . He retired as Chief Justice in 1977 ; Macdonald succeeded him . For the rest of his life , Beadle served as an acting judge in special trials where suspected insurgents were tried for terrorist offences carrying the death penalty . In March 1977 he refused to try Abel Mapane and Jotha Bango , two Botswana citizens facing arms charges , ruling that since Rhodesia and Botswana were not at war and the Rhodesian Army had crossed into Botswana to capture the accused , the court had no jurisdiction . " Were it not so it would mean this Court condoned the illegal abduction of Botswana nationals , " he explained . Beadle continued to serve under the short @-@ lived , unrecognised government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , which replaced the Rhodesian republic in June 1979 , and under the British interim authorities following the Lancaster House Agreement of December that year . Following fresh elections in February – March 1980 , the UK granted independence to Zimbabwe under the leadership of Robert Mugabe in April . Beadle died , aged 75 , in Johannesburg on 14 December 1980 . Hugh Beadle Primary School in Bulawayo retains its name in the 21st century . = = Personality and appraisal = = " A short , stocky man of ruddy complexion with a toothbrush moustache , " Claire Palley writes , " Beadle had a blunt manner , looking hard at all whom he encountered . His drive and enthusiasm were overwhelming , whether at work , in charitable activities , or as a courageous hunter and fisherman . He had a warm family life and many friends . " According to J R T Wood , Wilson " hated Beadle perhaps because Beadle was clever but spoke his mind " ; the British Prime Minister described Beadle to Lord Alport shortly after UDI as combining " the courage of a lion " with " the smartness of a fox " . In Robert Blake 's History of Rhodesia , Beadle is characterised as " an irrepressible , bouncy extrovert , who does not always perceive the reaction which he causes in others . " Sir Garfield Todd , Southern Rhodesia 's Prime Minister from 1956 to 1958 , saw Beadle as " impulsive " and " always inclined to overstate his case " . The black nationalist movement regarded Beadle as a white supremacist , pointing to his 1959 preventive detention ruling as evidence . Wilson and other British figures saw him as two @-@ faced for first supporting Gibbs , then declaring Smith 's post @-@ UDI government legal , and concluded that the judge must have always been a furtive UDI supporter , a theory that many have accepted . Wilson 's private assistant Marcia Falkender identified Beadle as " the villain of the piece " , while Bottomley dubbed him UDI 's " evil genius " . Others , including Palley , Wood and Facchini , contend that Beadle was determined to avert UDI and afterwards sincere in his search for an accommodation until he came to believe this was not possible . " Beadle accepted the rebellion when he realised that he was identifying himself with ' the code of an Empire that had ceased to exist ' , " Facchini concludes . " Thus , he retained his Privy Counsellorship as a vestige of the Rhodesia he had known all his life . " Palley asserts that but for UDI , " Beadle would have been remembered as a Commonwealth chief justice who upheld individual liberty " . " The thing that I 've regretted most is this UDI and also I 've regretted more than anything the fact that later it wasn 't settled , " Beadle said in 1972 ; " I think it could have been settled at a much earlier stage if Wilson had been a bit more reasonable . " Julian Greenfield , a close friend and colleague of Beadle , considered him " one who put service to the country first and foremost and laboured unceasingly on what he believed to be its true interests . " According to Palley , Beadle 's own view was similar — that " he did his best for his country in a time of difficult choices " .
= St Twrog 's Church , Bodwrog = St Twrog 's Church is a small rural church at Bodwrog in Anglesey , North Wales . Built in the late 15th century in a medieval style , some alterations have been made but much of the original structure still remains . It has two 15th @-@ century doorways ( one later converted into a window ) and some 15th @-@ century windows . The bull 's head decoration used on the church denotes a connection with the Bulkeleys of Beaumaris , a prominent north Wales family over several centuries . Set in a remote part of the countryside in the middle of Anglesey , it is dedicated to St Twrog , who was active in the late 5th and early 6th centuries . The church 's tithes were paid for at least two hundred years to Jesus College , Oxford , which has historically strong links with Wales , and the college at one point built a house for the priest who served St Twrog 's and a neighbouring parish . The church is still used for worship by the Church in Wales , as one of seven churches in a Ministry Area . It is a Grade II * listed building , a national designation given to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " , in particular because it is regarded as " a good rural late Medieval church " . It is built from rubble masonry with a slate roof . The interior is lit by gas lamps . = = History and location = = The church is in a churchyard in " a remote rural location " on Anglesey , Wales , about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from the county town of Llangefni , at the side of a small road between Gwalchmai and Llynfaes . The date of first construction of a Christian building at this location is unknown . The parish takes its name from Twrog , a saint who lived in the late 5th and early 6th centuries , to whom the church is dedicated : the Welsh word bod means " abode " or " dwelling " , and " -wrog " is a modified form of the saint 's name – i.e. " Twrog 's dwelling " . One of his brothers , St Gredifael , is commemorated in another Anglesey church , St Gredifael 's Church , Penmynydd . The present church dates from the time of King Henry VII ( ruled 1485 – 1509 ) , when a significant amount of building work took place in Wales . Some more windows were added in the 17th or 18th century , and the church was restored in the mid to late 19th century . The writer Samuel Lewis recorded in 1849 that St Twrog 's was attached to St Trygarn 's Church , Llandrygarn , with the priest serving the two parishes residing in Llandrygarn . The church tithes had been paid to Jesus College , Oxford ( who had built a " neat parsonage @-@ house " in Llandrygarn ) since 1648 , Lewis said , subject to a small deduction for distribution to the poor of the parish . The tithes were given to the college ( which has had strong connections with Wales since its foundation in 1571 ) by a Dr Wynne , Chancellor of Llandaff Cathedral . St Twrog 's is still in use for worship by the Church in Wales . It is one of seven churches in a group of parishes served by the same priest ( Llandrygarn with Bodwrog with Heneglwys with Trewalchmai with Llannerch @-@ y @-@ medd ) . Other churches in the combined parishes include St Cwyllog , Llangwyllog and St Mary , Llannerch @-@ y @-@ medd . It is within the deanery of Malltraeth , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , the parish does not have a rector , and the position has been vacant since December 2000 . = = Architecture and fittings = = The church is built from rubble masonry , dressed with limestone ; the roof is made from slate , with a stone bellcote at the west end and a bell dating from 1668 . There is no structural division between the nave and chancel , although there is a step and a rail denoting the sanctuary , and overall the church measures about 46 by 13 feet ( 14 @.@ 0 by 4 @.@ 0 m ) . On the south side of the church , there are two windows and a 15th @-@ century square @-@ framed entrance door , which is at the west end ; there are three windows on the north side . The east window and the two eastern @-@ most windows on the north and south sides date from the late 15th century . Like the rest of the windows , these are made wholly or mainly from clear glass ; none of the windows is made entirely of stained glass . The east window has three long narrow lights ( sections of window separated by mullions or tracery ) each with an ogee ( double arc shaped ) curve at the top , topped with eight smaller lights arranged with four in the centre . The other two 15th @-@ century windows are set in square frames and have pairs of lights headed with cinquefoils ( a five leaf pattern ) . The rectangular windows in the middle of the north and south walls were added in the 17th or 18th century , and have pairs of lights . The western @-@ most window on the north side is a converted 15th @-@ century door ; it bears designs of a leaf pattern on one side and three bull 's heads on the other . The three bull 's heads pattern is associated with the Bulkeley family of Beaumaris , who were prominent and influential landowners , in Anglesey and elsewhere in north Wales , from the 15th to the 19th centuries . In 1500 , about the time that the church was rebuilt , Richard Bulkeley was Archdeacon of Anglesey and so would have been involved in the work here , and is likely to have contributed towards the cost . A bull 's head is carved into a stone above the doorway . The roof dates from the 19th century and the supporting woodwork structure can be seen from inside the church . The church , which is lit by gas lamps , contains box pews in the nave , and a panelled reading desk with a matching pulpit , one on each side in the sanctuary . Cream paint has been used for the pews , pulpit and reading desk . There are some 18th @-@ century memorial tablets on the south wall of the nave . A 1937 survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire noted an oak collecting shovel dated 1733 , a silver cup dated 1773 and a font of uncertain date . = = Assessment = = The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II * listed building – the second @-@ highest of the three grades of listing , designating " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . It was given this status on 5 April 1971 , and has been listed because it is regarded as " a good rural late Medieval church " . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes that the church has " a simple traditional character " , and that it retains " many original features . " Writing in 1862 , the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones said that the east window was similar to windows in the south aisle of St Cybi 's Church , Holyhead . A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region also comments upon the east window , saying that it was " surprisingly grand " . A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey says that St Twrog 's is in " an elevated spot in a remote rural location . " It notes that the east window was " much weathered " , but that overall the building " appears to be in fairly good condition . "
= William Gabriel Davy = General Sir William Gabriel Davy , KCH ( 1780 – 25 January 1856 ) was a British Army officer who fought in the Peninsular War . = = Life = = William Gabriel Davy was born in 1780 in Kingsholm , Gloucestershire . He was the eldest son of Major William Davy , Persian Secretary to Warren Hastings , the first Governor @-@ General of Bengal . Educated at Eton College , Davy became a lieutenant in the 61st Foot of the British Army in 1797 . He transferred to the 5th battalion of the 60th Foot at the beginning of 1802 , and was made a captain . He was promoted to major and lieutenant @-@ colonel on 5 February 1807 and 28 December 1809 , respectively . After becoming the battalion 's commander in May 1808 , he led the battalion early in the Peninsular War . The battalion departed from Cork on 12 July 1808 . On 1 August , they arrived at Mondego Bay in Portugal , where the first British troops to participate in the Peninsular War landed ; Davy 's battalion was the first to land . The Battle of Roleia was especially difficult , as Davy 's battalion was in the middle of the fighting . At one point , the troops ascended a mountain " so covered with brushwood that [ their ] legs were ready to sink under [ them ] . " In December 1809 , just after being promoted to lieutenant @-@ colonel , he moved to the regiment 's 7th battalion . However , he never participated in physical combat again . He married Mary Ann Carruthers in Adel , Yorkshire on 20 June 1814 . In July 1830 , Davy was made a major general . He remarried in 1840 , to the sister of Major @-@ General Sir Richard England , and was promoted to lieutenant @-@ general in November of the following year . In November 1842 , Davy became colonel of the 1st battalion of the 60th Foot . He was promoted to general in 1854 . From his purchase of the property in 1820 , Davy resided at Tracy Park , Gloucestershire . He died there on 25 January 1856 , aged 77 . = = Honours = = Davy was awarded the Field Officer 's Gold Medal , a clasp , and a gold ribbon buckle for his service in the battles of Roleia , Vimiera and Talavera during the Peninsular War . He was also praised by distinguished figures , such as Secretary of State Lord Castlereagh . Davy became a Companion of the Bath in June 1815 . King William IV knighted Davy and made him a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1836 .
= Battle of Chelsea Creek = The Battle of Chelsea Creek was the second military engagement of the Boston campaign of the American Revolutionary War . It is also known as the Battle of Noddle 's Island , Battle of Hog Island and the Battle of the Chelsea Estuary . This battle was fought on May 27 and 28 , 1775 , on Chelsea Creek and on salt marshes , mudflats , and islands of Boston Harbor , northeast of the Boston peninsula . Most of these areas have since been united with the mainland by land reclamation and are now part of East Boston , Chelsea , Winthrop , and Revere . The American colonists met their goal of strengthening the siege of Boston by removing livestock and hay on those islands from the reach of the British regulars . The British armed schooner Diana was also destroyed and its weaponry was appropriated by the Colonial side . This was the first naval capture of the war , and it was a significant boost to the morale of the Colonial forces . = = Background = = The Battle of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 drew thousands of militia forces from throughout New England to the towns surrounding Boston . These men remained in the area and their numbers grew , placing the British forces in Boston under siege when they blocked all land access to the peninsula . The British were still able to sail in supplies from Nova Scotia , Providence , and other places because the harbor side of the city remained under British naval control . Colonial forces could do little to stop these shipments due to the naval supremacy of the British fleet and the complete absence of a Continental Navy in the spring of 1775 . However , there was one remaining local area that continued to supply the British forces in Boston after the war began . Farmers to the east of the city in coastal areas and on the Boston Harbor islands found themselves vulnerable once the siege began because they were exposed to British influence from the sea . If they continued to sell livestock to the regulars they would be viewed as Loyalists in the eyes of the Patriots , but if they refused to sell then the British would consider them rebels and raiding parties would simply take what they wanted . On May 14 , the Massachusetts Committee of Safety under Joseph Warren issued the following order : Resolved , as their opinion , that all the live stock be taken from Noddle 's Island , Hog Island , Snake Island , and from that part of Chelsea near the sea coast , and be driven back ; and that the execution of this business be committed to the committees of correspondence and selectmen of the towns of Medford , Malden , Chelsea , and Lynn , and that they be supplied with such a number of men , as they shall need , from the regiment now at Medford . A few days before the battle , Warren and General Artemas Ward , commander of the besieging forces , inspected Noddle 's Island and Hog Island , which lay to the northeast of Boston , and east of Charlestown . They found no British troops there but plenty of livestock . The animals in other coastal areas had been moved inland by their owners . On May 21 , the British had sailed troops to Grape Island in the outer harbor near Weymouth to get hay and livestock , and had been driven off by militia mustered from the nearby towns , which then removed the livestock and burned the hay on the island . The British Navy around occupied Boston was under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral Samuel Graves . The Royal Marines were under the command of Major John Pitcairn . The British forces as a whole were led by Governor General Thomas Gage . Graves had , in addition to hay and livestock , hired storage on Noddle 's Island for a variety of important naval supplies , which he felt were important to preserve , owing to the " almost impossibility of replacing them at this Juncture . " = = Prelude to Battle = = Vice @-@ Admiral Graves , apparently acting on intelligence that the Colonials might make attempts on the islands , posted guard boats near Noddle 's Island . These were longboats that included detachments of Marines . Sources disagree as to whether or not any regulars or marines were stationed on Noddle 's Island to protect the naval supplies . The " regiment now at Medford " mentioned by the Committee of Safety was Colonel John Stark 's 1st New Hampshire Regiment of about 300 men stationed near Winter Hill with its headquarters in Medford . Taking his instructions from General Ward , Stark and his regiment crossed the bridge over the Mystic River just after midnight on May 27 . Their route took them far to the north of Chelsea Creek through Malden and parts of what are now the cities of Everett and Revere . Additional local men most likely joined them during their march . Hog Island was accessible at low tide from the east by fording Belle Isle Creek near the current location of Belle Isle Marsh Reservation . This crossing was effected without Graves ' guard boats taking notice . Stark began to move his force to Hog Island at about 10 am and directed most of his men to round up livestock there while he forded Crooked Creek to Noddle 's Island with a group of thirty men . Stark 's small contingent on Noddle 's Island scattered into small groups , killed the animals they could find , and set fire to haystacks and barns . = = Battle = = = = = Islands = = = The British first took notice when they spotted the smoke from the burning hay . Vice @-@ Admiral Graves on his flagship , HMS Preston saw smoke from the burning hay at about 2 pm , and signaled for the guard marines to land on Noddle 's island , which they did , engaging Stark 's scattered forces . Graves also ordered the schooner Diana , under the command of his nephew Lieutenant Thomas Graves , to sail up Chelsea Creek to support the operation and cut off the colonists ' escape . Eventually , a combined force of roughly 400 marines was landed , formed ranks and began to systematically drive Stark 's men back to the east . The colonists fled without fighting until they reached Crooked Creek . There they dropped into marshy ditches and fired on their pursuers from strong defensive positions . A pitched battle followed , in which the colonists " Squat [ t ] ed down in a Ditch on the ma [ r ] sh " and engaged in " a hot fiar untill the Regulars retreated " . The Marines withdrew from their positions to the interior of Noddle 's Island , and Stark 's men left Crooked Creek to join the main body of his forces on Hog Island . Diana and the other vessels continued northeast up Chelsea Creek in pursuit . By sunset , hundreds of cattle , sheep , and horses had been driven from Hog Island to the mainland . Also around sunset , Diana turned about in an attempt to avoid being trapped in the shallows of the creek . However , Lieutenant Graves realized he would require assistance , and raised a signal . Vice @-@ Admiral Graves ordered barges manned by marines into the creek to tow Diana out , along with the sloop Britannia , tender of HMS Somerset ( under the command of another of Graves nephews , Lieutenant John Graves ) to assist and provide additional firepower . Sources disagree on the timing of the dispatching of the various vessels . A number of sources ( Frothingham and A Documentary History of Chelsea among them ) claim that Diana , Britannia , and the barges were all dispatched together ; Nelson and Ketchum , possibly on the basis of more recent research , claim the account as told above . = = = Mainland coast = = = Some of Stark 's men were engaged in driving the livestock further up the coast . Others noticed that Diana was in trouble , and called for reinforcements . General Putnam and as many as 1000 troops ( including Joseph Warren ) came up on the shore near Diana , a place at the mouth of Chelsea Creek , in the modern Chelsea neighborhood by the McArdle bridge to East Boston . Putnam waded out into the harbor up to his waist and offered quarter to the sailors of Diana if they would surrender , but its cannon continued to fire , and attempts to tow her into deeper water continued . Colonial forces continued firing on the ship , supported by two field pieces positioned on the shore . Britannia and field pieces the British had landed on Noddle 's Island also joined the cannonade . At about 10 pm , the British rowers were forced to abandon the rescue of Diana due to the heavy fire . Diana drifted and ran aground again on the Mystic River side of the Chelsea coast , tipping onto one side . Lieutenant Graves abandoned Diana and transferred his men to Britannia , which was successfully towed to deeper water . American forces boarded Diana and rapidly removed everything of value , including guns , rigging , sails , clothing , and money . They laid hay under the stern to serve as kindling , and the vessel was set on fire at about 3 am to prevent it from falling back into British hands . The guns recovered were probably used in the American positions during the Battle of Bunker Hill . = = Aftermath = = This skirmish was apparently the first use of field pieces by the Colonists in the American Revolution . They suffered no fatalities , with only a small number of wounded , and their morale was greatly boosted by the successful capture and destruction of Diana . The action was also a boost to Israel Putnam , whose appointment by the Second Continental Congress as a General in the Continental Army was unanimously approved , in part due to reports of this skirmish . General Gage was understated in his casualty report to London : " Two men were killed and a few wounded . " Others , however , apparently exaggerated , reporting large casualties . The Pennsylvania Journal reported on June 21 , 1775 , that General Gage himself recorded at least one hundred killed while other sources said more than three hundred . From another source : " The regulars were said to have suffered very much , not to have had less than two hundred killed and wounded . The loss was probably greatly exaggerated ; that , however , had a good effect on the provincials . The affair was a matter of no small triumph to them and they felt upon the occasion more courageous than ever . " Gage ordered cannon mounted on Copp 's Hill in Boston , and Vice @-@ Admiral Graves moved the Somerset , which had been stationed in the shallow waters between Boston and Charlestown , into deeper waters to the east of Boston , where it would have improved maneuverability if fired upon from land . He also belatedly sent a detachment of regulars to secure Noddle 's Island ; the Colonists had long before removed or destroyed anything of value on the island . = = Geographic changes = = In the years since the American Revolution , the geography of the Boston area has undergone significant expansion , and the islands named Hog and Noddle 's are no longer islands . In the late 19th and early 20th century , the channel that separated Noddle 's and Hog was filled in , and that between Hog Island and the mainland was filled in over the course of the late 19th century and early 20th century leaving just a small , narrow creek between the former islands and the mainland . In terms of modern geography , the Orient Heights neighborhood of East Boston is the present location of Hog Island and nearby Breeds Island , and much of the remainder of East Boston is what was then Noddle 's Island . The Chelsea Creek has been narrowed due to the expansion of Chelsea and has been dredged and straightened to create a deep shipping channel . While occasional attempts have been made to locate the remains of the Diana in Chelsea Creek , which has been extensively dredged and industrialized in the years since the battle , no wrecks found in that body have been identified as hers . In 2009 , the National Park Service gave funds for a state @-@ led effort to locate the wreck .
= Thomas Ferens = Thomas Robinson Ferens ( 4 May 1847 – 9 May 1930 ) was a British politician , a philanthropist , and an industrialist . He was the Member of Parliament for Hull East for 13 years , and served the city as a Justice of the Peace and as High Steward . He helped establish Reckitt & Sons , a manufacturer of household goods , as one of Kingston upon Hull ’ s foremost businesses . His career with the company spanned 61 years — from his initial employment as a confidential and shorthand clerk until his death , as chairman , in 1930 . In the House of Commons , Ferens spoke to further the cause of Women 's Rights . He supported women 's suffrage at home , and repeatedly drew attention to the trafficking of women and girls in the colonies . But never a great orator , and by nature a retiring man , much of his work at Westminster was completed in the committee rooms , away from the limelight . He did not seek re @-@ election after being unseated in acrimonious campaign in 1918 . A devout Wesleyan Methodist , Ferens made numerous charitable donations throughout his life . His gifts to Hull include the Ferens Art Gallery and a donation of £ 250 @,@ 000 for the establishment of University College ( now the University of Hull ) . He is memorialized in the University 's motto : Lampada Ferens . In other parts of the country he made substantial donations to schools , hospitals and charitable organisations . = = Early life = = = = = Childhood and early career = = = Ferens was born on 4 May 1847 in East Thickley , a village close to the market town of Bishop Auckland , County Durham . He was the third of the seven children of George Waller Ferens ( 1817 – 1893 ) , a flour miller , and his wife , Anne , née Jackson . After attending Bishop Auckland private school until the age of thirteen , he found employment as a clerk in the Shildon office of the mineral department of the Stockton and Darlington Railway . Six years later , he left home for Stockton where he worked as a clerk to Head , Wrightson & Co . A committed autodidact , he taught himself grammar , arithmetic , mechanics , and shorthand . At weekends he taught at Sunday School and enjoyed playing cricket . In 1868 , after working in Stockton for two years , he left to take up a post as a confidential shorthand clerk to James Reckitt of Reckitt & Sons in Kingston upon Hull . = = = Family life = = = In Hull , Ferens continued to teach in Sunday School , a practice he began during his time in Stockton . While teaching at the Brunswick Sunday School he met Ester Ellen ( Ettie ) Field , a fellow teacher and a wealthy merchant ’ s daughter of " rather masculine appearance . " They married in 1873 at Sculcoates Registry Office ; and they continued to teach at the Sunday School for the rest of their lives . Though Ettie remained childless , the couple adopted her nephew , John Johnson Till ( known as Till ) , in 1880 . Till Ferens separated from his wife and became estranged from his adoptive parents during the 1914 – 18 war . Till Ferens , like Thomas , was a Liberal and stood for the Liberal Party at Gainsborough in the 1935 general election . = = A career in industry = = Reckitt & Sons was already a successful firm when Ferens joined it in 1868 . It produced household wares such as starch , washing blue and black lead . It had been acquired by Isaac Reckitt , a Quaker , in 1840 and was now run by his sons , also Quakers , George ( 1825 – 1900 ) , Francis ( 1827 – 1917 ) and James ( 1833 – 1924 ) . Ferens was industrious and forward @-@ thinking ; he moved swiftly through the company 's managerial ranks . In 1874 he became Works Manager with a share in profits ; in 1879 , Secretary ; in 1880 , General Manager . He joined the board of directors in 1888 when Reckitt & Sons became a private joint @-@ stock company . When James Reckitt died , 36 years later , Ferens was named joint chairman . Under the guidance of Ferens and James Reckitt , the company flourished , becoming one of the most successful in the city . It opened offices in London and New York and expanded into pharmaceuticals — a natural progression from its disinfectants business . Dettol was launched in 1932 . = = Politics and public life = = In 1894 Ferens was appointed a Justice of the Peace . In 1911 he was made a Freeman of the City of Hull . He entered parliament as Liberal member for Hull East in 1906 after an unsuccessful bid for the same seat six years earlier . In 1912 King George V appointed him to the Privy Council , and in the same year he became High Steward of Hull . He was not a frequent speaker in parliament but he chaired several committees and was a member of the Inter @-@ Parliamentary Union before the First World War . Hansard , the printed record of parliamentary debates , records that his first parliamentary contribution related to schools in orphan homes , and his last to the health of troops in Palestine . A recurrent theme in Ferens ' parliamentary contributions is Women 's Rights . In 1910 he presented a petition in favour of the enfranchisement of women . In 1912 , when the House discussed an allegedly inflammatory speech by Emmeline Pankhurst , Ferens wondered whether her speech might have been influenced by the " example of some Privy counsellors . " The following year , he asked several questions regarding slave @-@ trading in women ; including the trade in West African women , and the trade of European and Japanese women to India . In 1917 he questioned the Home Secretary on the role of women in the police force . Ferens ' personal and religious convictions are evident in other of his parliamentary contributions . He tabled a number of questions concerning temperance , both at home and in the colonies . His first question in the Commons was about orphan schools . He later asked about railway accidents to children , and about trafficking of young girls in India . In 1915 Ferens opened a parliamentary debate on the increase in the cost of living caused by the war , which was " causing much hardship , especially to the poor . " He noted that " Many labourers ' families have now to be content , owing to the high price of the necessaries of life , with one meal of meat in the week . " In replying , the Prime Minister , Herbert Asquith , agreed that prices were high but he felt they were not as high as might have been expected considering the scale of the global conflict . He remarked that the current high prices were not without precedent , even in peacetime ; the price of coal was no higher than it had been in 1875 . Ferens also intervened on behalf of his constituency and its inhabitants . In April 1913 he drew the attention of the Postmaster @-@ General to the case of a post office sorting @-@ clerk who was having difficulties claiming his pension . On 10 August 1916 , after a fatal raid by a Zeppelin in the early of the previous morning , against which the city had been able to muster only a single searchlight and one gun , he asked that adequate defences be provided and brought to action where necessary . The 1918 election campaign was acrimonious and Ferens was subjected to personal attacks accusing him of being a Little Englander . In reporting on the four contested Hull seats , The Times spoke of “ Slashing attacks , covert insults , challenges , defiances and the incessant chatter of other weapons ... ” It noted that Ferens ’ opponent , Charles Murchinson , was “ busy digging out ' Little Navy ’ speeches of Mr Ferens in 1909 [ cf.Little Englander ] ... ” Murchinson was elected and Ferens resolved never to stand again . After the war he became an active supporter of the League of Nations . Away from politics , Ferens was an important figure in the Nonconformist community although , typically , he stayed out of the limelight . In a survey of the personalities of Free Church leaders , the Times noted that “ among the most respected counsellors of Nonconformity are men who seldom figure on platforms ” , and went on to list Ferens among their number . “ The leadership of Nonconformity is largely in the hands of laymen ” , it commented . In 1924 Ferens attempted to intervene on behalf William George Smith , a Ship ’ s Painter who had been sentenced to death for murder at York Assizes . A telegram addressed to the King was sent in the early hours of 9 December appealing for the exercise of the Royal Prerogative . But the appeal was unsuccessful and Smith was executed at Hull Gaol later that morning . = = Temperance = = Ferens was a lifelong teetotaller and a strong advocate of temperance . In his youth he attended Band of Hope meetings . In 1913 he was elected treasurer of the United Kingdom Alliance . In 1923 he shared a platform with the Archbishop of Canterbury at the Mansion House . The occasion was the inaugural meeting of the National United Campaign of the Churches , which was organised by The Temperance Council of the Christian Churches of England and Wales . The campaign 's objectives were to present “ the modern scientific indictment of alcoholic beverages and its moral implications ” , and to “ rally local support for the Council ’ s immediate legislative program ” , which included the prohibition of the sale of alcohol to persons under the age of 18 , and the banning of the sale of alcohol on Sundays . But the Campaign was firmly opposed to Prohibition , as is plain in the Times ' report of the Archbishop 's address : " To his mind prohibition was the very antithesis of temperance ( Cheers . ) It was an open confession of failure . " Ferens donated £ 1 @,@ 000 to a fund established to accomplish the aims of the campaign . = = A benevolent man = = From the time he started earning a salary , Ferens allocated 10 % of his income to charity . His personal wealth increased quickly , inline with the growth of Reckitt & Sons , affording him the opportunity to make ever more generous donations . This he deemed " one of the greatest blessings of my life . " By 1920 he was distributing £ 47 @,@ 000 out of his annual income of £ 50 @,@ 000 . In 1917 Ferens purchased a plot of land in Queen Victoria Square in Hull city centre . The land was the site of a former Church , Saint John 's . Later in the year he wrote to the council , informing them that he intended to donate the land to the city , and that he would also donate shares in Reckitt & Sons worth £ 35 @,@ 000 . In his letter , which was read out at a council meeting , Ferens explained that the shares and the land were to be used to build an art gallery . Nine years later the Prince of Wales laid the foundation stone for The Ferens Art Gallery . Afterwards , the prince visited the premises of Reckitt & Sons where he was greeted by the company ’ s workforce which now numbered 6000 . The Ferens Art Gallery finally opened in 1927 . Educational establishments and hospitals were often the beneficiaries of Ferens ’ munificence . In 1924 he donated £ 30 @,@ 000 to extend Kingswood School for Boys , Bath . A year later , the Queen opened an extension to Farrington Girls School , Chiselhurst , which Ferens had made possible with a donation of a similar amount . In the same year a new post @-@ graduate Theological College , to which he had donated £ 17 @,@ 000 , was opened in Cambridge for the training of Wesleyan ministers . In February 1927 Ferens formally handed over the Ferens Institute of Otolaryngology to Prince Arthur , which he had made possible by a donation of £ 20 @,@ 000 . In handing over the institute , Ferens said that he hoped that it would attract workers from all parts of the Empire , and from countries outside it . In 1925 Ferens made his largest single donation . He wrote to the Lord Mayor of Kingston upon Hull to inform him that he intended to donate £ 250 @,@ 000 towards the foundation of a university college in the city . The college would be built in the west of city on an eighteen and a half acre site , which Ferens had previously donated . The Duke of York laid the foundation stone in 1928 , and Prince George opened the new college in 1929 . Ferens became the college 's first president , and is memorialized its motto : " Lampada Ferens " — " carrying the light ( of learning ) . " The dove in the university 's logo , which signifies peace , is taken from Ferens ' coat of arms . Ferens remained a modest man ; he saw giving as a moral duty and repeatedly declined offers of ennoblement . In replying to the headmaster ’ s speech when he visited Kingswood school in 1926 , the King said : “ The headmaster is right in assuming that I am already well acquainted with Mr Ferens ’ s benefactions in other parts of the country ; this is not the first time I have been associated with him in this manner , and though I know the last thing that he would want would be a public expression of thanks on my part , I would like to be allowed to share in the debt of gratitude which the Kingswood School owes him today . ” = = Legacy = = In March 1930 , ill health prevented Ferens from attending the company ’ s Annual Meeting . It was the first he had missed in 50 years . He had not fulfilled any public engagements for some weeks ; nevertheless , he wrote out his speech and it was presented by Sir Harold Reckitt . In the speech Ferens was again able to present the board with pleasing figures . The net profit was £ 1 @,@ 277 @,@ 683 , an increase of £ 33 @,@ 108 over 1928 , which was itself a record year . It was a source of great gratification for him “ to be able to say that the most cordial relations exist between the workers , the management and the board ” . Ferens died in his home , Holderness House , in East Hull on 9 May 1930 . Hettie had predeceased him eight years earlier . In his will he bequeathed the house and its grounds , together with an endowment of £ 50 @,@ 000 , to be used as a rest home for poor gentlewomen and to be preserved as an open space for East Hull . As of 2011 , the house continues to be run as a residential home for ladies . The year after his death , a pageant was held to mark the opening of Ferensway , a major new thoroughfare in the centre of the city . The Times reported that it would “ rank as one of the finest in the North of England ” , and continued , “ The street is 100 ft wide , 10 ft wider than Regent Street in London . " To make way for the new street , a large slum area was cleared of houses . Low @-@ rent housing was provided to those displaced by the new road . Reckitt & Son merged with J & J Colman in 1938 becoming Reckitt & Colman Ltd . In 1999 that company merged with Benckiser N.V. to become Reckitt Benckiser . In 2006 Reckitt Benckiser acquired Boots Healthcare International for £ 1 @.@ 9 billion . Though the company is now headquartered in Slough , the Hull site remains one of the city ’ s most significant employers . In the 21st century , Thomas Ferens ' legacy remains woven into fabric of the city of Hull . University college continued to expand , gaining its Royal Charter in 1954 . In 1979 it became the first university to be awarded the Queen ’ s award for Technological Achievement . Alumni include John Prescott , Frank Field , Roy Hattersley and Roger McGough . Ferens Art Gallery now houses an internationally renowned permanent collection which includes works by Antonio Canaletto , David Hockney , Stanley Spencer and Henry Moore . Generations of Hull 's children have enjoyed summers on the boating lake and drenching , perilous trips aboard its Wicksteed Splashboat . Almshouses which Ferens donated to the city in 1910 still provide shelter to the City 's needy almost a century after his death . In 2012 a new secondary school named Thomas Ferens Academy opened in Hull which was named in his honour ( the school was renamed Sirius Academy North in 2015 ) .
= Battle of Schliengen = At the Battle of Schliengen ( 24 October 1796 ) , both the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle under the command of Jean @-@ Victor Moreau and the Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles of Austria claimed victories . The village of Schliengen lies in the present @-@ day Kreis Lörrach close to the border of present @-@ day Baden @-@ Württemberg ( Germany ) , the Haut @-@ Rhin ( France ) , and the Canton of Basel @-@ Stadt ( Switzerland ) . During the French Revolutionary Wars , Schliengen was a strategically important location for the armies of both Republican France and Habsburg Austria . Control of the area gave either combatant access to southwestern German states and important Rhine river crossings . On 20 October Moreau retreated from Freiburg im Breisgau and established his army along a ridge of hills . The severe condition of the roads prevented Archduke Charles from flanking the French right wing . The French left wing lay too close to the Rhine to outflank , and the French center , positioned in a 7 @-@ mile ( 11 km ) semi @-@ circle on heights that commanded the terrain below , was unassailable . Instead , he attacked the French flanks directly , and in force , which increased casualties for both sides . Although the French and the Austrians claimed victory at the time , military historians generally agree that the Austrians achieved a strategic advantage . However , the French withdrew from the battlefield in good order and several days later crossed the Rhine River at Hüningen . A confusion of politics and diplomacy in Vienna wasted any strategic advantage that Charles might have obtained and locked the Habsburg force into two sieges on the Rhine , when the troops were badly needed in northern Italy . The battle is commemorated on a monument in Vienna and on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . = = Background = = Initially , the rulers of Europe viewed the French Revolution as a dispute between the French king and his subjects , and not something in which they should interfere . As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident , they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis XVI and his family ; this Declaration of Pilnitz ( 27 August 1791 ) threatened ambiguous , but quite serious , consequences if anything should happen to the royal family . The position of the revolutionaries became increasingly difficult . Compounding their problems in international relations , French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter @-@ revolution . Finally , on 20 April 1792 , the French National Convention declared war on Austria . In this War of the First Coalition ( 1792 – 98 ) , France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her , plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire . Despite some victories in 1792 , by early 1793 , France was in terrible crisis : French forces had been pushed out of Belgium ; also there was revolt in the Vendée over conscription ; wide @-@ spread resentment of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy ; and the French king had just been executed . The armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption ; the problems became even more acute following the introduction of mass conscription , the levée en masse , which saturated an already distressed army with thousands of illiterate , untrained men . For the French , the Rhine Campaign of 1795 proved especially disastrous , although they had achieved some success in other theaters of war ( see for example , War of the Pyrenees ( 1793 – 95 ) ) . = = = Campaign in 1796 = = = The armies of the First Coalition included the imperial contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states , amounting to about 125 @,@ 000 ( including three autonomous corps ) , a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary wars . In total , though , the commander @-@ in @-@ chief Archduke Charles ' troops stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea and Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 's , from the Swiss @-@ Italian border to the Adriatic . Habsburg troops comprised the bulk of the army , but the thin white line of Habsburg infantry could not cover the territory from Basel to Frankfurt with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of their opponents . Compared to French coverage , Charles had half the number of troops covering a 211 @-@ mile ( 340 km ) front that stretched from Renchen near Basel to Bingen . Furthermore , he had concentrated the bulk of his force , commanded by Count Baillet Latour , between Karlsruhe and Darmstadt , where the confluence of the Rhine and the Main made an attack most likely , as it offered a gateway into eastern German states and ultimately to Vienna , with good bridges crossing a relatively well @-@ defined river bank . To his north , Wilhelm von Wartensleben 's autonomous corps covered the line between Mainz and Giessen . The Austrian army consisted of professionals , many moved from the border regions in the Balkans , and conscripts drafted from the imperial circles . Two French generals , Jean Baptiste Jourdan and Jean Victor Moreau , commanded ( respectively ) the Army of Sambre @-@ et @-@ Meuse and the Army of the Rhine and Moselle at the outset of the 1796 campaign . The French citizens ' army , created by mass conscription of young men and systematically divested of old men who might have tempered the rash impulses of teenagers and young adults , and had already made itself odious , by reputation and rumor at least , throughout France . Furthermore , it was an army entirely dependent upon the countryside for its material support . After April 1796 , pay was made in metallic value , but pay was still in arrears . Throughout the spring and early summer , the unpaid French army was in almost constant mutiny : in May 1796 , in the border town of Zweibrücken , the 74th Demi @-@ brigade revolted . In June , the 17th Demi @-@ brigade was insubordinate ( frequently ) and in the 84th Demi @-@ brigade , two companies rebelled . The French commanders understood that an assault into the German states was essential , not only in terms of war aims , but also in practical terms : the French Directory believed that war should pay for itself , and did not budget for the payment or feeding of its troops . In Spring , 1796 , when resumption of war appeared eminent , the 88 members of the Swabian Circle , which included most of the states ( ecclesiastical , secular , and dynastic ) in Upper Swabia , had raised a small force of about 7 @,@ 000 men . These were literally raw recruits , field hands and day laborers drafted for service , but usually untrained in military matters . It was largely guess work where they should be placed , and Charles did not like to use the militias in any vital location . Consequently , in early late May and early June , when the French started to mass troops by Mainz as if they would cross there — they even engaged the Imperial force at Altenkirchen ( 4 June ) and Wetzler and Uckerath ( 15 June ) — Charles thought that main attack would occur there and felt few qualms placing the 7 @,@ 000 @-@ man Swabian militia at the crossing by Kehl . On 24 June , though , at Kehl , Moreau 's advance guard , 10 @,@ 000 , preceded the main force of 27 @,@ 000 infantry and 3 @,@ 000 cavalry directed at the Swabian pickets on the bridge . The Swabians were hopelessly outnumbered and could not be reinforced . Most of the Imperial Army of the Rhine was stationed further north , by Mannheim , where the river was easier to cross , but too far away to support the smaller force at Kehl . Neither the Condé 's troops in Freiburg nor Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 's force in Rastatt could reach Kehl in time to support them . Within a day , Moreau had four divisions across the river . Thrust out of Kehl , the Swabian contingent reformed at Rastatt by 5 July . There they managed to hold the city until the French turned both flanks . Charles could not move much of his army away from Mannheim or Karlsruhe , where the French had also formed across the river , and Fürstenberg could not hold the southern flank . Furthermore , at Hüningen , near Basel , on the same day that Moreau 's advance guard crossed at Kehl , Ferino executed a full crossing , and advanced unopposed east along the German shore of the Rhine with the 16th and 50th Demi @-@ brigades , the 68th , 50th and 68th line infantry , and six squadrons of cavalry that included the 3rd and 7th Hussars and the 10th Dragoons . The Habsburg and Imperial armies were in danger of encirclement , as the French pressed hard at Rastatt . Ferino moved quickly east along the shore of the Rhine ; from there , an approach from the rear might have flanked the entire force . To prevent this , Charles executed an orderly withdrawal in four columns through the Black Forest , across the Upper Danube valley , and toward Bavaria , trying to maintain consistent contact with all flanks as each column withdrew through the Black Forest and the Upper Danube . By mid @-@ July , the column encamped near Stuttgart . The third column , which included the Condé 's Corps , retreated through Waldsee to Stockach , and eventually Ravensburg . The fourth Austrian column , the smallest ( three battalions and four squadrons ) , Ludwig Wolff de la Marselle , marched the length of the Bodensee 's northern shore , via Überlingen , Meersburg , Buchhorn , and the Austrian city of Bregenz . Given the size of the attacking force , Charles had to withdraw far enough into Bavaria to align his northern flank in a perpendicular line with Wartensleben 's autonomous corps to protect the Danube valley and deny the French primary access to Vienna . His own front would prevent Moreau from flanking Wartensleben from the south and together they could resist the French onslaught . In the course of this withdrawal , he abandoned the Swabian Circle to the French . For the Swabians to negotiate neutrality , their militia needed to disband . At the end of July , eight thousand of Charles ' men executed a dawn attack on the camp of the remaining three thousand Swabian and Condé 's immigrant troops , disarmed them , and impounded their weapons . As Charles withdrew further east , the neutral zone established in Swabia expanded , eventually to encompass most of southern German states and the Ernestine Duchies . = = = Summer of maneuvers = = = The summer and fall included various conflicts throughout the southern territories of the German states as the armies of the Coalition and the armies of the Directory sought to flank each other : By mid @-@ summer , the situation looked grim for the Coalition : Wartensleben continued to withdraw to the east @-@ northeast despite Charles ' orders to unite with him . It appeared probable that Jourdan or Moreau would outmaneuver Charles by driving a wedge between his force and that of Wartensleben . At Neresheim on 11 August , Moreau crushed Charles ' force , forcing him to withdraw further east . At last , however , with this loss , Wartensleben recognized the danger and changed direction , moving his corps to join at Charles ' northern flank . At Amberg on 24 August , Charles inflicted a defeat on the French , yet that same day , his commanders lost a battle to the French at Friedberg . Regardless , the tide had turned in the Coalition 's favor . Both Jourdan and Moreau had overstretched their lines , moving far into the German states , and were separated too far from each other for one to offer the other aid or security . The Coalition 's concentration of troops forced a wider wedge between the two armies of Jourdan and Moreau , similar to what the French had tried to do to Charles and Wartensleben . As the French withdrew toward the Rhine , Charles and Wartensleben pressed forward . On 3 September at Würzburg , Jourdan attempted to halt his retreat . Once Moreau received word of the French defeat , he had to withdraw from southern Germany . He pulled his troops back through the Black Forest , with Ferino supervising the rear guard . The Austrian corps commanded by Latour drew too close to Moreau at Biberach and lost 4 @,@ 000 men taken as prisoners , some standards and artillery , after which Latour followed at a more prudent distance . = = Terrain = = The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the Swiss Cantons . The High Rhine ( Hochrhein ) , the 80 @-@ mile ( 130 km ) stretch between the Rhine Falls near Schaffhausen and Basel , cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed ; in such places as the former rapids at Laufenburg , it moves in torrents . A few miles north and east of Basel , the terrain flattens . The Rhine makes a wide , northerly turn , in what is called the Rhine knee , and enters the so @-@ called Rhine ditch ( Rheingraben ) , part of a rift valley bordered by the Black Forest on the east and Vosges Mountains on the west . In 1796 , the plain on both sides of the river , some 19 miles ( 31 km ) wide , was dotted with villages and farms . At the farthest edges of the flood plain , especially on the eastern side , the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon . Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of the Black Forest , creating deep defiles in the mountains . The tributaries then wound in rivulets through the flood plain to the river . The landscape was impressive , but rugged . As a nineteenth @-@ century traveler described it , the mountains in the vicinity [ of Müllheim ] are bold ; the dark ravines contrasting with its sunny fronts offer some exquisite scenes . The Rhine ... lay revealed before us for many a league , twisting and twining like a serpent of silver ... dotted with innumerable islands , and flowing through a most extensive plain , perfectly flat . Our elevation was considerable and the eye ranged over a great extent of country : Elsace [ sic ] , in France , and the level country as far as Bingen , would have been seen to their furthest limits had not the distance melted the extreme verges into ' thin air ' . Many were the villages , and hamlets , and woods sprinkled over the landscape .... The traveler described additional walks , in which the forest of dark pine bordered directly on the road , " checquered [ sic ] by glades in which browsed sheep and goats . " The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does today ; the passage from Basel to Iffezheim was " corrected " ( straightened ) between 1817 and 1875 . Between 1927 and 1975 , a canal was constructed to control the water level . In 1790 , though , the river was wild and unpredictable , in some places four times wider or more than it is in the twenty @-@ first century , even under regular water levels . Its channels wound through marsh and meadow , and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods . = = Battle = = = = = Key participants = = = = = = Preliminaries to the action at Schliengen = = = Throughout September and early October , Charles maintained his pressure on Moreau 's army , pushing it further to the west . On 18 September , part of an Austrian division under Feldmarschall @-@ Leutnant Petrasch swept from Karlsruhe , south to Kehl and stormed the Rhine bridgehead there ; he succeeded in holding it , with high losses ( about 2 @,@ 000 of his 5 @,@ 000 men were killed , wounded or missing ) . Immediately , though , General Schauenburg , the French garrison commander , counter @-@ attacked and drove the Austrians back ; the French lost 1 @,@ 200 killed or wounded , and 800 captured . Even though the French still held the crossing at Kehl and Strasbourg , Petrasch 's Austrians prevented Moreau from using the crossing to escape to France , leaving as his only reliable route to France the bridge at Hüningen . If Moreau , at that point situated in Freiburg , withdrew too soon from the Breisgau , Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino ' s column would be trapped there . The next contact occurred on 19 October at Emmendingen , in the Elz valley which winds through the Black Forest . The section of the valley involved in the battle runs southwest through the mountains from Elzach , through Bleibach and Waldkirch . Just to the southwest of Waldkirch , the river emerges from the mountains and flows north @-@ west towards the Rhine , with the Black Forest to its right . This section of the river passes through Emmendingen before it reaches Riegel . Riegel sits in a narrow gap between the Black Forest and an isolated outcropping of volcanic hills known as the Kaiserstuhl . Here the archduke split his force into four columns . Column Nauendorf , in the upper Elz , had 8 battalions and 14 squadrons , advancing southwest to Waldkirch ; column Wartensleben had 12 battalions and 23 squadrons advancing south to capture the Elz bridge at Emmendingen . Latour , with 6 @,@ 000 men , was to cross the foothills via Heimbach and Malterdingen , and capture the bridge of Köndringen , between Riegel and Emmendingen , and column Fürstenberg held Kinzingen , about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north of Riegel . Michael Fröhlich and Condé ( part of Friedrich Joseph , Count of Nauendorf 's column ) were to pin down Ferino and the French right wing in the Stieg valley . Nauendorf 's men were able to ambush Saint ' Cyr 's advance ; Latour 's columns attacked Beaupuy at Matterdingen , killing the general and throwing his column into confusion . Wartensleben , in the center , was held up by French riflemen until his third ( reserve ) detachment arrived to outflank them . In the ensuing melee , Wartensleben was mortally wounded . The French retreated across the rivers , destroying all the bridges . Lack of bridges did not slow the Coalition pursuit . The Austrians repaired the bridges by Matterdingen , and moved on Moreau at Freiburg . On 20 October , Moreau 's army of 20 @,@ 000 united south of Freiburg im Breisgau with Ferino 's column . Ferino 's force was smaller than Moreau had hoped , bringing the total of the combined French force to about 32 @,@ 000 . Charles ' combined forces of 24 @,@ 000 closely followed Moreau 's rear guard from Freiburg , southwest , to a line of hills stretching between Kandern and the river . = = = French dispositions = = = After a retreat of approximately 38 miles ( 61 km ) in which his rear guard was continually harassed by the vanguard of his enemy , Moreau halted at Schliengen and distributed his army in a 7 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 12 km ) semicircle along a ridge that commanded the approaches from Freiburg . He placed his right wing , commanded by Ferino , at the neighboring heights of Kandern ( altitude 1 @,@ 155 feet ( 352 m ) ) and Sitzenkirch , and his left wing at Steinstadt . His center occupied the village of Schliengen ( altitude 820 feet or 250 meters ) , which lay about 3 miles ( 5 km ) from the Rhine river . His entire force guarded a front protected by a small stream , the 14 @-@ mile ( 23 km ) long Kander that meandered out of the mountains west of Kandern and plunged 755 feet ( 230 m ) into the Rhine when it passed Steinstadt . For extra protection , Moreau also posted a body of infantry in front of his center , giving it added depth . His position on the heights gave him the advantage in any approach ; his troops could fire downhill on any advancing troops . The French position , in the chain of abrupt and woody heights , seemed nearly impregnable . = = = Austrian strategy = = = The Austrian army , augmented by the Army of Condé under the prince 's command , approached from Freiburg . Charles had a couple of options open to him . Any direct assault on the French position would be costly ; Moreau had chosen an almost unassailable position , especially for his center . Any Habsburg force would have to cross the Kandern ; in most cases , it would have to advance uphill into withering fire . Charles could avoid a battle by leaving a force to keep the French occupied and directing a part of his army through the mountains to the left of the Kandern , descending into the valley to Wies and disrupt the French line with Hüningen . However , this operation would take time , and the roads were bad from the rain , making any such maneuver difficult . Rather than see his enemy slip from his grasp , Charles decided to turn Moreau 's right flank at Kandern . He redistributed the four columns : Condé 's Emigré Corps formed the far right column , and Condé 's grandson , Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien , commanded its vanguard ; the second column , commanded by the young but reliable Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg , included 9 battalions and 26 squadrons . Charles ordered the first two columns to keep the left wing of the French army in check , preventing it from swinging around his own army 's rear in a flanking maneuver . This force also maintained contact with Petrasch 's force by Kehl . The third column , commanded by the experienced Maximilian Anton Karl , Count Baillet de Latour , included 11 battalions and 2 regiments of cavalry . The fourth , commanded by the dependable Friedrich Joseph , Count of Nauendorf , included the entire vanguard of Charles ' corps and approached on the far Austrian left . The two larger columns , under Latour and Nauendorf , were to attack the French right wing in force , and to turn it so that the French army 's back was to the Rhine . This was by far the most grueling of the proposed advances : they would approach the French uphill from them . Nauendorf divided his column into several smaller groups , and approached Kandern from several sides , up the steep slopes , by coordinating contact between his column and Latour 's , using Maximilian , Count of Merveldt 's regiment as the link between them . = = = Combat = = = Condé 's Corps formed down river at Neuburg and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 's column formed at Müllheim . Their role was specific : keep the French left from flanking the main Austrian force . Yet , despite specific orders to the contrary , the Duke of Enghien , Condé 's grandson , led a spirited attack on Steinstadt with the Army of Condé ; they took the village with a bayonet charge and remained there under severe artillery and musket fire for the rest of the daylight hours . Republican fire continued , incessant and terrible . An officer was killed as he stood between the Royal Highnesses ( Condé , his son , and grandson ) and the Duke of Berry . Taking advantage of the royalist acquisition , the second column took the hill opposite Schliengen , which was heavily defended by General of Division Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr . Saint @-@ Cyr tried several times to retake the position , but Fürstenberg 's column clung to its prize throughout the day , despite a heavy cannonade from the French divisions opposite it . On the opposite side of the battlefield , Latour 's column marched through part of the night to Feldburg , passed through Vögisheim at 47 ° 47 ′ N 7 ° 37 ′ E to Feldberg , after which it separated into two smaller columns . At 07 : 00 , the right column attacked Ferino 's positions in two vineyards which lay approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) to the northeast at 47 ° 46 ′ 0 @.@ 12 ″ N 7 ° 39 ′ 0 @.@ 00 ″ E. This column forced the French to retire behind Liel at 47 ° 45 ′ N 7 ° 36 ′ E , 0 @.@ 8 miles ( 1 km ) east of Schliengen . The left column , meanwhile , had attacked another position by Egennen . After fierce fighting , Latour 's column dislodged the French after obstinate resistance ; the second portion of Latour 's column approached the hamlet Eckenheim from the reverse angle , and forced a French contingent from the village . Grueling combat followed as the Austrians made the steep , uphill advance . The greater part of the battle , yet to come , fell to Nauendorf 's column . His men had marched all of the preceding night ; his column moved with the corps of General Latour to Feldburg , but by the castle of Bürgeln 3 @.@ 9 miles ( 6 km ) to the east at 47 ° 44 ′ 0 ″ N 7 ° 49 ′ 0 ″ E , it turned to the left ( west ) to penetrate to the source of the Kandern stream . Finally , by 14 : 00 , two in the afternoon , Nauendorf 's column had slogged through mud and muck and came fully into the action . Despite determined opposition , his troops ousted the French from Kandern and Sitzenkirch , and all the high ground above the river and Feurbach . The fighting there , between Ferino 's and Nauendorf 's columns , was intense and horrific : Moreau later recounted that Ferino 's troops performed " prodigies of valor " from daybreak to nightfall . When Nauendorf finished pushing the French from Kandern , and two hamlets beside it , and he sent a note with this information to Latour . As the battle finished , a ferocious storm unleashed hail and wind . So ended the first day of the battle during which Charles ' army had successfully ousted both French flanks from their positions . Overnight , Charles drew up his plans to attack the French center on the following morning . It promised to be a long and bloody second day . = = = Withdrawal = = = Moreau appreciated his untenable position , especially on his right where the bulk of Charles ' force stood ready to attack again in the morning . The Austrian army occupied a line which passed obliquely across the extremity of his right , and another line which passed along his left ; they both intersected in front of him , where the main force of Charles ' army blocked any movement forward . With luck , his troops might hold the Austrians off another day , but there were hazards : principally , the Austrians could break either wing , swing behind him and cut him off from the bridge at Hüningen , which was his only escape route back to France . Consequently , that night he withdrew his right wing to the heights of Tannenkirch at 47 ° 43 ′ N 7 ° 37 ′ E , a position scarcely less impregnable than that which it had abandoned . With a strong rear guard provided by Abbatucci and Lariboisière , he abandoned his position the same night and retreated part of the 9 @.@ 7 miles ( 16 km ) to Hüningen . The right and left wings followed . By 3 November he had reached Haltingen and evacuated his troops over the bridge into France . = = Aftermath = = With their backs to the river , Ferino and Moreau had to retreat across the Rhine into France , but retained control of the fortifications at Kehl and Hüningen and , more importantly , the tête @-@ du @-@ ponts of the star @-@ shaped fortresses where the bridges crossed the river . Moreau offered an armistice to Charles , which the archduke was inclined to accept . He wanted to secure the Rhine crossings and send troops to northern Italy to relieve Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser at besieged Mantua ; an armistice with Moreau would allow him to do that . However , his brother , Francis II , the Holy Roman Emperor , and the civilian military advisers of the Aulic Council categorically refused such an armistice , forcing Charles to order simultaneous sieges at Kehl and Hüningen . These tied his army to the Rhine for most of the winter . He moved north with the bulk of his force to invest Kehl , and instructed Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg to conduct the siege in the south by Basel . While the Austrians besieged these Rhine crossings , Moreau had sufficient surplus troops to send 14 demi @-@ brigades ( approximately 12 @,@ 000 troops ) into Italy to assist in the siege at Mantua .
= Skyfall ( song ) = " Skyfall " is the theme song of the 2012 James Bond film of the same name , performed by British singer Adele . It was written by Adele and producer Paul Epworth and features orchestration by J. A. C. Redford . Film company Eon Productions invited the singer to work on the theme song in early 2011 , a task that Adele accepted after reading the film 's script . While composing the song , Adele and Epworth aimed to capture the mood and style of the other Bond themes , including dark and moody lyrics descriptive of the film 's plot . " Skyfall " was released at 0 : 07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the Global James Bond Day , celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of Dr. No , the first James Bond film . The song quickly went to the top of the iTunes chart , and reached number two at the UK Singles Chart and eight on the Billboard Hot 100 . Reviews were positive , with the song being compared to Shirley Bassey 's Bond themes , and " Skyfall " became the first Bond theme to win at the Golden Globes , the Brit Awards and the Academy Awards . It also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media . During the 85th Academy Awards , Adele performed the song live for the first time . = = Background and production = = In early 2011 Sony Pictures President of Music , Lia Vollack , suggested to the James Bond film producers at Eon Productions that they ask Adele to record a theme song for their next Bond film , later revealed to be titled Skyfall . Vollack thought that Adele would be a good choice to ask to record a Bond theme song , because her music had a " soulful , haunting , evocative quality " , which Vollack considered would bring back the " classic Shirley Bassey feel " associated with several early Bond films . Adele , who had just released her second album 21 , admitted that initially she was a " little hesitant " about agreeing to write a Bond theme song . On meeting with the Skyfall film crew , the singer had told Skyfall director Sam Mendes that she felt as though she was not the person that they were looking for because " my songs are personal , I write from the heart " . Mendes simply replied " just write a personal song " , telling her to use Carly Simon 's " Nobody Does It Better " from The Spy Who Loved Me as an inspiration . Adele left the meeting with the script of Skyfall and , upon reading it , decided that it was a " no @-@ brainer " as she " fell in love " with the film 's plot . Producer Paul Epworth , who had worked with Adele on 21 , was brought in to help her write the song . Adele stated that she enjoyed working to a brief and set of guidelines , even though it was something she had never done before . Production of " Skyfall " , from the first contact with Adele to the song 's release , took 18 months to complete . Vollack stated that the reason for this was " fine @-@ tuning " the song , as Adele and Epworth wanted to ensure that they " were getting it right " . The first cut of the song was completed in October 2011 , as Adele had free time after cancelling the final concerts of her Adele Live tour due to vocal problems . During an interview at their post @-@ Academy Award for Best Original Song win in February 2013 , Adele revealed that the first draft of the song was written in 10 minutes . After Adele underwent throat microsurgery for vocal problems , she recorded a demo of the track and sent it to Mendes , who was doing the principal photography of Skyfall . The director in turn played the demo for film producer Barbara Broccoli and Bond actor Daniel Craig , both of whom " shed a tear " . Adele stated that the final cut of the song lasted two studio sessions at Abbey Road Studios in London . It features a 77 @-@ piece orchestra conducted by J. A. C. Redford . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Skyfall " is an orchestral pop song with a duration of four minutes and forty @-@ six seconds . Epworth stated that although " Skyfall " is an original composition , he and Adele had worked to capture " the James Bond feeling " of previous theme songs . The song intentionally references Monty Norman 's " James Bond Theme " after the first chorus . Norman said that the song had his seal of approval and that including the leitmotif he wrote for the Bond character was " a pretty sensible thing to do , if you want to feel the ' James Bond quality ' of the music " . Epworth said that while " Skyfall " was his first experience writing film music , he had been involved with the production of James Bond music before : while Epworth was a tape operator at AIR Studios , he recorded some film soundtracks including David Arnold 's Tomorrow Never Dies . Epworth stated that the producers ' request was for " a dramatic ballad " , so he and Adele tried to " do something that was simultaneously dark and final , like a funeral , and to try and turn it into something that was not final . A sense of death and rebirth " . Epworth watched the first thirteen Bond films seeking the " musical code " of the songs , " whatever the modal structure or the chord that always seemed to unify those songs " and contributed to the mood and " that kind of ' 60s jazzy quality " . Epworth identified as an uniting factor " a minor ninth as the harmonic code ... the Bond songs , they have that elaboration to it " , and wrote what would become the instrumental part of " Skyfall " . He described it as " a bit of a ' Eureka ! ' moment " . " Skyfall " was composed in the key of C minor using common time at 76 beats per minute ( Adagietto ) . Adele 's vocal range spans over one octave , from the low note of G3 to the high note of C5 , on the song . The lyrics closely follow the narrative of the film rather than focusing on romanticism . According to Epworth , the song is about " death and rebirth " , saying " It 's like , when the world ends and everything comes down around your ears , if you 've got each other 's back , you can conquer anything . From death to triumph , that was definitely something we set out to try and capture " . The Daily Telegraph writer Neil McCormick described the lyrics as " slightly sinister " and containing references to a number of Bond tropes and motifs . = = Release and remixes = = The theme song , and the identity of its singer , was kept secret , but rumours of Adele 's involvement still emerged . Adele first mentioned recording a " special project " in September 2011 in an interview on The Jonathan Ross Show , leading to speculation in the media that she was recording a Bond theme . In an interview with NRJ in April 2012 , the singer stated that she intended released a new single by the end of the year ; however , it would not be preceding a new album . Further rumours about Adele 's involvement circulated in September 2012 , when she was reportedly seen at Abbey Road Studios where Thomas Newman was recording Skyfall 's musical score . The song 's title was originally rumoured to be " Let the Sky Fall " . In September 2012 OneRepublic vocalist Ryan Tedder posted a message on Twitter claiming he had heard the title track and that it was " the best James Bond theme in his lifetime " . Adele 's publicist , Paul Moss , mentioned the song on his Twitter feed ; both later deleted their messages . The artwork for the song was leaked online , but Adele 's involvement in the project was not officially confirmed until 1 October . " Skyfall " was released at 0 : 07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the " Global James Bond Day " , celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of Dr. No , the first James Bond film . A 12 @-@ inch single featuring unofficial remixes of the song was sold in Germany to promote the song . The song was not included in Skyfall : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , marking the second time in the Bond series that the theme song was split from the soundtrack album , following " You Know My Name " from Casino Royale in 2006 . Wilson and Broccoli still asked composer Thomas Newman to include a reference to " Skyfall " in the film 's score , " so that it didn 't appear as a kind of ' one off ' at the top of the movie " . Newman opted to include an interpolation in the track " Komodo Dragon " , used in a scene where Bond enters a casino in Macau . According to Newman the scene had " a real moment of ' Bond ' swagger " , and the music fitted the scene accordingly . Epworth was visited by Newman for advice , and Redford , who was already doing the score 's orchestration , was requested to arrange " Komodo Dragon " ; Newman was unable to do the arrangement because he felt that his task " was already so huge and daunting " . = = Critical reception = = Entertainment Weekly wrote that there is " finally " a great James Bond theme . The Huffington Post described the song as a " brassy and soulful tune [ that ] fits perfectly alongside the work of Shirley Bassey in the oeuvre of James Bond title tracks " . RedEye gave the song four out of four stars and declared that it " is a return to form , and if it doesn 't get you hyped for the movie , you 're not a Bond fan " . The Daily Record named " Skyfall " its ' Single of the Week ' and gave the song five stars out of five . PopCrush gave the song four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five and called it " wholly satisfying and worth the wait " . Idolator wrote that " during the song 's final third , Adele does , in fact , make the sky fall , in typical Adele fashion " . Consequence of Sound commented that " rousing instrumentation elevates the vocals to soaring heights " , while HitFix called the song a " majestic ballad " and a " classic James Bond theme " . Newsday was also very positive , writing that " Skyfall " is " unlike anything else she 's done in her young career . It 's self @-@ assured and grand , drawing inspiration from Dame Shirley Bassey , while adding her own powerful phrasing to make it her own . Adele 's style so far has been to downplay her massive voice with lyrics that are questioning and self @-@ deprecating . On ' Skyfall , ' though , it sounds like the diva point of view suits her , too " . The Los Angeles Times complimented the song and said that the song " tells good things for this winter 's blockbuster @-@ to @-@ be . It 's not a reimagining or a musical departure , but simply a righting of the ship . The song is big , bold and seems to have a little spot @-@ o @-@ fun " . MTV was also positive , stating that " Adele 's lush song fits right in with classics by Shirley Bassey , Paul McCartney and Carly Simon " . The Wall Street Journal felt similarly , writing that the song " has sweep and drama , [ with ] orchestral support [ that ] gives it a classical timelessness that sets it apart from typical pop songs . Because it is a theme for a Bond film , after all , the song is also shot through with the threat of violence and death " . E ! Online wrote that Adele 's song was " a cross , and a good one at that , between the 1971 Bassey classic and a more @-@ focused version of Garbage 's ' The World Is Not Enough ' . " The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the song " instantly feels like a Bond theme , with the singer 's sultry voice set against a minor chord progression . Done in big , orchestral style , the mood – like the singer – is all 1960s throwback , back when Bond themes like ' Goldfinger ' were smooth , seductive and larger than life " . Jim Farber of the New York @-@ based Daily News wrote in his review : " It suffers from a similarly meandering melody and ponderous progression . The grandeur of its arrangement easily upstages the tune " , but " even so , the luster of Adele 's tone , and the bravura arc of her vocal , makes it enjoyable enough . And , fifty years down the line , isn 't that all we really expect from a Bond product these days ? " Yahoo ! ' s Rob O 'Connor gave the standalone song a positive review , but felt that it was too soon to tell how the song would fit into the wider canon of Bond theme songs . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph was less complimentary , describing the song as " classy " , but at the same time , " overly predictable " . = = = Accolades = = = The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song ; it had been the first Bond theme to receive an Academy Award nomination since the 1982 song " For Your Eyes Only " and was the first Bond theme to win the award . It also won the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song ; the Golden Globe for Best Original Song ; and the Brit Award for British Single of the Year . Adele gave her acceptance speech at the last of those awards through a video message , as she was in Los Angeles preparing for her Academy Award performance . It was also nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Original Song but lost to " Suddenly " , from Les Misérables . " Skyfall " was also named the Best Original Song by the film critics associations of Houston , Las Vegas and Phoenix . The song won at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media . = = Chart performance = = The song went to number one at the UK 's iTunes online store less than ten hours after it was released , surpassing " Diamonds " by Rihanna . At 6 am on 5 October Clear Channel began airing " Skyfall " on 180 radio stations around the United States every hour , on the hour ; within 24 hours , " Skyfall " had garnered 10 million audience impressions and had already begun to rank within the top 50 of the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems @-@ based Radio Songs chart . On 7 October " Skyfall " entered the UK Singles Chart at number 4 after less than 48 hours on sale . The single sold 84 @,@ 000 copies in the UK during its first two days of release . On 14 October " Skyfall " rose to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 92 @,@ 000 copies . This tied " Skyfall " with Duran Duran 's " A View to a Kill " as the highest @-@ charting James Bond theme song on the UK Singles Chart . This was since been broken when , in 2015 , Sam Smith 's " Writing 's on the Wall " debuted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was the 20th best @-@ selling song of 2012 in the UK with 547 @,@ 000 sold . " Skyfall " debuted at number one in Ireland . It also charted at number one on the French Singles Chart for six weeks and spent 24 weeks in the top 10 . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 8 for the week ending 20 October 2012 , Adele 's first song to debut in the top 10 , selling 261 @,@ 000 copies in the United States in its first three days . Although " Skyfall " debuted at number 8 , it was actually the third best @-@ selling single in the US that week – the Hot 100 ranks songs based on sales , radio airplay and online streaming . " Skyfall " is the first James Bond theme to chart within the top 10 in the US since Madonna 's " Die Another Day " a decade earlier , and is the first James Bond theme to debut in the top 10 . Interest in " Skyfall " led to a 10 % increase in sales of Adele 's last album , 21 , in the US . For the week ending 27 October 2012 , the second week after its release , the song fell from number 8 to number 13 . After Skyfall was released in cinemas in North America , Adele 's song saw a sales increase of 66 % . In January 2013 unofficial remixes also warranted the song an inclusion on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart , peaking at the 10th spot . After Adele won the Oscar for the song , sales in the US increased by 56 % with 56 @,@ 000 downloads . The following week " Skyfall " sold an additional 103 @,@ 000 downloads and climbed 28 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 . As of July 2013 , " Skyfall " has sold over five million copies worldwide . As of January 2013 it had sold 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 copies in the US according to Soundscan , and is the first Bond song to sell a million digital copies . = = Live performance and cover versions = = Adele performed the song live for the first time at the 85th Academy Awards ceremony on 24 February 2013 , prior to learning that she had won the award . In preparation for the performance , the singer took advice about breathing technique from Ayda Field , wife of Robbie Williams , to combat stage fright . Earlier in the ceremony , Shirley Bassey had performed another Bond theme , " Goldfinger " , from the film of the same name , as part of an unrelated tribute to James Bond in film . = = Formats and track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Abbey Road Studios , London , England . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of " Skyfall " , XL Recordings . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= Alfred Dunhill = Alfred Dunhill FRSA ( 30 September 1872 – 2 January 1959 ) was an English tobacconist and inventor . He is the progenitor of the Dunhill luxury goods company and the Dunhill branded tobacco products from British American Tobacco ( now two independently owned entities ) . From 1893 Dunhill ran a company selling motoring accessories , and in 1902 opened a shop in Mayfair . He developed a pipe designed for motorists in 1904 . He opened a tobacconist 's shop in St James 's in 1907 , offering tailored tobacco blends . Shops were opened in New York and Paris in the 1920s . With his international ambitions , Dunhill helped to create the modern luxury goods market . He retired from business in 1929 , and married his mistress in 1945 , following the death of his wife . = = Early life = = Dunhill was born on 30 September 1872 at 2 Church Path , Hornsey , Middlesex . He was the second son of five children of Henry Dunhill ( 1842 – 1901 ) , a master blind @-@ maker , and his wife and cousin , Jane , née Styles ( 1843 – 1922 ) . His father occupied premises on Euston Road , manufacturing harnesses for horses . Alfred Dunhill was educated at a private school in Hampstead and by tutors until he was 15 , when he was apprenticed to his father 's business . In 1893 , Dunhill inherited his father 's business and shortly afterwards began to supply accessories for motor cars under the name Dunhill 's Motorities ( a portmanteau of " motorist " and " priorities " ) . He married Alice Stapleton ( 1874 – 1945 ) on 15 June 1895 . In 1890 he established the Discount Motor Car Company to sell his accessories through mail order . In 1902 he opened his first shop in Conduit Street , Mayfair , selling clothing and accessories to chauffeurs and their employers . He entered the pipemaking business in 1904 when he developed a " windshield pipe " to allow motorists to smoke while driving . = = Tobacco business = = In 1907 he opened a small tobacconist 's shop on Duke Street in the St James 's area . He offered tobacco blends tailored for the individual customer . In 1908 he introduced the first Dunhill cigarette . The shop rapidly prospered . His granddaughter Mary later described his flair as a salesman and a shopkeeper . The business expanded , and by 1910 Dunhill had taken additional premises in Duke Street . In 1912 he was joined in the business by his youngest brother , Herbert , and his eldest son , Alfred , followed by his second son , Vernon , in 1913 . In 1912 Dunhill introduced the white spot trademark to its pipes . The post @-@ war period witnessed both expansion and the commissioning of new products . The company always ensured its products were covered by patent and trade mark , a policy prosecuted with vigour from the outset . The early 1920s saw the wholesale and export side of the business move to Notting Hill Gate , close to the pipe and cigarette division located at Campden Hill Road . In 1921 the firm received its first royal warrant , as tobacconist to Edward , Prince of Wales . Dunhill also supplied Winston Churchill and Siegfried Sassoon . The 1920s also saw the opening of shops in New York and Paris . Bloomberg Businessweek opined that Dunhill prefigured the modern luxury goods market with its international ambitions . In 1924 the company launched the Unique lighter , a product that Dunhill and his brother Herbert had much interest in developing , and was the world 's first lighter that could be operated with just one hand . Also in 1924 , Dunhill published The Pipe Book , a monograph which detailed the history of the smoking pipe . In the New York Times review of the book , the anonymous author credited Dunhill with making pipe smoking " a gentlemanly diversion " . The book has rarely been out of print since its publication . Dunhill was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1925 . = = Retirement = = Dunhill passed the chairmanship of his company to his son Alfred Henry in 1929 , taking retirement due to health reasons . He left his wife and moved to Worthing to join his long @-@ term mistress , Vera Mildred Wright ( 1902 – 1976 ) , who changed her name to his by deed poll . Dunhill married Wright on 28 March 1945 , shortly after the death of his wife . He died in a nursing home in Worthing on 2 January 1959 , and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium . He left gross assets of £ 74 @,@ 117 ( equivalent to £ 1 @,@ 555 @,@ 099 in 2015 ) . His wife survived him . = = Works = = Dunhill , Afred ( 1924 ) . The Pipe Book . London : A. & C. Black . OCLC 909095159 . Reprinted : The Pipe Book . New York : Skyhorse Publishing Company . 2011 . ISBN 9781616080495 . OCLC 758870949 .
= 2007 Monte Carlo Rally = The 2007 Monte Carlo Rally ( formally known as the 75e Rallye Automobile Monte @-@ Carlo ) was a rallying autosports race held over four days between 18 January and 21 January 2007 , and operated out of Valence , Drôme , France . It was the first race of the 2007 World Rally Championship ( WRC ) season . Contested over fifteen stages at a length of 328 @.@ 54 kilometres ( 204 @.@ 15 miles ) , Sébastien Loeb won the race for the Citroën Total World Rally Team . Dani Sordo finished second in the other Citröen works car , with Marcus Grönholm finishing third in a Ford . Loeb , driving an all new Citroën C4 WRC car which had been in development throughout 2006 , took control of the race from the outset , winning the two stages on the first day and four more stages over the following three days . His teammate Sordo kept the pressure on , winning three stages , but on Stage 6 , Loeb extended his lead from 6 @.@ 6 seconds to nearly 24 seconds , and from thereon became unattainable . Each stage on the first two Legs were won by either Loeb or Sordo , and it wasn 't until Saturday afternoon on the second run of the day 's stages , that other drivers could effectively challenge them . The last two days of the race consisted of a duel between Mikko Hirvonen , who drove a factory 2006 model Ford Focus RS WRC , and Chris Atkinson in a factory Subaru Impreza WRC 2006 . After Hirvonen completed Stage 2 in fourth place , Atkinson took the position on Stage 3 and held onto it throughout Friday and into Saturday morning 's stages . On Stage 12 on Saturday afternoon , Hirvonen retook fourth , Atkinson regained it on Stage 13 but then lost it to Hirvonen again following Stage 14 . Atkinson won the final stage on Sunday morning , and finished the race back in fourth position . Controversially , the 2007 Monte Carlo Rally was no longer based in Monaco and localities nearby , where it had been held in recent years . The event only visited Monte Carlo with its final special stage , a short run on part of the Circuit de Monaco and the rest of the time was spent in and around Valence hundreds of kilometres north of Monaco in the Rhône @-@ Alpes region . Many of the locations had not been visited since the 1990s , such as the Vercors and Ardèche , and only one top level driver had competitively driven on the roads before . The 2007 event also marked the return of the nighttime stages . Loeb 's win was his fourth at Monte Carlo and twenty @-@ ninth in WRC . It was the sixth time that he had achieved a podium position there , which brought his WRC podium finishes to forty @-@ eight . He earned ten points in the World Rally Championship for Drivers . Sordo was two points behind him , while Grönholm was in third position with six points . With Atkinson and Hirvonen in fourth and fifth place , Petter Solberg , Toni Gardemeister and Jan Kopecký were the other points finishers . In the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers , Citroën Total World Rally Team earned the maximum eighteen points for their 1 – 2 finish , BP Ford World Rally Team placed second , with ten points , with the Subaru World Rally Team placing third with eight points . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The 2007 Monte Carlo Rally was the first round of the 2007 World Rally Championship ( WRC ) season after taking a six @-@ week break since the last race of the 2006 season in Great Britain . It was held over four days from Thursday , 18 January to Sunday , 21 January 2007 . With pressure from the president of Fédération Française du Sport Automobile and being beset with criticism for running a chaotic route in the 2006 Monte Carlo Rally , Automobile Club de Monaco ( ACM ) , the rally organisers , chose to move 2007 's race away from Monte Carlo and the roads around Alpes @-@ Maritimes and other departments within the Provence @-@ Alpes @-@ Côte d 'Azur region . Instead , the rally HQ was set up in Valence , Drôme , almost 400 km ( 250 mi ) away from Monte Carlo , with most stages being held in Ardèche . While some stages were brand new to the rally , some places , such as Saint @-@ Jean @-@ en @-@ Royans , Burzet , Saint @-@ Martial , Lalouvesc , Saint @-@ Bonnet @-@ le @-@ Froid , Saint @-@ Barthélemy @-@ Grozon , and the Saint @-@ Pierreville – Antraigues @-@ sur @-@ Volane route had played host to Monte Carlo Rally stages in the 1990s and earlier . Only Manfred Stohl , driving for OMV @-@ Kronos Citroën World Rally Team , was familiar with these roads , as he had competed on them in the late 1990s . Although the 25 @,@ 000 spectators seemed pleased that the rally had returned to the region , the drivers , team bosses and Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ; WRC 's governing body ) were less enthusiastic . Over a total distance of 1 @,@ 185 @.@ 22 kilometres ( 736 @.@ 46 miles ) , the fifteen stages totalled 328 @.@ 54 competitive km ( 204 @.@ 15 mi ) , which was shorter than the FIA 's regulatory minimum of 360 km ( 220 mi ) for Special Stages . The drivers hoped that with the rally taking place on higher altitudes , wintery conditions and burle ( a freezing wind blowing from the north ) would produce ice and snow on the ground , making for a more exciting event ; however , except for some rain on Thursday evening it never came to fruition and the prevailing weather was clear and dry . Sébastien Loeb was unhappy with the weekend 's weather forecast . Following his reconnaissance run , he said , " With snow everywhere and walls on both sides of the road , like in the old days , some of these stages would have been brilliant . But because it 's dry , in some places that makes it less interesting because than the roads further south with all their corners . " The service park in Valence was also much smaller than what had been used in Monaco , so there were no Production World Rally Championship or Junior Rally Championship categories , and fewer entries of competitors . It was also badly located and poorly run , and WRC 's commercial director David Richards said that the service area was " like a car boot sale " . After being absent from the WRC for the 2006 season to spend thirteen months concentrating on preparing their new Citroën C4 WRC vehicle , the Citroën Total World Rally Team returned in 2007 ready to début it in the Monte Carlo Rally . The Citroën Xsara WRC had dominated the championship in recent years , and despite its age it was still incredibly reliable and was only replaced because the Xsara model was no longer in production . The C4 's mechanical components , such as the engine , transmission , differentials and suspension were either very similar to , or came from , the Xsara , but the wheelbase and chassis were longer by 253 millimetres ( 10 @.@ 0 inches ) and 107 mm ( 4 @.@ 2 in ) , respectively , which meant that under WRC rules the C4 could be widened to 1 @,@ 800 mm ( 71 in ) . It was also higher than the Xsara , and the weight distribution had been fine @-@ tuned , including raising and moving back the front seats ( which had the negative effect of reducing the drivers ' visibility ) , and attaching the wing mirrors to the midpoint along the front doors . The C4 's test drivers reported that the car handled more stably . Citroën was confident the C4 would be successful yet concerned as to whether it would beat the Ford Focus WRC 06 , which had won the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers title in 2006 for the BP @-@ Ford World Rally Team . The Focus , in addition had undergone its own developments during the winter break . The tarmac testing of the C4 showed it to be faster than the outgoing Xsara , but Loeb knew that that performance might not show itself in the race . " The car has been good in testing . But what about the rally ? " he asked . " I don 't know . " Marcus Grönholm , the Ford team 's number 1 driver , was wary , however . " It 's got thousands of k 's on the clock . It was running when the Focus WRC 06 was still on the board . " Meanwhile , the Subaru World Rally Team were waiting for the Subaru Impreza WRC 2007 to be ready for the 2007 Rally Mexico in March . The team knew that the 2006 version , which had performed poorly the previous season , would be no match for the Focus or C4 . Added to the fact that the cars were equipped with unfamiliar BF Goodrich tyres after Pirelli decided not to supply any teams in 2007 , and they were hoping that Petter Solberg and Chris Atkinson could just earn some points from the race . Forty @-@ nine crews registered to compete in the rally , Of the top @-@ tier drivers entered , Jean @-@ Marie Cuoq was the only WRC rookie , and Chris Atkinson , Henning Solberg , and Matthew Wilson had driven at Monte Carlo only once before , all in 2006 . The starting order for Leg 1 was " Priority 1 " ( P1 ) and P2 WRC drivers in the order of the final classification of the 2006 season , followed by all other drivers as decided by the ACM . Loeb , the previous season 's champion , set off first , followed by Grönholm , then Mikko Hirvonen . Loeb and Grönholm were the favourites to win ; Loeb had won the Monte Carlo three times in a row between 2003 and 2005 , and Grönholm had won in 2006 . Nevertheless , there were worries that Loeb would not be physically fit enough to win . Four months earlier he had broken his left shoulder in a mountain @-@ biking accident , and there was a chance he might not even compete in the first part of the season . His physiotherapists and consultants told him that because of the operations he had had on his arm , he should definitely have sat out the Monte Carlo Rally . Loeb admitted that he was " really stressed " before the start , and wondered whether his arm would be okay . " It has been okay in testing but what about the long stages ? " he asked . His answer : " I don 't know . " = = = Race = = = Following a ten @-@ year absence of nighttime @-@ run stages , the first two Special Stages of the event were held on Thursday night . They were the first night stages scheduled in the rally since 1997 . Throughout the day it had rained , and although it had stopped before the race began , the roads were still very wet and slippery . In discussing the day 's weather , Grönholm said that he expected the stages that night to be difficult , and added , " I hope this time we can take the right tyres , we were always a little bit on the wrong side [ last year ] – it ’ s not easy , but I hope we will manage to get it right this time . " Earlier in the day , the crews had driven a shakedown stage in Mauves ; however , due to a large number of fans and spectators along the route the shakedown was stopped early , and some crews including Loeb and co @-@ driver Daniel Elena were forced to carry out last @-@ minute testing and necessary changes to their cars on the main roads back to Valence . Though forty @-@ nine crews registered in the rally , only forty @-@ seven actually competed . Privateers François Duval driving a Škoda Fabia WRC , and Angelo Villa in a Fiat Punto failed to start the event . The first stage of the rally started at 19 : 16 Central European Time ( UTC + 1 ) on Thursday evening . The 28 @.@ 52 kilometres ( 17 @.@ 72 miles ) winding route led the crews between Saint @-@ Jean @-@ en @-@ Royans and Col de Lachau . Before taking to the tarmac , Chris Atkinson , in a 2006 Impreza WRC for the Subaru WRT , admitted to never driving a tarmac stage at night before , but said it would be interesting to see how everybody performed . His teammate Petter Solberg spoke of the challenges facing him : " [ In the dark ] everything gets a little bit more narrow and you always tend to be careful with how you turn in and keep the speed up in the corners , but obviously you have to listen to the pacenotes , that is absolutely crucial thing , 100 % . " Loeb , who was familiar with driving on nighttime stages in the French Rally Championship , said , " In the dark you have to drive like you can when you have only two passes on the recce , and then you also start with the fastest stage . I think there can be some big moments tonight . " Loeb and Elena took to the road first in their C4 , and despite the limited visibility from both his ride position and the unlit roads , he set a pace time of 13m 58.7s. His teammate Dani Sordo and co @-@ driver Marc Marti were able to keep up the pace , maxing out at 196 kilometres per hour ( 122 miles per hour ) at one point along the route , and finished in 14m 07.2s for second place . Taking third place on the stage were the Ford crew of Grönholm and Timo Rautiainen , who finished after 14 m 13.9s. On Stage 2 , a 17 @.@ 88 km ( 11 @.@ 11 mi ) run from La Cime du Mas to Col de Gaudissart , Loeb held on to the lead , completing it in 9m 31.2s. Grönholm proved to be faster than Sordo on this stage , finishing with a time of 9m 45.5s , 1.1s faster than Sordo . At the end of Leg 1 and 46 km ( 29 mi ) , any worries about how well the new C4s would perform had been forgotten . They had beaten all the competition by a wide margin . Loeb was almost 25 seconds ahead of his teammate , while Grönholm was 30 seconds adrift ; and Petter Solberg , over a minute behind the lead . There were six stages in Leg 2 on Friday , totalling 150 @.@ 62 competitive km ( 93 @.@ 59 mi ) . Stage 3 was the first of these , starting at 08 : 19 CET in Saint @-@ Pierreville . The route was 46 @.@ 02 km ( 28 @.@ 60 mi ) long and finished in Antraigues . The previous leg 's provisional classification determined the starting order for Leg 2 , whereby the top 15 P1 and P2 drivers started in reverse order , followed by the remaining drivers in order of classification . Henning Solberg and Cato Menkelud , driving a 2006 @-@ spec Focus RS WRC for the Stobart VK M @-@ Sport Ford Rally Team were the first crew to take to the still @-@ damp roads , and they set a time of 32m 52.9s. Their teammates , Matthew Wilson and Michael Orr , completed the leg a minute quicker , at 31m 42.5s. With no snow and ice on the roads , Sordo , who proved to be very quick on the tarmac surfaces last season , was fastest on Stage 3 . He set a time of 29m 43.4s , a wide margin ahead of Loeb 's and Grönholm 's second- and third @-@ placed times of 29m 59.6s and 30m 01.1s , respectively . Loeb was said to be " visibly shaken " from losing the stage to his less @-@ experienced teammate . " I lost 16 seconds , my tyres were too hard , " he said . " At the start they went cold and I wasn 't in a good rhythm . Before we reached some dry parts I wasn 't confident and I didn 't want to take any big risks this morning . " Most drivers had problems with their tyre selection on Stage 3 , including Petter Solberg and Hirvonen . Petter was still trying to get used to the new BF Goodriches his car was outfitted with , but he found them too hard and said he could not find any feeling or grip with them . Hirvonen , however , felt his tyre compound was too soft , and was unimpressed with his time . Hirvonen completed the stage ninth , in 30m 41.5s , but Petter 's time of 30m 50.0s was even worse , putting him in 12th position . Petter 's Subaru teammate Atkinson had no problems with his tyres , though , and he finished fourth with a time of 30m 03.5s. The Mitsubishi Lancer WRC crew of Xavier Pons and Xavier Amigo had other troubles during this stage . The transmission failed and they had to retire from the rally . Their teammates Toni Gardemeister and Jakke Honkanen set a good time on the stage when they finished in fifth place , as did OMV @-@ Kronos 's Manfred Stohl and Ilka Minor in sixth . At the end of Stage 3 , the podium positions were unchanged , but the time difference between Loeb and Sordo had decreased to seven seconds , although the gap between first place and fourth was over a minute . Petter Solberg had dropped out of contention for points , in ninth place overall , eighth being taken by Jan Kopecký in a privately entered Škoda Fabia WRC . Before Stages 4 and 5 got underway , the crews had a chance to change their tyres to a set with a more suitable compound . A new WRC rule for 2007 allowed for Remote Service Zones to be set up away from the main Service Park at Rally HQ . For 15 minutes the cars could be refuelled , re @-@ tyred , and have any necessary maintenance carried out , as long as the parts and tools to do so ( except fuel and tyres ) were already in the vehicle . For Grönholm this was a major relief . On the previous stage his car had developed an issue with the hydraulic flappy @-@ paddle gearchanges on his steering wheel , which meant he had had to resort to shifting gears manually . The technicians were unsure why or how it had occurred and were hoping that their repairs would last until the car got back to Valence . Loeb won an uneventful Stage 4 , but only by one @-@ tenth of a second ahead of Sordo , and on Stage 5 Sordo was quicker than Loeb , after Loeb stalled on the start @-@ line and was unable to make up the lost seconds . At the midday break , Loeb was lamenting his lead over Sordo . " Now it 's a big battle between the two C4s . The other cars for the moment are behind , so it 's good news for the team . It would be easier if Dani were bit further behind but I have to deal wit that , " he said . " I 'll try to keep position this afternoon , but it 's not easy . Dani is really fast . I only have a six @-@ second lead . " Grönholm was also complaining . " The only good thing here is to win this rally , but to drive here ; I don 't like it . " Stage 6 was a rerun of the Saint @-@ Pierreville – Antraigues stage from the morning . The roads had dried out by the afternoon , but that did not stop some crews from having accidents along the route . Stohl spun out as he went through a corner , and crashed the front of his car into the stone wall of a house . He continued on , but the front bumper was damaged and hanging loose . " We lost the front brakes completely , " Stohl explained . " Absolutely no brakes . I was lucky to finish because I was nearly off sometimes . " Despite his difficulties , he managed to finish the stage in 29m 37.6s which put him in 10th position for the stage , and 8th overall . The dry roads meant that all the drivers were able to complete the stage faster than they had been in the morning . At just 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) Loeb was already much faster than his time during Stage 3 , but on a narrow stretch of the route towards the Col de la Fayolle he did not brake into a corner at the right time and skidded and collided with a fence . He was able to carry on driving , but co @-@ driver Elena 's door and sill were damaged . Despite the accident , he won the stage , and increased the overall gap between himself and Sordo from 6 @.@ 5 seconds to nearly 24 seconds . A repeat run of Stages 4 and 5 closed the day . Sordo won Stage 8 and Loeb took Stage 9 . But by the end of the Leg and 550 @.@ 02 km ( 341 @.@ 77 mi ) of driving , Loeb 's arm and shoulder were in great pain and his osteopath worked through the night to try to address the problems . Leg 3 began early Saturday morning . Following Friday 's stages , Loeb was 25 seconds ahead of Sordo , and 1m 15s in front of Grönholm . Stage 9 was the first of the day , a 19 @.@ 67 km ( 12 @.@ 22 mi ) route between Labatie @-@ d 'Andaure and Lalouvesc held in darkness . Loeb , Sordo , and Grönholm once again finished first , second and third . Atkinson suffered a setback when he crashed his car and stalled it . It cost him a few seconds and he finished the stage ninth , behind Hirvonen , Jean @-@ Marie Cuoq , Gardemeister and Kopecký , but he retained his fourth place standing in the event 's classifications . The surprise result of Stage 10 was Atkinson 's . He broke Loeb 's and Sordo 's run and was the first fastest non @-@ Citroën driver of the rally , and set a time of 12m 42s . Henning Solberg , meanwhile , went off the road and into a ditch as he entered one of the corners on the stage , and his brother Petter had a similar problem in the same corner , but his quick reactions were able to control the car so he just drove into the scrub and got back on track . Henning finished in seventeenth place , and Petter finished joint @-@ fifth with Cuoq on 12m 50.4s. Loeb ran his slowest time on this stage after he reduced speed and his tyres went cold . " I was a bit faster than Dani [ Sordo ] on the start of the stage , and then I saw my splits [ times between checkpoints ] and then I tried to slow down , " he explained . " We had hard tyres and when you slow down the tyres [ cool down ] and then you lose the grip more and more , and at the end it was really tricky and I had cold tyres , so I just tried to slow down . The end [ of the stage ] was really tricky so I didn 't want to take any risks . " Stage 11 was won by Hirvonen with a time of 11m 46.9s. Loeb was 1.2s slower and finished second . Atkinson lost all the time he made up in Stage 10 by finishing in eighth place , 11 @.@ 4 seconds slower than Hirvonen . This reduced the gap between the two in the overall classifications to just 8 @.@ 9 seconds . Sordo , meanwhile , had his worst stage and finished in 10th position . After the midday service , the next three stages were reruns of the morning 's . Hirvonen won Stage 12 and Atkinson had another slow run , which resulted in Hirvonen taking fourth place in the provisional classification by four @-@ tenths of a second . On Stage 13 , Atkinson retook his fourth @-@ placed position after winning the stage with a time of 12m 32.4w , and beating Hirvonen by 7 @.@ 6 seconds . " Considering how ordinary I drove in the first one , I had to pull my finger out ! " said Atkinson . He regained his fourth @-@ place position just 7 @.@ 2 seconds ahead of Hirvonen . Loeb was slow again , 6 @.@ 7 seconds slower than his teammate , Sordo , which cut the time between them to 23 @.@ 2 seconds . " No problem , the car is going very well , " said Loeb . " One stage more to go and hopefully its okay . " Stage 14 was the last in the mountains of Ardeche , before travelling to Monte Carlo for the Super Special Stage . For most drivers it was going to be the last time to gain higher positions in the classifications . Loeb , although slow again , extended his lead in the standings to 31 @.@ 1 seconds , by finishing in fourth position with a time of 11m 47.7s. Sordo also had another bad stage . He finished the stage ninth @-@ fastest after 11m 55.6s on the road . For Hirvonen , it was the last good chance to retake fourth position from Atkinson , which he did when he won the stage by setting the pace time of 11m 30.5s. Atkinson ran 8 seconds slower and finished second . It was also Jari @-@ Matti Latvala 's last chance to earn a points position . Kopecký had been in eighth position and set to score one point since the middle of the second Leg , but Latvala was just 5 @.@ 4 seconds behind him going into this stage . But Latvala pushed too hard and when he drove over some loose gravel he lost control and slid the car into the end of a stone wall . The impact caused damage to the car 's roll cage which forced him to retire from the rally and end his attempt to earn any points . The final stage of the rally took place on Sunday morning . After conducting the entire race in France the organisers only paid lip service to the principality by holding a Super Special Stage there . It involved two laps of part of the Circuit de Monaco for a total distance of 2 @.@ 8 km ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) , with two cars on the road at the same time but starting at two different points along the track so that they did not interfere with each other . Because the Service Park was in Valence , repairs , adjustments , refuelling and tyre changes were carried out on Saturday night ahead of the drive down to the coast . The decision about which tyres to fit on the cars was taken out of the teams ' hands . ACM ordered that all the cars would drive on the snow tyres that the teams had been allocated , but had not been used because of the dry weather , a decision that was described as " absurd " because the cars ended up drifting through the corners . Loeb 's , Sordo 's and Grönholm 's lead times so far ahead of anyone else 's , so the interest in Stage 15 was on Hirvonen and Atkinson . Only eight @-@ tenths of a second made the difference between a fourth @-@ place position and five points , and fifth @-@ placed position and four points . Hirvonen , who was in fourth place , completed the stage in 1m 50.9s , and admitted , " [ I made ] a few small mistakes , and that can be it . Nothing more I can do . We 'll see how Chris drives and hope for the best . " . Atkinson drove opposite Grönholm on the stage , with Hirvonen watching from the sidelines . To beat Hirvonen , he had to complete the stage in 1m 50.0s. He was one @-@ tenth of a second quicker than that , which won him the stage and fourth place in the rally . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Loeb was delighted with his win at Monte Carlo , saying , " It 's a victory in Monte Carlo so that 's a great moment . I like to start the season like this , with ten points . That 's really important for me , the feeling is good . The car is really , really fast and my arm is much better , so everything is perfect for the moment . " Guy Fréquelin , the Team Principal at Citroën Total was also pleased with Leob 's and Sordo 's results . He said afterwards , It 's a really a fantastic start for Citroën , for the team , for the crews . It 's really fantastic , and for the chief , for sure ! This is the result of a huge team effort . To do this in the first event , every member of the Citroën Sport team had to come together in a common goal . I think it 's a wonderful reward for our pus to come back to the World Championship . It 's not often that a car making its competition début produces results like these : nine fastest times , eight on them 1 – 2s . And there aren 't many models that have dominated and scored a 1 – 2 finish in their first race , either . The Citroën C4 WRC has really made its presence felt on its international début . The last time a car had finished in first and second @-@ place in its début rally was 20 years ago in the 1987 Monte Carlo Rally , when Miki Biasion and Juha Kankkunen came first and second in all @-@ new Lancia Delta HF 4WDs . The Delta HF 4 × 4 also won two @-@ thirds of all the stages of that 1987 rally , just like the C4 did this time around . Lancia also won both the Group A and Group N categories in the race , while Citroën won the 4 @-@ wheel drive WRC category and came first in the 2 @-@ wheel drive Super 1600 category . Grönholm was disappointed with his race , admitting that he thought he might be able to beat Sordo , if not Loeb . But after having gearbox and tyre problems on Leg 2 , he settled into third place and stayed in that position to the rally 's conclusion . " We got it wrong on the tyre choice , which we had to have approved by the FIA early in the week , " he explained . " We thought it would rain . Harder tyres would have made life easier for us . " BP @-@ Ford was also unhappy . Christian Loriaux , the team 's Technical Director said , " Having Marcus finish behind Sordo is disappointing . Being behind Loeb is easier to understand , because I didn 't expect the C4 to be any slower than the Xsara , and that car had a performance edge over us last year . " Petter Solberg also had issues with his tyres throughout the rally . After Subaru switched to BF Goodriches from Pirelli following the 2006 season , and with the shortest break between seasons the WRC had seen , the crews had not had enough time to test the new compounds . The Subarus had had their problems with the Pirellis , too . To protect them from breaking up too quickly the drivers had learned how to look after them , but driving that way on the new brand meant that he could not get the BFs up to temperature and ended up running slower . He finished the rally in sixth place . His teammate Atkinson did not have that problem though , and after fighting with Hirvonen in the final half of the rally , finished in fourth place . " It 's been a massive battle , and so much fun to be in a battle with these guys again , " he said after being congratulated by Hirvonen . Two drivers in non @-@ manufacturer cars , Gardemeister and Kopecký , finished in seventh and eighth place to receive drivers points . As a consequence of the final positions , Loeb started the season leading in the World Rally Championship for Drivers with ten points . Sordo was second with eight points , Grönholm was in third position with six points . In the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers , Stobart Ford had one point from Henning Solberg 's fourteenth @-@ placed position ( although Wilson finished the rally quicker , he was not nominated to earn points for the manufacturer ) . Stohl earned OMV @-@ Kronos Citroën two points . Subaru were in third place with eight points , BP @-@ Ford were two points clear of Subaru in second place , and Citroën Total WRT was first , with eighteen points – ten from Loeb 's win and eight from Sordo . = = Statistics = = Crew names in italics are able to score points for the manufacturer in the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers = = = Entry list = = = = = = Special stages = = = = = Classifications = = = = Championship standings after the event = =
= The Convention Conundrum = " The Convention Conundrum " is the 14th episode of the seventh season of the U.S. sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 149th episode of the show overall . It first aired on CBS on January 30 , 2014 . The episode features guest appearances by James Earl Jones and Carrie Fisher . In contrast to previous guest stars , Jones takes a liking to Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) and the main plot is focused on the two having a night out together . Fisher appears when Jones suggests they knock on her door and run away . The episode received high ratings and mainly positive reviews , with many complimenting the cameo appearances . = = Plot = = Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) , Sheldon , Raj ( Kunal Nayyar ) and Howard ( Simon Helberg ) are in Leonard and Sheldon 's apartment , waiting for Comic @-@ Con tickets to go on sale online . After ten minutes of trying , Leonard finally gets in the queue but is 15,211th in line . Tickets run out and the four men are disappointed that they will not be able to attend , especially as they had spent so much time on their costumes , intending to go as different versions of the Hulk as portrayed by Lou Ferrigno , Eric Bana , Edward Norton , and Mark Ruffalo . Sheldon decides to set up his own Comic @-@ Con , and tries to convince several celebrities to appear , including Stan Lee , Bill Nye the Science Guy , Leonard Nimoy , and Wil Wheaton . Since he has restraining orders from Lee , Nimoy , and Nye , he asks Leonard to contact them . He then discovers James Earl Jones , whom he reveres for voicing the Star Wars villain Darth Vader , is going to a sushi restaurant and meets him there . Unlike many celebrities Sheldon has met , James Earl Jones welcomes his company , and the two spend the night doing various activities ; they go to an ice @-@ cream parlor , a carnival , a strip club , and a sauna . Sheldon asks Jones questions about himself and learns that he was functionally mute for eight years , he was a pre @-@ med in college , and that sound designer Ben Burtt used scuba equipment to create the sound of Darth Vader 's breathing . They also sing at a karaoke club and prank Carrie Fisher by knocking on her door and running away . At the end of the night , James Earl Jones learns that Sheldon and his friends failed to get Comic @-@ Con tickets and invites them along as his guests . Meanwhile , Leonard , Raj , and Howard attempt to solve their Comic @-@ Con problem by illegally buying scalped tickets . After arranging for a scalper to come to Leonard 's apartment , they begin to get worried as Sheldon pointed out they could get charged for petty theft . When the scalper is heard arriving , they quickly turn out the lights and stay silent . Penny ( Kaley Cuoco @-@ Sweeting ) , Amy ( Mayim Bialik ) and Bernadette ( Melissa Rauch ) go to a tea room in an attempt to feel more like adults . At the tea room , they discover only mothers and their children are there and go to the bar . They discuss how they do not feel grown up and how being an adult is not necessarily a good thing . = = Production = = The episode features guest stars James Earl Jones and Carrie Fisher , actors from the Star Wars film series . It was first announced that they would be appearing on the show on January 12 , 2014 . The day after , Steve Molaro revealed the basic plot outline for the episode , although he refused to explain exactly what Fisher 's " very small , very funny , very weird part " would be . The episode was filmed on January 21 , 2014 . In real life , James Earl Jones is said to be a " good sport " when meeting Star Wars fans , similar to his character in the episode . Jim Parsons described having James Earl Jones around as " pretty insane " and said " there 's no way ever you can even realize the amount of work he 's done . " " The Convention Conundrum " is the first episode to credit Kaley Cuoco , who plays Penny , as Kaley Cuoco @-@ Sweeting . She married Ryan Sweeting on December 31 , 2013 ; this was the third episode to air after their wedding . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = On the night of its first broadcast on January 30 , 2014 at 8 p.m. , the episode was watched by 19 @.@ 05 million households in the U.S. Including 5 @.@ 70 viewers watching on DVR , the episode was watched by 24 @.@ 75 million viewers in total . It received a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 3 / 14 overall , and 5 @.@ 2 / 15 for viewers aged 18 to 49 . The episode was the most watched episode that night . In Canada , the episode aired at the same time as in America , on CTV Television Network and was watched by 4 @.@ 38 million viewers , ranking it third on both Canadian television and CTV that week . Australia first broadcast the episode on Nine Network on March 25 , 2014 , and was watched by 994 @,@ 000 households . It was ranked third on the network that night and eighth on cable . In the UK , it aired on May 1 , 2014 on E4 . The episode received 1 @.@ 84 million viewers ( according to BARB ) , ranking it number 1 that week on the channel ; the episode had 0 @.@ 46 million viewers on E4 + 1 , giving it a total of 2 @.@ 31 million viewers . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received mostly positive reviews , with many critics complimenting James Earl Jones and Carrie Fisher 's cameo appearances . Jesse Schedeen of IGN rated it eight out of 10 , summarizing that " When it comes to celebrity guest stars , James Earl Jones raised the bar on this week 's Big Bang Theory . " Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B , complimenting the show for having enough " nerd currency " to secure two high @-@ profile guest stars in one episode ; Jason Hughes of The Huffington Post agreed , describing the episode as " one of the best uses of celebrity guest stars playing themselves we 've seen on television " . Billy Nilles from Zap2it said " Jones has proven himself a powerful comedy performer " . Carla Day from TV Fanatic gave the episode a very positive review , describing it as " by far the funniest episode of the season " and giving it an editor rating of 4 @.@ 9 out of 5 . Tom Eames of Digital Spy gave it a mixed review . He complimented the cold opening , and described Carrie Fisher 's " surprise cameo appearance " as " pretty cool " . However , he said the girls ' subplot of acting like grown @-@ ups was " used a bit too often " and thought the scalper ticket subplot being " dropped without a conclusion " was " a shame " . However , Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode 40 out of 100 , describing it as " classic bad Big Bang Theory " . Pierson said " a story like this makes it a bit harder to believe in Sheldon " and suggested that Sheldon should " take something from this experience " . Pierson also disliked the girls ' subplot as it did not " go anywhere " and described the guys as " cowards " .
= 2009 AAA 400 = The 2009 AAA 400 was the twenty @-@ eighth stock car race of the 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and the second in the ten @-@ race season @-@ ending Chase for the Sprint Cup . It was held on September 27 , 2009 at Dover International Speedway , in Dover , Delaware before a crowd of 110 @,@ 000 people . The 400 @-@ lap race was won by Jimmie Johnson of the Hendrick Motorsports team after he started from pole position . His teammate Mark Martin finished second and Matt Kenseth came in third . Johnson won the pole position and maintained his lead on the first lap to begin the race . After a competition caution on lap 25 , Ryan Newman became the leader of the race . Chase for the Sprint Cup participants Kurt Busch and Jeff Gordon were in the top ten for most of the race . Johnson reclaimed the lead , after passing Kurt Busch . Johnson maintained the first position to lead the most laps of 271 , and to win his fourth race of the season . There were nine cautions and six lead changes among four different drivers during the course of the race . The race was Johnson 's fourth win of the 2009 season , as well as the forty @-@ fourth of his career . The result kept Martin in the lead in the Drivers ' Championship , ten points ahead of Johnson , and sixty @-@ five in front of Juan Pablo Montoya . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , forty @-@ five ahead of Toyota and seventy @-@ five in front of Ford , who bumped Dodge , with one @-@ hundred and twenty @-@ two points , to fourth place . The race attracted 5 @.@ 08 million television viewers . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Dover International Speedway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Bristol Motor Speedway , Richmond International Raceway , Martinsville Speedway , and Phoenix International Raceway . The NASCAR race makes use of the track 's standard configuration , a four @-@ turn short track oval that is 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at twenty @-@ four degrees , and both the front stretch ( the location of the finish line ) and the backstretch are banked at nine degrees . Before the race , Mark Martin led the Drivers ' Championship with 5 @,@ 230 points ; Jimmie Johnson and Denny Hamlin were tied for second with 5 @,@ 195 points each , 35 points behind Martin . Juan Pablo Montoya was fourth with 5 @,@ 175 points , ten ahead of Kurt Busch and nineteen ahead of Tony Stewart in fifth and sixth respectively . Ryan Newman with 5 @,@ 151 was eleven points ahead of Brian Vickers , as Greg Biffle with 5 @,@ 138 points , was ten ahead of Jeff Gordon . Carl Edwards and Kasey Kahne rounded out the top twelve positions in the Chase for the Sprint Cup with 5 @,@ 117 and 5 @,@ 069 points respectively . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 199 points , thirty @-@ nine points ahead of their rivals Toyota in second place . Dodge , with 118 points , were one point ahead of Ford in the battle for third place . Johnson was the race 's defending champion . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — one on Friday , and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , and the second 45 minutes . The final session lasted 60 minutes . In the first practice session , Johnson was fastest , placing ahead of Newman in second and Montoya in third . Biffle took fourth position and Kurt Busch placed fifth . A.J. Allmendinger , David Reutimann , Kevin Harvick , Martin and David Gilliland rounded out the top ten fastest drivers in the session . During the session , Bowyer broke a rocker arm , and his team changed engines as a consequence . Although forty @-@ four drivers were entered in the qualifier ; according to NASCAR 's qualifying procedure , only forty @-@ three could race . Each driver ran two laps , with the starting order determined by the competitor 's fastest times . Johnson clinced his third pole position of the season , with a time of 22 @.@ 878 . He was joined on the grid 's front row by Montoya . Newman qualified third , Biffle took fourth and Reutimann started fifth . Kahne , Gordon , Bowyer , Sam Hornish , Jr. and Paul Menard completed the top ten positions . The driver that failed to qualify was Scott Wimmer . During qualifying , Elliott Sadler 's changed his car 's engine , after one failed during the session . After the qualifier Johnson said , " A pole today will make the start of the weekend much better and give us a lot of direction and momentum moving into tomorrow , It does carry you , and there is an aspect of momentum . But at the same time , you 've got to go out and perform . " On Saturday morning , Kurt Busch was fastest in the second practice session , ahead of Montoya in second , and Newman in third . Johnson was fourth quickest , and Bowyer took fifth . Kyle Busch managed sixth . Stewart , Hamlin , Matt Kenseth and Gilliland followed in the top ten . Of the other drivers in the Chase , Biffle finished with the eleventh fastest time , while Kahne set the fourteenth fastest time . Kahne set the fastest time in the final practice session , while Montoya and Joey Logano followed in second and third respectively . Martin was fourth quickest , ahead of Biffle and Johnson . Kurt Busch was seventh fastest , Jamie McMurray eighth , Gilliland ninth and Martin Truex , Jr. tenth . Other chase drivers included Newman in eleventh and Hamlin in eighteenth . = = = Race = = = The race , the twenty @-@ eighth of a total of thirty @-@ six in the 2009 season , began at 2 : 00 p.m. and was televised live in the United States on ESPN . Around the start of the race , weather conditions were cloudy with the air temperature 71 ° F ( 22 ° C ) ; a moderate chance of rain was forecast . Pastor Dan Schafer began pre @-@ race ceremonies by giving the invocation . Country music group and Show Dog @-@ Universal Music recording artists Trailer Choir performed the national anthem , and Sergeant Major John Jones of the Pennsylvania National Guard gave the command for drivers to start their engines . During the pace laps , Bowyer , Sadler and Tony Raines all had to move to the rear of the grid because of them changing their engines . NASCAR announced that a competition caution would take place on lap 25 , meaning drivers would make mandatory pit stops . Johnson maintained his pole position lead into the first corner . One lap later , Newman passed Montoya for the second position . After starting the race in twelfth , Martin had lost four positions to run eighteenth by lap 4 . By the 10th lap , Johnson had built up a 1 @.@ 2 second lead over Newman . Bowyer , who began the race at the rear of the grid , had moved up thirteen positions to twenty @-@ ninth by lap 15 . Two laps later , Raines drove to his garage . On lap 18 , Kurt Busch passed Vickers for ninth , as Kahne claimed fourth position from Biffle , two laps later . On lap 25 , the competition caution came out . During the caution , all of the leaders made pit stops ; Gilliland became the new leader on lap 28 . After pit stops , Newman claimed the first position and held it at the restart . On lap 31 , a multi @-@ car collision occurred in turn 3 as Logano was bumped by Stewart , causing him to flip sideways , which collected Truex , Robby Gordon and Reed Sorenson , prompting the second caution . On the same lap , the red flag was shown to allow race officials to clear the track of debris . The race was restarted 24 minutes later under caution . Newman maintained his lead at the restart , followed by Kurt Busch and Menard . Three laps later , Montoya and Gordon passed Menard for fifth and sixth respectively . On lap 43 , Jeff Burton fell to ninth after being passed by Hamlin and Martin . Four laps later , Martin passed Hamlin for the thirteenth position . By lap 50 , Johnson passed Reutimann to move back into the top ten . On lap 58 , Kurt Busch passed Newman to claim the lead . Three laps later , Jeff Gordon claimed fifth position off Kahne , while Menard was passed by Johnson for eighth . On lap 63 , Montoya moved into the third position after passing Biffle , while Gilliland went to his garage to retire from the race . Two laps later , Kyle Busch claimed seventh position off Kahne , as Montoya passed Newman for second on lap 66 . On lap 67 , Gordon and Biffle passed Newman for third and fourth positions . Four laps later , Johnson claimed seventh from Kahne . On lap 80 , Reutimann ran out of fuel , forcing him to make a pit stop . On lap 83 , Biffle was passed by Johnson for the fourth position . One lap later , Michael Waltrip lost his car 's right @-@ front tire and collided with the wall , causing the third caution . All of the leaders elected to make pit stops . Kurt Busch remained the leader at the restart , ahead of Biffle and Kyle Busch . On lap 93 , Kyle Busch passed Biffle for second position , while McMurray was passed by Kahne for ninth on lap 96 . Three laps later , Biffle dropped to sixth after being passed by Jeff Gordon , as Montoya passed Kyle Busch for the third position on lap 113 . Sixteen laps later , Kahne passed Jeff Gordon for sixth , while Stewart moved into the eighteenth position on lap 137 . On the 147th lap , Kurt Busch was blocked by Bobby Labonte , allowing Johnson to claim the lead . By the 150th lap , Kyle Busch dropped three positions to sixth after being passed by Martin , Kahne and Jeff Gordon . Green flag pit stops began on lap 152 , when Hornish made a pit stop . Eleven laps later , the fourth caution came out . During the caution , which was caused by liquid on the track , all of the leaders made pit stops . Kurt Busch reclaimed the lead for the lap 168 restart . Stewart moved into the eleventh position on lap 170 . Six laps later , Johnson reclaimed the lead off Kurt Busch . By the 183rd lap , Johnson opened out a 1 @.@ 6 second lead over Kurt Busch . Twenty @-@ four laps later , Kyle Busch collided with the wall in turn 3 and turn 4 , prompting the fifth caution . All of the leaders chose to make pit stops during the caution . The race resumed on lap 211 , with Johnson leading from Jeff Gordon and Kurt Busch . By the 223rd lap , Johnson had a lead of 1 @.@ 6 seconds . Twenty @-@ seven laps later , Sorenson rejoined the race track . On lap 252 , Stewart passed Allmendinger for the ninth position . Seven laps later , Stewart moved into eighth after passing Newman , and passed Bowyer for seventh on the 262nd lap . On lap 272 , Johnson 's lead of 3 @.@ 5 seconds was reduced to nothing when the pace car moved on track . During the caution , which was caused by David Stremme making contact with the wall at turn 4 , all of the leaders made pit stops . Johnson remained the leader at the restart . On lap 286 , Kahne was passed by Newman for ninth . By lap 290 , Johnson built up a lead of two seconds . Seventeen laps later , Martin passed Kenseth for the fourth position . Johnson 's lead had increased to 2 @.@ 2 seconds by lap 319 . Five laps later , debris was spotted on the track and the seventh caution was prompted . All of the leaders elected to make pit stops during the caution . Johnson maintained his lead at the restart , followed by Martin and Kenseth . One lap later , Montoya moved into the second position , as Martin fell to fifth . On lap 336 , Martin moved into fourth after passing Kurt Busch , and passed Kenseth for third two laps later . On lap 341 , the eighth caution came out when Regan Smith spun off , collecting Stremme , Truex and Sadler . Johnson kept the lead at the lap 347 restart . One lap later , Kenseth moved into the second position , as Stewart and Gordon moved into fourth and tenth respectively . On lap 349 , Gordon passed Newman for ninth , before falling to eleventh position after contact with Newman one lap later . On the 354th lap , Stewart was passed by Martin for the fourth position , as Johnson had built a 2 @.@ 2 second lead by lap 357 . One lap later , Jeff Gordon moved into the ninth position after passing Newman . On the 368th lap , Hornish , spun on the backstraightway , prompting the ninth and final caution of the race . During the caution , some of the leaders made pit stops . Johnson maintained the lead on the lap 373 . Four laps later , Newman passed Mears for eighth , as Edwards was passed by Stewart for twelfth . On the 383rd lap , Kahne , Allemndinger and Stewart passed Newman for seventh , eighth and ninth respectively . On the next lap , Kenseth was passed by Martin for second position . On the 391st lap , Kahne was passed by Allmendinger for the second position . Two laps later , Johnson 's lead had increased to 2 @.@ 2 seconds and held it to win the race . Martin finished second , ahead of Kenseth in third , Montoya fourth , and Kurt Busch fifth . Gordon , Allmendinger , Kahne , Stewart and Newman rounded out the top ten finishers . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Johnson appeared in victory lane to celebrate his fourth victory of the season in front of 110 @,@ 000 people who attended the race . Johnson also earned $ 276 @,@ 076 in race winnings . Afterward , he said , " I woke up ( on Sunday ) morning very optimistic . By about lap two or three I knew we had a very balanced car and we 'd be competitive all day long , get a solid finish . " , he continued , " I see guys get so worried about what other people think , what other people say and spend a lot of time in those areas . That 's not what works for me . ( I ) don 't watch television ; don 't watch or read any of the trade papers or magazines . Just ignore , ignore , ignore and focus on my world and what 's going on with my race car . That 's what I 'll do through the rest of the Chase . " Martin , who finished second , was candid about the result , " We did really well to finish second . I just don 't think we were in [ Johnson 's ] league today . " In the post @-@ race press conference , Kenseth said of his result , " We didn 't qualify very good , but we were really happy with our car . When the race started , I didn 't think we were quite as good as we were yesterday ( in practice ) , but we were able to have really good pit stops . " Logano , who was involved in the biggest accident of the race , " The biggest thing was , I was fine the whole time , [ but ] I 'm not really sure what happened . The spotter was clearing me low . When I got down there , they checked up going into the corner and I got tagged from behind . " The race result kept Martin in the lead of the Drivers ' Championship with 5 @,@ 400 points . Johnson , who won the race , stood in second , ten points behind Martin , and sixty @-@ five ahead of Montoya . Kurt Busch moved into fourth position with 5 @,@ 325 points . Stewart with fifth , Hamlin sixth , and Newman , Jeff Gordon , Biffle and Vickers followed in the top @-@ ten positions . The final two positions available in the Chase for the Sprint Cup were occupied by Edwards in eleventh and Kahne in twelfth . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet maintained their lead with 208 . Toyota remained second with 163 . Ford followed with 123 points , one point ahead of Dodge in fourth . 5 @.@ 08 million people watched the race on television . The race took three hours , twenty @-@ two minutes and eleven seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 1 @.@ 970 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = Standings after the race = =
= Slow Fade = " Slow Fade " is a song by Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Written by Mark Hall , it was released as the third single from Casting Crowns ' 2007 studio album The Altar and the Door . Written after the public falls from grace of several church leaders , " Slow Fade " is a cautionary tale against making the wrong choices . It was positively received by music critics , who praised the song 's lyrical theme . " Slow Fade " had moderate success on Christian chart formats , peaking at number five on the Billboard Christian Songs chart , number seven on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , and number nineteen on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . The song 's music video , which was produced and directed by the Erwin Brothers , depicts a family slowly deteriorating due to the compromising decisions they have made . It won the award for Short Form Music Video of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards . = = Background and composition = = " Slow Fade " was written in the " light of the well publicised falls from grace of several high profile church leaders " . According to lead vocalist Mark Hall : " Nobody falls , it 's just a slow fade . It 's a series of minor compromises until you 're in a place you never thought you 'd be , doing things you never thought you 'd do and rationalising all of it " . He continued by saying that : " As believers , as men , if we 're not guarding our relationship with God , we 're going down . There 's too much going against us . If we 're not careful , we 're going to crash and burn " . " Slow Fade " is a song with a length of four minutes and thirty @-@ eight seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , " Slow Fade " is set in common time in the key of D major , with a tempo of 80 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of A3 to the high note of G5 . A ballad , " Slow Fade " is " a cautionary tale urging believers to make the right choices " . = = Reception = = " Slow Fade " met with mostly positive reception from music critics . Jared Johnson of Allmusic noted it had a " mature rock theme " and " showcased more grunge guitar than could be heard on all of Lifesong " . In reviews for Billboard and CCM Magazine , Deborah Evans Price praised the song as " compelling " and an example of Mark Hall 's ability to write " stirring anthems " and " achingly vulnerable , introspective songs " . Andree Farias of Christianity Today praised the lyrics as " full of great ideas about spiritual apostasy " but said the arrangement " leaves the impression that [ Mark ] Hall and company are bored or tired " . = = Chart performance = = " Slow Fade " debuted at number twenty @-@ eight on the Billboard Christian Songs chart for the chart week of August 23 , 2008 . It advanced to number nineteen in its fifth chart week and to number fifteen in its sixth . In its eleventh chart week " Slow Fade " entered the top ten , moving to number nine . It advanced to its peak position of number five in its eighteenth chart week , the week of December 20 , 2008 . In total , " Slow Fade " spent twenty @-@ nine weeks on the Christian Songs chart . It also peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , which it spent thirty weeks on , and number nineteen on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . " Slow Fade " ranked at number thirty @-@ three on the 2008 year @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart . It ranked at number thirty @-@ five on the 2009 year @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart and number fifty on the 2009 year @-@ end Christian Songs chart . On the 2000s decade @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart , " Slow Fade " ranked at number ninety @-@ five . = = Promotion = = Produced and directed by the Erwin Brothers , the music video for " Slow Fade " was shot in Birmingham , Alabama . The video depicts a deteriorating family slowly fading because of the compromising decisions they have made . It premiered on Yahoo ! Music on May 21 , 2008 , receiving placement of the website 's front page . It was included on Casting Crowns ' live album The Altar and the Door Live and won the award for Short Form Music Video of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards . Casting Crowns performed a " haunting " rendition of " Slow Fade " at a concert on March 22 , 2008 at the Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena in Jacksonville , Florida . At a concert on February 3 , 2010 at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri , Casting Crowns performed it as the third song on their set list . At a concert on February 28 , 2010 in Hershey , Pennsylvania , they performed the song as part of their set list . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits lifted from the album liner notes . = = Charts = =
= Mersea Island = Mersea Island IPA : [ m3 : .zi ] is an island in Essex , England , in the Blackwater and Colne estuaries to the south @-@ east of Colchester . Its name comes from the Old English word meresig , meaning " island of the pool " . The island is split into two main areas , West Mersea and East Mersea , and connected to the mainland by the Strood , a causeway that floods at high tide . The island has been inhabited since pre @-@ Roman times . It was used as a holiday destination in Roman Britain for occupants of Camulodunum ( Colchester ) . Fishing has been a key industry on the island since then , particularly oysters , and along with tourism makes up a significant part of the island 's economy . The Church of St Peter & St Paul in West Mersea is thought to have existed since the 7th century , while the Church of St Edmund in East Mersea dates from around the 12th or 13th centuries . The island became popular with smugglers from the 16th to the 19th century . It became a focal point for troops in both world wars , and a number of observation posts can still be found on the island . Tourism remains popular , and there are a number of beach huts and holiday parks on the island . A week @-@ long festival of boat racing , Mersea Week , takes place every summer . = = Geography = = The island lies 9 miles ( 14 km ) south @-@ east of Colchester and 26 miles ( 42 km ) east of the county town , Chelmsford . It is the most easterly inhabited island in the United Kingdom and is one of 43 ( unbridged ) tidal islands which can be accessed on foot or by road from the British mainland . It is situated in the estuary area of the Blackwater and Colne rivers and has an area of around 7 square miles ( 18 km2 ) . It is formed by the Pyefleet Channel to the north and the Strood Channel to the west , which connect the Blackwater to the Colne . The much smaller Ray Island lies adjacent to the north . Most of the area immediately surrounding the island consists of saltmarsh and mudflats , and is an important sanctuary for wading and migratory birds . The island itself sits on a mix of London Clay , chalky boulder clay , sand and gravel . Internally , the island is split between West Mersea , which is the main inhabited area containing the jetty and marina , and East Mersea , which is predominantly farmland and includes Cudmore Grove County Park to the east . There is also a small hamlet at Barrow Hill to the north of West Mersea . The land immediately facing the Blackwater is known as the Mersea flats , which is mostly beach that dries at low tide . The former Bradwell Power Station can be seen on the other side . West Mersea can be further divided into three areas . The Old City in the southwest of West Mersea serves the fishing and yachting industries and contains a number of listed buildings . The centre contains the church of St Peter & St Paul , while the beach and esplanade are to the south . The name ' Mersea ' is derived from the Old English word meresig meaning ' island of the pool ' . It is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Meresai . The Strood is derived from strod , meaning ' marshy land ' . = = Economy = = The main industries on Mersea are farming , fishing and servicing the leisure boating and yachting industry . Oysters have been harvested off the island since Roman times , and are shipped worldwide . The extensive history and association with the oyster trade attracts a significant number of tourists each year , though today the trade is predominantly with Pacific oysters that have been introduced to the area . The Essex oyster fishery is opened by the Mayor of Colchester every September . The Company Shed restaurant on the west side of the island serves seafood fresh to order and has been praised for its quality by Jamie Oliver . Many small shops and ice cream businesses serve the tourism on Mersea 's seafront . The Two Sugars Cafe is sited on a former World War II pillbox near the beach . There are six camping and caravanning sites on the island , which help contribute towards the island 's economy during the summer months . The largest is Cooper 's Beach , which caters to 3 @,@ 000 residents . = = History = = There is evidence of pre @-@ Roman settlement on Mersea in the form of " red hills " that are the remains of Celtic salt workings . A large Romano @-@ British round barrow near the Strood contained the remains of a cremated adult in a glass urn , within a lead casket , now in the local Mersea Museum . In 1730 , a large mosaic floor was found underneath the Church of St Peter & St Paul at West Mersea and in 1764 , Richard Gough discovered further evidence of Roman remains around the church . West Mersea was believed to be a holiday destination for Romans staying at Camulodunum ( Colchester ) . Evidence has shown a number of fish traps exist around the island , which date from around the 7th century . The Anglo @-@ Saxons established a large fish weir at Besom Fleet to the southwest of the island and built the church at West Mersea . It was damaged by Norse raiders in 894 and rebuilt afterwards . The west tower was added to the church around the 11th century , the south aisle in the 15th and various other rebuilds continued towards the end of the 18th century . The Strood causeway was also built by the Saxons ; oak piles discovered in 1978 have been dated to between 684 and 702 using dendrochronology . By 950 , there was a Benedictine priory at West Mersea and land here was granted to the Abbey of St Ouen in France by Edward the Confessor in 1046 . The priory survived until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1542 . The Parish Church of St Edmund in East Mersea dates from around the 12th or 13th century , with extensions in the late 15th or 16th . The church and hall are surrounded by a moat that is thought to be the remains of a Danish refuge after their defeat by King Alfred at Farnham . In the English Civil War , the Parliamentary Army built a blockhouse at East Mersea in 1648 , with the aim of blockading the River Colne during the Siege of Colchester . Some ruins of this blockhouse remain and are known as the Block House Stone , which is legally protected by English Heritage as a scheduled monument . Fishing grew in importance on the island during this time , with numerous fish weirs being installed . During the 16th and 17th centuries , Dutch and French settlers arrived on the island . Some locals supplemented their income from the oyster trade by smuggling , which remained popular until the mid @-@ 19th century . Smugglers favoured the Peldon Rose , immediately north of the Strood , where they would store contraband in the pond alongside the inn . In the early 19th century , the increased demand for oysters despite a limited supply from the Strood and Pyefleet Channel led traders to get oysters from other places and pass them off as native to the island . By the end of the 19th century , the land around the island had been partially reclaimed , allowing easier access . A police officer for the island was appointed in 1844 and a school was opened in 1871 . The Reverend Sabine Baring Gould ( author of " Onward Christian Soldiers " and of " Mehalah " , a novel set in Mersea ) was Rector of East Mersea from 1870 to 1881 . In the First World War , 320 soldiers came from Mersea Island , of which 50 lost their lives . Troops were stationed at Mersea Island during the war . In 1916 , a Zeppelin crash landed at nearby Great Wigborough to the northwest of the island . The survivors were stationed at Mersea before moving to prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps . In 2013 , the Mersea Island Tales Educational Trust obtained a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund to set up a First World War exhibition at Ivy Farm , which features a 1916 Sopwith Pup biplane and information about soldiers from Mersea who took part in the war . In 1926 , West Mersea became a self @-@ governing urban district , which allowed it to set up a self @-@ contained water and sewer system . Unlike several other coastal resorts , the island did not immediately develop any holidaymaker facilities aside from the beach huts which now stretch along the Esplanade . At the outbreak of World War II , the island became part of the front line for invasion and was heavily fortified . Along with other coastal resorts , the island drew in evacuees from London , though as the war progressed , these were moved to safer settlements further inland . 2000 troops were stationed on the island to guard against invasion . A battery of 4 @.@ 7 inch guns was installed along the beach along with a Battery Observation post and a number of searchlights and pillboxes . Several of these installations survived and can still be seen along the south coast of the island , one of which has been converted into a cafe . After the war , the island suffered from severe winter weather in 1947 which destroyed much of the oyster fishery , and from the flooding of 1953 , where numerous beach huts were swept out to sea . In 1963 , a lifeboat service was launched following an initiative by " Diggle " Hayward who had approached the Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) about a lifeboat capability on Mersea . The lifeboat station in West Mersea now operates an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat , the RNLB Just George B @-@ 879 . Since the 1960s , the population has increased considerably , with the population of West Mersea rising from 3 @,@ 140 in 1961 to 6 @,@ 925 in 2001 . Mersea Island has suffered less from the increased popularity of holidaying abroad when compared to nearby resorts such as Clacton and Southend , predominantly due to its isolated and rural atmosphere , and the continued popularity of sailing . In 2006 , more than a thousand locals signed a petition against the proposed opening of a Tesco Express store on the island , expressing concern that it would take trade away from local businesses . On 4 June 2012 , as part of the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee celebrations , the island declared a mock independence from the UK for that day . Anyone travelling to the island across the Strood paid 50p for a " passport " , the proceeds of which went towards the war veteran charity Help for Heroes . = = Education = = Mersea Island School is a foundation primary school in West Mersea with 450 pupils aged 4 – 11 . The school has an additional nursery for 52 children aged 2 – 4 . The school was built by Horace Darken in 1871 @-@ 72 , with additional classrooms added in 1897 . There are no secondary schools in the island . The nearest are Thomas Lord Audley School in Colchester and Thurstable School in Tiptree . = = Transport = = The main access to the island is via a causeway known as the Strood , carrying the Mersea – Colchester road ( B1025 ) . The road is often covered at high tides and especially during spring tides . During the 1953 North Sea flood , the Strood was submerged under over 6 feet ( 2 m ) of water , cutting off access to the mainland . In 2012 , West Mersea Lifeboats complained to Essex County Council about the lack of adequate signage after 13 people had to be rescued from the Strood at high tide in less than 24 hours . A webcam provides a live view of access across the Strood , while a corresponding website lists upcoming high tides and the likelihood of obstructing the road . There has never been a railway to Mersea Island . During the railway boom of the mid 19th century , goods were transported by boat and barge . In 1911 , local businessmen proposed a railway between Colchester and the island , which would have ended at a pier next to the Esplanade in the south , with an additional station in West Mersea on what is now East Road . The plans were abandoned due to the First World War . A regular bus service links West and East Mersea to Colchester via the Strood and Abberton . A foot ferry runs from East Mersea to Point Clear and Brightlingsea on the other side of the Colne estuary , including a scheduled service in the summer and a dial @-@ on @-@ demand service in the spring and autumn . = = Culture = = The island is used as a setting for several works of Margery Allingham , who spent childhood holidays on the island . These included her first novel , Blackkerchief Dick ( published in 1923 when she was 19 ) and Mystery Mile ( though the plot is disguised as being in Suffolk ) . Baring @-@ Gould 's novel Mehalah is set in Mersea . The Mersea Week is a week @-@ long August festival of boat racing organised by the West Mersea Yacht Club and Dabchicks Sailing Club , established in 1973 . During the week , starting on Monday , there are races for many boat classes in the Blackwater Estuary , from Optimist dinghies to large yachts . The most celebrated event is the Round @-@ the @-@ Island race , where dinghies attempt to sail round the island in either direction , helped over the Strood by volunteers . On Saturday , there is a regatta at West Mersea , followed by a selection of water sports and a firework display at dusk . One of the popular events on Saturday is walking a greasy pole rigged over the side of the hosting Thames sailing barge . The Mersea Island Food , Drink & Leisure Festival takes place in May in the Mersea Vineyard . It combines a food theatre showing various meals , particularly oysters , with local live music and storytelling . The island is home to Mersea Island F.C. , who compete in the Essex and Suffolk Border Football League Division 1 . There is a youth football team , Oyster F.C.
= Group 12 element = Group 12 , by modern IUPAC numbering , is a group of chemical elements in the periodic table . It includes zinc ( Zn ) , cadmium ( Cd ) and mercury ( Hg ) . The further inclusion of copernicium ( Cn ) in group 12 is supported by recent experiments on individual copernicium atoms . Group 12 is also known as the volatile metals , although this can also more generally refer to any metal ( which need not be in group 12 ) that has high volatility , such as polonium or flerovium . Formerly this group was named IIB ( pronounced as " group two B " , as the " II " is a Roman numeral ) by CAS and old IUPAC system . The three group 12 elements that occur naturally are zinc , cadmium and mercury . They are all widely used in electric and electronic applications , as well as in various alloys . The first two members of the group share similar properties as they are solid metals under standard conditions . Mercury is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature . While zinc is very important in the biochemistry of living organisms , cadmium and mercury are both highly toxic . As copernicium does not occur in nature , it has to be synthesized in the laboratory . = = Physical and atomic properties = = Like other groups of the periodic table , the members of group 12 show patterns in its electron configuration , especially the outermost shells , which result in trends in their chemical behavior : Group 12 elements are all soft , diamagnetic , divalent metals . They have the lowest melting points among all transition metals . Zinc is bluish @-@ white and lustrous , though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish . Zinc is also referred to in nonscientific contexts as spelter . Cadmium is soft , malleable , ductile , and with a bluish @-@ white color . Mercury is a liquid , heavy , silvery @-@ white metal . It is the only common liquid metal at ordinary temperatures , and as compared to other metals , it is a poor conductor of heat , but a fair conductor of electricity . The table below is a summary of the key physical properties of the group 12 elements . Very little is known about copernicium , and none of its physical properties have been confirmed except for its boiling point ( tentative ) . Zinc is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure . The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 ° C. Above 210 ° C , the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating . Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity . For a metal , zinc has relatively low melting ( 419 @.@ 5 ° C , 787 @.@ 1 F ) and boiling points ( 907 ° C ) . Cadmium is similar in many respects to zinc but forms complex compounds . Unlike other metals , cadmium is resistant to corrosion and as a result it is used as a protective layer when deposited on other metals . As a bulk metal , cadmium is insoluble in water and is not flammable ; however , in its powdered form it may burn and release toxic fumes . Mercury has an exceptionally low melting temperature for a d @-@ block metal . A complete explanation of this fact requires a deep excursion into quantum physics , but it can be summarized as follows : mercury has a unique electronic configuration where electrons fill up all the available 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s , 4p , 4d , 4f , 5s , 5p , 5d and 6s subshells . As such configuration strongly resists removal of an electron , mercury behaves similarly to noble gas elements , which form weak bonds and thus easily melting solids . The stability of the 6s shell is due to the presence of a filled 4f shell . An f shell poorly screens the nuclear charge that increases the attractive Coulomb interaction of the 6s shell and the nucleus ( see lanthanide contraction ) . The absence of a filled inner f shell is the reason for the somewhat higher melting temperature of cadmium and zinc , although both these metals still melt easily and , in addition , have unusually low boiling points . Gold has atoms with one less 6s electron than mercury . Those electrons are more easily removed and are shared between the gold atoms forming relatively strong metallic bonds . Zinc , cadmium and mercury form a large range of alloys . Among the zinc containing ones , brass is an alloy of zinc and copper . Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium , antimony , bismuth , gold , iron , lead , mercury , silver , tin , magnesium , cobalt , nickel , tellurium and sodium . While neither zinc nor zirconium are ferromagnetic , their alloy ZrZn 2 exhibits ferromagnetism below 35 K. Cadmium is used in many kinds of solder and bearing alloys , due to a low coefficient of friction and fatigue resistance . It is also found in some of the lowest @-@ melting alloys , such as Wood 's metal . Because it is a liquid , mercury dissolves other metals and the alloys that are formed are called amalgams . For example , such amalgams are known with gold , zinc , sodium , and many other metals . Because iron is an exception , iron flasks have been traditionally used to trade mercury . Other metals that do not form amalgams with mercury include tantalum , tungsten and platinum . Sodium amalgam is a common reducing agent in organic synthesis , and is also used in high @-@ pressure sodium lamps . Mercury readily combines with aluminium to form a mercury @-@ aluminium amalgam when the two pure metals come into contact . Since the amalgam reacts with air to give aluminium oxide , small amounts of mercury corrode aluminium . For this reason , mercury is not allowed aboard an aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming an amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in the aircraft . = = Chemistry = = Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group 12 . The chemistry of copernicium is not well established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with zinc , cadmium and mercury . = = = Periodic trends = = = All elements in this group are metals . The similarity of the metallic radii of cadmium and mercury is an effect of the lanthanide contraction . So , the trend in this group is unlike the trend in group 2 , the alkaline earths , where metallic radius increases smoothly from top to bottom of the group . All three metals have relatively low melting and boiling points , indicating that the metallic bond is relatively weak , with relatively little overlap between the valence band and the conduction band . Thus , zinc is close to the boundary between metallic and metalloid elements , which is usually placed between gallium and germanium , though gallium participates in semi @-@ conductors such as gallium arsenide . Zinc and cadmium are electropositive while mercury is not . As a result , zinc and cadmium metal are good reducing agents . The elements of group 12 have an oxidation state of + 2 in which the ions have the rather stable d10 electronic configuration , with a full sub @-@ shell . However , mercury can easily be reduced to the + 1 oxidation state ; usually , as in the ion Hg2 + 2 , two mercury ( I ) ions come together to form a metal @-@ metal bond and a diamagnetic species . Cadmium can also form species such as [ Cd2Cl6 ] 4 − in which the metal 's oxidation state is + 1 . Just as with mercury , the formation of a metal @-@ metal bond results in a diamagnetic compound in which there are no unpaired electrons ; thus , making the species very reactive . Zinc ( I ) is known only in the gas phase , in such compounds as linear Zn2Cl2 , analogous to calomel . = = = Classification = = = The elements in group 12 are usually considered to be d @-@ block elements , but not transition elements as the d @-@ shell is full . Some authors classify these elements as main @-@ group elements because the valence electrons are in ns2 orbitals . Nevertheless , they share many characteristics with the neighboring group 11 elements on the periodic table , which are almost universally considered to be transition elements . For example , zinc shares many characteristics with the neighboring transition metal , copper . Zinc complexes merit inclusion in the Irving @-@ Williams series as zinc forms many complexes with the same stoichiometry as complexes of copper ( II ) , albeit with smaller stability constants . There is little similarity between cadmium and silver as compounds of silver ( II ) are rare and those that do exist are very strong oxidizing agents . Likewise the common oxidation state for gold is + 3 , which precludes there being much common chemistry between mercury and gold , though there are similarities between mercury ( I ) and gold ( I ) such as the formation of linear dicyano complexes , [ M ( CN ) 2 ] − . According to IUPAC 's definition of transition metal as an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub @-@ shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub @-@ shell , zinc and cadmium are not transition metals , while mercury is . This is because only mercury is known to have a compound where its oxidation state is higher than + 2 , in mercury ( IV ) fluoride . However , this classification is based on one highly atypical compound seen at non @-@ equilibrium conditions and is at odds to mercury 's more typical chemistry , and Jensen has suggested that it would be better to regard mercury as not being a transition metal . = = = Relationship with the alkaline earth metals = = = Although group 12 lies in the d @-@ block of the modern 18 @-@ column periodic table , the d electrons of zinc , cadmium , and ( almost always ) mercury behave as core electrons and do not take part in bonding . This behavior is similar to that of the main @-@ group elements , but is in stark contrast to that of the neighboring group 11 elements ( copper , silver , and gold ) , which also have filled d @-@ subshells in their ground @-@ state electron configuration but behave chemically as transition metals . For example , the bonding in chromium ( II ) sulfide ( CrS ) involves mainly the 3d electrons ; that in iron ( II ) sulfide ( FeS ) involves both the 3d and 4s electrons ; but that of zinc sulfide ( ZnS ) involves only the 4s electrons and the 3d electrons behave as core electrons . Indeed , useful comparison can be made between their properties and the first two members of group 2 , beryllium and magnesium , and in earlier short @-@ form periodic table layouts , this relationship is illustrated more clearly . For instance , zinc and cadmium are similar to beryllium and magnesium in their atomic radii , ionic radii , electronegativities , and also in the structure of their binary compounds and their ability to form complex ions with many nitrogen and oxygen ligands , such as complex hydrides and amines . However , beryllium and magnesium are small atoms , unlike the heavier alkaline earth metals and like the group 12 elements ( which have a greater nuclear charge but the same number of valence electrons ) , and the periodic trends down group 2 from beryllium to radium ( similar to that of the alkali metals ) are not as smooth when going down from beryllium to mercury ( which is more similar to that of the p @-@ block main groups ) due to the d @-@ block and lanthanide contractions . It is also the d @-@ block and lanthanide contractions that give mercury many of its distinctive properties . = = = Compounds = = = All three metal ions form many tetrahedral species , such as MCl2 − 4 . Both zinc and cadmium can also form octahedral complexes such as the aqua ions [ M ( H2O ) 6 ] 2 + which are present in aqueous solutions of salts of these metals . Covalent character is achieved by using the s and possibly p orbitals . Mercury , however , rarely exceeds a coordination number of four . Coordination numbers of 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 and 8 are also known . = = Extensions = = Although copernicium is the heaviest known group 12 element , there has been some theoretical work regarding possible heavier group 12 elements . Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table would put element 162 , unhexbium ( Uhb ) , under copernicium , relativistic Dirac @-@ Fock calculations predict that the next group 12 element after copernicium should actually be element 164 , unhexquadium ( Uhq ) , which is predicted to have an electron configuration of [ Uuo ] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p1 / 22 . The 8s and 8p1 / 2 orbitals are predicted to be so strongly stabilized relativistically that they become core electrons and do not participate in chemical reactions , unlike the earlier group 12 elements where the s electrons behave as valence electrons . However , the 9s and 9p1 / 2 levels are expected to be readily available for hybridization and bonding , so that unhexquadium should still behave chemically like a normal transition metal . Calculations predict that the 7d electrons of unhexquadium should participate very readily in chemical reactions , so that unhexquadium should be able to show stable + 6 and + 4 oxidation states in addition to the normal + 2 state in aqueous solutions with strong ligands . Unhexquadium should thus be able to form compounds like Uhq ( CO ) 4 , Uhq ( PF3 ) 4 ( both tetrahedral ) , and Uhq ( CN ) 2 − 2 ( linear ) , which is very different behavior from that of lead , which unhexquadium would be a heavier homologue of if not for relativistic effects . Nevertheless , the divalent state would be the main one in aqueous solution , and unhexquadium ( II ) should behave more similarly to lead than unhexquadium ( IV ) and unhexquadium ( VI ) . Unhexquadium should be a soft metal like mercury , and metallic unhexquadium should have a high melting point as it is predicted to bond covalently . It is also expected to be a soft Lewis acid and have Ahrlands softness parameter close to 4 eV . It should also have some similarities to ununoctium as well as to the other group 12 elements . Unhexquadium should be at most moderately reactive , having a first ionization energy that should be around 685 kJ / mol , comparable to that of molybdenum . Due to the lanthanide , actinide , and superactinide contractions , unhexquadium should have a metallic radius of only 158 pm , very close to that of the much lighter magnesium , despite its being expected to have an atomic weight of around 474 u , about 19 @.@ 5 times as much as that of magnesium . This small radius and high weight cause it to be expected to have an extremely high density of around 46 g · cm − 3 , over twice that of osmium , currently the most dense element known , at 22 @.@ 61 g · cm − 3 ; unhexquadium should be the second most dense element in the first 9 periods of the periodic table , with only its neighbour unhextrium ( element 163 ) being more dense ( at 47 g · cm − 3 ) . Metallic unhexquadium should be quite stable , as the 8s and 8p1 / 2 electrons are very deeply buried in the electron core and only the 7d electrons are available for bonding . Metallic unhexquadium should have a very large cohesive energy due to its covalent bonds , most probably resulting in a high melting point . Theoretical interest in the chemistry of unhexquadium is largely motivated by theoretical predictions that it , especially the isotope 482Uhq ( with 164 protons and 318 neutrons ) , would be at the center of a hypothetical second island of stability ( the first being centered around 306Ubb , with 122 protons and 184 neutrons ) . = = History = = The elements of group 12 have been found throughout history , being used since ancient times to being discovered in laboratories . The group itself has not acquired a trivial name , but it has been called group IIB in the past . = = = Zinc = = = Zinc has been found being used in impure forms in ancient times as well as in alloys such as brass that have been found to be over 2000 years old . Zinc was distinctly recognized as a metal under the designation of Fasada in the medical Lexicon ascribed to the Hindu king Madanapala and written about the year 1374 . The metal was also of use to alchemists . The name of the metal was first documented in the 16th century , and is probably derived from the German zinke for the needle @-@ like appearance of metallic crystals . The isolation of metallic zinc in the West may have been achieved independently by several people in the 17th century . German chemist Andreas Marggraf is usually given credit for discovering pure metallic zinc in a 1746 experiment by heating a mixture of calamine and charcoal in a closed vessel without copper to obtain a metal . Experiments on frogs by the Italian doctor Luigi Galvani in 1780 with brass paved the way for the discovery of electrical batteries , galvanization and cathodic protection . In 1880 , Galvani 's friend , Alessandro Volta , invented the Voltaic pile . The biological importance of zinc was not discovered until 1940 when carbonic anhydrase , an enzyme that scrubs carbon dioxide from blood , was shown to have zinc in its active site . = = = Cadmium = = = In 1817 , cadmium was discovered in Germany as an impurity in zinc carbonate minerals ( calamine ) by Friedrich Stromeyer and Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann . It was named after the Latin cadmia for " calamine " , a cadmium @-@ bearing mixture of minerals , which was in turn named after the Greek mythological character , Κάδμος Cadmus , the founder of Thebes . Stromeyer eventually isolated cadmium metal by roasting and reduction of the sulfide . In 1927 , the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of a red cadmium spectral line ( 1 m = 1 @,@ 553 @,@ 164 @.@ 13 wavelengths ) . This definition has since been changed ( see krypton ) . At the same time , the International Prototype Meter was used as standard for the length of a meter until 1960 , when at the General Conference on Weights and Measures the meter was defined in terms of the orange @-@ red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton @-@ 86 atom in vacuum . = = = Mercury = = = Mercury has been found in Egyptian tombs which have been dated back to 1500 BC , where mercury was used in cosmetics . It was also used by the ancient Chinese who believed it would improve and prolong health . By 500 BC mercury was used to make amalgams ( Medieval Latin amalgama , " alloy of mercury " ) with other metals . Alchemists thought of mercury as the First Matter from which all metals were formed . They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury . The purest of these was gold , and mercury was called for in attempts at the transmutation of base ( or impure ) metals into gold , which was the goal of many alchemists . Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercury . It comes from hydrargyrum , a Latinized form of the Greek word Ύδραργυρος ( hydrargyros ) , which is a compound word meaning " water @-@ silver " ( hydr-
= water , argyros = silver ) — since it is liquid like water and shiny like silver . The element was named after the Roman god Mercury , known for speed and mobility . It is associated with the planet Mercury ; the astrological symbol for the planet is also one of the alchemical symbols for the metal . Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name became the common name . = = = Copernicium = = = The heaviest known group 12 element , copernicium , was first created on February 9 , 1996 , at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung ( GSI ) located in Darmstadt , Germany by Sigurd Hofmann , Victor Ninov et al . It was then officially named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry after Nicolaus Copernicus on February 19 , 2010 , the 537th anniversary of Copernicus ' birth . = = Occurrence = = Like in most other d @-@ block groups , the abundance in Earth 's crust of group 12 elements decreases with higher atomic number . Zinc is with 65 parts per million ( ppm ) the most abundant in the group while cadmium with 0 @.@ 1 ppm and mercury with 0 @.@ 08 ppm are orders of magnitude less abundant . Copernicium , as a synthetic element with a half @-@ life of a few minutes , may only be present in the laboratories where it was produced . Group 12 metals are chalcophiles , meaning the elements have low affinities for oxides and prefer to bond with sulfides . Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth 's atmosphere . The commercially most important minerals of group 12 elements are sulfide minerals . Sphalerite , which is a form of zinc sulfide , is the most heavily mined zinc @-@ containing ore because its concentrate contains 60 – 62 % zinc . No significant deposits of cadmium @-@ containing ores are known . Greenockite ( CdS ) , the only cadmium mineral of importance , is nearly always associated with sphalerite ( ZnS ) . This association is caused by the geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium which makes geological separation unlikely . As a consequence , cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining , smelting , and refining sulfidic ores of zinc , and , to a lesser degree , lead and copper . One place where metallic cadmium can be found is the Vilyuy River basin in Siberia . Although mercury is an extremely rare element in the Earth 's crust , because it does not blend geochemically with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass , mercury ores can be highly concentrated considering the element 's abundance in ordinary rock . The richest mercury ores contain up to 2 @.@ 5 % mercury by mass , and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0 @.@ 1 % mercury ( 12 @,@ 000 times average crustal abundance ) . It is found either as a native metal ( rare ) or in cinnabar ( HgS ) , corderoite , livingstonite and other minerals , with cinnabar being the most common ore . While mercury and zinc minerals are found in large enough quantities to be mined , cadmium is too similar to zinc and therefore is always present in small quantities in zinc ores from where it is recovered . Identified world zinc resources total about 1 @.@ 9 billion tonnes . Large deposits are in Australia , Canada and the United States with the largest reserves in Iran . At the current rate of consumption , these reserves are estimated to be depleted sometime between 2027 and 2055 . About 346 million tonnes have been extracted throughout history to 2002 , and one estimate found that about 109 million tonnes of that remains in use . In 2005 , China was the top producer of mercury with almost two @-@ thirds global share followed by Kyrgyzstan . Several other countries are believed to have unrecorded production of mercury from copper electrowinning processes and by recovery from effluents . Because of the high toxicity of mercury , both the mining of cinnabar and refining for mercury are hazardous and historic causes of mercury poisoning . = = Production = = Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use , trailing only iron , aluminium , and copper with an annual production of about 10 million tonnes . Worldwide , 95 % of the zinc is mined from sulfidic ore deposits , in which sphalerite ( ZnS ) is nearly always mixed with the sulfides of copper , lead and iron . Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy . Roasting converts the zinc sulfide concentrate produced during processing to zinc oxide : For further processing two basic methods are used : pyrometallurgy or electrowinning . Pyrometallurgy processing reduces zinc oxide with carbon or carbon monoxide at 950 ° C ( 1 @,@ 740 ° F ) into the metal , which is distilled as zinc vapor . The zinc vapor is collected in a condenser . Electrowinning processing leaches zinc from the ore concentrate by sulfuric acid : After this step electrolysis is used to produce zinc metal . Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores , and it is most isolated during the production of zinc . Some zinc ores concentrates from sulfidic zinc ores contain up to 1 @.@ 4 % of cadmium . Cadmium is isolated from the zinc produced from the flue dust by vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted , or cadmium sulfate is precipitated out of the electrolysis solution . The richest mercury ores contain up to 2 @.@ 5 % mercury by mass , and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0 @.@ 1 % mercury , with cinnabar ( HgS ) being the most common ore in the deposits . Mercury is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor . Super @-@ heavy elements such as copernicium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induces fusion reactions . Whereas most of the isotopes of copernicium can be synthesized directly this way , some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers . The first fusion reaction to produce copernicium was performed by GSI in 1996 , who reported the detection of two decay chains of copernicium @-@ 277 . 208 82Pb + 70 30Zn → 277 112Cn + n In total , approximately 75 atoms of copernicium have been prepared using various nuclear reactions . = = Applications = = Due to the physical similarities which they share , the group 12 elements can be found in many common situations . Zinc and cadmium are commonly used as anti @-@ corrosion ( galvanization ) agents as they will attract all local oxidation until they completely corrode . These protective coatings can be applied to other metals through by hot @-@ dip galvanizing a substance into the molten form of the metal , or through the process of electroplating which may be passivated by the use of chromate salts . Group 12 elements are also used in electrochemistry as they may act as an alternative to the standard hydrogen electrode in addition to being a secondary reference electrode . In the US , zinc is used predominantly for galvanizing ( 55 % ) and for brass , bronze and other alloys ( 37 % ) . The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection ( CP ) . For example , cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe . Zinc acts as the anode ( negative terminus ) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline . Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion . Zinc is also used as an anode material for batteries such as in zinc – carbon batteries or zinc @-@ air battery / fuel cells . A widely used alloy which contains zinc is brass , in which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 3 % to 45 % zinc , depending upon the type of brass . Brass is generally more ductile and stronger than copper and has superior corrosion resistance . These properties make it useful in communication equipment , hardware , musical instruments , and water valves . Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver , typewriter metal , soft and aluminium solder , and commercial bronze . Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper , aluminium , and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting , especially in the automotive , electrical , and hardware industries . These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak . Roughly one quarter of all zinc output , in the United States ( 2009 ) , is consumed in the form of zinc compounds , a variety of which are used industrially . Cadmium has many common industrial uses as it is a key component in battery production , is present in cadmium pigments , coatings , and is commonly used in electroplating . In 2009 , 86 % of cadmium was used in batteries , predominantly in rechargeable nickel @-@ cadmium batteries . The European Union banned the use of cadmium in electronics in 2004 with several exceptions but reduced the allowed content of cadmium in electronics to 0 @.@ 002 % . Cadmium electroplating , consuming 6 % of the global production , can be found in the aircraft industry due to the ability to resist corrosion when applied to steel components . Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications . It is used in some thermometers , especially ones which are used to measure high temperatures . A still increasing amount is used as gaseous mercury in fluorescent lamps , while most of the other applications are slowly phased out due to health and safety regulations , and is in some applications replaced with less toxic but considerably more expensive Galinstan alloy . Mercury and its compounds have been used in medicine , although they are much less common today than they once were , now that the toxic effects of mercury and its compounds are more widely understood . It is still used as an ingredient in dental amalgams . In the late 20th century the largest use of mercury was in the mercury cell process ( also called the Castner @-@ Kellner process ) in the production of chlorine and caustic soda . = = Biological role and toxicity = = The group 12 elements have multiple effects on biological organisms as cadmium and mercury are toxic while zinc is required by most plants and animals in trace amounts . Zinc is an essential trace element , necessary for plants , animals , and microorganisms . It is " typically the second most abundant transition metal in organisms " after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all enzyme classes . There are 2 – 4 grams of zinc distributed throughout the human body , and it plays " ubiquitous biological roles " . A 2006 study estimated that about 10 % of human proteins ( 2800 ) potentially bind zinc , in addition to hundreds which transport and traffic zinc . In the U.S. , the Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA ) is 8 mg / day for women and 11 mg / day for men . Harmful excessive supplementation may be a problem and should probably not exceed 20 mg / day in healthy people , although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg / day . Mercury and cadmium are toxic and may cause environmental damage if they enter rivers or rain water . This may result in contaminated crops as well as the bioaccumulation of mercury in a food chain leading to an increase in illnesses caused by mercury and cadmium poisoning .
= Romford = Romford is a large town in East London , England , and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Havering . It is located 14 @.@ 1 miles ( 22 @.@ 7 km ) northeast of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan . It was historically a market town in the county of Essex and formed the administrative centre of the liberty of Havering , until it was dissolved in 1892 . Good road links and the opening of the railway station in 1839 were key to the development of the town and the economic history of Romford is underpinned by a shift from agriculture to light industry and then to retail and commerce . As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century , Romford significantly expanded and increased in population , becoming a municipal borough in 1937 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965 . It now forms one of the largest commercial , retail , entertainment and leisure districts outside central London and has a developed night time economy . = = History = = = = = Toponymy = = = Romford is first recorded in 1177 as Romfort , which is formed from Old English ' rūm ' and ' ford ' and means " the wide or spacious ford " . The naming of the River Rom is a local ' back @-@ formation ' from the name of the town ; and the river is elsewhere known as the Beam . The ford most likely existed on the main London to Colchester road where it crossed that river . The original site of the town was to the south , in an area still known as Oldchurch . It was moved northwards to the present site in the later medieval period to avoid the frequent flooding of the River Rom . The first building on the new site was the parish church of Saint Edward the Confessor . = = = Economic development = = = The town developed in the Middle Ages on the main road to London and the regionally significant Romford Market was established in 1247 . The early history of Romford and the immediate area is agricultural and it is recorded as being the location of a number of mills used to grind corn . The area was a focus of the leather industry from the 15th to the early 19th centuries and there is record of a wide range of industries such as cloth making , weaving , charcoal burning , metal working and brewing . Communications played an important part in its development ; the main road to London was maintained by the Middlesex and Essex Turnpike Trust from 1721 and Romford became a coaching town in the 18th century . Several failed attempts were made in the early 19th century to connect the town to the Thames via a Romford Canal . Initially intended to transport agricultural products to London and later intended to serve growing industrial sites in Romford , only two miles of canal were constructed and the canal company were unable to reach the town . The development of the town was accelerated by the opening of the railway station in 1839 which stimulated the local economy and was key to the development of the Star Brewery . Initially Eastern Counties Railway services operated between Mile End and Romford , with extensions to Brentwood and to Shoreditch in 1840 . A second station was opened on South Street in 1892 by the London , Tilbury and Southend Railway on the line to Upminster and Grays , giving Romford a rail connection to Tilbury Docks . The two stations were combined into one in 1934 . Light industry slowly developed , reaching a peak in the 1970s with a number of factories on the edge of town , such as the Roneo Vickers office machinery company , Colvern manufacturers of wireless components , May 's Sheet Metal Works and brush manufacturers Betterware . Suburban expansion increased the population and reinforced Romford 's position as a significant regional town centre . The Liberty Shopping Centre was constructed in the 1960s , and has been modernised and supplemented with further shopping centres throughout the town , including The Mall , opened in 1990 ( as ' Liberty 2 ' ) ; and The Brewery , opened in 2000 on the site of the old Star Brewery . = = = Local government = = = Romford formed a chapelry in the large ancient parish of Hornchurch in the Becontree hundred of Essex ; as well as the town it included the wards of Collier Row , Harold Wood , and Noak Hill . Through ancient custom the area enjoyed special status and a charter in 1465 removed the parish from the Becontree hundred and the county of Essex and it instead formed the independent liberty of Havering . Over time the vestry of Romford chapelry absorbed the local powers that would usually be held by the parish authorities and in 1849 Romford became a separate parish within the liberty . Improvement commissioners were set up in 1819 for paving , lighting , watching , and cleansing of the marketplace and main streets . As the town grew this arrangement became ineffective at controlling sanitation and in 1851 a local board of health was set up for the parish ; although its area was reduced in 1855 to cover only the town ward . The remainder of the parish became part of the Romford rural sanitary district in 1875 . These changes and the introduction of the Romford Poor Law Union in 1836 eroded the powers of the liberty and it was finally abolished in 1892 and reincorporated into Essex . The Local Government Act 1894 reformed local government and created the Romford Urban District and Romford Rural District to replace the local board and sanitary district ; and the Romford parish was split into Romford Urban and Romford Rural along the lines of the urban district . In 1900 the parish was recombined and the urban district expanded to cover all of the former area of the historic chapelry , except for Noak Hill which remained in the rural district and had become a parish in its own right in 1895 . The enlarged urban district formed part of the London Traffic Area from 1924 and the London Passenger Transport Area from 1933 . The suburban expansion of London caused an increase in population during the 1930s and the urban district was expanded further in 1934 , taking in the parishes of Havering @-@ atte @-@ Bower and Noak Hill . It was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Romford in 1937 . In 1965 the municipal borough was abolished and its former area was combined with that of Hornchurch Urban District ; it was again removed from Essex and since then has formed the northern part of the London Borough of Havering in Greater London . = = = Suburban expansion = = = There was early expansion in the 1840s in the area now occupied by the Waterloo estate , and then known as New Romford , where 200 cottages were built . To the east of the market place from 1850 middle class suburban housing was constructed with a much larger area of 200 acres ( 81 ha ) built @-@ over to the south of the railway from 1851 . Through a gradual process of selling off former manors , houses were built radiating from the town in all directions for about a mile . More significant growth occurred between 1910 and 1911 with the construction of Gidea Park Garden Suburb , which included Raphael Park and Gidea Park railway station . Large sections of land to the north of the town at Collier Row were developed in the interwar period and after World War II , the London County Council built the Harold Hill estate to the north east from 1948 to 1958 . The right to supply electricity to the town was secured by the County of London Electricity Supply Company in 1913 . Initially power was generated within the Star Brewery site , with the supply switching to Barking Power Station in 1925 . Gas supply began in 1825 with gas works of 25 acres ( 10 ha ) constructed by 1938 . Following the Telegraph Act 1899 Romford became part of the Post Office London telephone area and the Romford exchange was recorded as having 240 subscribers in 1916 . The town water supply initially came from the Havering Well , and 1859 a new public well and pump was built at the east end of the market . The South Essex Waterworks Company started installing mains water supply in 1863 and had offices in South Street . By 1905 its supply was serving Ilford , Collier Row , Ardleigh Green , Brentwood , and Hornchurch . Sewage works were installed by the local board at Oldchurch in 1862 , with further works built in Hornchurch in 1869 . = = Governance = = The Romford UK Parliament constituency consists of the Havering wards of Brooklands , Havering Park , Mawneys , Pettits , Romford Town , and Squirrel 's Heath . In 2001 it had a population of 76 @,@ 323 . The current MP is Andrew Rosindell , a native of the town . Romford forms part of the Havering and Redbridge London Assembly constituency and the London European Parliament constituency . Each ward elects three councillors to Havering London Borough Council . From the next UK general election the constituency will also include the Hylands ward . The councillors elected in 2006 were : Brooklands – 3 Conservative ; Havering Park – 2 Conservative and 1 Collier Row and Mawneys Residents Association ; Mawneys – 3 Conservative ; Pettits – 3 Conservative ; Romford Town – 3 Conservative ; Squirrel 's Heath – 3 Conservative after 2007 by @-@ election ; and Hylands – 3 Conservative . = = Geography = = The town centre is about 50 feet ( 15 m ) above sea level on a gravel terrace rising from the River Thames . The north of the town has developed on London Clay and is situated as much as 150 feet ( 46 m ) above sea level . The town centre is for the most part contained within a ring road formed of St Edwards Way , Mercury Gardens , Thurloe Gardens , Oldchurch Road and Waterloo Road . The market place and much of South Street and the High Street are pedestrianised . The railway cuts through the town from east to west on a viaduct , with the bulk of the central Romford area to its north . The River Rom flows through the town in underground channels and joins the Thames after flowing through Hornchurch ; elsewhere along its course it is known as the River Beam and forms part of the strategic waterways Blue Ribbon Network . Romford has formed part of the continuously built @-@ up area of London since the 1930s and is contiguous with Rush Green to the west , Collier Row to the north , Gidea Park to the east and Hornchurch to the south east . The Romford post town covers all of the former municipal borough and extends over a much wider area , including parts of Barking and Dagenham and Epping Forest . Climate data for Romford is taken from the nearest weather station at Greenwich , around 10 miles ( 16 @.@ 1 km ) south west of the marketplace : = = Demography = = The Havering committee area for Romford is defined as the wards of Romford Town and Brooklands . Demographic data is produced by the Office for National Statistics for these wards . In 2001 the population of Romford Town was 13 @,@ 200 and Brooklands was 13 @,@ 024 , giving a total population of 26 @,@ 224 . In contrast , the approximate population of the area within the 2005 Romford Urban Strategy was estimated to be 36 @,@ 500 . 71 @.@ 52 % in Romford Town and 70 @.@ 48 % in Brooklands report their religion as Christian , compared to 76 @.@ 13 % for Havering , 58 @.@ 23 % in London and 71 @.@ 74 % in England . 15 @.@ 71 % in Romford Town and 16 @.@ 62 % in Brooklands report having no religion , compared to 13 @.@ 18 % in Havering , 15 @.@ 76 % in London and 14 @.@ 59 % in England . According to UK polling report , Romford is 82 % White British , 5 @.@ 8 % Asian , 5 % Other White and 4 @.@ 7 % Black ( 2011 ) . = = Economy = = Romford is recognised in the London Plan as one of 13 regionally significant metropolitan centres in Greater London , with a considerable catchment area . The total commercial floorspace in the town was 353 @,@ 258 square metres ( 3 @,@ 802 @,@ 440 sq ft ) in 2002 , of which 147 @,@ 627 square metres ( 1 @,@ 589 @,@ 040 sq ft ) was retail space and 63 @,@ 357 square metres ( 681 @,@ 970 sq ft ) was offices . The retail space is growing and in 2005 consisted of 190 @,@ 000 square metres ( 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . The retail economy is complemented by a central business district close to the railway station , where the offices of employers such as Aon are located . Employment in the town centre was categorised in 2002 as approximately 40 % commercial office , 40 % comparison retail , 10 % hospitality , 5 % public sector , 2 @.@ 5 % service retail and 2 @.@ 5 % arts and entertainment . Compared to the similar east London areas of Ilford , Stratford and Barking , there is more comparison retail and commercial office employment in Romford and less public sector work . The total turnover of £ 413 @,@ 395 @,@ 000 in 2002 for Romford was larger than any other comparable town centre in east London and approximately 70 % came from the commercial office businesses . There is a developed night time economy , greater than in any other metropolitan centre in Greater London , with 8 @,@ 360 square metres ( 90 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of cinemas , theatres and concert hall space ; 9 @,@ 530 square metres ( 102 @,@ 600 sq ft ) of bars and pubs ; 5 @,@ 510 square metres ( 59 @,@ 300 sq ft ) of cafés and restaurants ; and 2 @,@ 680 square metres ( 28 @,@ 800 sq ft ) of fast food and take away venues . The night time economy is almost as significant as the day economy with around 12 @,@ 000 visits to Romford during the day and 11 @,@ 000 visits to pubs , clubs and bars at night . = = Transport = = = = = Roads = = = Romford 's road centre is a dual @-@ carriageway ring @-@ road with three designations : North from The Brewery roundabout along St Edwards Way to The Mercury Mall it is the A118 South from The Brewery roundabout to Oldchurch Roundabout it is the A125 East from Oldchurch Roundabout to The Mercury Mall it is the A1251 Radiating from the Ring Road : The A118 runs east to west from Stratford in East London to the Gallows Corner . At the Gallows Corner , the road intersects with the A127 road to Southend and the A12 trunk road between London and East Anglia . The A125 runs north to south , from the A12 trunk road traffic lights with the B175 , to the A1306 near Rainham . At Rush Green the road intersects with the A124 which runs from Canning Town to Upminster . Inside the Ring Road , the area is now heavily pedestrianized , with key roads no longer thoroughfares . South Street was originally the A125 main road connecting the A12 trunk road and the A13 trunk road High Street and Market Place was originally the A12 trunk road between London and East Anglia . The east to west road was originally the A12 , with the existing A12 trunk road being the old A106 from Wanstead to Gallows Corner = = = Buses = = = Romford is a hub of the London Buses network with services to Canning Town , Stratford , Leytonstone and Dagenham as well as feeder services from the large housing developments at Collier Row and Harold Hill . There are night bus services to Stratford , Harold Hill and Paddington . Romford town centre has a very high Public Transport Accessibility Level score of 6 . = = = Coaches = = = National Express operate a daily 481 service from London to Ipswich via Colchester , and a daily 484 service from London to Walton @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Naze via Colchester and Clacton . = = = Railway = = = The town is served by Romford railway station on the TfL Rail in London fare zone 6 . Trains calling at the station are formed of the high @-@ frequency Liverpool Street @-@ Shenfield local TfL Rail service . Some Abellio Greater Anglia services to / from Southend Victoria and Colchester Town also call at the station . A branch line shuttle on the Romford to Upminster Line connects Romford to Upminster , operated by London Overground . It is planned that the Liverpool Street @-@ Shenfield service will be replaced by Crossrail in 2018 and there is a proposal that Romford will be served by a future extension of the East London Transit . = = = Air = = = Romford had an airport for passenger flights in the early 1930s located at Maylands Aerodrome . This is now the site of Maylands Golf Club on the A12 . Regular services to Clacton were operated by E.H. Hillman using Puss Moth and Fox Moth aircraft and The Midland & Scottish Air Ferries operated regular flights from Romford to Glasgow . There were expansion plans for E.H. Hillman to expand services to Paris , Glasgow and Belfast , but operations moved from Romford to Stapleford Aerodrome in the mid 1930s . A conflict of interest between The Midland & Scottish Air Ferries and Scottish Motor Traction saw services cease in the mid 1930s . = = Religion = = There are several churches in Romford . Confusingly , two of them are dedicated to Edward the Confessor , one of England 's two kings that were made saints , and who lived at Havering @-@ atte @-@ Bower nearby . The main church , which is Anglican , is Romford 's original church and situated in Market Place , in the heart of the town . The other one , which is Roman Catholic , is located to the north of the town centre , in Park End Road . Other churches in the town centre include Trinity Methodist Church , in Angel Way ; Salem Baptist Chapel in London Road ; and another Anglican church , Saint Andrew 's , in Saint Andrew 's Road . All are located to the west . Romford also has a synagogue , in Eastern Road , consecrated on 25 May 1956 . = = = Saint Edward the Confessor 's Church ( Church of England ) = = = The current church building , with its prominent spire , dates from 1850 , and was designed by John Johnson . It is located on Market Place and replaced an earlier church of 1410 . It has several monuments to the Hervey and Cooke families . = = = Saint Edward the Confessor 's Church ( Roman Catholic ) = = = This church replaced a temporary building which stood on the site from 1854 , and was built with money and on land donated by William Petre , 12th Baron Petre , who was from a prominent Catholic family ; he was also responsible for other churches in Essex at Barking , Ongar , Brentwood and Chelmsford . Of relatively modest size and in a then rural location , St Edward ’ s was amongst the first 19th century churches built in Essex under the Catholic Diocese of Westminster , established in 1850 . The church was dedicated in May 1856 by Nicholas Wiseman , the first Archbishop of Westminster , and designed by the London @-@ based architect Daniel Cubitt Nichols . In 1917 , a gallery was added to the west end of the chancel , and in 1934 the North Chapel was added . The Church is built in the 13th century English Gothic style in coursed ragstone with a red @-@ tiled roof and a central wooden belfry , topped by a splayed @-@ foot spire and small dormers at the west end . The plan is of an aisle @-@ less nave with a lower chancel , north chapel and south porch with a stair tower for the gallery ( all at the west end of the church ) , with a sacristy linking it to the presbytery in the north @-@ east corner . The windows are of Bath stone . = = = Saint Andrew 's Church = = = Saint Andrew 's Church was built to cope with the growing population of Romford in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . It was built in 1861 @-@ 2 by John Johnson , the same architect who designed the present Saint Edward the Confessor 's Church . = = = Trinity Methodist Church = = = The red brick Trinity Methodist Church was completed in 1888 . It has survived many troubles , including flooding in its opening year , damage on the night of 8 / 9 December 1940 by enemy action , and an arson attack on Christmas Eve 1980 , when the church was only just saved from complete destruction by the presence of a police officer in a patrol car nearby , who managed to call the fire brigade . = = = Salem Baptist Chapel = = = Salem Chapel stands on land which had been part of the old Napoleonic Barrack Ground . Hence the name for the nearby Waterloo Road . The land was auctioned in 1839 , and in the following year the purchaser , a Mr George Gould , himself a Baptist , sold two plots fronting the London Road for the erection of a Baptist Chapel . The land was purchased and fenced for the sum of £ 300 which was raised by way of a mortgage . The original meeting room , ( now the Church Parlour ) was built and opened in July 1840 . The present chapel was completed and opened in 1847 . = = Culture = = Havering Council 's urban strategy aims to make Romford a cultural destination , whilst recognising that Hornchurch forms the main cultural hub of the borough with a large theatre and arts spaces . As a former market and coaching town , Romford is well served by public houses and two that are located in the market place are listed buildings . The market and adjacent streets also form a conservation area . Mass entertainment facilities in the town include the Brookside Theatre , Romford Greyhound Stadium , one of the few remaining dog racing tracks in London ; 2 multi @-@ screen cinemas ; and until April 2013 Romford Ice Arena , which was home to the local Romford Raiders ice hockey team . The Dolphin Centre was a popular swimming and leisure facility located in the town from 1982 to 1995 , but the site was redeveloped into the current Axis residential tower block and Asda superstore in the mid @-@ 2000s . There is also a Romford F.C. associated with the town . Romford Bowls Club , the premier bowls club in Essex , is based in Lodge Farm Park . The town is strongly associated with the electronic music group Underworld . Romford 's position as a focus for electronic music production was reinforced by the presence of the Strictly Underground and Suburban Base record labels , with Suburban Base developing from the Boogie Times record store . According to a Billboard article in 1992 , Romford @-@ produced dance music formed part of a trend favouring suburban and provincial " bedroom " record labels over those in central London . = = Local media = = The local newspapers for the town and the borough of Havering are the Romford Recorder , Romford and Havering Post and Romford Yellow Advertiser . Two radio stations are located in the area : Time 107.5FM and Bedrock ( hospital radio ) In 2013 the film Death Walks was filmed in Romford over a four @-@ month period . The cult TV series Garth Marenghi 's Darkplace was set in the fictional Darkplace hospital , in Romford .
= Marine Parade Community Building = Marine Parade Community Building ( Chinese : 马林百列社区综合大厦 ; pinyin : Mǎlín Bǎiliè shèqū zhōnghé dàshà ) is a community building located in Marine Parade , Singapore . Opened in 2000 , the building houses the formerly separate Marine Parade Community Centre and Marine Parade Public Library , as well as a performing arts group , The Necessary Stage . Designed by William Lim Associates , one of the distinguishing features of the postmodern building is the mural cladding called the " Texturefulness of Life " , the largest piece of installation art in Singapore . = = History = = The current building sits on reclaimed land first occupied by the Marine Parade Community Centre , which was built in the early 1980s and later renamed to Marine Parade Community Club . In March 1995 , the People 's Association ( PA ) announced plans to spend S $ 9 @.@ 56 million to upgrade 54 community centres and clubs that were over ten years old , adding facilities such as lifts , dance studios , karaoke rooms and multi @-@ purpose air @-@ conditioned activities rooms , to make community centres more user @-@ friendly , with open concept offices and reception areas . In June 1995 , then @-@ Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong asked PA to study the idea of having community centres share their premises with other civil users such as libraries , government offices and commercial developments . Goh , who is also a Member of Parliament for Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency , suggested combining the Marine Parade Community Club , which was slated for upgrading , with the National Library branch in Marine Parade , in a six @-@ storey building with three floors for the community club and three for the library . In June 1996 , Wong Kan Seng , PA 's deputy chairman , announced that due to the scarcity of land in Singapore , eight of the redeveloped community centres , including Marine Parade Community Club , would be located with other civil users . As 30 % of the upgrading cost had to be paid by the community club , several fundraising activities were carried out for the redevelopment . These activities , which included music concerts , golf tournaments and cyclethons , raised a total of S $ 6 million . The old club building was demolished in 1997 and construction of the Marine Parade Community Building began the same year . SAL Construction was the project 's main contractor . Built at a cost of S $ 30 million , the new building was completed in January 2000 , and was open to the public on 6 March 2000 . It was officially opened by Goh Chok Tong on 28 May 2000 . = = Facilities = = The Marine Parade Community Building currently houses the Marine Parade Community Club , the Marine Parade Community Library and a professional theatre company , The Necessary Stage . It also originally had an al fresco Starbucks café on the ground floor . = = = Marine Parade Community Club = = = Opened on 6 March 2000 , the Marine Parade Community Club is equipped with a glass @-@ walled gymnasium overlooking part of the East Coast Parkway , a covered basketball court on the rooftop and an air @-@ conditioned sports hall . There are also a 263 @-@ seat theatrette , a roof terrace for gatherings , and music , study and activity rooms . = = = Marine Parade Community Library = = = Opened on 10 November 1978 , the Marine Parade Community Library was originally located at the town centre of Marine Parade Housing Estate before it shifted to its new premises at the community building . The library is Singapore 's second @-@ oldest community library and the only one built on reclaimed land . It started moving in stages to the community building in April 2000 , and was officially opened by Goh Chok Tong on 28 May 2000 . The Marine Parade Community Library is the first public library in Singapore to be housed together with a community club and an arts group . The library 's old premises was renovated for an NTUC FairPrice supermarket . The library is spread over four floors of the Marine Parade Community Building , with a floor area of 3 @,@ 500 square metres ( 37 @,@ 675 square feet ) . As one of the first neighbourhood libraries , the library 's entire second floor is its children 's book section , featuring murals , trivia and multimedia tools . The library has more than 150 @,@ 000 books and 2 @,@ 500 videos available for loan . There is a café on the ground floor , and the library is fitted with numerous couches and benches for the public 's use . Other facilities include multimedia stations , do @-@ it @-@ yourself service stations , and music posts equipped with headphones . = = = The Necessary Stage = = = The Necessary Stage was the first arts group to be housed in a community building with a community club by Singapore 's National Arts Council ( NAC ) . The move was part of the NAC 's Arts Housing Scheme that offered alternative locations to arts groups besides old vacant buildings , in line with PA 's plan to repackage its community clubs as fashionable multi @-@ purpose spaces . The Necessary Stage 's 672 @-@ square metre ( 7 @,@ 467 square feet ) premises at the basement of the community building was about three times the size of its old premises at Cairnhill Arts Centre , which did not have a proper theatre space for productions . The arts group 's facility at the community building features a " Black Box " , a stage @-@ less theatre with flexible seating . The NAC spent S $ 2 @.@ 1 million on construction costs for the unit at Marine Parade , which includes a foyer and the 120 @-@ seat Black Box . = = Architecture = = Overall , the architectural form of the Marine Parade Community Building has been described as a " dragon " , with the roof as a crest and the artwork as the eye of the dragon . The horizontal louvres on the library block was seen as the tail fins of the dragon , an auspicious beast in Chinese culture . = = = Design concept = = = Sited adjacent to Housing and Development Board apartment blocks of the Marine Parade Housing Estate , the Marine Parade Community Building could be seen as an attempt to engage the wider community . The activities of the community building were planned to overlap and to coalesce , as a one @-@ stop destination for the entire family . The rich congruence of the multiple programmes for the building is expressed architecturally as a collage of diverse elements . The building was designed by a local architectural firm , William Lim Associates , which adopted a postmodern pluralist approach , expressed through a multiplicity of materials and forms . = = = Wall mural = = = The community building is clad in a huge wall mural , a commissioned work of art by Thai architect Surachai Yeamsiri . The mural is Singapore 's largest piece of installation art , measuring 63 metres by 12 metres ( 207 feet by 39 feet ) , and covers the curved north- and east @-@ facing façade of the community building . Called the " Texturefulness of Life " , the artwork made use of a variety of materials such as glass and wood . The artwork 's centrepiece resembles a huge human eye plastered on a wall , made up of tiny mosaic tiles arranged by computer @-@ aided design . Surachai 's abstract piece was the winner in the " Art on Wall " design competition , organised by the Marine Parade Community Club Management Committee in 1998 . A panel of international judges picked the winning design from a total of 66 entries submitted by artists , architects and designers from all over Southeast Asia , including 40 entries from Singapore . Led by local art historian T. K. Sabapathy , the panel felt that the winning entry best reflected the contest 's themes of dynamism , interaction , fusion and harmony . The mural was installed on the curved facade of the community building at a cost of S $ 50 @,@ 000 . = = = Other features = = = The library block is predominantly clad in glass , fitted with horizontal fins , on its frontage with the main road . The alfresco café had a street frontage and was spread into the shared forecourt . The roof of the community building resembles the leaves of a palm tree , and covers the community club 's rooftop basketball court . The court 's location on the roof level was a departure from the norm , as in other community centres then , the basketball court occupies space on the ground floor .
= Arisa ( manga ) = Arisa ( Japanese : アリサ ) is a Japanese mystery shōjo ( targeted towards girls ) manga series written and illustrated by Natsumi Ando . It appeared as a serial in the monthly manga magazine Nakayoshi from the February 2009 issue to the September 2012 issue . Kodansha published the chapters in twelve bound volumes , from April 2009 to September 2012 . Set in present @-@ day Japan , it focuses on teenager Tsubasa Uehara , as she investigates the mystery surrounding her twin sister 's failed suicide attempt . With her sister left comatose , Tsubasa poses as her in the hopes of uncovering the identity of the King , a person who grants wishes to Arisa 's class , often resulting in violence . Del Rey licensed the series for an English @-@ language translation in North America . It published the first volume in October 2010 , and shortly afterward , Kodansha Comics USA took over publishing , with the final volume published in January 2014 . The series was positively received by English @-@ language readers , with three volumes placing on the New York Times Bestseller List for manga . Arisa generally received positive reviews from English @-@ language reviewers , and the first volume placed on the Young Adult Library Services Association 's list of " Great Graphic Novels for Teens " in 2011 . = = Plot = = Set in modern @-@ day Japan , the plot centers on Tsubasa Uehara ( 上原つばさ , Uehara Tsubasa ) and Arisa Sonoda ( 園田ありさ , Sonoda Arisa ) , twin sisters separated by their parents ' divorce who keep in contact through letters . Finally meeting again as teenagers three years later , tomboyish Tsubasa is envious , but proud , of her popular sister , in comparison to her own school life where she is often referred to as the " Demon Princess . " When Arisa receives a letter from her school denouncing her as a traitor , she attempts suicide and becomes comatose . Shocked and saddened , Tsubasa poses as her , attending her school to find out why she tried to kill herself . She learns that Arisa 's class sends wishes on their cellphones to a person called King each Friday . The King only grants one wish weekly , resulting mostly in violence . Tsubasa resolves to stop the King and find out the person 's identity to save Arisa , in the hopes of waking her from her coma . Assisted in her investigations by Akira Manabe ( 真鍋明良 , Manabe Akira ) , Arisa 's classmate who learns Tsubasa 's identity , she encounters Mariko Takagi ( 高木毬子 , Takagi Mariko ) , Arisa 's best friend whom the King manipulates ; Midori Yamashita ( 山下緑 , Yamashita Midori ) , Arisa 's boyfriend ; Rei Kudō ( 玖堂レイ , Kudō Rei ) , a transfer student whom Arisa had befriended online and who serves as the messenger of the King ; and Shizuka Mochizuki ( 望月静華 , Mochizuki Shizuka ) , Manabe 's childhood friend who lost the use of her legs after a failed suicide attempt provoked by the King . Arisa awakens from her coma , but pretends to have amnesia and returns to Midori 's side . She reveals that she was the original King : although she granted harmless wishes in the beginning , she eventually stole the answers to an exam for Mariko 's wish , fearing disappointment if she refused . Midori caught her in the act , and she shared the task of granting the class 's wishes with him , until he injured her mother , in an attempt to grant her wish . Midori then replaced her as King , using violence and bullying to grant wishes . Horrified by his cruelty and the perceived similarities between them , she then reached out to her twin , hoping that Tsubasa would be able to uncover the truth . Tsubasa learns that Midori suffered psychological trauma in his childhood after being abandoned by his mother and witnessing his twin , Akari , die of neglect . She later foils his attempt to kill her mother , as he hated his own mother and believed that Arisa hated hers as well . Arisa confesses that she loves him for noticing her loneliness , and he realizes that he loves her too . In the conclusion , Arisa 's mother spends more time with her , and Arisa reconciles with Tsubasa . = = Development = = Manga artist Natsumi Ando 's concept art of Arisa had two earlier models of Tsubasa with chin @-@ length and shoulder @-@ length hair , respectively . Ando initially felt worried about the absence of a potential romantic partner for Tsubasa , as Arisa 's target audience is girls ; however , as the manga progressed , she thought of it as " a selling point . " As a result of this , she was able to focus on Tsubasa 's emotions towards her twin . Soon after beginning the manga 's serialization , Ando created " Tsubasa " , a bonus chapter focusing on Arisa 's pretending to be her elder sister ; she continued to delay its publication , because it seemed inappropriate to have a bonus story with Arisa appear when she was comatose in the main storyline . According to Ando , it made a good chapter with which to conclude the series . = = Release = = Written and illustrated by Natsumi Ando , the chapters of Arisa appeared as a serial in the monthly manga magazine Nakayoshi from the February 2009 issue to the September 2012 issue . Kodansha collected the chapters into twelve bound volumes , and published them from April 28 , 2009 , to September 6 , 2012 . In 2009 , Del Rey announced that it had licensed the series for an English @-@ language translation in North America . Del Rey released the first volume on October 26 , 2010 ; Kodansha Comics USA continued publication of the series , with the final volume published on January 21 , 2014 . Digital editions of the series have also been published by Kodansha in the United Kingdom . Arisa has also been translated into German by Carlsen Comics . = = Reception = = Arisa was positively received by English @-@ language readers . The second , fifth , and sixth volumes each placed on the New York Times Bestseller List for manga . Young Adult Library Services Association placed the first volume of Arisa on its list of " Great Graphic Novels for Teens " for 2011 . About.com 's Deb Aoki reviewed the first volume of Arisa positively , praising it as " compelling " and " a much darker tale " than Ando 's previous work Kitchen Princess ; she later placed Arisa on her 2010 list of the " Best New Manga " for the shōjo category . Otaku USA magazine 's Danica Davidson agreed that the plot was darker than Kitchen Princess and described the artwork as " pretty and cutesy " . According to Matthew Warner of Mania Entertainment , the initially cliched @-@ seeming characters and plain premise helped to provide a " strong contrast " to the main storyline and " the depraved and twisted nature of Arisa ’ s class " . While noting the presence of clichés and " plot holes " , Carlo Santos of Anime News Network enjoyed the first volume , describing it as " a shoujo @-@ styled Naoki Urasawa thriller , built upon layers of addictive mystery " ; he had mixed feelings about her artwork , writing that it conveyed the plot well , but did not possess a distinct artistic style . In her review of the third volume , Rebecca Silverman , another reviewer for Anime News Network , wrote that while the middle @-@ school setting felt believable and the mystery was intriguing , some aspects of the plot were trying on the reader 's suspension of disbelief , and the artwork , though usually enjoyable , failed to be convincingly scary during frightening scenes . In her follow @-@ up review of the eleventh and twelfth volumes , Silverman interpreted Arisa as struggling with Stockholm syndrome and wrote that it was unsettling , as by the conclusion , the character still remained in " an emotionally unhealthy ( or even abusive ) relationship . " She enjoyed the suspense and wrote that Midori 's backstory sufficed to explain his actions , concluding " Arisa has been a wild ride , an unexpected horror / mystery shoujo gem . "
= The Ones ( 30 Rock ) = " The Ones " is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by co @-@ executive producer Jack Burditt , and directed by Beth McCarthy . The episode aired in the United States on April 23 , 2009 , on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) . Guest stars in this episode include Josh Casaubon , Salma Hayek , and Brian Williams . In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) goes shopping with Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) for an engagement ring for Elisa ( Hayek ) . Jack grows worried about whether he and Elisa 's potential marriage could survive in the real world , but Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) counsels him on married life . Meanwhile , Elisa tells Liz that she is keeping a secret from Jack . A prank results in an injury back at TGS and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) falls in love with an attractive emergency medical technician ( Casaubon ) who comes to help . " The Ones " received generally mixed reception . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 6 @.@ 3 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 6 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . For her performance in this episode , Krakowski received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . = = Plot = = Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) is planning to marry his girlfriend Elisa ( Salma Hayek ) as he believes she is " the one " , but Elisa tells Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) she has a secret . After asking Liz to tell Jack of her reluctance to get married , Elisa kisses Liz and walks away . Liz simply says " I see why he ( Jack ) likes it " . She confesses to Jack and Liz that she killed her first husband in a crime of passion after he cheated on her , and did not go to prison because she could not get an impartial jury due to her consequent notoriety . Jack considers marrying her anyway , saying that love requires one to overlook another 's flaws , but worries about what would happen if he would ever be unfaithful . Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) tells Jack that he has never cheated on his wife , Angie ( Sherri Shepherd ) , which makes Jack think that he too can be faithful . However , when Elisa grows too suspicious of Jack 's relationship with Liz , he calls off the engagement . Meanwhile , at the 30 Rock studios , Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) and James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) decide to play a prank on J. D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) , which results in Lutz getting hurt , after a flat @-@ screen monitor falls on top of him . Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) becomes romantically interested in one of the paramedics ( Josh Casaubon ) , but unsure of how to contact him , tries to bring him to the studio by giving the show 's page , Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) , strawberries , which triggers his allergies . Kenneth willingly consumes some , after Jenna tells him that the paramedic might be " the one " , only for Jenna to decide against having a relationship with the paramedic because he has a son . = = Production = = " The Ones " was written by co @-@ executive producer Jack Burditt , and directed by Beth McCarthy , a long @-@ time television director who worked with series creator Tina Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . This was Burditt 's tenth writing credit , and was McCarthy 's sixth directed episode . " The Ones " originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 23 , 2009 . At the beginning of the episode , Jack and Liz are at a jewelry store , as Jack is searching for an engagement ring for Elisa . They shot that scene in a Cartier store in New York 's Fifth Avenue , which was filmed on February 22 , 2009 . A scene featuring Sue LaRoche @-@ Van der Hout ( Sue Galloway ) as the Grim Reaper , in which Jenna is led to believe Kenneth has gone into shock because of the strawberries , was cut from the airing . According to Jane Krakowski , in the DVD commentary for this episode , there were alternate scenes with Jenna letting Kenneth know about the tampering she did to Kenneth 's items , his chickpea , water bottle , and harmonica . " The Ones " was actress Salma Hayek 's final guest appearance on 30 Rock . Her first appearance on the show was in the episode " Señor Macho Solo " , as a nurse for Jack 's mother and love interest for him . She next guest @-@ starred in the episodes " Flu Shot " , " Generalissimo " , " St. Valentine 's Day " , and " Larry King " . News anchor Brian Williams , of NBC Nightly News , guest @-@ starred as himself in this episode . In a scene with Tracy and Jack at a club , Tracy reveals to Jack that he has been giving out his phone number to different women , though it is not his real number , which results in Williams receiving the calls . = = Cultural references = = Kenneth revealing that his real name is " Dick Whitman " is a reference to the main character Don Draper of Mad Men ( played by Jon Hamm , who had a recurring role on 30 Rock earlier in the season ) . " Earn this " , spoken by Kenneth as Jenna has poisoned him again , references the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan when actor Tom Hanks says the same words to actor Matt Damon 's title character . When she is told that Kenneth has gone into a severe allergic shock and needs to have his hands cut off , Jenna apologizes to him for what she has done , telling him " I 'm just a girl sitting in front of a boy she poisoned so this other guy would go to town on her " , which Jenna misquotes from actress Julia Roberts ' character from the romantic comedy Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . After Kenneth drinks his strawberry water , as he risked his life so that Jenna can meet the paramedic again , Jenna says to Kenneth " You magnificent sonofabitch ! " , a line quoted by actor George C. Scott in the American biographical war film Patton ( 1970 ) . Kenneth blows white smoke out while referencing bringing back something from " the other side " ( death ) echoes the same look when actor Haley Joel Osment remarked " I see dead people " in the movie The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) . The final three clips in the montage of Tracy taking off his shirt are real clips from Tracy Morgan interviews . Also , Elisa wears a " What the Frak ? ! " Battlestar Galactica t @-@ shirt , as she admits her secret to Jack and Liz . " It 's not product placement — I just like it ! " , says Liz to Jack , after he storms into her office and she is wearing a Slanket , a sleeved blanket with sleeves usually made of fleece material . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " The Ones " was watched by 6 @.@ 3 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It earned a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 6 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . It was the eighth highest @-@ rated show on the NBC network that week , while it finished in 19th place — tied with episodes of Brothers & Sisters , The Celebrity Apprentice , and Heroes — in the weekly ratings for the week of April 20 – 26 , 2009 . Jane Krakowski received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards for her work in this episode , but lost it to actress Kristin Chenoweth . Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . IGN contributor Robert Canning rated the episode an 8 out of 10 , saying it " gave all the main characters an opportunity to shine " and that the episode " delivered some great laughs and elevated some standard sit @-@ com plots to a much funnier level . " He argued that Liz helped make the episode good . Though , Canning found Elisa 's secret disappointing and felt that Salma Hayek 's exit from the show too much like a conventional sitcom . Entertainment Weekly 's Aly Semigran wrote that the episode gave good character revelations about Tracy , Jenna , and Kenneth , but that episode did not exceed expectations from the previous week 's episode , " Jackie Jormp @-@ Jomp " . Writing for The Star @-@ Ledger Alan Sepinwall reported that despite the episode not being a 30 Rock classic it " had more than enough funny things in it to keep me satisfied . " The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin wrote that " The Ones " felt " a little stock " but that it was " just pretty good . " He further added that " the one " gag featured in this episode " was mildly amusing but a little obvious . " He felt that Elisa 's secret felt more like a Soap opera secret than a 30 Rock one . Nonetheless , Rabin gave " The Ones " a B- . David Bauder of the Guelph Mercury , however , was complimentary towards Hayek 's guest appearances throughout season 3 , noting , that they are " the best this absurdist comedy has to offer . Hayek throws herself into her role with gusto , matching Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin step for silly step " . Jenna 's storyline in the episode received mixed reception . Canning enjoyed her subplot but found it predictable and stereotypical , while Sepinwall reported it did not work , and wrote that Jenna 's stories need to have Liz or Jack featured prominently or that she be put with Scott Adsit 's 30 Rock character , Pete Hornberger , as in this episode , " as her insanity 's only amusing when contrasted against a relatively normal character . As with Sepinwall , Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad believed Jenna 's subplot was fair , observing it was great in parts but " it just went on too long and got tedious and silly . " He believed it would be a good idea to have Jenna dating or perhaps marrying a recurring character , but opined " The Ones " did not choose that path . Tom O 'Neil from the Los Angeles Times , in an August 2009 article , was thrilled for Krakowski receiving an Emmy nomination for her work on 30 Rock , but felt that " The Ones " would not be the episode for which she 'd win the Outstanding Supporting Actress award .
= 2008 Turkish Grand Prix = The 2008 Turkish Grand Prix ( formally the IV Petrol Ofisi Turkish Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 11 May 2008 at the Istanbul Racing Circuit , Istanbul , Turkey . It was the fifth race of the 2008 Formula One season . The 58 @-@ lap race was won by Felipe Massa for the Ferrari team after starting from pole position . Lewis Hamilton finished second in a McLaren , with Kimi Räikkönen third in the second Ferrari . Massa claimed pole , with teammate Räikkönen fourth , the two Ferrari cars sandwiching the McLarens of Heikki Kovalainen and Hamilton . At the first corner Räikkönen clipped Kovalainen 's rear tyre and gave him a puncture . The safety car was deployed on the first lap , after a collision , but only remained out for one lap . During the course of the race , Hamilton , intending to make one more pit stop than both Ferrari drivers , was faster than Massa due to carrying a lighter fuel load and overtook him on lap 24 . After Hamilton had made his third pit stop , he rejoined in second behind Massa but in front of the Championship leader , Räikkönen . Massa won the race , with Hamilton 3 @.@ 779 seconds behind , and Räikkönen a further half @-@ second behind . The two BMW Sauber cars of Robert Kubica and Nick Heidfeld took fourth and fifth . In the week running up to the grand prix , the Super Aguri team had withdrawn from Formula One , due to financial problems , leaving the sport with only ten teams . Massa 's victory was his third consecutive pole position and victory in Turkey , having also won the race from pole in 2006 and 2007 . Rubens Barrichello celebrated his 257th Grand Prix start , breaking Riccardo Patrese 's previous record of 256 . Due to the race result , Räikkönen 's lead in the Drivers ' Championship was lowered to seven points . Massa rose to second from fourth , whilst Hamilton dropped to third , both drivers tying on 28 points but separated by Massa 's two wins thus far to Hamilton 's one . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari increased their lead to 22 points ahead of BMW Sauber , with McLaren a further two points behind in third . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The Grand Prix was contested by 20 drivers , in ten teams of two . The teams , also known as " constructors " , were Ferrari , BMW Sauber , Renault , Williams , Red Bull Racing , Toyota , Toro Rosso , Honda , Force India and McLaren . This was two drivers fewer than in previous rounds of the 2008 season , due to the withdrawal of the Super Aguri team from the sport following the previous race . Going into the race , Kimi Räikkönen was leading the Drivers ' Championship , on 29 points ; nine points ahead of Lewis Hamilton , with Räikkönen 's teammate , Felipe Massa , in fourth 11 points behind . BMW Sauber drivers Robert Kubica and Nick Heidfeld were third and fifth , on 19 and 16 points respectively . In the Constructors ' Championship Ferrari were leading on 47 points ; 12 points ahead of BMW Sauber on 35 points , with McLaren just one further point behind them . The race was also Rubens Barrichello 's 257th Grand Prix , which broke the record for the number of Grand Prix starts previously held by Riccardo Patrese . The particular Grand Prix at which he broke this record was disputed , as there was some disagreement about what constituted a " start " , such as the 2002 Spanish Grand Prix , where Barrichello entered but did not actually take part in the race on Sunday . Barrichello and Honda decided to make Turkey the site for their celebrations , issuing a statement that said , " In view of the lack of consensus regarding which specific race marks Rubens ’ 257th Grand Prix , Rubens will celebrate the milestone of 257 Grand Prix appearances at the Turkish Grand Prix " . His Honda team gave him a special anniversary livery and helmet , both of which prominently featured the number 257 . Patrese said that he would feel some sadness at having his record broken . The Super Aguri team had been in financial trouble since a proposed takeover deal backed by equity firm Dubai International Capital , under the " Magma Group " banner , failed to take effect . Early in the week before the Grand Prix , after team owner Aguri Suzuki revealed the extent of his difficulties , the team 's trucks were blocked from entering the paddock by the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) , Formula One 's governing body . This decision was taken by the FIA after being informed by Honda 's Formula One team CEO , Nick Fry , that Super Aguri , who used Honda engines and Honda @-@ derived chassis , would not be racing at Istanbul Park . Suzuki then admitted that his financial troubles could not be solved by existing primary sponsor SS United Group Oil & Gas Company , leaving the team with no choice but to withdraw from Formula One as of May 6 . Super Aguri had competed in Formula One since the 2006 Bahrain Grand Prix . After scoring its first championship points after 22 race starts at the 2007 Spanish Grand Prix , the team finished ninth overall in the 2007 Constructors ' Championship . The Toro Rosso team 's plan to introduce its new car , the STR3 , at this race were postponed due to a lack of spare parts . This was due to an accident suffered by driver Sébastien Bourdais during testing prior to the previous race , which had resulted in the chassis sustaining heavy damage . Toro Rosso had already used an updated version of its 2007 car , the STR2 , for the first four races of the season , and were now forced to race with it in Turkey as well . The team 's other driver , Sebastian Vettel , said that he was " disappointed " that the new car was not ready . However , this was the last race in which the STR2 competed , as the STR3 subsequently made its début at the next race . Ferrari decided not to use a new nose for their car that that had made its début at the previous race due to the low @-@ downforce nature of the Turkish circuit . According to team manager Luca Baldisserri , " The cars used by Kimi [ Räikkönen ] and Felipe [ Massa ] are basically to the same specification as those that were used in Spain , with the exception that at Istanbul Park we will not use the slotted nose . This is because this solution is much more efficient at medium to high downforce levels , whereas Turkey requires less downforce . The new nose worked very well , but as we said when we gave it its race debut in Barcelona , we would only use it at circuits where we deem it will bring us an advantage over a more conventional component . " McLaren 's Heikki Kovalainen was passed fit to race in the days leading up to the race . At the previous race , Kovalainen had suffered a serious crash , although he escaped uninjured apart from minor concussion . Kovalainen said that he felt ready to race again : " I arrived here today feeling confident that I would pass the FIA test as I feel 100 % and if I had not felt 100 % I would have told the team already and stayed at home . My preparation for this weekend has gone well and we have done a lot of fitness training . " = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race – two on Friday , and a third on Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted 90 minutes . The third session was held on Saturday morning and lasted an hour . In the first free practice session , several large damp patches around the circuit – caused by late track cleaning rather than rain – dissuaded drivers from attempting laps and left the frustrated teams sitting in the pits waiting for the surface to dry as low track temperatures made the situation worse . When the cars did take to the track , many of the drivers either went off the road or spun . Räikkönen only did three laps , before retiring with a gearbox problem , causing him to finish last . Massa set the session 's fastest time , ahead of McLaren duo Heikki Kovalainen and Hamilton . After the session had ended , Fisichella was given a three @-@ place grid penalty by the stewards for exiting the pit lane whilst the light at its exit was still red . The second free practice session was held in dry conditions , but the track was still damp from earlier drizzle . After 30 minutes , Red Bull 's Mark Webber crashed at turn six , his car sustaining serious damage . Webber was unhurt , although the crash meant that he finished the session in 19th position as he was unable to complete any further laps . The session was briefly stopped as a result while the marshals cleared away the debris . In this session , Räikkönen set the fastest time , with Hamilton next up . Massa was third , while David Coulthard of Red Bull broke up the Ferrari @-@ McLaren domination by setting the fourth @-@ fastest time , ahead of Kovalainen . The third and final practice session was held on the Saturday morning in dry conditions , but with damp patches on the track from earlier rain . As was the pattern for the season , the championship contenders appeared to work on preparations for the final part of qualifying and the race in this session and thus carry heavier fuel loads . Webber set the fastest time in the session , with Renault 's Fernando Alonso in second , and Coulthard in third . Massa was fifth , Hamilton seventh , Räikkönen 11th and Kovalainen 12th . Following the withdrawal of the Super Aguri team 's two entries , minor changes were made to the qualifying procedure . In the first qualifying session , which would run for 20 minutes , the five slowest cars ( a reduction from the previous number of six ) would be eliminated , leaving 15 drivers to continue into the second session . In the second session , which would last 15 minutes , the five slowest runners ( again reduced from six ) were to once again be eliminated , leaving the ten fastest drivers to compete in session three , as had previously been the case . The time taken for each session remained the same . The third session would determine the positions from first to tenth , and would decide pole position . Cars which failed to make the final session could refuel before the race , so ran lighter in first and second sessions . Cars which competed in the final session of qualifying were not allowed to refuel before the race , and as such carried more fuel than in the previous sessions . Qualifying was a two @-@ way battle between Ferrari and McLaren , with BMW Sauber not showing as strong a pace as they had in previous qualifying sessions , and Alonso not on as light a fuel load as he had in Spain . Massa qualified on pole with a time of 1 : 27 @.@ 617 , ahead of Kovalainen and Hamilton . Hamilton elected not to run a lap on the softer option of the two tyre compounds , feeling that they were running low on grip in the later stages of the lap . He completed his final lap of the session on a " scrubbed " set of the harder tyre compound and it got him third place . Afterwards Hamilton said that he felt that his tyre choice had been incorrect . However , he changed his mind the following day , having made an examination of the relevant telemetry data . Championship leader Räikkönen qualified fourth , ahead of Kubica and Webber . Alonso , Trulli , Heidfeld and Coulthard completed the top 10 . Nico Rosberg driving for Williams qualified 11th , ahead of Barrichello and his teammate Jenson Button . Vettel qualified 14th , followed by Timo Glock for Toyota . Nakajima qualified in 16th , ahead of Nelson Piquet Jr . ( Renault ) and Bourdais . Afterward Bourdais said that his low position was due to being held up by both Force India drivers : " Bad traffic , basically the Force India guys , ruined my afternoon : on my first run I was held up by Sutil as early as Turn 3 and on the second , I came up behind Fisichella in Turn 8 " . Fisichella qualified 19th but his three @-@ place penalty saw him drop behind teammate Sutil to 20th and last place on the grid . = = = Race = = = At the start , Hamilton immediately overtook Kovalainen to claim second behind Massa . Räikkönen had a bad start and was squeezed into the first corner by Kovalainen . The two cars made light contact , with Räikkönen 's front wing touching Kovalainen 's left rear tyre . This resulted in a puncture for the McLaren driver which forced him to make an unscheduled pit stop on the second lap , which dropped him to 18th and last position . Räikkönen damaged his front wing but continued the entire race distance without changing the nose section of his car . Meanwhile , Kubica took advantage to move up into third position , whilst Räikkönen was also passed by Alonso . Further back , Vettel collided with Sutil and both were forced to pit , Vettel with a puncture and Sutil for a new front wing . Sutil 's team mate Fisichella and Nakajima collided at the first turn as well , after Fisichella braked too late and could not avoid the Williams driver . Fisichella retired on the spot but Nakajima , despite losing both his front and rear wing in the incident , was able to make it back to his pit box before retiring . The incident resulted in the safety car being deployed . The safety car was withdrawn at the end of the second lap and the race got underway again with Massa in the lead . Räikkönen , meanwhile , overtook Alonso for fourth place . Between lap four and lap eleven , Massa and Hamilton exchanged fastest laps and the McLaren driver managed to hold the gap between him and the leader at one and a half seconds . The two drivers left third @-@ placed Kubica behind , who in turn was being caught quickly by Räikkönen . Further back , Kovalainen passed Sutil on lap 12 and Vettel on lap 17 . Hamilton then began to close the gap between himself and Massa , posting consecutive quick lap times and was within seven – tenths of a second by lap fifteen . Alonso was the first of the leading runners to make a pit stop on lap 15 , dropping to tenth . Hamilton pitted one lap later and dropped to sixth , while Massa stayed out for another three laps . Both he and Kubica pitted at the same time , leaving Räikkönen temporarily in the lead . On lap 20 , he set the fastest lap of the race , a 1 : 21 @.@ 506 , before he himself pitted at the end of lap 21 , as did the then second @-@ placed Heidfeld . Räikkönen rejoined ahead of Kubica , while Heidfeld came out ahead of both Alonso and Webber , to elevate himself to fifth . Massa was now back in the lead , but with Hamilton just 0 @.@ 8 seconds behind . Running lighter on fuel with a view to making an additional pit stop to the Ferrari driver , Hamilton was able to close the gap on Massa and on lap 24 , he overtook him at turn twelve . Hamilton now led , with Massa second and Räikkönen third . Hamilton soon broke away from Massa , lapping over a second quicker than the Ferrari driver . Further back , Bourdais spun off at turn twelve , with a rear suspension failure that put him out of the race . The top five in the race were now Hamilton , Massa , Räikkönen , Kubica and Heidfeld . Over the next six laps , Hamilton stretched his lead to over six seconds before pitting on lap 32 . He rejoined the race in third , 2 @.@ 6 seconds behind second @-@ placed Räikkönen . Further back , on lap 34 , Kovalainen passed Glock , only to be immediately re @-@ passed . He did succeed up the main straight , on the same lap . Two laps later , he passed Button . Eight laps after Hamilton 's pit stop , Ferrari called Massa in for his final stop of the afternoon , making Räikkönen the leader of the race once more . This lead , however , only lasted for a couple of laps as the Finn pitted on lap 43 , also making his final stop of the afternoon . On lap 43 , Hamilton led by 14 @.@ 4 seconds from Massa with Räikkönen a further seven seconds behind . Two laps later Hamilton was forced to make his third and final pit stop . The McLaren driver rejoined the track behind Massa but crucially ahead of championship leader Räikkönen . The top three would remain this way for the remainder of the race . Further back in fourth and fifth were the two BMW Saubers of Kubica and Heidfeld and behind them were Alonso , Trulli , Webber , Rosberg and Coulthard , with Kovalainen pursuing closely behind them . Kovalainen passed Coulthard on lap 48 , and then on the next lap passed Rosberg . However , Rosberg immediately overtook Kovalainen to regain his position , and Kovalainen was forced to pit on lap 50 . After his final pit stop , Kovalainen rejoined the circuit in 13th position . Felipe Massa won the race , making it his third consecutive win at the circuit , 3 @.@ 7 seconds ahead of Hamilton , with Räikkönen a further half @-@ second behind in third . The two BMWs of Kubica and Heidfeld finished fourth and fifth respectively while further back Alonso , Webber and Rosberg completed the top eight . Coulthard finished ninth , Trulli 10th and Button 11th . After his puncture at the start , Kovalainen had managed to recover to 12th by the end of the race , passing Glock in the closing stages . Glock , Barrichello , Piquet , Sutil and Vettel were the last of the classified finishers . = = = Post @-@ race = = = The race victory was Massa 's third win in Turkey in as many years , having won in both 2006 and 2007 . The top three finishers appeared in the subsequent press conference . Massa said that : It was a very tough race but the team work magnificently , giving me a great car . When Hamilton came underneath me at an incredible pace , I preferred not to take too many risks : the pit wall informed me that he was clearly running a lighter fuel load even if we were not certain he was on a three stop strategy . When that became clear , we were calmer , knowing we had everything in place to go for the win . Ron Dennis , McLaren 's team principal , commented on Hamilton 's drive : " Today we saw a truly phenomenal drive from Lewis [ Hamilton ] , in which he optimised a three @-@ stop strategy that we were forced to adopt as a consequence of concerns we had with his tyres . " Hamilton said that he felt that McLaren had closed the gap on Ferrari , and that he was " very excited " about the next race in Monaco . Räikkönen said : " It was a difficult weekend for me but six points are definitely better than nothing . At the start , I was almost alongside Heikki but then he slowed and I had to brake too to avoid a heavy crash . We touched just enough to damage the end plate of the front wing on my car : it was not a very serious problem , but it definitely didn 't help my race . " Räikkönen also said that he decided not to change his front wing , which was damaged after his collision with Kovalainen , the process would have taken too long . Fisichella , who had collided with Nakajima on the first lap , which caused both drivers to retire , blamed Bourdais : " I made a good start but then under braking Bourdais changed direction twice and I couldn 't brake in time and went into the back of the Williams . " Nakajima said that , " I don 't know exactly what happened ; I just went into the first corner following the guy in front . I didn 't change my line and I was suddenly hit from behind . " Bourdais commented on his retirement : " Something broke at the back of the car ... Going into Turn 12 , I braked at the usual point and the car went sideways , I felt the right rear corner of the car drop and it spun me round . " Räikkönen 's lead in the Drivers ' World Championship was reduced by two points to seven , ahead of Massa and Hamilton , the latter two on 28 points each . Kubica was in fourth , on 24 points , followed by his teammate Heidfeld on 20 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , the Ferrari team increased its lead with a total of 66 points , whilst BMW Sauber were second with 44 points . McLaren were third with 42 points , Williams fourth with 13 points , and Red Bull were fifth , on ten . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = ^ 1 Giancarlo Fisichella got a three place grid penalty for exiting the pitlane whilst the red lights were still on during Friday 's first practice session . = = = Race = = = = = Championship standings after the race = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Tropical Storm Fay ( 2002 ) = Tropical Storm Fay was the sixth named storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season ; it was a moderate tropical storm which caused flooding in parts of Texas and Mexico . In early September , a trough of low pressure moved south into the Gulf of Mexico , and became stationary . A low pressure center developed along this trough , and on September 5 , a Hurricane Hunter airplane reported that the system had gained sufficient organization to be a tropical depression , 95 miles ( 153 km ) southeast of Galveston . The depression drifted south @-@ southwest while strengthening , reaching its peak strength of 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) on the morning of September 6 . The system then made an abrupt turn to the west @-@ northwest , and remained steady in strength and course until landfall the next day , near Matagorda . The system weakened at a fast rate after landfall , but its circulation would not totally dissipate for three more days . The storm caused extremely heavy rainfall in inland areas ; damage totalled $ 4 @.@ 5 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 5 @.@ 2 million USD in 2007 ) ; no deaths occurred as a result of Fay . = = Meteorological history = = In the first few days of September 2002 , an upper @-@ level trough emerged in the Gulf of Mexico and stalled . Thunderstorms developed along the trough and concentrated around a weak low pressure system . Gradually , the trough and associated low pressure drifted south into the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico . A low pressure area in the northwest Gulf of Mexico became the dominant circulation and slowly developed persistent convection near the center . On September 5 , a reconnaissance aircraft investigated the system . During the flight , a low @-@ level center became evident and some deep convection persisted ; as a result , it was classified as a tropical depression . Wind shear within the Gulf of Mexico was weak and remained favorable to tropical cyclone formation . A reconnaissance flight later that day discovered an ill @-@ defined circulation which led to low confidence of the location of the center of circulation . However , enough convection persisted for the depression to be upgraded into Tropical Storm Fay that evening . Stationary in movement , the associated convection became removed from the center of circulation ; despite this , the system gradually intensified . On September 6 , the storm reached its peak intensity of 60 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Light wind shear prevented Fay from intensifying further , and the gradual movement was dictated by a weak mid @-@ level ridge to the north . A low pressure system to the south of Fay produced wind shear and resulted in decreased convection on the southern half of the circulation , with the majority of convective activity located on the northern half . Fay soon became disorganized which prompted National Hurricane Center forecaster Avila to state , " [ Fay ] rather resembles a subtropical storm " . Fay moved little , and intensified slightly late on September 6 . On September 7 , Fay began to drift northwest towards the Texas coast as rainbands reached the northwest portion of the Texas coastline . Fay accelerated towards the Texas coast and made landfall early on September 7 . The storm meandered throughout inland Texas , and as the system moved inland , forward speed decreased and Fay weakened to a tropical depression . The last advisory was issued on Fay on September 7 , although the depression persisted for several days just inland of the Texas Coast . = = Preparations = = Coinciding with the development of the tropical depression , forecasters issued a tropical storm warning for parts of the Texas coast . When the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Fay , the warnings were extended from Matagorda , Texas to coastal Louisiana . On September 8 , forecasters extended the warnings to Port Aransas , Texas , and areas from Port O 'Connor to High Island , Texas were put under a hurricane watch as the storm was forecast to reach hurricane strength before making landfall . However , the hurricane watch for those areas were discontinued when Fay failed to reach hurricane strength . In addition , coastal Texas as well as coastal Louisiana were under a coastal flood warning , while parts of inland Texas were under flash flood warnings and flood warnings . Schools closed in Galveston and High Island on September 6 in anticipation of the storm , and voluntary evacuation orders were put into effect along low @-@ lying coastal areas . Some grocery stores in Angleton reported supply shortages . = = Impact = = In Louisiana and Mississippi , effects were minor , and limited to moderate rain up to three inches ( 76 mm ) . The effects in Texas were moderate to severe in some locations , with flooding being the main source of damage . In total , 400 houses sustained damage from flooding . Along the coast , a waterspout spawned by Fay made landfall , and caused minor damage along the northern end of Galveston Island . Storm surge along the Texas coast was 4 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) above the normal high tide . Peak rainfall throughout the area was in the range of 10 @-@ 15 inches ( 250 – 380 mm ) . Severe damage resulted from Fay in Sweeny , where about 1 @,@ 000 homes and businesses were damaged by the storm , and there was $ 3 @.@ 5 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 4 @.@ 1 million 2007 USD ) in damage . Rainfall totals up to 24 inches ( 600 mm ) caused severe flash flooding there , and in areas near there . Another area that received severe damage from Fay was Matagorda County , where flooding from the storm left $ 1 @.@ 3 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 1 @.@ 5 million 2007 USD ) in damage to roads and public facilities . Twelve tornadoes were reported during Fay 's landfall ; the most notable one destroyed a mobile home , and damaged a barn . Heavy rain from Fay 's remnants also dropped 2 – 3 inches ( 50 – 75 mm ) of rain over Frio County . Rainfall of 8 inches ( 200 mm ) was reported near the Atascosca County line with an isolated report of 12 inches ( 300 mm ) in other areas . The rainfall caused severe flashflooding which forced people to flee to roof tops . Damage to buildings , roads and crops totaled up to $ 800 @,@ 000 ( 2002 USD ; $ 940 @,@ 000 2007 USD ) . In Mexico , effects were mostly related to rainfall ; up to 16 inches ( 400 mm ) fell in some areas . When Fay flooded areas such as Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas , 100 families were evacuated from their homes , and 120 people were stranded in hotels . It is reported that in that town , 10 trees fell causing little or no damage . Also , the Rio Grande flooded its banks to 3 @.@ 3 meters ( 10 ft ) above flood stage . It is reported that 300 families were not able to return to their homes for several weeks as a result of the flooding . = = Aftermath = = Nine counties in Texas were declared disaster areas after Tropical Storm Fay : Brazoria , Frio , Galveston , La Salle , Live Oak , Matagorda , Nueces , San Patricio and Wharton . The declaration enabled business owners and residents to apply for federal and state government aid programs . Disaster housing checks handed out after the storm totaled to over $ 2 @.@ 7 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 3 @.@ 1 million 2007 USD ) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) had carried out over 2 @,@ 700 home and building inspections . Non @-@ government relief programs such as The Individual and Family Grant Program had distributed over $ 400 @,@ 000 ( 2002 USD ; $ 469 @,@ 000 2007 USD ) in checks , and over $ 1 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 1 @.@ 2 million 2007 USD ) in relief funds . The Small Business Administration also funded over $ 250 @,@ 000 ( 2002 USD ; $ 294 @,@ 000 2007 USD ) in relief aid . After Tropical Storm Fay , the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) announced that they would apply special tax relief for the nine counties in Texas that were declared disaster areas .
= Attarintiki Daredi = Attarintiki Daredi ( English : Which Path Leads to My Aunt 's House ? ) is a 2013 Indian Telugu @-@ language drama film written and directed by Trivikram Srinivas . It stars Pawan Kalyan , Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Pranitha Subhash in the lead roles with Nadhiya , Boman Irani and Brahmanandam in supporting roles . The film was produced by B. V. S. N. Prasad under the banner Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra in association with Reliance Entertainment . The soundtrack album and background score were composed by Devi Sri Prasad . Prasad Murella was the cinematographer . The film focuses on Gautham Nanda , a business heir who acts as a driver in his estranged aunt Sunanda 's house to mend her strained relationship with his grandfather Raghunandan who expelled her for marrying against his wishes years before . Attarintiki Daredi was made with a budget of ₹ 550 million . Principal photography began in January 2013 and ended in July 2013 , with the film being primarily shot in and around Hyderabad . Significant portions were shot in Pollachi and Europe . The film was released on 27 September 2013 and received positive critical reception . It earned a worldwide share of ₹ 748 @.@ 8 million , grossed nearly ₹ 1 @.@ 3 — 1 @.@ 87 billion , and emerged as the highest @-@ grossing Telugu film of all time until it was surpassed by Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) . The film won four Filmfare Awards , six SIIMA Awards and six Santosham Film Awards apart from the B. Nagi Reddy Memorial Award . The film was dubbed into Hindi as Daring Baaz and was remade into Kannada as Ranna with Sudeep , Rachita Ram and Haripriya in the lead roles . And in Bangladesh as Purnodoirgho Prem Kahini ( 2013 ) is inspired from this movie , starring Shakib Khan and Joya Ahsan. and to release 2013 . = = Plot = = Raghunandan is a rich , unhappy businessman based in Milan . He wishes to reconcile with his estranged daughter Sunanda whom he expelled because she married Rajasekhar against his wishes . His grandson Gautham Nanda promises Raghunandan that he will bring her back to their home on his 80th birthday . Sunanda has three daughters : Two of them are Prameela and Sashi . Gautham enters the house as Siddhu , a driver who was appointed by Rajasekhar after saving him from a heart attack . Gautham tries to woo Prameela but gives up when he learns that Prameela is in love with another man . Sashi hates Gautham and is suspicious of him and Paddu , his friend and a nurse who is appointed to take care of Rajasekhar . Sunanda later reveals to Gautham that she is aware of his real identity much before the incidents and warns him to abstain from doing anything with the intention of taking her back to Raghunandan . To save Prameela 's love , Gautham and Paddu go to a village and accidentally Sashi falls into the jeep due to a head injury thus suffering with amnesia . Gautham introduces himself as her lover for the time being . Sashi believes it . The trio go to the venue ; Gautham and Paddu enter the house . They and the bridegroom escape from there and reach Sunanda 's home after a violent altercation with the family members of the bridegroom where Sashi 's memory is revived . The bride 's father Siddhappa asks for compensation for the damage caused by Siddhu , to which Sunanda promises Sashi 's marriage with Siddhappa 's elder son . To avoid complications , Rajasekhar fires Gautham . Gautham later learns that Sashi loved him from the beginning but was hesitant to express her feelings . He traps Baddham Bhaskar , a rich NRI staying in Uganda who has a penchant for women , and enters Sunanda 's home as his assistant . Bhaskar falls for Sashi but his attempts are repeatedly thwarted by Gautham . On the day of her marriage , Sashi elopes with Gautham . While waiting with him for the train to Chennai , Siddhappa 's men reach the station to stop them only to be trashed by Gautham and his assistants , led by Balu . Through Balu , Sashi comes to know Gautham 's real motive . An angry Rajasekhar , with Sunanda , arrive to shoot Gautham but Rajasekhar is taken aback after knowing his true identity . Gautham reveals that the day Sunanda left the house , Raghunandan tried to commit suicide but accidentally killed Gautham 's mother . He says that he chose to love his grandfather though he killed his mother . Sunanda chose to hate him as he injured Rajasekhar and expelled them . Sunanda and Rajasekhar realise their folly and reconcile with Gautham . Sashi is kidnapped by four henchmen appointed by Bhaskar where she narrates the story to the henchmen . Gautham and Paddu reach the spot and Sashi reconciles with Gautham . Bhaskar 's wealth is seized by the government of Uganda and he is left with the same amount with which he ran away from Rajasekhar 's house when he assisted him in the past . Raghunandan reconciles with Sunanda and Gautham is unanimously appointed as the CEO of the company thanks to the support of Sunanda and Raghunandan . The film ends with Gautham holding Raghunandan 's hand with affection . = = Cast = = = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Trivikram Srinivas planned to direct Pawan Kalyan in a film produced by D. V. V. Danayya and narrated the script in late January 2011 . However Trivikram Srinivas later began Julai ( 2012 ) while Kalyan was working on Gabbar Singh ( 2012 ) and Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu ( 2012 ) . The technical crew of Kalyan 's and Srinivas 's previous collaboration , Jalsa ( 2008 ) , were selected to work on the film . B. V. S. N. Prasad was expected to produce Attarintiki Daredi while Kalyan was expected to allot dates in his schedule from October 2012 . Trivikram Srinivas gave finishing touches to the script in late September 2012 and Reliance Entertainment was confirmed to co @-@ produce . Devi Sri Prasad was selected as the music director and the music sittings were held at Barcelona during the location scout in December 2012 . Attarintiki Daredi was launched on 23 November 2012 at Venkateswara temple in Film Nagar . The film was reported to be on the lines of Nuvvu Naaku Nachav ( 2001 ) for which Trivikram Srinivas wrote the dialogues and the story . Trivikram Srinivas further hinted that the script will depict the Telugu culture and traditions with a strong message . Prasad Murella handled the cinematography and few sequences were shot using a Milo robotic camera which B. V. S. N. Prasad brought in from Mumbai as it was unavailable in Hyderabad . In mid July 2013 , the title was confirmed to be Attarintiki Daredi . = = = Casting = = = Pawan Kalyan opted for a complete makeover and sported a look resembling the one he sported in his previous films Kushi ( 2001 ) and Jalsa . After Trivikram Srinivas narrated the script to Kalyan , he asked him who would play the role of his aunt. and Trivikram Srinivas replied it would be Nadhiya . Kalyan gave his approval for Srinivas 's selection and Nadhiya was selected before she signed her comeback film in Telugu , Mirchi ( 2013 ) . Trivikram Srinivas narrated the script in a conversation with her over the telephone . After she accepted , he said that he would ask her dates after their schedules were planned . She later revealed that she was scared of being typecast but did the role only on Trivikram Srinivas ' persistence and added that the character ’ s emotions were set quite well . Trivikram Srinivas decided to cast Ileana D 'Cruz as the female lead who worked with him on Jalsa and Julai . Samantha Ruth Prabhu was confirmed as the female lead in late October 2012 which marked her first collaboration with Kalyan . The second female lead was yet to be selected . By the end of December 2012 , most of the films which were in pre @-@ production phase were confirming their female leads . Because of this the production unit decided to begin the shoot without confirming the other heroine . Pranitha Subhash was selected as the second female lead in early January 2013 and was confirmed to play Samantha 's sister . Pranitha called it a lifetime opportunity and said that she would be seen in a " very sweet , girl @-@ next @-@ door character . " Boman Irani made his debut in Telugu with Attarintiki Daredi ; he played Raghunandan , the grandfather of Kalyan 's character . Kota Srinivasa Rao played the role of Sidhappa Naidu for which he sported a realistic and rugged look . Navika Kotia was selected for the role of the younger sister of Samantha and Pranitha in April 2013 . Trivikram Srinivas did not cast his regular associate Sunil in the film . Since Sunil 's success of Maryada Ramanna ( 2010 ) and Poola Rangadu ( 2012 ) as a lead actor , Srinivas felt that it would not be fair to make him play a comedian . Rao Ramesh , Mukesh Rishi , Brahmanandam , Ali , M. S. Narayana and Posani Krishna Murali were cast in supporting roles . Mumtaj and Hamsa Nandini were confirmed to make special appearances in the song " Its Time To Party " marking the former 's comeback in Telugu cinema after 12 years after anchor Anasuya refused the offer . = = = Filming = = = B. V. S. N. Prasad stated during the film 's launch that principal photography would begin in mid @-@ December 2012 . Kalyan searched for new locations in Spain as the story demanded a foreign location and around 30 to 45 days of shooting schedule was planned there . It was the first time Pawan Kalyan went for a location hunt and returned in the last week of December 2012 . Due to unknown reasons , the film 's shoot was postponed to 8 January 2013 in late December 2012 . Shooting finally commenced from 24 January 2013 at a private hotel in Hyderabad . The team planned a new schedule from 4 February 2013 in Pollachi where scenes on Kalyan , Samantha and other support cast were planned to be shot . The schedule was postponed to 15 February 2013 and Trivikram Srinivas continued the shoot in Hyderabad . After shooting for a few days in Hyderabad at a private mall , the planned schedule at Pollachi began from 12 February 2013 . An action sequence featuring Kalyan and other cast members was shot in late February 2013 . The next schedule commenced from 1 March 2013 at a specially erected set at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad where scenes featuring Kalyan and the other cast members were shot . A few crucial scenes featuring the lead actors were shot there in early April 2013 . Art director Ravindar supervised for the special set , which was worth ₹ 30 million . By mid @-@ April 2013 , a major portion of the film was shot there . Kalyan and the film 's unit planned to leave for Spain to shoot important sequences . Scenes featuring the lead cast were shot in the end of April 2013 in a railway station set erected at Ramoji Film City . A new schedule began at Ramoji Film City from 2 May 2013 . That schedule ended on 28 May 2013 . Samantha informed .the media that the film 's speaking portions had been completed and that an overseas schedule was remaining . Filming then moved to Europe on 5 June 2013 for a long schedule in which three songs , a few speaking portions and an action sequence were planned to be shot . Kalyan 's introduction scene was shot in Switzerland which cost around ₹ 20 million . The introduction scene , which was also an action sequence , was shot on an island located in Spain using helicopters under the supervision of Peter Hein . Post @-@ production activities were done simultaneously and dubbing for the film 's first half was completed . The team returned from Milan on 2 July 2013 . The song " Its Time to Party " , which primarily features Kalyan , Samantha , Pranitha , Mumtaj and Hamsa Nandini was choreographed by Ganesh and was shot in a pub set erected by Anand Sai at Annapurna 7 Acres Studios . Principal photography wrapped on 14 July 2013 . = = Themes and influences = = Attarintiki Daredi focuses on a young man 's journey trying to convince his grandfather 's estranged daughter to rejoin the family . In its review , Sify felt that the film 's story was a reversal of Nuvvu Naaku Nachav ( 2001 ) and Parugu ( 2008 ) . Kalyan 's character , Gautham , is shown watching a few films , where the protagonist is in disguise trying to win over people who matter to him . In the film , Brahmanandam 's character spoofs the Ridley Scott film , Gladiator ( 2000 ) named Radiator and wins the Bascar awards found by himself after being inspired from the Academy Awards . The mythological tale of Indra seducing Ahalya after disguising as her husband Gautama and the curse cast by Gautama on them is parodied in the film with Brahmanandam playing a key role . Two songs were parodied : one of them being a devotional song " Kaatama Rayuda " written by the poet Etla Ramadasa and composed by Chittoor V. Nagaiah for the film Sumangali ( 1940 ) , and the other an item number " Kevvu Keka " written by Sahithi and composed by Devi Sri Prasad for the film Gabbar Singh ( 2012 ) . A scene from the film , popularly known as the " badam tree " episode , was based on a similar scene from the 2012 English film A Thousand Words . = = Music = = Devi Sri Prasad composed the soundtrack album which consists of 6 songs . Sri Mani , Ramajogayya Sastry and Prasad himself wrote the lyrics for the soundtrack album , which was marketed by Aditya Music . The album was released on 19 July 2013 in a promotional event at the Shilpakala Vedika with the film 's cast and crew attending the event . The soundtrack album received positive reviews from critics . = = Release = = In late April 2013 , Attarintiki Daredi was expected to release on 7 August 2013 . It was then scheduled for a release on 9 August 2013 on the eve of India 's Independence Day . But due to the then @-@ ongoing Telangana movement , the release was put on hold . Later B. V. S. N. Prasad officially announced that the film would release on 9 October 2013 along with Ramayya Vasthavayya ( 2013 ) . But the makers were forced to reschedule the release date to 27 September 2013 after 90 minutes of the footage was leaked onto the internet . On an average , 80 % of the film 's tickets were sold out in all screens for the first three days in Hyderabad . Apart from India , the film released in United States , United Kingdom , Germany , Canada and Dubai . = = = Distribution = = = The theatrical rights in the Nizam region were acquired by Global Cinemas in late April 2013 for a then undisclosed record price , which was revealed later as ₹ 120 million in early June 2013 . My3 Movies announced on 26 April 2013 that they acquired the overseas distribution and DVD rights of the film . Y. Naveen , who financed several overseas distribution firms , acquired this film 's overseas rights on behalf of My3 Movies for ₹ 70 million which , according to Sify , was " a big gamble " . Colours Media acquired the distribution rights in the United Kingdom from My3 Movies in late July 2013 . Lorgan Entertainments acquired the theatrical distribution rights in Australia in early August 2013 . = = = Marketing = = = Sai Gopal , who assisted Trivikram since Swayamvaram ( 1999 ) , was in @-@ charge of the film 's promotional activities . The first look poster featuring Kalyan in a red shirt and dark cargo pants was unveiled on 13 July 2013 . The first look teaser of 23 seconds was released a day later . Within a day of its release , the video posted by idlebrainlive on YouTube fetched more than 190 @,@ 000 hits and around 6 @,@ 200 likes . As of 16 July 2013 , the teaser fetched over 300 @,@ 000 million hits and about 9 @,@ 000 likes thus setting a record for any Telugu video uploaded on YouTube at that time . By the end of the next day , the teaser was viewed 706 @,@ 927 times and received more than 6 @,@ 000 comments . The theatrical trailer was released on 19 July 2013 to positive reviews . IANS wrote in its trailer review , " High on commercial value , the slick trailer of Attarintiki Daaredhi is a mix of action , comedy , romance and drama in appropriate proportions . Trivikram hasn 't compromised on anything , including special punch lines for Pawan Kalyan , which he mouths in his signature style with a hint of sarcasm . " Oneindia Entertainment wrote " Attarintiki Daredi appears to be an out @-@ and @-@ out entertainer with an apt tag @-@ line ' celebration of entertainment ' . It is also going to be high in entertainment quotient as some noted comedians Bramhanandam , Srinivas Reddy , Ali tickle the funny bones of the audiences " . The video featuring Kalyan recording the song " Kaatama Rayuda " was released on 4 August 2013 . The video received positive response and according to a report by The Times of India , Pawan Kalyan 's fans opined that the song composed by Devi Sri Prasad reminded them of the song sung by Kalyan in the film Thammudu ( 1999 ) . In late October 2013 , the makers planned to add two more scenes as a promotional stunt to discourage copyright infringement . Six minutes of footage were added to the film this version was screened from 31 October 2013 . = = = Copyright infringement = = = On the night of 22 September 2013 , a 90 @-@ minute piece of footage was leaked online and became viral . B. V. S. N. Prasad filed a complaint the following day against the copyright violation , and sought cyber @-@ protection for Attarintiki Daredi . Because of this incident , the film 's release was delayed to 27 September 2013 . The film 's female lead , Samantha , as well as other celebrities such as Siddharth , Harish Shankar , S. S. Rajamouli , Ram Gopal Varma and Nithiin , condemned the unauthorised distribution act . However , police initially suspected that the incident might be a publicity stunt enacted by people who invested in the film . On being informed about the alleged sale of the movie in different electronic formats in the CD and mobile shops in Pedana town , Superintendent of Police J. Prabhakara Rao deployed a special team , led by Pedana Rural Circle Inspector A. Pallapu Raju , to investigate the issue . The police launched a hunt for unlicensed compact discs in the CD shops across the district . CDs and hard disks from video parlours and shops renting CDs in the Krishna district were seized , and some of the shop owners were taken into custody for questioning . Pavan Kalyan fans went out into the streets , with signs containing slogans protesting the piracy . Subsequent to their investigation , the police arrested five people , in addition to production assistant Cheekati Arunkumar , and recovered several illegitimate copies of the film on 20 September 2013 . Arunkumar had worked as a production assistant for the films Oosaravelli ( 2011 ) and Ongole Githa ( 2013 ) , both of which were produced by B. V. S. N. Prasad . Prabhakara Rao told the media that Arunkumar had given a copy of the DVD to his friend and Hyderabad @-@ based APSP constable , Katta Ravi , who sent it to his friend , V. Sudheer Kumar , on 14 September 2013 . Pedana @-@ based videographer Poranki Suresh got the DVD from Sudheer Kumar , and later gave it to Kollipalli Anil Kumar , who owns the Devi Mobiles and Cell repair shop in Pedana . Anil Kumar had uploaded the two @-@ part movie into his system , and sold the 60 @-@ minute part @-@ one of the movie to his customers in different formats . Anil Kumar deleted the original file in his system after learning about the police raids . However , he confessed to the crime during the investigation . Based on the information given by Anil Kumar , a special team led by Machilipatnam DSP K.V. Srinivasa Rao , with the support of the Crime Investigation Department , Hyderabad , arrested the suspects in Hyderabad . The police filed charges on 24 September 2013 , against the five suspects under clauses 63 , 65 and 66 of the Copyright ( Amendment Bill ) 2010 and 429 IPC . Kalyan and Trivikram Srinivas decided to return a significant portion of their remuneration to help Prasad overcome the financial crisis caused by the leak . Samantha returned her entire salary to the producers . Kalyan remained silent during the entire issue , but finally spoke at length about the episode at the " Thank You Meet " of the film on 14 October 2013 . He said that this was a conspiracy and not piracy . He added that he was very well aware of the facts as to who was behind the leak of the film and will not spare anyone and will strike when the time is right . = = = Home media = = = The Television broadcast rights were sold to an unknown channel in mid June 2013 for an amount of ₹ 90 million which happened to be the highest amount that a television channel paid for the telecast rights of a Telugu film till the sale of rights of Aagadu ( 2014 ) to Gemini TV in June 2014 . The film 's television premier was announced in mid December 2013 to be held on 11 January 2014 in MAA TV . The film registered a TRP rating of 19 @.@ 04 which was the highest for any Telugu film till date . The Indian DVD and Blu @-@ ray were marketed by Volga Videos . The overseas DVD and Blu @-@ ray were marketed by Bhavani Videos . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Attarinitki Daredi received positive reviews from critics according to International Business Times India who called the film a " perfect family entertainer " in their review roundup . Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu praised the film 's climax scene , while also stating that Trivikram Srinivas makes his presence felt before concluding that the film is , " A good dose of fun , tailored for the box office . " Ch . Sushil Rao of The Times of India rated the film 4 out of 5 and wrote " The movie is a worth watch . The reasons : Pawan Kalyan 's comedy , fights composed by Peter Hein , Trivikram Srinivas ' writing skills , Prasad Murella 's cinematography , and Devi Sri Prasad 's music . That there is promise in the movie is a feel one gets right from the opening scenes which are dramatic " . Sify rated the film 4 out of 5 and stated " If you are looking for sheer entertainment , know that Pawan Kalyan and Trivikram have gift packed for you with high dose of comedy . It is entertainment , entertainment and entertainment . Pawan Kalyan`s histrionics , his performances and Trivikram`s handling of the simple story in effective way is what makes Attharintiki Daaredhi a big entertainer " . Shekhar of Oneindia Entertainment rated the film 4 out of 5 , calling it " a must watch film for the fans of Pawan Kalyan and Trivikram . " Jeevi of Idlebrain.com rated the film 4 out of 5 and praised Trivikram Srinivas 's script and added that Kalyan 's performance and Trivikram Srinivas ' story telling skill " makes sure that your heart is touched at times and heartily laugh all the time while watching the movie " . IndiaGlitz rated the film 4 out of 5 and praised Kalyan 's performance in the film 's climax , calling it " an unseen angle " before conlcuding that the film " is a treat for the family audience " . In contrast , Sridhar Vivan of Bangalore Mirror rated the film 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 and criticised the film 's first half and felt that the " real entertainment " began only after the entry of Brahmanandam 's character . He too praised Kalyan 's performance and the film 's climax and Trivikram Srinivas 's direction . Radhika Rajamani of Rediff.com rated the film 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 ; she praised the performances of the cast but called Attarintiki Daredi , " a stylish film which does not rise above being a routine family entertainer . " IANS rated the film 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 and wrote " Unfortunately , Trivikram succumbs to star pressure and churns out a highly disappointing product . At nearly three hours , the film makes you cringe in your seats , especially with the emotional punch it delivers in the climax " . Sandeep Atreysa of Deccan Chronicle rated the film 1 @.@ 5 out of 5 and felt that the film was made only for Kalyan 's passionate fans and for others , this film would appear to be " high on style and low on content " . He called Kalyan 's performance as the only " silver lining " . = = = Box office = = = The film collected ₹ 335 @.@ 2 million by the end of its three @-@ day first weekend . By the end of its first week , the film collected over ₹ 490 million at the worldwide box office . The film managed to perform well despite facing competition from Ramayya Vasthavayya and collected ₹ 603 @.@ 4 million in two weeks at the worldwide box office . Trade analyst Taran Adarsh reported that till 13 October 2013 , the film collected ₹ 633 @.@ 1 million at worldwide box office . The film collected ₹ 655 million in 19 days at worldwide box office . The film collected ₹ 701 @.@ 8 million in 24 days at the worldwide box office and became the second Telugu film to cross ₹ 700 million after Magadheera ( 2009 ) . It collected ₹ 712 @.@ 4 million at the worldwide box office by the end of the fourth week . The film collected ₹ 733 @.@ 8 million at the worldwide box office in 39 days . The film collected ₹ 733 @.@ 6 million at the worldwide box office in six weeks . The film collected ₹ 739 million at the worldwide box office by the end of its seventh weekend . The film became the highest grossing Telugu film of all time surpassing Magadheera . Attarintiki Daredi collected a worldwide share of ₹ 748 @.@ 8 million and grossed ₹ 1 @.@ 3 — 1 @.@ 87 billion in its lifetime . However , after the four @-@ day run of Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) , it became the second highest grossing Telugu film of all time . = = = = India = = = = Attarinitki Daredi collected ₹ 108 @.@ 9 million on its first day at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions breaking the previous opening day record set by Baadshah . According to Adarsh , the film collected ₹ 107 @.@ 2 million on its first day at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions . He added that the film collected the highest collections amounting to ₹ 32 @.@ 8 million from Nizam region followed by Ceded region with ₹ 21 @.@ 5 million , Guntur district with ₹ 14 million , East area with ₹ 10 @.@ 4 million , Vishakhapatnam district with ₹ 8 @.@ 2 million , West area with ₹ 7 @.@ 5 million , Krishna district with ₹ 7 @.@ 1 million and Nellore district with ₹ 5 @.@ 7 million . According to Adarsh , the film collected ₹ 54 @.@ 7 million at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions . The film collected ₹ 227 @.@ 1 million at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions , ₹ 30 million together in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and ₹ 16 @.@ 6 million in the rest of India by the end of its three @-@ day first weekend taking its worldwide total to ₹ 335 @.@ 2 million . The film collected ₹ 37 @.@ 3 million taking its four @-@ day total in the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions to ₹ 259 @.@ 3 million , thereby overtaking the first week totals of Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu and Mirchi . By the end of its first week , the film collected ₹ 350 @.@ 5 million at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions and ₹ 50 million from other states . The film grossed ₹ 10 @.@ 8 million in its first weekend and ₹ 14 @.@ 5 million in its first week with a net collection of ₹ 10 @.@ 5 million and distributor share of approximately ₹ 5 million at Tamil Nadu Box office thus creating a then all @-@ time record for a Telugu film in the state according to trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai who felt that the film 's collections had dropped due to the release of Raja Rani and Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara in the same week . The film earned ₹ 25 million in its first weekend and ₹ 41 @.@ 1 million nett in its first week at Karnataka and also created an all @-@ time record for a Telugu film . Adarsh reported that the Attarintiki Daredi earned ₹ 15 @.@ 8 million in Mumbai and Kerala . The collections dropped as result of protests in Seemandhra over the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh including in key areas like Nizam and Ceded . Adarsh reported that till 13 October 2013 , the film collected ₹ 473 @.@ 5 million at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions . The film was declared a blockbuster at the box office . The film collected over ₹ 13 million on its 19th day making its total in the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions cross the ₹ 500 million mark . It stood in the third spot in the list of top 10 highest grossing ( share ) Telugu films in the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions preceded by Magadheera and Gabbar Singh . The film crossed the ₹ 200 million mark in the Nizam region and ₹ 90 million in the Ceded region in 20 days . The film collected ₹ 9 @.@ 5 million on its 24th day taking its total in the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions to ₹ 546 million , thereby leading to Gabbar Singh dropping to third place in the list of films with the highest distributors ' share in Andhra Pradesh . Gabbar Singh had collected ₹ 508 @.@ 5 million in the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions in its lifetime . The film completed its 25 @-@ day run on 21 October 2013 . The film collected ₹ 550 million at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions , ₹ 52 @.@ 2 million at Karnataka and ₹ 15 million from the rest of the country by the end of its fourth week . The film crossed ₹ 230 million in the Nizam region in its fifth weekend . The film collected ₹ 577 @.@ 3 million at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions in 39 days . The film collected ₹ 580 @.@ 1 million at the Andhra Pradesh and Nizam regions in six weeks . The film completed a 50 @-@ day run in around 170 theatres on 15 November 2013 . The film completed a 100 @-@ day run in 32 theatres on 4 January 2014 . On the 100th day of its theatrical run , Attarintiki Daredi was screened in four centres in Nizam , eleven in Ceded , one in Vishakhapatnam , four each in Krishna and Guntur , six and two centres in East and West Godavari respectively . = = = = Overseas = = = = According to Adarsh , the film collected ₹ 26 @.@ 7 million from paid previews in the United States box office . The film collected more than $ 345 @,@ 000 and grossed more than the other releases of 2013 , Baadshah and Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu , at the United States box office . He stated that the film collected $ 429 @,@ 000 from Thursday 's preview in the United States , thereby overtaking the collections of paid previews of Chennai Express ( 2013 ) in the country . Adarsh reported that the film collected $ 495 @,@ 000 on Friday taking its two @-@ day total to $ 924 @,@ 000 which was equivalent to approximately ₹ 50 million . The film collected ₹ 61 @.@ 5 million in the first three days at United States box office . The film collected ₹ 109 @.@ 1 million in its first weekend at the United States box office . According to Adarsh , the film was the third biggest opener in the United States in 2013 after Chennai Express and Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani and was the only Indian film apart from the other two to feature in the list of top 15 openers of 2013 in the country . The film grossed over $ 1 @.@ 5 million within three days overtaking the preview collections of Baadshah in the United States and was expected to cross the $ 2 million mark there . By the end of its fifth weekend , the film collected $ 2 million from the theatres included by the measurement and research company , Rentrak and $ 0 @.@ 3 million from theatres not included by Rentrak at the United States box office taking the film 's total to ₹ 140 million . It collected a total ₹ 60 million from United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Middle East region , Canada , Singapore and others , taking its total to ₹ 200 million , which made it the highest grossing Telugu film overseas . = = Awards and nominations = = = = Remakes = = The film was remade into Kannada as Ranna in 2014 by Nanda Kishore with Sudeep , Rachita Ram and Haripriya in the lead roles .
= Safety Training = " Safety Training " is the twentieth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office . Written by B. J. Novak , who also acts in the show as sales representative Ryan Howard , and directed by Caddyshack and National Lampoon 's Vacation director Harold Ramis , the episode aired in the United States on April 12 , 2007 on NBC . In the episode , Michael attempts to prove life in an office is dangerous after Darryl berates him about the dangers of the warehouse . The attempts lead him to the roof of the building , where he tries to show that depression caused by an office can lead to desperate circumstances . Meanwhile , gambling between the other employees of the office leads Karen to discover that she is still an outsider . = = Plot = = When Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) repeatedly disrupts Darryl Philbin 's ( Craig Robinson ) warehouse safety training session , Lonny Collins ( Patrice O 'Neal ) and Darryl mock the office workers ' safety session in retaliation , claiming that office work does not entail physical danger . Offended by Darryl 's disdain for office safety training , Michael decides to demonstrate the risk of depression and suicide by jumping off the roof , landing on a hidden trampoline . When Michael tests out the trampoline by dropping a watermelon from the roof , it bounces off and hits an office worker 's car , prompting it to be replaced by a bouncy castle hidden from the general view of the parking lot . From the roof of the building , Michael talks dramatically about the dangers of depression . When the bouncy castle is discovered , Jim and Pam realize that Michael is " going to kill himself pretending to kill himself . " The employees collectively talk Michael down from the roof , with Darryl doing most of the talking , to assure Michael that he is brave simply by living as himself . At the end , the car that was hit by the watermelon is revealed to be Stanley 's ( Leslie David Baker ) , who is shocked to see the mess . Meanwhile , the office staff begins betting on various things , from counting the jelly beans in Pam Beesly 's ( Jenna Fischer ) candy dish to whether Creed Bratton ( portrayed by the actor of the same name ) will notice that his apple has been replaced with a potato . Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) loses every bet and realizes that she is still an outsider . Also , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns to the office after several weeks in anger management training , determined to make a fresh start with his co @-@ workers . His attempts to go by the name Drew are unsuccessful , and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) decides to shun Andy for three years , although he often " unshuns " him to inform him of Michael 's plans . = = Production = = " Safety Training " was the second episode of the series directed by Harold Ramis . Ramis had previously directed the episode " A Benihana Christmas " earlier in the third season . The episode was the sixth of the series written by B. J. Novak . Novak also acts in the show as Ryan Howard . Brian Baumgartner , who portrays accountant Kevin Malone , stated that while director Harold Ramis didn 't make any major changes in the script of " Safety Training " , his input changed other points of the script . Baumgartner said that " ... our structure and how the show is written is all there and pretty much doesn 't change . Harold ( Ramis ) might have ideas or specific changes that would change a moment . " The hand movement used by Dwight Schrute to " shun " , and then " un @-@ shun " Andy Bernard was improvised by Rainn Wilson . = = Reception = = " Safety Training " received a 4 @.@ 1 / 11 in the Nielsen ratings among people ages 18 – 49 , meaning that 4 @.@ 1 percent of all people 18 – 49 watched the episode , and 11 percent of all people 18 – 49 watching TV at the time viewed the episode . " Safety Training " received 7 @.@ 7 million viewers overall . The episode was almost universally praised by critics . Abby West of Entertainment Weekly complimented the writing of B.J. Novak in the episode , saying that " This was another gem ... [ Novak ] kept a very nice light touch on the whole love triangle thing , only giving us that one wonderfully uncomfortable moment at Pam 's desk when they were betting on how many jelly beans were in the container . " IGN 's Brian Zoromski rated it 10 out of 10 , making it only one of two third season episodes he deemed a " masterpiece " . He stated that " Another truly brilliant episode of The Office aired this week , with more humor packed into the half @-@ hour than you get in many feature @-@ length comedies . " Zoromski also praised the acting by minor characters , such as Creed Bratton and Mindy Kaling , who portrays customer service representative Kelly Kapoor . BuddyTV Senior Writer Oscar Dahl stated that " What can you say ? The Office is , if anything , only getting better . Last week 's super @-@ sized episode was absolutely spectacular , but tonight 's might have been even better . Dahl went on to say that both storylines of the episode were the main contributors to the success of the episode . In a poll taken by OfficeTally.com , an Office fansite , " Safety Training " was ranked by viewers of the show as the 19th most popular episode of season three .
= White @-@ necked rockfowl = The white @-@ necked rockfowl ( Picathartes gymnocephalus ) is a medium @-@ sized bird in the family Picathartidae , with a long neck and tail . Also known as the white @-@ necked picathartes , this passerine is mainly found in rocky forested areas at higher altitudes in West Africa from Guinea to Ghana . Its distribution is patchy , with populations often being isolated from each other . The rockfowl typically chooses to live near streams and inselbergs . It has no recognized subspecies , though some believe that it forms a superspecies with the grey @-@ necked rockfowl . The white @-@ necked rockfowl has greyish @-@ black upperparts and white underparts . Its unusually long , dark brown tail is used for balance , and its thighs are muscular . The head is nearly featherless , with the exposed skin being bright yellow except for two large , circular black patches located just behind the eyes . Though the bird is usually silent , some calls are known . These rockfowl feed primarily on insects , though parents feed small frogs to their young . One feeding strategy involves following Dorylus army ant swarms , feeding on insects flushed by the ants . Rockfowl move through the forest primarily through a series of hops and bounds or short flights in low vegetation . This species rarely flies for long distances . The white @-@ necked rockfowl is monogamous and pairs nest either alone or in the vicinity of other pairs , sometimes in colonies with as many as eight nests . These nests are constructed out of mud formed into a deep cup and are built on rock surfaces , typically in caves . Two eggs are laid twice a year . Though the birds breed in colonies , infanticide is fairly common in this species , with rockfowl attempting to kill the young of other pairs . Nestlings mature in about a month . This bird is long @-@ lived . This species is classified as Vulnerable as its dwindling and fragmented populations are threatened by habitat destruction . Conservation efforts are underway in parts of its range in the form of habitat protection , education efforts , and new laws . Some of the indigenous peoples of Sierra Leone considered the species to be a protector of the home of their ancestral spirits . This rockfowl is considered one of Africa 's most desirable birds by birders and is a symbol of ecotourism across its range . = = Taxonomy = = This species was first described by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1825 from a specimen collected on the Guinean coast . He published his description in the 2nd volume of Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d 'oiseaux and described it as Corvus gymnocephalus , placing it in the crow genus Corvus . The species name is derived from the Ancient Greek words gymnos " naked " , and kephalē " head " . However , only three years later the bird was removed from the genus Corvus by René Primevère Lesson and placed in its own genus , Picathartes , as it did not share characteristics common to members of Corvus such as a feathered head . This generic name comes from a combination of the Latin genera pica for " magpie " and cathartes for " vulture " . Since its initial description , the picathartes have been placed in more than five different families , including those of crows ( Corvidae ) , starlings ( Sturnidae ) , Old World flycatchers ( Muscicapidae ) , babblers ( Timaliidae ) and Old World warblers ( Sylviidae ) . Today the white @-@ necked rockfowl and its close relative the grey @-@ necked rockfowl are believed to comprise a unique family , Picathartidae . It has also been suggested though not generally accepted that the two rockfowl represent the remnants of an ancient bird order . Recent DNA analysis has shown that Picathartidae and its closest relatives , southern Africa 's rockjumpers and southeast Asia 's rail @-@ babbler , form a clade . The analysis suggests that the rockfowl split from the common ancestor of their clade 44 million years ago . It is believed that the ancestor of this clade originated in Australia and spread to Africa . Though the white @-@ necked rockfowl has no subspecies , it is believed to form a superspecies with the grey @-@ necked rockfowl , with plumage and facial pattern being the primary differences between the two species . Common names used for this species include white @-@ necked rockfowl , white @-@ necked picathartes , yellow @-@ headed picathartes , bare @-@ headed rockfowl , and the less frequently used white @-@ necked bald crow . Rockfowl is a reference to the species ' habit of building mud nests on rock surfaces and caves . Picathartes refers to the species ' scientific name . Bald crow is a reference to its featherless head and somewhat crow @-@ like appearance , especially its beak . = = Description = = This rockfowl measures around 38 to 41 cm ( 15 to 16 in ) in length , with its notably long tail contributing about 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) . Adult rockfowl show little sexual dimorphism in plumage and the sexes cannot be told apart by appearance . On the adult , the head , excluding the chin and throat , is completely bare of feathers except for a thin layer of fuzz on the forehead . The head 's skin is bright yellow except for two large , circular patches of black skin located just behind the eye and containing the ear ; only a thin , 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 in ) wide patch of yellow skin on the crown prevents the two black patches from connecting . The black patch has a raised edge and appears to be a distinct part of the face . The eyelid and eyering are a thin line of black surrounding the bird 's large , dark brown eyes . The beak is robust , disproportionately large , and black . This beak can be considered crow @-@ like , is noticeably decurved in the upper mandible , and is about 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) long . The bird 's chin and throat are covered in a thin layer of white feathers , and the neck is long and slender . The nape is also covered in white feathers , while the hindneck is nearly bare , revealing the orange @-@ yellow skin . The upper mantle is a solid black , merging into a greyish @-@ black lower mantle . The rockfowl 's thighs are very muscular and aid its partially terrestrial lifestyle . The back , rump , and undertail are a bluish grey , while the tail is a dark brown and tented in shape . The moderately @-@ sized wings are also a dark brown . The underparts are a creamy white and appear their creamiest in the upper breast . In dim light the white @-@ necked rockfowl can appear to be solely black above and white below . The legs are blue and relatively long . Overall the plumage appears to be smooth with long feathers . The adult weighs 200 to 250 g ( 7 @.@ 1 to 8 @.@ 8 oz ) . The nestling is born naked with dark @-@ brown skin above and translucent pink skin below , blind , and with an orange @-@ red gape . After a few days , the gape changes to a bright yellow @-@ orange . After hatching , the head 's skin is all yellow without the black patches of the adult ; these are gained about a week before leaving the nest . An immature rockfowl after its fourth week is very similar to the adult , but its underparts are creamier and silkier than those of the adult , its neck possesses fewer feathers , and the yellow on the head is paler . Most noticeably , its tail is significantly shorter than that of the adult . Although numerous calls have been recorded , the white @-@ necked rockfowl is normally a silent bird . Its call has been compared to the clucks of a chicken , with clucks of " chuk @-@ chuk @-@ chuk " or " choop @-@ choop @-@ choop " being made at a constant rate of eight notes every five seconds . This call typically lasts for at least a minute . It has been suggested that this call may be a proper song , but more research is required to determine if this is accurate . The rockfowl 's alarm call , one of its more frequent sounds , has been described as a continuous , low @-@ pitched , guttural chatter similar to " ow , ow , ow " . Adults and juveniles have also been known to produce a long @-@ drawn " owooh " call note . Additionally , fledglings can give a loud , quavering second @-@ long whistle as a contact call . = = Distribution and habitat = = This species is only found in West Africa from Guinea to Ghana . It is locally common in southeastern Guinea , and is widespread in Sierra Leone except for the north and northwest , and in Liberia except for the north and northeast . In Côte d 'Ivoire the species is currently restricted to areas near the Guinean and Liberian border . The bird also lives in Ghana , where it is both local and uncommon in the south central parts of the nation . The white @-@ necked rockfowl 's total range covers approximately 391 @,@ 000 km2 ( 151 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . However , the species occurs in low population densities in patches across this large range . The species does not migrate , though it does disperse widely after the breeding season . This rockfowl lives on steep slopes in both primary and mature secondary forests . These forests are typically covered in rocks and are found in hilly lowland areas up to 800 m ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) . The white @-@ necked rockfowl often lives near flowing streams and rivers so that it has access to wet mud for nest construction . Colonies are typically found within 100 m ( 330 ft ) of a stream . The species also seems to show a preference for living near inselbergs . Rockfowl are occasionally seen in partly cleared forests and near cities , but this appears to be abnormal . Recent surveys have shown that abandoned rockfowl nests are more likely to be in or near secondary forest . = = Ecology and behavior = = This picathartes typically keeps low in the vegetation or on the ground near its nesting grounds . It moves quickly through its forested habitat primarily through a series of hops and bounds , followed by a pause before resuming its movements . It uses its tail for balance while traversing the forest . The rockfowl also flies at a low altitude for short distances between vines and trees , and it rarely flies for long distances . This species can disappear from sight into a mass of creepers or rocks . It is capable of high jumps , sometimes jumping 6 m ( 20 ft ) off the cave floor to its nest while only partly using its wings . It was once thought that the rockfowl rarely ventures far from its breeding grounds ; however , new data suggests that the species has a much broader range than previously thought . Rockfowl have been known to continue roosting on their nests for a period following the breeding season . These birds are normally solitary or in pairs , though sometimes they live in groups of three to five birds . Typically , they silently evade any unusual movements in their forest . However , if these birds know that they have been sighted , they can become quite inquisitive and occasionally approach observers . One of the rockfowl 's displays entails several of the birds in a colony forming a loose circle . Individual rockfowl run at each other , forcing the approached bird to retreat slightly before chasing either the bird that charged it or another in the circle . At intervals during this display a rockfowl leans forward on a branch , tucking its head between its legs and half @-@ spreading its wings , thus revealing its crown to the other rockfowl . It is believed that this behavior shows the intent of the rockfowl to roost in a group , though recent evidence suggests that the display could be involved in breeding . To scratch its head , the bird lifts its foot over its wing . This species is long @-@ lived . = = = Diet = = = The white @-@ necked rockfowl forages across slopes on mossy , creeper @-@ covered boulders and in trees covered in lianas and hanging mosses . It occasionally forages by hopping across sand by a stream or even in the stream , as evidenced by crab remains in the rockfowl 's droppings . While foraging on the ground , the rockfowl picks up leaves with its bill and tosses them aside . It feeds in mixed @-@ species groups ahead of swarms of Dorylus ants with alethes , bristlebills , and Finsch 's rufous thrushes , picking off insects flushed by the ants , mostly off the ground . The rockfowl has also been observed hopping from the ground and snatching prey midair . The diet is diverse and generalized , enabling the white @-@ necked rockfowl to have a degree of adaptability in collecting food . This rockfowl primarily eats insects , including larval cockroaches , tettigoniid grasshoppers , earwigs , ants from the genera Pachycondyla and Dorylus , click beetles from the genus Psephus , and termites . Other than insects , it has been observed eating millipedes , centipedes , snails , earthworms , and occasionally small frogs and lizards . When feeding its nestlings , the rockfowl primarily collects earthworms , small frogs , and lizards , with the vertebrates forming most of the biomass fed to the young . In addition , rockfowl are occasionally seen eating plant material , normally from angiosperms or mosses . = = = Reproduction = = = The White @-@ necked rockfowl breeds primarily in caves and pairs nest either alone or as part of a small colony . While its courtship behavior is unknown , the species is monogamous and therefore does not breed with rockfowl other than its mate despite earlier suggestions that it bred cooperatively . The White @-@ necked rockfowl has two breeding seasons throughout the year , though the timing of the breeding seasons is determined by the location of the birds and the timing of the wet season , with nesting occurring just before and after the wet season and averaging 127 days apart . The rockfowl reuses its nest , and typically repairs it two to eight weeks prior to laying eggs . Guinean birds breed from July to January , while those in Sierra Leone breed from November to February and from April to October . In Liberia , breeding occurs from September to December and from March to July . Ghana 's rockfowl breed from March to June and September to November . Breeding caves are traditionally deserted while the rockfowl are not breeding , so increased usage by the rockfowl is considered a first sign of breeding . Nesting colonies average two to five nests , although one colony had forty nests . In addition to breeding birds , sometimes non @-@ breeding rockfowl are present . These birds occasionally attempt infanticide to gain access to prime nesting sites or mates . Birds in these colonies often chase each other in circles , even through the treetops , a rare destination for this species . Unusually for a rainforest @-@ dwelling bird , the white @-@ necked rockfowl builds a nest out of mud with varying amounts of plant fibers mixed in . Mud is collected from nearby rivers and streams and is shaped into a strong , thick @-@ walled , and deep cup attached to the cave wall or roof , a cliff , or a large boulder approximately 2 to 4 m ( 6 @.@ 6 to 13 @.@ 1 ft ) above the ground . These rocks must be sloped inwards to provide the nest with protection from the rain . Phloem fibers and roots from plants line the inside of the cup . The white @-@ necked rockfowl 's nesting caves normally are populated by wasps , and the wasp nests 2 @-@ to @-@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 @-@ to @-@ 1 @.@ 18 in ) long are often found embedded in the rockfowl 's nests . It is believed that in order to build their nest on the smooth cave walls , rockfowl use the nests of the wasps as a nucleus to build around . Cliff nests are always built at a distance from nearby plants . Both birds work on the construction of the nest , with roles alternating as one bird collects the materials while the other shapes them into the nest . The mud is sometimes swallowed and regurgitated prior to use . While nearly all rockfowl nests are found in caves or on cliffs , there are records of nesting occurring on a riverbank and on a fallen tree trunk . Nests are typically constructed at least 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) apart , but one colony had six nests adjoining each other . Nests also vary widely in size , though they average to be 108 mm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) long , 172 mm ( 6 @.@ 8 in ) wide , and 129 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) deep . It used to be believed that each pair builds two nests , one for breeding and one for roosting ; however , recent surveys have found no evidence of this , with all nests in the colony being used for breeding . One to two eggs , typically two , are laid in each nest a day or two apart . The eggs weigh about 14 @.@ 5 g ( 0 @.@ 51 oz ) and have an average size of 25 @.@ 8 by 38 @.@ 3 mm ( 1 @.@ 02 by 1 @.@ 51 in ) . The eggs are a creamy white with dark brown blotches spread across the egg but in higher density near the larger end . Incubation , which begins after the first egg is laid , lasts for 23 to 28 days . The parents take turns incubating their eggs . Hatching typically takes at least 12 hours . The infant rockfowl 's eyes open after nine to eleven days , while feathers begin to grow seven days after hatching . After the young hatch , food is brought to them almost four times an hour . To feed its young , the adult rockfowl clings to the side of its nest while fluttering its wings ; some birds use their tails as a prop underneath the nest to help support themselves . Rockfowl have been known to kill the young of other rockfowl , while nest predation is carried out by cobras of the genus Naja , the Nile monitor , sun squirrels , red @-@ chested goshawks , and Procolobus monkeys . This leads on average to only 0 @.@ 44 nestlings surviving per pair of rockfowl . Due to potential infanticide by other rockfowl , parents protect their nest and vicious fights often occur . Rare among other bird species , this behaviour is prevalent in white @-@ necked rockfowl . Not fully understood , it is thought to occur for the sake of resource competition or sexual selection . The young leave the nest after 23 to 27 days , at which time they resemble the adult rockfowl but with much shorter tails . The young leave the nest by standing on the edge , emitting a piercing whistle , and then gliding down to the ground on spread wings where they are met by an adult bearing insects . Even after leaving the nest , the young return to roost on it with their parents . = = Relationship with humans = = In the lore of Sierra Leone 's indigenous people , the often bizarre rock formations near which the white @-@ necked rockfowl lives were believed to house ancestral spirits . Its residence there led it to be considered a guardian of the formations , leading to a degree of residual respect for the species that persists despite the beliefs that spawned this respect being practically extinct . However , in some regions the rockfowl 's secretive habits and inaccessible habitat have meant it was unknown to the local population . Conversely , migrant Liberian hunters sometimes catch the nestlings for food . Due to this species ' uniqueness it became a symbol for ecotourism and rainforest conservation in the region in the 1990s . The white @-@ necked rockfowl has been depicted on numerous postage stamps from Ghana and Sierra Leone . Due to its strange appearance and behavior and the difficulty in seeing the species , this bird is considered particularly fascinating by birdwatchers . This species is considered to be one of the five most desirable birds in Africa by ornithologists . This species also helped launch Sir David Attenborough 's career in 1954 , when he was the producer on the new television program Zoo Quest . The show 's presenter Jack Lester was required to travel to Africa to record attempts to capture animals for display in zoos , with the focus of the series being on the white @-@ necked rockfowl . However , when he fell ill , Attenborough took his place , which launched him into the limelight and starting his narrating career . = = = Conservation = = = This species is considered Vulnerable by the IUCN due to its highly fragmented distribution , dwindling population , and habitat destruction . It is considered to be less common and more threatened than the closely related grey @-@ necked rockfowl . The stronghold of the species is in Sierra Leone and southern Guinea , where the bird is still locally common if difficult to locate . It is estimated that only 2 @,@ 500 to 10 @,@ 000 white @-@ necked rockfowl survive , with the population dwindling and spread out over a known 32 sites ; however , most individuals studying this species believe that the population is far fewer than the 10 @,@ 000 maximum . Many of its colonies are currently approaching the minimum population size necessary to guarantee long @-@ term viability against inbreeding . The primary threat is the commercial destruction of its habitat for timber . Although the white @-@ necked rockfowl is capable of withstanding some disturbance of the nearby habitat , as demonstrated by one colony surviving after it was completely surrounded by a cocoa plantation , habitat disturbance is far more likely to negatively impact on breeding success . Most of the remaining colonies in Guinea , Sierra Leone , and Côte d 'Ivoire are on protected land , while Liberia and Ghana 's colonies are mostly unprotected . In part to protect this species , Sierra Leone recently upgraded its protection of the Gola forest by turning it into its second national park , Gola National Park , and has announced that the country intends to work with Liberia to form a trans @-@ national park protecting the Gola rainforest . In return for lost logging rights , Sierra Leone has compensated locals with road and school renovations , additional training for police officers , and construction of churches and a mosque . Liberia has also expressed a desire to expand its national park system , which would help protect the species . In Guinea , the bird 's forests are being logged to provide land for rice farming to help support farmers immigrating from the country 's drier north . Laws exist in Sierra Leone , Liberia , and Ghana to protect this species , but enforcement is minimal . International trading of the white @-@ necked rockfowl is regulated as the bird is currently listed under CITES Appendix I. Additionally , in 2004 BirdLife International drafted an international action plan to provide strategies for protecting this species . This plan focused on surveying the remaining habitat , raising awareness amongst the local populace , and limiting the continued destruction of its habitat . In 2006 , BirdLife International received a US $ 19 @,@ 900 grant from the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund to help enact this plan . Surveys conducted with this funding have resulted in the discovery of additional populations in Sierra Leone . Additionally , wardens have been trained to protect Sierra Leone 's Western Area Forest Reserve . This plan , coupled with the bird 's appearance and unusual habits , have led it to become a flagship species for habitat conservation across Africa and particularly in its upper Guinean forests . Until 2003 , the species was thought to be extinct in Ghana . Most of the Ghanaian sites from which it is known are active forest reserves , where logging periodically occurs . Outside of the reserves , bush @-@ burning and mining for gold and other metals threaten remaining habitat . Following its rediscovery in Ghana , the Ghana Wildlife Society has begun to survey remaining habitat and implement conservation strategies . In the 1950s and 1960s , collecting this species for display in zoos was a major threat , and in Liberia in particular this practice destroyed several of the bird 's colonies . The rockfowl were captured by the indigenous peoples through the use of traps , while hunters in Guinea , who were already catching rodents and hyraxes at the bird 's nesting colonies , sometimes captured rockfowl at night . In Côte d 'Ivoire specimens were sometimes caught by bat @-@ catchers . Most birds collected from the wild die within 24 hours . Despite over 70 white @-@ necked rockfowl being displayed in zoos during the 1970s , captive breeding was a rare occurrence and no stable captive populations have been formed . Despite this , zoos did have limited success and at least one zoo was able to hand @-@ rear a white @-@ necked rockfowl . As of 2002 , no white @-@ necked rockfowl have existed outside of Africa since 1998 .
= Smallpox = Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by either of two virus variants , Variola major and Variola minor . The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera , derived from varius ( " spotted " ) or varus ( " pimple " ) . The disease was originally known in English as the " pox " or " red plague " ; the term " smallpox " was first used in Britain in the 15th century to distinguish variola from the " great pox " ( syphilis ) . The last naturally occurring case of smallpox ( Variola minor ) was diagnosed on 26 October 1977 . Infection with smallpox is focused in small blood vessels of the skin and in the mouth and throat before disseminating . In the skin it results in a characteristic maculopapular rash and , later , raised fluid @-@ filled blisters . V. major produced a more serious disease and had an overall mortality rate of 30 – 35 percent . V. minor caused a milder form of disease ( also known as alastrim , cottonpox , milkpox , whitepox , and Cuban itch ) which killed about 1 percent of its victims . Long @-@ term complications of V. major infection included characteristic scars , commonly on the face , which occur in 65 – 85 percent of survivors . Blindness resulting from corneal ulceration and scarring , and limb deformities due to arthritis and osteomyelitis were less common complications , seen in about 2 – 5 percent of cases . Smallpox is believed to have emerged in human populations about 10 @,@ 000 BC . The earliest physical evidence of it is probably the pustular rash on the mummified body of Pharaoh Ramses V of Egypt . The disease killed an estimated 400 @,@ 000 Europeans annually during the closing years of the 18th century ( including five reigning monarchs ) , and was responsible for a third of all blindness . Of all those infected , 20 – 60 percent — and over 80 percent of infected children — died from the disease . Smallpox was responsible for an estimated 300 – 500 million deaths during the 20th century . As recently as 1967 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that 15 million people contracted the disease and that two million died in that year . After vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries , the WHO certified the global eradication of smallpox in 1979 . Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated , the other being rinderpest , which was declared eradicated in 2011 . = = Classification = = There were two clinical forms of smallpox . Variola major was the severe and most common form , with a more extensive rash and higher fever . Variola minor was a less common presentation , and a much less severe disease , with historical death rates of 1 percent or less . Subclinical ( asymptomatic ) infections with variola virus were noted but were not common . In addition , a form called variola sine eruptione ( smallpox without rash ) was seen generally in vaccinated persons . This form was marked by a fever that occurred after the usual incubation period and could be confirmed only by antibody studies or , rarely , by virus isolation . = = Signs and symptoms = = The incubation period between contraction and the first obvious symptoms of the disease is around 12 days . Once inhaled , variola major virus invades the oropharyngeal ( mouth and throat ) or the respiratory mucosa , migrates to regional lymph nodes , and begins to multiply . In the initial growth phase the virus seems to move from cell to cell , but around the 12th day , lysis of many infected cells occurs and the virus is found in the bloodstream in large numbers ( this is called viremia ) , and a second wave of multiplication occurs in the spleen , bone marrow , and lymph nodes . The initial or prodromal symptoms are similar to other viral diseases such as influenza and the common cold : fever of at least 38 @.@ 3 ° C ( 101 ° F ) , muscle pain , malaise , headache and prostration . As the digestive tract is commonly involved , nausea and vomiting and backache often occur . The prodrome , or preeruptive stage , usually lasts 2 – 4 days . By days 12 – 15 the first visible lesions — small reddish spots called enanthem — appear on mucous membranes of the mouth , tongue , palate , and throat , and temperature falls to near normal . These lesions rapidly enlarge and rupture , releasing large amounts of virus into the saliva . Smallpox virus preferentially attacks skin cells , causing the characteristic pimples ( called macules ) associated with the disease . A rash develops on the skin 24 to 48 hours after lesions on the mucous membranes appear . Typically the macules first appear on the forehead , then rapidly spread to the whole face , proximal portions of extremities , the trunk , and lastly to distal portions of extremities . The process takes no more than 24 to 36 hours , after which no new lesions appear . At this point variola major infection can take several very different courses , resulting in four types of smallpox disease based on the Rao classification : ordinary , modified , malignant ( or flat ) , and hemorrhagic . Historically , smallpox has an overall fatality rate of about 30 percent ; however , the malignant and hemorrhagic forms are usually fatal . = = = Ordinary = = = Ninety percent or more of smallpox cases among unvaccinated persons were of the ordinary type . In this form of the disease , by the second day of the rash the macules became raised papules . By the third or fourth day the papules filled with an opalescent fluid to become vesicles . This fluid became opaque and turbid within 24 – 48 hours , giving them the appearance of pustules ; however , the so @-@ called pustules were filled with tissue debris , not pus . By the sixth or seventh day , all the skin lesions have become pustules . Between seven and ten days the pustules matured and reached their maximum size . The pustules were sharply raised , typically round , tense , and firm to the touch . The pustules were deeply embedded in the dermis , giving them the feel of a small bead in the skin . Fluid slowly leaked from the pustules , and by the end of the second week the pustules deflated , and started to dry up , forming crusts ( or scabs ) . By day 16 – 20 scabs had formed over all the lesions , which have started to flake off , leaving depigmented scars . Ordinary smallpox generally produced a discrete rash , in which the pustules stood out on the skin separately . The distribution of the rash was densest on the face ; denser on the extremities than on the trunk ; and on the extremities , denser on the distal parts than on the proximal . The palms of the hands and soles of the feet were involved in the majority of cases . Sometimes , the blisters merged into sheets , forming a confluent rash , which began to detach the outer layers of skin from the underlying flesh . Patients with confluent smallpox often remained ill even after scabs have formed over all the lesions . In one case series , the case @-@ fatality rate in confluent smallpox was 62 percent . = = = Modified = = = Referring to the character of the eruption and the rapidity of its development , modified smallpox occurred mostly in previously vaccinated people . In this form the prodromal illness still occurred but may be less severe than in the ordinary type . There is usually no fever during evolution of the rash . The skin lesions tended to be fewer and evolve more quickly , are more superficial , and may not show the uniform characteristic of more typical smallpox . Modified smallpox was rarely , if ever , fatal . This form of variola major is more easily confused with chickenpox . = = = Malignant = = = In malignant @-@ type smallpox ( also called flat smallpox ) the lesions remained almost flush with the skin at the time when raised vesicles form in the ordinary type . It is unknown why some people developed this type . Historically , it accounted for 5 – 10 percent of cases , and the majority ( 72 percent ) were children . Malignant smallpox was accompanied by a severe prodromal phase that lasted 3 – 4 days , prolonged high fever , and severe symptoms of toxemia . The rash on the tongue and palate was extensive . Skin lesions matured slowly and by the seventh or eighth day they were flat and appeared to be buried in the skin . Unlike ordinary @-@ type smallpox , the vesicles contained little fluid , were soft and velvety to the touch , and may have contained hemorrhages . Malignant smallpox was nearly always fatal . = = = Hemorrhagic = = = Hemorrhagic smallpox is a severe form that is accompanied by extensive bleeding into the skin , mucous membranes , and gastrointestinal tract . This form develops in approximately 2 percent of infections and occurred mostly in adults . In hemorrhagic smallpox the skin does not blister , but remains smooth . Instead , bleeding occurs under the skin , making it look charred and black , hence this form of the disease is also known as black pox . In the early , or fulminating form , hemorrhaging appears on the second or third day as sub @-@ conjunctival bleeding turns the whites of the eyes deep red . Hemorrhagic smallpox also produces a dusky erythema , petechiae , and hemorrhages in the spleen , kidney , serosa , muscle , and , rarely , the epicardium , liver , testes , ovaries and bladder . Death often occurs suddenly between the fifth and seventh days of illness , when only a few insignificant skin lesions are present . A later form of the disease occurs in patients who survive for 8 – 10 days . The hemorrhages appear in the early eruptive period , and the rash is flat and does not progress beyond the vesicular stage . Patients in the early stage of disease show a decrease in coagulation factors ( e.g. platelets , prothrombin , and globulin ) and an increase in circulating antithrombin . Patients in the late stage have significant thrombocytopenia ; however , deficiency of coagulation factors is less severe . Some in the late stage also show increased antithrombin . This form of smallpox occurs in anywhere from 3 to 25 percent of fatal cases depending on the virulence of the smallpox strain . Hemorrhagic smallpox is usually fatal . = = Cause = = = = = Pathogens = = = Smallpox is caused by infection with variola virus , which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus , the family Poxviridae and subfamily chordopoxvirinae . The date of the appearance of smallpox is not settled . It most likely evolved from a rodent virus between 68 @,@ 000 and 16 @,@ 000 years ago . The wide range of dates is due to the different records used to calibrate the molecular clock . One clade was the variola major strains ( the more clinically severe form of smallpox ) which spread from Asia between 400 and 1 @,@ 600 years ago . A second clade included both alastrim minor ( a phenotypically mild smallpox ) described from the American continents and isolates from West Africa which diverged from an ancestral strain between 1 @,@ 400 and 6 @,@ 300 years before present . This clade further diverged into two subclades at least 800 years ago . A second estimate has placed the separation of variola from Taterapox at 3000 – 4000 years ago . This is consistent with archaeological and historical evidence regarding the appearance of smallpox as a human disease which suggests a relatively recent origin . However , if the mutation rate is assumed to be similar to that of the herpesviruses , the divergence date between variola from Taterapox has been estimated to be 50 @,@ 000 years ago . While this is consistent with the other published estimates , it suggests that the archaeological and historical evidence is very incomplete . Better estimates of mutation rates in these viruses are needed . Variola is a large brick @-@ shaped virus measuring approximately 302 to 350 nanometers by 244 to 270 nm , with a single linear double stranded DNA genome 186 kilobase pairs ( kbp ) in size and containing a hairpin loop at each end . The two classic varieties of smallpox are variola major and variola minor . Four orthopoxviruses cause infection in humans : variola , vaccinia , cowpox , and monkeypox . Variola virus infects only humans in nature , although primates and other animals have been infected in a laboratory setting . Vaccinia , cowpox , and monkeypox viruses can infect both humans and other animals in nature . The life cycle of poxviruses is complicated by having multiple infectious forms , with differing mechanisms of cell entry . Poxviruses are unique among DNA viruses in that they replicate in the cytoplasm of the cell rather than in the nucleus . In order to replicate , poxviruses produce a variety of specialized proteins not produced by other DNA viruses , the most important of which is a viral @-@ associated DNA @-@ dependent RNA polymerase . Both enveloped and unenveloped virions are infectious . The viral envelope is made of modified Golgi membranes containing viral @-@ specific polypeptides , including hemagglutinin . Infection with either variola major or variola minor confers immunity against the other . = = = Transmission = = = Transmission occurs through inhalation of airborne variola virus , usually droplets expressed from the oral , nasal , or pharyngeal mucosa of an infected person . It is transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face @-@ to @-@ face contact with an infected person , usually within a distance of 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) , but can also be spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated objects ( fomites ) such as bedding or clothing . Rarely , smallpox has been spread by virus carried in the air in enclosed settings such as buildings , buses , and trains . The virus can cross the placenta , but the incidence of congenital smallpox is relatively low . Smallpox is not notably infectious in the prodromal period and viral shedding is usually delayed until the appearance of the rash , which is often accompanied by lesions in the mouth and pharynx . The virus can be transmitted throughout the course of the illness , but is most frequent during the first week of the rash , when most of the skin lesions are intact . Infectivity wanes in 7 to 10 days when scabs form over the lesions , but the infected person is contagious until the last smallpox scab falls off . Smallpox is highly contagious , but generally spreads more slowly and less widely than some other viral diseases , perhaps because transmission requires close contact and occurs after the onset of the rash . The overall rate of infection is also affected by the short duration of the infectious stage . In temperate areas , the number of smallpox infections were highest during the winter and spring . In tropical areas , seasonal variation was less evident and the disease was present throughout the year . Age distribution of smallpox infections depends on acquired immunity . Vaccination immunity declines over time and is probably lost within thirty years . Smallpox is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals and there is no asymptomatic carrier state . = = Diagnosis = = The clinical definition of smallpox is an illness with acute onset of fever equal to or greater than 38 @.@ 3 ° C ( 101 ° F ) followed by a rash characterized by firm , deep seated vesicles or pustules in the same stage of development without other apparent cause . If a clinical case is observed , smallpox is confirmed using laboratory tests . Microscopically , poxviruses produce characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions , the most important of which are known as Guarnieri bodies , and are the sites of viral replication . Guarnieri bodies are readily identified in skin biopsies stained with hematoxylin and eosin , and appear as pink blobs . They are found in virtually all poxvirus infections but the absence of Guarnieri bodies cannot be used to rule out smallpox . The diagnosis of an orthopoxvirus infection can also be made rapidly by electron microscopic examination of pustular fluid or scabs . However , all orthopoxviruses exhibit identical brick @-@ shaped virions by electron microscopy . However , if particles with the characteristic morphology of herpesviruses are seen this will eliminate smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections . Definitive laboratory identification of variola virus involves growing the virus on chorioallantoic membrane ( part of a chicken embryo ) and examining the resulting pock lesions under defined temperature conditions . Strains may be characterized by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) and restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP ) analysis . Serologic tests and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays ( ELISA ) , which measure variola virus @-@ specific immunoglobulin and antigen have also been developed to assist in the diagnosis of infection . Chickenpox was commonly confused with smallpox in the immediate post @-@ eradication era . Chickenpox and smallpox can be distinguished by several methods . Unlike smallpox , chickenpox does not usually affect the palms and soles . Additionally , chickenpox pustules are of varying size due to variations in the timing of pustule eruption : smallpox pustules are all very nearly the same size since the viral effect progresses more uniformly . A variety of laboratory methods are available for detecting chickenpox in evaluation of suspected smallpox cases . = = Prevention = = The earliest procedure used to prevent smallpox was inoculation ( known as variolation after the introduction of smallpox vaccine to avoid possible confusion ) , which likely occurred in India , Africa , and China well before the practice arrived in Europe . However , the idea that inoculation originated in India has been challenged , as few of the ancient Sanskrit medical texts described the process of inoculation . Accounts of inoculation against smallpox in China can be found as early as the late 10th century , and the procedure was widely practiced by the 16th century , during the Ming dynasty . If successful , inoculation produced lasting immunity to smallpox . However , because the person was infected with variola virus , a severe infection could result , and the person could transmit smallpox to others . Variolation had a 0 @.@ 5 – 2 percent mortality rate , considerably less than the 20 – 30 percent mortality rate of the disease . Lady Mary Wortley Montagu observed smallpox inoculation during her stay in the Ottoman Empire , writing detailed accounts of the practice in her letters , and enthusiastically promoted the procedure in England upon her return in 1718 . In 1721 , Cotton Mather and colleagues provoked controversy in Boston by inoculating hundreds . In 1796 , Edward Jenner , a doctor in Berkeley , Gloucestershire , rural England , discovered that immunity to smallpox could be produced by inoculating a person with material from a cowpox lesion . Cowpox is a poxvirus in the same family as variola . Jenner called the material used for inoculation vaccine , from the root word vacca , which is Latin for cow . The procedure was much safer than variolation , and did not involve a risk of smallpox transmission . Vaccination to prevent smallpox was soon practiced all over the world . During the 19th century , the cowpox virus used for smallpox vaccination was replaced by vaccinia virus . Vaccinia is in the same family as cowpox and variola , but is genetically distinct from both . The origin of vaccinia virus and how it came to be in the vaccine are not known . The current formulation of smallpox vaccine is a live virus preparation of infectious vaccinia virus . The vaccine is given using a bifurcated ( two @-@ pronged ) needle that is dipped into the vaccine solution . The needle is used to prick the skin ( usually the upper arm ) a number of times in a few seconds . If successful , a red and itchy bump develops at the vaccine site in three or four days . In the first week , the bump becomes a large blister ( called a " Jennerian vesicle " ) which fills with pus , and begins to drain . During the second week , the blister begins to dry up and a scab forms . The scab falls off in the third week , leaving a small scar . The antibodies induced by vaccinia vaccine are cross @-@ protective for other orthopoxviruses , such as monkeypox , cowpox , and variola ( smallpox ) viruses . Neutralizing antibodies are detectable 10 days after first @-@ time vaccination , and seven days after revaccination . Historically , the vaccine has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95 percent of those vaccinated . Smallpox vaccination provides a high level of immunity for three to five years and decreasing immunity thereafter . If a person is vaccinated again later , immunity lasts even longer . Studies of smallpox cases in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the fatality rate among persons vaccinated less than 10 years before exposure was 1 @.@ 3 percent ; it was 7 percent among those vaccinated 11 to 20 years prior , and 11 percent among those vaccinated 20 or more years prior to infection . By contrast , 52 percent of unvaccinated persons died . There are side effects and risks associated with the smallpox vaccine . In the past , about 1 out of 1 @,@ 000 people vaccinated for the first time experienced serious , but non @-@ life @-@ threatening , reactions , including toxic or allergic reaction at the site of the vaccination ( erythema multiforme ) , spread of the vaccinia virus to other parts of the body , and to other individuals . Potentially life @-@ threatening reactions occurred in 14 to 500 people out of every 1 million people vaccinated for the first time . Based on past experience , it is estimated that 1 or 2 people in 1 million ( 0 @.@ 000198 percent ) who receive the vaccine may die as a result , most often the result of postvaccinial encephalitis or severe necrosis in the area of vaccination ( called progressive vaccinia ) . Given these risks , as smallpox became effectively eradicated and the number of naturally occurring cases fell below the number of vaccine @-@ induced illnesses and deaths , routine childhood vaccination was discontinued in the United States in 1972 , and was abandoned in most European countries in the early 1970s . Routine vaccination of health care workers was discontinued in the U.S. in 1976 , and among military recruits in 1990 ( although military personnel deploying to the Middle East and Korea still receive the vaccination ) . By 1986 , routine vaccination had ceased in all countries . It is now primarily recommended for laboratory workers at risk for occupational exposure . = = Treatment = = Smallpox vaccination within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people . Vaccination four to seven days after exposure can offer some protection from disease or may modify the severity of disease . Other than vaccination , treatment of smallpox is primarily supportive , such as wound care and infection control , fluid therapy , and possible ventilator assistance . Flat and hemorrhagic types of smallpox are treated with the same therapies used to treat shock , such as fluid resuscitation . People with semi @-@ confluent and confluent types of smallpox may have therapeutic issues similar to patients with extensive skin burns . No drug is currently approved for the treatment of smallpox . However , antiviral treatments have improved since the last large smallpox epidemics , and studies suggest that the antiviral drug cidofovir might be useful as a therapeutic agent . The drug must be administered intravenously , however , and may cause serious kidney toxicity . = = Prognosis = = The overall case @-@ fatality rate for ordinary @-@ type smallpox is about 30 percent , but varies by pock distribution : ordinary type @-@ confluent is fatal about 50 – 75 percent of the time , ordinary @-@ type semi @-@ confluent about 25 – 50 percent of the time , in cases where the rash is discrete the case @-@ fatality rate is less than 10 percent . The overall fatality rate for children younger than 1 year of age is 40 – 50 percent . Hemorrhagic and flat types have the highest fatality rates . The fatality rate for flat @-@ type is 90 percent or greater and nearly 100 percent is observed in cases of hemorrhagic smallpox . The case @-@ fatality rate for variola minor is 1 percent or less . There is no evidence of chronic or recurrent infection with variola virus . In fatal cases of ordinary smallpox , death usually occurs between the tenth and sixteenth days of the illness . The cause of death from smallpox is not clear , but the infection is now known to involve multiple organs . Circulating immune complexes , overwhelming viremia , or an uncontrolled immune response may be contributing factors . In early hemorrhagic smallpox , death occurs suddenly about six days after the fever develops . Cause of death in hemorrhagic cases involved heart failure , sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema . In late hemorrhagic cases , high and sustained viremia , severe platelet loss and poor immune response were often cited as causes of death . In flat smallpox modes of death are similar to those in burns , with loss of fluid , protein and electrolytes beyond the capacity of the body to replace or acquire , and fulminating sepsis . = = = Complications = = = Complications of smallpox arise most commonly in the respiratory system and range from simple bronchitis to fatal pneumonia . Respiratory complications tend to develop on about the eighth day of the illness and can be either viral or bacterial in origin . Secondary bacterial infection of the skin is a relatively uncommon complication of smallpox . When this occurs , the fever usually remains elevated . Other complications include encephalitis ( 1 in 500 patients ) , which is more common in adults and may cause temporary disability ; permanent pitted scars , most notably on the face ; and complications involving the eyes ( 2 percent of all cases ) . Pustules can form on the eyelid , conjunctiva , and cornea , leading to complications such as conjunctivitis , keratitis , corneal ulcer , iritis , iridocyclitis , and optic atrophy . Blindness results in approximately 35 percent to 40 percent of eyes affected with keratitis and corneal ulcer . Hemorrhagic smallpox can cause subconjunctival and retinal hemorrhages . In 2 to 5 percent of young children with smallpox , virions reach the joints and bone , causing osteomyelitis variolosa . Lesions are symmetrical , most common in the elbows , tibia , and fibula , and characteristically cause separation of an epiphysis and marked periosteal reactions . Swollen joints limit movement , and arthritis may lead to limb deformities , ankylosis , malformed bones , flail joints , and stubby fingers . = = History = = = = = Disease emergence = = = The earliest credible clinical evidence of smallpox is found in the smallpox @-@ like disease in medical writings from ancient India ( as early as 1500 BC ) , Egyptian mummy of Ramses V who died more than 3000 years ago ( 1145 BC ) and China ( 1122 BC ) . It has been speculated that Egyptian traders brought smallpox to India during the 1st millennium BC , where it remained as an endemic human disease for at least 2000 years . Smallpox was probably introduced into China during the 1st century AD from the southwest , and in the 6th century was carried from China to Japan . In Japan , the epidemic of 735 – 737 is believed to have killed as much as one @-@ third of the population . At least seven religious deities have been specifically dedicated to smallpox , such as the god Sopona in the Yoruba religion . In India , the Hindu goddess of smallpox , Sitala Mata , was worshiped in temples throughout the country . The timing of the arrival of smallpox in Europe and south @-@ western Asia is less clear . Smallpox is not clearly described in either the Old or New Testaments of the Bible or in the literature of the Greeks or Romans . While some have identified the Plague of Athens — which was said to have originated in " Ethiopia " and Egypt — or the plague that lifted Carthage 's 396 BC siege of Syracuse with smallpox , many scholars agree it is very unlikely such a serious disease as variola major would have escaped being described by Hippocrates if it had existed in the Mediterranean region during his lifetime . While the Antonine Plague that swept through the Roman Empire in AD 165 – 180 may have been caused by smallpox , Saint Nicasius of Rheims became the patron saint of smallpox victims for having supposedly survived a bout in 450 , and Saint Gregory of Tours recorded a similar outbreak in France and Italy in 580 , the first use of the term variola ; other historians speculate that Arab armies first carried smallpox from Africa into Southwestern Europe during the 7th and 8th centuries . In the 9th century the Persian physician , Rhazes , provided one of the most definitive descriptions of smallpox and was the first to differentiate smallpox from measles and chickenpox in his Kitab fi al @-@ jadari wa @-@ al @-@ hasbah ( The Book of Smallpox and Measles ) . During the Middle Ages , smallpox made periodic incursions into Europe but did not become established there until the population increased and population movement became more active during the era of the Crusades . By the 16th century smallpox had become well established across most of Europe . With its introduction into populated areas in India , China and Europe , smallpox affected mainly children , with periodic epidemics that killed as many as 30 percent of those infected . The settled existence of smallpox in Europe was of particular historical importance , since successive waves of exploration and colonization by Europeans tended to spread the disease to other parts of the world . By the 16th century it had become an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout much of the world . There are no credible descriptions of smallpox @-@ like disease in the Americas before the westward exploration by Europeans in the 15th century AD . Smallpox was introduced into the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in 1509 , and into the mainland in 1520 , when Spanish settlers from Hispaniola arrived in Mexico bringing smallpox with them . Smallpox devastated the native Amerindian population and was an important factor in the conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas by the Spaniards . Settlement of the east coast of North America in 1633 in Plymouth , Massachusetts was also accompanied by devastating outbreaks of smallpox among Native American populations , and subsequently among the native @-@ born colonists . Case fatality rates during outbreaks in Native American populations were as high as 80 – 90 % . Smallpox was introduced into Australia in 1789 and again in 1829 . Although the disease was never endemic on the continent , it was the principal cause of death in Aboriginal populations between 1780 and 1870 . By the mid @-@ 18th century smallpox was a major endemic disease everywhere in the world except in Australia and in several small islands . In Europe smallpox was a leading cause of death in the 18th century , killing an estimated 400 @,@ 000 Europeans each year . Up to 10 percent of Swedish infants died of smallpox each year , and the death rate of infants in Russia may have been even higher . The widespread use of variolation in a few countries , notably Great Britain , its North American colonies , and China , somewhat reduced the impact of smallpox among the wealthy classes during the latter part of the 18th century , but a real reduction in its incidence did not occur until vaccination became a common practice toward the end of the 19th century . Improved vaccines and the practice of re @-@ vaccination led to a substantial reduction in cases in Europe and North America , but smallpox remained almost unchecked everywhere else in the world . In the United States and South Africa a much milder form of smallpox , variola minor , was recognized just before the close of the 19th century . By the mid @-@ 20th century variola minor occurred along with variola major , in varying proportions , in many parts of Africa . Patients with variola minor experience only a mild systemic illness , are often ambulant throughout the course of the disease , and are therefore able to more easily spread disease . Infection with v. minor induces immunity against the more deadly variola major form . Thus as v. minor spread all over the USA , into Canada , the South American countries and Great Britain it became the dominant form of smallpox , further reducing mortality rates . = = = Eradication = = = The English physician Edward Jenner demonstrated the effectiveness of cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796 , after which various attempts were made to eliminate smallpox on a regional scale . The introduction of the vaccine to the New World took place in Trinity , Newfoundland in 1800 by Dr. John Clinch , boyhood friend and medical colleague of Jenner . As early as 1803 , the Spanish Crown organized the Balmis expedition to transport the vaccine to the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines , and establish mass vaccination programs there . The U.S. Congress passed the Vaccine Act of 1813 to ensure that safe smallpox vaccine would be available to the American public . By about 1817 , a very solid state vaccination program existed in the Dutch East Indies . In British India a program was launched to propagate smallpox vaccination , through Indian vaccinators , under the supervision of European officials . Nevertheless , British vaccination efforts in India , and in Burma in particular , were hampered by stubborn indigenous preference for inoculation and distrust of vaccination , despite tough legislation , improvements in the local efficacy of the vaccine and vaccine preservative , and education efforts . By 1832 , the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans . In 1842 , the United Kingdom banned inoculation , later progressing to mandatory vaccination . The British government introduced compulsory smallpox vaccination by an Act of Parliament in 1853 . In the United States , from 1843 to 1855 first Massachusetts , and then other states required smallpox vaccination . Although some disliked these measures , coordinated efforts against smallpox went on , and the disease continued to diminish in the wealthy countries . By 1897 , smallpox had largely been eliminated from the United States . In Northern Europe a number of countries had eliminated smallpox by 1900 , and by 1914 , the incidence in most industrialized countries had decreased to comparatively low levels . Vaccination continued in industrialized countries , until the mid to late 1970s as protection against reintroduction . Australia and New Zealand are two notable exceptions ; neither experienced endemic smallpox and never vaccinated widely , relying instead on protection by distance and strict quarantines . The first hemisphere @-@ wide effort to eradicate smallpox was made in 1950 by the Pan American Health Organization . The campaign was successful in eliminating smallpox from all American countries except Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , and Ecuador . In 1958 Professor Viktor Zhdanov , Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR , called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox . The proposal ( Resolution WHA11.54 ) was accepted in 1959 . At this point , 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year . Overall , however , the progress towards eradication was disappointing , especially in Africa and in the Indian subcontinent . In 1966 an international team , the Smallpox Eradication Unit , was formed under the leadership of an American , Donald Henderson . In 1967 , the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $ 2 @.@ 4 million annually to the effort , and adopted the new disease surveillance method promoted by Czech epidemiologist Karel Raška . In the early 1950s an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year . To eradicate smallpox , each outbreak had to be stopped from spreading , by isolation of cases and vaccination of everyone who lived close by . This process is known as " ring vaccination " . The key to this strategy was the monitoring of cases in a community ( known as surveillance ) and containment . The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases , as many cases did not come to the attention of the authorities . The fact that humans are the only reservoir for smallpox infection , and that carriers did not exist , played a significant role in the eradication of smallpox . The WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities . Early on , donations of vaccine were provided primarily by the Soviet Union and the United States , but by 1973 , more than 80 percent of all vaccine was produced in developing countries . The last major European outbreak of smallpox was in 1972 in Yugoslavia , after a pilgrim from Kosovo returned from the Middle East , where he had contracted the virus . The epidemic infected 175 people , causing 35 deaths . Authorities declared martial law , enforced quarantine , and undertook widespread re @-@ vaccination of the population , enlisting the help of the WHO . In two months , the outbreak was over . Prior to this , there had been a smallpox outbreak in May – July 1963 in Stockholm , Sweden , brought from the Far East by a Swedish sailor ; this had been dealt with by quarantine measures and vaccination of the local population . By the end of 1975 , smallpox persisted only in the Horn of Africa . Conditions were very difficult in Ethiopia and Somalia , where there were few roads . Civil war , famine , and refugees made the task even more difficult . An intensive surveillance and containment and vaccination program was undertaken in these countries in early and mid @-@ 1977 , under the direction of Australian microbiologist Frank Fenner . As the campaign neared its goal , Fenner and his team played an important role in verifying eradication . The last naturally occurring case of indigenous smallpox ( Variola minor ) was diagnosed in Ali Maow Maalin , a hospital cook in Merca , Somalia , on 26 October 1977 . The last naturally occurring case of the more deadly Variola major had been detected in October 1975 in a two @-@ year @-@ old Bangladeshi girl , Rahima Banu . The global eradication of smallpox was certified , based on intense verification activities in countries , by a commission of eminent scientists on 9 December 1979 and subsequently endorsed by the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980 . The first two sentences of the resolution read : Having considered the development and results of the global program on smallpox eradication initiated by WHO in 1958 and intensified since 1967 … Declares solemnly that the world and its peoples have won freedom from smallpox , which was a most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through many countries since earliest time , leaving death , blindness and disfigurement in its wake and which only a decade ago was rampant in Africa , Asia and South America . = = = Post @-@ eradication = = = The last cases of smallpox in the world occurred in an outbreak of two cases ( one of which was fatal ) in Birmingham , UK in 1978 . A medical photographer , Janet Parker , contracted the disease at the University of Birmingham Medical School and died on September 11 , 1978 , after which Professor Henry Bedson , the scientist responsible for smallpox research at the university , committed suicide . All known stocks of smallpox were subsequently destroyed or transferred to two WHO @-@ designated reference laboratories with BSL @-@ 4 facilities — the United States ' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Russia 's State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR . WHO first recommended destruction of the virus in 1986 and later set the date of destruction to be 30 December 1993 . This was postponed to 30 June 1999 . Due to resistance from the U.S. and Russia , in 2002 the World Health Assembly agreed to permit the temporary retention of the virus stocks for specific research purposes . Destroying existing stocks would reduce the risk involved with ongoing smallpox research ; the stocks are not needed to respond to a smallpox outbreak . Some scientists have argued that the stocks may be useful in developing new vaccines , antiviral drugs , and diagnostic tests ; however , a 2010 review by a team of public health experts appointed by WHO concluded that no essential public health purpose is served by the U.S. and Russia continuing to retain virus stocks . The latter view is frequently supported in the scientific community , particularly among veterans of the WHO Smallpox Eradication Program . In March 2004 smallpox scabs were found tucked inside an envelope in a book on Civil War medicine in Santa Fe , New Mexico . The envelope was labeled as containing scabs from a vaccination and gave scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention an opportunity to study the history of smallpox vaccination in the U.S. In July 2014 several vials of smallpox were discovered in an FDA laboratory at the National Institutes of Health location in Bethesda , Maryland . = = Society and culture = = = = = Biological warfare = = = The British used smallpox as a biological warfare agent at the Siege of Fort Pitt during the French and Indian Wars ( 1754 – 1763 ) against France and its Native American allies . The actual use of smallpox had official sanction . British officers , including the top British commanding generals , ordered , sanctioned , paid for and conducted the use of smallpox against the Native Americans . As described by historians , " there is no doubt that British military authorities approved of attempts to spread smallpox among the enemy " , and " it was deliberate British policy to infect the indians with smallpox " . On June 24 , 1763 , William Trent , a local trader and commander of the Fort Pitt militia , wrote , " Out of our regard for them , we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital . I hope it will have the desired effect . " The effectiveness of this effort to broadcast the disease is unknown . There are also accounts that smallpox was used as a weapon during the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 – 1783 ) . According to a theory put forward in Journal of Australian Studies ( JAS ) by an independent researcher , in 1789 , British marines used smallpox against indigenous tribes in New South Wales . This occasion was also discussed earlier in Bulletin of the History of Medicine and by David Day in his book Claiming a Continent : A New History of Australia . Prior to the JAS article this theory was disputed by some academics . Jack Carmody claimed the cause of the outbreak in question was more likely due to chickenpox , which at the time was sometimes identified as a mild form of smallpox . While it was noted that , in the 8 @-@ month voyage of the First Fleet and the following 14 months there were no reports of smallpox amongst the colonists and that as smallpox has an incubation period of 10 – 12 days it is unlikely it was present in the first fleet , it is now known that the likely source was bottles of smallpox virus possessed by First Fleet surgeons and there actually was a report of smallpox amongst the colonists - a seaman , Jefferies . More information is at : First Fleet Smallpox . During World War II , scientists from the United Kingdom , United States and Japan ( Unit 731 of the imperial Japanese army ) were involved in research into producing a biological weapon from smallpox . Plans of large scale production were never carried through as they considered that the weapon would not be very effective due to the wide @-@ scale availability of a vaccine . In 1947 the Soviet Union established a smallpox weapons factory in the city of Zagorsk , 75 km to the northeast of Moscow . An outbreak of weaponized smallpox occurred during testing at a facility on an island in the Aral Sea in 1971 . General Prof. Peter Burgasov , former Chief Sanitary Physician of the Soviet Army and a senior researcher within the Soviet program of biological weapons , described the incident : On Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea , the strongest recipes of smallpox were tested . Suddenly I was informed that there were mysterious cases of mortalities in Aralsk . A research ship of the Aral fleet came to within 15 km of the island ( it was forbidden to come any closer than 40 km ) . The lab technician of this ship took samples of plankton twice a day from the top deck . The smallpox formulation — 400 gr. of which was exploded on the island — " got her " and she became infected . After returning home to Aralsk , she infected several people including children . All of them died . I suspected the reason for this and called the Chief of General Staff of Ministry of Defense and requested to forbid the stop of the Alma @-@ Ata — Moscow train in Aralsk . As a result , the epidemic around the country was prevented . I called Andropov , who at that time was Chief of KGB , and informed him of the exclusive recipe of smallpox obtained on Vozrazhdenie Island . Others contend that the first patient may have contracted the disease while visiting Uyaly or Komsomolsk @-@ on @-@ Ustyurt , two cities where the boat docked . Responding to international pressures , in 1991 the Soviet government allowed a joint U.S.-British inspection team to tour four of its main weapons facilities at Biopreparat . The inspectors were met with evasion and denials from the Soviet scientists , and were eventually ordered out of the facility . In 1992 Soviet defector Ken Alibek alleged that the Soviet bioweapons program at Zagorsk had produced a large stockpile — as much as twenty tons — of weaponized smallpox ( possibly engineered to resist vaccines , Alibek further alleged ) , along with refrigerated warheads to deliver it . Alibek 's stories about the former Soviet program 's smallpox activities have never been independently verified . In 1997 , the Russian government announced that all of its remaining smallpox samples would be moved to the Vector Institute in Koltsovo . With the breakup of the Soviet Union and unemployment of many of the weapons program 's scientists , U.S. government officials have expressed concern that smallpox and the expertise to weaponize it may have become available to other governments or terrorist groups who might wish to use virus as means of biological warfare . Specific allegations made against Iraq in this respect , however , proved to be mistaken . Concern has been expressed by some that artificial gene synthesis could be used to recreate the virus from existing digital genomes , for use in biological warfare . Insertion of the synthesized smallpox DNA into existing related pox viruses could theoretically be used to recreate the virus . The first step to mitigating this risk , it has been suggested , should be to destroy the remaining virus stocks so as to enable unequivocal criminalization of any possession of the virus . = = = Notable cases = = = Famous historical figures who contracted smallpox include Lakota Chief Sitting Bull , Ramses V of Egypt , the Kangxi Emperor ( survived ) , Shunzhi Emperor and Tongzhi Emperor ( refer to the official history ) of China , Date Masamune of Japan ( who lost an eye to the disease ) . Cuitláhuac , the 10th tlatoani ( ruler ) of the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan , died of smallpox in 1520 , shortly after its introduction to the Americas , and the Incan emperor Huayna Capac died of it in 1527 . More recent public figures include Guru Har Krishan , 8th Guru of the Sikhs , in 1664 , Peter II of Russia in 1730 ( died ) , George Washington ( survived ) , king Louis XV in 1774 ( died ) and Maximilian III Joseph , Elector of Bavaria in 1777 . Prominent families throughout the world often had several people infected by and / or perish from the disease . For example , several relatives of Henry VIII survived the disease but were scarred by it . These include his sister Margaret , Queen of Scotland , his fourth wife , Anne of Cleves , and his two daughters : Mary I of England in 1527 and Elizabeth I of England in 1562 ( as an adult she would often try to disguise the pockmarks with heavy makeup ) . His great @-@ niece , Mary , Queen of Scots , contracted the disease as a child but had no visible scarring . In Europe , deaths from smallpox often changed dynastic succession . The only surviving son of Henry VIII , Edward VI , died from complications shortly after apparently recovering from the disease , thereby nullifying Henry 's efforts to ensure a male successor to the throne ( his two immediate successors were both women , who had both had it and survived ) . Louis XV of France succeeded his great @-@ grandfather Louis XIV through a series of deaths of smallpox or measles among those earlier in the succession line . He himself died of the disease in 1774 . William III lost his mother to the disease when he was only ten years old in 1660 , and named his uncle Charles as legal guardian : her death from smallpox would indirectly spark a chain of events that would eventually lead to the permanent ousting of the Stuart line from the British throne . William III 's wife , Mary II of England , died from smallpox as well . In Russia , Peter II of Russia died of the disease at 15 years of age . Also , prior to becoming Russian Emperor , Peter III caught the virus and suffered greatly from it . He was left scarred and disfigured . His wife , Catherine the Great , was spared but fear of the virus clearly had its effects on her . She feared for her son and heir Pavel 's safety so much that she made sure that large crowds were kept at bay and sought to isolate him . Eventually , she decided to have herself inoculated by a Scottish doctor , Thomas Dimsdale . While this was considered a controversial method at the time , she succeeded . Her son Pavel was later inoculated as well . Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating : " My objective was , through my example , to save from death the multitude of my subjects who , not knowing the value of this technique , and frightened of it , were left in danger . " By 1800 , approximately 2 million inoculations were administered in the Russian Empire . In China , the Qing Dynasty had extensive protocols to protect Manchus from Peking 's endemic smallpox . U.S. Presidents George Washington , Andrew Jackson , and Abraham Lincoln all contracted and recovered from the disease . Washington became infected with smallpox on a visit to Barbados in 1751 . Jackson developed the illness after being taken prisoner by the British during the American Revolution , and though he recovered , his brother Robert did not . Lincoln contracted the disease during his Presidency , possibly from his son Tad , and was quarantined shortly after giving the Gettysburg address in 1863 . Famous theologian Jonathan Edwards died of smallpox in 1758 following an inoculation . Soviet leader Joseph Stalin fell ill with smallpox at the age of seven . His face was badly scarred by the disease . He later had photographs retouched to make his pockmarks less apparent . Hungarian poet Ferenc Kölcsey , who wrote the Hungarian national anthem , lost his right eye to smallpox . = = = Tradition and religion = = = In the face of the devastation of smallpox , various smallpox gods and goddesses have been worshipped throughout parts of the Old World , for example in China and in India . In China , the smallpox goddess was referred to as T ’ ou @-@ Shen Niang @-@ Niang . Chinese believers actively worked to appease the goddess and pray for her mercy , by such measures as referring to smallpox pustules as " beautiful flowers " as a euphemism intended to avert offending the goddess , for example . In a related New Year 's Eve custom it was prescribed that the children of the house wear ugly masks while sleeping , so as to conceal any beauty and thereby avoid attracting the goddess , who would be passing through sometime that night . If a case of smallpox did occur , shrines would be set up in the homes of the victims , to be worshipped and offered to as the disease ran its course . If the victim recovered , the shrines were removed and carried away in a special paper chair or boat for burning . If the patient did not recover , the shrine was destroyed and cursed , so as to expel the goddess from the house . India ’ s first records of smallpox can be found in a medical book that dates back to A.D. 400 . This book describes a disease that sounds exceptionally like smallpox . India , like China , created a goddess in response to its exposure to smallpox . The Hindu goddess Shitala was both worshipped and feared during her reign . It was believed that this goddess was both evil and kind and had the ability to inflict victims when angered , as well as calm the fevers of the already afflicted . Portraits of the goddess show her holding a broom in her right hand to continue to move the disease and a pot of cool water in the other hand in an attempt to soothe victims . Shrines were created where many India natives , both healthy and not , went to worship and attempt to protect themselves from this disease . Some Indian women , in an attempt to ward off Shitala , placed plates of cooling foods and pots of water on the roofs of their homes . In cultures that did not recognize a smallpox deity , there was often nonetheless a belief in smallpox demons , who were accordingly blamed for the disease . Such beliefs were prominent in Japan , Europe , Africa , and other parts of the world . Nearly all cultures who believed in the demon also believed that it was afraid of the color red . This led to the invention of so @-@ called red treatment , where victims and their rooms would be decorated in red . The practice spread to Europe in the 12th century and was practiced by ( among others ) Charles V of France and Elizabeth I of England . Afforded scientific credibility through the studies by Finsen showing that red light reduced scarring , this belief persisted even until the 1930s .

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