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= Grumman XTSF =
The Grumman XTSF was a proposed twin @-@ engine torpedo scout aircraft , designed by Grumman for the United States Navy towards the end of World War II . Based on the design of the Grumman F7F Tigercat fighter , enlarged and with the addition of a bomb bay , the XTSF was deemed too large for carrier operations , and the project was cancelled before any aircraft were built . Instead , the Navy chose to order the single @-@ engine XTB3F , which became the successful AF Guardian .
= = Design and development = =
In 1944 , it was determined that the Grumman XTB2F , then under development for the Navy , would be too large to practically and safely operate from aircraft carriers . Even the new Midway @-@ class aircraft carriers , known as " battle carriers " ( CVB ) and the largest aircraft carriers built by any nation to that point , would have difficulty operating the massive aircraft , which was the size of a U.S. Army Air Force medium bomber . As a result , in late June 1944 , Grumman submitted its G @-@ 66 design to the Bureau of Aeronautics ( BuAer ) . After a review of the design by BuAer during the following month , a revised design was submitted , and on August 17 the existing contract for the XTB2F was modified to instead order two XTSF @-@ 1 aircraft , to be based on Grumman 's F7F @-@ 2 Tigercat two @-@ seat , twin @-@ engined fighter @-@ bomber , the first prototype intended to be a conversion of a F7F airframe .
A mid @-@ wing , all @-@ metal , cantilever monoplane with two Pratt & Whitney Double Wasp radial engines mounted in streamlined nacelles under the wing , the XTSF @-@ 1 was intended to carry two crew members in tandem seats , and featured an internal bomb bay and a SCR @-@ 720 radar set , the radar later being replaced in the design by an AN / APS @-@ 3 or AN / APS @-@ 4 set . A second seat was added for the radar operator .
The outer wing of the XTSF was lengthened by 7 @.@ 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) compared to that of the F7F @-@ 2 , while the size of the horizontal stabilizer was increased by 28 inches ( 71 cm ) ) . The vertical stabilizer was also enlarged , while the aircraft 's weight increased by almost two thousand pounds ( 900 kg ) over that of the Tigercat .
The wings folded upwards for stowage aboard aircraft carriers , while the undercarriage and arrestor hook were hydraulically operated . Gun armament was planned to be four .50 caliber ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) Browning M2 machine guns , or , alternatively , two 20 mm Hispano cannon , while a bomb bay based on that of the Grumman TBF Avenger was installed in a fuselage stretched by 5 @.@ 5 inches ( 14 cm ) .
= = = Cancellation = = =
A mockup of the cockpit , center fuselage and wing center section was built and was inspected by the BuAer in the fall 1944 . However , the contract for the prototype XTSF @-@ 1s was terminated in January 1945 . This was due to a variety of factors , including the Navy 's belief that the Grumman engineers and factory were already at capacity producing the F6F Hellcat , the F7F , and the F8F Bearcat , that the XTSF @-@ 1 would be too large for practical operations from escort carriers , and because it was believed the Grumman G @-@ 70 , to be built as the XTB3F , was a better prospect . In addition , the F7F was proving difficult to certify for operations from aircraft carriers , further prejudicing the Navy against the design .
Some sources erroneously state that the XTSF @-@ 1 became the XTB2F , however this is not the case . The XTSF @-@ 1 was the only aircraft ever designated by the U.S. Navy in the ' TS for Torpedo Scout ' category , the designation being superseded and incorporated , along with ' BT for Bomber @-@ Torpedo ' , ' SB for Scout @-@ Bomber ' and ' TB for Torpedo @-@ Bomber ' , into the new ' A for Attack ' series .
= = Specifications ( XTSF @-@ 1 ) = =
Data from
General characteristics
Crew : 2 ( Pilot and radar operator )
Length : 46 ft 4 in ( 14 @.@ 12 m )
Wingspan : 59 ft 4 in ( 18 @.@ 08 m ) ( folded span 32 feet ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) )
Height : 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 m )
Wing area : 500 sq ft ( 46 m2 )
Airfoil : NACA 23015 @-@ 23012
Empty weight : 17 @,@ 288 lb ( 7 @,@ 842 kg )
Gross weight : 26 @,@ 171 lb ( 11 @,@ 871 kg )
Fuel capacity : 400 US gallons ( 1 @,@ 500 l ; 330 imp gal )
Powerplant : 2 × Pratt & Whitney R @-@ 2800 @-@ 22W Double Wasp radial engines , 2 @,@ 400 hp ( 1 @,@ 800 kW ) each
Propellers : 4 @-@ bladed Aeroproducts H @-@ 20 @-@ 156 , 13 ft 2 in ( 4 @.@ 01 m ) diameter
Performance
Maximum speed : 414 mph ( 666 km / h ; 360 kn ) at 18 @,@ 600 feet ( 5 @,@ 700 m )
Stall speed : 84 mph ( 73 kn ; 135 km / h )
Range : 975 mi ( 847 nmi ; 1 @,@ 569 km ) internal fuel at 172 miles per hour ( 277 km / h )
Combat range : 395 mi ( 343 nmi ; 636 km ) radius with two 150 US gallons ( 570 l ; 120 imp gal ) drop tanks
Service ceiling : 36 @,@ 500 ft ( 11 @,@ 125 m )
Rate of climb : 3 @,@ 920 ft / min ( 19 @.@ 9 m / s )
Wing loading : 47 @.@ 9 lb / sq ft ( 234 kg / m2 )
Power / mass : 6.5lb / bhp
Armament
Guns : 4 .50 @-@ calibre machine guns
Hardpoints : Two , 1 @,@ 000 pounds ( 450 kg ) capacity each
Bombs : Internal bomb bay , capacity one Mark 13 torpedo , one 2 @,@ 000 pounds ( 910 kg ) bomb or naval mine , or up to 4 @,@ 000 pounds ( 1 @,@ 800 kg ) smaller bombs , or up to 1 @,@ 300 pounds ( 590 kg ) depth charges .
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= Flag of Italy =
The flag of Italy ( bandiera d 'Italia , often referred to in Italian as il Tricolore [ il trikoˈloːre ] ) is a tricolour featuring three equally sized vertical pales of green , white and red , with the green at the hoist side . Its current form has been in use since 18 June 1946 and was formally adopted on 1 January 1948 .
The first entity to use the Italian tricolour was the Cisalpine Republic in 1797 , which supplanted Milan after Napoleon 's victorious army crossed Italy in 1796 . The colours chosen by the Cispadane Republic were red and white , which were the colours of the recently conquered flag of Milan ; and green , which was the colour of the uniform of the Milanese civic guard . During this time , many small French @-@ proxy republics of Jacobin inspiration supplanted the ancient absolute Italian states and almost all , with variants of colour , used flags characterised by three bands of equal size , clearly inspired by the French model of 1790 .
Some have attributed particular values to the colours , and a common interpretation is that the green represents the country 's plains and the hills ; white , the snow @-@ capped Alps ; and red , blood spilt in the Wars of Italian Independence . A more religious interpretation is that the green represents hope , the white represents faith , and the red represents charity ; this references the three theological virtues .
= = Napoleonic era = =
The tricolour was reportedly used for the first time on November 13 @-@ 14 . 1794 on a cockade worn by a group of students of the University of Bologna , lead by Luigi Zamboni and Giovanni Battista De Rolandis , who attempted to plot a popular riot to topple the Catholic government of Bologna , a city which was part of the Papal States at the time . The law students defined themselves as " patriots " and wore tricolour cockades to signal they were insipred by Jacobin revolutionary ideals , but modified them to distinguish themselves from the French . The chosen colours were white and red since those are the colours of the flag of Bologna , some scholars contend green was added only for the event to give it a more idelogical effect ; not all agree that the cockades used by the Bologna plotters actually had three colours , since a myth about that may have been created a year later . On May 18 . 1796 a cockade with those colours commemorating the Bologna riots was reportedly presented to Napoleone Bonaparte in Milan , who decided banners with same colours would be carried by the Milan Civic Guard , of the Lombard Legion and the National Guard .
The first official tricolore italiano , or Italian tricolour , was adopted on 7 January 1797 , when the XIVth Parliament of the Cispadane Republic , on the proposal of deputy Giuseppe Compagnoni of Lugo , decreed " to make universal the ... standard or flag of three colours , green , white , and red ... " This was probably because the Legione Lombarda had carried banners of red , white ( from the flag of Milan ) , and green ( from the uniform of the civic guard ) , and the same colours were later adopted in the banners of the Legione Italiana , which was formed by soldiers coming from Emilia and Romagna . The flag was a horizontal square with red uppermost and , at the heart of the white fess , an emblem composed of a garland of laurel decorated with a trophy of arms and four arrows , representing the four provinces that formed the Republic
The Cispadane Republic and the Transpadane Republic , which had itself been using a vertical Italian tricolour from 1796 , merged into the Cisalpine Republic and adopted the vertical square tricolour without badge in 1798 . The flag was maintained until 1802 , when it was renamed the Napoleonic Italian Republic , and a new flag was adopted , this time with a red field carrying a green square within a white lozenge .
In 1799 , the independent Republic of Lucca came under French influence and adopted as its flag a horizontal tricolour with green uppermost ; this lasted until 1801 . In 1805 Napoleon installed his sister , Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi , as Princess of Lucca and Piombino . This affair is commemorated in the opening of Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace .
In the same year , after Napoleon had crowned himself first French Emperor , the Italian Republic was transformed into the first Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy , or Italico , under his direct rule . The flag of the Kingdom of Italy was that of the Republic in rectangular form , charged with the golden Napoleonic eagle . This remained in use until the abdication of Napoleon in 1814 .
= = Kingdom of Italy = =
Between 1848 and 1861 , a sequence of events led to the independence and unification of Italy ( except for Venetia , Rome , Trento and Trieste , known as Italia irredenta , which were united with the rest of Italy in 1866 , 1870 , and 1918 respectively ) ; this period of Italian history is known as the Risorgimento , or resurgence . During this period , the tricolore became the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence .
The Italian tricolour , defaced with the Savoyan coat of arms , was first adopted as war flag by the Kingdom of Sardinia – Piedmont army on 1848 . In his Proclamation to the Lombard @-@ Venetian people , Charles Albert said " ... in order to show more clearly with exterior signs the commitment to Italian unification , We want that Our troops ... have the Savoy shield placed on the Italian tricolour flag . " As the arms , blazoned gules a cross argent , mixed with the white of the flag , it was fimbriated azure , blue being the dynastic colour , although this does not conform to the heraldic rule of tincture . The rectangular civil and state variants were adopted in 1851 .
In the same year , the Grand Duchy of Tuscany became constitutional and dropped the Austrian flag , with Austria – Lorraine great coat of arms , in favour of the defaced Italian tricolour with simplified arms . It is worthy of note , however , that the arms bear the red @-@ white @-@ red flag of Austria , the opponent of Italian unification . In 1859 , the Granducato officially ceased to exist , being joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy , which used the undefaced tricolour until it was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia the following year .
The flag of the Constitutional Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , a white field charged with the coats of arms of Castile , Leon , Aragon , Two Sicilies , and Granada , was modified by Ferdinand II through the addition of a red and green border . This flag lasted from 3 April 1848 until 19 May 1849 . The Provisional Government of Sicily , which lasted from 12 January 1848 to 15 May 1849 , adopted the Italian tricolour , defaced with the trinacria , or triskelion .
In the same year , the Kingdom of Lombardy – Venetia revolted against the Austrian Empire in the Five Days of Milan , forming the Provisional Government of Lombardy on 22 March 1848 and Provisional Government of Venice , the so @-@ called " Republic of San Marco " , a day later . The flags that they adopted , marked the link to Italian independence and unification efforts ; the former , the Italian tricolour undefaced , and the latter , charged with the winged lion of St. Mark , from the flag of the Most Serene Republic , on a white canton . These lasted until 6 and 24 August 1849 respectively .
In 1849 , the new Roman Republic adopted an Italian tricolour , sent from Venice , bearing the legend DIO E POPOLO in red capital letters . This lasted for four months , while the Papal States of the Church was in abeyance .
In 1860 , the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was again modified to the defaced Italian tricolour with the House of Bourbon @-@ Two Sicilies coat of arms . Adopted on 21 June 1860 , this lasted until 17 March 1861 , when the Two Sicilies was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy , after its defeat in the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi .
On 15 April 1861 , the flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia was declared the flag of the newly formed Kingdom of Italy . This Italian tricolour , with the armorial bearings of the former Royal House of Savoy was the first national flag and lasted in that form for 85 years until the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946 .
= = Fascist regime = =
In 1926 , the Fascist government attempted to have the Italian national flag redesigned by having the fasces , the symbol used by the Fascist movement , included in the flag . However , this attempt by the Fascist government to change the Italian flag to incorporate the fasces was stopped by strong opposition to the proposal by Italian monarchists . Afterwards , the Fascist government raised the national tricolour flag along with a Fascist black flag in public ceremonies .
= = = Italian Social Republic = = =
The civil and state flag of the short @-@ lived Fascist state in northern Italy , the Italian Social Republic ( 1943 – 1945 ) , or " Republic of Salò " as it was commonly known , was identical to the flag of the modern Italian Republic . This was rarely seen , while the war flag , charged with a silver / black eagle clutching horizontally placed fascio littorio ( literally , bundles of the lictors ) , was very common in propaganda . Italian fascism derived its name from the fasces , which symbolised imperium , or power and authority , in ancient Rome . Roman legions had carried the aquila , or eagle , as signa militaria .
On 25 April 1945 , known as festa della liberazione , the government of Benito Mussolini fell . The Italian Social Republic had existed for slightly more than one and a half years .
= = Italian Republic = =
The Italian tricolour was adopted in its current form on 1 January 1948 , with the promulgation of the republican constitution and the end of the reign of the House of Savoy . Article 12 of the Italian Constitution , approved by the Constituent Assembly on the 22 December 1947 , states :
The flag of the Republic is the Italian tricolour : green , white , and red , in three vertical bands of equal dimensions .
The universally adopted ratio is 2 : 3 , while the war flag is squared ( 1 : 1 ) . Each comune also has a gonfalone bearing its coat of arms .
The Italian naval ensign comprises the national flag defaced with the arms of the Marina Militare ; the Marina Mercantile ( and private citizens at sea ) use the civil ensign , differenced by the absence of the mural crown and the lion holding open the gospel , bearing the inscription PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEVS , instead of a sword . The shield is quartered , symbolic of the four great thalassocracies of Italy , the repubbliche marinare of Venice ( represented by the lion passant , top left ) , Genoa ( top right ) , Amalfi ( bottom left ) , and Pisa ( represented by their respective crosses ) ; the rostrata crown was proposed by Admiral Cavagnari in 1939 to acknowledge the Navy 's origins in ancient Rome .
In 2003 , a state ensign was created specifically for non @-@ military vessels engaged in non @-@ commercial government service ; this defaces the Italian tricolour with the national coat of arms . Since 1914 , the Italian Air Force have also used a roundel of concentric rings in the colours of the tricolor as aircraft marking ; substituted , from 1923 to 1943 , by encircled fasces . The Frecce Tricolori , officially known as the 313º Gruppo Addestramento Acrobatico , is its aerobatic demonstration team .
= = = Presidential standard = = =
The President of the Italian Republic has an official standard . The current version is based on the square flag of the Napoleonic Italian Republic , on a field of blue , charged with the coat of arms in gold . Prior to this the field was solid blue . The current coat of arms , more accurately called an emblem as it was not designed to conform to traditional heraldic rules , was adopted in place of the royal arms on 5 May 1948 .
After the Republic was proclaimed , the national flag was provisionally adopted as distinguishing flag of the head of state in place of the royal standard . On the initiative of the Ministry of Defence , a project was prepared in 1965 to adopt a distinct flag . Opportunity suggested the most natural solution was the Italian tricolour defaced with the coat of arms ; however , under conditions of poor visibility , this could easily be mistaken for the standard of the President of the United States of Mexico , which is also that country 's national flag . The standard is kept in the custody of the Commander of the Reggimento Corazzieri of the Arma dei Carabinieri , along with the war flag ( assigned to Regiment in 1878 )
The Italian Constitution does not make provision for a Vice @-@ President . However , separate insignia for the President of the Senate , in exercise of duties as acting head of state under Article 86 , was created in 1986 . This has a white square on the blue field , charged with the arms of the Republic in silver . Distinguishing insignia for former Presidents of the Republic was created in 2001 ; a tricolour in the style of the Presidential standard , it is emblazoned with the Cypher of Honour of the President of the Republic .
In 1927 , Mussolini adopted a personal standard consisting of fasces on a Savoy blue field with a yellow border ; this was abolished in 1943 . Firstly in 2001 , and then again from 2008 , Silvio Berlusconi adopted a similar standard of the office of Prime Minister , this time the coat of arms proper on a darker blue field with double yellow border .
In 1997 , on its bicentenary , 7 January was declared festa del tricolore ; it is intended as a celebration , though not a public holiday .
= = Protocol = =
The law , implementing Article 12 of the Constitution and following of Italy 's membership of the European Union , lays down the general provisions governing the use and display of the flag of the Italian Republic and the flag of the European Union ( in its territory ) .
There are no international conventions on flying the flag , but protocol adopted by a large number of countries have such similarities as to suggest lines of commonly accepted practice . In general two areas of exposure are identified : national and international events . In both cases it is generally followed practice that national flags displayed in a group should be of equal size and each hoisted on its own flagstaff , of equal height , or on separate ropes if fixed on yardarm . The flag is flown from sunrise to sunset , except in case of bad weather ; exhibition at night is permitted provided it is adequately illuminated . The flag is raised and lowered vividly and with solemnity ; it is always treated with dignity and should never be allowed to touch the ground or water . Vertical hoist is transformationally identical to horizontal hoist ( i.e. the flag is rotated 90 degrees ) .
When displayed alongside other flags , the national flag takes the position of honour ; it is raised first and lowered last . Other national flags should be arranged in alphabetical order . Where two ( or more than three ) flags appear together , the national flag should be placed to the right ( left of the observer ) ; in a display of three flags in line , the national flag occupies the central position . The European flag is also flown from government buildings on a daily basis . In the presence of a foreign visitor belonging to a member state , this takes precedence over the Italian flag . As a sign of mourning , flags flown externally shall be lowered to half @-@ mast ; two black ribbons may be attached to those otherwise displayed . Traditionally , the flag may be decorated with a golden fringe surrounding the perimeter .
= = = Pantone matching system = = =
In 2003 , after 206 years of service , the authentic colours of the Italian tricolour were specified by the government , but later amended after hot debate on the chosen shades . As of 2006 , the official Pantone textile colours defined by law ( and their rendered values in other colour spaces ) are :
This approach has been criticised by the Centro Italiano Studi Vessillologici as a " fundamental error . " However , it applies only to flags produced on polyester fabric bunting . Other materials should produce the same chromatic results obtained on the sample kept in the State Ceremonial Department of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers , as well as in every Prefecture and Italian diplomatic mission abroad .
= = Resemblances = =
Given the superficial similarities between the two flags , the Italian flag and the Mexican flag have been compared over time . However , the Italian tricolour actually uses lighter shades of green and red and , more importantly , the two have different aspect ratios ; the Italian flag 's aspect ratio is 2 : 3 , while the Mexican flag 's aspect ratio of 4 : 7 results in a more elongated rectangular shape . When Italy became a republic in 1946 , the Mexican naval ensign was a plain tricolour ; for this reason , on demand of the international naval authorities , Italy could not adopt a sole national flag similar to France as it wished .
Given its possible derivation from the French tricolour , the flag of Italy is similar to many flags of putatively similar origins . The Italian tricolour is particularly similar to the flag of Ireland , which is green , white , and orange ( a tone very similar to the red used in the Italian flag ) , but with different proportions ( 1 : 2 against 2 : 3 ) and the flag of Côte d 'Ivoire , in which the colours , orange , white , and green are reversed , while the proportions are the same . Confusion may also exist between the Italian tricolour ( particularly when hoist vertically ) and the flag of Hungary , which has the same colours positioned horizontally , although with red uppermost .
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= 1989 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1989 Atlantic hurricane season featured the costliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin at the time , Hurricane Hugo . The season officially began on June 1 , and ended on November 30 . It was a near average season with 11 named storms . The first storm , Tropical Depression One , developed on June 15 , and dissipated two days later without effects on land . Later that month , Tropical Storm Allison caused severe flooding , especially in Texas and Louisiana . Tropical Storm Barry , Tropical Depressions Six , Nine , and Thirteen , and Hurricanes Erin and Felix caused negligible impact . Hurricane Gabrielle and Tropical Storm Iris caused light effects on land , with the former resulting in nine fatalities from rip currents offshore the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada , while the latter produced minor flooding in the United States Virgin Islands .
The most notable storm of the season was Hurricane Hugo , a Category 5 hurricane that caused at least $ 10 billion ( 1989 USD ) in damage and 88 fatalities as it ravaged the Lesser Antilles and the United States , especially the state of South Carolina . Hugo ranked as the costliest Atlantic hurricane until Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , and has since fallen further due to destructive storms in the 2000s and early 2010s . Few other storms in 1989 caused significant damage ; hurricanes Chantal and Jerry both resulted in flooding and wind impacts in Texas . Hurricane Dean also caused light damage in Bermuda and the Canadian province of Newfoundland . Tropical Storm Karen , the final storm of the season , brought heavy rainfall and a tornado to Cuba , before dissipating on December 4 . Overall , the storms of the season collectively caused 124 fatalities and at least $ 10 @.@ 54 billion in damage .
= = Season summary = =
= = = Pre @-@ season forecasts = = =
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University ( CSU ) . A normal season as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , has eleven named storms , of which six reach hurricane strength and two of those become major hurricanes . On May 31 , 1989 , the CSU forecast that there would be seven named storms , four of which would intensify into a hurricane ; there was no prediction of the number of major hurricanes . Prior to the season , the Weather Research Center ( WRC ) in Houston , Texas also issued a forecast , which called for ten named storms and six hurricanes .
= = = Season activity = = =
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 1989 . It was an above average season in which 15 tropical depressions formed . Eleven depressions attained tropical storm status , and seven of these attained hurricane status . Two hurricanes further intensified into major hurricanes . The season was above average most likely because of relatively small amounts of dust within the Saharan Air Layer . Four hurricanes and one tropical storm made landfall during the season and caused 124 deaths and at least $ 10 @.@ 54 billion in damage . The last storm of the season , Tropical Storm Karen , dissipated on December 4 , four days after the official end of the season on November 30 .
Tropical cyclogenesis in the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season began with a tropical depression developing on June 16 . Later that month , another tropical depression developed , and intensified , eventually becoming Tropical Storm Allison . After June , the month of July was slightly more active with three tropical depressions developing ; however , the latter two ( Hurricane Chantal and Hurricane Dean ) did not form until extremely late in the month . August was the most active month of the season , with a total of seven tropical cyclones either existing or developing in that period . Although September is the climatological peak of hurricane season , only two tropical cyclones developed in that month , which later become Hurricane Hugo and Tropical Storm Iris . Two tropical cyclones also developed in October , and the latter one in that month eventually became Hurricane Jerry . Finally , one tropical cyclone developed in November ; it eventually became Tropical Storm Karen and lasted until December 4 .
The season 's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 135 , which is classified as " above normal " . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm intensity .
= = = Timeline of events = = =
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Depression One = = =
A frontal system developed into Tropical Depression One at 1800 UTC on June 15 , while located about 160 miles ( 260 km ) northeast of Veracruz , Veracruz . The depression initially headed northeastward , before curving southward on June 16 . It peaked with winds of 30 mph ( 45 km / h ) . Early on June 17 , the depression dissipated about 85 miles ( 140 km ) northeast of Coatzacoalcos , Veracruz .
= = = Tropical Storm Allison = = =
The second tropical depression developed on June 24 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico , from the interaction of a tropical wave and the remnants of eastern Pacific Hurricane Cosme . Heading northward , it slowly intensified , becoming Tropical Storm Allison early on June 26 . Allison continued to slowly intensify , and made landfall near Freeport with winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) on the following day . Moving inland , Allison rapidly weakened over eastern Texas , and transitioned into an extratropical storm on June 28 . Although it rapidly became extratropical over land , the remnants of Allison meandered over the Southern United States and reached as far north as Indiana . The remnants turned south and then west @-@ northwest after reaching Mississippi , before finally dissipating over Arkansas on July 7 .
Allison caused significant flooding in several states , especially Louisiana and Texas . Precipitation from the storm peaked at 25 @.@ 27 inches ( 642 mm ) in Winnfield , Louisiana . As a result , more than 1 @,@ 200 structures in Louisiana were flooded and over 430 @,@ 000 acres of crops were ruined , mostly soybeans and cotton . Three drowning fatalities were also reported . Several tornadoes were spawned in the state , the worst occurred in Ouachita Parish . It destroyed 5 homes , severely damaged 10 others , and inflicted minor impact on 100 houses . In Texas , flooding was more severe . More than 6 @,@ 200 homes received water damage , forcing hundreds of residents to evacuate and stranding thousands of other people . Three deaths occurred in Texas , all of which were teenage boys that drowned . In Mississippi , the storm caused $ 60 million in losses and five drowning deaths . Widespread , but mostly minor flooding was reported elsewhere in the Eastern United States . Overall , damage was estimated to have reached $ 360 – 560 million and there 11 fatalities .
= = = Tropical Storm Barry = = =
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on July 7 . The wave quickly developed a low @-@ level circulation by July 9 and was designated Tropical Depression Three at 1800 UTC , while located about midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles . The depression moved northwestward in response to an area of high pressure located north of the Azores . The depression strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Barry on July 11 . It slowly intensified and reached its peak intensity of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) the next day . By July 13 , Barry weakened back to a depression and dissipated shortly after while located 545 miles ( 880 km ) northeast of the Lesser Antilles .
= = = Hurricane Chantal = = =
In late July , a tropical disturbance within the intertropical convergence zone ( ITCZ ) was first observed near Trinidad and Tobago . The disturbance later reached the Gulf of Mexico and developed into a tropical depression on July 30 . While heading north @-@ northwestward , the depression intensified and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Chantal on the following day . Thereafter , Chantal quickly strengthen and became a hurricane on August 1 . After intensifying slightly further , it made landfall near High Island , Texas later that day . The storm quickly weakened upon moving inland and fell to tropical storm intensity a few hours after landfall . Early on August 2 , Chantal weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over Oklahoma by August 4 .
While making landfall in Texas , the storm produced relatively small tides , with most locations reporting waves less than 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in height . However , some locations experienced extensive beach erosion . In addition , there were numerous rescues made by the U.S. Coast Guard . Due to both rainfall and high winds at least 3 @,@ 000 homes were damaged , and numerous trees and sign were knocked down . Two tornadoes were reported , with one wrecking a shed in Crystal Beach , Texas , and the other knocking over several trees and mobile homes in Iota , Louisiana . Elsewhere , Chantal and its remnants brought light to moderate rainfall to several other states , although affects were minor in other states . Overall , 13 fatalities occurred , all of which due to drowning , and at least $ 100 million in damage was reported .
= = = Hurricane Dean = = =
A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Five on July 31 , while situated about half way between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles . The following day , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Dean . Heading generally west @-@ northwestward , Dean intensified into a hurricane on August 2 . The storm remained a Category 1 hurricane as it curved northward , bypassing the Lesser Antilles . Tracking northward , Dean accelerated and intensified into a Category 2 hurricane while bypassing Bermuda late on August 6 . Thereafter , Dean turned northeastward and weakened to a tropical storm , before making landfall in southern Newfoundland on August 8 . The storm continued in the northeast direction and lost tropical characteristics south of Greenland on the following day .
As Dean approached the Lesser Antilles , heavy rainfall and strong winds were reported in Antigua and Barbuda . However , no damage was reported . In Bermuda , winds gusted up to 113 mph ( 182 km / h ) and 3 – 5 inches ( 76 @.@ 2 – 127 mm ) of precipitation fell . Although Dean caused no fatalities , 16 people were injured . According to insurance claims , the storm damaged 648 buildings , 72 boats , 36 vehicles , and one pier . Additionally , strong winds downed power lines , leaving 65 @,@ 000 people without electricity . Overall , damage on the island was approximately $ 8 @.@ 9 million , with $ 3 @.@ 9 million incurred at the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex.Storm surge up to 1 @.@ 7 feet ( 0 @.@ 52 m ) occurred in North Carolina , though no significant erosion was reported . In Atlantic Canada , light to moderate rainfall was reported , and tropical storm force winds were observed in some areas . Furthermore , waves at 26 ft ( 7 @.@ 92 m ) were reported on Sable Island .
= = = Tropical Depression Six = = =
A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Six on August 8 , while located about 125 miles ( 200 km ) east of easternmost islands of Cape Verde . While approaching the Lesser Antilles , a tropical storm watch was issued . However , an upper @-@ level low increased wind shear on the system . As a result , the depression degenerated into a tropical wave on August 17 . The wave eventually split in two , with the southern part eventually becoming Hurricane Lorena in the eastern Pacific Ocean .
= = = Hurricane Erin = = =
An organized tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on August 16 . Convection diminished due to cooler sea surface temperatures , but a small , well @-@ defined low @-@ level circulation remained . The convection later redeveloped , and the system became a tropical depression early on August 18 , while located just southeast of Cape Verde . Thereafter , the interaction between the tropical depression , a tropical wave , and a subtropical system caused it to move north @-@ northwestward . The depression strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Erin at 1800 UTC on August 19 .
Erin continued to move north @-@ northwestward , until curving northward on August 21 . The storm intensified into a hurricane on August 22 , after being in the northeastern quadrant of an upper @-@ level low , which caused the flow aloft to become more divergent . It slowed and began to move northwestward while northeast of the upper @-@ level low . However , shortly thereafter , a wave moving westward forced Erin to move north and eventually north @-@ northeastward . Early on August 24 , the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane . Later that day , Erin peaked with sustained winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . The storm then began to weaken and degenerated into a tropical storm on August 27 . Shortly thereafter , Erin transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over the far northern Atlantic .
= = = Hurricane Felix = = =
A tropical wave was observed over northwestern Africa on August 24 . By the following day , the system moved into the Atlantic Ocean near Dakar , Senegal . It immediately began organized and became Tropical Depression Eight at 0000 UTC on August 26 . The depression initially headed west @-@ northwestward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Felix later that day . Shortly thereafter , the storm grazed Cape Verde , with some islands reporting sustained winds near 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . Between August 27 and August 29 , Felix drifted north @-@ northwestward in response to a persistent upper @-@ level trough . Southwesterly winds sheared away much of the deep convection , causing Felix to weaken back to a tropical depression on August 29 .
The storm then headed northwestward , until a weak frontal trough turned Felix northward on September 1 . Wind shear decreased , allowing Felix to become a tropical storm again on September 3 . The storm continued to strengthen while moving west @-@ northwestward and by early on September 5 , it became a hurricane . Later that day , Felix peaked with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Drifting north @-@ northeastward , the storm eventually began to accelerate , after weakening back to a tropical storm on September 7 , due to colder sea surface temperatures and increasing wind shear . At 1200 UTC on September 9 , Felix became extratropical while located well east of Cape Race , Newfoundland . The remnants later curved east @-@ southeastward and then dissipated on September 10 .
= = = Tropical Depression Nine = = =
Tropical Depression Nine developed from a tropical wave 490 mi ( 790 km ) east of Barbados on August 27 . However , on the following day , a reconnaissance aircraft did not indicate a low @-@ level circulation . Thus , the depression degenerated back into a tropical wave . Tropical Depression Nine did not re @-@ develop in the Atlantic or the Caribbean Sea , although the remnants entered the Pacific and regenerated into Hurricane Octave on September 8 .
= = = Hurricane Gabrielle = = =
The tenth tropical depression of the season developed from a tropical wave on August 30 . The depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Gabrielle on the following day . Gabrielle moved generally westward , but curved slightly west @-@ northwestward after intensifying into a hurricane on September 1 . Further intensification continued , and Gabrielle eventually peaked as a moderately strong Category 4 hurricane on September 5 . After peaking with sustained winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) , Gabrielle slowly curved nearly due north . Gabrielle significantly weakened while heading northward , with sustained winds dropping from a low @-@ end Category 4 hurricane to a strong Category 2 hurricane within 12 hours on September 7 . While weakening as it headed northward , Gabrielle bypassed the island of Bermuda early on September 8 .
Gabrielle further weakened to a Category 1 hurricane late on September 8 , and became nearly stationary roughly almost halfway between Bermuda and Cape Race , Newfoundland . Gabrielle then weakened to a tropical storm and headed due westward on September 10 . Thereafter , the storm made a sharp turn to the northeast on September 11 and weakened to a tropical depression on the following day . By September 13 , the depression merged with a storm developing off Newfoundland . Although it never approached land , Gabrielle was an extremely large and powerful storm that generated swells up to 20 ft ( 6 m ) all the way from the Lesser Antilles to Canada . On Dominica , severe erosion occurred on the east and north coasts . Large waves responsible for eight deaths on the East Coast of the United States ; almost all of the fatalities occurred in New England . In Nova Scotia , waves reached a height of 30 ft ( 9 m ) . In addition , one fatality was reported in Canada , when a man drowned near Ketch Harbor , Nova Scotia .
= = = Hurricane Hugo = = =
A westward moving tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Eleven on September 10 , while located southeast of Cape Verde . It headed generally westward and intensified into Tropical Storm Hugo on September 11 . Hugo became a hurricane by September 13 . After becoming a major hurricane early on September 15 , rapid intensification commenced , and less than 24 hours later , Hugo peaked as a Category 5 hurricane as winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 918 mbar ( 27 @.@ 1 inHg ) . Six hours later , Hugo weakened back to a Category 4 hurricane . After weakening on September 17 , Hugo entered the Caribbean Sea after passing between Guadeloupe and Montserrat with winds near 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) and later made landfall on St. Croix at the same intensity . Hugo was further downgraded to a Category 3 hurricane , before landfall on eastern Puerto Rico . The storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane on September 18 , after re @-@ emerging into the Atlantic . As Hugo accelerated to the northwest , re @-@ intensification occurred , and it eventually reached a secondary peak intensity as a low @-@ end Category 4 hurricane . Early on September 22 , Hugo made landfall near Charleston , South Carolina with winds of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) . After landfall , Hugo rapidly weakened as it turned to the northeast , and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone in northwestern Pennsylvania on September 23 . The remnants continued rapidly northeastward , and dissipated on September 25 near Greenland .
The storm caused significant damage in Guadeloupe due to winds of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) . Eleven fatalities and 107 injuries were reported , while 10 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed , leaving 35 @,@ 000 people homeless . Crop losses were extreme , with the storm wiping out 100 % of the banana crop , 50 % of the sugar cane crop , and nearly all coconut crops . Ten people were killed on Montserrat , while 89 others were injured . Damage on the island topped $ 260 million . In Antigua , one person was killed and 30 % of the homes damaged . Dominica suffered the loss of 80 % of its banana crop , and landslides cut off many towns for days . Two people were killed , 80 were injured , and 90 % of the buildings were damaged or destroyed on Saint Croix . About 3 @,@ 500 people were left homeless . Damage estimates for Saint Croix exceeded $ 1 billion . Damage from erosion and crop losses in St. Kitts reached $ 43 million and one fatality was reported . In Puerto Rico , the storm downed thousands of trees in the El Yunque National Forest and caused near complete destruction of coffee and damage crops . Extreme damage also occurred at Ceiba , Culebra , Fajardo , and Luquillo . Additionally , 28 @,@ 000 people were left homeless , 12 deaths were reported , and losses exceeded $ 1 billion . In South Carolina alone , the Red Cross estimates that 3 @,@ 307 single family homes were destroyed , 18 @,@ 171 were inflicted major damage , and 56 @,@ 580 sustained minor impact . Additionally , more than 12 @,@ 600 mobile homes and 18 @,@ 000 multi @-@ family houses were either damaged or destroyed . There were 35 deaths and about $ 5 @.@ 9 billion in damage in the state . The most significant impact elsewhere in the United States occurred in North Carolina , where 205 structure were destroyed , 1 @,@ 149 suffered major damage , and 2 @,@ 638 were inflicted minor impacts . There was one fatality and damaged reached $ 1 billion . Overall , Hugo caused at least 88 fatalities and $ 10 billion in losses , making it the costliest hurricane in the Atlantic basin , at the time .
= = = Tropical Storm Iris = = =
A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean on September 12 . After undergoing tropical cyclogenesis , a tropical depression developed around 18 : 00 UTC on September 16 , while located about halfway between the Windward Islands and the Cape Verde islands . It slowly strengthened and intensified into Tropical Storm Iris early on September 18 . Thereafter , the storm turned north @-@ northwestward and paralleled the Leeward Islands . Initially , there was uncertainty in its path due to potential for a Fujiwhara interaction with Hugo .
While passing east of the Lesser Antilles , Iris produced 7 @.@ 53 in ( 191 mm ) of rainfall on Saint John in the U.S. Virgin Islands , resulting in flooding . There were few reports of winds or precipitation on other islands , as Hugo destroyed observation stations a few days prior . On September 19 , Iris attained its maximum sustained wind speed of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Thereafter , the storm weakened due to increased wind shear from Hugo . On September 21 , the winds decreased below tropical storm force , after the center became exposed from the convection . The next day , Iris dissipated while approaching the Bahamas , though a remnant circulation persisted and tracked toward southern Florida .
= = = Tropical Depression Thirteen = = =
A tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen on October 2 , while located a few hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles . Although the depression was predicted to intensify to near hurricane status by October 5 , a mid @-@ latitude trough increased wind shear , inducing weakening . Later on October 3 , the National Hurricane Center began to forecast weakening of the depression . The depression continued weakening and dissipated on October 5 .
= = = Hurricane Jerry = = =
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on September 23 . Only minimal development occurred as the wave crossed the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea . However , after crossing the Yucatán Peninsula and emerging into the Bay of Campeche on October 12 , it developed into a tropical depression . The system quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Jerry on the following day . Jerry tracked generally northward while intensifying and reached hurricane status on October 15 . After intensifying slightly more , Jerry made landfall near Jamaica Beach , Texas with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Jerry rapidly weakened after moving inland , and dissipated by October 16 . The remnants moved through the Tennessee Valley ahead of a frontal zone and eventually offshore the coast of the Mid @-@ Atlantic states .
Storm surge and rough surf along the coast of Texas destroyed a 20 mile ( 32 km ) section of Texas State Highway 87 , which was never repaired . Due to strong winds , about 52 @,@ 000 homes and businesses were left without electricity , most of them in the Galveston area . Many homes , businesses , and buildings were inflicted damage because of strong winds and three tornadoes spawned by the storm . Despite the issuance of a hurricane warning just eight hours prior to landfall , Jerry caused only three fatalities in Texas , possibly due to the storm 's small size ; a car fell over the Galveston Seawall , killing its three occupants . Minor wind and coastal flood damage was reported in Louisiana . Jerry and its remnants brought flash flooding to portions of the Upland South , particularly in the states of Kentucky , Virginia , and West Virginia . In eastern Kentucky , hundreds of homes were flooded and many bridges , culverts , and roads were washed out ; this left hundreds of residents stranded . Damage in Kentucky reached at least $ 5 million . Similar impact occurred in Virginia , with $ 3 @.@ 4 million in damage in Buchanan County . In West Virginia , overflowing rivers in the western portions of the state forced hundreds to evacuate . Throughout the United States , Jerry resulted in about $ 70 million in damage .
= = = Tropical Storm Karen = = =
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on November 13 and failed to organize until reaching the western Caribbean Sea . Favorable conditions allowed convection to concentrate around a developing low @-@ level circulation . On November 28 , satellite imagery and reconnaissance aircraft indicated the development of a tropical depression just north of Honduras . The depression moved northwestward then northeastward , intensifying into Tropical Storm Karen on November 30 , while located southwest of Isla de la Juventud , Cuba . Within 12 hours of reaching tropical storm intensity , Karen peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Around that time , a building ridge in the Gulf of Mexico forced the storm southeastward .
While Karen was threatening landmasses in the northwestern Caribbean Sea , tropical storm watches and warnings were issued for Cozumel on the Yucatán Peninsula , Isle de la Juventud , and western Cuba . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in Cuba , reaching over 15 in ( 380 mm ) on Isle de la Juventud . Wind gusts reached 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , and there were reports of a tornado , but no damage or fatalities were reported . After affecting Cuba , Karen turned to the southwest while steadily weakening . It briefly threatened Belize , prompting a tropical storm watch , but the storm turned to the southeast and dissipated on December 4 ; its remnants later moved over Nicaragua . Karen was the last tropical cyclone to exist in December until Hurricane Nicole in 1998 .
= = Storm names = =
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1989 . The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1995 season . This is the same list used for the 1983 season except for Allison , which replaced Alicia . Storms were named Allison , Erin , Felix , Gabrielle , Hugo , Iris , Jerry , and Karen for the first time in 1989 . The World Meteorological Organization retired one name in the spring of 1990 : Hugo . It was replaced in the 1995 season by Humberto . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray .
= = Season effects = =
The following table lists all of the storms that have formed in the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season . It includes their duration , names , landfall ( s ) ( in parentheses ) , damages , and death totals . Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect ( an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident ) , but were still related to that storm . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical , a wave , or a low , and all of the damage figures are in 1989 USD .
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= Partition Sejm =
The Partition Sejm ( Polish : Sejm Rozbiorowy ) was a Sejm lasting from 1773 to 1775 in the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth , convened by its three neighbours ( the Russian Empire , Prussia and Austria ) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland . During its first days in session , that Sejm was the site of Tadeusz Rejtan 's famous gesture of protest against Partition . The Sejm also passed other legislation , notably establishing the Permanent Council and the Commission of National Education . Cardinal Laws were confirmed .
The new legislation was guaranteed by the Russian Empire , giving it another excuse to interfere in the Commonwealth politics if the legislation it favored was changed . Russia was the party most determined to form the Permanent Council , which it saw as further means to control the Commonwealth .
The creation of the Commission of National Education , the Commonwealth 's and Europe 's first ministry of education , is seen as the proudest and most constructive achievement of the otherwise often @-@ deplored Partition Sejm .
= = Background = =
In the late 17th and early 18th centuries the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth was reduced from the status of a major European power to that of a Russian protectorate ( or vassal or satellite state ) . Russian tsars effectively chose Polish @-@ Lithuanian monarchs utilizing the " free elections " and decided the outcome of much of Poland 's internal politics . The Repnin Sejm , for example , was named after the Russian ambassador who unofficially presided over the proceedings .
The Partition Sejm and the First Partition occurred after the balance of power in Europe shifted , with Russian victories against the Ottomans in the Russo @-@ Turkish War ( 1768 – 1774 ) strengthening Russia and endangering Habsburg interests in that region ( particularly in Moldavia and Wallachia ) . At that point Habsburg Austria considered waging a war against Russia .
France , friendly towards both Russia and Austria , suggested a series of territorial adjustments , in which Austria would be compensated by parts of Prussian Silesia , and Prussia in turn would receive Polish Ermland ( Warmia ) and parts of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia , a Polish fief already under Baltic German hegemony . King Frederick II of Prussia had no intention of giving up Silesia , gained recently in the Silesian Wars . He was , however , also interested in finding a peaceful solution – his alliance with Russia would draw him into a potential war with Austria , and the Seven Years ' War had left Prussia 's treasury and army weakened . He was also interested in protecting the weakening Ottoman Empire , which could be advantageously utilized in the event of a Prussian war either with Russia or Austria . Frederick 's brother , Prince Henry , spent the winter of 1770 – 71 as a representative of the Prussian court at Saint Petersburg . As Austria had annexed 13 towns in the Hungarian Szepes region in 1769 ( violating the Treaty of Lubowla ) , Catherine II of Russia and her advisor General Ivan Chernyshyov suggested to Henry that Prussia claim some Polish land , such as Ermland . After Henry informed Frederick of the proposal , the Prussian monarch suggested a partition of the Polish borderlands by Austria , Prussia , and Russia , with the largest share going to the party most weakened by the recent changes in balance of power , Austria . Thus Frederick attempted to encourage Russia to direct its expansion towards weak and dysfunctional Poland instead of the Ottomans . Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz counter @-@ proposed that Prussia take lands from Poland in return for relinquishing Silesia to Austria , but this plan was rejected by Frederick .
Although for a few decades ( since the times of the Silent Sejm ) Russia had seen a weak Poland as its own protectorate , Poland had also been devastated by a civil war in which the forces of the Bar Confederation attempted to disrupt Russian control over Poland . The recent Koliyivschyna peasant and Cossack uprising in Ukraine also weakened Poland 's position . Further , the Russian @-@ supported Polish king , Stanisław August Poniatowski , was seen as both weak and too independent @-@ minded ; eventually the Russian court decided that the usefulness of Poland as a protectorate had diminished . The three powers officially justified their actions as a compensation for dealing with a troublesome neighbor and restoring order in Poland through military intervention ( the Bar Confederation provided a convenient excuse ) ; in fact all three were interested in territorial gains .
After Russia occupied the Danubian Principalities , Henry convinced Frederick and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans . Under pressure from Prussia , which for a long time wanted to annex the northern Polish province of Royal Prussia , the three powers agreed on the First Partition of Poland . This was proposed under the threat of the possible Austrian @-@ Ottoman alliance . Only token objections were however raised by Austria , which would have instead preferred to receive more Ottoman territories in the Balkans , a region which for a long time had been coveted by the Habsburgs . The Russians also withdrew from Moldavia away from the Austrian border . An attempt of Bar Confederates to kidnap King Poniatowski on 3 November 1771 gave the three courts a pretext to showcase the " Polish anarchy " and the need for its neighbors to step in and " save " the country and its citizens .
Already by 1769 – 71 , both Austria and Prussia had annexed some border territories belonging to the Commonwealth . On 19 February 1772 , the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna . A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on 6 February 1772 . Early in August Russian , Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves . On 5 August , the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains at the Commonwealth 's expense . The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on 22 September 1772 .
After having occupied their respective territories , the three partitioning powers demanded that King Poniatowski and the Sejm approve their action . The King appealed to the nations of Western Europe for help and tarried with the convocation of the Sejm . The European powers reacted to the partition with indifference ; only a few voices – like that of Edmund Burke – were raised in protest .
While the Polish king and the Senate of Poland were debating on the course of action , the patience of foreign powers was running out . Eventually , one of the most prominent opponents of agreeing to the foreign demands , bishop Adam Stanisław Krasiński , was abducted by Cossacks and transported to Warsaw , where the foreign ambassadors demanded that the King and the Senate call in the Sejm ( the entire Polish parliament ) to ratify the partition . In another sign of their influence , the next meeting of the Senate saw the senators from the annexed territories denied participation ( those denied participation included the bishop of Inflanty , the voivode of Ruthenia and the voivode of Witebsk ) . When no help was forthcoming and the armies of the combined nations occupied Warsaw to compel by force of arms the calling of the assembly , no alternative was available save passive submission to their will . Warsaw was de facto a garrison of the foreign powers , with their forces commanded by the Austrian ( or Russian , sources vary ) general Abram Romanius ( Abraham ) . On 19 April the Senate agreed to call for the Sejm to convene .
= = Preparations = =
Preparations for the Sejm were not easy . Bishops Krasiński and Kajetan Sołtyk argued vocally against it . At least 32 sejmiks ( regional parliaments ) that were to elect deputies to it were disrupted . Eventually less than half of the regular number of representatives – only about 102 – 111 ( sources vary ) deputies , the lowest number in the history of the Commonwealth – arrived in Warsaw , where they were joined by about 36 senators and ministers . Most of the deputies from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania did not attend this Sejm .
Russia was represented by Otto von Stackelberg , Prussia by Gedeon Benoit and Austria by Karl Reviczky .
= = Partition Treaty = =
The Sejm began on 19 April ( although some preliminary discussions took place days before ) . It took place in Warsaw and the deputies and senators in service of foreign powers declared it a confederated sejm ( with decisions decided by the majority ) to prevent liberum veto ( the right of any deputy to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify any legislation that had already been passed ) being used to stop it . The marshals of the Sejm were Adam Poniński , one of the nobles in Russian service , for the Crown of Poland , and Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . At least half of the deputies were bribed by the foreign powers , and others were threatened . Some deputies ( Tadeusz Rejtan , Samuel Korsak Stanisław Bohuszewicz , Franciszek Jerzmanowski , Stanisław Kożuchowski , Rupert Dunin , Jan Tymowski , J. Zaremba , Michał Radoszewski , Ignacy Suchecki , Tadeusz Wołodkowicz ) tried to protest , which caused delays . Out of those , Rejtan 's gesture – in which he was said to have barred the doors , torn his shirt , and asked other deputies to murder him rather than Poland – became widely known , and was immortalized in a painting by Jan Matejko . By 24 April the few vocal opponents , such as Rejtan , had lost , the confederation was joined by the King and the Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented ( primarily the partitioners ' demands , but also some reforms to the government ) . The committee was to deliberate until September , and the rest of the Sejm was adjourned in the meantime .
Despite some protests , on 18 September 1773 , the Committee formally signed the treaty of cession , renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the occupied territories . The Sejm on 30 September 1773 accepted the partition treaty . By the first partition the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 211 @,@ 000 km ² ( 30 % of its territory , amounting at that time to about 733 @,@ 000 km ² ) , with a population of over four to five million people ( about a third of its population of 14 million before the partitions ) . The treaty was a major success for Frederick II of Prussia : Prussia 's share might have been the smallest , but it was also significantly developed and strategically important . Russia received the largest , but economically least @-@ important area , in the northeast .
Notable supporters of the partition , in addition to Poniński , included Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski , Ignacy Jakub Massalski , and Primate of Poland Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski , who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland .
The senators who protested were threatened by the Russians ( represented by Ambassador Otto von Stackelberg ) , who declared that in the face of refusal the whole capital of Warsaw would be destroyed . Other threats included executions , confiscation of estates , and increase of territory subjected to partition . Some senators were arrested and exiled to Siberia .
= = Other legislation = =
The partitioning powers ( in particular , Russia ) demanded that the Sejm pass further reforms , with the intent of strengthening their power over the Commonwealth . The original commission was allowed to work till January 1774 , extending the Sejm , which was adjourned again . The commission was unable to carry out its changes in that period , and thus it was allowed to extend its deliberations once more ; there were ultimately seven such extensions .
The Cardinal Laws , a quasi @-@ constitution endorsing most of the conservative laws responsible for the inefficient functioning of the Commonwealth , were confirmed and guaranteed by the partitioning powers . The Sejm also continued enacting laws reducing religious tolerance in the Commonwealth . The passive electoral rights of the Orthodox and Protestants were diminished , with a restriction limiting the number of non @-@ Roman Catholic Sejm deputies to three ( one from Greater Poland , one from Lesser Poland , and one from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) . They were also banned from election to the Senate or ministerial positions .
Royal power was restricted , as the king lost the power to give titles and positions of military officers , ministers and senators , and the starostwo territories for Crown lands , most of which would be awarded through an auction . In return , the king received four starostwa for personal possession . The royal ( free ) election was confirmed , with stipulations that future kings had to come from the Polish nobility , and sons and grandsons of any king could not succeed him to the throne till two others had held it in the interim .
A trade treaty was signed between the Commonwealth and Prussia , unfavorable to the Commonwealth . The Partition cut off the Commonwealth 's access to the Baltic Sea , and the state had no choice but to accept the high tariffs imposed by Prussia .
The Sejm also created two notable institutions : the Permanent Council , a main governmental body in continuous operation , and the Commission of National Education . The Council was intended by the partitioners to be an institution easier to control than the unruly Sejms , and indeed it remained under the influence of the Russian Empire . It was nonetheless a significant improvement in the Commonwealth governance . The Council , with committees ( ministries ) on Foreign Affairs , Treasury , Defense , Justice and the Interior ( Police ) , was able to interpret existing laws in the sphere of administration , and provided the Commonwealth with a continuous governing body that operated between the Sejms and was not affected by the liberum veto . The Permanent Council was led by the king , had 36 members elected , half from each chamber of the Sejm , and ruled by majority vote ( the king decided in case of a tie ) . The previously powerful ministers were placed under the control of the new council and supervised by the five parallel departments of the Council . The Council , in addition to its administrative duties , would present to the king three candidates for each nomination to the Senate and other main offices .
The Commission of National Education , another type of a newly created ministry ( a central state institution of a collegial structure ) , was one of the three Great Commissions ( the other two were for the Treasury and the Army ) . It took over many of the possessions of the recently disbanded Jesuit order , and became the first ministry of education in Europe . As such , its creation is universally seen as the proudest and most constructive achievement of the otherwise deplored Partition Sejm . The fiscal policy was also reformed , with one tax being introduced and tariffs being reintroduced . Military was reformed , with hetmans being held more accountable to the Sejm . The size of the army was ordered to be increased to 30 @,@ 000 ( this goal would not be met ) . Szlachta ( a Polish noble class ) were officially allowed to deal in trade and crafts ( previously , engaging in " urban " professions risked losing one 's noble status ) . The severity of serfdom was discussed , but no significant reforms were passed in that field .
The new legislation was guaranteed by the Russian Empire , giving it another pretext to interfere in Commonwealth politics if the legislation was changed .
Corruption was rampant . Deputies awarded themselves various starostwa and other privileges . Various fraudulent deals were made that channeled funds intended for government institutions , such as the Commission of National Education , to the pockets of the deputies and their allies .
The commission ended its deliberations on 27 March 1775 . The Sejm resumed , accepting the various new acts , and was finally ended on 11 April 1775 .
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= Romeo Void =
Romeo Void was an American new wave / post punk band from San Francisco , California , formed in 1979 . The band primarily consisted of saxophonist Benjamin Bossi , vocalist Debora Iyall , guitarist Peter Woods , and bassist Frank Zincavage . The band went through four drummers , starting with Jay Derrah and ending with Aaron Smith . The band released three albums , It 's a Condition , Benefactor and Instincts , along with one EP . They are best known for the songs " Never Say Never " and " A Girl in Trouble ( Is a Temporary Thing ) " ; the latter became a Top 40 pop single .
The band was started at the San Francisco Art Institute by Iyall and Zincavage . They released a single on the recently formed 415 Records before recording their debut album , which has been deemed a " masterpiece of American post @-@ punk " . The success of their second release , a 4 @-@ song EP , Never Say Never resulted in a distribution deal with Columbia Records . The band continued to release music and tour until they broke up in 1985 . The members have reunited briefly over the years . Iyall has continued to pursue music as a side project . Iyall garnered acclaim as a skilled lyricist who explored themes like sexuality and alienation from a female perspective with " searing imagery " .
= = 1979 : Formation = =
Romeo Void formed at the San Francisco Art Institute in February 1979 . Vocalist Debora Iyall occasionally visited the Bay Area to see Patti Smith perform . She decided to pursue an art education after reading a fortune cookie . " It was in the late ' 70s at the Indochina Friendship Booth at the annual Fourth of July streetfair in Eureka , California , " she said . " I got a fortune cookie that said ' Art is your fate , don 't debate . ' That next January , I was enrolled in an art school in San Francisco . " She began frequenting the Mabuhay Gardens , a popular nightclub , to see local alternative rock groups like The Nuns , the Mutants , Crime , and the Avengers . She also formed the Mummers and Poppers , a punk parody band that covered 1960s tunes with guitarist Peter Woods , an English Major at SF State and drummer Jay Derrah , . Iyall was originally hesitant to perform because she was overweight : " After seeing Patti Smith , I still had it in my mind that you had to be skinny to be up there [ on stage ] , but after going to the Mabuhay [ ... ] you just do whatever you want , be whoever you want , just make it happen . "
Bassist Frank Zincavage met Iyall at the SF Art Institute ; the two hit it off and discussed putting a band together . They formed one with Woods and Derrah a few weeks later , drawing inspiration from the " burgeoning local punk and post @-@ punk scenes " . Iyall recruited Woods because she enjoyed playing with him in the Mommers and Poppers . " [ It ] seemed only natural that we invite Peter Woods to join us [ ... He ] played clean and was a natural on rhythm guitar . " Romeo Void officially formed on Valentine 's Day in 1979 . According to Iyall , the name Romeo Void referred to " a lack of romance " and came to mind after they saw a local magazine with the headline " Why single women can 't get laid in San Francisco . " The band practiced in Iyall 's flat in Mission District . It was decided that the group would embrace punk ideals despite the possibility that they become associated with the new wave movement . " Even though I was going to the [ Mabuhay Gardens ] so much , I also had criticisms : Everyone was leaning against the wall wearing black , " Iyall said . " I guess we were considered new wave , but for me Romeo Void was a reaction against the regimentation of everyone having to be bleached blond and everything being about despair and no future , when I thought the do @-@ it @-@ yourself thing should encompass all the different kinds of emotions , and all the different colors . [ ... ] I was proud of being American Indian , so I purposely never bleached my hair blond . "
= = 1980 – 1982 : It 's a Condition , Benefactor , and mainstream success = =
The band became busy playing shows at clubs and warehouses around San Francisco , and quickly became popular . Saxophonist Benjamin Bossi was added to the lineup as an " accident " when Iyall met him while he worked in a deli . The group released their first single , " White Sweater " , which consisted of the title track and a cover of Danish musician Jørgen Ingmann 's popular instrumental composition " Apache " , in February 1981 on a recently founded local label called 415 Records . They worked on the recording of their debut album , It 's a Condition , with producer David Kahne . Before recording began , Derrah left the band and was replaced by John " Stench " Hanes , who had previously played with Pearl Harbor and the Explosions . Romeo Void 's debut was critically acclaimed upon its release through 415 in July 1981 , and introduced Romeo Void 's " unique blend of jazz , funk , rock and confrontational poetry " . Allmusic writer Stewart Mason later heralded it as one of the " masterpieces of American post @-@ punk " . Indie labels were enthusiastic with promotions and the band embarked on several nationwide tours . Eventually Haines left the band , leaving Larry Carter to fill the drummer position .
The sudden surge in popularity was disorienting to Iyall . " It was frightening : we played a college in Santa Barbara , and there were all these blond people crowding the stage , and I thought ' These are the people who hated me in high school ! ' When you grow up being ' outside ' – because I wasn 't white , and I was fat , and always a bit of a free thinker – it was strange . It was like , ' uh @-@ oh , I must be doing something wrong – they like me ! ' " Highly successful mainstream artists like Ann Wilson and Ric Ocasek were eager to meet the band . Ocasek extended an invitation to collaborate at his Synchro Sound studio in Boston . The recording sessions in Boston resulted in the Never Say Never EP in January 1982 . The title track became ( arguably ) their best @-@ known song and has remained synonymous with the band ever since . The song was also featured in the 1984 romantic teen drama Reckless , which was the debut film of Jennifer Grey starring Aidan Quinn and Daryl Hannah . Additionally , the success of the single directly led to 415 Records signing a deal with Columbia Records , which elevated the indie label 's roster to major @-@ label status . Romeo Void released their second album , entitled Benefactor , in November 1982 . The album appeared at No. 119 on the Billboard 200 . Benefactor was noticeably more commercial sounding than previous endeavors ; the music was made more danceable and swearing was removed on the song " Never Say Never " . The different approach in the sound resulted in comparisons to Blondie , which Allmusic writer William Ruhlmann suggested was a deliberate attempt by Columbia . Iyall stated that there was more pressure to write sexually laced lyrics for Benefactor : " I do like to be provocative , and I definitely have access to my sexuality , and as a topic I find it ripe , but I wasn 't ever going to be a sex @-@ pot diva , so that was kind of odd . " She also said there was pressure to produce more singles .
= = 1983 – present : Instincts , break @-@ up , and post @-@ band endeavors = =
A third and final album was again helmed by David Kahne , which Allmusic writer Stewart Mason speculated was a " reaction against the more commercial sound of Benefactor . By this time , Carter had been replaced by veteran session drummer Aaron Smith . Instincts was released in October 1984 , debuted at No. 68 on the Billboard 200 , and proved to be the band 's best @-@ selling album . It also launched their most successful single , " A Girl in Trouble ( Is a Temporary Thing ) , " which broke the Billboard Top 40 and peaked at No. 35 . Critical reactions were positive . Despite being the band 's most successful effort to date , Columbia pulled the band 's promotional support while on a nationwide tour . " The very next town we got to after they made that decision , there wasn 't an A & R person there , " said Iyall . " [ There ] was no local person there , there were no interviews and in @-@ stores arranged as they had been . All that just ground to a halt . " The band returned to San Francisco and soon broke up . Constant touring has been cited by Iyall as the primary reason for the break @-@ up . " You get tired of each other , and you get intolerant of being uncomfortable and away from your family and your friends . " According to a VH1 reunion episode , the issue of Iyall 's weight was the reason for the label dropping them . In 2003 , Iyall agreed with this claim : " Howie sold us from 415 to Columbia Records , and they were like ' Who 's this fat chick ? ' They decided that was as far as it was going to get , and pulled their support . " Crawdaddy ! writer Denise Sullivan stated that the label spoke to Iyall about losing weight , but she subsequently refused . In 2010 , Iyall declined to discuss the issue , but added that she may not be taking full responsibility in the matter .
Iyall released a solo album entitled Strange Language with former band members Bossi and Smith in 1986 . Afterward she pursued a career as an art teacher . The band reunited briefly for a live performance in 1993 . In 2004 , Romeo Void was featured on an episode of VH1 's Bands Reunited . Bossi had sustained too much hearing damage over the years and was unable to perform , although he did meet up with the band again and observed the reunion performance in an adjacent room . Iyall has continued to dabble in music related projects and events . " I still like to sing and I still like to perform , " she said . In 2003 she was involved in a musical project called Knife in Water . She began collaborating with Peter Dunne , who was known as Peter Bilt when he played guitar for Pearl Harbor and the Explosions . Iyall and Dunne performed at a support benefit for Crawdaddy ! founder Paul Williams in June 2009 , and performed at a concert honoring 415 Records later that September . They released an album entitled Stay Strong in 2010 .
= = Music = =
Romeo Void has generally been classified as a new wave or post @-@ punk band . Some critics have noted dance elements in the music . According to Stewart Mason , writing for Allmusic , " [ The ] band 's muscular blend of Joy Division 's atmospherics and the Gang of Four 's rattling momentum , with Benjamin Bossi 's splattering free jazz saxophone coloring everything , made Romeo Void one of the strongest of the American post @-@ punk bands . The St. Petersburg Times wrote that they " had no trouble creating a signature sound for [ themselves with a ] scratchy guitar , soulful sax , [ and ] tight , precise drums . " The New York Times stated that they sounded like " an art @-@ school band , with its textural complexity [ and ] touches of jazz and funk " Saxophone player Benjamin Bossi has been observed as the ingredient that " set the band apart " and showed a " talent for both improvisation and arrangement . " Alan Niester , writing for The Globe and Mail , said that he weaved " in and out [ ... ] like a snake charmer " and reminded him of Andy Mackay , a saxophonist that played with Roxy Music .
Liam Lacey , also writing for The Globe and Mail , described Iyall 's voice as " sultry [ and ] sexy " , while Mason called it " powerful " . Her style has sometimes been compared to Chrissie Hynde , vocalist for the Pretenders . Richard Harrington of The Washington Post acknowledged the similarity , but also noted the influence of other singers in " Never Say Never " where Iyall mixed the " aggressive bitchiness of [ Hynde ] , the coy confrontational tactics of Patty Donahue of the Waitresses and the slack sensuality of Debbie Harry of the earliest Blondie . " Iyall used to find the comparison annoying , but eventually warmed to it : " When people said I sounded like her , I 'd say , ' Oh yeah , thanks a lot . ' But this year , I 've fallen in love with Learning To Crawl so now I don 't care if people want to make comparisons . " After a live show in 1982 , Niester contended that she was the weakest part of the group and had the " vocal range of an automobile horn " . Billboard writer Kathy Gillis wrote after a concert two years later that Iyall exhibited a " dramatic range that , while not extreme in either direction , was touching . "
Patti Smith had a great influence on Iyall . " [ She was ] someone who was both a rock singer and a poet , " she said . " She combined things I was interested in . Plus , she wasn 't a trumped @-@ up sex symbol . She was herself on stage . That appealed to me . It looked like something I could do . You didn 't have to look like all the other singers . " Iyall was highly critical of the music of the day and found inspiration in other mediums . " I hate rock and roll right now . It 's turned into some new kind of stupid religion ... I 'd rather listen to Billie Holiday , maybe Tom Waits . Actually , I 'll admit I like The Bangles – they have a great sound . But I 'd just as soon read novels or paint pictures as listen to music . I love language – plain speech , used in an enigmatic , subliminal way ; I 'm not much tied to the literal . "
= = Lyrics = =
Iyall was observed by Mother Jones to be among a new group of female fronted rock bands that displayed a " tough , wry , street @-@ wise , [ and ] cynical " attitude and sought to redefine the role of women in rock music . She developed a sizable following for her writing that covered topics like " frustrated desire [ and ] sexually motivated rage " from a female perspective . Critics praised her lyrics for their " searing imagery " , " seething poetics " , and " [ dark intelligence ] " " My approach was always that I had something to say , I had a point of view , " Iyall said , commenting on her outspokeness . " I remember seeing Penelope from the Avengers at the Mabuhay Gardens and thinking , I can do that . I have something to say . "
Romeo Void 's best known song is " Never Say Never " , which contains the famous line " I might like you better if we slept together . " Allmusic writer Heather Phares has argued that Iyall 's " teasing , existential musings [ ... ] predated and predicted the aloof yet frank sexuality of early- and mid- ' 90s artists such as Elastica and Liz Phair " . Phares concluded that the song was " a subversive , influential classic " and " one of new wave 's most distinctive and innovative moments . " The song has been covered by many artists , among them are Queens of the Stone Age and Amanda Blank . The song " A Girl in Trouble ( Is a Temporary Thing ) " , their highest @-@ charting single , was reportedly written as a response to Michael Jackson 's hit song " Billie Jean " , but can also be seen as a tribute to women who have experienced traumatizing events . Iyall also wrote songs that touched on themes like social alienation ( " Undercover Kept " ) and generation gaps ( " Chinatown " ) .
= = Personnel = =
= = Discography = =
= = = Albums & EPs = = =
= = = Singles = = =
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= Slavonia =
Slavonia ( / sləˈvoʊniə / ; Croatian : Slavonija ) is , alongside Dalmatia , Croatia proper , and Istria , one of the four historical regions of Croatia . Taking up the east of the country , it roughly corresponds with five Croatian counties : Brod @-@ Posavina , Osijek @-@ Baranja , Požega @-@ Slavonia , Virovitica @-@ Podravina and Vukovar @-@ Srijem , although the territory of the counties includes Baranya , and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies . The counties cover 12 @,@ 556 square kilometres ( 4 @,@ 848 square miles ) or 22 @.@ 2 % of Croatia , inhabited by 806 @,@ 192 — 18 @.@ 8 % of Croatia 's population . The largest city in the region is Osijek , followed by Slavonski Brod and Vinkovci . It is located in the Pannonian Basin , largely bordered by the Danube , Drava and Sava rivers . In the west , the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys , and the mountains surrounding the Požega Valley , and plains in the east . Slavonia enjoys a moderate continental climate , with relatively low precipitation .
After the fall of Rome , which ruled the area of modern @-@ day Slavonia until the 5th century , Ostrogoths and Lombards controlled the area before the arrival of Avars and Croats , when the Principality of Pannonian Croatia was established in the 7th century . It was later incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia and , after its decline , the kingdom was ruled through a personal union with Hungary .
The Ottoman conquest of Slavonia took place in 1536 to 1552 . In 1699 , after the Great Turkish War , Slavonia was transferred to the Habsburgs . Reform of the empire through the Compromise of 1867 assigned it to the Hungarian part of the realm , and a year later to the Kingdom of Croatia @-@ Slavonia . In 1918 , when Austria @-@ Hungary dissolved , Slavonia was a part of the short @-@ lived State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs which in turn became a part of the kingdom later renamed Yugoslavia . During the Croatian War of Independence , Slavonia saw fierce fighting , including the Battle of Vukovar .
The economy of Slavonia is largely based on processing industry , trade , transport and civil engineering . Agriculture is a significant component of its economy : Slavonia contains 45 % of Croatia 's agricultural land and accounts for a significant proportion of Croatia 's livestock farming and production of permanent crops . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the five counties of Slavonia is worth 6 @,@ 454 million euro or 8 @,@ 005 euro per capita , 27 @.@ 5 % below national average . The GDP of the five counties represents 13 @.@ 6 % of Croatia 's GDP .
The cultural heritage of Slavonia is a blend of historical influences , especially those since the end of the 17th century , when Slavonia started recovering from the Ottoman wars , and its traditional culture . Slavonia contributed to the culture of Croatia , through art , writers , poets and art patronage . In traditional music , Slavonia is a distinct region of Croatia , and the traditional culture is preserved through folklore festivals , with prominence given to tamburica music and bećarac , a form of traditional song , recognized as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO . The cuisine of Slavonia reflects diverse influences — a blend of traditional and foreign elements . Slavonia is one of Croatia 's winemaking areas , with Ilok and Kutjevo recognized as centres of wine production .
= = History = =
The name Slavonia originated in the Early Middle Ages . The area was named after the Slavs who settled there and called themselves * Slověne . The root * Slověn- appeared in various dialects of languages spoken by people inhabiting the area west of the Sutla river , as well as between the Sava and Drava rivers — South Slavs living in the area of the former Illyricum . The area bounded by those rivers was called * Slověnьje in the Proto @-@ Slavic language . The word subsequently evolved to its various present forms in the Slavic languages , and other languages adopted the term .
= = = Prehistory and antiquity = = =
Remnants of several Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions of Croatia , but most of the sites are found in the river valleys of northern Croatia , including Slavonia . The most significant cultures whose presence was found include the Starčevo culture whose finds were discovered near Slavonski Brod and dated to 6100 – 5200 BC , Vučedol and Baden cultures . Most finds attributed to the Baden and Vučedol cultures are discovered in the area around Vukovar , extending to Osijek and Vinkovci . The Baden culture sites in Slavonia are dated to 3600 – 3300 BC , and Vučedol culture finds are dated to 3000 – 2500 BC . The Iron Age left traces of the early Illyrian Hallstatt culture and the Celtic La Tène culture . Much later , the region was settled by Illyrians and other tribes , including the Pannonians , who controlled much of present @-@ day Slavonia . Even though archaeological finds of Illyrian settlements are much sparser than in areas closer to the Adriatic Sea , significant discoveries , for instance in Kaptol near Požega have been made . The Pannonians first came into contact with the Roman Republic in 35 BC , when the Romans conquered Segestica , or modern @-@ day Sisak . The conquest was completed in 11 BC , when the Roman province of Illyricum was established , encompassing modern @-@ day Slavonia as well as a vast territory on the right bank of Danube . The province was renamed Pannonia and divided within two decades .
= = = Middle Ages = = =
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , which included the territory occupied by modern @-@ day Slavonia , the area became a part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom by the end of the 5th century . However , control of the area proved a significant task , and Lombards were given increasing control of Pannonia in the 6th century , which ended in their withdrawal in 568 and the arrival of Pannonian Avars and Slavs , who established control of Pannonia by year 582 . According to the work De Administrando Imperio written by the 10th century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII , the Croats had arrived in the early 7th century in what is now Croatia , although this is disputed and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries . Eventually two dukedoms were formed — Duchy of Pannonia and Duchy of Dalmatia , ruled by Ljudevit Posavski and Borna , as attested to by the chronicles of Einhard , starting in the year 818 . This record represents the first document of the Croatian realms , vassal states of Francia at the time . The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of Mislav two decades later .
Tomislav was the first ruler of Croatia to be styled a king . That occurred in a letter from Pope John X , dating the kingdom of Croatia to 925 . Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions , spreading the influence of Croatian kings northward to Slavonia . The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of Petar Krešimir IV ( 1058 – 1074 ) and Dmitar Zvonimir ( 1075 – 1089 ) . When Stjepan II died in 1091 , ending the Trpimirović dynasty , Ladislaus I of Hungary claimed the Croatian crown . Opposition to the claim led to a war and personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102 , ruled by Coloman . For the next four centuries , Slavonia was ruled as a part of the Kingdom of Croatia by the Sabor ( parliament ) , and a ban ( viceroy ) appointed by the king . The period saw increasing territorial losses to Ottoman conquest . The Ottoman conquests led to the 1493 Battle of Krbava field and 1526 Battle of Mohács , both ending in decisive Ottoman victories . King Louis II of Hungary died at Mohács , and Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg was elected in 1527 as the new ruler of Croatia , under the condition that he provide protection to Croatia against the Ottoman Empire , while respecting its political rights . The period saw the rise to prominence of a native nobility such as the Frankopans and the Šubićs , and ultimately to numerous bans from the two families . The present coat of arms of Slavonia , used in an official capacity as a part of the coat of arms of Croatia , dates from this period — it was granted to Slavonia by king Vladislaus II Jagiellon on 8 December 1496 .
= = = Ottoman conquest = = =
Following the Battle of Mohács , the Ottomans expanded their possessions in Slavonia seizing Đakovo in 1536 and Požega in 1537 , defeating a Habsburg army led by Johann Katzianer , who was attempting to retake Slavonia , at Gorjani in September 1537 . By 1540 , Osijek was also under firm control of the Ottomans , and regular administration in Slavonia was introduced by establishing the Sanjak of Pojega . The Ottoman control in Slavonia expanded as Novska surrendered the same year . Turkish conquest continued — Našice were seized in 1541 , Orahovica and Slatina in 1542 , and in 1543 , Voćin , Sirač and , after a 40 @-@ day siege , Valpovo . In 1544 , Ottoman forces conquered Pakrac . Lessening hostilities brought about a five @-@ year truce in 1547 and temporary stabilization of the border between Habsburg and Ottoman empires , with Virovitica becoming the most significant defensive Habsburg fortress and Požega the most significant Ottoman centre in Slavonia , as Ottoman advances to Sisak and Čazma were made , including a brief occupation of the cities . Further westward efforts of the Turkish forces presented a significant threat to Zagreb and the rest of Croatia and the Hungarian kingdom , prompting a greater defensive commitment by the Habsburg Empire . One year after the 1547 truce ended , Ivan Lenković devised a system of fortifications and troops in the border areas , a forerunner of the Croatian Military Frontier . Nonetheless , in 1552 , the Ottoman conquest of Slavonia was completed when Virovitica was captured . Ottoman advances in the Croatian territory continued until the 1593 Battle of Sisak , the first decisive Ottoman defeat , and a more lasting stabilisation of the frontier . During the Great Turkish War ( 1683 – 1698 ) , Slavonia was regained in 1687 when the Ottomans abandoned the region — unlike western Bosnia , which had been part of Croatia before the Ottoman conquest . The present @-@ day southern border of Slavonia and the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is a remnant of this outcome .
The Ottoman wars instigated great demographic changes . Croats migrated towards Austria and the present @-@ day Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of these settlers . To replace the fleeing Croats , the Habsburgs called on the Orthodox populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier . Serb migration into this region peaked during the Great Serb Migrations of 1690 and 1737 – 39 .
= = = Habsburg Monarchy and Austria @-@ Hungary = = =
The areas acquired through the Treaty of Karlowitz were assigned to Croatia , itself in the union with Hungary and the union ruled by the Habsburgs . The border area along the Una , Sava and Danube rivers became the Slavonian Military Frontier . At this time , Osijek took over the role of the administrative and military centre of the newly formed Kingdom of Slavonia from Požega . The 1830s and 1840s saw romantic nationalism inspire the Croatian National Revival , a political and cultural campaign advocating unity of all South Slavs in the empire . Its primary focus was the establishment of a standard language as a counterweight to Hungarian , along with the promotion of Croatian literature and culture . During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Croatia sided with the Austrians , Ban Josip Jelačić helping to defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849 , and ushering in a period of Germanization policy . By the 1860s , failure of the policy became apparent , leading to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and creation of a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary . The treaty left the issue of Croatia 's status to Hungary as a part of Transleithania — and the status was resolved by the Croatian – Hungarian Settlement of 1868 , when the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united as the Kingdom of Croatia @-@ Slavonia . After Austria @-@ Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , the Military Frontiers were abolished and the Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier territory returned to Croatia @-@ Slavonia in 1881 , pursuant to provisions of the Croatian @-@ Hungarian Settlement . At that time , the easternmost point of Croatia @-@ Slavonia became Zemun , as all of Syrmia was encompassed by the kingdom .
= = = Kingdom of Yugoslavia and World War II = = =
On 29 October 1918 , the Croatian Sabor declared independence and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , which in turn entered into union with the Kingdom of Serbia on 4 December 1918 to form the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes . The Treaty of Trianon was signed in 1920 , at the end of World War I , between the Allies of World War I and Hungary as one of the successor states to Austria @-@ Hungary . The treaty established the southern border of Hungary along the Drava and Mura rivers , except in Baranya , where only the northern part of the county was kept by Hungary . The territorial acquisition in Baranya was not made a part of Slavonia , even though adjacent to Osijek , because pre @-@ 1918 administrative divisions were disestablished by the new kingdom . The political situation in the new kingdom deteriorated , leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929 . The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution transferring executive power to the king , and changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia . The Cvetković – Maček Agreement of August 1939 created the autonomous Banovina of Croatia incorporating Slavonia . Pursuant to the agreement , the Yugoslav government retained control of defence , internal security , foreign affairs , trade , and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown @-@ appointed ' Ban ' .
In April 1941 , Yugoslavia was occupied by Germany and Italy . Following the invasion the territory of Slavonia was incorporated into the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi @-@ backed puppet state and assigned as a zone under German occupation for the duration of the World War II . The regime introduced anti @-@ semitic laws and conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing and genocide against Serb and Roma populations , exemplified by the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps . Armed resistance soon developed in the region , and by 1942 , it controlled substantial territories , especially in mountainous parts of Slavonia . Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito took full control of Slavonia in April 1945 .
= = = Federal Yugoslavia and the independence of Croatia = = =
After World War II , Croatia — including Slavonia — became a single @-@ party Socialist federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , ruled by the Communists , but enjoying a degree of autonomy within the federation . The autonomy effectively increased after the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution , basically fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring movement , and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents . In 1947 , when all borders of the former Yugoslav constituent republics had been defined by demarcation commissions , pursuant to decisions of the AVNOJ of 1943 and 1945 , the federal organization of Yugoslav Baranya was defined as Croatian territory allowing its integration with Slavonia . The commissions also set up the present @-@ day 317 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre ( 197 @.@ 3 mi ) border between Serbia and Croatia in Syrmia , and along the Danube River between Ilok and mouth of the Drava and further north to the Hungarian border , the section south of confluence of the Drava matching the border between the Kingdom of Croatia @-@ Slavonia and the Bács @-@ Bodrog County that existed until 1918 and the end of World War I.
In the 1980s the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian SANU Memorandum and the 1989 coups in Vojvodina , Kosovo and Montenegro . In January 1990 , the Communist Party fragmented along national lines , with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation . In the same year , the first multi @-@ party elections were held in Croatia , with Franjo Tuđman 's win raising nationalist tensions further . The Serbs in Croatia , intent on achieving independence from Croatia , left the Sabor and declared the autonomy of areas that would soon become the unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) . As tensions rose , Croatia declared independence in June 1991 ; however the declaration came into effect on 8 October 1991 . Tensions escalated into the Croatian War of Independence when the Yugoslav National Army and various Serb paramilitaries attacked Croatia . By the end of 1991 , a high intensity war fought along a wide front reduced Croatia to controlling about two @-@ thirds of its territory .
In Slavonia , the first armed conflicts were clashes in Pakrac , and Borovo Selo near Vukovar . Western Slavonia was occupied in August 1991 , following an advance by the Yugoslav forces north from Banja Luka across the Sava River . This was partially pushed back by the Croatian Army in operations named Otkos 10 , and Orkan 91 , which established a front line around Okučani and south of Pakrac that would hold virtually unchanged for more than three years until Operation Flash in May 1995 . Armed conflict in the eastern Slavonia , culminating in the Battle of Vukovar and a subsequent massacre , also included heavy fighting and the successful defence of Osijek and Vinkovci . The front line stabilized and a ceasefire was agreed to on 2 January 1992 , coming into force the next day . After the ceasefire , United Nations Protection Force was deployed to the occupied areas , but intermittent artillery and rocket attacks , launched from Serb @-@ held areas of Bosnia , continued in several areas of Slavonia , especially in Slavonski Brod and Županja . The war effectively ended in 1995 with Croatia achieving a decisive victory over the RSK in August 1995 . The remaining occupied areas — eastern Slavonia — were restored to Croatia pursuant to the Erdut Agreement of November 1995 , with the process concluded in January 1998 .
= = Geography = =
= = = Political geography = = =
The Croatian counties were re @-@ established in 1992 , but their borders changed in some instances , with the latest revision taking place in 2006 . Slavonia consists of five counties — Brod @-@ Posavina , Osijek @-@ Baranja , Požega @-@ Slavonia , Virovitica @-@ Podravina and Vukovar @-@ Srijem counties — which largely cover the territory historically associated with Slavonia . The western borders of the five @-@ county territory lie in the area where the western boundary of Slavonia generally has been located since the Ottoman conquest , with the remaining borders being at the international borders of Croatia . This places the Croatian part of Baranya into the Slavonian counties , constituting the Eastern Croatia macroregion . Terms Eastern Croatia and Slavonia are increasingly used as synonyms . The Brod @-@ Posavina County comprises two cities — Slavonski Brod and Nova Gradiška — and 26 Municipalities of Croatia . The Osijek @-@ Baranja County consists of seven cities — Beli Manastir , Belišće , Donji Miholjac , Đakovo , Našice , Osijek and Valpovo — and 35 municipalities . The Požega @-@ Slavonia County comprises five cities — Kutjevo , Lipik , Pakrac , Pleternica and Požega — and five municipalities . The Virovitica @-@ Podravina County covers three cities — Orahovica , Slatina and Virovitica — and 13 municipalities . The Vukovar @-@ Srijem County encompasses five cities — Ilok , Otok , Vinkovci , Vukovar and Županja — and 26 municipalities . The whole of Slavonia is the eastern half of Central and Eastern ( Pannonian ) Croatia NUTS @-@ 2 statistical unit of Croatia , together with further areas of Central Croatia . Other statistical units correspond to the counties , cities and municipalities . The five counties combined cover area size of 12 @,@ 556 square kilometres ( 4 @,@ 848 square miles ) , representing 22 @.@ 2 % of territory of Croatia .
= = = Physical geography = = =
The boundaries of Slavonia , as a geographical region , do not necessarily coincide with the borders of the five counties , except in the south and east where the Sava and Danube rivers define them . The international borders of Croatia are boundaries common to both definitions of the region . In the north , the boundaries largely coincide because the Drava River is considered to be the northern border of Slavonia as a geographic region , but this excludes Baranya from the geographic region 's definition even though this territory is part of a county otherwise associated with Slavonia . The western boundary of the geographic region is not specifically defined and it was variously defined through history depending on the political divisions of Croatia . The eastern Croatia , as a geographic term , largely overlaps most definitions of Slavonia . It is defined as the territory of the Brod @-@ Posavina , Osijek @-@ Baranja , Požega @-@ Slavonia , Virovitica @-@ Podravina and Vukovar @-@ Syrmia counties , including Baranya .
= = = = Topography = = = =
Slavonia is entirely located in the Pannonian Basin , one of three major geomorphological parts of Croatia . The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny . The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains . The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17 – 12 Mya ( million years ago ) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7 @.@ 5 Mya . Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea , and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin . Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains , with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains . Ultimately , up to 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 feet ) of the sediment was deposited in the basin , and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge . In the southern Pannonian Basin , the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower , averaging 500 to 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 to 4 @,@ 900 feet ) , except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction — around 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 13 @,@ 000 feet ) in the Slavonia @-@ Syrmia depression , 5 @,@ 500 metres ( 18 @,@ 000 feet ) in the Sava depression and nearly 7 @,@ 000 metres ( 23 @,@ 000 feet ) in the Drava depression , with the deepest sediment found between Virovitica and Slatina .
The results of those processes are large plains in eastern Slavonia , Baranya and Syrmia , as well as in river valleys , especially along the Sava , Drava and Kupa . The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures , believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands . The tallest among such landforms in Slavonia are 984 @-@ metre ( 3 @,@ 228 ft ) Psunj , and 953 @-@ metre ( 3 @,@ 127 ft ) Papuk — flanking the Požega Valley from the west and the north . These two and Krndija , adjacent to Papuk , consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 350 – 300 million years old . Požeška Gora and Dilj , to the east of Psunj and enveloping the valley from the south , consist of much more recent Neogene rocks , but Požeška Gora also contains Upper Cretaceous sediments and igneous rocks forming the main , 30 @-@ kilometre ( 19 mi ) ridge of the hill and representing the largest igneous landform in Croatia . A smaller igneous landform is also present on Papuk , near Voćin . The two mountains , as well as Moslavačka gora , west of Pakrac , are possible remnants of a volcanic arc related to Alpine orogeny — uplifting of the Dinaric Alps . The Đakovo – Vukovar loess plain , extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers , gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok .
= = = = Hydrography and climate = = = =
The largest rivers in Slavonia are found along or near its borders — the Danube , Sava and Drava . The length of the Danube , flowing along the eastern border of Slavonia and through the cities of Vukovar and Ilok , is 188 kilometres ( 117 miles ) , and its main tributaries are the Drava 112 @-@ kilometre ( 70 mi ) and the Vuka . The Drava discharges into the Danube near Aljmaš , east of Osijek , while mouth of the Vuka is located in Vukovar . Major tributaries of the Sava , flowing along the southern border of Slavonia and through cities of Slavonski Brod and Županja are 89 @-@ kilometre ( 55 mi ) the Orljava flowing through Požega , and the Bosut — whose 151 @-@ kilometre ( 94 mi ) course in Slavonia takes it through Vinkovci . There are no large lakes in Slavonia . The largest ones are Lake Kopačevo whose surface area varies between 1 @.@ 5 and 3 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 58 and 1 @.@ 35 square miles ) , and Borovik Reservoir covering 2 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 97 square miles ) . The Lake Kopačevo is connected to the Danube via Hulovski canal , situated within the Kopački Rit wetland , while the Lake Borovik is an artificial lake created in 1978 in the upper course of the Vuka River .
The entire Slavonia belongs to the Danube basin and the Black Sea catchment area , but it is divided in two sub @-@ basins . One of those drains into the Sava — itself a Danube tributary — and the other into the Drava or directly into the Danube . The drainage divide between the two sub @-@ basins runs along Papuk and Krndija mountains , in effect tracing the southern boundary of the Virovitica @-@ Podravina County and the northern boundary of Požega @-@ Slavonia County , cuts through the Osijek @-@ Podravina County north of Đakovo and finally bisects the Vukovar @-@ Syrmia County running between Vukovar and Vinkovci to reach Fruška Gora southwest of Ilok . The Entire Brod @-@ Posavina County is located in the Sava sub @-@ basin .
Most of Croatia , including Slavonia , has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate as defined by the Köppen climate classification . Mean annual temperature averages 10 to 12 ° C ( 50 to 54 ° F ) , with the warmest month , July , averaging just below 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . Temperature peaks are more pronounced in the continental areas — the lowest temperature of − 27 @.@ 8 ° C ( − 18 @.@ 0 ° F ) was recorded on 24 January 1963 in Slavonski Brod , and the highest temperature of 40 @.@ 5 ° C ( 104 @.@ 9 ° F ) was recorded on 5 July 1950 in Đakovo . The least precipitation is recorded in the eastern parts of Slavonia at less than 700 millimetres ( 28 inches ) per year , however in the latter case , it mostly occurs during the growing season . The western parts of Slavonia receive 900 to 1 @,@ 000 millimetres ( 35 to 39 inches ) precipitation . Low winter temperatures and the distribution of precipitation throughout the year normally result in snow cover , and freezing rivers — requiring use of icebreakers , and in extreme cases explosives , to maintain the flow of water and navigation . Slavonia receives more than 2 @,@ 000 hours of sunshine per year on average . Prevailing winds are light to moderate , northeasterly and southwesterly .
= = = Demographics = = =
According to the 2011 census , the total population of the five counties of Slavonia was 806 @,@ 192 , accounting for 19 % of population of Croatia . The largest portion of the total population lives in Osijek @-@ Baranja county , followed by Vukovar @-@ Syrmia county . Požega @-@ Slavonia county is the least populous county of Slavonia . Overall the population density stands at 64 @.@ 2 persons per square kilometre . The population density ranges from 77 @.@ 6 to 40 @.@ 9 persons per square kilometre , with the highest density recorded in Brod @-@ Posavina county and the lowest in Virovitica @-@ Podravina county . Osijek is the largest city in Slavonia , followed by Slavonski Brod , Vinkovci and Vukovar . Other cities in Slavonia have populations below 20 @,@ 000 . According to the 2001 census , Croats account for 85 @.@ 6 percent of population of Slavonia , and the most significant ethnic minorities are Serbs and Hungarians , comprising 8 @.@ 8 percent and 1 @.@ 4 percent of the population respectively . The largest portion of the Serb minority was recorded in Vukovar @-@ Syrmia county ( 15 percent ) , while the largest Hungarian minority , in both relative and absolute terms , was observed in Osijek @-@ Baranja county . The census recorded 85 @.@ 4 % of the population declaring themselves as Catholic , with further 4 @.@ 4 % belonging to Serbian Orthodox Church and 0 @.@ 7 % Muslims . 3 @.@ 1 % declared themselves as non @-@ religious , agnostics or declined to declare their religion . The most widely used language in the region is Croatian , declared as the first language by 93 @.@ 6 % of the total population , followed by Serbian ( 2 @.@ 6 % ) and Hungarian language ( 1 @.@ 0 % ) .
The demographic history of Slavonia is characterised by significant migrations , as is that of Croatia as a whole , starting with the arrival of the Croats , between the 6th and 9th centuries . Following the establishment of the personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102 , and the joining of the Habsburg Empire in 1527 , the Hungarian and German speaking population of Croatia began gradually increasing in number . The processes of Magyarization and Germanization varied in intensity but persisted until the beginning of the 20th century . The Ottoman conquests initiated a westward migration of parts of the Croatian population ; the Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of some of those settlers . To replace the fleeing Croats the Habsburgs called on the Orthodox populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier . Serb migration into this region peaked during the Great Serb Migrations of 1690 and 1737 – 39 . Following the collapse of Austria @-@ Hungary in 1918 , the Hungarian population declined , due to emigration and ethnic bias . The changes were especially significant in the areas north of the Drava river , and Baranja County where they represented the majority before World War I.
Since the end of the 19th century there was substantial economic emigration abroad from Croatia in general . After World War I , the Yugoslav regime confiscated up to 50 percent of properties and encouraged settlement of the land by Serb volunteers and war veterans in Slavonia , only to have them evicted and replaced by up to 70 @,@ 000 new settlers by the regime during the World War II . During World War II and in the period immediately following the war , there were further significant demographic changes , as the German @-@ speaking population , the Volksdeutsche , were either forced or otherwise compelled to leave — reducing their number from the prewar German population of Yugoslavia of 500 @,@ 000 , living in Slavonia and other parts of present @-@ day Croatia and Serbia , to the figure of 62 @,@ 000 recorded in the 1953 census . The 1940s and the 1950s in Yugoslavia were marked by colonisation of settlements where the displaced Germans used to live , by people from the mountainous parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia and Montenegro , and migrations to larger cities spurred on by the development of industry . In the 1960s and 1970s , another wave of economic migrants left — largely moving to Canada , Australia , New Zealand and Western Europe .
The most recent changes to the ethnic composition of Slavonian counties occurred between censuses conducted in 1991 and 2001 . The 1991 census recorded a heterogenous population consisting mostly of Croats and Serbs — at 72 percent and 17 percent of the total population respectively . The Croatian War of Independence , and the ethnic fracturing of Yugoslavia that preceded it , caused an exodus of the Croat population followed by an exodus of Serbs . The return of refugees since the end of hostilities is not complete — a majority of Croat refugees returned , while fewer Serbs did . In addition , ethnic Croats moved to Slavonia from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Serbia .
= = Economy and transport = =
The economy of Slavonia is largely based on wholesale and retail trade and processing industry . Food processing is one of the most significant types of the processing industries in the region , supporting agricultural production in the area and encompassing meat packing , fruit and vegetable processing , sugar refining , confectionery and dairy industry . In addition , there are wineries in the region that are significant to economy of Croatia . Other types of the processing industry significant to Slavonia are wood processing , including production of furniture , cellulose , paper and cardboard ; metalworking , textile industry and glass production . Transport and civil engineering are two further significant economic activities in Slavonia . The largest industrial centre of Slavonia is Osijek , followed by other county seats — Slavonski Brod , Virovitica , Požega and Vukovar , as well as several other cities , especially Vinkovci .
The gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the five counties in Slavonia combined ( in year 2008 ) amounted to 6 @,@ 454 million euro , or 8 @,@ 005 euro per capita — 27 @.@ 5 % below Croatia 's national average . The GDP of the five counties represented 13 @.@ 6 % of Croatia 's GDP . Several Pan @-@ European transport corridors run through Slavonia : corridor Vc as the A5 motorway , corridor X as the A3 motorway and a double @-@ track railway spanning Slavonia from west to east , and corridor VII — the Danube River waterway . The waterway is accessed through the Port of Vukovar , the largest Croatian river port , situated on the Danube itself , and the Port of Osijek on the Drava River , 14 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 0 miles ) away from confluence of the rivers .
Another major sector of the economy of Slavonia is agriculture , which also provides part of the raw materials for the processing industry . Out of 1 @,@ 077 @,@ 403 hectares ( 2 @,@ 662 @,@ 320 acres ) of utilized agricultural land in Croatia , 493 @,@ 878 hectares ( 1 @,@ 220 @,@ 400 acres ) , or more than 45 % , are found in Slavonia , with the largest portion of the land situated in the Osijek @-@ Baranja and Vukovar @-@ Syrmia counties . The largest areas are used for production of cereals and oilseeds , covering 574 @,@ 916 hectares ( 1 @,@ 420 @,@ 650 acres ) and 89 @,@ 348 hectares ( 220 @,@ 780 acres ) respectively . Slavonia 's share in Croatia 's agriculturally productive land is greatest in the production of cereals ( 53 @.@ 5 % ) , legumes ( 46 @.@ 8 % ) , oilseeds ( 88 @.@ 8 % ) , sugar beet ( 90 % ) , tobacco ( 97 @.@ 9 % ) , plants used in pharmaceutical or perfume industry ( 80 @.@ 9 % ) , flowers , seedlings and seeds ( 80 @.@ 3 % ) and plants used in the textile industry ( 69 % ) . Slavonia also contributes 25 @.@ 7 % of cattle , 42 @.@ 7 % of pigs and 20 % of the poultry stock of Croatia . There are 5 @,@ 138 hectares ( 12 @,@ 700 acres ) of vineyards in Slavonia , representing 18 @.@ 6 % of total vineyards area in Croatia . Production of fruit and nuts also takes up a significant agricultural area . Apple orchards cover 1 @,@ 261 hectares ( 3 @,@ 120 acres ) , representing 42 @.@ 3 % of Croatia 's apple plantations , plums are produced in orchards encompassing 450 hectares ( 1 @,@ 100 acres ) or 59 @.@ 7 % of Croatia 's plum plantations and hazelnut orchards cover 319 hectares ( 790 acres ) , which account for 72 @.@ 4 % of hazelnut plantations in Croatia . Other significant permanent crops are cherries , pears , peaches and walnuts .
In 2010 , only two companies headquartered in Slavonia ranked among top 100 Croatian companies — Belje , agricultural industry owned by Agrokor , and Belišće , paper mill and paper packaging material factory , headquartered in Darda and Belišće respectively , both in Osijek @-@ Baranja County . Belje ranks as the 44th and Belišće as the 99th largest Croatian company by income . Other significant businesses in the county include civil engineering company Osijek @-@ Koteks ( rank 103 ) , Saponia detergent and personal care product factory ( rank 138 ) , Biljemerkant retail business ( rank 145 ) , and Našicecement cement plant ( rank 165 ) , a part of Nexe Grupa construction product manufacturing company . Sugar refining company Viro , ranked the 101st and headquartered in Virovitica , is the largest company in Virovitica @-@ Podravina County . Đuro Đaković Montaža d.d. , a part of metal processing industry Đuro Đaković Holding of Slavonski Brod , ranks the 171st among the Croatian companies and it is the largest business in Brod @-@ Posavina County . Another agricultural industry company , Kutjevo d.d. , headquartered in Kutjevo , is the largest company in Požega @-@ Slavonia County , ranks the 194th in Croatia by business income . Finally , the largest company by income in Vukovar @-@ Syrmia county is another Agrokor owned agricultural production company — Vupik , headquartered in Vukovar , and ranking the 161st among the companies headquartered in Croatia .
= = Culture = =
The cultural heritage of Slavonia represents a blend of social influences through its history , especially since the end of the 17th century , and the traditional culture . A particular impact was made by Baroque art and architecture of the 18th century , when the cities of Slavonia started developing after the Ottoman wars ended and stability was restored to the area . The period saw great prominence of the nobility , who were awarded estates in Slavonia by the imperial court in return for their service during the wars . They included Prince Eugene of Savoy , the House of Esterházy , the House of Odescalchi , Philipp Karl von Eltz @-@ Kempenich , the House of Prandau @-@ Normann , the House of Pejačević and the House of Janković . That in turn encouraged an influx of contemporary European culture to the region . Subsequent development of the cities and society saw the influence of Neoclassicism , Historicism and especially of Art Nouveau .
The heritage of the region includes numerous landmarks , especially manor houses built by the nobility in largely in the 18th and the 19th centuries . Those include Prandau @-@ Normann and Prandau @-@ Mailath manor houses in Valpovo and Donji Miholjac respectively , manor houses in Baranja — in Bilje , at a former Esterházy estate in Darda , in Tikveš , and in Kneževo . Pejačevićs built several residences , the most representative ones among them being manor house in Virovitica and the Pejačević manor house in Našice . Further east , along the Danube , there are Odescalchi manor house in Ilok , and Eltz manor house in Vukovar — the latter sustained extensive damage during the Battle of Vukovar in 1991 , but it was reconstructed by 2011 . In the southeast of the region , the most prominent are Kutjevo Jesuit manor house , and Cernik manor house , located in Kutjevo and Cernik respectively . The period also saw construction of Tvrđa and Brod fortifications in Osijek and Slavonski Brod . Older , medieval fortifications are preserved only as ruins — the largest among those being Ružica Castle near Orahovica . Another landmark dating to the 19th century is the Đakovo Cathedral — hailed by the Pope John XXIII as the most beautiful church situated between Venice and Istanbul .
Slavonia significantly contributed to the culture of Croatia as a whole , both through works of artists and through patrons of the arts — most notable among them being Josip Juraj Strossmayer . Strossmayer was instrumental in the establishment of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts , later renamed the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts , and the reestablishment of the University of Zagreb . A number of Slavonia 's artists , especially writers , made considerable contributions to Croatian culture . Nineteenth @-@ century writers who are most significant in Croatian literature include Josip Eugen Tomić , Josip Kozarac , and Miroslav Kraljević — author of the first Croatian novel . Significant twentieth @-@ century poets and writers in Slavonia were Dobriša Cesarić , Dragutin Tadijanović , Ivana Brlić @-@ Mažuranić and Antun Gustav Matoš . Painters associated with Slavonia , who contributed greatly to Croatian art , were Miroslav Kraljević and Bela Čikoš Sesija .
Slavonia is a distinct region of Croatia in terms of ethnological factors in traditional music . It is a region where traditional culture is preserved through folklore festivals . Typical traditional music instruments belong to the tamburica and bagpipe family . The tamburica is the most representative musical instrument associated with Slavonia 's traditional culture . It developed from music instruments brought by the Ottomans during their rule of Slavonia , becoming an integral part of the traditional music , its use surpassing or even replacing the use of bagpipes and gusle . A distinct form of traditional song , originating in Slavonia , the bećarac , is recognized as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO .
Out of 122 Croatia 's universities and other institutions of higher education , Slavonia is home to one university — Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek — as well as three polytechnics in Požega , Slavonski Brod and Vukovar , as well as a college in Virovitica — all set up and run by the government . The University of Osijek , has been established in 1975 , but the first institution of higher education in the city was Studium Philosophicum Essekini founded in 1707 , and active until 1780 . Another historical institution of higher education was Academia Posegana operating in Požega between 1761 and 1776 , as an extension of a gymnasium operating in the city continuously , since it opened in 1699 as the first secondary education school in Slavonia .
= = = Cuisine and wines = = =
The cuisine of Slavonia reflects cultural influences on the region through the diversity of its culinary influences . The most significant among those were from Hungarian , Viennese , Central European , as well as Turkish and Arab cuisines brought by series of conquests and accompanying social influences . The ingredients of traditional dishes are pickled vegetables , dairy products and smoked meats . The most famous traditional preserved meat product is kulen , one of a handful Croatian products protected by the EU as indigenous products .
Slavonia is one of Croatia 's winemaking sub @-@ regions , a part of its continental winegrowing region . The best known winegrowing areas of Slavonia are centered on Đakovo , Ilok and Kutjevo , where Graševina grapes are predominant , but other cultivars are increasingly present . In past decades , an increasing quantity of wine production in Slavonia was accompanied by increasing quality and growing recognition at home and abroad . Grape vines were first grown in the region of Ilok , as early as the 3rd century AD . The oldest Slavonian wine cellar still in continuous use for winemaking is located in Kutjevo — built in 1232 by Cistercians .
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= Magnus II of Norway =
Magnus Haraldsson ( Old Norse : Magnús Haraldsson ; c . 1048 – 28 April 1069 ) was King of Norway from 1066 to 1069 , jointly with his brother Olaf Kyrre from 1067 . He was not included in official Norwegian regnal lists until modern times , but has since been counted as Magnus II .
A son of King Harald Hardrada , Magnus was in 1058 appointed nominal leader of an expedition into the Irish Sea while still only a child . He appears to have assisted Welsh ruler Gruffydd ap Llywelyn and Ælfgar , Earl of Mercia in their struggles against the English , although his primary objective may have been to assert control over Orkney . He later accompanied his father in Harald 's campaign against Denmark in 1062 , and was appointed regent and made king before Harald 's fatal invasion of England in 1066 . Magnus briefly ruled Norway alone thereafter , until his younger brother Olaf returned from England in 1067 .
Magnus co @-@ ruled with Olaf following his brother 's return to Norway , but less than three years into his reign , Magnus became ill and died . His kingship has been downplayed in later history in part due to this . Magnus had only one child , Haakon Toresfostre who was king briefly after Olaf , but who also died young , and without issue .
= = Early life = =
= = = Background = = =
Magnus was born in 1048 or 1049 . He was the first of two sons of King Harald Hardrada , by his consort Tora Torbergsdatter . There are no known skaldic poems written about Magnus , and he appears only briefly in the Norse sagas . The author of Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum describes him in passing as " a most handsome man . " While not mentioned anywhere in the sagas , Magnus appears in contemporary British sources around the year 1058 as the leader of a Norwegian expedition in the Irish Sea .
= = = Expedition to the West = = =
In 1058 , Magnus headed an expedition into the Irish Sea that sought to extend Norwegian authority in the region , the Norwegians siding with a faction that opposed the Norse @-@ Gaelic king Echmarcach mac Ragnaill . The expedition also appears to have supported a branch of the Norse @-@ Gaelic dynasty of Ivar that opposed Irish king Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó . Magnus commanded a fleet that , in addition to Norway , recruited men from Orkney , the Hebrides , and Dublin . His forces were later active in Wales and perhaps in England , and English chronicler John of Worcester associates the Norwegian fleet ( along with the Welsh ruler Gruffydd ap Llywelyn ) , with returning the exiled Ælfgar , Earl of Mercia to power . The Irish Annals of Tigernach goes further in claiming that Magnus 's goal was to seize power in England , but this is not supported by Welsh and English sources which also includes the Annales Cambriae and the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle .
Magnus 's campaign may have been part of his father 's plans for an invasion of England , as control over the Kingdom of the Isles would have provided him with more troops . Historian Kelly DeVries has moreover proposed that Harald may have wanted to test the situation in England before a possible invasion , only to find that he could not be at war with Denmark and England at the same time . The expedition of Magnus never made significant landfall in England , but for English king Edward the Confessor it probably signalled renewed Norwegian ambitions from Harald Hardrada , who considered himself Edward 's rightful heir . At the same time , the rise in power of Godwin , Earl of Wessex and his sons , in particular Harold Godwinson , had also started representing a threat to Harald 's claim .
On the other hand , historian Alex Woolf has suggested that the expedition originally may only have been intended for Orkney , and that in search for plunder it was followed by an expedition into the Irish Sea that by mere luck presented Magnus with the opportunity of raiding with Earl Ælfgar . The exact year that Thorfinn Sigurdsson , Earl of Orkney died is not recorded anywhere , other than that it is stated in the Orkneyinga saga that it was in the later days of Harald Hardrada . Thus , it may be that his death provoked Magnus 's expedition , and that the expedition was the occasion on which Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson , Thorfinn 's successors as earls , submitted to Harald . Woolf has also proposed that Magnus may have played some part in the war in Scotland in 1057 – 1058 , perhaps supporting Máel Coluim mac Donnchada against Lulach .
= = Kingship and death = =
Magnus accompanied his father in Harald 's campaign against Denmark in 1062 . On his way to Denmark , Harald 's fleet clashed with the fleet of Danish king Sweyn Estridsson in a major naval battle at Niså that resulted in Norwegian victory . In 1066 , after concluding peace with Sweyn Estridsson , Harald set out on his campaign of conquering England from Harold Godwinson . Before departing , he appointed Magnus as regent and king of Norway in his absence , and had his younger son Olaf accompany him on the expedition . After initial success in the Battle of Fulford , Harald was defeated and killed by Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Stamford Bridge . Olaf survived and returned to Norway with the remaining troops in early 1067 , and was proclaimed king and co @-@ ruler with his brother Magnus .
Although it was intended for Magnus and Olaf to rule the kingdom jointly without division , in practice Olaf ruled over Viken ( the south @-@ eastern part of Norway ) , while Magnus controlled the Uplands and Trøndelag ( the middle parts of Norway ) along with Western Norway and Northern Norway . Despite of this division , there are no signs of hostility between the brothers , and their relationship appears to have been peaceful .
Having reigned for less than three years , Magnus became ill and died in Nidaros ( Trondheim ) on 28 April 1069 . The sagas posit that Magnus died of ringworm , but modern scholars have proposed that he instead may have died of ergotism ( poisoning by the Claviceps purpurea fungus ) . Snorri Sturluson writes briefly in the Saga of Harald Hardrade that Magnus was " an amiable king and bewailed by the people . "
Magnus 's kingship has been downplayed in later history partly due to his short tenure , and because most of it was together with his brother . The subsequently long reign of Olaf also contributed to overshadow Magnus 's reign , combined with the fact that the later Norwegian royal dynasties only descended ( or claimed descent ) from Olaf .
The king known today as Magnus VI of Norway ( the first Norwegian king known to use regnal numbers ) originally used the regnal number IV for himself in contemporary Latin letters , leaving out Magnus Haraldsson . As the numbering system has seen changes in modern times , Magnus Haraldsson is today included as Magnus II .
= = Family = =
Magnus had a son , Haakon Toresfostre , who was probably born the same year that Magnus died . Haakon went on to claim what he considered his part of the kingdom ( after his father ) in 1093 when his uncle Olaf Kyrre died , and shared the kingdom with his cousin Magnus Barefoot ( son of Olaf Kyrre ) . Similar to the reign of his father , Haakon 's reign also ended abruptly after a short time as he died young in 1095 .
= = Ancestry = =
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= Ditton , Kent =
Ditton is a large village and civil parish in the Tonbridge and Malling district of Kent , England . The village is 4 @.@ 6 miles ( 7 @.@ 4 km ) WNW of Maidstone and 1 @.@ 8 miles ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) east of West Malling . The parish , which is long and narrow , straddles the A20 ( the old Dover to London road ) , with farmland to the south and industry to the north . It lies in the Medway Valley , on the northern edge of the Kent Weald , and adjoins the ancient parishes of Larkfield , Aylesford and Barming .
= = History = =
The origins of the village can be traced to the stream which runs through the parish and gave rise to a number of corn mills along its length . The earliest recorded mention of the village is in the Domesday Book of 1086 . The village contains a number of listed buildings , which include a 12th @-@ century church , an old mill house and two oast houses .
More recently , ragstone and newsprint industries have developed and become important sources of local employment . The population of the village grew rapidly with the overspill of housing from the nearby town of Maidstone . Today Ditton has a mixed agricultural and industrial economy , with a wide range of social and leisure facilities . In 2001 it had a population of 4 @,@ 786 .
The name Ditton comes from the Saxon " Dictune " meaning the village situated on the dike , or trench of water . This derives from the Bradbourne Stream which rises near East Malling and passes through the village . The stream supplied the now defunct Aylesford Newsprint site , once the largest paper recycling factory in Europe , with part of its water supply .
Evidence of the early occupation of Ditton is scant . A Mesolithic tranchet axe , a sharpening flake , three microliths and 36 blades were found at Ditton , but the exact site of the find is now unknown . Mesolithic flint implements , Iron Age pottery and pit dwellings have also been reported in the Holt Hill area of Ditton .
An Anglo @-@ Saxon spearhead was found in July 1962 by D. Tamkin in a cutting through a natural knoll of sand on Messrs Reed 's playing fields at Cobdown , Ditton . It is possible that the spearhead came from a grave on the top of the knoll , destroyed during the making or widening of the cutting . The first recorded mention of Ditton is in the Domesday Book , with an entry dated 1086 . At that time the village had 31 dwellings . The Domesday Book states : " Haimo the sheriff holds of the bishop ( of Baieux ) Dictune . It was taxed at one suling . The arable land is four carucates . In demesne there are two , and 20 villeins , with five borderers , having three carucates . There is a church and 6 servants , and one mill of 10 shillings , and eight acres of meadow , and 35 acres of pasture . Wood for the pannage of six hogs . In the time of King Edward the Confessor it was worth 8 pounds , when he received it 100 shillings , now 8 pounds . Sbern held it of King Edward . "
There was another estate ( manor ) in the parish at that time called Sifletone , which also belonged to the Bishop of Baieux ( Bayeux ) , and was entered into the Domesday Book : " Vitalis holds of the bishop ( of Baieux ) Sifletone . It was taxed at three yokes . The arable land is one carucate . In demesne there is one caracate and an half , and six villeins , with one borderer , having half a carucate . There are six servants , and one mill of 10s . There are ten acres of meadow , and thirty acres of pasture . In the time of the Confessor it was worth 40 shillings , when he received it four pounds , now 100 shillings . In the time of king Edward the Confessor , two men , Leuuin and Uluuin , held this land in coparcenary , and could turn themselves over with this land to whomever they would . "
Thus there were three manors within the parish ; Ditton Manor , with the appendant Brampton Manor , and Sifletone , all of which were owned by the Bishop of Bayeux at this time . The Bishop of Bayeaux was Odo , Earl of Kent , half brother of William the Conqueror . In 1082 , after it was discovered that Odo planned a military expedition to Italy , he was imprisoned and his estates ( including Ditton , Brampton and Sifletone ) were confiscated to the Crown . Following this , Ditton Manor appears to have been held by the Clares , earls of Gloucester , by a family who assumed their surname from Ditton . Likewise , Sifletone was confiscated and went to another family who took their surname from it .
Ditton has a ford which , along with St Peter 's Ad Vincula 's Church , is situated in a conservation area on the west of a large green . The church is dated to the 12th century with a later 14th @-@ century tower and the first bell of Ditton church was hung there in 1656 . Ditton parish register has as its opening words , " The Register book of Ditton beginning Anno Dom . 1663 . William Jole , rector , inducted Rector of Ditton , 1st August , Anno Dom . 1663 . " Also at the commencement it is recorded , on 1 August 1711 , that every acre of woodland in the parish of Ditton by immemorial custom pays tithe to the rector . In 1798 Ditton was recorded as being within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Diocese of Rochester , and deanery of Malling . This parish , among others , was obliged to contribute to the repair of the fifth pier of Rochester bridge . The church was restored in 1860 by Sir George Gilbert Scott .
The north nave window has fragments of fourteenth @-@ century glass , and the nave has a good selection of hanging wall monuments and a benefactions board . A lead plaque on the nave wall , removed from the tower roof in 1859 , has a picture of a ship from Nelson 's time scratched on it . The mill that was recorded in the Domesday Book , Church Mills , was located close to the ford and closed down around 1912 .
In 1798 the parish was described in the following terms : " The high road from London , through Wrotham , to Maidstone , crosses the middle of it , at the thirty @-@ first mile stone ; the village stands on it , and the church about a quarter of a mile further southward , on an ascent , beyond which , the parish reaches into the large tract of coppice woods , which extends as far as Teston and Barming . The stream , from Bradborne Park runs through this parish and village , across the above road , and having turned two mills , one above and the other below it , runs on to the River Medway , which is the northern boundary of this parish , near the north @-@ west extremity of which , on the road leading from Larkfield to Newhith , and not far distant from that hamlet and the river , is Borough Court . This parish is rather an obscure place , and has nothing further worthy of notice in it . "
The three manors ( estates ) of Ditton , Brampton and Sifletone were back in common ownership in the reign of Henry VII , when they belonged to " Thomas Leigh of Sibton in Liminge " . The subsequent history of the manors is as follows :
Ditton Manor included a mansion named Ditton Court or Ditton Place that was built in the 16th century , and stood on the present site of Troutbeck House . At the beginning of King James I 's reign it was the residence of the Brewer family , many of whom lie buried in the churchyard , and remained with them until the beginning of the 18th century when , by mortgage or purchase , it came into the possession of the sheriff , Thomas Golding of Leyborne , in 1703 . He bequeathed it to his nephew , Thomas Golding of Ryarsh , who sold it to John Brewer , counsellor at law . Brewer 's niece , Mrs. Carney of West Farleigh , re @-@ conveyed it back to Thomas Golding again in about 1735 and from whom his son , John Golding , inherited it . There is reference in Organa Brittanica to an organ built by renowned organ builder John Avery which was moved in the late 18th century from West Malling Parish Church to a recess in the hall of Ditton Court , described as the manor house of the area and owned by the Golding family . Ditton Place was destroyed by fire in 1987 . Today a modern apartment block , named Troutbeck House , has been built on the site of Ditton Place ( as shown on an 1896 map ) , and lies at the centre of a modern housing estate . One of the roads of the estate takes its name from the original house .
Brampton Manor probably stood on the site of the New Road Industrial Estate . After the manor was destroyed the site was known as Brampton Field , at least until the 18th Century , and indeed one of the streets of the housing estate which covers the site today is named Brampton Field .
Sifflington Manor ( Sifletone ) was an estate within Ditton parish and appears to have been incorporated into Ditton Manor at some stage before the 19th century .
A manor house , Borough Court ( also known as Brooke Court ) , stood in the northernmost part of the parish ; though it no longer exists it probably stood in the vicinity of the modern Aylesford Newsprint site . The Culpepper family of Aylesford owned the house during the reign of King Edward III ( 1327 – 1377 ) . The High Sheriff of Kent in 1426 – 27 , Walter Culpeper , was the owner until the house devolved onto his heirs , eventually passing to Richard Culpeper ( later Sir Richard Culpepper ) who also owned the manor house at Oxon Hoath . Sir Richard Culpepper died in 1484 without issue and the house was divided amongst his three daughters , one of whom was Joyce Culpeper — whose daughter was Catherine Howard and would become the fifth wife of King Henry VIII . The house was then sold to Francis Shakerly who hailed from Shakerly , Kent .
= = = Notable people = = =
William Kempe , the parson of Ditton , was sued for £ 80 in 1534 for being absent from his parish and for taking a stipend for saying prayers for the souls of the dead ( which was prohibited by a statute of 1529 ) . Although Kempe admitted being absent , he claimed that he was chaplain to baron John Zouche and thus entitled to receive two benefices .
William Boghurst was an apocethary , and native , of Ditton , who remained in London during the Great Plague of 1665 . During the plague his medical practice expanded and he made his name . He stayed in the city throughout the epidemic , treating by his own account " 40 , 50 or 60 patients a day " . By the end of the year his reputation was sufficient to attract offers from the corporation of Norwich , which tried to employ him when the infection reached there . He wrote a book about his experience which , although not printed at the time , was subsequently published in 1894 for the Epidemiological Society of London under the title Loimographia : an Account of the Great Plague of London in the year 1665 . In later life his fortunes appear to have declined , as he could not afford the livery of his company in 1682 . Boghurst died on 2 September 1685 aged 54 and was conveyed from London to be buried in the churchyard at Ditton .
Thomas Tilson was the rector of Ditton from 1679 – 1702 and was in correspondence with the Protestant cleric Richard Baxter . In one letter Tilson described how a woman from Rochester had gone to her father 's house in West Malling where she died on 4 June 1691 . While on her death bed , at two o 'clock in the morning , she appeared as an apparition to a nurse in Rochester , some nine miles away , where her children were being looked after . It had been the dying woman 's wish to see her children before she died but she had been persuaded not to travel because of her ill health . Baxter included this account in his subsequent book The Certainty of the Worlds of the Spirits published in the same year . Tilson died in 1750 and his memorial in St. Peter 's AD Vincula Church records a bequest he made to the poor of " £ 100 in money , the yearly produce to be distributed annually on the feasts of All Saints and the Purification , in wood and wheat " ( see inscription in photograph ) .
Reverend Samuel Bishop ( 1731 – 95 ) was a poet , headmaster of Merchant Taylors ' school and rector of Ditton . His posthumously published book entitled Poems ( 1796 ) was much admired and several times reprinted . Not everyone was complimentary about Bishop and his verses : " the character of Bishop 's countenance is not very intellectual , and there is a timid , and almost mean expression about the mouth . He looks but little qualified to insist upon the discipline necessary to be observed at Merchant Tailor 's ( sic ) school , or to wield the weapons of Dr. Busby . But , we suppose , he did both occasionally , besides writing his epigrams , and composing verses to his wife , — " To Mrs. Bishop . " Of this lady he sings sometimes more like the tea @-@ kettle than the nightingale " .
Thomas Golding , sheriff of Kent in 1703 , was living in the nearby parish of Leybourne when he bought Ditton Court , around the start of the 18th century . His arms were " argent , a cross voided between four lions passant , guardant gules " ( a red hollow cross between four lions lying down with their heads and front paws up , on a white or silver background ) . He left Ditton Court to his nephew , another Thomas , who seems to have sold it and then bought it back again around 1735 .
The surname Golding is synonymous with a variety of hop known as Goldings and , although it is not certain who discovered the hop , it has been accredited to John Golding ( who died some time before 1811 ) , the great nephew of Thomas and the owner of Ditton Court , or to his son John ( who died at Ditton Place in 1851 ) .
Lt. Col. Clifford Sheldon , DSO , was joint managing and senior director of Reeds , the paper manufacturer , and was connected with that firm and its associated companies from 1911 until his death in 1950 at the age of 62 years . He gave his name to the Clifford Sheldon Club House , a converted oast house , which subsequently became the Manor and Greenside Oast .
= = = Turnpike = = =
The current A20 , which runs through the village , was once a turnpike , probably established between 1780 and 1820 to connect London with Dover . The Turnpike Act of 1744 required that Turnpike trusts set up milestones along these roads . A series of mileposts made in cast @-@ iron appear on the stretch of road between Aylesford and Addington ; at Ditton , Larkfield and Ryarsh . The one at Larkfield is shown on an 1862 Ordnance Survey map and the Ditton post is shown on a similar map of 1869 . Both the Larkfield and Ditton posts are classed as Class II listed buildings .
= = = Population = = =
In 1663 the population was recorded as 218 . The 1831 Topographical Dictionary described Ditton as " a parish in the hundred of Larkfied , lathe of Aylesford ... containing 192 inhabitants . " In 1851 the population was 235 and by 1872 the population was 255 , with 51 houses in the parish .
= = = Education = = =
The Ditton Church School was founded in 1853 as a place of education for 70 children , and enlarged in 1887 by the Brassey family for Jubilee of Queen Victoria . A separate infant school opened in 1973 .
Ditton Infant School today caters for boys and girls from 4 to 7 years of age and shares its site with Ditton Church of England Junior School . There were 138 children on the infant school roll in 2008 , the time of its most recent Ofsted inspection .
Ditton Church of England Junior School is a primary school catering for mixed pupils aged 5 – 11 and is adjacent to the infant school . In 2008 there were 277 children on the school roll and it was inspected by Ofsted in 2010 .
Aylesford School – Sports College is a secondary school situated in Teapot Lane , Aylesford , in modern buildings . Its catchment area is to the western side of Maidstone , and includes pupils from Ditton . The school is for mixed gender pupils in years 7 to 11 , with a sixth form for those in years 12 and 13 . In 2004 the school gained specialist status as a Sports College , with the result that the curriculum now includes an element of sports education of every aspect . In 2010 there were 944 pupils on the school roll and it was inspected by Ofsted in the same year .
MidKent College ( formerly Mid @-@ Kent College of Higher and Further Education ) is the nearest further education college to Ditton . Three campuses , situated in Maidstone and Medway , cater for around 15 @,@ 000 students aged 16 + . The courses offered cover a number of vocational and academic subjects starting with pre @-@ entry level and finishing at degree level .
Ditton Heritage Centre has been established within an old Victorian building in the village to teach children in the style of a Victorian school . The classroom has been fully restored to represent a typical classroom of the Victorian era .
= = = War Memorial = = =
Each year a Remembrance Sunday parade takes place , starting in the village at 11am , to commemorate the military personnel who died in World War I ( 12 names ) and World War II ( 7 names ) . The parade culminates at the War Memorial , which stands on the eastern side of the junction between the A20 road and New Road . A wreath is laid on the monument by members of local groups and of the parish council .
The monument was designed by Gilbert Scott , who gifted the land the monument stands on to the village . It records the names of the military personnel who fell in the two world wars . Its design is unique among war memorials in the United Kingdom on account of the roof over the cross . The monument was dedicated and unveiled on 26 September 1920 , in a ceremony attended by the Bishop of Rochester and General Archibald Murray . The monument was granted listed building status in 2000 as a result of Ditton Parish Council approaching the War Memorial Society for assistance to repair it .
= = = Listed buildings in Ditton = = =
= = Geography = =
This history of Ditton has , in part , been shaped by the availability of natural resources in the area , especially water , soil and rocks . Its position in relation to transport links with London , notably the main roads and railways which tend towards the capital city , has also contributed to the village 's development . Nowadays the parish is characterised by industrial units to the north , the middle by residential estates , and the south by fields and woodland .
The parish of Ditton lies in the Medway valley and borders the River Medway to the north and the Weald to the south . The Medway is Kent ’ s principal river and rises near East Grinstead in Sussex , flowing eastwards to Maidstone . After passing Ditton parish it turns north and cuts through the North Downs at Rochester , joining the estuary of the River Thames as its final tributary near Sheerness . The Medway is some 112 kilometres ( 70 mi ) long .
The availability of water to transport products and raw materials , and as a resource used in the manufacture of paper , was essential to the historical development of paper mills in the area . Bradbourne stream , which meanders through the parish in a south @-@ east to north @-@ west direction , rises in East Malling , crosses under the A20 road and M20 motorway , and joins the river Medway near the Aylesford Newsprint site . Historically the availability of running water was essential to the early settlements that grew up in Kent , and to the establishment of industries in the area ; such as providing power to drive the mills which ground grain .
Ditton is situated between the Lower Weald and the Chalk ( North ) Downs . The parish encompasses the Lower Greensand strata , where a formation of hard sandy limestone known as the Hythe Beds is abundant . From this formation ragstone is obtained . Kentish ragstone was a historically important building material in south east England . The Romans used ragstone in the construction of London and villas in the south @-@ east . Medieval builders used ragstone to build churches , civic buildings , houses and bridges over local rivers . The predominance of ragstone beds in the locality gave Ditton a legacy of quarrying which continues today .
= = Governance = =
= = = Chatham and Aylesford Parliamentary Constituency = = =
Ditton is within the parliamentary constituency of Chatham and Aylesford . Since 6 May 2010 the Member of Parliament has been the Conservative party 's Tracey Crouch . At the 2010 general election , the Conservatives won by a majority of 6 @,@ 069 with 46 @.@ 2 % of the vote in the constituency . Labour won 32 @.@ 3 % of the vote , Liberal Democrats 13 @.@ 3 % , the British National Party 3 @.@ 1 % and the United Kingdom Independence Party 3 @.@ 0 % .
= = = Kent County Council = = =
There are 84 elected councillors on Kent County Council of whom seven represent Tonbridge & Malling residents . The remaining 11 councils in Kent are represented by the other members . Tonbridge & Malling borough is divided into six county council divisions with each division having one councillor elected to represent it , except for the Tonbridge division which has two councillors . The county council division of Malling Rural North East includes Aylesford , Burham , Ditton and Wouldham .
= = = Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council = = =
Ditton is a ward in the Tonbridge and Malling local government borough and has two of the 53 seats on the Council . On 7 May 2015 Ditton residents elected Tom Cannon & Ben Walker to represent them on Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council for 4 years .
= = = Ditton Parish Council = = =
Created in 1894 as a result of legislation requiring each parish to have its own council , the council presently consists of 13 members and is responsible for a variety aspects of parish life : the general upkeep and maintenance of two recreation grounds , the village green , War Memorial , Community Centre , parish allotments , and ( in part ) the churchyard . The council also funds floodlights to illuminate the church . A magazine , the Ditton Gazette , is published on a quarterly basis and is circulated among the households of the parish . In February 2006 , the council was awarded Quality Parish Council status .
= = Demography = =
At the 2011 UK census , the Ditton electoral ward had a population of 4 @,@ 786 . The ethnic breakdown was 96 % white , 1 @.@ 2 % mixed race , 1 @.@ 7 % Asian , 0 @.@ 6 % black and 0 @.@ 3 % other . The place of birth of residents was 94 @.@ 8 % United Kingdom , 0 @.@ 4 % Republic of Ireland , 1 % other 2001 EU member countries , 0 @.@ 5 % later EU accession countries and 3 @.@ 2 % elsewhere . Religion was recorded as 67 @.@ 5 % Christian , 0 @.@ 3 % Buddhist , 0 @.@ 3 % Hindu , 0 @.@ 1 % Sikh and 0 @.@ 6 % Muslim . 24 @.@ 2 % were recorded as having no religion , 0 @.@ 3 % had an alternative religion and 6 @.@ 7 % did not state their religion .
The economic activity of residents aged 16 – 74 was 43 @.@ 4 % in full @-@ time employment , 15 @.@ 6 % in part @-@ time employment , 9 @.@ 2 % self @-@ employed , 2 @.@ 5 % unemployed , 2 @.@ 5 % students with jobs , 2 @.@ 7 % students without jobs , 16 @.@ 9 % retired , 3 @.@ 7 % looking after home or family , 2 @.@ 6 % permanently sick or disabled and 0 @.@ 7 % economically inactive for other reasons . The main industries for employed residents was 18 @.@ 5 % retail , 11 @.@ 9 % health and social work , 10 @.@ 4 % construction , 8 @.@ 6 % education and 7 @.@ 9 % manufacturing . Compared with national figures , the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in construction and retail , and a relatively low proportion in hotels and restaurants . Of the ward 's residents aged 16 – 74 , 21 % had a higher education qualification or the equivalent , compared with 27 @.@ 4 % nationwide .
= = Economy = =
The parish of Ditton contains a number of agricultural , small commercial and industrial businesses , marking a historical shift from a farming @-@ based community to a modern , mixed economy .
The Medway valley has long been associated with the newsprint industry , but in February 2015 it was confirmed that the last major paper mill in the parish , Aylesford Newsprint , was to close with the loss of 233 jobs . Ditton 's connection with the industry goes back to 1922 when the first factory was built by Reed International on the banks of the river Medway . Reed International were a major paper manufacturer which , at its height , had in the region of 1 @,@ 500 employees . The business was seriously hampered by the advent of World War II , which caused a shortage of pulp to make newspapers and led to a different material , waste paper , being used in its place . Waste paper was then replaced by recycled fibre , which was fully utilised in the process of producing newsprint . The 60 @-@ acre Newsprint plant belonged to SCA , paper manufacturers from Sweden , in partnership with Mondi , and £ 250 million was invested in developing the site . Aylesford Newsprint was one of the world 's leading manufacturers of newsprint , recycling around 500 @,@ 000 tonnes of material to produce some 400 @,@ 000 tonnes of final product . Media organisations in Europe , America and the Far East relied on the recycled newsprint from the plant for their publications . Ditton stream was a vital water supply for the processes carried out in the plant .
At the opposite end of the parish is part of the 580 acre East Malling Research Station . This began in 1913 with 23 acres in response to a need among Kent farmers for assistance with their fruit growing activities . Since fruit was an important part of the Kent economy , the station performed a valuable role is carrying out research experiments and advising farmers on fruit production . The land that forms the research station grounds is conducive to the growing of fruit , with good water retention and drainage properties . The station was also well placed in terms of transport links , since the nearby railway connected with London in one direction and the agricultural college at Wye in the other . It was an indication of the importance of the research station that the government and fruit producers were prepared to give financial support for its work . In 1938 the 360 acre Bradbourne House estate was added to the site . As a result of research work carried out on the site , the station established a reputation as a world centre for the research of perennial crops . Horticultural Research International operated the site until 2009 until 1 April 2010 , since when the research station has been owned by the East Malling Trust . The station is fully engaged with local business and contains a lecture hall that can take 200 delegates .
The Ditton Laboratory , a short distance from the research station , was opened in 1930 by the Empire Marketing Board as a part of Cambridge University 's Low Temperature Research Station . The purpose of the laboratory was to carry out experiments on the shipping of fruit across the high seas , in order to extend its life over long , seaborne journeys . This led to an experiment being carried out to simulate , as far as was possible , conditions on board a cargo ship , the so @-@ called " ship on land " experiment . One focus of research was the Cox 's Orange Pippin Apple , which had the reputation of being a difficult fruit to transport over long distances . In 1969 the laboratory was incorporated into the East Malling Research Station as the fruit storage section . Today the building is boarded up and appears to be deserted , although a fish farm and fruit distribution business continue at its rear .
Quarrying for ragstone is still an important local industry . Gallagher Aggregates Limited operate the Hermitage Quarry , which is situated 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) to the south of Ditton village . About 50 employees work in the quarry and another 60 on subsidiary functions . According to the firm 's estimates there is only enough ragstone left in the quarry for another four years ' quarrying , with the result that new sources of production are being sought . Ragstone in an important material the construction industry for roads and buildings .
In 2011 Gallagher Aggregates applied to extend the Hermitage Quarry into Oaken Wood in the parish of Ditton . The planning committee of Kent County Council granted permission for quarrying in part of the woodland , but the decision was referred to the Secretary of State . Planning committee chairman Richard King said that " local residents and environmental groups have argued that the loss of irreplaceable ancient woodland and impact on the local wildlife site is unacceptable . On balance , however , members felt the job prospects and the economic need for ragstone to support construction in the county in future , and benefits of the project , outweighed these objections . " The application was subsequently approved on appeal by the communities secretary , Eric Pickles , who observed that the economic benefits of being able to produce more ragstone and crushed rock from the site outweighed the loss of the wood .
Ditton is five miles from the centre of the county town of Maidstone , which is an important source of employment in the area .
= = Travel links = =
A number of bus services pass through Ditton . There are 2 main frequent and reliable routes provided by Arriva Southern Counties .
The 71 Arriva service between Snodland and Maidstone Town Centre ( Via Allington ) passes through Ditton every 10 minutes ( Monday - Saturday ) and every 30 minutes ( Sunday ) . The sister 72 Arriva service between Kings Hill and Maidstone Town Centre also passes through Ditton every 30 minutes ( Monday - Saturday ) .
The 703 Arriva service between Maidstone Town Centre and Bluewater Shopping Centre in Greenhithe , Dartford also passes through Ditton however this is an intermittent service that runs three times a day ( Monday - Friday ) .
Aylesford railway station , with connecting trains to London St Pancras , is within walking distance of Ditton . East Malling railway station , 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the village , is on the main London – Maidstone and London – Ashford line with trains leaving London Victoria and Maidstone at hourly intervals . The journey to London takes approximately one hour .
Maidstone West railway station is 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from Ditton . On 23 May 2011 a new high speed " Javelin " service began from the station to St Pancras International via Strood , though on a trial basis . The service consists of three departures from Maidstone West in the morning , and three departures from St Pancras International in the late afternoon though the early evening . The service calls at Strood , Gravesend , Stratford International and St Pancras International , with journey times of forty @-@ seven minutes . There is also one service in the morning departing St Pancras International for Maidstone West . In the evening there is one service departing from Maidstone West for St Pancras International . Passengers can still travel twice an hour from Maidstone West to St Pancras International in sixty @-@ five minutes by changing at Strood ( an option also open to passengers boarding at Aylesford ) .
The M20 motorway is easily accessible from Ditton via junctions 4 and 5 .
As Ditton is situated in Kent it has excellent connections to mainland Europe and farther afield through Kent 's major transport nodes : seven freight and passenger ports , including the Port of Dover ; two international high @-@ speed railway stations , Ashford and Ebbsfleet ; London City Airport ( approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) away ) and London Gatwick ( 40 miles ( 64 km ) away ) . The railway stations at Ashford ( 25 miles ( 40 km ) away ) and Ebbsfleet ( 20 miles ( 32 km ) away ) have connections to Paris and Brussels .
Ditton has extensive transport links , being close to the M20 motorway and the national railway network with its regular connections to London . The Channel Tunnel is within easy driving distance and the village is twinned with Rang @-@ du @-@ Fliers in the Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais department of the Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais region of France .
= = Ditton Nature Reserve = =
Since 31 May 2009 Ditton has had an officially recognised nature reserve , Ditton Quarry off Kilnbarn Road . Natural England declared it a Local Nature Reserve after a partnership had been formed between Ditton Parish Council , local residents , and Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council .
Many ragstone quarries have been abandoned and backfilled once exhausted . When Ditton Quarry closed down in 1984 , quarrying operations had left behind a legacy of a lime @-@ rich soil which formed the foundation of a thriving habitat for plants and wildlife ; 140 wild flowers ( including five that are rare in Kent ) , 18 butterfly species , and 50 bird species have been recorded . It is also home to foxes , rabbits , frogs , toads and newts . The quarry is now a Site of Nature Conservation Importance ( SNCI ) . Public access is free .
The quarry is also a prime location for geological research and provides opportunities for field studies in a variety of disciplines : sedimentology , stratigraphy , palaeontology , geography , and industrial archaeology . Several features make this a unique location for the study of rock formations . Visitors can examine the extensively exposed rock faces , primarily Kentish Ragstone and Hassock facies , and study changes in vertical and lateral facies . The facies are glauconitic with some horizons of silicification . Shell debris ( ammonites , belemnites , nautiloids , bivalves , etc . ) and bioturbation are also present . The quarry could be important for future research via gamma ray profiling of the rock beds in relation to changes in sea level and climate .
= = Social and leisure activities = =
= = = Open spaces = = =
Ditton has various urban open spaces : the New Road 4 @-@ acre ( 16 @,@ 000 m2 ) recreation ground was acquired in 1954 and a second one measuring 11 acres ( 45 @,@ 000 m2 ) was provided in the early 1970s , just prior to the building of the community centre ( see Ditton Community Centre ) . A further 18 acres ( 73 @,@ 000 m2 ) of recreational land was handed to the parish in 1991 following the cessation of quarrying at Ditton Court Quarry ( see Ditton Nature Reserve ) . A small section of the land has been leased to Ditton Bowls Club who , with Sports Council grants and loans from the parish council , have provided a thriving member 's club with a well kept green , looked after by parish council staff . The club has recently added a pavilion for use by its members .
= = = Ditton Parish = = =
= = = Ditton Community Centre = = =
In 1973 Ian Lavender ( Pte . Pike of " Dads ' Army " ) opened the centre , which was subsequently extended . Providing an important focal point for the local community , the centre has a hall capacity of up to 400 people . Other rooms include a meetings room and a functions room ( up to 100 people ) . Activities throughout the week include : a playgroup & toddler club , keep fit class , badminton , table tennis and indoor bowls on weekdays ; discos , dances , roller skating , indoor tennis and craft markets at the weekend . The centre also provides for sporting activities in its grounds : two tennis courts , two football pitches and a cricket pitch . There are showers and changing rooms inside the building . The centre is owned by Ditton Parish Council which holds regular meetings there .
= = = Cobdown Sports and Social Club = = =
Set in the grounds of Cobdown Park , the Cobdown Sports and Social Club evolved from the former social club for Reeds International , the paper @-@ maker . A new clubhouse was built in 1985 for Reed International Sports and Social Club and in 1989 the club became the Cobdown Sports & Social Club when it was taken over by the club members . Although it remained a members club , with many of the same activities , the club was opened up to the general public and new activities were added . Sports form an important part of these activities , and the club is an important local centre with a wide range of facilities to cater for groups and organisations , such as schools and businesses . Membership is also open to sports teams that wish to use the club . Facilities include a bar , with snooker and pool tables , a darts board , and a big screen for major sporting events . There is a dedicated function room that is used for social and business events and can accommodate a maximum of 100 people seated .
= = = Kentish Quarryman = = =
In 2008 the Kentish Quarryman Public House , which was the former Ditton Working Men 's Club located on the western side of New Road , was opened . The house took its name from the historic connection of the parish with ragstone quarrying , which is acknowledged by a large slab of ragstone at its front entrance ( see photograph ) .
= = = World Custard Pie Throwing Championship = = =
In the 1980s , Ditton was home to the World Custard Pie Throwing Championship , after Councillor Mike Fitzgerald , who founded the championships , moved to Ditton from Coxheath , bringing the championships with him . Although the competition died out in 1988 , it was revived at Coxheath in 2007 , and it has been held there annually since then .
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= Montana @-@ class battleship =
The Montana @-@ class battleships of the United States Navy were planned as successors to the Iowa class , being slower but larger , better armored , and having superior firepower . Five were approved for construction during World War II , but changes in wartime building priorities resulted in their cancellation in favor of the Essex @-@ class aircraft carriers and Iowa class before any Montana @-@ class keels were laid . With beams of 121 feet , they would have been the first U.S. battleships as originally designed to be too wide to transit the 110 @-@ foot @-@ wide locks of the Panama Canal .
Intended armament would have been 12 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) Mark 7 guns in four triple turrets , up from the Iowas ' three triple 16s . With an increased anti @-@ aircraft capability and thicker armor belt , the Montana class would have been the largest , best @-@ protected , and most heavily armed U.S. battleships ever , the only class to come close to rivaling the Empire of Japan 's immense Yamato @-@ class battleships .
Preliminary design work for the Montana class began before the US entry into World War II . The first two vessels were approved by Congress in 1939 following the passage of the Second Vinson Act . The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor delayed construction of the Montana class . The success of carrier combat at the Battle of the Coral Sea and , to a greater extent , the Battle of Midway , diminished the value of the battleship . Consequently , the US Navy chose to cancel the Montana class in favor of more urgently needed aircraft carriers , amphibious and anti @-@ submarine vessels .
Because the Iowas were fast enough to escort the new Essex @-@ class aircraft carriers , their orders were retained , making them the last US Navy battleships to be commissioned .
= = History = =
As the political situation in Europe and Asia worsened in the prelude to World War II , Carl Vinson , the chairman of the House Committee on Naval Affairs , instituted the Vinson Naval Plan , which aimed to get the Navy into fighting shape after the cutbacks imposed by the Great Depression and pair of London Naval Treaties of the 1930s . As part of the overall plan Congress passed the Second Vinson Act in 1938 , which cleared the way for construction of the four South Dakota @-@ class fast battleships and the first two Iowa @-@ class fast battleships ( hull numbers BB @-@ 61 and BB @-@ 62 ) . Four additional battleships ( with hull numbers BB @-@ 63 , BB @-@ 64 , BB @-@ 65 , and BB @-@ 66 ) were approved for construction in 1940 , with the last two intended to be the first ships of the Montana class . By 1942 , it was apparent to the US Navy high command that they needed as many fast battleships as possible , and hull numbers BB @-@ 65 and BB @-@ 66 were allocated to planned fast battleships Illinois and Kentucky .
The Navy , mindful of the ongoing construction of Japan 's Yamato @-@ class battleships , had been working on a 58 @,@ 000 @-@ ton " super battleship " concept since 1938 . This new class , with twelve 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) guns , was assigned the name Montana and cleared for construction by the United States Congress under the Two @-@ Ocean Navy Act in 1940 ; funding for the new ships was approved in 1941 . These ships , the last battleships to be ordered by the Navy , were originally to be designated BB @-@ 65 through BB @-@ 69 ; however , BB @-@ 65 and BB − 66 were subsequently re @-@ ordered as Iowa @-@ class ships , Illinois and Kentucky , and the Montanas were redesignated BB @-@ 67 through BB @-@ 71 .
Completion of the Montana @-@ class , and the last two Iowa @-@ class battleships , was intended to give the US Navy a considerable advantage over any other nation , or probable combination of nations , with a total of 17 new battleships by the late 1940s . The Montanas also would have been the only American ships to come close to equaling Japan 's massive Yamato and her sister Musashi in terms of size and firepower , with only the Kriegsmarine having even more enormous battleships planned , with their H @-@ 42 and onwards designs exceeding the Montana class in size and capabilities .
= = = Design = = =
Preliminary planning for the Montana @-@ class battleships took place in 1939 , when the aircraft carrier was still considered strategically less important than the battleship . The Navy began designing a 65 @,@ 000 @-@ ton battleship to counter the threat posed by the Yamato @-@ class battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Although the Navy knew little about the Yamato class , the new Japanese battleships were rumored to have a main gun battery of 18 inches ( 457 mm ) . Initially , plans were drawn for a 45 @,@ 000 @-@ ton ( 46 @,@ 000 @-@ metric @-@ ton ) US battleship , but after evaluation , the Battleship Design Advisory Board increased the displacement of the planned ship to 58 @,@ 000 tons ( 59 @,@ 000 metric tons ) .
At the time , the design board issued a basic outline for the Montana class that called for it to be free of beam restrictions imposed by the Panama Canal , be 25 % stronger offensively and defensively than any other battleship completed or under construction , and be capable of withstanding the " super heavy " 2 @,@ 700 lb ( 1 @,@ 200 kg ) shells used by US battleships equipped with either the 16 @-@ inch / 45 caliber guns or 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) / 50 cal Mark 7 guns . Although freed of the restriction of fitting through the Panama Canal , the length and height of the Montana class were limited by one of the shipyards at which they were to be built : the New York Navy Yard could not handle the construction of a 58 @,@ 000 @-@ ton ( 59 @,@ 000 @-@ metric @-@ ton ) ship , and vessels built there had to be low enough to clear the Brooklyn Bridge at low tide .
After debate at the design board about whether the Montana class should be fast , achieving the high 33 kn ( 38 mph ; 61 km / h ) speed of the Iowa class , or up @-@ gunned and up @-@ armored , firepower was selected over speed . By returning the Montana class to the slower 28 kn ( 32 mph ; 52 km / h ) maximum speed of the North Carolina- and South Dakota- class ships , naval architects were able to increase armor protection for the Montanas , enabling the ships to withstand enemy fire equivalent to their own guns ' ammunition . This limited the Montanas ' ability to escort and defend the Pacific @-@ based Allied aircraft carrier fleet , as the class was to be powered by eight Babcock & Wilcox boilers which would have enabled them to steam at approximately 27 to 28 kn ( 31 to 32 mph ; 50 to 52 km / h ) .
= = = Fate = = =
By January 1941 , the design limit for the 58 @,@ 000 @-@ ton ( 59 @,@ 000 @-@ metric @-@ ton ) battleship plan had been reached , and consensus among those designing the battleship class was to increase the displacement to support the armor and weaponry on the ships . At the same time , planners decided to adopt a slightly greater length and reduce power for a better machinery arrangement , as well as improving internal subdivisions , and selecting as the secondary armament several dual @-@ mounted 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 54 cal guns instead of the 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 38 cal guns used on the Iowas . At this point , the net design for the Montana class somewhat resembled the Iowa class since they would be equipped with the same caliber main guns and similar caliber secondary guns ; however , Montana and her sisters had more armor , mounted three more main guns in one more turret , and were 22 ft ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) longer and 13 ft ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) wider than the Iowa class .
By April 1942 , the Montana @-@ class design had been approved ; construction was authorized by the United States Congress and the projected date of completion was estimated to be somewhere between 1 July and 1 November 1945 . The Navy ordered the ships in May 1942 , but the Montana class was placed on hold because the Iowa @-@ class battleships and the Essex @-@ class aircraft carriers were under construction in the shipyards intended to build the Montanas . Both the Iowa and Essex classes had been given higher priorities : the Iowas as they were fast enough to keep up with and defend the Essex @-@ class carriers with 20 mm and 40 mm guns , and the Essexes because of their ability to launch aircraft to gain and maintain air supremacy over the islands in the Pacific and intercept warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy . The entire Montana class was suspended in May 1942 , before any of their keels had been laid . In July 1942 , the construction of the Montana class was canceled following the Battle of Midway and the corresponding shift in naval warfare from surface engagements to air supremacy and a corresponding shift from battleships to aircraft carriers .
= = Ships = =
Five ships of the Montana class were authorized on 19 July 1940 , but they were suspended indefinitely until being canceled on 21 July 1943 . The ships were to be built at the New York Navy Yard , Philadelphia Navy Yard , and Norfolk Navy Yard .
= = = USS Montana ( BB @-@ 67 ) = = =
Montana was planned to be the lead ship of the class . She was the third ship to be named in honor of the 41st state , and was assigned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard . Both the earlier battleship , BB @-@ 51 , and BB @-@ 67 were canceled , so Montana is the only one of the ( 48 at the time ) US states never to have had a battleship with a " BB " hull classification completed in its honor .
= = = USS Ohio ( BB @-@ 68 ) = = =
Ohio was to be the second Montana @-@ class battleship . She was to be named in honor of the 17th state , and was assigned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard for construction . Ohio would have been the fourth ship to bear that name had she been commissioned .
= = = USS Maine ( BB @-@ 69 ) = = =
Maine was to be the third Montana @-@ class battleship . She was to be named in honor of the 23rd state , and was assigned to the New York Navy Yard . Maine would have been the third ship to bear that name had she been commissioned .
= = = USS New Hampshire ( BB @-@ 70 ) = = =
New Hampshire was to be the fourth Montana @-@ class battleship , and was to be named in honor of the ninth state . She was assigned to the New York Navy Yard , and would have been the third ship to bear that name had she been commissioned .
= = = USS Louisiana ( BB @-@ 71 ) = = =
Louisiana was to be the fifth and final Montana @-@ class battleship . She was to be named in honor of the 18th state and assigned to the Norfolk Navy Yard , Portsmouth , Virginia . Louisiana would have been the third ship to bear that name had she been commissioned . By hull number , Louisiana was the last American battleship authorized for construction .
= = Armament = =
The armament of the Montana @-@ class battleships would have been similar to the preceding Iowa @-@ class battleships , but with an increase in the number of primary and secondary guns for use against enemy surface ships and aircraft . Had they been completed , the Montanas would have been gun @-@ for @-@ gun the most powerful battleships the United States had constructed , and the only US battleship class that would have come close to equaling the Imperial Japanese Navy battleships Yamato and Musashi in armament , armor , and displacement .
= = = Main battery = = =
The primary armament of a Montana @-@ class battleship would have been 12 16 " / 50 caliber Mark 7 gun , which were to be housed in four three @-@ gun turrets : two forward and two aft . The guns , the same used to arm the Iowa @-@ class battleships , were 66 ft ( 20 m ) long – 50 times their 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) bore , or 50 calibers , from breechface to muzzle . Each gun weighed about 239 @,@ 000 lb ( 108 @,@ 000 kg ) without the breech , or 267 @,@ 900 lb ( 121 @,@ 500 kg ) with the breech . They fired projectiles weighing up to 2 @,@ 700 lb ( 1 @,@ 200 kg ) at a maximum speed of 2 @,@ 690 ft / s ( 820 m / s ) with a range of up to 24 nmi ( 28 mi ; 44 km ) . At maximum range the projectile would have spent almost 1 ½ minutes in flight . The addition of the No. 4 turret would have allowed Montana to overtake the Yamato as the battleship having heaviest broadside overall ; Montana and her sisters would have had a broadside of 32 @,@ 400 lb ( 14 @,@ 700 kg ) vs. 28 @,@ 800 lb ( 13 @,@ 100 kg ) for Yamato . Each gun would have rested within an armored barbette , but only the top of the barbette would have protruded above the main deck . The barbettes would have extended either four decks ( turrets 1 and 4 ) or five decks ( turrets 2 and 3 ) down . The lower spaces would have contained rooms for handling the projectiles and storing the powder bags used to fire them . Each turret would have required a crew of 94 men to operate . The turrets would not have been attached to the ship , but would have rested on rollers , which meant that had any of the Montana @-@ class ships capsized , the turrets would have fallen out . Each turret would have cost US $ 1 @.@ 4 million , but this figure did not take into account the cost of the guns themselves .
The turrets would have been " three @-@ gun " , not " triple " , because each barrel would have elevated and fired independently . The ships could fire any combination of their guns , including a broadside of all 12 . Contrary to popular belief , the ships would not have moved sideways noticeably when a broadside was fired .
The guns would have been elevated from − 5 ° to + 45 ° , moving at up to 12 ° per second . The turrets would have rotated about 300 ° at about 4 ° per second and could even be fired back beyond the beam , which is sometimes called " over the shoulder " . Within each turret , a red stripe on the wall of the turret , just inches from the railing , would have marked the boundary of the gun 's recoil , providing the crew of each gun turret with a visual reference for the minimum safe distance range .
Like most battleships in World War II , the Montana class would have been equipped with a fire control computer , in this case the Ford Mk 1A Ballistic Computer , a 3 @,@ 150 lb ( 1 @,@ 430 kg ) rangekeeper designed to direct gunfire on land , sea , and in the air . This analog computer would have been used to direct the fire from the battleship 's big guns , taking into account several factors such as the speed of the targeted ship , the time it takes for a projectile to travel , and air resistance to the shells fired at a target . At the time the Montana class was set to begin construction , the rangekeepers had gained the ability to use radar data to help target enemy ships and land @-@ based targets . The results of this advance were telling : the rangekeeper was able to track and fire at targets at a greater range and with increased accuracy , as was demonstrated in November 1942 when the battleship Washington engaged the Imperial Japanese Navy battleship Kirishima at a range of 18 @,@ 500 yd ( 16 @.@ 9 km ) at night ; the Washington scored at least nine heavy caliber hits that critically damaged the Kirishima and led to her loss . This gave the US Navy a major advantage in World War II , as the Japanese did not develop radar or automated fire control to the level of the US Navy .
The large caliber guns were designed to fire two different 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) shells : an armor @-@ piercing round for anti @-@ ship and anti @-@ structure work , and a high @-@ explosive round designed for use against unarmored targets and shore bombardment .
The Mk . 8 APC ( Armor @-@ Piercing , Capped ) shell weighed in at 2 @,@ 700 lb ( 1 @,@ 200 kg ) , and was designed to penetrate the hardened steel armor carried by foreign battleships . At 20 @,@ 000 yd ( 18 @.@ 3 km ) , the Mk . 8 could penetrate 20 inches ( 508 mm ) of steel armor plate . At the same range , the Mk . 8 could penetrate 21 ft ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) of reinforced concrete . For unarmored targets and shore bombardment , the 1 @,@ 900 lb ( 860 kg ) Mk . 13 HC ( High @-@ Capacity — referring to the large bursting charge ) shell was available . The Mk . 13 shell could create a crater 50 ft ( 15 m ) wide and 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) deep upon impact and detonation , and could defoliate trees 400 yd ( 370 m ) from the point of impact .
The final type of ammunition developed for the 16 @-@ inch guns , well after the Montanas had been cancelled , were W23 " Katie " shells . These were born from the nuclear deterrence that had begun to shape the US armed forces at the start of the Cold War . To compete with the Air Force and the Army , which had developed nuclear bombs and nuclear shells for use on the battlefield , the Navy began a top @-@ secret program to develop Mk . 23 nuclear naval shells with an estimated yield of 15 to 20 kilotons . The shells entered development around 1953 , and were reportedly ready by 1956 ; however , only the Iowa @-@ class battleships could have fired them .
= = = Secondary battery = = =
The secondary armament for Montana and her sisters was to be 20 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 54 cal guns housed in 10 turrets along the island of the battleship ; five on the starboard side and five on the port . These guns , designed specifically for the Montanas , were to be the replacement for the 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 38 cal secondary gun batteries then in widespread use with the US Navy .
The 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 54 cal gun turrets were similar to the 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 38 cal gun mounts in that they were equally adept in an anti @-@ aircraft role and for damaging smaller ships , but differed in that they weighed more , fired heavier rounds of ammunition , and resulted in faster crew fatigue than the 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 38 cal guns . The ammunition storage for the 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 54 cal gun was 500 rounds per turret , and the guns could fire at targets nearly 26 @,@ 000 yd ( 24 km ) away at a 45 ° angle . At an 85 ° angle , the guns could hit an aerial target at over 50 @,@ 000 ft ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) .
The cancellation of the Montana @-@ class battleships in 1943 pushed back the combat debut of the 5 @-@ inch ( 127 mm ) / 54 cal guns to 1945 , when they were used aboard the US Navy 's Midway @-@ class aircraft carriers . The guns proved adequate for the carrier 's air defense , but were gradually phased out of use by the carrier fleet because of their weight . ( Rather than having the carrier defend itself by gunnery this would be assigned to other surrounding ships within a carrier battle group . )
= = = Anti @-@ aircraft batteries = = =
For the first time since the construction of the Iowa class , the US Navy was not building a fast battleship class solely for the purpose of escorting Pacific @-@ based aircraft carriers , and thus the Montana class would not be designed principally for escorting the fast carrier task forces ; nonetheless they would have been equipped with a wide array of anti @-@ aircraft guns to protect themselves and other ships ( principally the US aircraft carriers ) from Japanese fighters and dive bombers .
= = = = Oerlikon 20 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns = = = =
The Oerlikon 20 mm anti @-@ aircraft cannon was one of the most heavily produced anti @-@ aircraft guns of World War II ; the US alone manufactured a total of 124 @,@ 735 of these guns . When activated in 1941 , these guns replaced the .50 in ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) / 90 cal M2 Browning MG on a one @-@ for @-@ one basis . The Oerlikon 20 mm AA gun remained the primary anti @-@ aircraft weapon of the United States Navy until the introduction of the 40 mm Bofors AA gun in 1943 .
These guns are air @-@ cooled and use a gas blow @-@ back recoil system . Unlike other automatic guns employed during World War II , the barrel of the 20 mm Oerlikon gun does not recoil ; the breechblock is never locked against the breech and is actually moving forward when the gun fires . This weapon lacks a counter @-@ recoil brake , as the force of the counter @-@ recoil is checked by recoil from the firing of the next round of ammunition .
Between December 1941 and September 1944 , 32 % of all Japanese aircraft downed were credited to this weapon , with the high point being 48 @.@ 3 % for the second half of 1942 . In 1943 , the revolutionary Mark 14 gunsight was introduced , which made these guns even more effective . The 20 mm guns , however , were found to be ineffective against the Japanese kamikaze attacks used during the latter half of World War II . They were subsequently phased out in favor of the heavier 40 mm Bofors AA guns .
= = = = Bofors 40 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns = = = =
The Bofors 40 mm anti @-@ aircraft gun was used on almost every major warship in the US and UK fleet from about 1943 to 1945 . Although a descendant of German , Dutch , and Swedish designs , the Bofors mounts used by the US Navy during World War II had been heavily Americanized to bring the guns up to the standards placed on them by the Navy . This resulted in a gun system set to British standards ( now known as the Standard System ) with interchangeable ammunition , which simplified the logistics situation for World War II . When coupled with hydraulic couple drives to reduce salt contamination and the Mark 51 director for improved accuracy , the Bofors 40 mm gun became a fearsome adversary , accounting for roughly half of all Japanese aircraft shot down between 1 October 1944 and 1 February 1945 .
= = Armor = =
Aside from its firepower , a battleship 's defining feature is its armor . The exact design and placement of the armor , inextricably linked with the ship 's stability and performance , is a complex science honed over decades .
A battleship is usually armored to withstand an attack from guns the size of its own , but the armor scheme of the preceding North Carolina class was only proof against 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) shells ( which they had originally been intended to carry ) , while the South Dakota @-@ class battleship ( 1939 ) and Iowa @-@ class battleship classes were designed only to resist their original complement of Mark V 2 @,@ 240 lb ( 1 @,@ 020 kg ) shells , not the new " super @-@ heavy " 2 @,@ 700 lb ( 1 @,@ 200 kg ) APC ( Armor Piercing , Capped ) Mark7 VIII shells they actually used . The Montanas were the only US battleships designed to resist the Mark VIII . Designed to give a zone of immunity against fire from 16 @-@ inch / 45 @-@ caliber firing 2 @,@ 700 lb ( 1 @,@ 225 kg ) shell , between 18 @,@ 000 and 31 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 @,@ 459 and 28 @,@ 346 m ) and 16 @-@ inch / 45 @-@ caliber firing 2 @,@ 240 lb ( 1 @,@ 016 kg ) shell , between 16 @,@ 500 and 34 @,@ 500 yards ( 15 @,@ 087 and 31 @,@ 546 m ) away .
Until the authorization of the Montana class all US battleships were built within the size limits for the Panama Canal . The main reason for this was logistical : the largest US shipyards were located on the East Coast of the United States , while the United States had territorial interests in both oceans . Requiring the battleships to fit within the Panama Canal took days off the transition time from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean by allowing ships to move through the canal instead of sailing around South America . By the time of the Two Ocean Navy bill , the Navy realized that ship designs could no longer be limited by the Panama Canal and thus approved the Montana class knowing that the ships would be unable to clear the locks . This shift in policy meant that the Montana class would have been the only World War II – era US battleships to be adequately armored against guns of the same power as their own .
= = Aircraft = =
The Montana class would have used aircraft for reconnaissance and for gunnery spotting . The type of aircraft used would have depended on when exactly the battleships would have been commissioned , but in all probability they would have used either the Kingfisher or the Seahawk . The aircraft would have been floatplanes launched from catapults on the ship 's fantail . They would have landed on the water and taxied to the stern of the ship to be lifted by a crane back to the catapult .
= = = Kingfisher = = =
The Vought OS2U Kingfisher was a lightly armed two @-@ man aircraft designed in 1937 . The Kingfisher 's high operating ceiling made it well @-@ suited for its primary mission : to observe the fall of shot from a battleship 's guns and radio corrections back to the ship . The floatplanes used in World War II also performed search and rescue for naval aviators who were shot down or forced to ditch in the ocean .
= = = Seahawk = = =
In June 1942 , the US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics requested industry proposals for a new seaplane to replace the Kingfisher and Curtiss SO3C Seamew . The new aircraft was required to be able to use landing gear as well as floats . Curtiss submitted a design on 1 August , and received a contract for two prototypes and five service @-@ test aircraft on 25 August . The first flight of a prototype XSC @-@ 1 took place on 16 February 1944 at the Columbus , Ohio Curtiss plant . The first production aircraft were delivered in October 1944 , and by the beginning of 1945 the single @-@ seat Curtiss SC Seahawk floatplane began replacing the Kingfisher . Had the Montana class been completed , they would have arrived around the time of this replacement , and would likely have been equipped with the Seahawk for use in combat operations and seaborne search and rescue .
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= Rufous @-@ crowned sparrow =
The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow ( Aimophila ruficeps ) is a small American sparrow . This passerine is primarily found across the Southwestern United States and much of the interior of Mexico , south to the transverse mountain range , and to the Pacific coast to the southwest of the transverse range . Its distribution is patchy , with populations often being isolated from each other . Twelve subspecies are generally recognized , though up to eighteen have been suggested . This bird has a brown back with darker streaks and gray underparts . The crown is rufous , and the face and supercilium are gray with a brown or rufous streak extending from each eye and a thick black malar streak .
These sparrows feed primarily on seeds in the winter and insects in the spring and summer . The birds are often territorial , with males guarding their territory through song and displays . Flight is awkward for this species , which prefers to hop along the ground for locomotion . They are monogamous and breed during spring . Two to five eggs are laid in the bird 's nest , which is cup @-@ shaped and well hidden . Adult sparrows are preyed upon by house cats and small raptors , while young may be taken by a range of mammals and reptiles . They have been known to live for up to three years , two months . Although the species has been classified as least concern , or unthreatened with extinction , some subspecies are threatened by habitat destruction and one may be extinct .
= = Taxonomy = =
This bird belongs to the family Emberizidae , which consists of the American sparrows and Eurasian buntings . The American sparrows are seed @-@ eating New World birds with conical bills , brown or gray plumage , and distinctive head patterns . Birds in the genus Aimophila tend to be medium @-@ sized at 5 to 8 inches ( 13 to 20 cm ) in length , live in arid scrubland , have long bills and tails in proportion to their body size as well as short , rounded wings , and build cup @-@ shaped nests .
The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow was described in 1852 by American ornithologist John Cassin as Ammodramus ruficeps . It has also been described as belonging to the genus Peucaea , which contains several sparrows in the genus Aimophila that share characteristics , such as a larger bill and a patch of yellow under the bend of the wing , that other members of the genus do not . However , splitting the Peucaea sparrows into a separate genus is not generally recognized . A 2008 phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aimophila divided it into four genera , with the rufous @-@ crowned sparrow and its two closest relatives , the Oaxaca sparrow and rusty sparrow , being maintained as the genus Aimophila . In addition , this study suggested that the rufous @-@ crowned sparrow may be more closely related to the brown towhees of the genus Pipilo than the other members of the historical genus Aimophila .
The derivation of the current genus name , Aimophila , is from the Greek aimos / ἀιμος , meaning " thicket " , and -philos / -φιλος , meaning " loving " . The specific epithet is a literal derivation of the common name , derived from the Latin rufus , meaning " reddish " or " tawny " , and -ceps , from caput , meaning " head " . The bird is also occasionally referred to colloquially as the rock sparrow because of its preference for rocky slopes .
= = = Subspecies = = =
Twelve subspecies are generally recognized , although sometimes up to eighteen are named .
A. r. ruficeps , the nominate subspecies , was described by Cassin in 1852 . It is found in the coastal ranges of California and on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada . This subspecies is darker and noticeably smaller than A. r. eremoeca and has distinct rufous @-@ brown streaking on its upperparts .
A. r. canescens was described by American ornithologist W. E. Clyde Todd in 1922 , and it is found in southwestern California and northeast Baja California as far east as the base of the San Pedro Mártir . While the species itself is listed as of least concern , this subspecies is listed as a " species of special concern " by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife , signifying that this population is threatened with extinction . It appears to be extremely similar to A. r. ruficeps but is darker .
A. r. obscura , described by Donald R. Dickey and Adriaan van Rossem in 1923 , is found in the Channel Islands of California on Santa Cruz , Anacapa , and formerly on Santa Catalina . While the Santa Catalina population has not been observed since 1863 , the subspecies seems to have colonized Anacapa Island . No records exist of them before 1940 . This subspecies is similar to A. r. canescens but is darker .
A. r. sanctorum was described by van Rossem in 1947 . It was found on the Todos Santos Islands off the coast of northwest Baja California . This subspecies is believed to be extinct . This is the darkest of the coastal subspecies , especially on its underbelly .
A. r. sororia was described by Robert Ridgway in 1898 , and is found in the mountains of southern Baja California , specifically the Sierra de la Laguna . It is the palest of the coastal subspecies .
A. r. scottii , described by George Sennett in 1888 , is found from northern Arizona to New Mexico south to northeastern Sonora and northwestern Coahuila . It appears to be a darker gray than A. r. eremoeca and has narrower and darker rufous streaks on its breast .
A. r. rupicola was described by van Rossem in 1946 . It is found in the mountains of southwestern Arizona . It is similar in appearance to A. r. scottii but is darker and grayer on its back .
A. r. simulans was described by van Rossem in 1934 , and it is found in northwestern Mexico from southeastern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua to Nayarit and northern Jalisco . It has more rufous coloration on its back and is paler on its underbelly than A. r. scottii .
A. r. eremoeca was described by N. C. Brown in 1882 . It is found from southeastern Colorado to New Mexico , Texas , northern Chihuahua , and central Coahuila . It has grayish upperparts and a dark breast .
A. r. fusca , described by Edward William Nelson in 1897 , is found in western Mexico from southern Nayarit to southwestern Jalisco , northern Colima , and Michoacan . It is darker and more rufous on its upperparts than A. r. australis . It also possesses a darker rufous crown which does not show a gray stripe down the middle .
A. r. boucardi was described by Philip Sclater in 1867 , and it is found in eastern Mexico from southern Coahuila to San Luis Potosí , northern Puebla , and southern Oaxaca . This subspecies is darker than A. r. eremoeca and has dull brown , not rufous , streaking on the chest .
A. r. australis , described by Edward William Nelson in 1897 , occurs in southern Mexico from Guerrero to southern Puebla and Oaxaca . A. r. scottii is similar in appearance , but this subspecies is smaller and has a shorter bill .
The other six subspecies that are occasionally recognized are A. r. extima and A. r. pallidissima , which were described by A. R. Phillips in 1966 , A. r. phillipsi , which was described by J.P. Hubbard and Crossin in 1974 , and A. r. duponti , A. r. laybournae , and A. r. suttoni , which were described by J.P. Hubbard in 1975 .
= = Description = =
The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow is a smallish sparrow at 5 @.@ 25 inches ( 13 @.@ 3 cm ) in length , with males tending to be larger than females . It ranges from 15 to 23 g ( 0 @.@ 53 to 0 @.@ 81 oz ) in weight and averages about 19 g ( 0 @.@ 67 oz ) . It has a brown back with darker streaks and gray underparts . Its wings are short , rounded , and brown and lack wingbars , or a line of feathers of a contrasting color in the middle of the bird 's wing . The sparrow 's tail is long , brown , and rounded . The face and supercilium ( the area above the eye ) are gray with a brown or rufous streak extending from each eye and a thick black streak on each cheek . The crown ranges from rufous to chestnut , a feature which gives it its common name , and some subspecies have a gray streak running through the center of the crown . The bill is yellow and cone @-@ shaped . The sparrow 's throat is white with a dark stripe . Its legs and feet are pink @-@ gray . Both sexes are similar in appearance , but the juvenile rufous @-@ crowned sparrow has a brown crown and numerous streaks on its breast and flanks during the spring and autumn .
The song is a short , fast , bubbling series of chip notes that can accelerate near the end , and the calls include a nasal chur and a thin tsi . When threatened or separated from its mate , the sparrow makes a dear @-@ dear @-@ dear call .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
This bird is found in the southwestern United States and Mexico from sea level up to 9 @,@ 800 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) , though it tends to be found between 3 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 and 1 @,@ 830 m ) . It lives in California , southern Arizona , southern New Mexico , Texas , and central Oklahoma south along Baja California and in western Mexico to southern Puebla and Oaxaca . In the midwestern United States , the sparrow is found as far east as a small part of western Arkansas , and also in a small region of northeastern Kansas , its most northeastern habitat . The range of this species is discontinuous and is made up of many small , isolated populations . The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow is a non @-@ migratory species , though the mountain subspecies are known to descend to lower elevations during severe winters . Male sparrows maintain and defend their territories throughout the year .
This sparrow is found in open oak woodlands and dry uplands with grassy vegetation and bushes . It is often found near rocky outcroppings . The species is also known from coastal scrublands and chaparral areas . The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow thrives in open areas cleared by burning .
= = Ecology and behavior = =
The average territory size of rufous @-@ crowned sparrows in the chaparral of California ranges from 2 acres ( 0 @.@ 81 ha ) to 4 acres ( 1 @.@ 6 ha ) . The density of territories varies by habitat , including 2 @.@ 5 to 5 @.@ 8 territories per 99 acres ( 40 ha ) of three- to five @-@ year @-@ old burned chaparral to 3 @.@ 9 to 6 @.@ 9 territories for the same amount of coastal scrubland . One pair tends to be supported by a territory , although birds without a mate have been seen sharing a territory with a mated pair .
This sparrow is awkward in flight and primarily uses running and hopping to move . The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow will at times forage in pairs during the breeding season , and in family @-@ sized flocks in late summer and early autumn . During the winter they can occasionally be found in loose mixed @-@ species foraging flocks .
Predators of adult sparrows include house cats and small raptors like Cooper 's and sharp @-@ shinned hawks , American kestrels , and white @-@ tailed kites . The nests may be raided by a range of species including mammals and reptiles such as snakes , though nest predation has not yet been directly observed , and nesting sparrows have been observed using three kinds of displays to distract potential predators ; the rodent run , the broken wing , and the tumbling off the bush . Birds adopt a rodent run display to distract predators . The head , neck and tail are lowered , wings held out , and feathers fluffed as the bird runs rapidly and voices a continuous alarm call . In the broken wing display , the sparrow imitates having a broken wing by dropping one to the ground and hopping away from the nest with one wing dragging , leading the predator away until the bird ceases the act and escapes the predator . The adult rufous @-@ crowned sparrow distracts a nest predator by falling from the top of a bush to attract the predator to itself in the tumbling off the bush display .
The longest lifespan recorded for a rufous @-@ crowned sparrow is three years , two months . Two species of tick , Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes pacificus , are known to parasitize the sparrow .
= = = Diet = = =
This sparrow feeds primarily on small grass and forb seeds , fresh grass stems , and tender plant shoots during autumn and winter . During these seasons , insects such as ants , grasshoppers , ground beetles , and scale insects as well as spiders make up a small part of its diet . In the spring and summer , the bird 's diet includes a greater quantity and variety of insects .
The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow forages slowly on or near the ground by walking or hopping under shrubs or dense grasses . Though it occasionally forages in weedy areas , it is almost never observed foraging in the open . It has occasionally been observed feeding in branches and low shrubs . During the breeding season , it gleans its food from grasses and low shrubs . However , normally the species obtains its food by either pecking or less frequently scratching at leaf litter . This bird tends to forage in a small family group and in a limited area .
It is unknown whether this species obtains all of the water it needs from its food or if it must also drink ; however , it has been observed both drinking and bathing in pools of water after rain storms .
= = = Reproduction = = =
The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow breeds in sparsely vegetated scrubland . Males attract a mate by singing from regular positions at the edge of their territories throughout the breeding season . These birds are monogamous , taking only one mate at a time , and pairs often remain together for several years . If singing males come within contact of each other , they may initially raise their crowns and face the ground to display this feature ; if that fails to make the other bird leave , they stiffen their body , droop their wings , raise their tails , and stick their head straight out . Males guard their territories year @-@ round .
While it is not known when precisely the breeding season starts , the earliest that a sparrow has been observed carrying nesting material was on March 2 in southern California . The female bird builds a bulky , thick @-@ walled open @-@ cup nest typically on the ground , though occasionally in a low bush up to 18 in ( 46 cm ) above it , from dried grasses and rootlets , sometimes with strips of bark , small twigs , and weed stems . Nests are well hidden , as they are built near bushes or tall grasses or overhanging rock with concealing vegetation . Once a sparrow chooses a nesting site , it tends to return to the site for many years . It lays between two and five eggs at a time and typically only raises one brood a year , though some birds in California have been observed raising two or even three broods a year . In case of a nesting failure , replacement clutches may be laid . The eggs are an unmarked , pale bluish @-@ white . Broods of the rufous @-@ crowned sparrow have very occasionally been observed to be parasitized by the brown @-@ headed cowbird .
Incubation of the eggs lasts 11 to 13 days and is performed solely by the female . The hatchlings are naked and quills do not begin to show until the third day . Only females brood the nestlings , though both parents may bring whole insects to their young . When a young rufous @-@ crowned sparrow leaves the nest after eight or nine days , it is still incapable of flight , though it can run through the underbrush ; during this time it is still fed by the parents . Juveniles tend to leave their parent 's territory and move into adjacent habitat in autumn or early winter . Reproductive success varies strongly with annual rainfall and is highest in wet El Niño years , since cool rainy weather reduces the activity of snakes , the main predator of the sparrow 's nests .
= = Conservation = =
The rufous @-@ crowned sparrow is treated as a species of least concern , or not threatened with extinction , by BirdLife International due to its large geographical range of about 463 @,@ 323 sq mi ( 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 km2 ) , estimated population of 2 @.@ 4 million individuals , and lack of a 30 % population decline over the last ten years . In years without sufficient rains , many birds fail to breed and those that do produce fewer offspring . Some of the local populations of this bird are threatened and declining in number . The island subspecies and populations have declined in some cases : A. r. sanctorum of the Todos Santos Islands is believed to be extinct , and the populations on Santa Catalina Island and Baja California 's Islas de San Martin have not been observed since the early 1900s . Populations of the species in southern California are also becoming more restricted in range because of urbanization and agricultural development in the region . Additionally , the sparrow is known to have been poisoned by the rodenticide warfarin , though more research is needed to determine the effects of pesticides on the rufous @-@ crowned sparrow .
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= The Penelopiad =
The Penelopiad is a novella by Margaret Atwood . It was published in 2005 as part of the first set of books in the Canongate Myth Series where contemporary authors rewrite ancient myths . In The Penelopiad , Penelope reminisces on the events during the Odyssey , life in Hades , Odysseus , Helen , and her relationships with her parents . A chorus of the twelve maids , whom Odysseus believed were disloyal and whom Telemachus hanged , interrupt Penelope 's narrative to express their view on events . The maids ' interludes use a new genre each time , including a jump @-@ rope rhyme , a lament , an idyll , a ballad , a lecture , a court trial and several types of songs .
The novella 's central themes include the effects of story @-@ telling perspectives , double standards between the sexes and the classes , and the fairness of justice . Atwood had previously used characters and storylines from Greek mythology in fiction such as her novel The Robber Bride , short story The Elysium Lifestyle Mansions and poems " Circe : Mud Poems " and " Helen of Troy Does Counter Dancing " but used Robert Graves ' The Greek Myths and E. V. Rieu and D. C. H. Rieu 's version of the Odyssey to prepare for this novella .
The book was translated into 28 languages and released simultaneously around the world by 33 publishers . In the Canadian market , it peaked on the best seller lists at number one in Maclean 's and number two in The Globe and Mail , but did not place on the New York Times Best Seller List in the American market . Some critics found the writing to be typical of Atwood or even one of her finest works , while others found some aspects , like the chorus of maids , disagreeable .
A theatrical version was co @-@ produced by the Canadian National Arts Centre and the British Royal Shakespeare Company . The play was performed at the Swan Theatre in Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon and the National Arts Centre in Ottawa during the summer and fall of 2007 by an all @-@ female cast led by director Josette Bushell @-@ Mingo . In the winter season 2011 / 2012 , the show will be given its professional Toronto premiere by Nightwood Theatre , with an all @-@ female cast led by director Kelly Thornton and starring Megan Follows as Penelope .
= = Background = =
Publisher Jamie Byng of Canongate Books solicited author Margaret Atwood to write a novella re @-@ telling a classic myth of her choice . Byng explained it would be published simultaneously in several languages as part of an international project called the Canongate Myth Series . Atwood agreed to help the rising young publisher by participating in the project . From her home in Toronto , the 64 @-@ year @-@ old author made attempts at writing the Norse creation myth and a Native American story but struggled . After speaking with her British literary agent about canceling her contract , Atwood began thinking about the Odyssey . She had first read it as a teenager and remembered finding the imagery of Penelope 's twelve maids being hanged in the denouement disturbing . Atwood believed the roles of Penelope and her maids during Odysseus ' absence had been a largely neglected scholarly topic and that she could help address it with this project .
= = Plot = =
The novel recaps Penelope 's life in hindsight from 21st century Hades ; she recalls her family life in Sparta , her marriage to Odysseus , her dealing with suitors during his absence , and the aftermath of Odysseus ' return . The relationship with her parents was challenging : her father became overly affectionate after attempting to murder her , and her mother was absent @-@ minded and negligent . At fifteen , Penelope married Odysseus , who had rigged the contest that decided which suitor would marry her . Penelope was happy with him , even though he was mocked behind his back by Helen and some maids for his short stature and lesser developed home , Ithaca . The couple broke with tradition by moving to the husband 's kingdom . In Ithaca , neither Odysseus ' mother Anticleia , nor his nurse Eurycleia , liked Penelope but eventually Eurycleia helped Penelope settle into her new role and became friendly , but often patronising . Shortly after the birth of their son , Telemachus , Odysseus was called to war , leaving Penelope to run the kingdom and raise Telemachus alone . News of the war and rumours of Odysseus ' journey back sporadically reached Ithaca and with the growing possibility that Odysseus was not returning an increasing number of suitors moved in to court Penelope . Convinced the suitors were more interested in controlling her kingdom than loving her , she stalled them . The suitors pressured her by consuming and wasting much of the kingdom 's resources . She feared violence if she outright denied their offer of marriage so she announced she would make her decision on which to marry once she finished her father @-@ in @-@ law 's shroud . She enlisted twelve maids to help her unravel the shroud at night and spy on the suitors . Odysseus eventually returned but in disguise . Penelope recognised him immediately and instructed her maids not to reveal his identity . After the suitors were massacred , Odysseus instructed Telemachus to execute the maids who he believed were in league with them . Twelve were hanged while Penelope slept . Afterwards , Penelope and Odysseus told each other stories of their time apart , but on the issue of the maids Penelope remained silent to avoid the appearance of sympathy for those already judged and condemned as traitors .
During her narrative , Penelope expresses opinions on several people , addresses historical misconceptions , and comments on life in Hades . She is most critical of Helen whom Penelope blames for ruining her life . Penelope identifies Odysseus ' specialty as making people look like fools and wonders why his stories have survived so long , despite being an admitted liar . She dispels the rumour that she slept with Amphinomus and the rumour that she slept with all the suitors and consequently gave birth to Pan .
Between chapters in which Penelope is narrating , the twelve maids speak on topics from their point @-@ of @-@ view . They lament their childhood as slaves with no parents or playtime , sing of freedom , and dream of being princesses . They contrast their lives to Telemachus ' and wonder if they would have killed him as a child if they knew he would kill them as a young man . They blame Penelope and Eurycleia for allowing them to unjustly die . In Hades , they haunt both Penelope and Odysseus .
= = Style = =
The novella is divided into 29 chapters with introduction , notes , and acknowledgments sections . Structured similarly to a classical Greek drama , the storytelling alternates between Penelope 's narrative and the choral commentary of the twelve maids . Penelope narrates 18 chapters with the Chorus contributing 11 chapters dispersed throughout the book . The Chorus uses a new narrative style in each of their chapters , beginning with a jump @-@ rope rhyme and ending in a 17 @-@ line iambic dimeter poem . Other narrative styles used by the Chorus include a lament , a folk song , an idyll , a sea shanty , a ballad , a drama , an anthropology lecture , a court trial , and a love song .
Penelope 's story uses simple and deliberately naive prose . The tone is described as casual , wandering , and street @-@ wise with Atwood 's dry humour and characteristic bittersweet and melancholic feminist voice . The book uses the first @-@ person narrative , though Penelope sometimes addresses the reader through the second person pronoun . One reviewer noted that Penelope is portrayed as " an intelligent woman who knows better than to exhibit her intelligence " . Because she contrasts past events as they occurred from her perspective with the elaborations of Odysseus and with what is recorded in myths today , she is described as a metafictional narrator .
= = Major themes = =
= = = Perspectives = = =
The novella illustrates the differences perspectives can make . The stories told in the Odyssey by Nestor and Menelaus to Telemachus , and Odysseus to a Scherian court make Odysseus into a hero as he fights monsters and seduces goddesses . According to Penelope in The Penelopiad Odysseus was a liar who drunkenly fought a one @-@ eyed bartender then boasted it was a giant cannibalistic cyclops . Homer portrays Penelope as loyal , patient , and the ideal wife , as he contrasts her to Clytemnestra who killed Agamemnon upon his return from Troy . In The Penelopiad , Penelope feels compelled to tell her story because she is unsatisfied with Homer 's portrayal of her and the other myths about her sleeping with the suitors and giving birth to Pan . She rejects the role of the ideal wife and admits she was just trying to survive . The Odyssey makes the maids into traitors who consort with the suitors . From the maids ' perspective , they were innocent victims , used by Penelope to spy , raped and abused by the suitors , and then murdered by Odysseus and Telemachus . Atwood shows the truth occupies a third position between the myths and the biased points of view .
= = = Feminism and double standards = = =
The book has been called " feminist " , and more specifically " vintage Atwood @-@ feminist " , but Atwood disagrees , saying , " I wouldn 't even call it feminist . Every time you write something from the point of view of a woman , people say that it 's feminist . " The Penelopiad 's antagonistic relationship between Penelope and Helen is similar to the relationships of women in Atwood 's previous novels : Elaine and Cordelia in Cat 's Eye , and Iris and Laura in The Blind Assassin , and follows Atwood 's doubt of an amicable universal sisterhood . The story does endorse some feminist reassessments of the Odyssey , like Penelope recognizing Odysseus while disguised and that the geese slaughtered by the eagle in Penelope 's dream were her maids and not the suitors . Using the maids ' lecture on anthropology , Atwood satirizes Robert Graves ' theory of a matriarchal lunar cult in Greek myth . The lecture makes a series of connections , concluding that the rape and execution of the maids by men represent the overthrow of the matriarchal society in favor of patriarchy . The lecture ends with lines from anthropologist Claude Lévi @-@ Strauss ' Elementary Structures of Kinship : " Consider us pure symbol . We 're no more real than money . "
Double standards between genders and classes are exposed throughout the novella . Odysseus commits adultery with Circe while expecting Penelope to remain loyal to him . The maids ' relations with the suitors are seen as treasonous and earn them an execution . Penelope condemns Helen for her involvement in getting men killed at Troy . At the same time , Penelope excuses her involvement in getting the maids killed even though , as Atwood reveals , Penelope enlisted the maids to spy on the suitors and even encouraged them to continue after some were raped .
= = = Narrative justice = = =
Penelope 's story is an attempt at narrative justice to retribute Helen for her erroneously idealised image in the Odyssey as the archetypal female . Penelope acts like a judicial arbiter , a position she held in Ithaca as the head of state and , during Odysseus ' absence , as head of the household . The ancient form of justice and punishment , which was swift and simple due to the lack of courts , prisons , and currency , is tempered by more modern concepts of balanced distributions of social benefits and burdens . Penelope 's chosen form of punishment for Helen is to correct the historical records with her own bias by portraying her as vain and superficial , as someone who measures her worth by the number of men who died fighting for her .
The maids also deliver their version of narrative justice on Odysseus and Telemachus , who ordered and carried out their execution , and on Penelope who was complicit in their killing . The maids do not have the same sanctioned voice as Penelope and are relegated to unauthoritative genres , though their persistence eventually leads to more valued cultural forms . Their testimony , contrasted with Penelope 's excuses while condemning Helen , demonstrates the tendency of judicial processes to not act upon the whole truth . When compared with the historical record , dominated by the stories in the Odyssey , the conclusion , as one academic states , is that the concepts of justice and penalties are established by " who has the power to say who is punished , whose ideas count " , and that " justice is underwritten by social inequalities and inequitable power dynamics " .
= = Influences = =
Atwood 's use of myths follows archetypal literary criticism and specifically the work of Northrop Frye and his Anatomy of Criticism . According to this literary theory , contemporary works are not independent but are part of an underlying pattern that re @-@ invents and adapts a finite number of timeless concepts and structures of meaning . In The Penelopiad , Atwood re @-@ writes archetypes of female passivity and victimization while using contemporary ideas of justice and a variety of genres .
The edition of the Odyssey that Atwood read was the E. V. Rieu and D. C. H. Rieu 's translation . For research she consulted Robert Graves ' The Greek Myths . Graves , an adherent to Samuel Butler 's theory that the Odyssey was written by a woman , also wrote The White Goddess which formed the basis of the Maid 's anthropology lecture .
Atwood had previously written using themes and characters from ancient Greek myths . She wrote a short story in Ovid Metamorphosed called The Elysium Lifestyle Mansions re @-@ telling a myth with Apollo and the immortal prophet the Sibyl from the perspective of the latter living in the modern age . Her 1993 novel The Robber Bride roughly parallels the Iliad but is set in Toronto . In that novel the characters Tony and Zenia share the same animosity and competition as Penelope and Helen in The Penelopiad . Her poem " Circe : Mud Poems " , published in 1976 , casts doubt on Penelope 's honourable image :
She 's up to something , she 's weaving
histories , they are never right ,
she has to do them over ,
she is weaving her version [ ... ]
Atwood published " Helen of Troy Does Counter Dancing " in her 1996 collection Morning in the Burned House in which Helen appears in a contemporary setting as an erotic dancer and justifies her exploitation as men fantasize over her :
You think I 'm not a goddess ?
Try me .
This is a torch song .
Touch me and you 'll burn .
= = Publication = =
The hardcover version of The Penelopiad was published on 21 October 2005 as a part of the launch of Canongate Myth Series , which also included A History of Myth by Karen Armstrong and a third title chosen by each publisher ( most chose Weight by Jeanette Winterson ) . The Penelopiad was translated into 28 languages and released simultaneously around the world by 33 publishers , including Canongate Books in the UK , Knopf in Canada , Grove / Atlantic Inc. in the US , and Text Publishing in Australia and New Zealand . The French translation was published in Canada by Éditions du Boréal and in France by Groupe Flammarion . The trade paperback was released in 2006 . Laural Merlington narrated the 3 @-@ hour unabridged audiobook which was published by Brilliance Audio and released alongside the hardcover . Merlington 's narration was positively received , though sometimes upstaged by the unnamed actresses voicing the maids .
= = Reception = =
On best seller lists in the Canadian market , the hardcover peaked at number one in MacLean 's and number two in The Globe and Mail in the fiction category . In the American market the book did not place on the New York Times Best Seller list but was listed as an " Editors ' Choice " . The book was nominated for the 2006 Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature and long @-@ listed for the 2007 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award . The book 's French translation was nominated at the 2006 Governor General 's Literary Awards for best English to French translation .
Some reviewers like Christopher Tayler and David Flusfeder , both writing for The Daily Telegraph , praised the book as " enjoyable [ and ] intelligent " with " Atwood at her finest " . Robert Wiersema echoed that sentiment , adding that the book shows Atwood as " fierce and ambitious , clever and thoughtful " . The review in the National Post called the book " a brilliant tour de force " . Specifically singled out as being good are the book 's wit , rhythm , structure , and story . Mary Beard found the book to be " brilliant " except for the chapter entitled " An Anthropology Lecture " which she called " complete rubbish " . Others criticised the book as being " merely a riff on a better story that comes dangerously close to being a spoof " and saying it " does not fare well [ as a ] colloquial feminist retelling " . Specifically , the scenes with the chorus of maidservants are said to be " mere outlines of characters " with Elizabeth Hand writing in The Washington Post that they have " the air of a failed Monty Python sketch " . In the journal English Studies , Odin Dekkers and L. R. Leavis described the book as " a piece of deliberate self @-@ indulgence " , that it reads like an " over @-@ the @-@ top W. S. Gilbert " , and they compare it to Wendy Cope 's limericks reducing T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land to five lines .
= = Theatrical adaptation = =
Following a successful dramatic reading directed by Phyllida Lloyd at St James 's Church , Piccadilly on 26 October 2005 , Atwood finished a draft theatrical script . The Canadian National Arts Centre and the British Royal Shakespeare Company expressed interest and both agreed to co @-@ produce . Funding was raised mostly from nine Canadian women , dubbed the " Penelope Circle " , who each donated CAD $ 50 @,@ 000 to the National Arts Centre . An all @-@ female cast was selected consisting of seven Canadian and six British actors , with Josette Bushell @-@ Mingo directing and Veronica Tennant as the choreographer . For music a trio , consisting of percussions , keyboard , and cello , were positioned above the stage . They assembled in Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon and rehearsed in June and July 2007 . The 100 @-@ minute play was staged at the Swan Theatre between 27 July and 18 August at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa between 17 September and 6 October . Atwood 's script gave little stage direction allowing Bushell @-@ Mingo to develop the action . Critics in both countries lauded Penny Downie 's performance as Penelope , but found the play had too much narration of story rather than dramatisation . Adjustments made between productions resulted in the Canadian performance having emotional depth that was lacking in Bushell @-@ Mingo 's direction of the twelve maids . The play subsequently had runs in Vancouver at the Stanley Industrial Alliance Stage between October 26 and November 20 , 2011 , and in Toronto , produced by the Nightwood Theatre and staged at Buddies in Bad Times Theatre between January 10 – 29 , 2012 . The Nightwood Theatre show was directed by Kelly Thornton with choreography by Monica Dottor and starring Megan Follows . A review in The Globe and Mail gave the play 3 @.@ 5 of 4 stars .
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= Matt Cain =
Matthew Thomas Cain ( born October 1 , 1984 ) , nicknamed The Horse , Big Daddy , and Big Sugar , is an American professional baseball starting pitcher for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Cain is 6 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 91 m ) tall and weighs 230 pounds ( 100 kg ) . He bats and throws right @-@ handed . Cain throws five pitches : a four @-@ seam fastball , a two @-@ seam fastball , a slider , a curveball , and a changeup .
Cain was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the first round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft out of high school . He advanced quickly through the minor leagues and made his debut with the Giants in 2005 , becoming the youngest player in the National League ( NL ) that year . In 2006 ( his first full season ) , Cain won 13 games and finished tied for fifth in NL Rookie of the Year voting . Cain had the 10th @-@ best earned run average ( ERA ) in the NL in 2007 , but he finished second in the league with 16 losses due to poor run support .
In 2009 , Cain was named an All @-@ Star for the first time in his career ; he won 14 games and had a winning record for the first time since 2006 . Cain only won 13 games in 2010 , but he saved his best pitching for the playoffs , as he did not allow an earned run any of the three playoff games he pitched in as the Giants won their first World Series since 1954 . In 2011 , Cain won 12 games and had a 2 @.@ 88 ERA . Cain threw the 22nd perfect game in Major League Baseball history on June 13 , 2012 . He had a 16 – 5 record during the regular season , and he finished sixth in NL Cy Young Award voting . He won every series @-@ clinching playoff game for the Giants as they won the 2012 World Series .
= = Early life = =
Cain was born to Tom and Dolores Cain in Dothan , Alabama . He lived in Vincent , Alabama , for a year when his mother taught at a school nearby . Cain also spent part of his childhood in Germantown , Tennessee , where he attended Houston High School . He took lessons on how to pitch from Mauro Gozzo , who lived near the Cains in Tennessee . As a senior at Houston High School , Cain struck out 83 batters in 62 innings pitched while recording a 1 @.@ 03 earned run average ( ERA ) .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Draft and minor leagues = = =
Cain was selected by the San Francisco Giants in the first round ( 25th overall ) in the 2002 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . He began his professional career in 2002 with the rookie Arizona League Giants . In eight games ( seven starts ) , he had an 0 – 1 record , a 3 @.@ 72 ERA , 20 strikeouts , and 11 walks in 19 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . He spent 2003 with the Hagerstown Suns of the Single @-@ A South Atlantic League . In 14 starts for the Suns , he had a 4 – 4 record , a 2 @.@ 55 ERA , 90 strikeouts , and 24 walks in 74 innings pitched .
Prior to 2004 , Cain was ranked the number two prospect in the Giants ' organization ( behind Merkin Valdez ) by Baseball America . Cain spent 2004 with two teams . He began the season with the San Jose Giants of the Single @-@ A advanced California League . In 13 starts , he had a 7 – 1 record , a 1 @.@ 86 ERA , 89 strikeouts , and 17 walks in 72 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . In June , he was promoted to the Norwich Navigators of the Double @-@ A Eastern League . In 15 starts , he had a 6 – 4 record , a 3 @.@ 35 ERA , 72 strikeouts , and 40 walks in 86 innings pitched . Cain led Giants ' minor league prospects in wins , strikeouts , and ERA ; he was named the Giants ' Organizational Player of the Year .
Baseball America ranked Cain as the 13th @-@ best prospect in baseball in 2005 , as well as the Giants ' top prospect . Cain attended spring training in 2005 , but he began the season with the Fresno Grizzlies of the Triple @-@ A Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) . In 26 starts , Cain had a 10 – 5 record and 145 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . He finished fifth ( tied with R.A. Dickey and Adam Wainwright ) in the PCL in wins and fourth with a 4 @.@ 39 ERA ( behind Kevin Jarvis 's 3 @.@ 38 , Chris Oxspring 's 4 @.@ 03 , and Édgar González 's 4 @.@ 37 ) . He led the league with 176 strikeouts .
= = = San Francisco Giants ( 2005 – present ) = = =
= = = = 2005 = = = =
Cain was called up to the Giants on August 26 , 2005 , to join their rotation . He made his major league debut on August 29 , at the age of 20 against the Colorado Rockies ; he gave up only three hits and two runs in five innings but still ended up losing the game . He earned his first major league win on September 4 allowing one run in seven innings against the Arizona Diamondbacks . He notched his first complete game , a two @-@ hitter , against the Chicago Cubs on September 9 . Cain finished his first season with seven starts over 46 1 ⁄ 3 innings in which he posted a 2 – 1 record , 30 strikeouts , a 2 @.@ 33 ERA , a 0 @.@ 928 walks plus hits per inning pitched ( WHIP ) , and a minuscule .151 opponent batting average .
When he was called up , Cain was the second youngest player in the major leagues ( Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners was the youngest ) .
= = = = 2006 = = = =
Cain 's 2005 performance was impressive enough that manager Felipe Alou named him to the team 's 2006 starting rotation before spring training began . Cain began the season as the team 's fourth starter . Entering the season , he was again ranked as the Giants ' top prospect by Baseball America , which also named him the 10th @-@ best prospect in baseball .
In 2006 , Cain struggled with consistency , but showed signs of dominance in several starts , flirting with a no @-@ hitter on more than one occasion . On April 24 , Cain did not allow a base runner until the sixth inning in a win over the New York Mets . On May 21 , Cain pitched his first complete game shutout , a one @-@ hitter against the Oakland Athletics . On June 19 , Cain pitched 7 2 ⁄ 3 innings of no @-@ hit ball against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim before finally surrendering a single to Chone Figgins .
Late in the season , Cain increased his chances for Rookie of the Year consideration with a run of remarkable pitching . From August 17 to September 14 Cain recorded a 5 – 0 record with an ERA of 0 @.@ 21 . During this streak , he allowed just one earned run in 42 innings — and did not allow an earned run in 30 2 ⁄ 3 innings . He led all National League ( NL ) rookie pitchers with 13 wins , 179 strikeouts , and 190 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched in 2006 . His 2006 record was 13 – 12 , with a 4 @.@ 15 ERA . Cain finished in a fifth @-@ place tie with Andre Ethier in the NL Rookie of the Year voting .
= = = = 2007 = = = =
Cain began 2007 as the Giants ' number two starter . In April , he had a 1 @.@ 54 ERA with 12 hits in 35 innings pitched . On April 22 , he pitched a complete game allowing one run ( in the ninth ) and three hits in a 2 – 1 victory over Arizona . It was the third complete game of his young career . Cain 's record through August 3 was 3 – 12 . He had limited opponents to a batting average of .238 against him during that stretch . The Giants scored two or fewer runs in 20 of Cain 's first 30 starts . Additionally , the bullpen blew four leads behind him .
Cain went 4 – 1 over his next five starts . This stretch was bolstered in part by a power surge at the plate by Cain himself . He hit his first and second career home runs in these starts , off Tim Redding of the Washington Nationals and Cubs ' ace Carlos Zambrano . In September , he had an 0 – 3 record .
Cain finished the season with the 10th @-@ lowest ERA in the NL at 3 @.@ 65 . He had a 7 – 16 record ; his 16 losses were second in the league ( Kip Wells had 17 ) . The Giants went 9 – 23 in his starts ; the bullpen lost leads in five of his starts and the team scored 2 runs or fewer in 21 of his starts . He had 163 strikeouts and 79 walks in 200 innings pitched ; he led the league with 12 wild pitches .
= = = = 2008 = = = =
On April 12 , 2008 , Cain took a no @-@ hitter into the seventh inning against the St. Louis Cardinals before allowing a leadoff double to Albert Pujols ; he allowed two runs in 6 2 ⁄ 3 innings and hit a home run against Todd Wellemeyer but received a no @-@ decision as the Giants lost 8 – 7 in 10 innings . He allowed two runs in eight innings and hit a home run against Brandon Backe on May 13 , earning the win as the Giants defeated the Houston Astros 4 – 2 . He struck out a season @-@ high 11 batters on June 15 while giving up three runs in seven innings , but he took the loss as the Athletics beat the Giants 4 – 0 . He threw eight shutout innings on July 1 , striking out 10 and earning the win in a 2 – 1 victory over the Cubs . On July 24 , despite battling the flu , Cain threw a shutout , helping the Giants beat the Nationals 1 – 0 . Cain went 8 – 14 with a 3 @.@ 76 ERA . He had 186 strikeouts ( tied with Ricky Nolasco for eighth in the league ) and 217 2 ⁄ 3 innings ( fifth in the league ) . His 14 losses were tied for fourth in the league with Johnny Cueto , Backe , Braden Looper , and Zach Duke ( behind teammate Barry Zito 's and Aaron Harang 's 17 and John Lannan 's 15 ) ; he was one of eight NL pitchers to make 34 starts . Cain 's season record was deceiving , as he received the lowest run support in the NL .
= = = = 2009 = = = =
Cain was the Giants ' number three starter in 2009 . He threw six shutout innings and had an RBI single against Mike Pelfrey on May 17 in a 2 – 0 victory over the Mets . In his next start on May 23 , he threw a complete game , allowing just one run as San Francisco defeated the Seattle Mariners 5 – 1 . On June 4 , in the second game of a doubleheader , he threw a five @-@ inning complete game , allowing one run in a 4 – 1 victory over the Nationals . He allowed one run in a complete game against Oakland on June 14 , striking out nine as the Giants won 7 – 1 . From May 7 through June 14 , Cain won seven straight decisions . On July 5 , Cain was announced as an All @-@ Star for the first time in his young career . On Cain 's final start before the All @-@ Star Game , he was hit by a line drive right below his elbow and was forced to miss pitching for the NL All @-@ Star Team , although he did still attend and was announced as an All @-@ Star . Duke replaced Cain on the NL All @-@ Star team . Cain threw a complete game on August 3 against Houston ; however , he suffered the loss for the first time in his career when throwing a complete game , allowing four runs in a 4 – 3 defeat . On September 25 , Cain was awarded the Willie Mac Award .
Cain finished the 2009 season with a 14 – 8 record in 33 starts . He had a 2 @.@ 89 ERA ( seventh in the NL ) , 171 strikeouts , 73 walks , and 217 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched ( seventh ) . He was tied for first in complete games thrown ( four ) with teammate Tim Lincecum . He finished ninth in the league with a .636 winning percentage . He finished the season with a career @-@ high in wins and winning percentage .
= = = = 2010 = = = =
In 2010 , Cain was part of a rotation that included 2008 and 2009 NL Cy Young Award winner Lincecum , 2002 American League Cy Young Award winner Barry Zito , Jonathan Sánchez , and Wellemeyer ( who was replaced midseason by Madison Bumgarner ) . On May 22 , Cain threw a complete game and allowed just one run but was charged with the loss as Oakland defeated the Giants 1 – 0 . In his next start , on May 28 , Cain shut out the Diamondbacks , allowing one hit ( a double by Mark Reynolds ) as the Giants won 5 – 0 . In the month of May , Cain pitched into the sixth inning or later in all six of his starts while giving up nine earned runs on 23 hits with 35 strikeouts and 18 walks in 44 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched with an overall record of 3 – 3 and a 1 @.@ 81 earned run average . On August 1 , for the first time in his career , Cain defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers by throwing 7 2 ⁄ 3 scoreless innings in a 2 – 0 victory . He took a no @-@ hitter into the eighth inning on September 26 against Colorado before finally allowing a one @-@ out single to Jay Payton ; Cain wound up allowing two runs while throwing a complete game in a 4 – 2 victory over the Rockies .
For the season Cain was 13 – 11 with a 3 @.@ 14 ERA , 177 strikeouts , and 61 walks . He finished sixth in the league with a 1 @.@ 08 WHIP and 223 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . He tied for third with four complete games ( tied with Ubaldo Jiménez and Johan Santana behind Roy Halladay 's nine and Wainwright 's five ) , including two shutouts ( which made him one of seven players in the NL to throw two or more shutouts ) . He tied for 12th in NL Cy Young Award voting with Bronson Arroyo .
Cain reached the playoffs for the first time in his career as the Giants won the NL West to reach the playoffs for the first time since 2003 . In Game 2 of the NL Division Series against the Atlanta Braves on October 8 , Cain allowed one unearned run in 6 2 ⁄ 3 innings but received a no @-@ decision as the Giants lost 5 – 4 in 11 innings . In Game 3 of the NL Championship Series against the Philadelphia Phillies on October 19 , he threw seven shutout innings and earned the win in a 3 – 0 victory over the Phillies . The Giants defeated the Phillies in six games . On October 28 , Cain capped an impressive post @-@ season performance as he pitched 7 2 ⁄ 3 scoreless innings in Game 2 of the World Series against the Texas Rangers ( a 9 – 0 Giants ' victory ) to become the fifth pitcher to pitch at least 20 innings in the postseason without allowing an earned run . His total post @-@ season stats of a 2 – 0 record , with a 0 @.@ 00 ERA through 211 ⁄ 3 innings pitched helped the Giants win their first championship in San Francisco .
= = = = 2011 = = = =
Cain threw a complete game against the Nationals on June 8 , 2011 , striking out 11 , allowing one run , and hitting an RBI double against Yunesky Maya in a 3 – 1 Giants victory . On June 25 , he threw seven shutout innings ( retiring 14 hitters in a row at one point ) and earned the win in a 1 – 0 victory over the Cleveland Indians . On June 30 at Wrigley Field , Cain struck out the Chicago Cubs ' Koyie Hill for his 1,000th career strikeout , becoming the fifth San Francisco Giants pitcher to reach the milestone . Also , he again threw seven shutout innings but received a no @-@ decision this time in the Giants ' 13 @-@ inning , 5 – 2 loss to the Cubs . He was an All @-@ Star for the second time in his career in 2011 ; however , he did not appear in the All @-@ Star Game because he started the final regular season game prior to the All @-@ Star contest . He had a 2 @.@ 64 ERA in 14 starts after the All @-@ Star break but earned just four wins in that stretch . On July 27 , Cain allowed an unearned run in seven innings , earning the win in a 2 – 1 victory over the Phillies . Cain had one strikeout and one walk in the game , ending his Giants ' record ( since 1900 ) of 39 consecutive starts with more strikeouts than walks . On September 18 , Cain allowed five runs ( three earned ) in five innings and hit his fifth career home run against Esmil Rogers , earning the win as the Giants defeated Colorado 12 – 5 . In 33 starts , Cain had a 12 – 11 record , 179 strikeouts , and 63 walks . His 2 @.@ 88 ERA was eighth in the league , and his 221 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched were seventh in the league . He finished eighth in Cy Young Award voting .
= = = = 2012 = = = =
On April 2 , 2012 , Cain agreed to a five @-@ year contract extension worth a guaranteed $ 112 @.@ 5 million through 2017 with an option for 2018 , at the time surpassing Kevin Brown for the largest deal for a right @-@ handed pitcher . Cain earned a $ 5 million signing bonus , and will earn $ 20 million each season from 2013 – 17 . His $ 21 million option for 2018 will vest automatically if he is not on the disabled list to an elbow or shoulder injury in 2017 and if he reaches 400 innings in 2016 and 2017 combined . If the option fails to vest , the Giants can either pick up the $ 21 million option or pay a $ 7 @.@ 5 million buyout . Cain was scheduled to become a free agent after the 2012 season .
On April 13 , pitching the Giants ' home opener , Cain threw a complete game shut out , striking out 11 . Facing 28 batters in 9 innings , one over the minimum , he allowed a single baserunner on a hit to James McDonald , the pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates . It was the third one @-@ hitter of Cain 's career . In his next start , on April 18 , Cain threw another 9 shutout innings using only 91 pitches , dueling Cliff Lee of the Phillies who threw 102 pitches over 10 scoreless innings . The first 9 innings took only 1 hour and 49 minutes . The Giants went on to win in the 11th inning . Following a dominant first half , Cain was selected to the All @-@ Star Game and was chosen by manager Tony La Russa to be the NL 's starting pitcher . On July 10 at Kauffman Stadium , Cain allowed a leadoff single to Derek Jeter before retiring the six remaining hitters he faced ; he was the winning pitcher in an 8 – 0 decision . On July 21 , Cain hit his sixth career home run , off of Phillies ' pitcher Cole Hamels in the third inning of a 10 @-@ inning , 6 – 5 Giants ' victory . Later in that inning Hamels hit his first career home run off of Cain , making this the first time since 2002 when two pitchers have homered off of each other in the same game ( Kevin Millwood and Denny Stark were the last to do it ) .
Cain had a 16 – 5 record in 2012 . He tied with six other players for sixth in the NL in wins , finished fourth with a 2 @.@ 79 ERA ( behind Clayton Kershaw 's 2 @.@ 53 , Dickey 's 2 @.@ 73 , and Cueto 's 2 @.@ 78 ) , and finished third with 219 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched ( behind Dickey 's 233 2 ⁄ 3 and Kershaw 's 227 2 ⁄ 3 ) . He finished eighth with 193 strikeouts , joining teammates Bumgarner and Lincecum among the top 10 in the NL in that category . He was one of seven NL players to throw two or more shutouts . Cain finished sixth in NL Cy Young Award voting .
Cain reached the playoffs for the second time in his career as the Giants won the NL West after missing the playoffs in 2011 . In Game 1 of the NL Division Series against the Cincinnati Reds on October 6 , he allowed three runs in five innings and took the loss as the Reds defeated the Giants 5 – 2 . In Game 5 on October 11 , he began the game with four scoreless innings ; Cain would allow three runs over 5 2 ⁄ 3 innings as the Giants won 6 – 4 to advance to the next round of the playoffs . In Game 3 of the NLCS against the Cardinals on October 17 , Cain allowed three runs in 6 2 ⁄ 3 innings and was charged with the loss as the Giants lost 3 – 1 . On October 29 , in Game 7 , Cain threw 5 2 ⁄ 3 shutout innings and earned the win as the Giants won 9 – 0 , marking the second time in the playoffs that Cain had won a series @-@ clinching game . In Game 4 of the 2012 World Series against the Tigers on October 28 , Cain allowed three runs in seven innings , earning a no @-@ decision as the Giants won 4 – 3 in 10 innings to win the World Series for the second time in three years .
= = = = = Perfect game = = = = =
On June 13 , 2012 , in a 10 – 0 victory , Cain threw the 22nd perfect game in MLB history , against the Houston Astros , striking @-@ out a career @-@ high 14 batters ( tying Sandy Koufax for the most strikeouts in a perfect game ) . It was the first perfect game for the Giants franchise ( first in San Francisco ) , the ninth in NL history , the fifth no @-@ hitter thrown by MLB pitchers in 2012 , and the second perfect game of the season after Chicago White Sox pitcher Philip Humber threw one on April 21 . Cain threw 125 pitches , the most by a pitcher in a perfect game , and received the most run support ever for a pitcher throwing a perfect game . Cain also singled against Rhiner Cruz and scored in the fifth inning . San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee , in recognition of the perfect game , presented Cain with the key to the city and made a proclamation that June 13 every year will be known as " Matt Cain Day " . In addition , Cain set a franchise record for a single @-@ game score at 101 and is currently the first and only Giants pitcher to break the 100 barrier .
= = = = 2013 = = = =
Cain started on Opening Day for the Giants in 2013 . He pitched six shutout innings before being removed due to a high pitch count ; however , Kershaw threw a shutout , and the Dodgers beat the Giants 4 – 0 . On April 7 , Cain threw two no @-@ hit innings before giving up nine runs in the third inning and getting removed from the game , becoming the first Giants to allow nine runs in an inning since Ernie Shore in 1912 . The Cardinals beat the Giants 14 – 3 . On August 23 against the Pirates , Cain was hit by Gaby Sánchez 's line drive in the pitching arm , and was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list for the first time in his career . Cain would finish the season with a record of 8 @-@ 10 in 30 starts . For the first time since 2006 , Cain 's ERA sat in the 4 's , finishing with an exact 4 @.@ 00 ERA .
= = = = 2014 = = = =
Cain started the 2014 season 1 – 3 with a 3 @.@ 66 ERA in his first eight starts , before being placed on the 15 @-@ day DL with a strained right hamstring on May 30 , 2014 . Bruce Bochy stated that after the All Star break , Cain would move from the second place in the Giants starting rotation to fifth . Bochy added that Cain falling in the order had more to do with everyone else 's successes than any shortcomings of Cain .
On July 4 at Petco Park , Cain struck out the San Diego Padres ' Tommy Medica for his 1,500th career strikeout , becoming one of just eight Giants pitchers to reach that milestone . He also became the fourth Giants pitcher to reach the milestone since the franchise relocated to San Francisco in 1958 .
Cain struggled for the remainder of the season before being sidelined due to elbow difficulties in July , pitching his last game on July 9 , 2014 . He ended the season with a 2 – 7 record and a 4 @.@ 18 ERA . Before undergoing surgery on his right elbow to remove bone chips on August 11 , Cain revealed that he had pitched through bone chips for ten years , but that they had never been an issue until then . In late September , Cain underwent surgery on his right ankle to remove a bone spur . The Giants acquired Jake Peavy a few days before the trade deadline to fill in as a starting pitcher and went on to win the 2014 World Series . Cain won his third World Series ring in five years .
= = = = 2015 = = = =
After recovering from elbow surgery , Cain gained more range of motion in his pitching arm , saying , " I feel like I 'm 18 again . " Before he could make his first regular @-@ season start , Cain was placed on the disabled list with a flexor tendon strain in his right forearm .
In only 13 appearances ( 11 starts ) in 2015 , Cain went 2 – 4 and posted a career @-@ worst 5 @.@ 79 ERA . He also posted his lowest K / 9 of his career while allowing more hits than innings pitched .
= = = = 2016 = = = =
After starting the season 1 @-@ 5 , Cain was placed on the disabled list on May 28th with a hamstring injury . After missing almost two months due to a hamstring injury , the Giants activated Cain off the disabled list on July 20th .
= = Pitching style = =
Cain features a mix of mostly four pitches : a four @-@ seam fastball ( 90 – 93 mph ) , a cutter ( 84 – 87 ) , a curveball ( 76 – 79 ) , and a changeup ( 83 – 86 ) . Increasingly , he also throws a two @-@ seam fastball at 89 – 91 mph . Cain leads with his four @-@ seamer , throwing it over half the time in his career . His changeup is his secondary pitch to left @-@ handed hitters , while he throws cutters as a secondary pitch to right @-@ handed hitters . Cain throws curveballs in roughly equal proportions to righties and lefties .
= = Personal life = =
Cain met his wife Chelsea Williams during spring training while she was a student at Arizona State University majoring in sociology . At the time Chelsea was waitressing at a local steakhouse . The two were married in fall 2009 and had their first child , daughter Hartley , in December 2010 . The family has homes in Arizona and Tennessee , as well as a home in Orinda . Cain enjoys hunting as a hobby . Cain supports Project Open Hand , and has expressed his support for same @-@ sex marriage by appearing in the " No H8 " photo campaign opposing California 's Proposition 8 .
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= Contrail ( song ) =
" Contrail " is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Namie Amuro for her eleventh studio and second bilingual ( Japanese and English language ) album , Feel ( 2013 ) . The track was entirely written , composed , arranged , and produced by Japanese musician Nao 'ymt . The single premiered on May 29 , 2013 as the lead single from the album , and her second digital @-@ only single . Musically , " Contrail " is a dance song , influenced by electronic dance music . Lyrically , it is a self @-@ empowerment anthem that discusses themes of confidence and hope .
Upon its release , the track garnered generally favorable reviews from music critics . Many critics highlighted as one of the album 's best tracks , and complimented Nao 'ymt 's songwriting and production . Although it was unable to chart on Japan 's Oricon Singles Chart because of their restriction of digital sales , it did achieve success on the Japan Hot 100 chart provided by Billboard , peaking at number eight . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for digital sales of 250 @,@ 000 units . An accompanying music video was shot in downtown Los Angeles , California at Pershing square , which featured Amuro walking through the city with children . Amuro has performed the song on her Feel Tour ( 2013 ) , and her 2014 Live Style Tour .
= = Background and release = =
In March 2013 , Japanese network Tokyo Broadcasting System ( TBS ) approached Namie Amuro and asked if she could record a theme song for their 2013 television series Flying Public Relations Office , which she accepted . Then in May 2013 , Japanese music magazine CD Journal confirmed the release of a new single , entitled " Contrail " . The track was entirely written , composed , arranged , and produced by Japanese musician Nao 'ymt . It was recorded by D.O.I. at Daimonion Studios , Shibuya , Tokyo in 2013 . The finished composition was then mastered by American music engineer Cris Gehringer at Sterling Studios , New York City , New York .
The single premiered on May 29 , 2013 as the lead single from Amuro 's eleventh studio and second bilingual ( Japanese and English language ) album , Feel ( 2013 ) . It is also her second digital @-@ only single after " Damage " ( 2012 ) , and Amuro 's second single released from her own label Dimension Point . The artwork to " Contrail " features a birds @-@ eye view of two contrails above a cityscape . Amuro had contemplated in releasing the single as a CD single , but later scrapped the idea because she felt the digital release and promotion through the television series would be enough . In 2014 , Amuro re @-@ recorded the song for her 2014 compilation album Ballada .
= = Composition = =
Musically , " Contrail " is a dance song , as described by staff members from CD Journal . A reviewer from music website 13th Geek compared the track to her song " Hands on Me " , explaining in a further detailed review ; " The song evokes a summer feel similar to ' Hands On Me ' but with a more relaxed and laid @-@ back approach . " Patrick St. Michel , writing for The Japan Times , included the track as part of a discussion about the Westernized music influences throughout the entirety of Feel , stating " nearly every track indulges in electronic trends , sometimes besting the American competition . " Michael McCarthy from Otakudx.com believed that the song 's composition was " progressive pop " , saying " It 's not quite a dance song and it doesn 't fit your traditional pop mold either . " In a detail review , he further explained the song 's melody and structure :
" It starts off with a bit of keyboards that lead to a series of rapid but somewhat quiet beats over which she sings softly , almost whispering , until she reaches the chorus and fulminating beats drop . " What is life ? " she asks during the bilingual chorus , which simply ends with the word " contrail . " After the chorus the beats quiet down again and she once again whisper @-@ sings . It 's really quite intoxicating , the way her airy vocals gently glide over the hypnotic but subtle beats . " I didn 't know then , what I know now , " a loud , robotic voice sings -- well , it 's more like it just says the words about two thirds into the song . And that somehow makes it more intense when Namie sings the chorus again and asks " What is life ? "
Lyrically , it is a self @-@ empowerment anthem that discusses themes of confidence and hope . In an interview with Tokyo Broadcasting System ( TBS ) , Amuro stated that the song represented the " positive views of the world " . She furthered explained that " So when I 'm listening to the song on Sunday night , I 'll wake up on Monday morning feeling happy . " Nao 'ymt furthered commented to TBS that he song talked about looking forward and letting go of the past , alongside complimented Amuro 's " strong " vocals . In an interview with Billboard Japan , an English version of " Contrail " was written and recorded by Nao 'ymt , but was replaced with the Japanese version because Amuro felt the majority of the recordings on Feel felt " better in English " , and that the theme song for the television series was directed towards Japanese audiences only .
= = Critical response = =
Upon its release , " Contrail " received highly positive reviews from most music critics . A reviewer from 13th Geek was highly positive towards the track , believing that " The song is so good that even the non @-@ Japanese speaker will want to learn the lyrics and just blare out the powerful chorus along with her . " The reviewer also stated that the song 's chorus was completely " off guard " to the rest of the track . CD Journal 's editors were positive towards the song , commending Nao 'ymt for " exhausting " the " goodness " out of Amuro 's vocal abilities . The 2014 Ballada version also received positive reviews from music critics . In another review with CD Journal , a reviewer complimented Amuro 's vocals and the song 's background piano composition ; the reviewer also labelled the production as " dramatic " . In another positive review , staff member 's at HMV felt that it was the best ballad on the compilation album . David Cirone from Nekopop.com was slightly mixed in his review ; although he commended Amuro 's use of Japanese language throughout the song , he criticized the " heavy @-@ handed , obvious lyrics " .
= = Commercial performance = =
" Contrail " was unable to chart on Japan 's Oricon Singles Chart because of their restriction of digital sales and position . However , it did have success on the Japan Hot 100 , provided by Billboard . It debuted at number 44 during the chart week of May 6 , due to strong airplay . It had climbed steadily , eventually reached number 15 during its sixth week of charting on June 10 . The following week on June 17 , it peaked at number eight for one week . It fell outside the top ten the following week , stalling at number 16 . It made its final appearance at number 42 on the chart date of July 29 , staying in the chart for 13 weeks in total . It debuted on Billboard 's competent chart , the Radio Songs , at number 21 . It rose to number seven the following week , its peaking position . The song 's final appearance was on June 10 , where it stalling at number 39 . On Billboard 's Year @-@ End chart , " Contrail " was ranked at number 65 . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for digital sales of 250 @,@ 000 units .
= = Music video = =
An accompanying music video was directed by production team IKIOI . It opens with a birds @-@ eye view shot from the ground , showing several buildings and trees ; just before the first verse , a short shot of Amuro is seen . The first verse opens with Amuro walking down a street in Los Angeles , California , singing to the track . During the verse , intercut scenes include various shadows of children holding instruments behind Amuro . The chorus opens with Amuro walking down along a bridge with the children playing their instruments behind her . When the second chorus starts , the camera pans over to several buildings and landscapes around Los Angeles . The camera then pans into several individuals citizens in the city : an elderly couple , a man in his car , a couple who have just finished surfing , and a woman walking her dog .
During the second chorus , Amuro and the children start marching and playing their instruments through downtown Los Angeles . The individuals walking in Los Angeles stop for a moment , and look towards the sky , which is cut off screen . As close @-@ up shots of Amuro finish by the end of the bridge section of the song , the camera pans towards rainbow @-@ coloured clouds , which puts all the citizens in surprise and glee . The final chorus has Amuro and the children dancing and singing at Pershing Square , surrounding by several lighting effects and rainbow @-@ coloured clouds . Several scenes of the clouds start to float within the city , above and near skyscrapers , and the video ends with Amuro , the children , and the citizens smiling .
The music video received positive reviews from a reviewer at CD Journal ; they labelled the content " refreshing " , and praised the visual effects . Farea Stadmin from Far East Vibes praised Amuro 's introduction to " Americanized multiculturalism " , identifying the inclusion of American people as an example . The music video and its " behind the scenes " was included on the DVD and Blu @-@ ray formats to Feel .
= = Live performances = =
The single has been performed on some of Amuro 's concert tours . Its first performance was in 2013 , during her Feel concert tour . It appeared on the live DVD , which was released on February 26 , 2014 . It was included on Amuro 's 2014 Live Style Tour in Japan , which was later included on the live DVD , released on February 11 , 2015 .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted by the liner notes of the Feel album .
Recording
Recorded at Daimonion Studios , Shibuya , Tokyo ( 2013 ) .
Personnel
Namie Amuro – vocals , background vocals
Nao 'ymt – production , composing , arranging , songwriting , programming , vocal production
D.O.I. – mixing
IKIOI – music video direction
= = Charts = =
= = Certification = =
= = Release history = =
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= Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade =
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 American action @-@ adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg , from a story co @-@ written by executive producer George Lucas . It is the third installment in the Indiana Jones franchise . Harrison Ford reprises the title role and Sean Connery plays Indiana 's father , Henry Jones , Sr. Other cast members featured include Alison Doody , Denholm Elliott , Julian Glover , River Phoenix , and John Rhys @-@ Davies . In the film , set largely in 1938 , Indiana searches for his father , a Holy Grail scholar , who has been kidnapped by Nazis .
After the mixed reaction to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Spielberg chose to compensate with a film that toned down the violence and gore . During the five years between Temple of Doom and Last Crusade , he and executive producer Lucas reviewed several scripts before accepting Jeffrey Boam 's . Filming locations included Spain , Italy , the United Kingdom , Turkey and Jordan .
The film was released in North America on May 24 , 1989 , to mostly positive reviews . It was a financial success , earning $ 474 @,@ 171 @,@ 806 at the worldwide box office totals . It won an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing .
= = Plot = =
In 1912 , 13 @-@ year @-@ old Indiana Jones is horseback riding with his Boy Scout troop at Arches National Park in Utah . While scouting caves , Indy discovers a group of grave robbers who have found a golden crucifix belonging to Coronado and steals it from them , hoping to donate it to a museum . The men give chase through a passing circus train , leaving Indy with a bloody cut across his chin from a bullwhip and a new phobia of snakes . Indy escapes , but the local sheriff makes him return the crucifix to the robbers . Impressed with Indy 's bravery , the leader of the robbers gives Indy his fedora , and encourages him to not give up .
In 1938 , Indy recovers the crucifix off the coast of Portugal and donates it to Marcus Brody 's museum . Later , Indy is introduced to Walter Donovan , who informs him that Indy 's father , Henry Jones , Sr. , has vanished while searching for the Holy Grail , using an incomplete inscription as his guide . Indy then receives Henry 's Grail diary via mail from Venice . Realizing that he would not have sent the diary unless he was in trouble , Indy and Marcus travel to Venice , where they meet Henry 's Austrian colleague , Dr. Elsa Schneider . Beneath the library where Henry was last seen , Indy and Elsa discover the tomb of a First Crusade knight , which also contains a complete version of the inscription that Henry had used , this one revealing the location of the Grail . They flee , however , when the catacombs are set aflame by the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword , a secret society that protects the Grail from evildoers . After a speedboat chase , Indy and Elsa capture one of the Brotherhood , Kazim , and Indy tells him that his goal is only to find his father and that he has no interest in finding the Grail . Kazim tells him that Henry is being held in Castle Brunwald on the Austrian @-@ German border . Marcus later reveals a map drawn by Henry of the route to the Grail , which begins in Alexandretta . Indy sends Marcus to İskenderun , the city built on the ruins of Alexandretta to rendezvous with their old friend Sallah , and he and Elsa head to Castle Brunwald .
At Castle Brunwald , Indy rescues Henry , but learns that Elsa and Donovan are actually working with the Nazis , and are using him to find the Grail for them . Meanwhile , Marcus is captured in Hatay , while waiting with Sallah for the Joneses . The Joneses escape from Castle Brunwald and recover the diary from Elsa at a Nazi book burning rally in Berlin . They board a Zeppelin to leave Germany , but the Zeppelin soon turns around and the Joneses escape in a parasite biplane . They crash while engaging in a dogfight with the Luftwaffe due to Henry 's accidentally shooting the plane 's tail off , but Henry redeems himself on the ground by alarming a flock of birds to take flight in front of the Luftwaffe fighter causing the pilot to crash .
The two meet up with Sallah in Hatay , where they learn of Marcus 's abduction . The Nazis are already moving toward the Grail 's location , using the map possessed by Marcus . In exchange for a Rolls @-@ Royce Phantom II , the Sultan of Hatay has given the Nazis full access to his equipment for the expedition , including a large tank . Indy , Henry , and Sallah find the Nazi expedition , which is ambushed by the Brotherhood . During the battle , Henry is captured by SS Colonel Ernst Vogel while attempting to rescue Marcus from the tank ; Kazim and his comrades are killed . The younger Jones pursues the tank on horseback and , with the aid of Sallah , saves Henry and Marcus . He is then caught up in a fight with Vogel , and barely escapes before the tank goes over a cliff , crushing Vogel to death .
Indy , Henry , Marcus , and Sallah catch up with the surviving Nazis , led by Donovan and Elsa , who have found the temple where the Grail is kept but are unable to pass through the three protective booby traps . Donovan mortally wounds Henry , forcing Indy to risk his life in the traps to find the Grail and use its healing power to save Henry . Using the information in the diary and followed by Donovan and Elsa , Indy safely overcomes the traps and reaches the Grail 's chamber , which is guarded by a knight . He has been kept alive for seven hundred years by the power of the Grail , which is hidden among dozens of false Grails ; only the true Grail brings life , while a false one claims it . Donovan ages rapidly and decays into dust upon drinking from a false grail . Indy selects the true Grail , a simple clay cup , which the knight warns cannot be taken beyond the temple 's entrance . Indy fills the Grail with holy water and takes it to Henry , which heals him instantly . Elsa , disregarding the knight 's warning , then takes the Grail and attempts to leave with it . The temple begins to collapse and Elsa falls to her death trying to recover the Grail . Indy nearly suffers the same fate but Henry persuades him to let it go . The Joneses , Marcus , and Sallah escape the temple and ride off into the sunset .
= = Cast = =
Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones : The archaeologist adventurer who seeks to rescue his father and find the Holy Grail . Ford said he loved the idea of introducing Indiana 's father because it allowed him to explore another side to Indiana 's personality : " These are men who have never made any accommodation to each other . Indy behaves differently in his father 's presence . Who else would dare call Indy ' junior ' ? " River Phoenix as the 13 @-@ year @-@ old Indiana . Phoenix had portrayed Ford 's son in The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) . Ford recommended Phoenix for the part ; he said that of the young actors working at the time , Phoenix looked the most like him when he was around that age .
Sean Connery as Professor Henry Jones : Indiana 's father , a professor of Medieval literature who cared more about looking for the Grail than raising his son . Spielberg had Connery in mind when he suggested introducing Indiana 's father , though he did not tell Lucas at first . Consequently , Lucas wrote the role as " a crazy , eccentric " professor resembling Laurence Olivier , whose relationship with Indiana is " strict schoolmaster and student rather than a father and son " . Spielberg had been a fan of Connery 's work as James Bond and felt that no @-@ one else could perform the role as well . Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride wrote , " Connery was already the father of Indiana Jones since the series had sprung from the desire of Lucas and Spielberg to rival ( and outdo ) Connery 's James Bond movies . " Connery initially turned the role down as he is only twelve years older than Ford , but he relented . Connery — a student of history — began to reshape the character , and revisions were made to the script to address his concerns . " I wanted to play Henry Jones as a kind of Sir Richard [ Francis ] Burton , " Connery commented . " I was bound to have fun with the role of a gruff , Victorian Scottish father . " Connery believed Henry should be a match for his son , telling Spielberg that " whatever Indy 'd done my character has done and my character has done it better " . Connery signed to the film on March 25 , 1988 . He improvised the line , " She talks in her sleep " , which was left in because it made everyone laugh ; in Boam 's scripts , Henry telling Indiana that he slept with Elsa occurs later.Alex Hyde @-@ White as Young Henry Jones , Sr.
Alison Doody as Dr. Elsa Schneider : An Austrian art professor who is in league with the Nazis . She seduces the Joneses to trick them . Doody was 21 when she auditioned and was one of the first actresses who met for the part .
Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody : Indiana 's bumbling English colleague . Elliott returned after Spielberg sought to recapture the tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , following the actor 's absence in the darker Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) .
John Rhys @-@ Davies as Sallah : A friend of Indiana and a professional excavator living in Cairo . Like Elliott 's , Rhys @-@ Davies ' return was an attempt to recapture the spirit of Raiders of the Lost Ark .
Julian Glover as Walter Donovan : An American businessman who sends the Joneses on their quest for the Holy Grail . Donovan works for the Nazis and desires immortality . Glover previously appeared as General Veers in Lucas 's The Empire Strikes Back . He originally auditioned for the role of Vogel . Glover , who is English , adopted an American accent for the film , but was dissatisfied with the result .
Michael Byrne as Colonel Vogel : A brutal SS colonel . Byrne and Ford had previously starred in Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) , in which they also played a German and an American .
Kevork Malikyan as Kazim : The leader of the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword , an organization that protects the Holy Grail . Malikyan had impressed Spielberg with his performance in Midnight Express ( 1978 ) and would have auditioned for the role of Sallah in Raiders of the Lost Ark had a traffic jam not delayed his meeting with the director .
Robert Eddison as the Grail Knight : The guardian of the Grail who drank from the cup of Christ during the Crusades and is immortal as long as he stays within the temple . Eddison was a stage and television veteran only appearing once before in film ( a supporting role in Peter Ustinov 's 1948 comedy Vice Versa ) . Glover recalled Eddison was excited and nervous for his film debut , often asking if he had performed correctly .
Michael Sheard ( uncredited ) as Adolf Hitler . Jones briefly encounters him at a book burning rally in Berlin . Sheard had already portrayed Hitler three times during his career and appeared as Admiral Ozzel in The Empire Strikes Back .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Lucas and Spielberg had intended to make a trilogy of Indiana Jones films since Lucas had first pitched Raiders of the Lost Ark to Spielberg in 1977 . After the mixed critical and public reaction to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Spielberg decided to complete the trilogy to fulfill his promise to Lucas and " to apologize for the second one " . The pair had the intention of revitalizing the series by evoking the spirit and tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Throughout the film 's development and pre @-@ production , Spielberg admitted he was " consciously regressing " in making the film . Due to his commitment to the film , the director had to drop out of directing Big and Rain Man .
Lucas initially suggested making the film " a haunted mansion movie " , for which Romancing the Stone writer Diane Thomas wrote a script . Spielberg rejected the idea because of the similarity to Poltergeist , which he had co @-@ written and produced . Lucas first introduced the Holy Grail in an idea for the film 's prologue , which was to be set in Scotland . He intended the Grail to have a pagan basis , with the rest of the film revolving around a separate Christian artifact in Africa . Spielberg did not care for the Grail idea , which he found too esoteric , even after Lucas suggested giving it healing powers and the ability to grant immortality . In September 1984 , Lucas completed an eight @-@ page treatment titled Indiana Jones and the Monkey King , which he soon followed with an 11 @-@ page outline . The story saw Indiana battling a ghost in Scotland before finding the Fountain of Youth in Africa .
Chris Columbus — who had written the Spielberg @-@ produced Gremlins , The Goonies , and Young Sherlock Holmes — was hired to write the script . His first draft , dated May 3 , 1985 , changed the main plot device to a Garden of Immortal Peaches . It begins in 1937 , with Indiana battling the murderous ghost of Baron Seamus Seagrove III in Scotland . Indiana travels to Mozambique to aid Dr. Clare Clarke ( a Katharine Hepburn type according to Lucas ) , who has found a 200 @-@ year @-@ old pygmy . The pygmy is kidnapped by the Nazis during a boat chase , and Indiana , Clare and Scraggy Brier — an old friend of Indiana — travel up the Zambezi river to rescue him . Indiana is killed in the climactic battle but is resurrected by the Monkey King . Other characters include a cannibalistic African tribe ; Nazi Sergeant Gutterbuhg , who has a mechanical arm ; Betsy , a stowaway student who is suicidally in love with Indiana ; and a pirate leader named Kezure ( described as a Toshiro Mifune type ) , who dies eating a peach because he is not pure of heart .
Columbus 's second draft , dated August 6 , 1985 , removed Betsy and featured Dash — an expatriate bar owner for whom the Nazis work — and the Monkey King as villains . The Monkey King forces Indiana and Dash to play chess with real people and disintegrates each person who is captured . Indiana subsequently battles the undead , destroys the Monkey King 's rod , and marries Clare . Location scouting commenced in Africa but Spielberg and Lucas abandoned Monkey King because of its negative depiction of African natives , and because the script was too unrealistic . Spielberg acknowledged that it made him " ... feel very old , too old to direct it . " Columbus 's script was leaked onto the Internet in 1997 , and many believed it was an early draft for the fourth film because it was mistakenly dated to 1995 .
Unsatisfied , Spielberg suggested introducing Indiana 's father , Henry Jones , Sr. Lucas was dubious , believing the Grail should be the story 's focus , but Spielberg convinced him that the father – son relationship would serve as a great metaphor in Indiana 's search for the artifact . Spielberg hired Menno Meyjes , who had worked on Spielberg 's The Color Purple and Empire of the Sun , to begin a new script on January 1 , 1986 . Meyjes completed his script ten months later . It depicted Indiana searching for his father in Montségur , where he meets a nun named Chantal . Indiana travels to Venice , takes the Orient Express to Istanbul , and continues by train to Petra , where he meets Sallah and reunites with his father . Together they find the grail . At the climax , a Nazi villain touches the Grail and explodes ; when Henry touches it , he ascends a stairway to Heaven . Chantal chooses to stay on Earth because of her love for Indiana . In a revised draft dated two months later , Indiana finds his father in Krak des Chevaliers , the Nazi leader is a woman named Greta von Grimm , and Indiana battles a demon at the Grail site , which he defeats with a dagger inscribed with " God is King " . The prologue in both drafts has Indiana in Mexico battling for possession of Montezuma 's death mask with a man who owns gorillas as pets .
Spielberg suggested Innerspace writer Jeffrey Boam perform the next rewrite . Boam spent two weeks reworking the story with Lucas , which yielded a treatment that is largely similar to the final film . Boam told Lucas that Indiana should find his father in the middle of the story . " Given the fact that it 's the third film in the series , you couldn 't just end with them obtaining the object . That 's how the first two films ended , " he said , " So I thought , let them lose the Grail , and let the father – son relationship be the main point . It 's an archaeological search for Indy 's own identity and coming to accept his father is more what it 's about [ than the quest for the Grail ] . " Boam said he felt there was not enough character development in the previous films . In Boam 's first draft , dated September 1987 , the film is set in 1939 . The prologue has adult Indiana retrieving an Aztec relic for a museum curator in Mexico and features the circus train . Henry and Elsa ( who is described as having dark hair ) were searching for the Grail on behalf of the Chandler Foundation , before Henry went missing . The character of Kazim is here named Kemal , and is an agent of the Republic of Hatay , which seeks the grail for its own . Kemal shoots Henry and dies drinking from the wrong chalice . The Grail Knight battles Indiana on horseback , while Vogel is crushed by a boulder when stealing the Grail .
Boam 's February 23 , 1988 rewrite utilized many of Connery 's comic suggestions . It included the prologue that was eventually filmed ; Lucas had to convince Spielberg to show Indiana as a boy because of the mixed response to Empire of the Sun , which was about a young boy . Spielberg — who was later awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award — had the idea of making Indiana a Boy Scout . Indiana 's mother , named Margaret in this version , dismisses Indiana when he returns home with the Cross of Coronado , while his father is on a long distance call . Walter Chandler of the Chandler Foundation features , but is not the main villain ; he plunges to his death in the tank . Elsa introduces Indiana and Brody to a large Venetian family that knows Henry . Leni Riefenstahl appears at the Nazi rally in Berlin . Vogel is beheaded by the traps guarding the Grail . Kemal tries to blow up the Grail Temple during a comic fight in which gunpowder is repeatedly lit and extinguished . Elsa shoots Henry , then dies drinking from the wrong Grail , and Indiana rescues his father from falling into the chasm while grasping for the Grail . Boam 's revision on March 1 showed Henry causing the seagulls to strike the plane , and has Henry saving Indiana at the end .
Between an undated " Amblin " revision and a rewrite by Tom Stoppard ( under the pen name Barry Watson ) dated May 8 , 1988 , further changes were made . Stoppard polished most of the dialogue , and created the " Panama Hat " character to link the prologue 's segments featuring the young and adult Indianas . The Venetian family is cut . Kemal is renamed Kazim and now wants to protect the grail rather than find it . Chandler is renamed Donovan . The scene of Brody being captured is added . Vogel now dies in the tank , while Donovan shoots Henry and then drinks from the false grail , and Elsa falls into the chasm . The Grail trials are expanded to include the stone @-@ stepping and leap of faith .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography began on May 16 , 1988 , in the Tabernas Desert in Spain 's Almería province . Spielberg originally had planned the chase to be a short sequence shot over two days , but he drew up storyboards to make the scene an action @-@ packed centerpiece . Thinking he would not surpass the truck chase from Raiders of the Lost Ark ( because the truck was much faster than the tank ) , he felt this sequence should be more story @-@ based and needed to show Indiana and Henry helping each other . He later said he had more fun storyboarding the sequence than filming it . The second unit had begun filming two weeks before . After approximately ten days , the production moved to Bellas Artes to film the scenes set in the Sultan of Hatay 's palace . Cabo de Gata @-@ Níjar Natural Park was used for the road , tunnel and beach sequence in which birds strike the plane . The shoot 's Spanish portion wrapped on June 2 , 1988 , in Guadix , Granada , with filming of Brody 's capture at İskenderun train station . The filmmakers built a mosque near the station for atmosphere , rather than adding it as a visual effect .
Filming for the castle interiors took place in the United Kingdom from June 5 to 10 , 1988 , at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , England . On June 16 Lawrence Hall , London , was used for the airport interiors . Filming returned to Elstree the next day to capture the motorcycle escape , continuing at the studio for interior scenes until July 18 . One day was spent at North Weald Airfield on June 29 to film Indiana leaving for Venice . Ford and Connery acted much of the Zeppelin table conversation without trousers on because of the overheated set . Spielberg , Marshall and Kennedy interrupted the shoot to make a plea to the Parliament of the United Kingdom to support the economically " depressed " British studios . July 20 – 22 was spent filming the temple interiors . The temple set , which took six weeks to build , was supported on 80 feet of hydraulics and ten gimbals for use during the earthquake scene . Resetting between takes took twenty minutes while the hydraulics were put to their starting positions and the cracks filled with plaster . The shot of the Grail falling to the temple floor — causing the first crack to appear — was attempted on the full @-@ size set , but proved too difficult . Instead , crews built a separate floor section that incorporated a pre @-@ scored crack sealed with plaster . It took several takes to throw the Grail from six feet onto the right part of the crack . July 25 – 26 was spent on night shoots at Stowe School , Stowe , Buckinghamshire , for the Nazi rally .
Filming resumed two days later at Elstree , where Spielberg swiftly filmed the library , Portuguese freighter , and catacombs sequences . The steamship fight in the prologue 's 1938 portion was filmed in three days on a sixty @-@ by @-@ forty @-@ feet deck built on gimbals at Elstree . A dozen dump tanks — each holding three hundred imperial gallons ( 360 U.S. gallons ; 3000 lb . ) of water — were used in the scene . Henry 's house was filmed at Mill Hill , London . Indiana and Kazim 's fight in Venice in front of a ship 's propeller was filmed in a water tank at Elstree . Spielberg used a long focus lens to make it appear the actors were closer to the propeller than they really were . Two days later , on August 4 , another portion of the boat chase using Hacker Craft sport boats , was filmed at Tilbury Docks in Essex . The shot of the boats passing between two ships was achieved by first cabling the ships off so they would be safe . The ships were moved together while the boats passed between , close enough that one of the boats scraped the sides of the ships . An empty speedboat containing dummies was launched from a floating platform between the ships amid fire and smoke that helped obscure the platform . The stunt was performed twice because the boat landed too short of the camera in the first attempt . The following day , filming in England wrapped at the Royal Masonic School in Rickmansworth , which doubled for Indiana 's college ( as it had in Raiders of the Lost Ark ) .
Shooting in Venice took place on August 8 . For scenes such as Indiana and Brody greeting Elsa , shots of the boat chase , and Kazim telling Indiana where his father is , Robert Watts gained control of the Grand Canal from 7 am to 1 pm , sealing off tourists for as long as possible . Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe positioned the camera to ensure no satellite dishes would be visible . San Barnaba di Venezia served as the library 's exterior . The next day , filming moved to the ancient city of Petra , Jordan , where Al Khazneh ( The Treasury ) stood in for the temple housing the Grail . The cast and crew became guests of King Hussein and Queen Noor . The Treasury had previously appeared in Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger . The main cast completed their scenes that week , after 63 days of filming .
The second unit filmed part of the prologue 's 1912 segment from August 29 to September 3 . The main unit began two days later with the circus train sequence at Alamosa , Colorado , on the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad . They filmed at Pagosa Springs on September 7 , and then at Cortez on September 10 . From September 14 to 16 , filming of Indiana falling into the train carriages took place in Los Angeles . The production then moved to Utah 's Arches National Park to shoot more of the opening . A house in Antonito , Colorado was used for the Jones family home . The production had intended to film at Mesa Verde National Park , but Native American representatives had religious objections to its use . When Spielberg and editor Michael Kahn viewed a rough cut of the film in late 1988 , they felt it suffered from a lack of action . The motorcycle chase was shot during post @-@ production at Mount Tamalpais and Fairfax near Skywalker Ranch . The closing shot of Indiana , Henry , Sallah and Brody riding into the sunset was filmed in Texas in early 1989 .
= = = Design = = =
Mechanical effects supervisor George Gibbs said the film was the most difficult one of his career . He visited a museum to negotiate renting a small French World War I tank , but decided he wanted to make one . The tank was based on the Tank Mark VIII , which was 36 feet ( 11 m ) long and weighed 28 short tons ( 25 t ) . Gibbs built the tank over the framework of a 28 @-@ short @-@ ton ( 25 t ) excavator and added 7 @-@ short @-@ ton ( 6 @.@ 4 t ) tracks that were driven by two automatic hydraulic pumps , each connected to a Range Rover V8 engine . Gibbs built the tank from steel rather than aluminum or fiberglass because it would allow the realistically suspensionless vehicle to endure the rocky surfaces . Unlike its historical counterpart , which had only the two side guns , the tank had a turret gun added as well . It took four months to build and was transported to Almería on a Short Belfast plane and then a low loader truck .
The tank broke down twice . The distributor 's rotor arm broke and a replacement had to be sourced from Madrid . Then two of the device 's valves used to cool the oil exploded , due to solder melting and mixing with the oil . It was very hot in the tank , despite the installation of ten fans , and the lack of suspension meant the driver was unable to stop shaking during filming breaks . The tank only moved at 10 to 12 miles per hour ( 16 to 19 km / h ) , which Vic Armstrong said made it difficult to film Indiana riding a horse against the tank while making it appear faster . A smaller section of the tank 's top made from aluminum and which used rubber tracks was used for close @-@ ups . It was built from a searchlight trailer , weighed eight tons , and was towed by a four @-@ wheel drive truck . It had safety nets on each end to prevent injury to those falling off . A quarter @-@ scale model by Gibbs was driven over a 50 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) cliff on location ; Industrial Light & Magic created further shots of the tank 's destruction with models and miniatures .
Michael Lantieri , mechanical effects supervisor for the 1912 scenes , noted the difficulty in shooting the train sequence . " You can 't just stop a train , " he said , " If it misses its mark , it takes blocks and blocks to stop it and back up . " Lantieri hid handles for the actors and stuntmen to grab onto when leaping from carriage to carriage . The carriage interiors shot at Universal Studios Hollywood were built on tubes that inflated and deflated to create a rocking motion . For the close @-@ up of the rhinoceros that strikes at ( and misses ) Indiana , a foam and fiberglass animatronic was made in London . When Spielberg decided he wanted it to move , the prop was sent to John Carl Buechler in Los Angeles , who resculpted it over three days to blink , snarl , snort and wiggle its ears . The giraffes were also created in London . Because steam locomotives are very loud , Lantieri 's crew would respond to first assistant director David Tomblin 's radioed directions by making the giraffes nod or shake their heads to his questions , which amused the crew . For the villains ' cars , Lantieri selected a 1914 Ford Model T , a 1919 Ford Model T truck and a 1916 Saxon Model 14 , fitting each with a Ford Pinto V6 engine . Sacks of dust were hung under the cars to create a dustier environment .
Spielberg used doves for the seagulls that Henry scares into striking the German plane because the real gulls used in the first take did not fly . In December 1988 , Lucasfilm ordered 1 @,@ 000 disease @-@ free gray rats for the catacombs scenes from the company that supplied the snakes and bugs for the previous films . Within five months , 5 @,@ 000 rats had been bred for the sequence ; 1 @,@ 000 mechanical rats stood in for those that were set on fire . Several thousand snakes of five breeds — including a boa constrictor — were used for the train scene , in addition to rubber ones onto which Phoenix could fall . The snakes would slither from their crates , requiring the crew to dig through sawdust after filming to find and return them . Two lions were used , which became nervous because of the rocking motion and flickering lights .
Costume designer Anthony Powell found it a challenge to create Connery 's costume because the script required the character to wear the same clothes throughout . Powell thought about his own grandfather and incorporated tweed suits and fishing hats . Powell felt it necessary for Henry to wear glasses , but did not want to hide Connery 's eyes , so chose rimless ones . He could not find any suitable , so he had them specially made . The Nazi costumes were genuine and were found in Eastern Europe by Powell 's co @-@ designer Joanna Johnston , to whom he gave research pictures and drawings for reference . The motorcycles used in the chase from the castle were a mixed bag : the scout model with sidecar in which Indy and Henry escape was an original Dnepr , complete with machine gun pintle on the sidecar , while the pursuing vehicles were more modern machines dressed up with equipment and logos to make them resemble German army models . Gibbs used Swiss Pilatus P @-@ 2 army training planes standing in for Messerschmitt Bf @-@ 109s . He built a device based on an internal combustion engine to simulate gunfire , which was safer and less expensive than firing blanks . Baking soda was applied to Connery to create Henry 's bullet wound . Vinegar was applied to create the foaming effect as the water from the Grail washes it away . At least one reproduction Kubelwagen was used during filming despite the film being set two years prior to manufacture of said vehicles .
= = = Effects = = =
Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) built an eight @-@ foot foam model of the Zeppelin to complement shots of Ford and Connery climbing into the biplane . A biplane model with a two @-@ foot wingspan was used for the shot of the biplane detaching . Stop motion animation was used for the shot of the German fighter 's wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel . The tunnel was a 210 feet model that occupied 14 of ILM 's parking spaces for two months . It was built in eight @-@ foot sections , with hinges allowing each section to be opened to film through . Ford and Connery were filmed against bluescreen ; the sequence required their car to have a dirty windscreen , but to make the integration easier this was removed and later composited into the shot . Dust and shadows were animated onto shots of the plane miniature to make it appear as if it disturbed rocks and dirt before it exploded . Several hundred tim @-@ birds were used in the background shots of the seagulls striking the other plane ; for the closer shots , ILM dropped feather @-@ coated crosses onto the camera . These only looked convincing because the scene 's quick cuts merely required shapes that suggested gulls . ILM 's Wes Takahashi supervised the film 's effects sequences .
Spielberg devised the three trials that guard the Grail . For the first , the blades under which Indiana ducks like a penitent man were a mix of practical and miniature blades created by Gibbs and ILM . For the second trial , in which Indiana spells " Iehova " on stable stepping stones , it was intended to have a tarantula crawl up Indiana after he mistakenly steps on " J " . This was filmed and deemed unsatisfactory , so ILM filmed a stuntman hanging through a hole that appears in the floor , 30 feet above a cavern . As this was dark , it did not matter that the matte painting and models were rushed late in production . The third trial , the leap of faith that Indiana makes over an apparently impassable ravine after discovering a bridge hidden by forced perspective , was created with a model bridge and painted backgrounds . This was cheaper than building a full @-@ size set . A puppet of Ford was used to create a shadow on the 9 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) by 13 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) model because Ford had filmed the scene against bluescreen , which did not incorporate the shaft of light from the entrance .
Spielberg wanted Donovan 's death shown in one shot , so it would not look like an actor having makeup applied between takes . Inflatable pads were applied to Julian Glover 's forehead and cheeks that made his eyes seem to recede during the character 's initial decomposition , as well as a mechanical wig that grew his hair . The shot of Donovan 's death was created over three months by morphing together three puppets of Donovan in separate stages of decay , a technique ILM mastered on Willow ( 1988 ) . A fourth puppet was used for the decaying clothes , because the puppet 's torso mechanics had been exposed . Complications arose because Alison Doody 's double had not been filmed for the scene 's latter two elements , so the background and hair from the first shot had to be used throughout , with the other faces mapped over it . Donovan 's skeleton was hung on wires like a marionette ; it required several takes to film it crashing against the wall because not all the pieces released upon impact .
Ben Burtt designed the sound effects . He recorded chickens for the sounds of the rats , and digitally manipulated the noise made by a Styrofoam cup for the castle fire . He rode in a biplane to record the sounds for the dogfight sequence , and visited the demolition of a wind turbine for the plane crashes . Burtt wanted an echoing gunshot for Donovan wounding Henry , so he fired a .357 Magnum in Skywalker Ranch 's underground car park , just as Lucas drove in . A rubber balloon was used for the earthquake tremors at the temple . The film was released in selected theaters in the 70 mm Full @-@ Field Sound format , which allowed sounds to not only move from side to side , but also from the theater 's front to its rear .
Matte paintings of the Austrian castle and German airport were based on real buildings ; the Austrian castle was a small West German castle that was made to look larger . Rain was created by filming granulated Borax soap against black at high speed . It was only lightly double exposed into the shots so it would not resemble snow . The lightning was animated . The airport used was at San Francisco 's Treasure Island , which already had appropriate art deco architecture . ILM added a control tower , Nazi banners , vintage automobiles and a sign stating " Berlin Flughafen " . The establishing shot of the Hatayan city at dusk was created by filming silhouetted cutouts that were backlit and obscured by smoke . Matte paintings were used for the sky and to give the appearance of fill light in the shadows and rim light on the edges of the buildings .
= = Themes = =
A son 's relationship with his estranged father is a common theme in Spielberg 's films , including E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial and Hook .
The film 's exploration of fathers and sons coupled with its use of religious imagery is comparable to two other 1989 films , Star Trek V : The Final Frontier and Field of Dreams . Writing for The New York Times , Caryn James felt the combination in these films reflected New Age concerns , where the worship of God was equated to searching for fathers . James felt that neither Indiana or his father is preoccupied with finding the Grail or defeating the evil Nazis , but that , rather , both seek professional respect for one another in their boys ' own adventure . James contrasted the temple 's biblically epic destruction with the more effective and quiet conversation between the Joneses at the film 's end . James noted that Indiana 's mother does not appear in the prologue , being portrayed as already having died before the film 's events began .
= = Cultural references = =
The 1912 prologue refers to events in the lives of Indiana 's creators . When Indiana cracks the bullwhip to defend himself against a lion , he accidentally lashes and scars his chin . Ford gained this scar in a car accident as a young man . Indiana taking his nickname from his pet Alaskan Malamute is a reference to the character being named after Lucas 's dog . The train carriage Indiana enters is named " Doctor Fantasy 's Magic Caboose " , which was the name producer Frank Marshall used when performing magic tricks . Spielberg suggested the idea , Marshall came up with the false @-@ bottomed box through which Indiana escapes , and production designer Elliott Scott suggested the trick be done in a single , uninterrupted shot . Spielberg intended the shot of Henry with his umbrella — after he causes the bird strike on the German plane — to evoke Ryan 's Daughter .
= = Release = =
= = = Marketing = = =
The film 's teaser trailer debuted in November 1988 with Scrooged and The Naked Gun . Rob MacGregor wrote the tie @-@ in novelization that was released in June 1989 ; it sold enough copies to be included on the New York Times Best Seller list . MacGregor went on to write the first six Indiana Jones prequel novels during the 1990s . Following the film 's release , Ford donated Indiana 's fedora and jacket to the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History .
No toys were made to promote the film ; Indiana Jones " never happened on the toy level " , said Larry Carlat , senior editor of the journal Children 's Business . Rather , Lucasfilm promoted Indiana as a lifestyle symbol , selling tie @-@ in fedoras , shirts , jackets and watches . Two video games based on the film were released by LucasArts in 1989 : Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Graphic Adventure and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Action Game . A third game was produced by Taito and released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System . Ryder Windham wrote another novelization , released in April 2008 by Scholastic , to coincide with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Hasbro released toys based on The Last Crusade in July 2008 .
= = = Box office = = =
The film was released in North America on May 24 , 1989 , in 2 @,@ 327 theaters , earning $ 29 @,@ 355 @,@ 021 in its opening weekend . This was the third @-@ highest opening weekend of 1989 , behind Ghostbusters II and Batman . Its opening day gross of $ 11 @,@ 181 @,@ 429 was the first time a film had made over $ 10 million on its first day . It broke the record for the best six @-@ day performance , with almost $ 47 million , added another record with $ 77 million after twelve days , and $ 100 million in nineteen days . It grossed $ 195 @.@ 7 million by the end of the year and $ 475 million worldwide by March 1990 . In France , the film broke a record by selling a million admissions within two and a half weeks .
The film eventually grossed $ 197 @,@ 171 @,@ 806 in North America and $ 277 million internationally , for a worldwide total of $ 474 @,@ 171 @,@ 806 . At the time of its release , the film was the 11th highest @-@ grossing film of all time . Despite competition from Batman , The Last Crusade became the highest @-@ grossing film worldwide in 1989 . In North America , Batman took top position . Behind Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and Raiders , The Last Crusade is the third @-@ highest grossing Indiana Jones film in North America , though it is also behind Temple of Doom when adjusting for inflation . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 49 million tickets in North America .
= = = Reviews = = =
The film opened to mostly positive reviews . It was panned by Andrew Sarris in The New York Observer , David Denby in New York magazine , Stanley Kauffmann in The New Republic and Georgia Brown in The Village Voice . Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader called the film " soulless " . The Washington Post reviewed the film twice ; Hal Hinson 's review on the day of the film 's release was negative , describing it as " nearly all chases and dull exposition " . Although he praised Ford and Connery , he felt the film 's exploration of Indiana 's character took away his mystery and that Spielberg should not have tried to mature his storytelling . Two days later , Desson Thomson published a positive review praising the film 's adventure and action , as well as the father – son relationship 's thematic depth . Joseph McBride of Variety observed the " Cartoonlike Nazi villains of Raiders have been replaced by more genuinely frightening Nazis led by Julian Glover and Michael Byrne , " and found the moment where Indiana meets Hitler " chilling " . In his biography of Spielberg , McBride added the film was less " racist " than its predecessors .
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said the film was " the wildest and wittiest Indy of them all " . Richard Corliss of Time and David Ansen of Newsweek praised it , as did Vincent Canby of The New York Times . " Though it seems to have the manner of some magically reconstituted B @-@ movie of an earlier era , The Last Crusade is an endearing original , " Canby wrote , deeming the revelation Indiana had a father he was not proud of to be a " comic surprise " . Canby believed that while the film did not match the previous two in its pacing , it still had " hilariously off @-@ the @-@ wall sequences " such as the circus train chase . He also said that Spielberg was maturing by focusing on the father – son relationship , a call echoed by McBride in Variety . Roger Ebert praised the scene depicting Indiana as a Boy Scout with the Cross of Coronado ; he compared it to the " style of illustration that appeared in the boys ' adventure magazines of the 1940s " , saying that Spielberg " must have been paging through his old issues of Boys ' Life magazine ... the feeling that you can stumble over astounding adventures just by going on a hike with your Scout troop . Spielberg lights the scene in the strong , basic colors of old pulp magazines . " The Hollywood Reporter felt Connery and Ford deserved Academy Award nominations .
The film was evaluated positively after its release . Internet reviewer James Berardinelli wrote that while the film did not reach the heights of Raiders of the Lost Ark , it " [ avoided ] the lows of The Temple of Doom . A fitting end to the original trilogy , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade captures some of the sense of fun that infused the first movie while using the addition of Sean Connery to up the comedic ante and provide a father / son dynamic . " Neil Smith of the BBC praised the action , but said the drama and comedy between the Joneses was more memorable . He noted , " The emphasis on the Jones boys means Julian Glover 's venal villain and Alison Doody 's treacherous beauty are sidelined , while the climax [ becomes ] one booby @-@ trapped tomb too many . " Based on 55 reviews listed by Rotten Tomatoes , 88 % of critics praised the film , giving it an average score of 8 / 10 . Metacritic calculated an average rating of 65 / 100 , based on 14 reviews .
= = = Impact = = =
The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing ; it also received nominations for Best Original Score and Best Sound ( Ben Burtt , Gary Summers , Shawn Murphy and Tony Dawe ) , but lost to The Little Mermaid and Glory respectively . Sean Connery received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Connery and the visual and sound effects teams were also nominated at the 43rd British Academy Film Awards . The film won the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and was nominated for Best Motion Picture Drama at the Young Artist Awards . John Williams ' score won a BMI Award , and was nominated for a Grammy Award .
The prologue depicting Indiana in his youth inspired Lucas to create The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series , which featured Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana and Corey Carrier as the 8- to 10 @-@ year @-@ old Indiana . The 13 @-@ year @-@ old incarnation played by Phoenix in the film was the focus of a Young Indiana Jones series of young adult novels that began in 1990 ; by the ninth novel , the series had become a tie @-@ in to the television show . German author Wolfgang Hohlbein revisited the 1912 prologue in one of his novels , in which Indiana encounters the lead grave robber — whom Hohlbein christens Jake — in 1943 . The film 's ending begins the 1995 comic series Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny , which moves forward to depict Indiana and his father searching for the Holy Lance in Ireland in 1945 . Spielberg intended to have Connery cameo as Henry in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) , but Connery turned it down as he had retired .
Petra 's use for the movie 's climatic scenes greatly contributed to its popularity as an international tourist destination . Before the film 's release , only a few thousand visitors per year made the trip ; since then it has grown to almost a million annually . Shops and hotels near the site play up the connection , and it is mentioned prominently in itineraries of locations used in the film series . Jordan 's tourism board mentions the connection on its website . In 2012 the satirical news site The Pan @-@ Arabia Enquirer ran a mock story claiming that the board had officially renamed Petra " That Place from Indiana Jones " to reflect how the world more commonly refers to it .
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= SMS Wörth =
SMS Wörth ( " His Majesty 's Ship Wörth " ) was one of four German pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the Brandenburg class , built in the early 1890s . The class also included Brandenburg , Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm , and Weissenburg . The ships were the first ocean @-@ going battleships built by the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) . Wörth was laid down at the Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel in May 1890 . The ship was launched on 6 August 1892 and commissioned into the fleet on 31 October 1893 . Wörth and her three sisters were the only battleships of their time to carry six heavy guns rather than four . She was named for the Battle of Wörth fought during the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 .
Wörth served in the German fleet for the first decade of her career , participating in the normal peacetime routine of training cruises and exercises . She took part in the German naval expedition to China in 1900 to suppress the Boxer Rebellion , though by the time the fleet arrived the siege of Peking had already been lifted , and Wörth saw little direct action in China . She was placed in reserve in 1906 as newer , more powerful vessels had supplanted the Brandenburg class as front @-@ line battleships . Obsolete by the start of World War I , Wörth and Brandenburg served in a limited capacity in the Imperial German Navy as coastal defense ships for the first two years of the war , though they did not see action . By 1916 , Wörth was reduced to a barracks ship , a role in which she served until the end of hostilities . Despite plans to convert her into a freighter after the war , Wörth was scrapped in the port of Danzig in 1919 .
= = Design = =
Wörth was 115 @.@ 7 m ( 379 ft 7 in ) long , with a beam of 19 @.@ 5 m ( 64 ft 0 in ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 6 m ( 24 ft 11 in ) . She displaced 10 @,@ 013 t ( 9 @,@ 855 long tons ) as designed , and up to 10 @,@ 670 t ( 10 @,@ 500 long tons ) at full combat load . The ship was equipped with two sets of 3 @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines that produced 10 @,@ 089 ihp ( 7 @,@ 523 kW ) and a top speed of 16 @.@ 9 knots ( 31 @.@ 3 km / h ; 19 @.@ 4 mph ) on trials ; steam was provided by twelve coal @-@ fired , transverse cylindrical water @-@ tube boilers . She had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 000 km ; 4 @,@ 900 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Her crew numbered 38 officers and 530 enlisted men .
Wörth was armed with a main battery of six 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns of two types . The forward and rear turret guns were 40 calibers long , while the amidships guns were only 35 calibers ; this was necessary to allow them to train to either side of the ship . Her secondary armament initially consisted of seven 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns , though an additional gun was added during the modernization in 1901 . She also carried eight 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 45 in ) guns and six 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected with compound armor . Her main belt armor was 400 millimeters ( 15 @.@ 7 in ) thick in the central section that protected the ammunition magazines and machinery spaces . The deck was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) thick . The main battery barbettes were protected with 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) thick armor .
= = Service history = =
= = = Construction to 1895 = = =
Wörth was ordered as battleship B , and was laid down at Germaniawerft in Kiel on 3 March 1890 . Initial work on the ship proceeded at the slowest pace of all four vessels in the class ; her hull was not launched until 6 August 1892 , more than eight months after the other three ships . Princess Viktoria , the sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II , christened the ship . Fitting @-@ out work proceeded quickly , and she was commissioned on 31 October 1893 , the first ship of the class to enter active duty . Extensive sea trials followed her commissioning and lasted until April 1894 . During her trials , she was briefly assigned to the maneuver squadron of the Heimatflotte ( Home Fleet ) to replace her sister Brandenburg , which was damaged by a boiler pipe explosion . On 1 August 1894 , Wörth was assigned as the flagship of the German fleet for the annual autumn maneuvers , under the command of Admiral Max von der Goltz . Goltz came aboard the new battleship on 19 August with his staff , which included then @-@ Kapitän zur See ( Captain at Sea ) Alfred von Tirpitz . Toward the end of the maneuvers , which took place in both the North and Baltic Seas , Kaiser Wilhelm II came aboard Wörth and reviewed a fleet parade on 21 September .
During this period , Wörth was commanded by Prince Heinrich , the younger brother of Wilhelm II ; the senior watch officer aboard the ship in 1894 was Franz von Hipper , who went on to command the German battlecruiser squadron during World War I and later the entire High Seas Fleet . On 1 November , Czar Alexander III of Russia died ; Wilhelm II initially planned to send his brother to St. Petersburg to represent Germany at the funeral aboard his flagship . But General Bernhard Franz Wilhelm von Werder suggested that sending a warship named for the Battle of Wörth of the still @-@ recent Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 would antagonize the French delegation and would be unwise , given the recently signed Franco @-@ Russian Alliance . Wilhelm II agreed , and so Prince Heinrich traveled to the funeral by train . After her sister Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm entered service , she replaced Wörth as the fleet flagship . Wörth was thereafter assigned to the I Division of the I Squadron , in turn replacing the old ironclad Deutschland .
Wörth and the rest of the squadron attended ceremonies for the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal at Kiel on 3 December 1894 . The squadron subsequently began a winter training cruise in the Baltic Sea ; this was the first such cruise by the German fleet . In previous years , the bulk of the fleet was deactivated for the winter months . The I Division anchored in Stockholm from 7 to 11 December , during the 300th anniversary of the birth of Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus . Further exercises were conducted in the Baltic before the ships had to put into their home ports for repairs . From 19 December to 27 March 1895 , Wörth returned to her old duty as fleet flagship while Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was in dock for repairs . The ship was occupied with individual and divisional training in early 1895 . In May , more fleet maneuvers were carried out in the western Baltic , concluding with a visit by the fleet to Kirkwall in Orkney . The squadron returned to Kiel in early June , where preparations were underway for the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal . Tactical exercises were carried out in Kiel Bay in the presence of foreign delegations to the opening ceremony .
On 1 July , the German fleet began a major cruise into the Atlantic ; on the return voyage in early August , the fleet stopped at the Isle of Wight for the Cowes Regatta . While there on 6 August , Wilhelm II held a remembrance ceremony for the 25th anniversary of Wörth 's namesake battle . This was sharply criticized in the British press . The fleet returned to Wilhelmshaven on 10 August and began preparations for the autumn maneuvers that would begin later that month . The first exercises began in the Helgoland Bight on 25 August . The fleet then steamed through the Skagerrak to the Baltic ; heavy storms caused significant damage to many of the ships and the torpedo boat S 41 capsized and sank in the storms — only three men were saved . The fleet stayed briefly in Kiel before resuming maneuvers , including live @-@ fire exercises , in the Kattegat and the Great Belt . The main maneuvers began on 7 September with a mock attack from Kiel toward the eastern Baltic . Subsequent maneuvers took place off the coast of Pomerania and in Danzig Bay . A fleet review for Wilhelm II off Jershöft concluded the maneuvers on 14 September .
= = = 1896 – 1900 = = =
The year 1896 followed much the same pattern as the previous year . Individual ship training was conducted though April , followed by squadron training in the North Sea in late April and early May . This included a visit to the Dutch ports of Vlissingen and Nieuwediep . Additional maneuvers , which lasted from the end of May to the end of July , took the squadron further north in the North Sea , frequently into Norwegian waters . The ships visited Bergen from 11 to 18 May . During the maneuvers , Wilhelm II and the Chinese viceroy Li Hongzhang observed a fleet review off Kiel . On 9 August , the training fleet assembled in Wilhelmshaven for the annual autumn fleet training . The following month , Czar Nicholas II of Russia visited the fleet in Kiel , boarding Wörth on 8 September . The ship won the Kaiser 's Schießpreis ( Shooting Prize ) for excellent gunnery in the I Squadron during 1896 .
Wörth and the rest of the fleet operated under the normal routine of individual and unit training in the first half of 1897 . The ship represented Germany during the Fleet Review for Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee in June 1897 . The typical routine was interrupted in early August when Wilhelm II and Augusta went to visit the Russian imperial court at Kronstadt ; both divisions of the I Squadron were sent to accompany the Kaiser . They returned to Neufahrwasser in Danzig on 15 August , where the rest of the fleet joined them for the annual autumn maneuvers . The maneuvers were completed by 22 September in Wilhelmshaven . In early December , the I Division conducted maneuvers in the Kattegat and the Skagerrak , though they were cut short due to shortages in officers and men .
The fleet followed the normal routine of individual and fleet training in 1898 without incident , though a voyage to the British Isles was also included . The fleet stopped in Queenstown , Greenock , and Kirkwall . The fleet assembled in Kiel on 14 August for the annual autumn exercises . The maneuvers included a mock blockade of the coast of Mecklenburg and a pitched battle with an " Eastern Fleet " in the Danzig Bay . While steaming back to Kiel , a severe storm hit the fleet , causing significant damage to many ships and sinking the torpedo boat S 58 . The fleet then transited the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and continued maneuvers in the North Sea . Training finished on 17 September in Wilhelmshaven . In December , the I Division conducted artillery and torpedo training in Eckernförde Bay , followed by divisional training in the Kattegat and Skagerrak . During these maneuvers , the division visited Kungsbacka , Sweden , from 9 to 13 December . After returning to Kiel , the ships of the I Division went into dock for their winter repairs .
On 25 November 1899 , Wörth was conducting gunnery training in Eckernförde Bay when she struck a rock . It tore a 22 ft ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) wide hole in the hull , flooding three of her watertight compartments . The ship was sent to Wilhelmshaven for repair work . Before repairs could be begun , about 500 t ( 490 long tons ) of coal had to be unloaded to lighten the ship . Temporary steel plates were riveted to cover the hole on the starboard side , while the hull plates on the port side had to be re @-@ riveted . The work lasted from December 1899 until February 1900 ; she was therefore unavailable for the normal winter cruise of the I Squadron .
= = = Boxer Rebellion = = =
During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 , Chinese nationalists laid siege to the foreign embassies in Peking and murdered Baron Clemens von Ketteler , the German minister . The widespread violence against Westerners in China led to an alliance between Germany and seven other Great Powers : the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , Austria @-@ Hungary , the United States , France , and Japan . Those soldiers who were in China at the time were too few in number to defeat the Boxers ; in Peking there was a force of slightly more than 400 officers and infantry from the armies of the eight European powers . At the time , the primary German military force in China was the East Asia Squadron , which consisted of the protected cruisers Kaiserin Augusta , Hansa , and Hertha , the small cruisers Irene and Gefion , and the gunboats Jaguar and Iltis . There was also a German 500 @-@ man detachment in Taku ; combined with the other nations ' units the force numbered some 2 @,@ 100 men . Led by the British Admiral Edward Seymour , these men attempted to reach Peking but were forced to stop in Tientsin due to heavy resistance . As a result , the Kaiser determined an expeditionary force would be sent to China to reinforce the East Asia Squadron . The expedition would include Wörth and her three sisters , six cruisers , ten freighters , three torpedo boats , and six regiments of marines , under the command of Generalfeldmarschall ( General Field Marshal ) Alfred von Waldersee .
On 7 July , Konteradmiral Richard von Geißler , the expeditionary force commander , reported that his ships were ready for the operation , and they left two days later . The four battleships and the aviso Hela transited the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and stopped in Wilhelmshaven to rendezvous with the rest of the expeditionary force . On 11 July , the force steamed out of the Jade Bight , bound for China . They stopped to coal at Gibraltar on 17 – 18 July and passed through the Suez Canal on 26 – 27 July . More coal was taken on at Perim in the Red Sea , and on 2 August the fleet entered the Indian Ocean . On 10 August , the ships reached Colombo , Ceylon , and on 14 August they passed through the Strait of Malacca . They arrived in Singapore on 18 August and departed five days later , reaching Hong Kong on 28 August . Two days later , the expeditionary force stopped in the outer roadstead at Wusong , downriver from Shanghai . From there , Wörth was detached to cover the disembarkation of the German expeditionary corps outside the Taku Forts .
By the time the German fleet had arrived , the siege of Peking had already been lifted by forces from other members of the Eight @-@ Nation Alliance that had formed to deal with the Boxers . Wörth left Taku to coal at Tsingtau , the German naval base in China , and on 25 October returned to Wusong via Yantai . There , she joined the blockade of the Yangtze River . Since the situation had calmed , the four battleships were sent to Hong Kong or Nagasaki , Japan , in late 1900 and early 1901 for overhauls ; Wörth went to Nagasaki from 30 November to the end of December . She returned to Wusong on 27 December , where she remained until 18 February 1901 , when she moved to Tsingtau for division exercises and gunnery drills . Wörth and the rest of the fleet then stayed in Shanghai in April and May .
On 26 May , the German high command recalled the expeditionary force to Germany . The fleet took on supplies in Shanghai and departed Chinese waters on 1 June . The ships stopped in Singapore from 10 to 15 June and took on coal before proceeding to Colombo , where they stayed from 22 to 26 June . Steaming against the monsoons forced the fleet to stop in Mahé , Seychelles , to take on more coal . The ships then stopped for a day each to take on coal in Aden and Port Said . On 1 August they reached Cadiz , and then met with the I Division and steamed back to Germany together . They separated after reaching Helgoland , and on 11 August , after reaching the Jade roadstead , the ships of the expeditionary force were visited by Admiral von Koester , who was now the Inspector General of the Navy . The following day the expeditionary fleet was dissolved . In the end , the operation cost the German government more than 100 million marks .
= = = 1901 – 1914 = = =
Following her return from China , Wörth was taken into the drydocks at the Kaiserliche Werft ( Imperial Dockyard ) in Wilhelmshaven for an overhaul that lasted from 14 to 17 August . She then joined the fleet for autumn maneuvers . In the meantime , Wörth and her sisters , which had been assigned to the I Division before their expedition to China , had been transferred to the II Division of the I Squadron following their return . On 24 November , Wörth was decommissioned for a major reconstruction at the Kaiserliche Werft in Wilhelmshaven ; she was the first member of her class to be modernized . During the modernization , a second conning tower was added in the aft superstructure , along with a gangway . Wörth and the other ships had their boilers replaced with newer models , and also had their superstructure amidships reduced . The work lasted until December 1903 .
After her modernization , Wörth returned to service on 27 September 1904 assigned to the II Squadron , where she replaced the old coastal defense ship Beowulf . She served briefly as the flagship of Konteradmiral Alfred Breusing from September until December , when she was replaced in that role by Braunschweig . On 16 February 1905 , Wörth ran aground in the Kieler Förde . She was pulled free two days later after enough coal and ammunition were thrown overboard to lighten the ship . She then steamed into Kiel and entered drydock , where her bottom was found to be slightly dented . A second accident occurred on 5 July , when the torpedo boat S 124 ran across Wörth 's bow . The battleship could not turn in time and rammed the torpedo boat , damaging it severely . One of S 124 's boiler rooms flooded and the rush of steam from the boilers badly burned three men .
On 4 July 1906 , Wörth was transferred to the Reserve Formation of the North Sea . She initially served as the flagship of the unit , but on 1 October she was replaced by Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm . She was then decommissioned and her crew reduced to only a maintenance staff . Over the next eight years , she was reactivated only twice , from 2 August to 13 September in 1910 and from 31 July to 15 September the following year ; both periods were during the annual autumn maneuvers . She served with the III Squadron in both exercises , and was the flagship of the second command admiral for the squadron , Konteradmiral Heinrich Sass . She returned to reserve status on 15 September , and a month later was docked in the Kaiserliche Werft in Kiel to maintain her for future service .
= = = World War I = = =
On 5 September 1914 , shortly after the outbreak of World War I , Wörth was assigned to the V Battle Squadron under the command of Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Max von Grapow . The squadron was initially used for coastal defense in the North Sea . From 19 to 26 September , Wörth and the rest of the V Squadron went on a sortie into the eastern Baltic but encountered no Russian forces . The ships subsequently returned to the North Sea and resumed their guard duties . Wörth was briefly transferred to the VI Battle Squadron from 16 January to 25 February 1915 to strengthen the defenses of the Jade Bight and the mouth of the Weser . On 5 March , she was moved to Kiel , where her crew was reduced . After a short period of rest , her crew was restored and she and Brandenburg were transferred to Libau . She served as the flagship of Konteradmiral Alfred Begas , the new commander of the V Squadron . In Libau , they were assigned as guard ships in the recently conquered Russian harbor .
The two old battleships were initially moored outside the harbor while it was cleared of wrecks . During this period , the ships prepared for an expected attack by the new Russian Gangut @-@ class battleships , but the assault did not materialize . On 12 July , the crews of both ships were reduced again . On 15 January 1916 , the V Squadron was disbanded and Begas removed his flag from Wörth . She left Libau on 7 March and arrived in Neufahrwasser the following day . On 10 March she was decommissioned in Danzig to free her crew and guns for other uses . Some of her main battery guns were converted into " Kurfürst " railroad guns , though they were not ready for service until early 1918 . Wörth herself was employed as a barracks ship in Danzig until the end of the war in November 1918 . Both Wörth and Brandenburg were struck from the naval register on 13 May 1919 and sold for scrapping . The two ships were purchased by Norddeutsche Tiefbaugesellschaft ; Wörth was initially to be rebuilt into a freighter , but the planned reconstruction did not eventuate . Instead , Wörth was broken up for scrap in Danzig .
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= Mutual Core =
" Mutual Core " is a song recorded by Icelandic singer Björk for her eighth studio album Biophilia ( 2011 ) . It was written and produced by Björk herself , while programming and beats were made in collaboration with Matthew Herbert and the English dubstep band 16bit . " Mutual Core " is an uptempo experimental song . Its music includes Pipe organ , electronica @-@ tinged sounds and features the Choir Graduale Nobili , the choir featured on Biophilia . The song 's lyrics are a metaphor for human relationships , compared to the structure of the Earth and Plate tectonics . The song was well received by contemporary music critics , who praised its production and beats , moreover appreciating Björk 's voice on the track .
As with all the songs on Biophilia , an app was made for the song , which features a video game in which the player have to move geological layers as an accordion to play chords . Though the song wasn 't released as a single , a music video was produced , directed by Andrew Thomas Huang . The video was critically applauded and received further attention when it got projected for one month in Times Square in 2013 , and then across the 7 continents . Björk promoted the song by performing it throughout her Biophilia Tour .
Three remixes by Matthew Herbert , 16bit and These New Puritans were released as part of Biophilia Remix Series . The Matthew Herbert 's and the These New Puritans remixes were later included on bastards ( 2012 ) . On July 2012 , the online music store Beatport announced a fan contest in which " Mutual Core " had to be remixed , to be released afterwards on a remix package .
= = Background = =
At the end of 2010 , Björk confirmed she was working on a new album . In an interview published on Fréttablaðið , the singer stated that the project was midway through the completion and that she hoped to go on tour before the end of 2011 . The project was officialised in March 2011 , with the announcement of Björk performance at Manchester International Festival . The project , called Biophilia , comprises a series of live performances , a new website , a documentary and a series of apps , besides the release as a music album which is partly composed on an iPad . The Biophilia Tour was said to be touring eight cities for three years and to be including a series of workshops for children in collaboration with local schools . The first details about " Mutual Core " came regarding its app , which was described to allow users to " arrange geological layers to form chords " .
" Mutual Core " was written and produced by Björk , while the beat of the song was made in collaboration with Matthew Herbert and 16bit . The song was engineered by Damian Taylor and Sveinn Kjartansson , with mixing provided by Taylor and Björk . " Mutual Core " ' s lyrics were inspired by human relationships and by Björk 's family decisions , who had to decide where her daughter , Ísadóra , would go to school between New York City and Reykjavík . Björk felt that the song is " the most personal [ on the album ] for me " . David Fricke of Rolling Stone noted that " Björk likens the human emotions – love , physical obsession , changing moods , violent hurt – in songs such as " Mutual Core " , " Moon " and " Virus " to natural phenomena : earthquakes , volcanic eruptions , lunar phases and contagious disease " .
Three official remixes of the song have been released . The first one was released on Biophilia Remix Series VI on 25 June 2012 , and it is a remix by long time @-@ collaborator Matthew Herbert . Björk stated about Herbert 's remixes : " He has taken it full on and made it into his version but still true to the heart of the song and , more than once , improved it " . RJ Cubarrubia of Rolling Stone commented that the remix " builds slowly with background bleeps and opaque textures before erupting into a cacophonous rumble " . The second one is a remix by 16bit , which was released as part of Biophilia Remix Series VII on July 9 , 2012 . This version had already been released as part of a promo for Icelandair flights , playing the song in flights to Iceland during Björk 's concert residency in Reykjavik in Summer 2011 . Other two remixes of " Crystalline " and " Sacrifice " were played . The last remix by These New Puritans has been on November 12 , 2012 on Biophilia Remix Series VIII . The remix includes samples from the Traditional composition " Funeral Song ( Solomon Islands 1978 ) " , as extracted from the album Spirit of Melanesia by David Fanshawe . On October 8 , 2012 , the tracklist for bastards was announced , and the Matthew Herbert 's and the These New Puritans remixes were included . On late July 2012 , Beatport announced a contest in which the participants had to remix " Mutual Core " . The winner would have their remix released on One Little Indian Records in a remix package to be sold on the website . The winner was announced on 18 September 2012 , as " Breakwave " . This remix , later renamed " Waxx Crooks Remix " , was released on December 10 , 2012 .
= = Composition = =
" Mutual Core " is an uptempo experimental song , which displays elements from electro , techno , glitch , breakcore and ambient , and includes also a choral part during the chorus . The rhythm of the song can be roughly divided into two distinct parts : the verses , which feature moderately sparse electronic beats and a time signature of 5 / 4 , and the choruses , which display more upbeat sounds and a 2 / 4 time signature . According to Mark Diver of BBC Music during the shift from the verse and the chorus the song " slips from blissful ambience into bombastic electronic percussion , leaving the senses reeling , only to fade back into a comforting lilt " .
The instrumentation of the verses includes a pipe organ . Sound designer David Paterson described the way Björk wanted the music on " Mutual Core " : " Bjork described the sounds she wanted in a way that left it very open to interpretation . With the track " Mutual Core " , for example , she described how it was about magnetic attraction – which doesn ’ t really have a sound that springs to mind " . Luke Turner of NME noted that " [ Björk 's ] voice cracks against the increasing , insistent power of the electronic rhythms , as if recognising our human insignificance in the face of geology " , citing the verse " As fast as your fingernail grows / The Atlantic ridge drifts " as an example , and , on a similar note , Odile De Plas of Télérama found the singer 's voice " strong , acrobat , guttural and [ ... ] crystalline " .
The musical shift occurs when the singer pronounces the words " Core " , during which , as described by Nikki Debben in her essay included in the Manual Edition of Biophilia , the " modality switches from minor to major " . The lecturer noted that " the close , dark sound of the verse is partly due to the minor mode which has a flattened third degree , compared to the brighter sound of the chorus in the major mode which has the " normal " third degree of the chord " . This part of the song uses a Plagal cadence , which involves a movement " from a chord built on the fourth degree of the scale to one built on the first degree of the scale " . The chorus of the song features a vocal crescendo performed by the choir , which juxtaposes with breakcore @-@ influenced beats , which display elements from dub . Chris Chafin of Capital compared the sound of the chorus to the work of The Chemical Brothers and stated that tracks like " Crystalline " and " Mutual Core " recall previous works from Björk 's discography , especially Post ( 1995 ) and Homogenic ( 1997 ) .
= = Critical reception = =
The song was generally well received by music critics , who cited it as a highlight of the album . According to Mark Pytlik of Pitchfork , the song " may be the album ’ s best track overall " , citing " its satisfyingly filthy electro skronk " , while giving the album an average review ; on a similar note , Arnold Pan of PopMatters defined the song as " the album ’ s most viscerally powerful number " citing that " that ’ s music that sounds just as at home in the sacred place of a vast cathedral as it is in the virtual vacuum of cyberspace " . Gareth James of Clash praised the album and stated that " when the machine @-@ gun beats do break through on " Mutual Core " , they ’ re augmented by a hymnal organ riff and a soaring , unprocessed and unleashed vocal which will leave you breathless " .
" Mutual Core " was described as " best " and " climactic " by Helen Brown of The Daily Telegraph , which elected Biophilia as the CD of the Week , and " literally volcanic " by Heather Phares of Allmusic . Jim Fusilli of The Wall Street Journal stated that the track is " earthbound " . According to the Daily Mirror review , the track " adds angry rebuke and glitchy distorted power chordings to the shimmering , ringing percussion and natural awe that feature on the astonishing tracks " Virus " and aptly named " Crystalline " " . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian praised the composition of the album and stated " There ’ s something audacious and impressive about the way " Hollow " attempts to strike a weird balance between menace and calm , the vocals as lulling as the staccato backing is unsettling . Or " Mutual Core " ’ s repeated shifts from a wheezing keyboard – it was doubtless built in a laboratory by the provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and professor Brian Cox , but it sounds like a 13th @-@ century portative organ – to electronic bombardment " . Möhammed Choudhery of Consequence of Sound analysed the use of Björk 's voice in the album , stating :
Her unique utility of the English language gives her words a quirky , idiosyncratic edge , allowing lines like “ if you forget my name , you ’ ll go astray / like a killer whale ” to ring somehow striking . Said masterstrokes and quirks are well intact here , as is evident in the asteroid @-@ bass volley of " Mutual Core " and lead single " Crystalline " ‘ s apocalyptical breakbeat coda . Biophilia ‘ s finest moments are its most subtly captivating , many of which are ( admittedly ) almost forgettable on first listen . The aforementioned " Mutual Core " and " Crystalline " can be assured a spot on any and all future Best of Björk compilations , compelling in how they blend archaic instrumentation with blistering electronica .
Despite this , some critics dubbed the song as " tedious " and " interesting but not surprising " . Andy Gill of The Independent gave a negative review of the album , praising only the choral elements , stating that : " they ’ re a constant delight as she reflects upon her desire for the " dangerous gifts " of elemental nature , the lightning @-@ flash of creative inspiration ( " Thunderbolt " ) ; muses about being a bead threaded upon a DNA chain ( " Hollow " ) ; explores the ethically neutral , natural attraction of parasite to host ( " Virus " ) ; admires the creative force of volcanic energy ( " Mutual Core " ) " .
= = App = =
As with all the songs on Biophilia , " Mutual Core " was released as an app for iPhone or iPad . " Mutual Core " app features a video game in which the player arranges geological layers in the same way as an accordion to play chords . During the verses , the player tries to unite the hemispheres , because the energy keeps them apart while during the chorus the app shifts to a cutaway of a planet , and the player can touch the layers of the planet 's interior to open it up and touch the core . The player may also change the resistance of the chords to increase the difficulty . The app was released on October 10 , 2011 , along with the rest of the apps from Biophilia . On January 17 , 2012 , Björk uploaded a video tutorial explaining the app on her official YouTube channel , commented also by Biophilia app designer Scott Snibbe . As Björk explains on the video :
This app is called ' Mutual Core ' and it 's about taking the tectonic plates and pushing them together with effort until you create a mutual core beneath them . In musicology @-@ wise this is to teach you about chords , and you can use [ .. ] the tectonic plates , the strata inside them , and it sorta operates like accordion so you can change the chords and push them together and [ ... ] create a mutual core .
= = = Credits = = =
Björk – creative director
John Simon , Jr . – creative director , software engineer
Credits taken from " Mutual Core " app .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and development = = =
A music video for the song was commissioned by the director of Los Angeles ' Museum of Contemporary Art ( MOCA ) , Jeffrey Deitch . The video was first revealed to be in the making in the September 2012 issue of Dazed & Confused , in an interview with Andrew Thomas Huang . Huang was revealed to be chosen as the director for the video by Björk herself . Huang said about the making process :
" There 's a lot of volcanic and earthy stuff in the video , we put Björk in quite a few uncomfortable set @-@ ups when we were filming , but she was game for anything . She was a lot of fun and just very warm and trusting . "
The director also hinted at a parallelism between the video and its short film Solipsist , which was released weeks before the shooting of " Mutual Core " video : " [ The song ] is a metaphor between earth ’ s crust and two people converging , and the effort that it takes , that was also what Solipsist was about , so working together made sense " . The video was shot in Reykjavík in over two days . The director wrote the initial treatment for the video after visiting museums in London . The video features a mix of CG pictures and real natural elements , gathered by the team from different location in Iceland . The floating rocks in the video are made from foam and covered in plaster , fossilized barnacles and various textiles , the rock 's tongues and the sand are computer animated ; for this reason , the post @-@ production lasted two months . Björk 's face motion was tracked in CG for the video , in which it appears to be melt in the rocks . Her costumes were inspired by Thai and Indonesian costumes , while the substance which resembles magma that she appears to spit in the video was a computer @-@ modified mixture of ketchup and cake batter .
A teaser trailer has been released on 5 November 2012 . The teaser shows Björk stuck in a bed of quicksand , wearing a blue wig . The video was premiered at an exclusive screening at the MOCA Grand Avenue on November 12 , 2012 . It was digitally released on November 13 , 2012 on MOCA YouTube 's channel , MOCAtv , as part of a series of music videos called ART + MUSIC which features collaborations between artists and musicians . The channel also posted a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes video on the same day . The video features glimpses of filming and an interview with the director of the video , who explains the filming process .
= = = Synopsis = = =
In the beginning of the video , soil crumbles down , as Björk appears , buried to her waist in the sand , wearing a golden dress ( by Michael van der Ham ) , a brooch on her shoulder designed by the singer herself and a blue wig , holding a rock . As she starts singing , she divides the rock into two pieces . As she waves the pieces , the sand around her stirs . She then lays the two pieces on the sand , and they become part of two rock sprites , that come out of the sand and start writhing around Björk , while strata emerges from them . In the end of the first verse , the strata of the two rocky sprites try to unite , as Björk grabs the sand and let it slips out from her fingers . During the second verse other rocks emerge from the sand and revolve around Björk , who dances in the sand . Other rocky sprites spring out of the new rocks and link to the main two , which are still spinning around the singer 's head . The two parts are irresistibly attracted to each other and try to unite as they are stroked by Björk . The strata of the rocks morph to form a face , similar to that of the singer . As the chorus begins , Björk disappears in the darkness . The two rocky parts , now united , start to bestir themself , whilst various rocks on the sand start to erupt . Lava , magma , smoke and fire storm while Björk 's face appears in the lava . Every rock erupts noisily , causing a rain of volcanic ash .
The video shifts again to Björk buried in the sand under the rain of ashes . The two pieces of rock appear again , this time each one with a Björk @-@ shaped strata . The strata also sing parts of the song , and two arms come out from the floating rocks and their hands barely brush against each other . The rocks unite once again as the chorus begins for the second time . During this part of the video , images of Björk singing in a smoky setting alternate with more rocks uniting to the main two , while their Björk @-@ shaped strata secrete a substance similar to lava from their mouth . All the rocks are now united , forming a big volcano , whose crater is shaped like two opposite Björk @-@ shaped rocks . The volcano finally erupts in an explosion of magma , while a thunderstorm occurs in the background . The video ends as the volcano fades out and all that remains visible is ash and smoke .
= = = Reception and accolades = = =
The video was heavily praised by critics . Bob Boilen of What Matters commented that the video is " a bit weird and smartly done " . Tom Breihan of Stereogum stated that the video is " a beguilingly strange vision " and that " as the song unfolds , the images reach an explosive conclusion that resembles a fucked @-@ up metal album cover " , on a similar note , Gregory Adams of Exclaim ! cited the video as " groundbreaking " . A poster on The Huffington Post wrote that the video , which he billed as " hypnotic " , " takes viewers on a strange spirit quest gone awry " . Jonah Bayer of Myspace opined that " Björk is a true artist , and her new video for “ Mutual Core ” is ample evidence of that " . Likewise , Sam Byford of The Verge stated that " Björk has a history of stunning music videos , but she may have outdone herself with this latest effort " , while Gary Pini of Paper billed the singer as a " master of both art and music " .
Judy Berman from Flavorwire found the video " a precise yet still poetic evocation of the track " , while CraveOnline 's Johnny Firecloud opined that " In her new video for " Mutual Core " , Iceland 's queen of bizarre takes her latest single from Biophilia and turns it into an intimate hallucinatory mingling of the elements " . Chris Martins of Spin compared the video to the TV series Nova , stating that the video " might be the weirdest NOVA pilot ever created " , later adding that Björk " reinvents herself as the freakiest geology teacher the world 's ever seen " , an expression used also by io9 blogger George Dvorsky , who commented that " this stunning new video for " Mutual Core " makes us wish we had Björk for a geology teacher " . Brett Warner of Ology praised the director 's work stating that " director Andrew Thomas Huang 's gorgeous visuals will adeptly manage to both confuse the hell out of you and absolutely take your breath away " . Abdullah Saeed of The Atlantic compared the video to her previous works and commented :
Back when she first began experimenting with electronic producer Mark Bell on Homogenic , Cunningham style complemented her music perfectly for videos like " All is Full of Love " Now , a decade and a half later , her music explores biology , a discipline naturally interpreted by Huang ’ s visual sense . [ " Mutual Core " ] represents a new level of quality and ingenuity from Huang , who seems to be building on his now established visual style .
On 24 December 2012 , the video received two nominations at the 2012 Antville Music Video Awards in the categories of Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects . It went on to win the latter . The video was nominated for the Music Video of the Year category at the 19th Icelandic Music Awards , but lost to " Glow " by Retro Stefson . On 9 April 2013 , the video was nominated at the 2013 Webby Awards in the Online Music & Video — Music category . The video won the People 's Voice Webby in that category , as voted by the people on the internet , but lose the Webby bestowed by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences to " Fjögur píanó " by Sigur Rós . The video received two nominations at the 2013 UK Music Video Awards for Best Visual Effects in a Video and Best Art Direction in a Video , winning none . However , Huang was nominated for his work in the video as Best New Director and went on to win the award .
= = = Global projections = = =
In March 2013 , an edited version of the video was shown every night as part of a synchronized program on over 15 of the largest digital signs in Times Square , three minutes before midnight , as part of the Midnight Moment , a presentation of the Times Square Advertising Coalition ( TSAC ) and Times Square Arts . This Midnight Moment presentation is part of the New York City launch of Streaming Museum ’ s Nordic Outbreak , an internationally touring exhibition of leading contemporary Nordic artists . Following the one @-@ month exhibition in Times Square , a series of public programs and exhibitions took place across the city through 6 April at Scandinavia House , One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza , Manhattan Bridge Archway , Big Screen Plaza , Tisch School of the Arts , and an event in the Sky Room at the New Museum . On July 1 , 2013 , it was announced that the projections would go global , with planned projections to take place throughout the 7 continents , including a screening in the only cinema of Antarctica . Also on tour is a film by David Bates , Jr. that show the projection of the video across the billboards in Times Square . Commenting on the choice of bringing Björk 's video projection worldwide , Nina Colosi , founder and creative director of Streaming Museum , stated :
In the music video Mutual Core directed by Andrew Thomas Huang , Björk is organically part of nature and universe . The human connection to nature is a theme that underpins most of her artistic output . It ’ s particularly meaningful to bring Björk ’ s vision to 7 continents because of its relevance to all cultures .
= = = Credits = = =
Credits taken from the official music video on YouTube .
= = Live performances = =
Björk premiered Biophilia 's songs during the Manchester International Festival with a residency commissioned by the Festival itself . The singer played in a circular stage which included custom @-@ made instruments like computer @-@ controlled Pendulum Harps and a Tesla Coil , an instrument called Gameleste , an hybrid between a gamelan and a celesta , and a pin Barrel organ called Sharpsichord . The stage also included a circle of projection screens . During the " Mutual Core " performance , the screen projected images of moving tectonic plates , which Alan Pedder of the website Wearsthetrousers likened to " Jóga " ' s music video , while the choir performed a sort of choreography , which included huddling at center stage during the verses and dancing during the chorus . The song was performed on every date of her Biophilia Tour . Her performance was well received by critics , which praised the whole show and project , which was called " ambitious " . While reviewing Björk 's show at the New York Hall of Science , Will Hermes of the website PembrokeMayball stated that " during ' Mutual Core ' , she sang of tectonic plates under a circle of projection screens illustrating the phenomena , and licked her lips after a line about how ' the Atlantic ridge drifts ' like she could feel that motion tingle beneath her skin " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Björk – vocals , songwriter , organ arrangement , beat , programming , choir arrangement , mixing , producer
16bit – beat , programming
Matthew Herbert – beat , programming
Damian Taylor – engineer , mixing
Sveinn Kjartansson – engineer
Credits adapted from Biophilia album liner notes .
= = Official versions = =
Digital download
" Mutual Core " – 5 : 06
Biophilia Remix Series VI
" Mutual Core " ( Matthew Herbert 's Teutonic Plates Mix ) – 5 : 10
Biophilia Remix Series VII
" Mutual Core " ( 16bit Remix ) – 5 : 22
Biophilia Remix Series VIII
" Mutual Core " ( These New Puritans Remix featuring Solomon Islands Song ) – 3 : 55
Beatport competition winner
" Mutual Core " ( Waxx Crooks Remix ) – 4 : 27
|
= Holden Commodore ( VE ) =
The Holden Commodore ( VE ) is a full @-@ size car that was produced by the Australian manufacturer Holden from 2006 to 2013 . It was the first iteration of the fourth and last generation of this Australian made model . Its range included the luxury variants , Holden Berlina ( VE ) and Holden Calais ( VE ) ; utility models were included as the Holden Ute ( VE ) .
As opposed to the VZ and all models previous which used Opel @-@ sourced platforms adapted both mechanically and in size for the local market , the whole @-@ new VE programme is the first Commodore to be developed exclusively by Holden in Australia . Despite its status as an all @-@ new model , engines — comprising the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre V6 and more powerful 6 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 — have been largely carried over from the VZ series . Innovative features to help minimise export redevelopment costs , such as a symmetrical centre console housing a flush @-@ fitting hand brake lever , facilitate the conversion to left @-@ hand drive . Internationally , the VE was badge engineered as the Chevrolet Lumina , Chevrolet Omega and Pontiac G8 .
Holden implemented a staged roll @-@ out of the VE variants , releasing the sedan first in July 2006 . Prior to this , Holden stated they would manufacture two parallel generations of Commodores until the new station wagon and utility body styles were launched . Variants by Holden 's performance vehicle partner , Holden Special Vehicles ( HSV ) , were released soon after the sedan 's debut alongside the long @-@ wheelbase WM Statesman / Caprice models . The VE Ute did not enter production until 2007 when it was accompanied by the previewing of a Sportwagon concept . The Sportwagon itself was subsequently introduced in July 2008 with the standard Commodore wheelbase instead of the extended wheelbase of previous Commodore wagons .
Updates to the VE have come in the form of model year ( MY ) changes from early 2007 onwards . Typically subtle in nature , these recurring changes have involved alterations to colours and trim , increased standard equipment , and a reduction in fuel consumption . More noteworthy adjustments have come in the form of a smaller 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V6 engine for entry @-@ level versions and " Series II " styling revisions in late 2010 .
= = Development = =
Official manufacture of the sedan began at Holden 's Elizabeth , South Australia production facility on 13 July 2006 . Three days later , Holden publicly revealed the car at the Melbourne Convention Centre , broadcast simultaneously via the Internet . The launch occurred alongside that of the flagship WM Statesman / Caprice . Previous to this , Holden announced that VE station wagon and utility variants would be postponed and the VZ equivalents would remain in production . Sales of the VE Ute commenced on 22 August 2007 . This was shortly followed by the unveiling of a Sportwagon concept , the production version of which was released in July 2008 .
= = = Sedan = = =
Holden 's designers and engineers began laying down the basics of a clean @-@ sheet Commodore sedan in 1999 . In the seven years of development , the car came to be Holden 's largest and most expensive project , representing an expenditure exceeding A $ 1 billion and 3 @.@ 4 million kilometres ( 2 @.@ 1 million miles ) of testing .
In 1999 Peter Hughes , Holden 's manager of exterior design , produced a two @-@ dimensional image of a sketch drawn earlier by Michael Simcoe , Holden 's design director at the time . Known in house as the " Bill of Design " , the sketch formed the design basis for the production @-@ ready car . Various elements of the sketch were changed , including the rear tail lamps , the low @-@ profile side window cluster and the drawn out wheelbase , but the aggressive stance remained .
In 2004 , just two years before the release of the VE Commodore , Holden unveiled the Torana TT36 concept car at the Australian International Motor Show in Sydney . The TT36 served as a preview of the VE and allowed Holden to gauge public reaction to its styling . Much of the Torana 's styling drew on the essence of the VE 's design . Some production @-@ ready components even carried over from the TT36 including the steering wheel , the window and rear @-@ view mirror switch cluster and the handbrake lever .
Shortly after stylists penned the first design sketches , Holden engineers began work on developing the chassis . Opel , which had provided the basis for all previous Commodore generations , ceased production of their rear @-@ wheel drive Omega in 2003 . This meant that Holden had two options : to use another GM platform , or to develop an all @-@ new vehicle . GM 's new premium rear @-@ wheel drive Sigma platform was to see production in the 2002 Cadillac CTS . Holden 's engineers were offered this platform , but decided it was not appropriate . The Sigma platform 's double A @-@ arm front suspension and extensive use of aluminium were too costly for the VE 's market segment . The luggage compartment was deemed too small and the Sigma interior package could not be stretched sufficiently to become a family @-@ sized car . In particular , the rear @-@ seat shoulder width was too tight . These major drawbacks made Holden decide to develop an all new platform , known as the GM Zeta platform , on which a number of forthcoming GM vehicles will also be based . The Zeta suspension system comprises new double @-@ pivot MacPherson strut for the front and a four @-@ link independent rear setup . These replace the previous simple MacPherson strut design front and much criticised semi @-@ trailing arm rear suspension , for improved ride and handling .
Denny Mooney was appointed chairman of Holden on 1 January 2004 , by which time development of the VE Commodore was well underway . Key design and engineering work was being finalised , and investment was already being made in making the tooling with which to manufacture the car . One of Mooney 's priorities was to improve the perceived quality issues that surrounded the previous generations of Commodores . The interior quality benefited dramatically from this additional emphasis ; Mooney pushed for panel gaps to be reduced by a further 0 @.@ 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 020 in ) over previous targets . Smaller panel gaps are just one of the ways that Holden have developed the VE to pitch it against the European competitors . Through the use of advanced steels and intensive design , the body structure is 50 percent stiffer than the outgoing model , benefiting from noise and vibration reductions , handling and crash safety . However the new body has resulted in substantially increased weight over the outgoing model .
The development of the new car led Holden to redesign the Elizabeth plant in South Australia so that entire sections of the car can be assembled off the foremost production line . This new production method allows for complete sub @-@ sections like the engine and transmissions to be constructed seamlessly together on rigs that simplify production . This process is applied to the front @-@ end module of the VE Commodore , consisting of the headlights , bumpers , airbag sensors and other accessory components . It can be easily removed as one @-@ piece leading to lower repair costs and easier access to the engine bay . This design represents the first time such a method has been used within GM , and garnered the SAE Australasia 's 2006 Automotive Engineering Excellence Award . A modular design structure known within Holden as " Flex Vision " has been applied to the interior where fundamentally different components such as audio units and instrument clusters can be swapped out for the different Commodore variants , creating radically varied interior look and feel without much higher costs . The upshot of this is much greater differentiation between the variants than the outgoing model creating three distinct interior looks , dubbed : Functional , Performance and Luxury . The closely related long @-@ wheelbase WM Statesman / Caprice derivatives feature a fourth interior type referred to as Prestige .
Additional detail touches were added to the VE , such as a new four @-@ strut hinge system for the boot to replace space intrusive , much maligned " gooseneck " hinges as used on previous Commodores . High @-@ specification variants see expandable door pockets and a Saab @-@ like " blackout " feature which illuminates only the speedometer at night to enhance driver focus on the road . An innovative flush @-@ fitting handbrake set into a symmetrical centre console means the lever can be easily reversed to sit on the opposite side of console for left @-@ hand drive export markets , minimising redesign costs .
= = = Sportwagon = = =
Introduced in July 2008 , the A $ 110 million VE Sportwagon programme represented a departure from previous Commodore station wagons . Holden was concerned that the traditional wagon market was being severely eroded by growing sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) sales and over @-@ reliance on fleet purchasing . Up to 90 percent of VZ wagons were bought by fleet companies and Holden sought to attract more retail customers . The decision was made to develop a sportier , more stylish wagon as an alternative to SUVs . The Sportwagon , unlike the previous VZ wagon , which shared its long @-@ wheelbase with the Statesman / Caprice is built on the same short @-@ wheelbase platform as the sedan . This shift in thinking means cargo capacity is reduced from VZ 's 1 @,@ 402 litres ( 370 US gal ) to 895 litres ( 236 US gal ) but the sedan 's near 50 : 50 weight distribution is retained . The Sportwagon is styled with an aggressively sloping rear profile . To ensure the cargo opening is sufficiently large with such a profile , the tailgate hinges part way up the roof line . The design of the tailgate is compact enough to open in just 268 millimetres ( 10 @.@ 6 in ) of space , a publicised feature in Sportwagon television commercials .
Revisions were made to the suspension over the sedan 's setup . These included stiffer springs , anti @-@ roll bar changes and an additional ball @-@ joint in the rear suspension to handle the extra load . Weight increases by 91 kilograms ( 201 lb ) over the sedan . Aggressive pricing means Sportwagon variants of each specification level receive a A $ 1 @,@ 000 premium over the sedan and are cheaper than the outgoing VZ wagons .
= = = Ute = = =
2007 saw the launch of the VE Ute , a coupe utility based on the VE Commodore . It was unveiled to the media in August , with showroom sales began later in the month . This generation of the Holden Ute is aimed as a " lifestyle vehicle " , a shift from the traditional " workhorse " market . The VE series Ute was marketed as the Holden Ute rather than as the Holden Commodore Ute .
Omega : The base model , having similar standard features to the Commodore Omega sedan but can carry more than the SS @-@ V , SS and SV6 . It has the standard 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre V6 180 kW ( 241 hp ) and 330 N · m ( 243 lb · ft ) . The manual version of the Omega came with the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre High @-@ Output V6 with 195 kW ( 261 hp ) and 340 N · m ( 251 lb · ft ) but only until the mid @-@ 2009 MY10 update .
SV6 : A sportier version of the V6 Ute , the SV6 replaced the S @-@ pack from previous models . This has the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre High @-@ Output V6 with 195 kW ( 261 hp ) and 340 N · m ( 251 lb · ft ) . Which has been recently updated to 210 kW ( 282 hp ) and 350 N · m ( 258 lb · ft ) engine .
SS : The SS Ute is the basic V8 version with the same 6 @-@ litre V8 as the Commodore sedan with 270 kW ( 362 hp ) and 530 N · m ( 391 lb · ft ) .
SS @-@ V : A higher spec edition of the SS and based on the SS @-@ V Sedan , it has a 6 @-@ litre V8 with 270 kW ( 362 hp ) and 530 N · m ( 391 lb · ft ) .
SS @-@ V Redline ( Series II ) : A performance version of the SS @-@ V offering Brembo brakes , 19 @-@ inch Alloy wheels , FE3 Super Sports Performance Suspension and a tyre inflater kit .
Unlike the previous VU – VZ generation , no double @-@ cab , cab @-@ chassis or AWD variants are offered .
= = Safety = =
Engine packaging became a contentious issue during development . Holden 's designers wanted the engine positioned well behind the front axle to allow short overhangs and an overall sportier appearance , whereas the crash engineers were concerned that this would reduce the body 's impact absorption in an accident . Negotiation between designers and crash engineers resulted in moving some of the engine components , including relocating the battery to the boot , freeing up valuable front @-@ end space . By having the engine moved back and further down , the VE Commodore also benefits from near perfect 50 : 50 weight distribution across all variants , leading to superior handling . Crash engineers introduced several other safety initiatives , including relocating the fuel tank in front of the rear @-@ axle line , instead of behind . A more crash @-@ resistant rear @-@ end was also seen as necessary . The design though had to incorporate a spacious boot and a spare @-@ wheel bay that could house the largest @-@ sized wheel to be fitted to the car . Crash test results from Australasian New Car Assessment Program ( ANCAP ) rate the VE lower in the offset frontal impact test than the previous generation Commodore . The overall crash score was marginally higher than the outgoing VZ , due to improvements in side impact protection giving a score of 27 @.@ 45 out of 37 or a four star rating out of a possible five .
Holden 's standardisation of six airbags in March 2008 for MY09 made the VE eligible for the ANCAP side pole test , yielding additional scoring points . The second stage of the VE 's safety rollout in October 2008 for MY09.5 included the addition of an energy absorbing steering column shroud and redesigned rear door latches across the VE range . The inclusion of a seat belt reminder on the Omega sedan yielded another point , thus allowing the Omega sedan to score five @-@ stars , or a score of 33 @.@ 45 when tested the following December . The Omega Sportwagon was the next model to be awarded the full five stars the following February , following the addition of a seat belt reminder in Sportwagon production . The remaining VE models , including the Ute and WM Statesman / Caprice , which had already received most of the safety upgrades , received the seat belt reminder as standard fitment as of MY10 production from August 2009 . As a result , all VE sedan and Sportwagon variants along with the extended length WM models received the five @-@ star rating . The VE Ute officially received the rating on 19 October 2009 , making the entire line @-@ up of Australian @-@ made Holdens five @-@ star ANCAP rated .
= = Powertrains = =
Holden , concerned about the risks of introducing a new platform and drivetrain at the same time , introduced the Australian @-@ built Alloytec V6 engine in the proven VZ model . This allowed time to address any issues or faults before fitting it to the VE . The original base V6 benefited from power increases over the VZ , with engine noise reduced by using new timing chains among other modifications . An updated version of the long @-@ serving four @-@ speed GM 4L60 @-@ E automatic transmission remained for this engine . Manual transmission options are the Aisin AY6 and Tremec T @-@ 56 six @-@ speeders . Two automatics featuring Active Select ; the five @-@ speed GM 5L40 @-@ E and six @-@ speed GM 6L80 @-@ E were also offered . The latter was reserved exclusively for a modified L76 V8 engine , giving an extra 10 kilowatts ( 13 hp ) of power compared to the VZ . This new engine designated L98 does not readily support fuel @-@ saving Active Fuel Management technology , unlike the L76 .
In October 2006 , Holden introduced a bi @-@ fuel version of the Alloytec V6 , available to the Omega and Berlina . Able to run on both petrol and LPG , it features an advanced sequential vapour gas injection ( SVGI ) system and hardened valve seats to cope . The bi @-@ fuel V6 produces 5 kilowatts ( 7 hp ) and 5 newton metres ( 4 lb · ft ) less than the conventional V6 when run on LPG , for a total of 175 kilowatts ( 235 hp ) . Although LPG prices are lower , the engine uses a large 100 @-@ kilogram ( 220 lb ) cylindrical gas tank which causes decreased boot space and slightly increased fuel consumption . Holden was able to take advantage of a loophole in government legislation , allowing an A $ 2 @,@ 000 rebate on LPG installation because the unit is fitted post @-@ production by Holden 's customisation arm HSVi . Normally , people would only be entitled to a A $ 1 @,@ 000 rebate for new cars pre @-@ installed with LPG . Due to the possibility that these bi @-@ fuel Commodores may have been fitted with undersized O @-@ rings in the service valve hand tap , Holden issued a recall affecting the first 981 of these models on 10 April 2007 . There were also two VE recalls previous to this . The initial 16 October 2006 recall affecting 1 @,@ 521 V8 Commodore and WM Statesman / Caprice models involved a faulty fuel hose , causing a fuel smell to enter the cabin . A second 10 November 2006 recall affecting 12 @,@ 830 Commodores and WM models built prior to 11 September 2006 resulted from defective rear seat belt anchors . On 7 December 2007 , another recall was issued for over 86 @,@ 000 VE and WM V6 models . This was due to the possibility that one of the fuel lines in the engine compartment may have a rub condition with a fuel vapour hose clip , possibly causing a fuel smell to become evident .
For the 2008 Australian International Motor Show in Sydney , Holden announced the MY09.5 upgrade involving the standardisation of the " premium " Alloytec V6 across the Commodore range from 1 November 2008 , whereas previously it had been reserved for the SV6 and Calais . Omega and Berlina variants acquired variable valve timing , like the High Output engine , but not the " premium " dual exhaust system and the five @-@ speed automatic transmission . These changes result in the base petrol V6 producing 5 kilowatts ( 7 hp ) less power and 5 newton metres ( 4 lb · ft ) less torque than the engine it replaces . However , Omega and Berlina sedans benefit from a two percent fuel efficiency improvement , or four percent for wagons . Additionally , emissions have also been reduced allowing petrol @-@ powered variants to achieve Euro VI certification , a pending emission standard for European introduction in 2014 . These changes extend further than the petrol engine as bi @-@ fuel LPG variants benefit from an eight percent improvement in fuel economy when run on LPG . This reduced fuel consumption does however , come at a cost — LPG @-@ equipped models are rated at 318 newton metres ( 235 lb · ft ) , 7 newton metres ( 5 lb · ft ) less than before .
Also announced at the 2008 motor show was a version of the 6 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 engine fitted with Active Fuel Management ( AFM ) technology , known as the L76 . Originally omitted from the L98 V8 , AFM aids fuel consumption under light engine loads , although it is available only when paired with the automatic transmission and power output is reduced by 10 kilowatts ( 13 hp ) . The announcement of AFM coincided with the announcement of EcoLine , a badge highlighting Holden vehicles employing fuel saving technologies or those powered by fuels other than petrol . For the VE Commodore , both AFM and LPG @-@ powered versions fall under the EcoLine umbrella . On 7 April 2009 , Holden announced that dealerships were receiving their first deliveries of EcoLine @-@ branded models , including the new L76 V8s .
On 4 August 2009 , Holden announced the MY10 revisions to the VE and WM range to be released in September . For the VE Omega and Berlina , the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre Alloytec V6 has been downsized to 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litres , the lowest engine displacement of a Commodore since the straight @-@ six engine fitted to the 1986 VL series . This smaller capacity engine features Spark Ignition Direct Injection ( SIDI ) technology , and is officially claimed to reduce fuel consumption by up to 12 percent depending on the variant . Power increases to 190 kilowatts ( 250 hp ) , although torque is reduced to 290 newton metres ( 210 lbf · ft ) . Along with the 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre engine , a 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre version of the same , producing 210 kilowatts ( 280 hp ) and 350 newton metres ( 260 lbf · ft ) , was also unveiled . Other than the manual transmission version of the SV6 , all SIDI V6 models are coupled to GM 's 6L50 automatic and fall under Holden 's EcoLine banner . Benefits to fuel economy for the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre SIDI can also be attributed to an improved " deceleration fuel cut " system , which terminates the fuel supply during engine coasting ; a higher efficiency alternator and voltage regulator ; a 50 rpm lower idle speed ( to 550 rpm ) ; and a new " turbine damper " for the automatic transmission that works to suppress vibrations at low rpms , thus enabling earlier upshifts . Omega versions of the Ute and all bi @-@ fuel versions retain the existing 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre and four @-@ speed automatic combination , although the LPG engine has been tweaked for further efficiency gains .
Further powertrain improvement came in September 2010 with the MY11 upgrades . Omega versions of the Ute were upgraded to the 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre SIDI engine with six @-@ speed automatic transmission as used in the sedan and wagons versions . Holden also modified both the 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V6 and 6 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 engines to accept E85 bio @-@ ethanol in addition to petrol . Holden claims that running either engine on E85 provides a sizeable increase in performance and reduces CO2 emissions between 20 and 40 percent , depending on the distance the fuel is transported from the production site to the filling station . E85 compatibility extended to the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre V6 as part of the MY12 update in September 2011 .
= = Models = =
= = = Commodore Omega = = =
Replacing the outgoing Commodore Executive and Acclaim ( nameplates introduced in 1983 and 1993 , respectively ) , the Omega offers a halfway point in terms of equipment levels . The most significant gain over the Executive is the electronic stability control system ( Bosch version 8 @.@ 0 ) now standard across the range . Like all VE models , the Omega uses a " space saver " spare tyre , which has come under scrutiny . The tyre can be driven for 500 kilometres ( 310 mi ) at a maximum speed of 80 kilometres per hour ( 50 mph ) . Concerns have been raised by the public over its usefulness in remote Australian outback areas , far from any tyre repair centres and asserts that it is a cost @-@ cutting measure . Similar concerns have been raised in the media , although Holden maintains that this is a weight @-@ saving feature and allows for full @-@ size spare tyres to be purchased at an additional cost . Likewise , critics found the omission of standard air conditioning for the Omega model unforgivable , given both the overall hot Australian climate , and the cost of the car . This , however , was rectified in the MY09 upgrade of the Omega ( see below ) .
Holden have offered five limited edition models based on the Commodore Omega :
V @-@ Series : introduced in October 2006 , the Commodore V featured air conditioning , a sports @-@ oriented body kit including 17 @-@ inch alloy wheels , a rear spoiler and colour @-@ matched wing mirrors and exterior door handles .
Lumina : debuted in June 2007 with a luxury theme including the Berlina grille and the original Calais V seven @-@ spoke alloy wheels . Specified identically to the V @-@ Series with exception to the rear spoiler , the Lumina saw the addition of rear parking sensors and Bluetooth connectivity .
60th Anniversary : released on 1 May 2008 to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the 48 – 215 , Holden 's first vehicle . Aside from the unique 18 @-@ inch alloy wheels , leather seat inserts , and " 60th Anniversary " badging , the anniversary model is essentially identical to the Lumina in terms of both equipment and styling .
International : sedans and Sportwagons entered production in mid @-@ March 2009 . Internationals are appointed with launch VE Calais V alloy wheels , front foglamps , a six @-@ disc CD changer , leather upholstered trim and steering wheel , Bluetooth connectivity and rear park assist . Holden reintroduced the International in October 2009 . Offered in sedan and Sportwagon body styles , the second iteration was fitted with the 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre SIDI V6 engine and six @-@ speed automatic transmission ; a 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre LPG Alloytec V6 engine with four @-@ speed automatic transmission option was available for the sedan only . Extra features include 18 @-@ inch alloy wheels , Berlina front grille , leather seat trim and steering wheel , Bluetooth connectivity and rear park assist for the sedan ( already standard on Sportwagons ) .
Z Series : released on 5 September 2012 as a special edition Commodore . It was released to help boot the slowing sales of the VE range and to help send off the last model VE 's before the current model VF was released . The Z Series combined luxury and sports features for great value . The models that had the Z badging were the Omega , SV6 , SS and SS V. Features included leather seat trim ( Omega and SSV ) , Bluetooth connect , rear parking sensors , rear parking camera , 18 " WM Caprice alloys ( Omega ) , rear lip spoiler , 19 ' alloys ( SV6 and SS ) . The Sedan and Sportwagon came as Z Series , SV6 Z Series , SS Z Series and SS V Z Series . The Ute came with all except for the Omega @-@ based Z Series model .
Equipe : The Equipe was a luxury special edition Commodore released in 2011 under the Series II badge . It was mostly based off the Berlina with majority of all the features been carried over . The car featured 18 " alloy rims , full leather interior , fog lamps , Berlina front grill and bumper , rear parking sensors , rear view camera and came as a Sedan or Sportswagon model .
= = = Commodore SV6 = = =
Building on the Omega , the SV6 is equipped with the more powerful High Output variant of the Alloytec V6 engine , coupled to a six @-@ speed manual or five @-@ speed automatic transmission . Air conditioning , a key feature missing on the launch Omega , came standard on the SV6 . A body kit and sports suspension similar to the V8 Commodore SS / SS V variants is also fitted . The SV6 sports the Performance interior look , characterised by an accentuated matte black centre console and red lighting , as opposed to the silver Functional @-@ style interior of the Omega .
= = = Commodore SS = = =
Offering similar equipment levels to the SV6 , the Commodore SS uses the 6 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 engine and T @-@ 56 six @-@ speed manual transmission . The SS is recognisable from its quad exhaust outlets in place of the SV6 dual outlets . The resulting specification level is much higher than the outgoing minimalist SV8 and only missing a few cosmetic touches of the previous flagship Commodore SS . Since its release , the SS has won two consecutive ( 2006 and 2007 ) Bang For Your Bucks awards , a Motor magazine initiative . The judges gave preference to the SS the second @-@ time @-@ round because " the VE Commodore SS really does represent the biggest bang you 'll ever get for your bucks like these . "
A more upmarket SS , the SS V @-@ Series represents the first time this type of naming has been applied to Holden products . The V @-@ Series naming is reminiscent of the V @-@ badging on selected Cadillac models , another member of the GM family . The badge design on the bootlid bears strong resemblance to the ones used by Cadillac . But whereas Cadillac uses it to signify high @-@ performance versions of its products , Holden V @-@ Series variants boast extra features . The V @-@ Series variants were introduced , largely due to a fully optioned Commodore SS in the VZ range being rather successful . The SS V offers extra luxuries at a similar price point to the preceding SS . Inside , it is recognisable by the metallic look pedals and instruments matched with the exterior colour . Additionally , the entire dashboard can be optioned in a range of loud colours : bright red , orange or black . The SS V exterior is equally adventurous , exhibiting five @-@ spoke 19 @-@ inch alloy wheels and the option of larger 20 @-@ inch wheels : the largest wheels ever fitted to a Holden car .
SS V 60th Anniversary : like the 60th Anniversary Omega @-@ based edition , the SS V pack launched on 1 May 2008 . Over the standard production SS V , the anniversary model added 10 @-@ spoke 20 @-@ inch alloy wheels , satellite navigation , rear parking sensors , a high @-@ mounted rear spoiler , chrome exterior door handle highlights and " 60th Anniversary " badging and floor mats .
SS V @-@ Series Special Edition : following the 2009 cancellation of Pontiac brand in North America , the Pontiac G8 front @-@ end fascia and other trimmings were fitted to approximately 1 @,@ 500 Commodore SS Vs . Unveiled at the 2009 Deniliquin ute muster on 2 October , sales began in November . Unlike the G8 which was only offered as a sedan , Holden issued utility , sedan and Sportwagon body variants of the Special Edition . Due to the popularity of the Pontiac @-@ inspired SS V , Holden announced on 14 January 2010 that production would be extended until March 2010 .
= = = Berlina = = =
Priced lower than the outgoing model , the second tier Berlina retains a similar amount of equipment . The exterior styling is similar to the Omega but gaining extra touches such as larger tail @-@ lights , front fog lamps and seven @-@ spoke 17 @-@ inch alloy wheels . It features the Luxury @-@ type interior with a large LCD centre display and is the only model in the VE range that features wood grain highlights . The VE series is the last one to feature this nameplate , first introduced in 1984 as a model variant and as a standalone nameplate in 1988 .
= = = Calais = = =
Like the Berlina , the Calais retains the features of the outgoing model but at a lower price point . Offering a blend of luxury and sporting character , it pairs the High Output Alloytec V6 engine of the SV6 with the five @-@ speed automatic transmission . Unlike the previous model Calais which featured a semi @-@ sport suspension setup known as FE1.5 , the VE shares the Commodore SS / SS V stiff sports suspension . Like the SS , an upscale V @-@ Series edition is available . Being the flagship of the Commodore range , it comes with everything the VE has to offer and serves as a stepping stone to the luxury long @-@ wheelbase Statesman / Caprice range based on the VE . The Calais ( as well as Berlina ) are the only models in the range to feature larger tail @-@ lights .
Calais V International :
Calais V 60th Anniversary :
= = HSV range ( E Series ) = =
The enhanced performance VE range sold by Holden Special Vehicles ( HSV ) is marketed as the E Series and it comprised the variants listed below . For the first time , in order to more greatly differentiate its products from the mainstream donor cars , HSV invested in revised sheetmetal ( chiefly , different front fender panels with dedicated air vent and different tail lights ) . E Series HSV vehicles have been the most successful and mass @-@ produced vehicles in HSV 's history .
= = = Clubsport = = =
The E Series Clubsport R8 takes its fundamental body structure from the mainstream VE Commodore . It is also the standard model in the HSV line @-@ up . With the deletion of lower lines of V8 HSV models the Clubsport slipped down to the entry level HSV V8 , on a par with the Manta of the VR @-@ VS @-@ VT series . As such the sales of E Series Clubsports has been over shadowed by the sales of the E Series GTS .
The Original E @-@ Series Clubsport was released in September 2006 . The Clubsport had LED taillights and vertical front fender grilles only found on HSV E @-@ Series models . Cloth trim was standard on Clubsport models with leather being an option .
In September 2008 , the Clubsport R8 Tourer was released . The Tourer is a wagon version of the R8 , based on the Sportwagon . The two Clubsport models were powered by the 307 kW ( 417 PS ; 412 hp ) LS2 6 @.@ 0 L V8 and Tremec T56 six @-@ speed manual gearbox , capable of doing 0 – 100 km / h in 5 @.@ 8 seconds with the manual gearbox and 5 @.@ 9 seconds when fitted with the auto transmission and having a top speed of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) . From April 2008 , all HSV models use 6 @.@ 2 L LS3 V8s , instead of the previous LS2 . The LS3 powers the HSVs at 317 kW ( 431 PS ; 425 hp ) and 550 N · m ( 410 lb · ft ) .
The HSV E Series 2 range was released 2010 and was the most major update since the release of E Series HSVs . Prices on the E2 Clubsport models started at $ 65 @,@ 990 for the Clubsport R8 and $ 66 @,@ 990 for the Clubsport R8 Tourer . The range received many cosmetic changes with new front and rear bumpers , twin @-@ nostriled bonnet ( from the Pontiac G8 ) and a new range of wheel designs . The Series 2 has a very distinctive looking set of daytime running lights standard across the E2 range . The new engines is the range are the 325 kW ( 442 PS ; 436 hp ) 6 @.@ 2 L LS3 V8 used exclusively by the HSV GTS , with the rest of the E2 range being powered by an LS3 in 317 kW ( 431 PS ; 425 hp ) trim . The new engines have also improved fuel economy by 4 @.@ 2 % on the LS3 V8 . New is the intelligent launch controls , competition mode ESC and extended cruise control systems which are all standard for E2 models excluding intelligent launch control which is only available with a manual transmission .
HSV E Series 3 or E3 commenced sales in 2011 . Model changes for the E series 3 include an option for LPI system ( for an extra $ 5990 ) allowing the vehicle to run on LPG and unleaded petrol ; the LPI system is not available on the ClubSport R8 Tourer . Cosmetic changes include a new spoiler and revised exhaust tips . HSV E Series 3 models reach 0 @-@ 100kmp in 5 @.@ 8 seconds . The HSV E Series 3 introduced the new HSV Enhanced Driver Interface ; it has the same interface as the Holden IQ ( found in VE Series II Commodores ) but with added function . The system allows users to access the car 's computer and monitor fuel consumption , stability , g @-@ force and vehicle dynamics . Other functions include data logging options , digital gauge displays , stopwatch , driver and racing options , along with controls for the Grange 's Bi @-@ Modal exhaust and Side Blind @-@ Zone Alert . The HSV Enhanced Driver Interface and satellite navigation is standard across the E series 3 range .
= = = = Vauxhall VXR = = = =
350 VXR8s per year were scheduled for official importation into the UK , at a price of £ 35 @,@ 105 . The LS3 V8 is particularly popular among tuners in the USA , so performance parts are widely available . The most dramatic warranted upgrade is the £ 7 @,@ 000 supercharger kit , which ups power to 395 kW ( 537 PS ; 530 hp ) . Imports to the US were previously sold as Pontiac G8 , with V6 , L76 V8 , or an LS3 V8 engine in the GXP trim . The supercharged edition Bathurst VXR8 was reviewed on Top Gear , and its power @-@ lap time was 1 min 26 @.@ 3 seconds , a similar time to the old BMW M5 E60 .
In July 2010 , Autocar reported that , " VXR8 was quietly dropped from the price lists several months ago " after stocks ran out . However , a facelifted version based on the new HSV E3 GTS was released to the UK market in April 2011 at a price of around £ 49 @,@ 500 , almost £ 15 @,@ 000 more than the previous VXR8 , but significantly cheaper than most of its rivals , like the Mercedes E63 AMG and BMW M5 . Vauxhall has offered the 2011 Clubsport to UK customers as a special order model .
= = = = CSV CR8 = = = =
In 2007 , the same model was exported to the Middle East badged as the CSV CR8 , albeit in left hand drive . In this instance , CSV stands for " Chevrolet Special Vehicles " , not to be confused with the unrelated , but also Holden Commodore @-@ based Corsa Specialised Vehicles ( CSV ) cars .
= = = GTS = = =
The fundamental underpinnings are based on the mainstream VE Commodore models of the same years . The car is powered by GM 's 6 @.@ 2 litre LS3 V8 engine , with a maximum power output of 442 PS ( 325 kW ) . Buyers have the option of a six @-@ speed manual transmission or six @-@ speed automatic transmission ; the manual is capable of reaching 0 – 100 km / h ( 0 – 62 mph ) in 5 @.@ 5 seconds and the automatic is capable of 0 – 100 km / h ( 0 – 62 mph ) in 5 @.@ 6 seconds .
E Series 1
The GTS has usually used a more powerful engine and robust drivetrain than other HSV models , however the E @-@ Series 1 GTS shared the 6.0L LS2 V8 engine with 412 bhp ( 307 kW ) of power and 405 lb · ft ( 550 N · m ) of torque , with the cheaper Clubsport and the luxury Senator . The major difference between the E @-@ Series GTS and other HSV models in the range is the Magnetic Ride Control ( MRC , or " MagneRide " ) . MRC utilises magnetorheological dampers to improve the car 's handling and dynamics . In the GTS , the MRC can be switched between Performance and Track response modes at the touch of a button . MRC is not available on the Clubsport ; it is standard equipment of the Senator , but switches between " Luxury " and " Performance " , there is no " Track " mode like the GTS has .
HSV claims the braking performance of the GTS is better than some of the world 's leading sports cars , including the BMW M5 , Mercedes @-@ Benz AMG CLS55 and Lamborghini Gallardo . The GTS can stop from 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) in just 36 metres , only 30 centimeters shy of a Porsche 997 .
E Series 2
Released in September 2009 , the E Series 2 HSV GTS incorporated a more powerful motor and drivetrain than other HSV models . It retains the same GM LS3 6.2L V8 engine but while the rest of the HSV range still have 317 kW or 425 bhp , the GTS engine is rated at ( 325 kW ) . Twin bonnet scoops have returned to this model from the styling of the Pontiac G8 . Other changes include the availability of launch control on manual versions , a recalibrated version of the magnetic ride control suspension with stiffer springs for the HSV GTS , wider wheels and a new high @-@ flow dual @-@ mode muffler system that produces a throatier roar under heavy acceleration . The E @-@ Series 2 stability control system also has a Competition setting which allows for more wheel slip for special track or motorsport applications . The cruise control brakes the car when it is travelling downhill to ensure its speed stays within one per cent of the set speed . This model has daytime running lights .
E Series 3
The E Series 3 was announced in September 2010 . It carried the same motor and drivetrain as before , and only minor changes to the exterior . In this series HSV focused on changes to the interior of the car as well as major upgrades to the computer systems and a new electronic interface called the HSV Enhanced Driver Interface . External changes included the shock wave exhaust tips and grilles and new HID Xenon adaptive projector headlamps . The control panel changes included a new ' Oracle Dash ' with upgraded trip computer , tire pressure monitors and fuel statistics ; the center console was reworked , introducing the Holden touchscreen IQ system and the HSV EDI performance data logging system ( similar to the Nissan GT @-@ R ) , which displays real @-@ time information on engine speed , brakes , gear shifts , g @-@ forces on the car , steering angle , fuel economy , stability control , Magnetic Ride Control suspension , car dynamics , Bi @-@ Modal Exhaust , battery voltage , oil pressure , power , torque , elevation , exhaust pressure , intake manifold pressure and air intake temp . The system includes preloaded race track locations , stop watches and track maps , satellite navigation , digital radio , Bluetooth , optional DVD player and ability to download data onto a PC using the Motech i2 software . The E Series 3 introduced ( SBZA ) Side Blind Zone Alert which uses ultrasonic sensors to alert drivers of traffic obstructions in blind spots . Using the HSV EDI the driver can customize operation of the car by for example turning off stability control and controlling the Bi @-@ Modal Exhaust . The E Series 3 offered the option of HSV LPI ( Liquid Propane Injection ) , an LPG Autogas system which allows the use of liquid propane as an alternative fuel . The LPI is controlled by the car 's ECU and seamlessly changes from petrol to LPG when the engine has reached optimum temperature ( when maximum engine power is required , the system automatically switches back to petrol ) .
= = = Maloo = = =
The all @-@ new E Series Maloo utility was a late arrival , released in October 2007 , and only available as the Maloo R8 . The Chevrolet Corvette @-@ based 6 litre LS2 V8 was now tuned to deliver 307 kW ( 412 hp ) and 550 N · m ( 410 lb · ft ) . Later 2008 and onwards models saw the power output rise to 317 kW ( 425 hp ) with the adoption of a 6 @.@ 2 @-@ litre LS3 V8 engine . Refinements on the E Series include Electronic Stability Control , five @-@ star ANCAP rating , and linear control suspension .
In August 2009 , the facelifted E Series 2 was released which uses the same drivetrain as the W427 with an upgraded dual plate clutch not found on previous models . Late in the model run , HSV released the limited edition GXP sedan and Maloo GXP ute , being amalgams of HSV and Pontiac G8 / ST components .
A mildly cosmetically altered E Series 3 was released in September 2010 , and with it a special 20 years of Maloo edition limited to just 100 examples , featuring unique exterior equipment , including matte black ' Vector E ' vents on the front guards and bonnet , 20 @-@ inch GTS alloy wheels , bi @-@ modal exhaust system , Side Blind Zone Alert ( SBZA ) , and new hero colours , including ' Hazard ' yellow . The interior of the 20th anniversary Maloo features special leather upholstery , satellite navigation , Enhanced Driver Interface ( EDI ) , and a specific rear window decal and numbered build plate . Will be available in North America in July 2015
= = = Senator = = =
The E Series Senator Signature is based on the VE Commodore and was released in August 2006 with 307 kW ( 411 hp ) of power . It is a four @-@ door , 5 seat sedan , is rated to tow a maximum of 1 @,@ 600 kg ( 3 @,@ 527 lb ) and is fitted with automatic transmission and leather interior as standard . The development cost for the E Series Senator was more than the VT , VX , Y Series and the Z Series Senators combined . In general , the HSV Senator Signature is a significantly more upmarket form of the Holden Calais @-@ V , with a matching pricetag .
The E Series Senator is 4 @,@ 943 mm ( 194 @.@ 6 in ) long and 1 @,@ 899 mm ( 74 @.@ 8 in ) wide , and the stopping distance from 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) is about 36 metres . The Senator is equipped with 19 @-@ inch , 10 @-@ spoke chrome shadow alloy wheels . The cabin features carbon fibre and imitation metal highlights . For the first time there are no visible wood grain trims that have featured in previous models . The rear lights on the Senator are full LED and were repositioned , lowering them by 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) to help differentiate the car from its Holden donor , creating sporting flair yet keeping the luxury image . The development cost to redesign the rear taillights cost HSV $ 3 million . The designers of the Senator have also attempted to add a more of a luxury feel to the car instead of favouring the aggressive side . The entry level price for the Senator Signature is $ 76 @,@ 990 , down $ 4 @,@ 000 from the previous model .
Like the E @-@ series HSV GTS , the suspension is fitted with switchable Magnetic Ride Control ( MRC , or " MagneRide " ) offering Luxury or Performance modes . It does this by electrically adjusting the viscosity of the ferrofluid inside the shock absorbers , producing different damping levels . Magnetic Ride Control also enhances braking by preventing forward weight transfer when the car is under heavy braking . The MRC system development took three years and cost HSV more than $ 4 @.@ 5 million .
Standard gear includes climate control , Blaupunkt sound , cruise control , full trip computer , rear park assist , traction control system , Electronic Stability Control , power mirrors and windows . The oil , voltage and temperature gauges are now digital . The interior offers a choice of light urban beige , white or black for the colours . The carpets remain dark as in the Holden Calais V @-@ Series . The Senator Signature also offers a number of options such as a roof mounted DVD player , front park assist , rain sensing wipers and door entry lamps . Satellite navigation will become available as an option in the near future .
From April 2008 , the HSV Senator Signature was fitted with the 6 @.@ 2 @-@ litre Generation 4 alloy LS3 V8 that delivered 317 kW ( 425 hp ) at 6000 rpm and 550 N · m ( 406 lb · ft ) at 4400 rpm . It can go from 0 to 100 km / h ( 0 – 60 mph ) in around 5 seconds and has a limited top speed of 250 km / h ( 160 mph ) . From this MY09 model onwards , the Senator Signature was available with an optional 6 @-@ speed manual transmission . In early 2009 , HSV introduced a base model Senator at the Melbourne Motor Show . This special model was priced from $ 69 @,@ 990 ( RRP ) with just 30 manual and 59 auto examples produced . While it retained the look of the Signature model , it was essentially a ClubSport with a Senator body kit and did without many of the luxury features mentioned above as well as the MRC suspension , GTS @-@ style seating and shadow chrome finish on the wheels .
In October 2009 , HSV released their E2 model upgrades which introduced the " Shockwave " theme to the exterior of the Senator Signature . It was applied in a more subtle way than seen on the ClubSport , GTS and Maloo models with the front end receiving a new grille and some LED daytime running lights while the rear was fitted with the same style of lower body kit as the other sedan models . As with other models in the E2 range , the Senator Signature was available with the " SV Enhanced Options " bi @-@ modal exhaust system and the 20 " Pentagon wheel in place of a re @-@ designed 19 " wheel . There were no interior styling updates for the E2 model .
2010 saw the arrival of the E3 HSV range which brought with it a raft of interior changes shared with the VE Series II upgrade of HSV 's donor vehicle , the Holden Commodore , such as the new Holden iQ audio / infotainment system and safety features such as Side Blind zone alert . It also brought HSV 's Enhanced Driver Interface ( EDI ) system to the Senator , a system that constantly streams real @-@ time vehicle dynamics and performance information to the touch screen in the centre console . The exterior remained mostly unchanged from the E2 model apart from the move to a 20 " forged alloy that was available in Dark Stainless or Gloss Black . The LS3 was upgraded to 325 kW ( 436 hp ) with the fitment of the E2 GTS ' bi @-@ modal exhaust system . The E3 was also available with the upgraded 6 @-@ piston brakes from the GTS and had the option of a modern LPG fuel system called LPI ( Liquid Propane Injection ) to help reduce the running costs .
= = = Senator SV08 = = =
This was a limited edition of 50 vehicles released in late 2008 in the " MY09.5 " model year . The photo at the top of this page is a SV08 . It was released alongside the limited edition 40 Years GTS . It was primarily to commemorate 20 years since the release of the SV88 , one of the first vehicles released by the then new HSV outfit . There were 20 manuals ( the first of the general run HSV E Series to use the TR6060 6 speed manual that had only been used in the W427 prior – straight from the current Corvette ) and 30 autos . They were released in only 3 colours , Nitrate ( silver ) Sting ( red ) & Voodoo ( blue ) . It was also the first VE model Senator to be officially released with a manual . Equipment levels & drivetrain were identical to the Senator Signature of the time . Unique features of the SV08 are : SV08 badging , 20 " Pentagon wheels , lower body gloss black accenting ( ran along the doors at the same level of the black accenting on the front & rear ) , chrome mirror head & door handle accents , SV08 sill plates & SV08 build plate .
= = = W427 = = =
The HSV W427 is the limited edition flagship of the initial E Series range by automobile manufacturer Holden Special Vehicles , released in celebration of the company 's 20th anniversary in 2008 , but produced until 2009 .
The W427 is based on the Holden VE Commodore , but powered by the 7.0L LS7 V8 . Power outputs are 510 PS ( 375 kW ; 503 bhp ) at 7000 rpm and 640 N · m ( 470 lb · ft ) at 5000 rpm , It features recalibrated Magnetic Ride Control ( MRC , or " MagneRide " ) and stiffer suspension settings than the HSV GTS , as well as a toughened 6 @-@ speed manual gearbox , a new exhaust system , larger 6 @-@ piston brakes , and strengthened limited @-@ slip differential .
The W427 's name is the result of a combination of factors . W is to honour the founder of HSV , Tom Walkinshaw . The 427 is simply the engine capacity in cubic inches , but it is also a nod to the HRT 427C , which won the 2002 and 2003 Bathurst 24 Hour motor races .
Consumer interest for production of the W427 actually began with the still @-@ born HRT 427 Coupe of 2002 , based on the Holden Monaro . The original W427 concept car was produced in the same body colour as the very first HSV model , the VL Commodore SS Group A SV .
The production version HSV W427 sedan was announced in August 2008 and retailed for A $ 155 @,@ 500 ( EUR € 90920 ) without optional equipment . Additional cost options amounted to three items : Electric Glass Sunroof , Satellite Navigation , and Rear Passenger Overhead DVD Player . Production was originally intended as a limited run of 427 cars . However , only 137 cars were built ( this number does not include the original concept car ) , sold only in Australia and New Zealand ( only three cars were exported to NZ ) .
Reportedly , Holden Special Vehicles offered the pre @-@ order of build no . 427 ( uniquely painted in " Panorama " silver ) to the Cairns Monaro collector Shawn Ryan , who purchased the 2002 HRT 427 coupe for $ 920 @,@ 000 in 2008 . The last W427 to be built was made to order in July 2009 , being build no . 137 in " Heron " whit · e , sold by Shacks HSV in Fremantle , Western Australia , and personally signed by Tom Walkinshaw .
The HSV W427 will be noted in TWR / HSV history as the only car to which Tom Walkinshaw ' personally ' attached his name . It was not the first Holden Commodore @-@ based vehicle to be powered by a 7.0L LS7 V8 engine as that honour went to the more affordable Corsa Specialised Vehicles GTS .
Total production by colour option
* includes 2 Panorama ( silver metallic ) and 1 Lamborghini green ( metallic ) units .
= = Model year changes = =
Like the VZ model before it , Holden with the VE have continued to moderate the long @-@ standing tradition of implementing substantial updates marked by the frequent use of new model designations ( such and VT , VX , and VY ) successively interspersed with " Series II " and occasional " Series III " revisions . Holden have instead implemented a series of running changes over VE 's lifetime , signified by the model year ( MY ) :
MY08 : models came in April 2007 . The horizontal wood grain key line across the dash on the Berlina was replaced by a matte silver insert . Also , the recessed buttons on the Omega key fob were now raised and made of a more durable plastic . This did not affect the remaining variants , fitted with the " flip @-@ out " key fob from launch .
MY08.5 : changes from August 2007 coincided with launch of the VE Ute .
MY09 : models were launched on 15 March 2008 . Six airbags were made standard across the range — Omega and SV6 variants were previously fitted with two and four airbags respectively . Omega models also received standard fitment of air conditioning , 16 @-@ inch alloy wheels , body colour wing mirrors and door handles , and a new grille insert with chrome highlights . Revised alloy wheel designs were featured on the Calais ( seven @-@ spoke ) and Calais V ( 10 @-@ spoke ) .
MY09.5 : upgrades affected models ordered from 21 October 2008 and produced from November . Instrument cluster illumination was commonised to white . The turn @-@ by @-@ turn navigation and Berlina V8 options were removed . Engine wise , the " premium " version of the Alloytec V6 was now fitted to the Omega and Berlina , bringing improved fuel consumption and a slight reduction in engine output ( see above ) . A range of safety upgrades were also introduced ( see above ) . Further MY09.5 changes were introduced in March 2009 . The space @-@ saver spare wheel were discontinued and replaced by two no @-@ cost options : either a lightweight tyre inflator kit or a full @-@ size spare wheel ( previously an extra cost ) . Sportwagon variants of the Calais V and SS V receive an alloy spare wheel if the full @-@ size spare is chosen , while the remainder of the line @-@ up receives a steel wheel spare . March also signalled an opportunity for Holden to replace the dark @-@ grey horizontal dashboard strip and steering wheel spokes as used on the SV6 , SS and SS V to a matte silver type . The safety improvements made to the Omega sedan from October production onwards were also introduced for the Omega Sportwagon ( see above ) , and the " V @-@ Series " insignia used on SS V and Calais V models was removed , replaced by a single " SS V " or " Calais V " badge .
MY10 : versions of the VE were released in September 2009 . New 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre and 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre V6s have been introduced , featuring Spark Ignition Direct Injection ( SIDI ) and coupled to a new six @-@ speed automatic transmission ( see above ) . These revised powertrains are marketed as part of Holden 's EcoLine range . Visually , all SIDI versions are distinguished by relocated and additional EcoLine badging . 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre versions now utilise twin exhaust outlets . Updated cars also gain a recalibrated suspension setup and an extra ball @-@ joint in the rear suspension ( previously introduced on the Sportwagon ) ; the result is increased tautness and improved handling in models fitted with 18 and 19 @-@ inch diameter wheels . These cars are also equipped with a larger 24 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 9 in ) rear stabiliser bar . Additional engine bay sound deadening and a new muffler have resulted in reduced noise , vibration , and harshness . Elsewhere , the fitment of lighter low rolling @-@ resistance tyres aids fuel consumption by minimising friction .
= = = Series II = = =
MY11 : revisions to the styling identify this update , marketed by Holden as the " Series II " . Announced on 31 August 2010 , and launched on 10 September , MY11 heralded styling changes across the range by way of new front fascias , the addition of aerodynamic lip detailing to the decklids of sedans , and new alloy wheel designs on the Berlina specification and higher . Front @-@ end changes comprise partially reshaped headlamps , redesigned bumpers , and an enlarged grille with restyled inserts that differ throughout the model range . Inside , the interiors receive a redesigned centre console stack incorporating a new 6 @.@ 5 @-@ inch touchscreen , new dashboard , rearranged controls , reconfigured ventilation outlets , and updates to trimmings and illumination colours . SV6 , SS and SS V interiors are differentiated via the application of circular air vents . Standard on all models is the 6 @.@ 5 @-@ inch infotainment system developed primarily by Siemens VDO . Dubbed " Holden @-@ iQ " , this integrates media playback and control functions . The iQ head unit replaces the previous mechanical CD stacker with a single slot and built in storage for approximately 15 CDs worth of music ( internal storage optional on the Omega ) . The system also features full iPod integration , USB and auxiliary input , and incorporates Bluetooth handsfree telephone compatibility and music streaming . On V @-@ Series specifications , iQ incorporates satellite navigation with live traffic updates , speed zone alerts and traffic camera notification . Sedans and wagons specified with navigation also receive a reversing camera .
In terms of powertrain , the MY11 brought flex @-@ fuel capability for the 3 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V6 and 6 @.@ 0 @-@ litre V8 , allowing them to run on E85 bio @-@ ethanol ( see above ) . With the MY11 update , Holden also introduced a new " Redline " sports package as an option on V @-@ Series models . The package includes lightweight , forged and polished 19 @-@ inch multi @-@ spoke alloy wheels from the Pontiac G8 GXP . Other Redline additions encompass four @-@ piston Brembo high @-@ performance brakes , stiffer " FE3 " suspension and chromed window surrounds for sedans , and the fitment of the tyre inflater kit on the Redline Ute .
MY12 : Holden commenced production of the MY12 update Commodore on 6 September 2011 . This followed Holden 's 2 September announcement that mechanical changes would be limited to efficiency improvements and the implementation of E85 compatibility for the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ litre SIDI V6 . As part of the cosmetic update , the Omega gains new seven @-@ spoke 16 @-@ inch alloy wheels and chrome highlights for the lower outboard fascia inserts , while the Berlina receives new chrome highlighted foglight surrounds . The Calais V adds a new boot lip spoiler , which will be available as an accessory for other MY12 sedans . SV6 and SS models score a new chrome @-@ highlighted lower airdam and front grille surround , with V @-@ Series versions of the SS acquiring additional chrome @-@ accented lower outboard inserts . Redline editions of the SS V gain redesigned 19 @-@ inch wheels , red painted brake calipers , and the fitment of " FE3 " suspension is extended to the Sportwagon and Ute variants .
MY12.5 :
= = Production = =
At the time of launch in Australia , Ford 's BF Falcon directly competed with the VE Commodore . In November 2006 Toyota released their key Aurion model to the Australian market . The front @-@ wheel drive Mitsubishi 380 also indirectly competed with the Holden Commodore but has since been discontinued .
The VE Commodore was well received in the Australian market , where it has consistently outsold rivals in the large car segment . Sales at one point were nearly double that of its closest segment competitor , the Ford Falcon . However , this gap has narrowed since the release of a new Falcon FG model . VE 's position as Australia 's outright best selling car was challenged in 2007 and overtaken during some months in 2008 by the Toyota Corolla in the face of increasing petrol prices . However , the release of the Sportwagon in mid @-@ 2008 has helped to re @-@ establish its number one sales position by accounting for more than 30 percent of total Commodore sales . In 2007 the VE Commodore became the fifth Commodore model to receive the Wheels Car of the Year award .
The last VE produced was a Commodore SS V @-@ Series automatic sedan , pained Chlorophyll green and destined for a Northern Territory dealer . Since July 2006 , Holden produced more than 520 @,@ 000 units of which 350 @,@ 000 were sold in Australia .
= = = Exports = = =
The full Holden VE range was exported and sold to New Zealand , whereas in the Middle East and South Africa it was re @-@ branded as the Chevrolet Lumina . Sales of the Berlina began in 2007 for Brazilian market as the Chevrolet Omega . Pontiac in North America also imported Commodore sedans from 2008 through to 2009 as the G8 . The G8 's cessation was a consequence of GM 's Chapter 11 bankruptcy resulting in the demise of the Pontiac brand . Unlike the Chevrolet Lumina and Omega , the Pontiac received several unique features including a revised L76 engine with Active Fuel Management as opposed to the Commodore 's L98 , and appearance changes .
= = = Bitter Vero Sport = = =
In 2009 , the small @-@ scale German manufacturer , Bitter , which specializes in rebodying existing vehicles , unveiled its " Vero Sport " at the Geneva Motor Show . It was based on the Commodore SS and its production ended in 2012 .
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= Nashville sit @-@ ins =
The Nashville sit @-@ ins , which lasted from February 13 to May 10 , 1960 , were part of a nonviolent direct action campaign to end racial segregation at lunch counters in downtown Nashville , Tennessee . The sit @-@ in campaign , coordinated by the Nashville Student Movement and Nashville Christian Leadership Council , was notable for its early success and emphasis on disciplined nonviolence .
Over the course of the campaign , sit @-@ ins were staged at numerous stores in Nashville 's central business district . Sit @-@ in participants , who consisted mainly of black college students , were often verbally or physically attacked by white onlookers . Despite their refusal to retaliate , over 150 students were eventually arrested for refusing to vacate store lunch counters when ordered to do so by police . At trial , the students were represented by a group of 13 lawyers , headed by Z. Alexander Looby . On April 19 , Looby 's home was bombed ; however , neither he nor his wife was injured . Later that day , nearly 4000 people marched to City Hall to confront Mayor Ben West about the escalating violence . When asked if he believed the lunch counters in Nashville should be desegregated , West agreed that they should . After subsequent negotiations between the store owners and protest leaders , an agreement was reached during the first week of May . On May 10 , six downtown stores began serving black customers at their lunch counters for the first time .
Although the initial campaign successfully desegregated downtown lunch counters , sit @-@ ins , pickets , and protests against other segregated facilities continued in Nashville until passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which ended overt , legally sanctioned segregation nationwide . Many of the organizers of the Nashville sit @-@ ins went on to become important leaders in the Civil Rights Movement .
= = Historical context = =
In 1896 , the United States Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of " separate but equal " . This decision led to the proliferation of Jim Crow laws throughout the United States . These laws mandated segregation in virtually all spheres of public life and allowed racial discrimination to flourish across the country , especially in the Southern United States .
In Nashville , like most Southern cities , African Americans were severely disadvantaged under the system of Jim Crow segregation . Besides being relegated to underfunded schools and barred from numerous public accommodations , African Americans had few prospects for skilled employment and were subject to constant discrimination from the white majority .
Although serious efforts were made to oppose Jim Crow laws in Nashville as early as 1905 , it was not until 1958 , with the formation of the Nashville Christian Leadership Council , that Nashville 's African American community would lay the foundation for dismantling racial segregation .
= = Precursors and organization = =
The Nashville Christian Leadership Council ( or NCLC ) , was founded by the Reverend Kelly Miller Smith , pastor of First Baptist Church , Capitol Hill . This organization was an affiliate of Martin Luther King , Jr . ' s Southern Christian Leadership Conference and was established to promote civil rights for African Americans through nonviolent civil disobedience . Smith believed that Americans would be more sympathetic to desegregation if African Americans obtained their rights through peaceful demonstration rather than through the judicial system .
From March 26 to March 28 , 1958 , the NCLC held the first of many workshops on using nonviolent tactics to challenge segregation . These workshops were led by James Lawson , who had studied the principles of nonviolent resistance while working as a missionary in India . The workshops were mainly attended by students from Fisk University , Tennessee A & I ( later Tennessee State University ) , American Baptist Theological Seminary ( later American Baptist College ) , and Meharry Medical College . Among those attending Lawson 's sessions were students who would become significant leaders in the Civil Rights Movement , among them : Marion Barry , James Bevel , Bernard Lafayette , John Lewis , Diane Nash , and C. T. Vivian .
During these workshops it was decided that the first target for the group 's actions would be downtown lunch counters . At the time , African Americans were allowed to shop in downtown stores but were not allowed to eat in the stores ' restaurants . The group felt that the lunch counters were a good objective because they were highly visible , easily accessible , and provided a stark example of the injustices black Southerners faced every day .
In late 1959 , James Lawson and other members of the NCLC 's projects committee met with department store owners Fred Harvey and John Sloan , and asked them to voluntarily serve African Americans at their lunch counters . Both men declined , saying that they would lose more business than they would gain . The students then began doing reconnaissance for sit @-@ in demonstrations . The first test took place at Harveys Department Store in downtown Nashville on November 28 , followed by the Cain @-@ Sloan store on December 5 . Small groups of students purchased items at the stores and then sat at their lunch counters and attempted to order food . Their goal was to try to sense the mood and degree of resistance in each store . Although they were refused service at both lunch counters , the reactions varied significantly . At Harveys , they received surprisingly polite responses , while at Cain @-@ Sloan they were treated with contempt . These reconnaissance actions were low @-@ key and neither of the city 's newspapers was notified of them .
= = Full @-@ scale demonstrations = =
Before the students in Nashville had a chance to formalize their plans , events elsewhere brought renewed urgency to the effort . During the first week of February 1960 , a small sit @-@ in demonstration in Greensboro , North Carolina grew into a significant protest with over eighty students participating by the third day . Although similar demonstrations had occurred previously in other cities , this was the first to attract substantial media attention and public notice . When Lawson 's group met the subsequent Friday night , about 500 new volunteers showed up to join the cause . Although Lawson and other adult organizers argued for delay , the student leaders insisted that the time had come for action .
The first large @-@ scale organized sit @-@ in was on Saturday , February 13 , 1960 . At about 12 : 30 pm , 124 students , most of them black , walked into the downtown Woolworths , S. H. Kress , and McClellan stores and asked to be served at the lunch counters . After the staff refused to serve them , they sat in the stores for two hours and then left without incident .
On the Monday following the first sit @-@ in , the Baptist Minister 's Conference of Nashville , representing 79 congregations , unanimously voted to support the student movement , thus throwing the weight of Nashville 's black religious community behind the students . Local religious leaders called on people of good will to boycott downtown merchants who practiced segregation . Nashville 's black community strongly supported the boycott , causing economic hardship for the merchants .
The second sit @-@ in occurred on Thursday , February 18 , when more than 200 students entered Woolworths , S. H. Kress , McClellan , and Grants . The lunch counters were immediately closed . The students remained for about half an hour and then left , again without incident . The third sit @-@ in occurred on February 20 when about 350 students entered the previous four stores and the downtown Walgreens drugstore . As the students sat at the counters , crowds of white youths gathered in several of the stores . Police kept a watchful eye on all five locations , but no incidents of violence occurred . The students remained for nearly three hours until adjourning to a mass meeting at the First Baptist Church .
Tensions mounted over the following week as sit @-@ in demonstrations spread to other cities and race riots broke out in nearby Chattanooga . On February 27 , the Nashville student activists held a fourth sit @-@ in at the Woolworths , McClellan , and Walgreens stores . Crowds of white youths again gathered in the stores to taunt and harass the demonstrators . This time , however , police were not present . Eventually , several of the sit @-@ in demonstrators were attacked by hecklers in the McClellan and Woolworths stores . Some were pulled from their seats and beaten , and one demonstrator was pushed down a flight of stairs . When police arrived , the white attackers fled and none were arrested . Police then ordered the demonstrators at all three locations to leave the stores . When the demonstrators refused to leave , they were arrested and loaded into police vehicles as onlookers applauded . Eighty @-@ one students were arrested and charged with loitering and disorderly conduct .
The arrests brought a surge of media coverage to the sit @-@ in campaign , including national television news coverage , front page stories in both of Nashville 's daily newspapers , and an Associated Press story . The students generally viewed any media coverage as helpful to their cause , especially when it illustrated their commitment to nonviolence .
Several other sit @-@ ins took place over the following two months , resulting in more arrests and further attacks against sit @-@ in participants . Over 150 students were arrested . Throughout the demonstrations , the student activists maintained a policy of disciplined nonviolence . Their written code of conduct became a model followed by demonstrators in other cities :
" Do not strike back or curse if abused . Do not laugh out . Do not hold conversations with the floor walker . Do not leave your seat until your leader has given you permission to do so . Do not block entrances to stores outside nor the aisles inside . Do show yourself courteous and friendly at all times . Do sit straight ; always face the counter . Do report all serious incidents to your leader . Do refer information seekers to your leader in a polite manner . Remember the teachings of Jesus , Gandhi , Martin Luther King . Love and nonviolence is the way . "
= = Trials and Lawson expulsion = =
The trials of the sit @-@ in participants attracted widespread interest throughout Nashville and the surrounding region . On February 29 , the first day of the trials , a crowd of more than 2000 people lined the streets surrounding the city courthouse to show their support for the defendants . A group of 13 lawyers , headed by Z. Alexander Looby , represented the students . Initially , the trial was presided over by City Judge Andrew J. Doyle . Doyle dismissed the loitering charges against the students and then stepped down from the bench , turning the trial over to Special City Judge John I. Harris .
Despite strong support from the black community , all the students who had been arrested were convicted of disorderly conduct and fined $ 50 . The students refused to pay the fines , however , and chose instead to serve thirty @-@ three days in the county workhouse . Diane Nash issued a statement on behalf of the students explaining the decision : " We feel that if we pay these fines we would be contributing to and supporting the injustice and immoral practices that have been performed in the arrest and conviction of the defendants . "
The same day the trials began , a group of black ministers , including James Lawson , met with Mayor Ben West to discuss the sit @-@ ins . Coverage of the meeting by the local press , including a scathing editorial in the Nashville Banner denouncing Lawson as a " flannel @-@ mouth agitator " , brought Lawson 's activities to the attention of Vanderbilt University where he was enrolled as a Divinity School student . When Lawson was confronted by Vanderbilt 's executive committee and told he would have to end his involvement with the sit @-@ ins , Lawson refused . He was immediately expelled from the university .
= = Biracial Committee = =
On March 3 , in an effort to defuse the racial tensions caused by the sit @-@ ins , Mayor West announced the formation of a Biracial Committee to seek a solution to the city 's racial strife . The committee included the presidents of two of the city 's black universities , but did not include any representatives from the student movement . The committee met several times over the next month and delivered its recommendations in a report on April 5 . The committee recommended to partially integrate the city 's lunch counters . Each store would have one section that was for whites only and another section for whites and blacks . This solution was rejected by the student leaders , who considered the recommendations to be morally unacceptable and based upon a policy of segregation . Less than a week after the Biracial Committee issued its report , the sit @-@ ins resumed and the boycott of downtown businesses was intensified .
= = Looby residence bombing = =
At 5 : 30 am on April 19 , dynamite was thrown through a front window of Z. Alexander Looby 's home in north Nashville , apparently in retaliation for his support of the demonstrators . Although the explosion almost destroyed the house , Looby and his wife , who were asleep in a back bedroom , were not injured . More than 140 windows in a nearby dormitory were broken by the blast .
Rather than discouraging the protesters , this event served as a catalyst for the movement . Within hours , news of the bombing had spread throughout the community . Around noon , nearly 4000 people marched silently to City Hall to confront the mayor . Mayor West met the marchers at the courthouse steps . Reverend C. T. Vivian read a prepared statement accusing the mayor of ignoring the moral issues involved in segregation and turning a blind eye to violence and injustice . Diane Nash then asked the mayor if he felt it was wrong to discriminate against a person based solely on their race or skin color . West answered that he agreed it was wrong . Nash then asked him if he believed that lunch counters in the city should be desegregated . West answered , " Yes " , then added , " That 's up to the store managers , of course . "
Coverage of this event varied significantly between Nashville 's two major newspapers . The Tennessean emphasized the mayor 's agreement that lunch counters should be desegregated , while the Nashville Banner emphasized the mayor 's statement that it was up to the city 's merchants to decide whether to desegregate . This was largely indicative of the two papers ' opposing stances on the issue . Regardless , the mayor 's response was later cited as an important turning point by both activists and Nashville business owners .
The day after the bombing Martin Luther King , Jr. came to Nashville to speak at Fisk University . During the speech , he praised the Nashville sit @-@ in movement as " the best organized and the most disciplined in the Southland . " He further stated that he came to Nashville " not to bring inspiration but to gain inspiration from the great movement that has taken place in this community . "
= = Desegregation = =
After weeks of secret negotiations between merchants and protest leaders , an agreement was finally reached during the first week of May . According to the agreement , small , selected groups of African Americans would order food at the downtown lunch counters on a day known in advance to the merchants . The merchants would prepare their employees for the event and instruct them to serve the customers without trouble . This arrangement would continue in a controlled manner for a couple of weeks and then all controls would be taken off , at which point the merchants and protest leaders would reconvene to evaluate the results . Also as part of the agreement , the media was to be informed of the settlement and requested to provide only accurate , non @-@ sensational coverage .
On May 10 , six downtown stores opened their lunch counters to black customers for the first time . The customers arrived in groups of two or three during the afternoon and were served without incident . At the same time , African Americans ended their six @-@ week @-@ old boycott of the downtown stores . The plan continued successfully and the lunch counters were integrated without any further incidents of violence . Nashville thus became the first major city in the South to begin desegregating its public facilities .
Although the end of the sit @-@ in campaign brought a brief respite for civil rights activists in Nashville , institutionalized racism remained a problem throughout the city . Over the next few years , further sit @-@ ins , pickets , and other actions would take place at restaurants , movie theaters , public swimming pools , and other segregated facilities across Nashville . These actions continued until Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which prohibited segregation in public places throughout the United States . In that year , many of the key figures of the sit @-@ ins , including James Lawson and Kelly Miller Smith , were interviewed by Robert Penn Warren for his book Who Speaks for the Negro ? , in which they reflected on their experiences .
= = Fiftieth anniversary = =
Several events were held during 2010 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Nashville sit @-@ ins .
On January 20 , Vanderbilt University hosted a panel discussion entitled " Veterans of the Nashville Sit @-@ ins - The Struggle Continues " . The featured speakers were Kwame Leo Lillard and Matthew Walker , Jr .
Tennessee State Museum hosted an exhibition from February 4 to May 16 entitled " We Shall Not Be Moved : The 50th Anniversary of Tennessee 's Civil Rights Sit @-@ Ins " .
At Tennessee State University on February 10 , the 29th annual Conference on African American History and Culture held a special commemoration of the sit @-@ ins , with Diane Nash as the featured guest speaker .
On February 12 , Vanderbilt University hosted a panel discussion on media coverage of the Nashville sit @-@ ins . The featured speakers were James Lawson and John Seigenthaler .
The downtown Nashville library hosted a photography exhibit entitled " Visions & Voices : The Civil Rights Movement in Nashville & Tennessee " from February 9 to May 22 .
Author and commentator Juan Williams led a forum to discuss civil rights issues at the downtown Nashville library auditorium on February 13 .
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= Cracker Barrel =
Cracker Barrel Old Country Store , Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme . The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969 ; its first store was in Lebanon , Tennessee , which remains the company headquarters . The chain 's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern US , but it has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s . As of September 18 , 2012 , the chain operates 630 stores in 42 states .
Cracker Barrel 's menu is based on traditional Southern cuisine , with appearance and decor designed to resemble an old @-@ fashioned general store . Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs , a stone fireplace , and decorative artifacts from the local area . Cracker Barrel is known for its partnerships with country music performers . It has received attention for its charitable activities , such as its assistance of victims of Hurricane Katrina and injured war veterans .
During the 1990s , the company was the subject of controversy for its official stance against gay and lesbian employees and for discriminatory practices against African American and female employees . A U.S. Department of Justice ( USDOJ ) investigation found that Cracker Barrel discriminated against minority customers ; patrons complained of racially segregated seating and service quality . In an agreement with the USDOJ , Cracker Barrel has implemented non @-@ discrimination policies and pledged to focus on improving minority representation and civic involvement , particularly in the black community . Company shareholders added sexual orientation to the company 's non @-@ discrimination policy in 2002 .
= = History = =
= = = First location and early company history = = =
Cracker Barrel was founded in 1969 by Dan Evins , a sales representative for Shell Oil , who developed the restaurant and gift store concept initially as a plan to improve gasoline sales . Designed to resemble the traditional country store that he remembered from his childhood , with a name chosen to give it a Southern country theme , Cracker Barrel was intended to attract the interest of highway travelers . The first restaurant was built close to Interstate 40 , in Lebanon , Tennessee . It opened in September 1969 , serving Southern cuisine including biscuits , grits , country ham , and turnip greens .
Evins incorporated Cracker Barrel in February 1970 , and soon opened more locations . In the early 1970s , the firm leased land on gasoline station sites near interstate highways to build restaurants . These early locations all featured gas pumps on @-@ site ; during gasoline shortages in the mid to late 1970s , the firm began to build restaurants without pumps . Into the early 1980s , the company reduced the number of gas stations on @-@ site , eventually phasing them out altogether as the company focused on its restaurant and gift sales revenues . Cracker Barrel became a publicly traded company in 1981 to raise funds for further expansion . It floated more than half a million shares , raising $ 4 @.@ 6 million . Following the initial public offering , Cracker Barrel grew at a rate of around 20 percent per year ; by 1987 , the company had become a chain of more than 50 units in eight states , with annual net sales of almost $ 81 million .
= = = New markets and refocus = = =
The company grew consistently through the 1980s and 1990s , attaining a $ 1 billion market value by 1992 . In 1993 , the chain 's revenue was nearly twice that of any other family restaurant .
In 1994 , the chain tested a carry @-@ out @-@ only store , Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Corner Market , in suburban residential neighborhoods . In addition , it expanded into new markets through the establishment of more traditional Cracker Barrel locations , the majority of them outside the South , and tested alterations to its menus to adapt to new regions . The chain added regional dishes to its menus , including eggs and salsa in Texas and Reuben sandwiches in New York , but continued to offer its original menu items in all restaurants .
By September 1997 , Cracker Barrel had 314 restaurants , and aimed to increase the number of stores by approximately 50 per year over the following five years . The firm closed its Corner Market operations in 1997 , and refocused on its restaurant and gift @-@ store locations . Its then president , Ron Magruder , stated that the chain was concentrating on strengthening its core theme , offering traditional foods and retail in a country @-@ store setting , with good service and country music . The chain opened its first restaurant and gift store not located near a highway in 1998 , in Dothan , Alabama . In the 2000s , in the wake of incidents including charges of racial discrimination and controversy over its policy of firing gay employees , the firm launched a series of promotional activities including a nationwide book drive and a sweepstakes with trips to the Country Music Association Awards and rocking chairs among the prizes .
= = = Recent operations = = =
The number of combined restaurants and stores owned by Cracker Barrel increased between 1997 and 2000 , to more than 420 locations . In 2000 and 2001 , the company addressed staffing and infrastructure issues related to this rapid growth by implementing a more rigorous recruitment strategy and introducing new technology , including an order @-@ placement system . From the late 1990s to the mid @-@ 2000s , the company focused on opening new locations in residential areas to attract local residents and workers as customers . It updated its marketing in 2006 to encourage new customers , changing the design of its highway billboard advertisements to include images of menu items . Previously the signs had featured only the company 's logo . By 2011 , Cracker Barrel had opened more than 600 restaurants in 42 states . It was announced on January 17 , 2012 , that company founder Dan Evins had died of bladder cancer .
= = Restaurants = =
= = = Food and gift shop = = =
As a Southern @-@ themed chain , Cracker Barrel serves traditional Southern comfort food often described as " down @-@ home " country cooking , and sells gift items including simple toys representative of the 1950s and 1960s , toy vehicles , puzzles and woodcrafts . Also sold are country music CDs , DVDs of early classic television , cookbooks , baking mixes , kitchen novelty decor , and early classic brands of candy and snack foods . Breakfast is served all day , and there are two menus : one for breakfast , the other for lunch and dinner . Since the first restaurant opened , the menu has featured Southern specialties , including biscuits , fried chicken , and catfish ; seasonal and regional menu items were added during the 1980s and 1990s . In 2007 , Cracker Barrel announced plans to remove artificial trans fats from its menu items .
= = = Locations , service , and decor = = =
For much of its early history , Cracker Barrel decided to locate its restaurants along the Interstate Highway System , and the majority of its restaurants remain close to interstate and other highways . Cracker Barrel is known for the loyalty of its customers , particularly travelers who are likely to spend more at restaurants than locals .
The locations are themed around the idea of a traditional Southern U.S. general store . Items used to decorate each store are authentic artifacts , including everyday objects from the early 1900s and after . Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs , a wooden peg solitaire game on every table , and a stone fireplace with a deer head displayed above the mantel . In fact , each location has five common items : a shotgun , a cookstove , a deer head , a telephone and a traffic light . The peg games have been present in Cracker Barrel since the opening of the first store , and continue to be produced by the same family in Lebanon , Tennessee . The decor at each location typically includes artifacts related to the local history of the area , including antique household tools , old wall calendars and advertising posters , and antique photographs ; these are centrally stored in a warehouse in Tennessee , where they are cataloged and stockpiled for future use by individual store locations .
= = = Awards = = =
Destinations magazine has presented the chain with awards for best chain restaurant , and in 2010 and 2011 the Zagat survey named it the " Best Breakfast " . The chain was selected by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America as the 2011 OBIE Hall of Fame Award recipient for its long @-@ standing use of outdoor advertising . It was also named the " Best Family Dining " restaurant by a nationwide " Choice in Chains " consumer poll in Restaurants & Institutions magazine for 19 consecutive years .
= = Corporate overview = =
= = = Investment and business model = = =
Cracker Barrel restaurants are aimed at the family and casual dining market as well as retail sales . The chain also advertises to people traveling on the interstate highways , as the majority of its locations are close to highway exits . The company has promoted its cost controls to investors . The company has stated its goal to keep employee turnover low , to provide better trained staff . Since the 1980s , the firm has offered a formal training program with benefits for progressing through it to all of its employees .
The board of directors of Cracker Barrel has repeatedly been at odds with the largest shareholder , Biglari Holdings Inc .. The owner of Biglari Holdings , Sardar Biglari , controls a 19 @.@ 9 % share of the company , just short of the 20 % needed to trigger a shareholder rights plan , more commonly termed a " poison pill " . The poison pill was adopted after Biglari Holdings sought approval to purchase a 49 @.@ 99 % share of the company and join the board of directors .
Biglari Holdings purchased shares of Cracker Barrel in 2011 , and has been often critical of the transparency to shareholders , overspending on advertising , lack of customer value , capital funds mismanagement , and not maximizing shareholder value . Biglari has requested to be on the board of directors three times , and has been denied each time by a vote of shareholders . Biglari Holdings has also put forward a request for a one time $ 20 / share dividend to address perceived overly conservative capitalization , which was also rejected by shareholders . Cracker Barrel has responded by claiming Biglari has a " hidden agenda " and a conflict of interest by holding shares in other restaurant chains such as Steak ' n Shake .
= = = Community involvement = = =
Cracker Barrel has supported a wide range of charities through one @-@ off donations , promotional events , and partnerships with charitable organizations . The chain has supported charities and causes in communities where its restaurants are located , including the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Nashville after severe flooding in 2010 . In the same year Cracker Barrel established Cracker Barrel Cares Inc . , an employee @-@ funded non @-@ profit organization that provides support to Cracker Barrel employees . Cracker Barrel has also formed a partnership with the Wounded Warrior Project , a charity for injured veterans . In attempts to rebuild its image after several race @-@ related controversies , the firm has provided a scholarship through the National Black MBA Association , and job skills programs and sponsorships with 100 Black Men of America and the Restaurant and Lodging Association .
Cracker Barrel sponsored the NASCAR Atlanta 500 race at Atlanta Motor Speedway from 1999 to 2001 and the Grand Ole Opry from 2004 to 2009 . The company was the first presenting sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry . This sponsorship allowed the company to make connections within the Nashville music industry , following which it entered into partnership with a number of country music performers . The chain has established partnerships with artists including Alison Krauss , Charlie Daniels , Josh Turner , Kenny Rogers , Dolly Parton , Alan Jackson , and Alabama , to offer CD releases and merchandise .
= = Controversies = =
= = = LGBT policies = = =
In early 1991 , an intra @-@ company memo called for employees to be dismissed if they did not display " normal heterosexual values " . According to news reports , at least 11 employees were fired under the policy on a store @-@ by @-@ store basis from locations in Georgia and other states . After demonstrations by gay rights groups , the company ended its policy in March 1991 and stated it would not discriminate based on sexual orientation . The company 's founder , Dan Evins , subsequently described the policy as a mistake . From 1992 onward , the New York City Employees Retirement System , then a major shareholder , put forward proposals to add sexual orientation to the company 's non @-@ discrimination policy . An early proposal in 1993 was defeated , with 77 percent against and only 14 percent in support , along with 9 percent abstaining . It was not until 2002 that the proposals were successful ; 58 percent of company shareholders voted in favor of the addition .
Cracker Barrel achieved the lowest score ( 15 out of 100 ) of all rated food and beverage companies in the Human Rights Campaign 's 2008 Corporate Equality Index , a measure of LGBT workplace equality . Their score for 2011 had increased to a 55 . The 2011 survey noted that the firm had established a non @-@ discrimination policy and had introduced diversity training that included training related to sexual orientation . However , the company 's score for 2013 dropped to a 35 out of 100 , not having obtained the points related to non @-@ discrimination toward gender identity and health benefits for partners of LGBT employees and transgender @-@ inclusive benefits .
On December 20 , 2013 , Cracker Barrel announced it would no longer sell certain Duck Dynasty products which it was " concerned might offend some of [ its ] guests " after Phil Robertson , a star of the reality TV show , remarked in a GQ interview
Don 't be deceived . Neither the adulterers , the idolaters , the male prostitutes , the homosexual offenders , the greedy , the drunkards , the slanderers , the swindlers — they won 't inherit the kingdom of God . Don 't deceive yourself . It 's not right .
--Duck Dynasty 's Phil Robertson
Robertson also made " comments likening homosexuality to terrorism and bestiality " in the interview , and expressed views about race which attracted criticism . On December 22 , less than two days after pulling the products from its shelves , Cracker Barrel reversed its position after protests from customers .
= = = Race- and gender @-@ based discrimination lawsuits = = =
In July 1999 , a discrimination lawsuit was filed against Cracker Barrel by a group of former employees , who claimed that the company had discriminated against them on the grounds of race . In December 2001 , twenty @-@ one of the restaurant 's customers , represented by the same attorneys , filed a separate lawsuit , alleging racial discrimination in its treatment of guests . Regarding both accusations , Cracker Barrel officials disputed the claims and stated that the company was committed to fair treatment of its employees and customers .
In 2004 , an investigation by the U.S. Justice Department found evidence that Cracker Barrel had been segregating customer seating by race ; seating or serving white customers before seating or serving black customers ; providing inferior service to black customers , and allowing white servers to refuse to serve black customers . The Justice Department determined that the firm had violated Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The company was required to sign a five @-@ year agreement to introduce " effective nondiscrimination policies and procedures . " The terms included new equal opportunity training ; the creation of a new system to log , investigate , and resolve complaints of discrimination ; and the publicizing of its non @-@ discrimination policies . They were required to hire an outside auditor to ensure compliance with the terms of the settlement .
In 2006 , Cracker Barrel paid a $ 2 million settlement to end a lawsuit alleging race and sexual harassment at three Illinois restaurants . Cracker Barrel stores subsequently began displaying a sign in the front foyer explaining the company 's non @-@ discrimination policy , and added to its website and menu the policy and details on how to make a complaint .
Since the early 2000s , Cracker Barrel has provided training and resources to minority employees , to improve its image on diversity . These efforts involved outreach to minority employees , along with testing a training plan to help employees whose first language is Spanish to learn English . As of 2002 , minorities made up 23 percent of the company 's employees , including over 11 percent of its management and executives .
Cracker Barrel is on the Corporate Advisory Board for the Texas Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , and is a corporate sponsor of the NAACP Leadership 500 Summit . The company has been praised for its gender diversity , particularly on its board of directors , which includes three women out of eleven total board members . Its chief executive officer ( CEO ) , Sandra Cochran , is the second woman in Tennessee to hold that office in a publicly traded company .
= = Licensed products = =
In November 2012 , Cracker Barrel licensed its name to Smithfield Foods ' John Morrell Division in a deal to create a line of meat products to be sold in super markets and through other retail channels .
In response to this turn of events , Kraft Foods filed a trademark @-@ infringement lawsuit in February 2013 . Kraft has sold cheese in retail stores under their Cracker Barrel brand since 1954 . The corporation said that Cracker Barrel stores have not made significant sales of retail food products beyond their restaurant menu , and asked that the Smithfield Foods deal be nullified by the U.S. District Court in the Northern District of Illinois .
|
= Gary Gygax =
Ernest Gary Gygax ( / ˈɡaɪɡæks / GY @-@ gaks ) ( July 27 , 1938 – March 4 , 2008 ) was an American game designer and author best known for co @-@ creating with Dave Arneson the pioneering role @-@ playing game Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) . Gygax has been described as the father of D & D.
In the 1960s , Gygax created an organization of wargaming clubs and founded the Gen Con gaming convention . In 1971 , he helped develop Chainmail , a miniatures wargame based on medieval warfare . He co @-@ founded the company Tactical Studies Rules ( TSR , Inc . ) with childhood friend Don Kaye in 1973 . The following year , he and Arneson created D & D , which expanded on Gygax 's Chainmail and included elements of the fantasy stories he loved as a child . In the same year , he founded The Dragon , a magazine based around the new game . In 1977 , Gygax began work on a more comprehensive version of the game , called Advanced Dungeons & Dragons . Gygax designed numerous manuals for the game system , as well as several pre @-@ packaged adventures called " modules " that gave a person running a D & D game ( the " Dungeon Master " ) a rough script and ideas on how to run a particular gaming scenario . In 1983 , he worked to license the D & D product line into the successful D & D cartoon series .
After leaving TSR in 1985 over issues with its new majority owner , Gygax continued to create role @-@ playing game titles independently , beginning with the multi @-@ genre Dangerous Journeys in 1992 . He designed another gaming system called Lejendary Adventure , released in 1999 . In 2005 , Gygax was involved in the Castles & Crusades role @-@ playing game , which was conceived as a hybrid between the third edition of D & D and the original version of the game conceived by Gygax .
Gygax was married twice and had six children . In 2004 , Gygax suffered two strokes , narrowly avoided a subsequent heart attack , and was then diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm , from which he died in March 2008 .
= = Early life and inspiration = =
Gary Gygax was born in Chicago near Wrigley Field on July 27 , 1938 . He was the son of Almina Emelie ( Burdick ) and Swiss immigrant and Chicago Symphony Orchestra violinist Ernst Gygax . Gygax spent his early childhood in Chicago , but in 1946 he was involved in a brawl with a large group of boys , and his father decided to move the family to Lake Geneva , Wisconsin , where Gary 's mother 's family had settled in the early 19th century .
During his childhood and teen years , he developed a love of games and an appreciation for fantasy and science fiction literature . When he was five , he played card games such as pinochle and then board games such as chess . At the age of ten , he and his friends played the sort of games that eventually came to be called " live action role @-@ playing games " with one of them acting as a referee . His father introduced him to science fiction and fantasy through pulp novels . His interest in games , combined with an appreciation of history , eventually led Gygax to begin playing miniature war games in 1953 with his best friend Don Kaye . As teenagers Gygax and Kaye designed their own miniatures rules for toy soldiers with a large collection of 54 mm and 70 mm figures , where they used " ladyfingers " ( small firecrackers ) to simulate explosions .
Gygax dropped out of high school in his junior year and worked at odd jobs for a while , but he moved back to Chicago at age 19 to attend night classes in junior college . He also took anthropology classes at University of Chicago . The following year he married Mary Jo Powell . Their marriage produced five children : Ernest ( " Ernie " ) , Lucion ( " Luke " ) , Heidi , Cindy , and Elise . Gygax continued his night @-@ school classes and made the college Dean 's List . At the urging of his professors , he applied to the University of Chicago and was admitted . However , because he was married , he decided to take a full @-@ time job in insurance instead .
By December 1958 , the game Gettysburg from the Avalon Hill company had particularly captured Gygax 's attention . It was also from Avalon Hill that he ordered the first blank hexagon mapping sheets that were available , which he then employed to design his own games . Gygax became active in fandom and became involved in play @-@ by @-@ mail Diplomacy games , for which he designed his own variants . By 1966 he was active in the wargame hobby and was writing many magazine articles on the subject . Gygax learned about H. G. Wells ' Little Wars book for play of military miniatures wargames and Fletcher Pratt 's Naval Wargame book . Gygax later looked for innovative ways to generate random numbers , and he used not only common , six @-@ sided dice , but dice of all five platonic solid shapes , which he discovered in a school supply catalog .
In 1967 , he and his family moved back to Lake Geneva . Except for a few months he would spend in Clinton , Wisconsin , following his divorce , and his time in Hollywood while he was the head of TSR 's entertainment division , Lake Geneva would be his home for the rest of his life .
= = Wargames = =
During the 1960s , Gygax worked as an insurance underwriter for the Firemen 's Fund in Chicago . In 1967 , Gygax co @-@ founded the International Federation of Wargamers ( IFW ) with Bill Speer and Scott Duncan . The IFW grew rapidly , especially by assimilating several pre @-@ existing wargaming clubs , and aimed to promote interest in wargames of all periods . It provided a forum for wargamers , via its newsletters and societies , which enabled them to form local groups and share rules . In 1967 , Gygax organized a 20 @-@ person gaming meet in the basement of his home ; this event would later be referred to as " Gen Con 0 " . In 1968 , Gygax rented Lake Geneva 's vine @-@ covered Horticultural Hall for US $ 50 to hold the first Lake Geneva Convention , also known as the Gen Con gaming convention for short . Gen Con is now one of North America 's largest annual hobby @-@ game gatherings . Gygax met Dave Arneson , the future co @-@ creator of D & D , at the second Gen Con in August 1969 .
I 'm very fond of the Medieval period , the Dark Ages in particular . We started playing in the period because I had found appropriate miniatures . I started devising rules where what the plastic figure was wearing was what he had . If he had a shield and no armor , then he just has a shield . Shields and half @-@ armor |
= half @-@ armor rules ; full @-@ armor figure =
full armor rules . I did rules for weapons as well .
Together with Don Kaye , Mike Reese , and Leon Tucker , Gygax created a military miniatures society called Lake Geneva Tactical Studies Association ( LGTSA ) in 1970 , with its first headquarters in Gygax 's basement . Shortly thereafter in 1970 , Robert Kuntz and Gygax founded the Castle & Crusade Society of the IFW . Late in October 1970 , Gygax lost his job at the insurance company and then became a shoe repairman , which gave him more time for pursuing his interest in game development . In 1971 , he began working as editor @-@ in @-@ chief at Guidon Games , a publisher of wargames , for which he produced the board games Alexander the Great and Dunkirk : The Battle of France . Early that same year , Gygax published Chainmail , a miniatures wargame that simulated medieval @-@ era tactical combat , which he had originally written with hobby @-@ shop owner Jeff Perren . The Chainmail medieval miniatures rules were originally published in the Castle & Crusade Society 's fanzine The Domesday Book . Guidon Games hired Gygax to produce a " Wargaming with Miniatures " series of games , and a new edition of Chainmail ( 1971 ) was the first book in the series . Gygax also collaborated on Tractics ( WWII to c . 1965 , with Mike Reese & Leon Tucker ) and with Dave Arneson on the Napoleonic naval wargame Don 't Give Up the Ship !
The first edition of Chainmail included a fantasy supplement to the rules . These comprised a system for warriors , wizards , and various monsters of non @-@ human races drawn from the works of J. R. R. Tolkien and other sources . For wizards , Gygax included six spells that could be used to affect a battle , plus two " missiles " ( fire ball and lightning bolt ) . Dave Arneson adopted the Chainmail rules for his fantasy Blackmoor campaign . While visiting Lake Geneva in 1972 , Arneson ran his fantasy game using the new rules , and Gygax immediately saw the potential of role @-@ playing games .
Gygax and Arneson collaborated on " The Fantasy Game " , the role @-@ playing game which later became Dungeons & Dragons , basing their work on Arneson 's modified version of Chainmail for his Blackmoor campaign . Several aspects of the system governing magic in the game were inspired by The Dying Earth stories of fantasy author Jack Vance ( notably the fact that magic @-@ users in the game forget the spells that they have learned immediately upon casting them , and must re @-@ study them in order to cast them again ) , and the system as a whole drew upon the work of authors such as Robert E. Howard , L. Sprague de Camp , Michael Moorcock , Roger Zelazny , Poul Anderson , Tolkien , Bram Stoker , and others . In 1972 , Gygax and Arneson mailed the first 50 @-@ page copy of their Dungeons & Dragons rulebook to interested parties , which was followed by a second 150 @-@ page amateur edition of the rules that they mailed the next year . In 1973 , Gygax attempted to publish the game through Avalon Hill , who turned down his offer . Gygax 's D & D group had started off with himself , Ernie Gygax , Don Kaye , Rob Kuntz , and Terry Kuntz in 1972 ; the group had grown to a dozen players in 1973 , and by 1974 it sometimes included over 20 people , with Rob Kuntz becoming the co @-@ dungeon @-@ master of Gygax 's " Greyhawk " game so that each of them could referee groups of only a dozen players .
= = TSR = =
Gygax left Guidon Games in 1973 and , with Don Kaye as a partner , founded the publishing company Tactical Studies Rules ( later known as TSR , Inc . ) in October . The two men each invested US $ 1 @,@ 000 in the venture — Kaye had borrowed US $ 1 @,@ 000 on a life insurance policy — in order to finance the start @-@ up of TSR . However , this did not give them enough capital to publish the rules for Dungeons & Dragons , and they worried that other companies would be able to publish similar projects first . The two convinced acquaintance Brian Blume to join TSR in December 1973 as an equal one @-@ third partner . This brought the financing that enabled them to publish D & D. Gygax worked on rules for more miniatures and tabletop battle games , including Cavaliers and Roundheads ( English Civil War , with Jeff Perren ) , Classic Warfare ( Ancient Period : 1500 BC to 500 AD ) , and Warriors of Mars .
D & D appeared in 1973 at Eastercon , and pre @-@ release copies of the game were in circulation by the end of the year . The first commercial version of D & D was released by TSR in January 1974 as a boxed set . A hand @-@ assembled print run of 1 @,@ 000 copies , put together in Gygax 's home , sold out in less than a year . In the same year , Gygax created the magazine The Strategic Review with himself as editor , and then he hired Tim Kask to assist in the transition of this magazine into the fantasy periodical The Dragon , with Gygax as writer , columnist , and publisher ( from 1978 to 1981 ) . The Dragon debuted in June 1976 , and Gygax commented on its success years later : " When I decided that The Strategic Review was not the right vehicle , hired Tim Kask as a magazine editor for Tactical Studies Rules , and named the new publication he was to produce The Dragon , I thought we would eventually have a great periodical to serve gaming enthusiasts worldwide ... At no time did I ever contemplate so great a success or so long a lifespan . " Gygax wrote the supplements Greyhawk , Eldritch Wizardry , and Swords & Spells for the original D & D game . With Brian Blume , Gygax also designed the wild west @-@ oriented role @-@ playing game Boot Hill in 1975 . The Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set ( released in 1977 ) was a variation of the original D & D geared towards younger players and edited by J. Eric Holmes .
In 1975 , Gygax and Kaye were only 36 years old , and Kaye had not made any specific provision in his will regarding his one @-@ third share of the company , when he unexpectedly died of a heart attack in January 1975 . His share of TSR passed to his wife , a woman whom Gygax characterized as " less than personable ... After Don died she dumped all the Tactical Studies Rules materials off on my front porch . It would have been impossible to manage a business with her involved as a partner . " TSR relocated from Kaye 's dining room to Gygax 's basement . Neither Gygax nor Blume had the money to buy the shares owned by Kaye 's wife , and Blume persuaded Gygax to allow his father , Melvin Blume , to buy the shares and take Kaye 's place as an equal partner . In July 1975 , Gygax and Brian Blume officially formed TSR Hobbies Inc . , a new company controlled by Gygax , Brian Blume , and Melvin Blume . Gygax originally held 60 % ownership of this new TSR , but as part of the reorganization the new partners had to buy out Kaye 's widow and pay other fees , and Gygax was unable to contribute a fair share of these costs . His ownership eventually dropped to 30 % of the company , leaving him a minority stockholder . Gygax was hired on as TSR 's first full @-@ time employee in mid @-@ 1975 . In 1976 , TSR moved out of Gygax 's house into its first professional home , known as " The Dungeon Hobby Shop " .
= = = Advanced Dungeons & Dragons = = =
In 1977 , a new version of D & D , Advanced Dungeons & Dragons ( AD & D ) , was first published . The Monster Manual , released later that year , became the first supplemental rule book of the new system , and many more followed . The AD & D rules were not compatible with those of D & D , and as a result , D & D and AD & D became distinct product lines . Splitting the game lines created a rift between Gygax and Arneson as Gygax claimed AD & D was his own property and Arneson was due no royalties from it ; in 1979 , Arneson filed a lawsuit against TSR as a result , which was settled in March 1981 with the ruling that Arneson was not due compensation for the AD & D game .
Gygax wrote the AD & D hardcovers Players Handbook , Dungeon Masters Guide , Monster Manual , Monster Manual II , Unearthed Arcana , and Oriental Adventures . Gygax also wrote or co @-@ wrote numerous AD & D and basic D & D adventure modules , including The Keep on the Borderlands , Tomb of Horrors , Expedition to the Barrier Peaks , The Temple of Elemental Evil , The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun , Mordenkainen 's Fantastic Adventure , Isle of the Ape , and all seven of the modules later combined into Queen of the Spiders . In 1980 , Gygax 's long @-@ time campaign setting of Greyhawk was published in the form of the World of Greyhawk Fantasy World Setting folio , which was expanded in 1983 into the World of Greyhawk Fantasy Game Setting boxed set . Sales of the D & D game reached US $ 8 @.@ 5 million in 1980 . Gygax also provided assistance on the Gamma World science fantasy role @-@ playing game in 1981 and co @-@ authored the Gamma World adventure Legion of Gold .
In 1979 , a Michigan State University student , James Dallas Egbert III , allegedly disappeared into the school 's steam tunnels while playing a live @-@ action version of D & D. As a result , negative mainstream media attention focused on D & D as the cause . In 1982 , Patricia Pulling 's son killed himself . Blaming D & D for her son 's suicide , Pulling formed an organization named B.A.D.D. ( Bothered About Dungeons & Dragons ) to attack the game and the company that produced it . Gygax defended the game on a segment of 60 Minutes , which aired in 1985 . When death threats started arriving at the TSR office , Gygax hired a bodyguard . In 1982 , however , TSR 's annual D & D sales increased to US $ 16 million , and in January 1983 , The New York Times speculated that D & D might become " the great game of the 1980s " in the same manner that Monopoly was emblematic of the Great Depression .
In the early 1980s , Gygax and Mary Jo divorced , and he moved to Clinton , Wisconsin , for a short time .
Brian Blume persuaded Gygax to allow his brother , Kevin Blume , to purchase the shares from their father Melvin . This gave the Blume brothers a controlling interest at TSR , Inc . By 1981 , Brian Blume was increasingly unhappy with Gygax 's conservative approach to the business , so using their greater stock ownership , the Blume brothers effectively took control of TSR ; in 1982 , Gygax was forced to step down as CEO and was replaced by Kevin Blume and then forced out to the west coast to deal with potential TV and movie opportunities . After TSR was split into TSR , Inc . , and TSR Entertainment , Inc . , in 1983 , Gygax became the President and the Chairman of the board of directors of TSR , Inc . , and the President of TSR Entertainment , Inc . As part of TSR Entertainment , Inc . , which was later known as Dungeons & Dragons Entertainment Corp. , Gygax went to Hollywood , where he became co @-@ producer of the licensed D & D cartoon series for CBS . The series led its time slot for two years .
One of Gygax 's creations during this time was Dragonchess , a three @-@ dimensional fantasy chess variant , published in Dragon No. 100 ( August 1985 ) . It is played on three 8x12 boards stacked on top of each other – the top board represents the sky , the middle is the ground , and the bottom is the underworld . The pieces are characters and monsters inspired by the D & D setting : King , Mage , Paladin , Cleric , Dragon , Griffin , Oliphant , Hero , Thief , Elemental , Basilisk , Unicorn , Dwarf , Sylph , and Warrior .
= = = Leaving TSR = = =
During his time in Hollywood , Gygax left the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of TSR to his fellow board members , Kevin and Brian Blume . In 1984 , he discovered that TSR had run into serious financial difficulties . By the time he came back to Wisconsin in 1984 , the company was US $ 1 @.@ 5 million in debt . At this point , he hired Lorraine Williams to manage the company . He engineered the removal of Kevin Blume as CEO in 1984 , but the Blume brothers subsequently sold their majority shares in the company to Lorraine Williams . By this time , it was evident that Gygax and Williams had differing visions of the future of TSR , and Gygax took TSR to court in a bid to block the Blumes ' sale of their shares to Williams , but he lost . In October 1985 , TSR 's board of directors removed Gygax as the company 's President and chairman of the board . He remained on the board as a Director and made no further contributions to the company 's creative efforts . Sales of D & D reached US $ 29 million by 1985 , but Gygax , seeing his future at TSR as untenable , left the company on December 31 , 1985 .
I was pretty much boxed out of the running of the company because the two guys , who between them had a controlling interest , thought they could run the company better than I could . I was set up because I could manage . In 1982 nobody on the West Coast would deal with TSR , but they had me start a new corporation called " Dungeons and Dragons Entertainment . " It took a long time and a lot of hard work to get to be recognized as someone who was for real and not just a civilian , shall we say , in entertainment . Eventually , though , we got the cartoon show going ( on CBS ) and I had a number of other projects in the works . While I was out there , though , I heard that the company was in severe financial difficulties and one of the guys , the one I was partnered with , was shopping it on the street in New York . I came back and discovered a number of gross mismanagements in all areas of the company . The bank was foreclosing and we were a million and a half in debt . We eventually got that straightened out , but I kind of got one of my partners kicked out of office . [ Kevin Blume , who was removed as TSR CEO in 1984 . ] Then my partners , in retribution for that , sold his shares to someone else [ Lorraine Williams ] . I tried to block it in court , but in the ensuing legal struggle the judge ruled against me . I lost control of the company , and it was then at that point I just decided to sell out .
Before leaving TSR , Gygax had authored two novels for TSR 's Greyhawk Adventures series featuring Gord the Rogue : Saga of Old City ( the first Greyhawk novel ) and Artifact of Evil . By the terms of his settlement with TSR , Gygax kept the rights to Gord the Rogue as well as all D & D characters whose names were anagrams or plays on his own name ( for example , Yrag and Zagyg ) . However , he lost the rights to all his other work , including the World of Greyhawk and the names of all the characters he had ever used in TSR material , such as Mordenkainen , Robilar , and Tenser . In October 1986 , Gygax resigned all positions with TSR , Inc . , and he settled his disputes with TSR in December 1986 .
= = After TSR = =
= = = 1985 – 89 = = =
Immediately after leaving TSR , Gygax helped form the company New Infinities Productions , Inc . Wargamer and accountant Forrest Baker had worked as a consultant for TSR during 1984 and 1985 , and wrote up a business plan that convinced Gygax to try again with the business side of roleplaying ; New Infinities was the results , with Baker as CEO and Gygax as Chairman of the Board . In October 1986 , the company was publicly announced . Frank Mentzer and Kim Mohan were design executives and with Gygax formed the creative committee . Before a single product was released , Baker disappeared when his promised outside investment of one to two million dollars failed to come through . Gygax had retained the rights to Gord the Rogue as part of his severance agreement with TSR , so he licensed Greyhawk from TSR and started writing new novels beginning with Sea of Death ( 1987 ) ; Gygax 's Gord novels were the main things keeping New Infinities in business . Gygax 's first role @-@ playing game work for New Infinities ( with Mohan and Mentzer ) was the science fiction @-@ themed Cyborg Commando , which was published in 1987 . Gygax announced in 1988 in a company newsletter that he and Kuntz were working on a new fantasy RPG , and that the company 's " Fantasy Master " line would detail the Castle and City of Greyhawk as they had originally envisioned them , now called " Castle Dunfalcon " . Gygax and Kuntz 's new game would be called " Infinite Adventures " , and was envisioned as a multigenre RPG supported by different gamebooks for different genres . However , New Infinities ' investors forced the company into bankruptcy , and the company was dissolved in 1989 .
From 1986 to 1988 , Gygax continued to write a few more Gord the Rogue novels , which were published by New Infinities Productions : Sea of Death ( 1987 ) , City of Hawks ( 1987 ) , and Come Endless Darkness ( 1988 ) . However , by 1988 , Gygax was not happy with the new direction in which TSR was taking " his " world of Greyhawk . In a literary declaration that his old world was dead , and wanting to make a clean break with all things Greyhawk , Gygax destroyed his version of Oerth in the final Gord the Rogue novel , Dance of Demons . During this time , Gygax also worked with Flint Dille on the Sagard the Barbarian books , as well as Role @-@ Playing Mastery and its sequel , Master of the Game . Gygax also wrote a number of published short stories .
= = = 1990s = = =
Game Designers ' Workshop saw an opportunity in the game Gygax had been developing , so they began working with him on what was called " The Carpenter Project " in 1992 . GDW planned a multimedia blitz where Roc would do fiction publication while JVC would produce a computer game ; JVC did not like the name , so they suggested calling the game " Dangerous Dimensions " . The name was changed to Dangerous Journeys in response to a threat of a lawsuit from TSR , that the " DD " abbreviation would be too similar to " D & D " . Gygax authored all of the products for Dangerous Journeys , including Mythus , Mythus Magick , and Mythus Bestiary . When the product was released by Game Designers ' Workshop , TSR immediately sued for copyright infringement . The suit was eventually settled out of court , with TSR buying the complete rights to the Dangerous Journeys system from New Infinities and then permanently shelving the entire project .
In the 1990s , Gygax wrote three more novels , released under publisher Penguin / Roc and later reprinted by Paizo Publishing : The Anubis Murders , The Samarkand Solution , and Death in Delhi . Paizo Publishing also printed Infernal Sorceress , Gygax 's " lost " novel . During 1994 , he was the primary author for six issues of the entire 64 @-@ page Mythic Masters ( Trigee ) magazine .
In 1995 , he began work on a new computer role @-@ playing game . He called this game Lejendary Adventures , and it was a game system intended to support multiple genres ; when releasing the game for computers did not work out , he instead designed it as a tabletop game . Christopher Clark of Inner City Games Designs approached Gygax in 1997 to suggest that they produce some adventures to sell in game stores , as TSR had largely stopped production due to severe financial problems ; the result was a pair of fantasy adventures published by Inner City Games : A Challenge of Arms ( 1998 ) and The Ritual of the Golden Eyes ( 1999 ) . Gygax introduced some investors to Clark 's publication setup , and although they were not willing to fund Legendary Adventures , Clark put together a business plan that would allow Clark and Gygax to publish the books themselves by forming a partnership called Hekaforge Productions . Gygax was thus able to return to writing role @-@ playing games in 1999 with Lejendary Adventures . The game was published as a three @-@ volume set : The Lejendary Rules for All Players ( 1999 ) , Lejend Master 's Lore ( 2000 ) and Beasts of Lejend ( 2000 ) . Peter Adkison of Wizards of the Coast was able to write Gygax a cheque and clarify some issues of ownership regarding D & D ; Gygax did not write any new supplements or books for TSR but he did contribute an " Up on a Soapbox " column from Dragon # 268 ( January , 2000 ) to Dragon # 320 ( June , 2004 ) . He also contributed the preface to the 1998 adventure Return to the Tomb of Horrors .
= = = 2000s = = =
Gygax lent his voice to cartoons and video games in his later life , including providing the voice for his cartoon self in the episode " Anthology of Interest I " of the TV show Futurama which aired in 2000 . Gygax also performed voiceover narration as a guest Dungeon Master in the Delera 's Tomb quest series of the massively multiplayer online role @-@ playing game Dungeons & Dragons Online : Stormreach .
Gygax also worked on a number of releases with the d20 System under the Open Game License . These included the generic adventure module A Challenge of Arms ; The Weyland Smith & Company Giant Fun Catalog , a book of " joke " magic items ; and The Slayer 's Guide to Dragons sourcebooks .
Gygax offered to Stephen Chenault and Davis Chenault of Troll Lord Games to write books for Troll Lord , and on June 11 , 2001 Troll Lord announced this fact . On October 9 , 2001 , Necromancer Games announced that they would be publishing a d20 version of Necropolis , an adventure originally planned by Gygax for New Infinities Productions and later printed in 1992 as a Mythus adventure by GDW ; Necromancer took a year to produce Gary Gygax 's Necropolis ( 2002 ) , and he did not do any more work with them . Gygax 's early work for Troll Lord included a series of hardcover books that eventually came to be called " Gygax Fantasy Worlds " , which included The Canting Crew ( 2002 ) , a look at the roguish underworld , and World Builder ( 2003 ) and Living Fantasy ( 2003 ) , generic game design books usable in many different settings ; after the first four books in the series , Gygax dropped back to an advisorial role , though they still carried his name as part of the series logo . Troll Lord also published a few adventures as a result of their partnership with Gygax , including The Hermit ( 2002 ) an adventure intended for d20 and also for Lejendary Adventures . By 2002 , Gygax had given Christopher Clark an encyclopaedic 72 @,@ 000 @-@ word text describing the Lejendary Earth ; Clark split the manuscript up into five books and expanded it , with each of the final books coming to about 128 @,@ 000 words , which gave Hekaforge a third Lejendary Adventures line , to supplement the core rules and adventures , and managed to publish the first two of those Lejendary Earth sourcebooks : Gazetteer ( 2002 ) and Noble Kings and Great Lands ( 2003 ) . By 2003 Hekaforge was having financial difficulties that led Clark to ask Troll Lord Games to become an " angel " investor by publishing new Lejendary Adventures books . Gygax was the editor @-@ in @-@ chief for Troll Lord Games ' series of fantasy reference books , Gygaxian Fantasy Worlds . After Gygax 's stroke in 2004 , he was never able to commit the same time or effort to writing that he had previously , and beginning with Gary Gygax 's Extraordinary Book of Names ( 2004 ) , the Gygaxian Fantasy Worlds series was only overseen by him , and after that , the line only lasted two more years , through the publication of Gary Gygax 's Cosmos Builder ( 2006 ) . As a result of their agreement with Hekaforge , Troll Lord was able to publish about a dozen additional Lejendary Adventures books from 2005 – 2008 .
In 2003 , Gygax announced that he was working with Rob Kuntz to publish the original and previously unpublished details of Castle Greyhawk and the City of Greyhawk in 6 volumes , although the project would use the rules for Castles and Crusades rather than D & D. Since Wizards of the Coast , which had bought TSR in 1997 , still owned the rights to the name " Greyhawk " , Gygax changed the name of Castle Greyhawk to " Castle Zagyg " , a reverse homophone of his own name . Gygax also changed the name of the nearby city to " Yggsburgh " , a play on his initials " E.G.G. "
This project proved to be much more work than Gygax and Kuntz had envisioned . By the time Gygax and Kuntz had stopped working on their original home campaign , the castle dungeons had encompassed 50 levels of cunningly complex passages and thousands of rooms and traps . This , plus plans for the city of Yggsburgh and encounter areas outside the castle and city , would clearly be too much to fit into the proposed 6 volumes . Gygax decided he would compress the castle dungeons into 13 levels , the size of his original Castle Greyhawk in 1973 by amalgamating the best of what could be gleaned from binders and boxes of old notes . However , neither Gygax nor Kuntz had kept careful or comprehensive plans . Because they had often made up details of play sessions on the spot , they usually just scribbled a quick map as they played , with cursory notes about monsters , treasures , and traps . These sketchy maps contained just enough detail that the two could ensure their independent work would dovetail . All of these old notes had to be deciphered , 25 @-@ year @-@ old memories dredged up as to what had happened in each room , and a decision made whether to keep or discard each new piece . Recreating the city too would be a challenge . Although Gygax still had his old maps of the original city , all of his previously published work on the city was owned by WotC , so he would have to create most of the city from scratch while still maintaining the " look and feel " of his original .
Even this slow and laborious process came to a complete halt in April 2004 when Gygax suffered a serious stroke . Production came to a halt due in part to Gygax 's health , so Gygax put together a team of people to continue with the creation of Zagyg background material . Although he returned to his keyboard after a seven @-@ month convalescence , his output was reduced from 14 @-@ hour work days to only one or two hours per day . Kuntz had to withdraw due to other projects , but he continued to work on an adventure module that would be published at the same time as the first book . Under these circumstances , work on the Castle Zagyg project continued even more slowly . The Castle Zagyg line kicked off with CZ1 : Castle Zagyg Part I : Yggsburgh ( 2005 ) , a 256 @-@ page book . This 256 @-@ page hardcover book contained details of Gygax 's original city , its personalities and politics , and over 30 encounters outside the city . Later that year , Troll Lord Games also published Castle Zagyg : Dark Chateau ( 2005 ) , the adventure module written for the Yggsburgh setting by Rob Kuntz . Jeff Talanian helped with the creation of the dungeon , eventually resulting in publication of the limited edition CZ9 : The East Marks Gazetteer ( 2007 ) .
Book catalogs published in 2005 indicated several more volumes in the series would follow shortly , but it wasn 't until 2008 that the second volume , Castle Zagyg : The Upper Works , appeared . Troll Lord Games revealed in 2006 that they now had the rights to Gygax 's Gord the Rogue novels , to be a fourth Gary Gygax product line ; the first , Tale of Old City ( 2008 ) , would be one of Troll Lord 's final Gygax publications . CZ2 : The Upper Works ( 2008 ) was to have been the first of three massive boxes entirely detailing the dungeons beneath Castle Zagyg . The Upper Works described details of the castle above ground , acting as a teaser for the volumes concerning the actual dungeons that would follow . However , Gygax died in March 2008 before any further books were published . Three months after his death , Gygax Games – a new company formed by Gary 's widow , Gail – pulled all of the Gygax licenses from Troll Lord ; and also from Hekaforge . Gygax Games took over the Castle Zagyg project , where it continues to be under further development .
= = Personal life = =
From an early age , Gygax hunted and was a target @-@ shooter with both bow and gun . He was also an avid gun collector , and at various times owned a variety of rifles , shotguns , and handguns .
Gygax married his first wife , Mary Jo Powell , in 1958 . By 1961 , they had two children who would later assist with play @-@ testing D & D. Gygax and Mary Jo had three more children before separating in March 1983 . In August 1986 , Gygax 's sixth and last child , Alexander , was born to Gail Carpenter . Gygax married Carpenter , his second wife , on August 15 , 1987 , the same day as his parents ' 50th wedding anniversary . By 2005 , Gygax had seven grandchildren .
Gygax described himself as a Christian , but for much of his life had been reluctant to discuss his beliefs , citing fears that he would hurt the reputation of Christianity because of his connection to the moral panic that some people associated with D & D as a reason for not having been more vocal about his faith .
Gygax went into semi @-@ retirement after suffering strokes on April 1 and May 4 , 2004 , and almost suffered a heart attack after receiving incorrect medication to prevent further strokes . He had been a lifelong cigarette smoker but switched to cigars after his strokes . In late 2005 , he was diagnosed with an inoperable abdominal aortic aneurysm . Despite his reduced workload , Gygax continued to be active in the gaming community and regularly contributed to discussion forums on gaming websites such as Dragonsfoot and EN World .
Gygax died the morning of March 4 , 2008 , at his home in Lake Geneva at age 69 .
I would like the world to remember me as the guy who really enjoyed playing games and sharing his knowledge and his fun pastimes with everybody else .
= = Awards and honors = =
As the " father of role @-@ playing games " , Gygax received many awards , honors , and tributes related to gaming :
He was inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design Origins Award Hall of Fame in 1980 .
Sync magazine named Gygax number one on the list of " The 50 Biggest Nerds of All Time " .
SFX magazine listed him as number 37 on the list of the " 50 Greatest SF Pioneers " .
In 1999 Pyramid magazine named Gygax as one of " The Millennium 's Most Influential Persons " " in the realm of adventure gaming . "
Gygax was tied with J. R. R. Tolkien for number 18 on GameSpy 's " 30 Most Influential People in Gaming " .
Numerous names in D & D , such as Zagyg , Ring of Gaxx , and Gryrax , are anagrams or alterations of Gygax 's name .
A strain of bacteria was named in honor of Gygax , " Arthronema gygaxiana sp nov UTCC393 " .
Blizzard Entertainment dedicated the 2 @.@ 4 @.@ 0 patch of World of Warcraft , " Fury of the Sunwell " , to Gygax .
Electronic Arts dedicated Publish 51 in Ultima Online to Gygax . This included a new room in the dungeon Doom containing a special encounter and unique decorations .
Turbine , Inc . , included two tributes in the Dungeons & Dragons Online : Stormreach Module 7 , released June 3 , 2008 .
A new area in the Dungeons & Dragons Online region " Delera 's Graveyard " , which contains a memorial marker and a new unique item ( Voice of the Master , which improves the wearer 's experience awards ) .
Stephen Colbert , an avid D & D gamer in his youth , dedicated the last part of the March 5 , 2008 , episode of The Colbert Report to Gygax .
Gygax was commemorated in a number of webcomics , including xkcd 's comic No. 393 " Ultimate Game " , Penny Arcade 's " Bordering on the Semi @-@ Tasteful " , Dork Tower 's " Thanks for the Worldbuilding Rules " , Order of the Stick No. 536 " A Brief Tribute " , UserFriendly 's cartoon for March 9 , 2008 , GU Comics ' " The Journey 's End " , and the Unspeakable Vault .
The 2008 film Futurama : Bender 's Game contained a post @-@ closing @-@ credits title card paying tribute to Gygax and a clip of him from the episode " Anthology of Interest " saying , " Anyone want to play Dungeons and Dragons for the next quadrillion years ? " Many people involved in the show , including David X. Cohen , were D & D fans and played the game during production of the show .
He was honored as a " famous game designer " by being featured on the king of spades in Flying Buffalo 's 2008 Famous Game Designers Playing Card Deck .
Gygax 's voice appears as his 8 @-@ bit self on Code Monkeys .
All three D & D 4th edition core rulebooks are also " dedicated to the memory of E. Gary Gygax . "
Gygax and his love of gaming are celebrated at Gary Con , a Lake Geneva gaming convention hosted annually by family members and fans as a tribute .
Gail Gygax , the widow of Gary Gygax , has been raising funds to construct a memorial in her late husband 's honor by establishing the nonprofit 501 ( c ) 3 Gygax Memorial Fund . As of January 2010 , plans were to secure a location on the lakefront in Lake Geneva , Wisconsin . As of March 28 , 2011 the City Council of Lake Geneva , Wisconsin approved Gail Gygax 's application for a site of memorial in Donian Park . The statue monument will include " a castle turret with a bust on top and possibly have a dragon wrapped around the turret . "
I played Dungeons & Dragons as a kid . A lot of us did , actually , a lot of writers I know did . In the bars late at night at literary festivals , sometimes the conversation will get around to — with sort of a huddle of us in the corner , saying , ‘ So , did you play Dungeons & Dragons ? ’ And it ’ s amazing how many say yes . So Gary Gygax has a lot to answer for . There ’ s probably a PhD thesis out there , in the realms of possible PhD theses that someone could write somewhere , on Gary Gygax ’ s influence on the 20th century novel . Because it would not be negligible .
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= Avery Homestead =
The Avery Homestead is a two @-@ story Colonial @-@ style home in Ledyard , Connecticut that was built circa 1696 . Evidence suggests that the house may have begun as a single @-@ story , one @-@ room house and later expanded to a two @-@ story , two @-@ room house by 1726 . The house underwent major additions and renovations by Theophilus Avery and later his grandson , Theophilus Avery . In the mid @-@ 1950s , Amos Avery began a decade @-@ long restoration effort to return the house to its 18th @-@ century appearance . The Avery Homestead is historically significant as a well @-@ preserved example of an 18th @-@ century farmhouse with fine craftsmanship . The home is also historically important because more than twelve generations of the Avery family have resided there over the course of three centuries . The Avery Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .
= = Overview = =
The Avery Homestead is located on the west side of Ledyard , Connecticut and faces south on Avery Hill Road . The house overlooks 100 acres ( 40 @.@ 46 hectares ) of stone @-@ walled pasture land that extends south to Stoddards Wharf Road . The two @-@ story house has a shed to the immediate east and a two @-@ story barn to the southeast . Past the barn is a farm pond that is located in a small valley formed by Billings @-@ Avery Brook . The brook extends west for a mile ( about 1 @.@ 6 km ) before joining the Thames River .
= = Design = =
The Avery Homestead is a two @-@ story Colonial @-@ style house that is believed to have been originally constructed around 1696 . The main block of the house is built in the double cube of the Georgian style . It is unknown if the house originally began as a one @-@ room one @-@ story house with the original structure having been on the current east @-@ end of the main block . The expansion and alteration of houses in this way was common in Ledyard and tool markings and different fenestration patterns are supporting evidence for this theory . The strongest evidence is the pitsaw marks found on the chimney girts in the hall and parlor , exposed framing and sheathing has markings consistent with a water @-@ powered up @-@ and @-@ down saw . It is certain that the house had achieved its two @-@ story and two @-@ room appearance by 1726 due to its parlor being used as a meeting room for church services . Further evidence in the construction of the fireplace flues which indicates that the main block of the house was completed prior to the American Revolution . Around 1780 , the main house was extended by 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in the rear during a two @-@ story addition that gives the house a slight saltbox appearance . This changes were made while under the ownership of Theophilus Avery . Around 1870 , under the ownership Theophilus Avery 's grandson , also Theophilus Avery , the original kitchen ell was removed from the building and became a separate building to the east of the house . The new and present ell that was constructed served as an open shed until 1965 when it was converted to a shop and office .
The framing of the house is unusual because it has " longitudinal summer beams extending from the end girts to the chimney girts in both the hall and the parlor . Corner and intermediate posts are flared in gunstock pattern . The walls are sheathed with vertical planking except in the attic gables , where the planks are laid horizontally , alternating the taper . Framing is cased in the parlor and exposed in the hall , where the summers are adzed and roughly chamfered . " The attic construction is conventional with equally spaced rafters that have mortise and tenon joints at the ridge . This type of construction indicates that the conventional principal rafter or purlin framing may not have been used in Ledyard during that time .
The low granite block foundation of the house is more exposed on the west side of the house , allowing for a full @-@ height door exiting from the cellar . The stone stack supports four fireplaces that each support the hall , hall chamber , parlor and the cellar . Also there is a smoke chamber in the stack in the attic . The original kitchen , now in the hall , features a large fireplace with bake oven in the rear wall of the firebox . The attic once housed a large loom that was later moved down to the west side of the cellar . Amos G. Avery , who owned and restored the house prior to its 1992 National Register of Historic Places listing , removed a 1871 Victorian balustrade on the front staircase installed by the second Theophilus Avery .
The main barn is oriented on a north – south axis and has a conventional bent framing and sheathed with vertical boards . It is believed that the addition of a cupola with a hip roof may have been a later addition to the barn . Photos dating from 1870 confirm its age , but the date of construction for the barn cannot be determined , but it may date from the 18th century . The former ell of the house was converted in a shed and dates to around 1780 .
= = Owners = =
More than twelve generations of the Avery family have resided in the Avery Homestead . The original house was constructed about 1696 by William Morgan , around the time of his marriage to Margaret Avery . The two were descendents of James Morgan and James Avery respectively . The house passed to Deacon William Morgan Jr. who used the house to conduct church services from 1726 , when North Groton became a separate parish , and lasted until the completion of a meetinghouse . Deacon William Morgan Jr. sold the house to John Wood in 1745 . Nine years would pass before it would be reacquired by the Avery family in 1754 . Theophilus Avery , the first , owned the house from 1757 to 1798 . The second Theophilus Avery possessed the house from 1852 to 1880 . Amos G. Avery acquired the house in 1946 from his father .
In 1970 , Amos Avery donated 100 acres of land to the Mashantucket Land Trust and kept the surrounding 40 acres . Amos Avery also restored the house to a " more or less " 18th @-@ century appearance through a decade @-@ long restoration effort . The restoration effort began in the mid @-@ 1950s when he poked a hole in the ceiling and felt the molding , spurring his desire to see what was underneath . The ceiling was removed and the room was restored and then it moved to the next room . Avery removed plaster off the fireplaces , replaced the wide floor boards and replicated the wainscotting . Upon Amos Avery 's death in July 1998 , aged 96 , the house passed to his oldest son Edward . Many historical artifacts were put up for auction , including 12 wicker baskets of Mohegan or Pequot origin , which were bid on by the Mashantucket Pequot Museum .
= = Importance = =
The Avery Homestead is historically significant as a " rare survival of a late @-@ seventeenth and early eighteenth @-@ century farmstead , a significance enhanced by the exceptional integrity of its rural setting . The picturesque interrelationship of the house , farmyard , and outbuildings , which is set off by the broad sweep of the associated pasture and crop land , is especially evocative of eighteenth @-@ century lifeways . " Believed to be the oldest building in Ledyard , the Avery Homestead is marked by its fine craftsmanship and state of preservation . The Avery Homestead is also historically important due to its ties to the Avery family . The Avery family has owned the house for three centuries save for a brief nine @-@ year period , from 1745 to 1754 . The Avery Homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .
= = Plaque = =
A historical plaque awarded to Avery indicates that it is the oldest house in Ledyard and states its date from 1720 , but evidence suggests it to be older . This plaque was part of a statewide funded campaign by the State of Connecticut for the 350th anniversary of the state 's founding . Disagreements over the program were widespread due to the difficulty in dating the homes by craftsmanship and the lack of documentation to prove it . Ledyard recognized the Avery Homestead because of the documentation possessed by Amos G. Avery .
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= Yours ( song ) =
" Yours " is a song recorded by contemporary Christian singer and songwriter Steven Curtis Chapman . Written by Chapman and Jonas Myris and produced by Chapman and Matt Bronleewe , it was included as the fourth track on Chapman 's 2007 studio album This Moment ; a radio edit of the song containing a new verse was released as the third single from the album .
The album version of " Yours " received a positive reception from critics and Chapman has performed the song on his concert tours . The radio version of the song has been included on several compilation albums and peaked inside the top ten on the US Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts ; it also topped the Radio & Records Soft AC / INSPO chart , becoming Chapman 's 45th career number @-@ one single .
= = Background and composition = =
" Yours " was written by Chapman and Jonas Myrin , and it was produced by Chapman and Bronlewee . It was mixed by F. Reid Shippen and mastered by Ted Jensen . The fourth verse included on the new verse version on the song was recorded , edited , and produced on July 15 , 2008 in Nashville , Tennessee by Bronlewee ; it was engineered by Reid Shippen .
" Yours " is a pop song with a length of six minutes and thirty @-@ nine seconds . It is set in common time in the key of F major and has a tempo of 100 beats per minute . Chapman 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of C4 to the high note of G5 . The radio edit of the song has a length of four minutes and fifty seconds and contains a new verse ( I ’ ve walked the valley of death ’ s shadow / So deep and dark that I could barely breathe / I ’ ve had to let go of more than I could bear / And questioned everything that I believe / But still even here / in this great darkness / A comfort and hope come breaking through / As I can say in life or death / God we belong to you ) which Chapman wrote in the weeks following the death of his daughter Maria , who had died on May 21 , 2008 after having been accidentally hit by a car driven by her brother . Lyrically , the song describes the omnipotence of God and how " God owns everything and is ever present in every place " .
= = Critical reception = =
The album version of " Yours " received a positive reception from music critics . John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout commented that the song is " a simplistic but effective admission of God 's omnipotence " . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today compared it to Chapman 's " big pop anthems like ' Speechless ' of ' For the Sake of the Call ' " , regarding the song as " a personable yet worshipful declaration of God 's dominion over the earth " . Deborah Evans @-@ Price of CCM Magazine regarded the song as a " stirring reminder of God 's power and presence in every situation " .
= = Release and chart performance = =
" Yours " was included as the fourth track on Chapman 's 2007 studio album This Moment . The new verse version of " Yours " was released to radio on August 1 , 2008 . It debuted at No. 29 on the US Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of August 30 , 2008 . It advanced to No. 23 in its second chart week and to No. 18 in its fifth chart week . In its sixth chart week , " Yours " advanced to No. 15 , and in its sixteenth week it advanced to No. 9 . In its eighteenth chart week , it advanced to its peak position of No. 7 . In total , " Yours " spent twenty @-@ four weeks on the Hot Christian Songs chart . It also peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart and at No. 5 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart . On the Radio & Records Soft AC / INSPO chart , " Yours " peaked at No. 1 , becoming Chapman 's 45th career number @-@ one single .
= = Live performances and other uses = =
Steven Curtis Chapman has performed " Yours " on his concert tours . At a concert on April 4 , 2009 in Wilkes @-@ Barre , Pennsylvania , Chapman performed the song as the second of his opening setlist . At a concert on November 21 , 2010 in Joppa , Maryland , Chapman performed " Yours " after telling the audience the story of how he was inspired to write the song ; he also included the additional verse he wrote following the death of his daughter . At a concert in Lancaster , Pennsylvania on October 6 , 2011 , Chapman performed the song as part of his setlist . Before playing the fourth verse of the song , Chapman stopped to discuss going through his daughter 's death .
" Yours " has been included on several compilation albums , including WOW Hits 2010 and Discover : Steven Curtis Chapman . An acoustic version of the song has been included on the Special Edition of This Moment and the compilation album Acoustic Playlist : Bold .
= = Track listing = =
Digital Single
" Yours " ( New Verse ) – 4 : 50
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly = = =
= = = Year @-@ end = = =
= = Radio adds and release history = =
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= Chicago Board of Trade Building =
The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper located in Chicago , Illinois , United States . It stands at 141 W. Jackson Boulevard at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon , in the Loop community area in Cook County . Built in 1930 and first designated a Chicago Landmark on May 4 , 1977 , the building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2 , 1978 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16 , 1978 . Originally built for the Chicago Board of Trade ( CBOT ) , it is now the primary trading venue for the derivatives exchange , the CME Group , formed in 2007 by the merger of the CBOT and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange . In 2012 , the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors , including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company .
The 141 W. Jackson address hosted the former tallest building in Chicago designed by William W. Boyington before the current Holabird & Root structure , which held the same title for over 35 years until being surpassed in 1965 by the Richard J. Daley Center . The current structure is known for its art deco architecture , sculptures and large @-@ scale stone carving , as well as large trading floors . An aluminum , three @-@ story art deco statue of Ceres , goddess of agriculture ( particularly grain ) , caps the building . The building is a popular sightseeing attraction and location for shooting movies , and its owners and management have won awards for efforts to preserve the building and for office management .
= = Early history = =
= = = Early locations = = =
On April 3 , 1848 , the Board of Trade opened for business at 101 South Water Street . When 122 members were added in 1856 , it was moved to the corner of South Water and LaSalle Streets . After another temporary relocation west on South Water Street in 1860 , the first permanent home was established within the Chamber of Commerce Building on the corner of LaSalle and Washington Streets in 1865 . In 1871 , the Great Chicago Fire destroyed this building . The exchange temporarily reopened two weeks after the fire in a 90 feet ( 27 m ) wooden building known as " the Wigwam " at the intersection of Washington and Market Streets , before reclaiming its home in a new building constructed at the Chamber of Commerce site one year later .
= = = Permanent home = = =
In 1882 construction began of the CBOT 's new home , which opened at the current location on May 1 , 1885 . The building was designed by William W. Boyington , best known today for his work on the Chicago Water Tower . It faced Jackson Street with 180 ft ( 55 m ) feet of frontage , and was built from structural steel and granite taken from the Fox Island quarry near Vinalhaven , Maine . With a rear of enameled brick , it was 10 stories tall and featured a tower 320 ft ( 98 m ) tall containing a large clock and 4 @,@ 500 pounds ( 2 @,@ 000 kg ; 320 st ) bell , topped by a 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) copper weather vane in the shape of a ship . The interiors were finished in mahogany and frescoed . Construction cost $ 1 @.@ 8 million ( about 47 million in 2016 terms ) . With four elevators and a great hall measuring 152 ft × 161 ft ( 46 m × 49 m ) and 80 ft ( 24 m ) high decorated by a stained @-@ glass skylight and ornate stone balusters , it was the first commercial building in Chicago to have electric lighting . It was also the first building in the city to exceed 300 ft ( 91 m ) in height and at the time was the tallest building in Chicago . The building 's formal dedication ceremonies , which were described by a contemporary as " brilliant and imposing " , took place on April 29 , 1885 and were attended by over four thousand persons including dignitaries from around the world .
The building attracted tourists , visitors , and protesters . The inaugural banquet for the building opening was marched on by a sizable column of Chicago labor activists , under the International Working People 's Association banner and led by Albert Parsons , Lucy Parsons , and Lizzie Holmes . " The building , on which two million dollars had been lavished in the midst of an economic depression , was denounced by the anarchists as ... the crowning symbol of all that was hateful in the private property system . " . The procession were cheered by thousands of spectators . Their access to the Board of Trade was blocked by a phalanx of police , first at Jackson , then at LaSalle , finally coming to within a half @-@ block of the building , " bathed in a sea of electric light only recently installed for the occasion . "
Viewing galleries were opened to the public for the first time in honor of the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition .
In 1895 , the clock tower was removed and the " tallest building in Chicago " record was then held by the 302 ft ( 92 m ) tall Masonic Temple Building . Built on caissons surrounded by muck , the trading house was rendered structurally unsound in the 1920s when construction began across the street on the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . The 1885 building was subsequently demolished in 1929 , and the exchange temporarily moved to Van Buren and Clark while a new building was constructed at the LaSalle and Jackson site .
The 1885 allegorical architectural sculptures of 35 ft ( 11 m ) Industry and Agriculture , two figures of a four @-@ piece set , were removed from the original building and now stand in a nearby pedestrian plaza .
= = 1930 building = =
= = = Architecture = = =
In 1925 , the Chicago Board of Trade commissioned Holabird & Root to design the current building . The general contractors Hegeman & Harris built it for $ 11 @.@ 3 million , although the reported twenty @-@ year mortgage value was $ 12 million ( $ 12 million in 1925 equates to about 160 million in 2016 dollars ) . Clad in gray Indiana limestone , topped with a copper pyramid roof , and standing on a site running 174 ft ( 53 m ) east – west on Jackson Boulevard and 240 ft ( 73 m ) north – south on LaSalle Street , the 605 ft ( 184 m ) tall art deco @-@ styled building opened on June 9 , 1930 . It serves as the southern border for the skyscrapers hugging LaSalle Street and is taller than surrounding structures for several blocks . The Chicago Board of Trade has operated continuously on its fourth floor since the 1930 opening , dedicating 19 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m2 ) to what was then the world 's largest trading floor .
The advent of steel frame structural systems allowed completely vertical construction ; but as with many skyscrapers of the era , the exterior was designed with multiple setbacks at increasing heights , which served to allow additional light into the ever @-@ deepening concrete valleys in urban cores . At night , the setbacks are upwardly lit by floodlights , further emphasizing the structure 's vertical elements . The night illumination design was a common contemporary Chicago architectural theme , seen also in the Wrigley Building , the Jewelers Building , the Palmolive Building , the LaSalle @-@ Wacker Building , and the Tribune Tower .
Interior decoration includes polished surfaces throughout , the use of black and white marble , prominent vertical hallway trim , and an open three @-@ story lobby which at the time of opening housed the world 's largest light fixture . Though One LaSalle Street had five more floors , the CBOT building was the first in Chicago to exceed a height of 600 ft ( 180 m ) . After surpassing the Chicago Temple Building , it was the tallest in Chicago until the Daley Center was completed in 1965 . Known for its work on the Brooklyn Bridge , the family @-@ operated factory of John A. Roebling supplied all of the cables used in the building 's 23 Otis elevators . Beneath the main trading floor over 2 @,@ 700 miles ( 4 @,@ 300 km ) of telephone and telegraph wires were once hidden . No less than 150 @,@ 000 miles ( 240 @,@ 000 km ) of wires ( considered possibly the most direct long @-@ distance wire from any building ) once ran from the room . Although the building was commissioned for the Chicago Board of Trade , its first tenant was the Quaker Oats Company , which moved in on May 1 , 1930 .
= = = Artwork = = =
Sculptural work by Alvin Meyer , the one @-@ time head of Holabird & Root 's sculpture department , is prominent on the building 's façade , and represents the trading activities within . On each side of the 13 ft ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) diameter clock facing LaSalle Street are hooded figures , a Babylonian holding grain and a Native American holding corn . Similar figures are repeated at the uppermost corners of the central tower , just below the sloping roof . About 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) above street level , representations of bulls protrude directly from the limestone cladding on the building 's north side and to a lesser degree on the east side , a reference to a bull market .
The central structure is capped by a 6 @,@ 500 pound , 31 ft ( 9 @.@ 4 m ) tall aluminum statue by sculptor John H. Storrs of the Roman goddess of grain , Ceres , holding a sheaf of wheat in the left hand and a bag of corn in the right hand , as a nod to the exchange 's heritage as a commodities market . This statue was assembled from 40 pieces .
Commissioned in 1930 but removed from the agricultural trading room in 1973 and stored until 1982 , John W. Norton 's three @-@ story mural of Ceres shown bare @-@ breasted in a field of grain underwent extensive restoration in Spring Grove , Illinois by Louis Pomerantz before being displayed in the atrium of the 1980s addition .
= = = Trading floor = = =
According to the June 16 , 1930 issue of Time magazine , visitors carrying ripened wheat heads stared in curiosity at the six @-@ story tall trading room directly above the lobby and behind the large windows below the clock facing LaSalle Street . At the center of the room , Time reported on the items being traded in " pits " organized based on commodities type with pits names such as the corn pit , soybean pit or wheat pit . The individual pits are raised octagonal structures where open outcry trading occurs . Steps up the outside of each octagon provide an amphitheater atmosphere , and enable a large number of traders to see each other and communicate during trading hours . With early versions dating back to 1870 , this type of trading pit was patented in 1878 .
The trading area is surrounded by desks allowing workers to support transactions . In the early days , the desks served as a relay point between the pits and those wishing to buy or sell . When trade orders and information began to be communicated by telegraph , Morse code operators were employed , later replaced by phone operators . In the late 20th century , electric display boards lined the walls of the trading hall and the advent of electronic trading resulted in computers being placed on desktops .
Subsequent additions to the Board of Trade Building moved the agricultural and financial trading floors out of the original trading room and into new spaces in the additions to the building 's rear in the 1980s . In 2004 the historic 1930 trading floor , already substantially altered ( and unused for more than two years ) , was demolished and its pits filled with concrete . It was renovated in a modern style and now is leased to a privately owned options trading firm .
= = = Expansion = = =
In 1980 , the owners added a 275 ft ( 84 m ) 23 @-@ story expansion to the south side of the building . It was topped by an octagonal ornament shaped similarly to the terraced trading pits and was designed in a postmodern style by Helmut Jahn . Colored black and silver , with a sunlit atrium on the 12th floor facing the south wall of the older structure , the annex provided a four @-@ story granite lined agricultural trading floor , then the world 's largest at 32 @,@ 000 square feet ( 2 @,@ 970 m2 ) . Even as the Sydney Futures Exchange and other markets were ceasing outcry trading , Mayor Richard M. Daley led the groundbreaking on January 17 , 1995 , for additional expansion into a five @-@ story building to the east designed by architects Fujikawa Johnson and structural engineers TT @-@ CBM . When opened in 1997 , the $ 175 million structure would add 60 @,@ 000 square feet ( 5 @,@ 570 m2 ) of trading space and for a period again would house the world 's largest trading floor . It was nicknamed the " Arboretum " by some in reference to expansion supporter CBOT Chairman Patrick H. Arbor . The expansion included price boards 600 feet ( 183 m ) long and supported 12 @,@ 000 computers , 6 @,@ 000 voice devices , and 2 @,@ 000 video devices requiring 27 @,@ 000 miles ( 43 @,@ 500 km ) of cable .
Collectively , the trading floors now encompass approximately 115 @,@ 150 square feet ( 10 @,@ 700 m2 ) . The logo of the CBOT represents a trading pit , and appears prominently on stonework facing Clark Street and on street @-@ level barriers at the service entrance on Van Buren Street . The addition has a twelve @-@ story atrium and melds historical and contemporary design with art deco references such as setbacks , central tower , symmetrical projecting wings , pyramidal roof and abstract cascade and scallop lobby design . Between the original and new buildings , where there was formerly a street , a wide street @-@ level walkway connects the plaza on LaSalle Street to Van Buren Street in what would ordinarily be the building 's first floor . Passing over the Van Buren Street elevated tracks , a green glass @-@ enclosed steel @-@ frame bridge connects the lower southwest corner of the 23 story addition to the Chicago Board Options Exchange ( although this bridge was closed to pedestrian traffic in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks for security reasons ) .
= = = Renovation = = =
In 2005 , the building underwent an extensive $ 20 million renovation directed by Chicago architect Gunny Harboe , whose restoration work included Loop landmarks the Rookery Building and Reliance Building . The project included restoration of the main lobby to emphasize the design features of the art deco era , elevator modernization , façade renovation and cleaning , and the continued renovation of upper floor corridors and hallways . Though impractically small for modern use , mailboxes in the lobby were restored to their original condition to follow the theme of vertical lines found throughout the complex . An improved electrical infrastructure , with ten main feeds from seven different Commonwealth Edison electrical substations , was added in addition to redundant cooling systems and upgraded telecommunications capabilities .
When the old CBOT building was demolished in 1929 , two 4 @.@ 5 short tons ( 4 @.@ 0 long tons ; 4 @.@ 1 t ) 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) tall gray granite statues of classically styled goddesses ( pictured above ) were moved from the second floor ledge above the main entrance into the gardens of the 500 acre ( 2 km ² ) estate of Arthur W. Cutten , a wheat and cotton speculator who went bankrupt during the Great Depression . One goddess represents agriculture and is shown standing with wheat and leaning on a cornucopia . The other represents industry and appears with the bow of a ship and an anvil .
The statues were found in 1978 near Glen Ellyn , Illinois by the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County , on land acquired from Cutten 's estate . After being displayed in a parking lot at Danada Forest Preserve for several years , both were returned to the CBOT building 's plaza and rededicated on June 9 , 2005 .
= = Later history = =
= = = Surroundings = = =
The LaSalle Street canyon is home to other historic buildings including the Rookery Building , a National Historic Landmark considered to be the oldest standing high @-@ rise . A 1907 renovation included a lobby remodeled by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Prairie School style . The name rookery comes from the previous building on the property which became home to many birds , especially pigeons . The nearby Reliance Building was the first skyscraper to have large plate glass windows comprise the majority of its surface area , and One North LaSalle was for some time one of Chicago 's tallest buildings . Both the Reliance Building and One North LaSalle are on the National Register of Historic Places . Since 1853 , the governments of Chicago and Cook County have shared three different buildings at the north end of the canyon . The current Chicago City Hall , built in a Classical Revival style , was designed to symbolize the strength , dignity , and vigor of the government . Completed in 2001 , an award winning green roof was incorporated into the structure . All of the structures are designated as Chicago Landmarks .
Other nearby buildings of note include the Continental Commercial National Bank , now called 208 South LaSalle Street , which broke records in 1911 as the city 's most expensive development , with a cost exceeding $ 10 million . The Rand @-@ McNally Building that had served as the headquarters of the World 's Columbian Exposition was demolished to accommodate the structure . The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , at 230 South LaSalle Street , was built in a Greco @-@ Roman style and contained the largest vaults in the world and one of the first building @-@ wide wired communication systems . Both the Federal Reserve Bank and 208 South LaSalle demonstrate the popularity of neoclassical architecture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were meant to project a sense of financial security .
One mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) west of Lake Michigan and in the southwest corner of the Loop , the building is near two elevated stations of the Chicago ' L ' . The Quincy station is one block to the west and the LaSalle / VanBuren station is between the CBOT and the Chicago Stock Exchange ; both stations are served by the Orange , Purple , Pink , and Brown Lines . Additionally , Blue Line service is provided at the Jackson and LaSalle stations , each two blocks away . Union Station stands five blocks to the west on Jackson Boulevard , providing terminal service for Amtrak and select service for Metra . Additional Metra service is provided at the LaSalle Street Station , two blocks due south .
= = = Recent history = = =
In September 2011 , the intersection of LaSalle Street and Jackson Boulevard in front of the building became the headquarters for the Occupy Chicago protest movement . On April 23 , 2013 , the CME Group sold the north and south towers of the building at 141 W. Jackson Blvd. for $ 151 @.@ 5 Million to a joint venture between GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Co . The CME will retain ownership of the smaller east building at 333 S. LaSalle St. CME signed a 15 @-@ year lease for the 150 @,@ 000 square @-@ feet it occupies in the two towers .
= = = Tenants = = =
The CME Group occupies 33 percent of available space , while financial and trading concerns occupy 54 percent of the three @-@ building complex . In addition to Ceres Cafe on the first floor of the lobby , other businesses provide banking , insurance , travel services , beauty services , and healthcare . Some business have been in the building for over 40 years , and throughout its history , commodities speculators , such as " Prince of the Pit " Richard Dennis , have maintained offices in the building . In 2007 , the U.S. Futures Exchange , a competitor of the CBOT formerly known as Eurex US , announced a move from the Sears Tower into the 14th floor of the CBOT building .
= = = Visitors = = =
The CBOT building has been the site of a number of visits by dignitaries , including the Prince of Wales in October 1977 . In 1991 , George H. W. Bush became the first President of the United States to visit the Exchange , where he delivered a speech from the soybean pit regarding the importance of agriculture to the American economy . A visit from former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev followed on May 7 , 1992 . In 2006 , former US President Jimmy Carter and wife Rosalyn toured the CBOT while campaigning for their son Jack 's run for a U.S. Senate seat from Nevada . During the 1996 Democratic National Convention , US Vice President Al Gore was hosted at the Exchange 's Democratic Senatorial Campaign reception . When US President George W. Bush toured the agricultural trading floor on January 6 , 2006 , he was hailed from the corn trading pit with " Hook ' em , Horns ! " , a reference to his adopted home state of Texas . Interest groups such as the Chicago Architecture Foundation provide scheduled tours showcasing the architecture and selected portions of the trading operations .
= = Gallery = =
= = Awards and honors = =
1985 : the 23 @-@ story addition won the Best Structure Award from the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois .
2006 : the building was awarded the Landmarks Illinois ' annual Real Estate and Building Industries Council award for its preservation efforts .
2006 : the Building Owners and Managers Association of Chicago presented the CBOT building with The Office Building of the Year award recognizing the high quality of office space and excellence in management of the building .
= = In popular culture = =
The 1885 building and trading pits were prominently featured in The Pit , the second novel by Frank Norris in The Epic of the Wheat trilogy . Life on the trading floor of the Chicago Board of Trade is detailed in the nonfiction book Leg the Spread by Cari Lynn ( 2004 ) .
Trading operations have been used as scenes in movies such as Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , and the streetscape in the LaSalle Street canyon is used in the movies The Untouchables , Road to Perdition , and Transformers : Dark of the Moon .
In Batman Begins , the Board of Trade Building represents the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises , but in the 2008 sequel , The Dark Knight , Wayne Enterprises was represented by the Richard J. Daley Center . The building itself appears in The Dark Knight .
While maintaining studios in the building for many years , WCIU @-@ TV broadcast the Stock Market Observer , a daily seven @-@ hour live business television news program that is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for the show telecast the most hours . Additionally , the station broadcasts First Business with news of the Chicago Board of Trade . Former WVON @-@ AM radio personality Don Cornelius began the popular dance show Soul Train in a cramped studio on the 43rd floor in 1970 . When Cornelius moved the show to Los Angeles a year later , his assistant , Clinton Ghent took over the local show until it ended in 1976 . Prior to Soul Train , shows filmed in the building were Kiddie A Go @-@ Go , a dance show aimed at the pre @-@ teen market which premiered in 1965 and Red Hot and Blues , a teen dance show hosted by local DJ Big Bill Hill which premiered in 1967 . More recently , the building 's interior and exterior portrayed the offices of the Daily Planet newspaper in the 2013 Superman reboot film , Man of Steel .
Although depicted with the tower in a Rand McNally map from 1893 , later lithographs of the first 141 Jackson Street location display a red @-@ roofed building without a tower . Memorabilia of the current building is abundant , with postcards of panoramic scenes from LaSalle Street , the clock , and lighted upper decks having been produced for decades . In views from the Museum Campus , the building 's crown is framed by the middle floors of the taller Sears Tower in the background . Photographer Andreas Gursky has used the location for still life prints such as 1997 's Chicago Board of Trade , I and 1999 's Chicago Board of Trade , II . A photograph of the exterior , from the Museum series by Thomas Struth , is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . An often @-@ reproduced painting by Leslie Ragan for the New York Central Railroad depicts streamliner locomotives idling at LaSalle Street Station with the Board of Trade Building looming prominently in the background .
At 1211 North LaSalle Street on the city 's Near North Side , a 16 @-@ story apartment hotel built in 1929 and converted into an apartment building in 1981 was used by muralist Richard Haas for trompe @-@ l 'œil murals in homage to Chicago School architecture . One of the building 's sides features the Chicago Board of Trade Building , intended as a reflection of the actual building two miles ( 3 km ) south .
= = Position in Chicago 's skyline = =
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= Isopoda =
Isopoda is an order of crustaceans which includes woodlice and their relatives . Isopods live in the sea , in fresh water , or on land , and most are small greyish or whitish animals with rigid , segmented exoskeletons . They have two pairs of antennae , seven pairs of jointed limbs on the thorax , and five pairs of branching appendages on the abdomen that are used in respiration . Females brood their young in a pouch under their thorax . Isopods have various feeding methods : some eat dead or decaying plant and animal matter , others are grazers or strain food particles from the water around them , a few are predators , and some are internal or external parasites , mostly of fishes . Aquatic species mostly live on the seabed or bottom of freshwater bodies of water , but some more derived taxa can swim for a short distance . Terrestrial forms move around by crawling and tend to be found in cool , moist places . Some species are able to roll themselves into a ball to conserve moisture or as a defence mechanism .
There are over 10 @,@ 000 species of isopod worldwide with around 4 @,@ 500 species found in marine environments , mostly on the seabed , 500 species in fresh water and another 5 @,@ 000 species on land . The order is divided into eleven suborders . The fossil record of isopods dates back to the Carboniferous period ( in the Pennsylvanian epoch ) , at least 300 million years ago , when isopods lived in shallow seas . The name Isopoda is derived from the Greek roots ἴσος ( iso- , meaning " same " ) and πούς ( pod- , pous , meaning " foot " ) .
= = Description = =
Classified within the arthropods , isopods have a chitinous exoskeleton and jointed limbs . Isopods are typically flattened dorsoventrally ( broader than they are deep ) , although many species deviate from this rule , particularly parasitic forms , and those living in the deep sea or in ground water habitats . Their colour may vary , from grey to white , or in some cases red , green , or brown . Isopods vary in size , ranging from some Microcerberidae species of just 0 @.@ 3 mm to the deep sea Bathynomus spp. of nearly 50 cm ( 20 in ) . Isopods lack an obvious carapace ( shell ) , which is reduced to a " cephalic shield " covering only the head . This means that the gill @-@ like structures , which in other related groups are protected by the carapace , are instead found on specialised limbs on the abdomen . The dorsal ( upper ) surface of the animal is covered by a series of overlapping , articulated plates which give protection while also providing flexibility . The isopod body plan consists of a head ( cephalon ) , a thorax ( pereon ) with eight segments ( pereonites ) , and an abdomen ( pleon ) with six segments ( pleonites ) , some of which may be fused . The head is fused with the first segment of the thorax to form the cephalon . There are two pairs of unbranched antennae , the first pair being vestigial in land @-@ dwelling species . The eyes are compound and unstalked and the mouthparts include a pair of maxillipeds and a pair of mandibles ( jaws ) with palps ( segmented appendages with sensory functions ) and lacinia mobilis ( spine @-@ like movable appendages ) .
The seven free segments of the thorax each bear a pair of unbranched pereopods ( limbs ) . In most species these are used for locomotion and are of much the same size , morphology and orientation , giving the order its name " Isopoda " , from the Greek equal foot . In a few species , the front pair are modified into gnathopods with clawed , gripping terminal segments . The pereopods are not used in respiration , as are the equivalent limbs in amphipods , but the coxae ( first segments ) are fused to the tergites ( dorsal plates ) to form epimera ( side plates ) . In mature females , some or all of the limbs have appendages known as oostegites which fold underneath the thorax and form a brood chamber for the eggs . In males , the gonopores ( genital openings ) are on the ventral surface of segment eight and in the females , they are in a similar position on segment six .
One or more of the abdominal segments , starting with the sixth segment , is fused to the telson ( terminal section ) to form a rigid pleotelson . The first five abdominal segments each bear a pair of biramous ( branching in two ) pleopods ( lamellar structures which serve the function of gas exchange , and in aquatic species serve as gills and propulsion ) , and the last segment bears a pair of biramous uropods ( posterior limbs ) . In males , the second pair of pleopods , and sometimes the first also , are modified for use in transferring sperm . The endopods ( inner branches of the pleopods ) are modified into structures with thin , permeable cuticles ( flexible outer coverings ) which act as gills for gas exchange . In some terrestrial isopods , these resemble lungs .
= = Diversity and classification = =
Isopods belong to the larger group Peracarida , which are united by the presence of a special chamber under the thorax for brooding eggs . They have a cosmopolitan distribution and over 10 @,@ 000 species of isopod , classified into 11 suborders , have been described worldwide . Around 4 @,@ 500 species are found in marine environments , mostly on the sea floor . Some 500 species are found in fresh water and another 5 @,@ 000 species are the terrestrial woodlice that form the suborder Oniscidea . In the deep sea , members of the suborder Asellota predominate , to the near exclusion of all other isopods , having undergone a large adaptive radiation in that environment . The largest isopod is in the genus Bathynomus and some large species are fished commercially for human food in Mexico , Japan and Hawaii .
A number of isopod groups have evolved a parasitic lifestyle , particularly as external parasites of fish . They can damage or kill their hosts and can cause significant economic loss to commercial fisheries . In reef aquariums , parasitic isopods can become a pest , endangering the fish and possibly injuring the aquarium keeper . Some members of the family Cirolanidae suck the blood of fish , and others , in the family Aegidae , consume the blood , fins , tail and flesh and can kill the fish in the process .
The World Marine , Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database subdivides the order into eleven suborders :
Asellota – The suborder containing the majority of freshwater isopod species , found in both surface and subterranean waters , along with some deepwater marine species .
Calabozoida – A small suborder consisting of two marine species in the family Calabozoidae and one freshwater species in the family Brasileirinidae which is found in subterranean locations .
Cymothoida – Chiefly marine isopods with over 2 @,@ 700 species . Members are mostly carnivorous or parasitic . Includes the family Gnathiidae , the juveniles of which are parasitic on fishes . The previously recognised suborder Epicaridea is included as two superfamilies within this suborder and Cymothoida now includes part of the formerly recognised suborder Flabellifera .
Limnoriidea – Mainly tropical isopods , some of which are herbivorous .
Microcerberidea – Tiny , worm @-@ like isopods that live between particles on the bed of freshwater and shallow marine habitats .
Oniscidea – Semi @-@ terrestrial and terrestrial isopods fully adapted for life on land . There are over 4 @,@ 000 species of woodlice inhabiting forests , mountains , deserts and the littoral zone .
Phoratopidea – A single marine species , Phoratopus remex , which warrants its own suborder because of its unique characteristics .
Phreatoicidea – Small suborder of freshwater isopods resembling amphipods , limited to South Africa , India , Australia and New Zealand .
Sphaeromatidea – Benthic isopods mostly from the southern hemisphere with respiratory pleopods inside a branchial chamber . This suborder now includes part of the formerly recognised suborder Flabellifera .
Tainisopidea – Freshwater isopods in a " relictual environment " .
Valvifera – A large group of benthic , marine isopods with respiratory pleopods inside a branchial chamber under the abdomen .
= = Evolutionary history = =
Isopods first appeared in the fossil record during the Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic some 300 million years ago . They were primitive , short @-@ tailed members of the suborder Phreatoicidea . At that time , Phreatoicideans were marine organisms with a cosmopolitan distribution . Nowadays , the members of this formerly widespread suborder form relic populations in freshwater environments in South Africa , India and Oceania , the greatest number of species being in Tasmania . Other primitive , short @-@ tailed suborders include Asellota , Microcerberidea , Calabozoidea and the terrestrial Oniscidea .
The short @-@ tailed isopods have a short pleotelson and terminal , stylus @-@ like uropods and have a sedentary lifestyle on or under the sediment on the seabed . The long @-@ tailed isopods by contrast have a long pleotelson and broad lateral uropods which can be used in swimming . They are much more active and can launch themselves off the seabed and swim for short distances . The more advanced long @-@ tailed isopods are mostly endemic to the southern hemisphere and may have radiated on the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana soon after it broke away from Laurasia some 200 million years ago . The short @-@ tailed forms may have been driven from the shallow seas in which they lived by increased predatory pressure from marine fish , their main predators . The development of the long @-@ tailed forms may also have provided competition that helped force the short @-@ tailed forms into refugia . The latter are now restricted to environments such as the deep sea , freshwater , groundwater and dry land . Isopods in the suborder Asellota are by far the most species @-@ rich group of deep sea isopods .
= = Locomotion = =
Unlike the amphipods , marine and freshwater isopods are entirely benthic . This gives them little chance to disperse to new regions and may explain why so many species are endemic to restricted ranges . Crawling is the primary means of locomotion , and some species bore into the seabed , the ground or timber structures . Some members of the Flabellifera can swim to a limited extent and have their front three pairs of pleopods modified for this purpose , with their respiratory structures limited to the hind pleopods . Most terrestrial species are slow @-@ moving and conceal themselves under objects or hide in crevices or under bark . The semi @-@ terrestrial sea slaters ( Ligia spp . ) can run rapidly on land and many terrestrial species can roll themselves into a ball when threatened , a feature that has evolved independently in different groups and also in the marine sphaeromatids .
= = Feeding and nutrition = =
Isopods have a simple gut which lacks a midgut section ; instead there are caeca connected to the back of the stomach in which absorption takes place . Food is sucked into the oesophagus , a process enhanced in the blood @-@ sucking parasitic species , and passed by peristalsis into the stomach , where the material is processed and filtered . The structure of the stomach varies , but in many species there is a dorsal groove into which indigestible material is channelled and a ventral part connected to the caeca where intracellular digestion and absorption take place . Indigestible material passes on through the hindgut and is eliminated through the anus which is located on the pleotelson .
Isopods are detritivores and browsers , carnivores ( including predators and scavengers ) , parasites , and filter feeders , and may occupy one or more of these feeding niches . Only aquatic and marine species are known to be parasites or filter feeders . Some exhibit coprophagia and will also consume their own fecal pellets . Terrestrial species are in general herbivorous , with woodlice feeding on moss , bark , algae , fungi and decaying material . In marine isopods that feed on wood , cellulose is digested by enzymes secreted in the caeca . Limnoria lignorum , for example , bores into wood and additionally feeds on the mycelia of fungi attacking the timber , thus increasing the nitrogen in its diet . Land @-@ based wood @-@ borers mostly house symbiotic bacteria in the hindgut which aid in digesting cellulose . There are numerous adaptations to this simple gut , but these are mostly correlated with diet rather than by taxonomic group .
Parasitic species are mostly external parasites of fish or crustaceans and feed on blood . The larvae of the Gnathiidae family and adult cymothoidids have piercing and sucking mouthparts and clawed limbs adapted for clinging onto their hosts . In general , isopod parasites have diverse lifestyles and include Cancricepon elegans , found in the gill chambers of crabs ; Athelges tenuicaudis , attached to the abdomen of hermit crabs ; Crinoniscus equitans living inside the barnacle Balanus perforatus ; cyproniscids , living inside ostracods and free @-@ living isopods ; bopyrids , living in the gill chambers or on the carapace of shrimps and crabs and causing a characteristic bulge which is even recognisable in some fossil crustaceans ; and entoniscidae living inside some species of crab and shrimp . Cymothoa exigua is a parasite of the spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus in the Gulf of California ; it causes the tongue of the fish to atrophy and takes its place in what is believed to be the first instance discovered of a parasite functionally replacing a host structure in animals .
= = Reproduction and development = =
In most species , the sexes are separate and there is little sexual dimorphism , but a few species are hermaphroditic and some parasitic forms show large differences between the sexes . Some Cymothoidans are protandrous hermaphrodites , starting life as males and later changing sex , and some Anthuroideans are the reverse , being protogynous hermaphrodites that are born female . Some Gnathiidans males are sessile and live with a group of females . Males have a pair of penises , which may be fused in some species . The sperm is transferred to the female by the modified second pleopod which receives it from the penis and which is then inserted into a female gonopore . The sperm is stored in a special receptacle , a swelling on the oviduct close to the gonopore . Fertilisation only takes place when the eggs are shed soon after a moult , at which time a connection is established between the semen receptacle and the oviduct .
The eggs , which may number up to several hundred , are brooded by the female in the marsupium , a chamber formed by flat plates known as oostegites under the thorax . This is filled with water even in terrestrial species . The eggs hatch as mancae , a post @-@ larval stage which resembles the adult except for the absence of the last pair of pereopods . The lack of a swimming phase in the life cycle is a limiting factor in isopod dispersal , and may be responsible for the high levels of endemism in the order . As adults , isopods differ from other crustaceans in that moulting occurs in two stages known as " biphasic moulting " . First they shed the exoskeleton from the posterior part of their body and later shed the anterior part . The giant Antarctic isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus is an exception to this and moults in a single process .
= = Terrestrial isopods = =
The majority of crustaceans are aquatic and the isopods are one of the few groups of which some members now live on land . The only other crustaceans which include a small number of terrestrial species are amphipods ( like sandhoppers ) and decapods ( crabs , shrimp , etc . ) . Terrestrial isopods play an important role in many tropical and temperate ecosystems by aiding in the decomposition of plant material through mechanical and chemical means , and by enhancing the activity of microbes . Macro @-@ detritivores , including terrestrial isopods , are absent from arctic and sub @-@ arctic regions , but have the potential to expand their range with increased temperatures in high latitudes .
The woodlice , suborder Oniscidea , are the most successful group of terrestrial crustaceans and show various adaptations for life on land . They are subject to evaporation , especially from their ventral area , and as they do not have a waxy cuticle , they need to conserve water , often living in a humid environment and sheltering under stones , bark , debris or leaf litter . Desert species are usually nocturnal , spending the day in an underground burrow and emerging at night . Moisture is obtained through food sources or by drinking , and some species can form their paired uropodal appendages into a tube and funnel water from dewdrops onto their pleopods . In many taxa , the respiratory structures on the endopods are internal , with a spiracle and pseudotrachaea , which resemble lungs . In others , the endopod is folded inside the adjoining exopod ( outer branch of the pleopod ) . Both these arrangements help to prevent evaporation from the respiratory surfaces .
Many species can roll themselves into a ball , a behaviour used in defence that also conserves moisture . Members of the families Ligiidae and Tylidae , commonly known as rock lice or sea slaters , are the least specialised of the woodlice for life on land . They inhabit the splash zone on rocky shores , jetties and pilings , may hide under debris washed up on the shore and can swim if immersed in water .
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= O @-@ Bahn Busway =
The O @-@ Bahn Busway is a guided busway that is part of the bus rapid transit system servicing the northeastern suburbs of Adelaide , South Australia . The O @-@ Bahn system was conceived by Daimler @-@ Benz to enable buses to avoid traffic congestion by sharing tram tunnels in the German city of Essen .
Adelaide 's O @-@ Bahn was introduced in 1986 to service the city 's rapidly expanding north @-@ eastern suburbs , replacing an earlier plan for a tramway extension . The O @-@ Bahn busway provides specially built track , combining elements of both bus and rail systems . Adelaide 's track is 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) long and includes three interchanges : Klemzig , Paradise and Tea Tree Plaza Interchange in Modbury . Interchanges allow buses to enter and exit the busway and to continue on suburban routes , avoiding the need for passengers to transfer to another bus to continue their journey . Buses travel at a maximum speed of 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) , and the busway is capable of carrying 18 @,@ 000 passengers an hour from Adelaide city centre to Tea Tree Plaza in 15 minutes . As of 2015 , the busway carries approximately 31 @,@ 000 people per weekday .
A contract has been let for an extension at the city end that will reduce the number of congested intersections buses must traverse to enter the Adelaide city centre ; this is due to open in 2017 . The development of the O @-@ Bahn busway led to the development of the Torrens Linear Park from a run @-@ down urban drain into an attractive public open space . It has also triggered urban development around the north @-@ eastern terminus at Modbury .
= = Track = =
The O @-@ Bahn track is made of concrete ; it is elevated above ground because of the poor quality of alluvial soils along the River Torrens , which frequently move due to their high level of plasticity . Concrete pylons were cast into the ground to ensure stability , to a depth of up to four metres . On top of the pylons are concrete sleepers on which the track runs . 5 @,@ 600 pylons were drilled in place to support 5 @,@ 600 sleepers and 4 @,@ 200 prefabricated L @-@ shaped track pieces , sited at 12 @-@ metre ( 40 @-@ ft ) intervals . The width of both tracks , sitting on the sleepers , is 6 @.@ 2 metres ( 20 ft ) . The O @-@ Bahn 's concrete tracks were narrower and lighter than those of the initially proposed light rail development , and put less stress on the land . The concrete components were precast and then laid onto piers .
At the city end , the O @-@ Bahn begins at Hackney Road , opposite the East Parklands , where it enters a 60 @-@ metre tunnel at a speed limited to 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) , due to the tight initial corner , ensuring that the rear tyres ( especially trailer tyres of articulated buses ) do not ' scrub ' against the track . Speed is gradually increased to 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) for most of the trip to Klemzig Interchange . Once en route to Paradise Interchange , the speed limit was up to 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) , but has been limited to 85 km / h ( 55 mph ) since late 2012 . On some sections 115 km / h ( 70 mph ) was achieved in tests . The average service speed including stops is about 60 km / h ( 35 mph ) . On entering interchanges the O @-@ Bahn ends and the speed limit is 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) . In the interchange area , the speed limit is 20 km / h ( 10 mph ) . The O @-@ Bahn is officially considered a road , due to a court ruling in the early years of the system 's operation . This ruling permits the South Australia Police to install speed cameras and fine speeding drivers .
Cars entering the O @-@ Bahn are deterred by a large number of signs at entrance points and a " sump buster " device that rips out a car 's sump ( oil pan ) if it gets onto the track . An average of four cars per year enter the O @-@ Bahn and must be removed by crane .
= = Buses = =
The first buses to enter service on the O @-@ Bahn were 41 rigid and 51 articulated Mercedes @-@ Benz O305s . These were modified for O @-@ Bahn use by Mitsubishi Motors ' Clovelly Park plant before being bodied by Pressed Metal Corporation South Australia . The cost was included in the original $ 98 million budget . Modified MAN SG280s and SL202s were later purchased .
With the Mercedes @-@ Benz O305s approaching their 25 @-@ year age limit , tenders were called in 2007 for replacements . The new buses were Scania K230UB / K280UB rigid and Scania K320UA articulated buses bodied by Custom Coaches . As of April 2015 , these along with one MAN SL202 , and one Mercedes @-@ Benz O405NH make up the fleet .
In the case of breakdowns , a specially designed vehicle nicknamed ' Dumbo ' is used to tow buses from the O @-@ Bahn . In the early stages of design it was intended that all buses would have towing ability ; however , this was soundly rejected by the drivers ' union and ' Dumbo ' was purchased . If a tyre blows during a trip the guide @-@ wheel prevents the bus from erratic movement , and a smaller aluminium inner tyre allows the bus to be driven to the nearest station at 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) .
The guide @-@ wheel , which protrudes just ahead of the front wheels , is the most important part of the bus when travelling on the O @-@ Bahn . It is connected directly to the steering mechanism , and steers the bus by running along the raised edge of the track . While it is not strictly necessary for drivers to hold the steering wheel when travelling on the O @-@ Bahn because of the guide @-@ wheel , safety procedures require the driver to be alert to their circumstances at all times . A rumble strip before stations is a reminder that they need to resume control . The guide @-@ wheel is the most delicate part of the system and is designed to snap off upon sharp impact ; before the O @-@ Bahn was in place , a number of buses were fitted with guide @-@ wheels for their ordinary routes to test their durability . Drivers were forced to be more cautious on their normal trips after numerous guide @-@ wheel @-@ to @-@ kerb impacts .
Services are operated by Light @-@ City Buses under contract to Adelaide Metro . As of 2015 , the busway carries approximately 31 @,@ 000 people per weekday .
= = Interchanges = =
Klemzig Interchange is the first station , three kilometres ( 1 @.@ 8 mi ) from the city centre in the suburb of Klemzig . It was built as a connector to the city loop ' Circle Line ' bus service , which followed the Adelaide outer ring route . Many bus services bypass Klemzig and the station has limited capacity . It contains a Park & Ride carpark with 450 spaces .
Paradise Interchange is the second station , six kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) from the city centre , in the suburb of Paradise . The terminus before the completion of Stage 2 , it is now served by buses from suburban streets , and has a total of 875 carparking spaces in two areas .
Tea Tree Plaza Interchange is the terminus , 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) from the city centre , in Modbury . Adjacent to the Westfield Tea Tree Plaza , it is the largest O @-@ Bahn station . Bus services from this interchange connect to areas as far away as Elizabeth and service the Golden Grove area . It has 700 carparking spaces , after a multiple level carpark was built during a redevelopment in 2013 .
= = Route = =
Most O @-@ Bahn bus routes travel through the Adelaide city centre along Grenfell Street , left onto East Terrace , right onto Rundle Road through the Adelaide park lands to the north of Rymill Park , then left onto Dequetteville Terrace , which changes name to Hackney Road at the next major intersection . The Adelaide Botanic Garden is then on the left , followed by Botanic Park before the road crosses a bridge over the River Torrens . Soon after here , the two carriageways of the city ring route separate and swing to the northwest past North Adelaide , and the northbound entrance to the O @-@ Bahn busway leaves the right hand side of the surface road and dips under the southbound carriageway to join the inbound track , both heading northeast .
The busway follows roughly the Torrens River valley , but with smoother curves . This means that it crosses the river quite often , with either a park or a few houses on a point surrounded by the river and busway . This occurs a total of eight times before the busway reaches Klemzig Interchange on the north side of the river . The busway crosses the river again soon after Klemzig and passes Lochiel Park and part of the suburbs of Campbelltown and Paradise to its north between the busway and the river before reaching Paradise Interchange .
After Paradise Interchange , the busway passes under Darley Road , then over the Torrens for the last time . The terrain becomes steeper as the busway proceeds up along the outflow creek and past the northwestern side of the Hope Valley Reservoir . It proceeds north under Grand Junction Road , then swings east and north again to enter the eastern side of the Tea Tree Plaza shopping centre precinct , where the guided busway ends at Tea Tree Plaza Interchange . Most buses continue on normal roads to service suburbs further afield .
All listed routes connect Adelaide City Centre to the named endpoint , but service different suburbs between the O @-@ Bahn interchange and that endpoint .
= = History = =
= = = Planning = = =
The greater Adelaide area experienced significant growth during and after the Second World War . Between 1944 and 1965 , the area 's population doubled , and the number of private motor vehicle registrations increased 43 @-@ fold . In 1955 the state government under Premier Sir Thomas Playford established a Town Planning Committee and commissioned a coordinated plan to guide the future development of Adelaide . The resulting 300 @-@ page study , " Report on the Metropolitan Area of Adelaide 1962 " , laid out a 30 @-@ year development plan , including a proposed 98 kilometres ( 61 mi ) of improved roadways . Shortly before leaving office in 1965 , Playford commissioned a detailed study focusing on the recommended transportation improvements .
In 1968 the government received the " Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study " . The MATS plan envisaged a 156 @-@ kilometre ( 97 mi ) network of 10 freeways crossing the metropolitan area , a rapid rail network , and an underground city loop railway . MATS drew massive public opposition , as it called for the acquisition of thousands of properties and would effectively supplant a number of suburbs that were to become the sites of interchanges . Arguments broke out in Parliament , and widespread images of gridlock in overseas freeway networks contributed to the furore . Nonetheless , in early 1969 Premier Steele Hall approved implementation of the plan in a modified format , and the government began to purchase property along the proposed corridors . In mid @-@ 1969 , faced with ongoing opposition , the state abandoned plans for 2 of the 10 proposed freeways . Hall was voted out of office in 1970 , and the new government under Premier Don Dunstan passed a 10 @-@ year moratorium on freeway development , effectively shelving MATS . The already @-@ acquired corridors were retained for potential future use .
By the mid @-@ 1970s , transportation had become a problem in the north @-@ east suburbs . The population of the Tea Tree Gully region had increased from 2 @,@ 500 in 1954 to 35 @,@ 000 by 1971 . A corridor of land along the River Torrens from Adelaide to Modbury , originally purchased for the Modbury Freeway proposed under the MATS plan , was the subject of a new proposal in 1973 when the State Director @-@ General of Transport suggested building a heavy rail line that would connect the suburb to the Adelaide railway system . A subsequent study , the " North East Adelaide Public Transport Review " ( NEAPTR ) , considered heavy rail , light rail , busways , and freeways , ultimately concluding that a light rail line or busway would be most viable . The state government decided on a light rail proposal to extend the historic Glenelg Tram . The new route was to continue along King William Street beyond what was then the terminus in Victoria Square and weave through the Adelaide Park Lands to the Modbury corridor . The light rail system would connect with feeder buses at stations along the length of the corridor to transfer passengers to suburban routes . New light rail vehicles were to be bought to replace the ageing 1929 H class trams .
Public opposition to the project was broad . The Adelaide City Council objected to the plan on the basis that it would interfere with the well @-@ designed layout of the city proper . In response , the government altered the plan to redirect the line underneath the city , at a considerable increase in cost . Residents in inner @-@ city suburbs such as St Peters were concerned about the noise of the light rail vehicles , and protested against any disruption of the Torrens Gorge in the Modbury corridor . Test drilling commenced for the tunnel , but the entire light rail project was halted in 1980 after Premier David Tonkin appointed Michael Wilson , an opponent of the plan , as Transport Minister .
= = = Development = = =
In search of a replacement for the light rail project , the new Government sent experts to examine an innovative guided bus system being developed in West Germany by Daimler @-@ Benz . From the German Omnibus ( bus ) and Bahn ( railway , as in S @-@ Bahn and U @-@ Bahn ) , the O @-@ Bahn system was developed for use in tram tunnels in Essen . After extensive consultations with German authorities , State Transport Authority engineers decided the O @-@ Bahn could be used . The system was seen as far superior to previous proposals ; it used less land , made less noise , was faster and cost less . In addition , its unique feature of a non @-@ transfer service direct from suburban streets to the city centre made it more attractive . Plans were drawn up for a length of 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) : initially only three kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) were to be constructed as O @-@ Bahn , with the rest being conventional busway . However , safety concerns and public opposition led to O @-@ Bahn being used for the entire length . Construction began in 1983 for the first section to Paradise Interchange . Another change of Government in 1982 resulted in uncertainty over the future of the project . The John Bannon Government , after consultations , decided to continue with Stage 1 ( City to Paradise ) and in 1986 proceeded with Stage 2 ( Paradise to Tea Tree Plaza ) . The cost of the project was A $ 98 million , including the buses .
The O @-@ Bahn had more than 4 million passenger trips in the year after completion of Stage 1 in 1986 , with a 30 % increase the following year . When the completed O @-@ Bahn was opened on 20 August 1989 , passenger numbers rose another 17 % . The Adelaide public transport system was privatised in the 1990s and overall patronage across all systems ( bus , rail and tram ) dropped 25 % . The exception to this was the O @-@ Bahn with no decrease , and there were 19 @,@ 500 passenger trips daily in 1996 ( 7 @.@ 13 million a year ) . As of 2015 , the busway carries approximately 31 @,@ 000 people per weekday .
= = = Expansion proposals = = =
There have been a number of proposals to extend the O @-@ Bahn to Golden Grove or build other routes , however none have progressed beyond consultation . An extension to Golden Grove would require the acquisition of extensive tracts of private property , due to the absence of an available corridor . Population increase in the area is negligible , although sprawl continues from Tea Tree Plaza Interchange for another eight kilometres to the Adelaide Hills . The current route was built with an allowance for a station at Grand Junction Road but it has not been built .
A southern O @-@ Bahn proposal attracted the most attention and has been the subject of various studies and Parliamentary Committees as to its viability since 1996 . The rail route through Adelaide 's far south is off @-@ centre , without the large catchment area of a more central transport route . An O @-@ Bahn running direct through the region would be able to take advantage of an already large population and the continuing growth in the area .
One suggested route for an O @-@ Bahn was for an alignment adjacent to the Noarlunga Centre railway line from the city to the Tonsley railway line . The O @-@ Bahn would end there , with buses continuing on the Southern Expressway through the far south . Construction of this O @-@ Bahn would require moving the railway track slightly to fit the O @-@ Bahn alongside . In addition , Emerson Crossing and the Goodwood tram overpass would require alteration . The estimated cost of construction , $ 182 million , was considered too expensive , and the proposal was suspended in 2001 . Since then , the Government has focused on road upgrades and an inner @-@ city light rail extension .
There was a 2009 plan that bus routes serving the O @-@ Bahn would be enhanced from Hackney Road along Grenfell and Currie Streets and extended to West Terrace on the far side of the CBD along dedicated bus lanes . However , the Federal Government announced in January 2011 , as part of its response to the 2010 – 11 Queensland floods , that the extension would be cancelled " as a result of a significant scope reduction of the original project , resulting in only limited transport benefits " .
= = O @-@ Bahn City Access Project = =
In 2015 , the Department of Planning , Transport and Infrastructure announced a $ 160 million proposed O @-@ Bahn City Access Project . The existing entry / exit at Hackney Road will be retained , but upgraded bus @-@ only lanes on Hackney Road will lead to a new tunnel portal with bus guide rails commencing near the Adelaide Botanic Garden . The tunnel will pass under the Botanic Road intersection , then curve to the west under Rundle Park , Rundle Road and surface in Rymill Park leading to a redesigned intersection at Grenfell Street and East Terrace . Construction was anticipated to start in late 2015 with the project completed in 2017 . The contract to complete the detailed design and construct the tunnel was let to McConnell Dowell in October 2015 . SAGE Automation will provide expertise in the mechanical and electrical aspects of the tunnel including ventilation and safety systems . Construction started in March 2016 with removal of the median strip and preparation of central bus lanes . It is still expected to be completed by the end of 2017 .
= = Effects on local development = =
The O @-@ Bahn has caused a clustering of commercial and community development near the Tea Tree Plaza Interchange , as service @-@ providing organisations and businesses have sought to exploit the area 's easy accessibility to public transport and the city centre . Market imperatives have also been aided by the zoning of the land around the area as commercial rather than residential . The area around Tea Tree Plaza is one of five designated regional centres within the Adelaide metropolis .
According to Robert Cervero , the O @-@ Bahn has " accelerated the conversion of Tea Tree Gully from a somewhat sterile new town designed around a regional shopping mall to an emerging urban village featuring a wide range of land uses " . The large Modbury Hospital is adjacent to the interchange , and the Torrens Valley campus of TAFE was built directly to the east of the busway after it opened . One government high school , three primary schools , one Christian school and three retirement villages are within a kilometre of the interchange . In contrast , there has been opposition to the area surrounding Klemzig Interchange and Paradise Interchange being used for any purpose other than low @-@ density housing and no transit @-@ oriented development has occurred .
= = Environment = =
The construction of the O @-@ Bahn , rather than the previously proposed Modbury Freeway , was motivated by a desire to reduce car dependency . $ 6 million was used for the redevelopment of the Torrens Gorge , in which the Torrens Linear Park was created . About 150 @,@ 000 trees , plants and shrubs were planted alongside the track for aesthetic , environmental and noise @-@ reduction purposes ; planting was completed in 1997 . Walking trails and cycling paths were built along the park to encourage public use . Torrens Linear Park rejuvenated the river , which had deteriorated to the extent of being a de facto " urban drain , littered with rubbish and inaccessible to the public " . Arising from environmental considerations , the O @-@ Bahn is carbon @-@ neutral due to the absorption of carbon dioxide by the trees alongside it . The track itself is situated in a valley due to it being near a riverbed and the elevation was further lowered by digging further depressions in order to reduce the noise impact on adjacent dwellings .
The original buses ran on diesel fuel , but the system allows for buses that run on alternative energy sources . Biodiesel fuel and natural gas have been trialled , and 20 % of the Adelaide bus fleet uses compressed natural gas , 48 % B20 and 32 % B5 biodiesel blends . The design of the O @-@ Bahn allows for the installation of overhead wires for trolleybuses .
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= Ray Harvey =
Raymond Harvey ( born 3 January 1926 ) is a former Australian first @-@ class cricketer who played for Victoria in the 1940s and 1950s . He was the brother of Australian Test batsmen Merv and Neil and first @-@ class cricketer and umpire Mick Harvey . Ray Harvey was an attacking and talented batsman but failed to reach international standards and only managed to hold down a regular position in the Victorian team in two seasons in the 1950s . This failure to match the standards set by his Test @-@ capped brothers was often attributed to a lack of single @-@ mindedness and hunger .
Harvey was born into a working @-@ class , devoutly Methodist family . His father was a keen amateur cricketer and an instilled a love of the game in his six sons , all of whom played for Fitzroy in Victorian Premier Cricket . Harvey made his first class debut in the middle of the 1947 – 48 season , and played his first two matches for Victoria alongside his more decorated brothers Merv and Neil . However , he performed poorly and did not play a match in the following summer and for the two subsequent seasons , he played in only three games but contributed little to his team 's cause . In 1951 – 52 he made five appearances , gaining selection only when Victoria 's Test players were busy representing Australia . The following season , he gained selection for the last three matches and broke through for his maiden first @-@ class century , having never previously passed 50 .
Having broken through at the end of the preceding summer , Harvey played his first full season for Victoria in 1953 – 54 , despite the availability of the Test players for the whole campaign . He scored two centuries and five half centuries against full strength teams from other states and was rewarded with selection in Lindsay Hassett 's testimonial match , which was effectively a Test trial match . Harvey ended the season with 699 runs at a batting average of 49 @.@ 92 . At the start of the following season , Harvey was included in an Australian XI for a match against the touring England cricket team for a Test trial match . However , rain curtailed the match and turned the playing surface into a sticky wicket hostile to batting . Harvey made only seven in his only innings . He played in all of Victoria 's matches for the season , despite a form slump — he scored only 206 runs at 18 @.@ 72 . He was then overlooked for state selection until 1958 – 59 , when he regained his position late in the season and made 97 and 86 in consecutive innings . However , the following season , he made only sporadic appearances despite the absence of the Test players overseas and aggregated only 133 runs at 16 @.@ 62 in four matches and he was never selected for Victoria again . He shone mainly for Fitzroy in Victorian Premier Cricket , scoring 19 centuries and 9 @,@ 146 runs in first @-@ grade competition , both of which are still club records .
= = Early years = =
Ray Harvey 's father , Horace " Horry " Harvey moved to Broken Hill , New South Wales where he worked for BHP driving horse @-@ drawn trailers . In 1914 , he married Elsie May Bitmead and their first two children , daughter Rita and son Mervyn , were born in the mining town . The family relocated to Newcastle , a mining town and harbour in New South Wales and had two more sons , " Mick " and Harold there . In 1926 , the Harveys shifted to the inner @-@ Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy , a staunchly working @-@ class , industrial area . During their relocation , Ray was born in Sydney . Horace secured a job at the confectionery company Life Savers ( Australasia ) Ltd. located next door to their house at 198 Argyle Street . The 19th century two @-@ storey house was owned by the firm and was used as lodgings for the workers ' families . It no longer exists , having been demolished to make way for a textile factory . The two youngest sons Neil and Brian were born in Fitzroy .
The Cornish @-@ descended Horry raised his family as strict Methodists , disallowing gambling , alcohol , tobacco and profanity in his household . An ardent cricketer during his years in New South Wales , he was good enough to hit 196 runs during a match in Newcastle , and he encouraged his children to play sport . He himself played for the Rita Social Club after moving to Fitzroy , while his wife kept score .
As recreational facilities and grass ovals were sparse in densely populated Fitzroy , the boys took to playing cricket in a cobblestone laneway between their terraced house . Here they played cricket with a tennis ball , homemade cricket bat and a kerosene tin for a wicket . They were usually joined by other local children , two of whom became elite sportsmen : Allan Ruthven ( an Australian rules footballer ) and Harold Shillinglaw ( both an Australian rules footballer and first @-@ class cricketer ) — the group also played Australian rules football , kicking around rolled up cardboard and newspaper . Much of the batting skill displayed by the Harvey brothers has been attributed to these games played on the unpredictable bounce of the bumpy laneway . The surface also had a V @-@ shaped slope inwards towards the centre of the lane , causing balls to deviate sideways after bouncing . As the laneway meant that the playing area was long and narrow , the young boys also had to learn to play the ball straight in accordance with orthodox cricket technique . The Harveys played another form of cricket in their concreted backyard using a marble instead of a ball that sharpened their reflexes , and a miniature bat . All were right @-@ handed batsmen with the exception of Neil .
All of the children attended the nearby George Street State School and one by one the brothers joined the Fitzroy Cricket Club as they reached their early teens . The club had a program whereby they gave a medal for every local school to award to the best cricketer in their ranks in that year . The successful student would then be given access to all of the club 's facilities . All of the Harvey brothers were recipients were of this medal . At Fitzroy , they came under the influence of former Victorian all @-@ rounder Arthur Liddicut and the club 's veteran captain Joe Plant . The Harveys had no formal coaching , and their father , although a regular presence at the club , chose to stay in the background as their respective careers developed . Horace did not advise his sons on how to bat , allowing them to formulate their own style and technique . According to the Harvey brothers , it was their mother who was vocal and extroverted , in contrast to their reserved father . The boys who failed to score runs were given kitchen duty and according to them , their parents never showed favouritism .
During the winter , they played baseball for the Fitzroy Baseball Club , often competing in matches played as curtain raisers to the elite Australian rules football competition , the Victorian Football League . In 1948 , Harvey was selected at short stop in the 1948 All @-@ Australian baseball team . Saturday night entertainment for the family typically consisted of dinner after the day ’ s cricket matches for Fitzroy and Plant , Liddicut and other club personnel were often invited . Under the influence of cricketing mentors Plant and Liddicut , the boys were taught to adopt an aggressive approach , using fast feet movement to attack spin bowling in particular . Harvey made his First XI debut for Fitzroy in 1941 – 42 . In 1943 – 44 , he scored a club record of 817 First XI runs in a season . In 1942 – 43 , Neil was promoted to Fitzroy 's First XI , joining Merv , Mick and Ray . During that season , the family held down the first four batting positions for Fitzroy ; Merv and Mick opened the batting and Ray and Neil came in after them . Ray continued to play for Fitzroy over the next two decades when he was not required by Victoria . Outside cricket , Harvey was an electrical fitter and he worked for the Metropolitan Tramways Board . He and his wife Lorna and settled in the inner @-@ northern suburb of Reservoir .
= = First @-@ class beginnings = =
Mid way through the 1947 – 48 season , Harvey was called into the Victorian team for the Sheffield Shield match against New South Wales and made his debut alongside Merv and Neil , who were already established players . Merv opened , while Neil and Ray batted at Nos. 4 and 7 respectively . Victoria batted first and the brothers again did not form any partnerships as they were always out before the next sibling came in to bat . Ray came in at 5 / 208 to make 43 . Victoria ended with 331 and the Harvey brothers had scored almost half the runs . New South Wales were forced to follow on and Victoria were set 51 for victory . After the fall of Fred Freer at 1 / 24 , captain Lindsay Hassett elevated Ray to No. 3 , allowing two Harveys to bat together for the first time at first @-@ class level . Ray and Merv put on an unbeaten partnership of 27 to take Victoria to a nine @-@ wicket win . Merv and Ray ended unbeaten on 12 and 22 respectively .
The three brothers played together in the next match against Western Australia . Merv captained the team as Hassett was away on Test duty . Victoria batted first and Ray made only 1 . In the second innings , Ray 15 , not batting with his brothers in a drawn match .
The brotherly trio was broken up for the match against Queensland , as Neil was selected for the Australian team . In his only innings , Ray scored 48 and appeared set for his maiden first @-@ class half @-@ century before being run out in a drawn match . He bowled eight overs for the season , conceding 32 runs without taking a wicket . Merv dropped after this match , and Ray made 9 and 15 alongside Neil in the next fixture against New South Wales , a six @-@ wicket win . Ray played in the next match against Tasmania with none of his brothers alongside him , as Neil was again busy with the national team . Ray made two in his only innings in a ten @-@ wicket win . Despite his run of low scores , he was retained as Neil and the other Test players returned ; he made 25 and 10 as Victoria lost by four wickets in their final match of the season against South Australia . Ray ended his debut first @-@ class season with 190 runs at a batting average of 21 @.@ 11 with a best score of 48 .
= = Fringe Victorian player = =
After a poor debut season for Victoria , Harvey did not gain first @-@ class selection in 1948 – 49 and vacancies were hard to come by as the season was purely domestic with no touring Test team , so all of Australia 's international representatives were available for the whole season . Harvey was selected for a Second XI match against New South Wales but failed to make an impact , scoring two runs in each innings as the Victorians completed a 195 @-@ run win . Harvey took the wicket of H Hinman in the first innings , ending with 1 / 24 from four overs .
The following season , 1949 – 50 , with the Australian Test team in South Africa for the whole of the southern hemisphere summer , Victoria lost batsmen Lindsay Hassett , Sam Loxton and Neil Harvey . Despite the extra vacancies , Ray was only selected for one match , against Tasmania , making 9 and 45 in a four @-@ wicket win . This was effectively a second @-@ choice Victorian team as the leading players were involved in a Shield match against New South Wales at the same time .
Harvey 's 1950 – 51 season was similarly unproductive , with the Test players back in Australia for a home series against England . He was only selected for the two first class matches against Tasmania , was even less successful . In the first match , he made a duck in the first innings , before coming to the crease at the end of the run @-@ chase and being yet to score as a nine wicket win was completed . In the next match he made 0 and 9 , as Victoria scraped home for a nine run win , despite Harvey conceding 20 runs from four wicketless overs . He ended the first class season with 9 runs at 3 @.@ 00 . In a Second XI fixture against New South Wales , he made 61 before being bowled by Alan Davidson . In the first innings he delivered one over and was attacked heavily , conceding 23 runs . In the second innings , he bowled 13 overs and took 1 / 49 as New South Wales ended 24 runs short of making Victoria bat again with three wickets in hand when the match ended in a draw .
In 1951 – 52 , Harvey was in and out of the team on a regular basis as the Test players were periodically available for Victorian duty between the international matches . With the Test players away for the first two Sheffield Shield matches , Harvey played in both fixtures . He made only 28 in the first match , an innings win over Western Australia . He also took two catches . In the next match against South Australia , he made 47 out of Victoria 's 281 and took his first wickets at first @-@ class level , dismissing century @-@ maker Ernest England and tail @-@ ender Geff Noblet and ending with 2 / 29 and two catches as Victoria conceded a 240 @-@ run first innings lead . He then made 18 as his team collapsed for 101 to lose by an innings . Harvey was then dropped for the next three matches , as the Test players , including his younger brother Neil , returned . With a Test match in progress at the same time , he was recalled for the home match against Queensland but made only 35 and 14 as Victoria collapsed in the second innings to be 9 / 147 , holding on for a draw with one wicket in hand . Harvey bowled seven overs in the match and conceded 0 / 51 . He was immediately dropped again when the Test players returned , before being recalled for the away match against Queensland when the national representatives were again unavailable . Harvey then made 31 and 1 in a narrow 18 @-@ run loss . Having made only 21 of Victoria 's 647 in the next match against Tasmania , he was dropped for the final Shield match when the Test players returned . Harvey ended the season with 195 runs at 24 @.@ 37 ; he reached 14 in all but one of his eight innings but was unable to convert his starts into large scores , with a highest innings of 47 .
Harvey was unable to gain selection during the 1952 – 53 season until late in the season , at the end of January . In his first match of the summer against New South Wales , he made 42 and 36 , but was unable to convert his starts into large scores in a drawn match . The next match against the touring South Africans proceeded similarly . In a drawn encounter , Harvey made 47 in the first innings and was unbeaten on 5 in the run @-@ chase when time ran out . In the final match of the season , against Western Australia , Harvey broke through for his maiden first @-@ class century , scoring 121 in an innings victory over Western Australia . It was also his first score of 50 or more at first @-@ class level . He took seven catches in his three matches and ended the season with 251 runs at 62 @.@ 75 , and took a total of 0 / 43 from 15 overs .
= = Peak years and pushing for national selection = =
Having broken through for his first century at the end of the previous season , Harvey played consistently in 1953 – 54 , and was selected for each of Victoria 's matches for the season for the first time . He did so despite the fact that there were no Tests scheduled for the Australian season , meaning that the international representatives would be available for all of Victoria 's matches . Ray and Neil played together in every match of the summer . In the opening match of the season against Queensland , Ray Harvey made 82 and 8 in a 254 @-@ run win . He followed this with 2 and 91 in the next match against New South Wales over the Christmas holiday period . Harvey was one of the few batsmen to make an impact in the second innings , as the New South Wales bowlers , including the likes of Keith Miller , Ray Lindwall , Richie Benaud and Davidson , all members of Australia 's Test bowling attack , dismissed Victoria for only 222 to set up a nine @-@ wicket win . A week later , he started the new year by scoring 110 as Victoria batted first and took a 117 @-@ run first innings lead against South Australia . He made only 10 in the second innings but his state completed a 290 @-@ run win nonetheless .
Harvey was then rewarded with selection in a testimonial match for retiring Australian captain Lindsay Hassett . Typically , such matches involved the best players in Australia divided into two teams , and Harvey played for Arthur Morris 's XI against Hassett 's outfit . Harvey scored 69 and 17 as his team completed a 121 @-@ run win . He also bowled three overs in total , but was unsuccessful , conceding 27 runs as the opposition batsmen attacked him . Harvey then made 50 and 19 in a drawn match again Queensland .
Harvey played a key part in Victoria 's win over New South Wales away at the SCG . Having taken two catches as the hosts batted first , he made 61 as the visitors made 234 to take a 52 @-@ run first innings lead . After taking another catchin the second innings , he then made an unbeaten 106 to guide the Victorians to their target of 268 with five wickets in hand . Harvey 's run @-@ scoring tapered away in the last two matches of the season ; he made 74 runs in three innings in the match . Nevertheless , he ended the season with 699 runs at 49 @.@ 92 ; he had made the same amount of runs in his first six first @-@ class seasons since his debut in 1947 – 48 . As a result of his performances in this season , he was hailed as the best batsman outside the Australian Test team .
Harvey 's performances were rewarded with selection for an Australian XI in a tour match against the England cricket team at the start of the 1954 – 55 season . However , the match was curtailed by rain and Harvey was not able to exhibit his talents on a sticky wicket highly difficult for batting . Listed at No. 4 , Harvey came in after the dismissal of his brother and made seven in his only innings . As a result Ray was not chosen for the Test team alongside his brother during the season .
This was the start of a poor season for Harvey as he managed a top @-@ score of only 44 in 11 innings for the summer , passing 20 on only four occasions and ending with 206 runs at 18 @.@ 72 . Despite this , the Victorian selectors persisted with him for every match of the season .
= = Final seasons = =
Harvey was overlooked for selection for entirety of the 1955 – 56 season . After four years out of first @-@ class cricket , Harvey earned a recall in the latter half of the 1958 – 59 season for a match against Queensland . He made only 21 in the first innings and was unbeaten on 17 when time ran out in the second innings . He was retained for the match against South Australia the following week and scored 97 in an innings win . In the subsequent fixture against New South Wales , who were in the process of completing a sixth consecutive Shield title , Harvey faced a full @-@ strength team with Australia 's two leading Test bowlers Benaud and Davidson . He made 86 in the first innings but managed only 6 in the second before being removed by Benaud , as the Victorians ended 37 runs short of victory with five wickets in hand when time ran out . Harvey made six in his only innings in the last match of the season against Queensland . He ended the season with 233 runs at 46 @.@ 60 .
In 1959 – 60 , the Test team toured the Indian subcontinent during the Australian summer , opening up more vacancies in the Sheffield Shield . Harvey was given a recall in December 1959 . However , he was not successful and failed to convert his starts into substantial scores , making 8 , 36 , 12 , 25 , 22 and 20 in three matches . In the last of these matches , he took his career @-@ best bowling figures of 3 / 26 , in the first innings against South Australia . He dismissed the top @-@ scorer John Lill for 176 and his other victims were Michael Clingly and Peter Trethewey . This allowed Victoria to take first innings points and eventually complete a six @-@ wicket win . This meant that all of Harvey 's five wickets as first @-@ class level came against South Australia . Harvey 's first @-@ class career ended with the following match against New South Wales . He made 1 and 9 , and conceded 26 runs from three wicketless overs , and was dropped , having made only 133 runs at 16 @.@ 62 for the season .
In 1960 – 61 , Harvey played a final First XI season for Fitzroy . His Fitzroy first @-@ grade records for the most career runs and centuries , and the most runs in a season , still stand , and he managed a double @-@ century for the club against University . He ended his first @-@ grade career with 19 centuries and 9 @,@ 146 runs at an average of 36 @.@ 15 from 247 matches .
= = Style = =
Harvey was an attacking and free @-@ flowing batsman but he was not a prolific scorer , which was attributed by observers to a lack of single @-@ mindedness required to succeed at the top level . Neil said that Ray 's footwork was suspect and that the stronger bowlers in domestic cricket were able to exploit this . Neil said that if Ray had been able to rectify his weakness , then he could have become a Test player for Australia . Australian captain Bill Lawry said that Harvey was one of the two best district cricketers he had faced . Aside from his batting , Harvey was an occasional leg spinner , and was known for his fielding ability .
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= Typhoon Billie ( 1959 ) =
Typhoon Billie was the first typhoon officially monitored by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . The storm brought floods to several East Asian countries in July 1959 . Billie developed from a tropical disturbance west of Kiribati on July 12 . Situated within favorable conditions , the system quickly reached tropical storm intensity before strengthening further to typhoon status a day after formation . Intensification continued until Billie reached its peak intensity on July 14 east of Taiwan with maximum sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 64 inHg ) . Slight weakening occurred before the typhoon made landfall on Zhejiang in China on July 16 . After tracking inland , Billie curved northward and moved over the Yellow Sea before making a final landfall on North Korea on July 17 ; the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone shortly afterwards before dissipating over the Sea of Japan a day later .
The rainbands of Billie brought severe flooding to the Philippines and Japan even while the typhoon 's center was well removed from those locations . In the Philippines , one person was killed , and the flood damage totaled US $ 500 @,@ 000 . Floods were particularly destructive in Japan , where they destroyed 603 homes in the western portion of the country . Swaths of crops were inundated by the floodwaters , and 44 people were killed . Extensive flooding occurred in Taiwan and China , and seven deaths occurred in the former . In Busan , South Korea , Billie 's effects forced the evacuation of thousands of people through tight corridors from a stadium , causing the indirect deaths of 61 people .
= = Meteorological history = =
Beginning on July 9 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began dispatching aircraft reconnaissance to investigate an area of thunderstorms between Yap State and Koror that had potential to develop into a tropical cyclone . Tracking westward , there were few signs of organization or intensification until July 12 , when recon found a closed atmospheric circulation within the disturbance , signifying that a tropical depression had developed ; JTWC bulletins and warnings commenced accordingly . Upon development , observations indicated that the system was quickly developing in favorable conditions , with initial reconnaissance flights finding a loose eye measuring 160 km ( 100 mi ) in diameter shortly after classification as a tropical depression . Twelve hours later , the JTWC upgraded the cyclone to tropical storm status , assigning the name Billie .
At 1200 UTC on July 13 , the JTWC upgraded Billie further to typhoon status , making Billie the first tropical cyclone to be monitored by the JTWC since its inception earlier in 1959 . Now tracking steadily towards the northwest , the typhoon reached its peak intensity at 1200 UTC the next day with maximum sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) according to the JTWC and a minimum barometric pressure assessed by the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) at 970 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 64 inHg ) . By this time Billie 's eye had shrunk to a size roughly 50 km ( 30 mi ) in diameter . At 0900 UTC on July 15 , Billie passed just 30 km ( 20 mi ) north of Taiwan ; fifteen hours later the typhoon made landfall north of Fuzhou , China in Zhejiang with winds estimated at 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) .
Upon tracking inland on July 16 , interaction with China 's mountainous terrain disrupted the organization of Billie , weakening it down to tropical storm intensity . However , the tropical cyclone 's stint over land was short @-@ lived as the system quickly curved northward into the Yellow Sea by July 17 . Despite moving back over water , Billie continued to weaken , and made landfall on the western coast of North Korea with winds of 75 km / h ( 40 mph ) . Over the Korean peninsula , Billie began to intake cold air from a polar front , enabling the system to transition into an extratropical cyclone by 1800 UTC that day . These remnants tracked eastward across the Sea of Japan before they were last noted just off of Hokkaido on July 18 .
= = Impact = =
As Billie tracked to the east of the Philippines , the outer rainbands of the tropical cyclone produced heavy rainfall to the archipelago , the Ryukyu Islands , and the main islands of Japan . In the Philippines , the rains triggered floods that led to the death of one person and US $ 500 @,@ 000 in damage . About 100 people were displaced on the islands due to the rainfall . The Japanese freighter Bansei Maru was grounded on a reef off of Ishigaki Island due to the rough surf and winds caused by the passing typhoon , necessitating a rescue operation by three United States Navy ships . On the island , 16 homes were destroyed and 49 were heavily damaged . Inundation of crops was prevalent . Flooding from Billie was highly destructive in areas of Japan west of the Chūbu region , destroying 603 homes and inundating 77 @,@ 288 others . Roughly 325 km2 ( 125 mi2 ) of farmland was impacted by the rains . Across Japan , 44 people were killed and 77 were injured .
In northern Taiwan , Billie caused widespread flash flooding , displacing thousands of people and resulting in extensive damage . Approximately one @-@ third of Taipei was inundated by floodwaters , and hospital patients were forced to evacuate to Okinawa after a Military Assistance Advisory Group compound was impacted by the heavy rains . Over 10 @,@ 000 people were rendered homeless in Taipei alone after the city 's shanty @-@ type dwellings along with well @-@ built residences were destroyed . In total , the effects of Billie in Taiwan killed seven people . Extensive flooding also occurred in nearby eastern China , inundating rice fields . In order to avoid the storm , thousands of fishermen sought shelter in local harbors . Cleanup and relief operations quickly ensued following the storm 's passage .
Storms accompanying Billie and its remnants brought heavy rains and strong winds to South Korea , knocking out police telephone lines in Busan . The sudden onslaught of these storms caused a stampede of roughly 70 @,@ 000 people out of a stadium , resulting in the indirect deaths of 68 people , including 51 children . Around 125 people were injured and 40 were hospitalized after the mass evacuation .
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= The Boat Race 1946 =
The 92nd Boat Race took place on 30 March 1946 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames in London . In a race umpired by former Cambridge rower Kenneth Payne , Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 19 minutes 54 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 48 – 43 in Cambridge 's favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1939 race by four lengths , and led overall with 48 victories to Oxford 's 42 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . No races were conducted between 1940 and 1945 as a result of the Second World War .
Oxford were coached by R. E. Eason ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1924 race ) , D. T. Raikes ( who represented Oxford in the 1920 , 1921 and 1922 races ) , Peter Haig Thomas ( a four @-@ time Light Blue between 1902 and 1905 , who had also coached Cambridge nine times between 1924 and 1934 ) and G. L. Thomson . Cambridge 's coaches were B. C. Johnstone , Sidney Swann ( who had rowed for the Light Blues in the four races from 1911 to 1914 , and coached them in the 1920 , 1921 and 1922 races ) and Claude Waterhouse Hearn Taylor ( who rowed for Cambridge three times between 1901 and 1903 , and coached them in the 1904 race ) . The race was umpired by the former British Olympian Kenneth Payne , who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races .
During the build @-@ up to the race , Cambridge suffered misfortune in particular with regard to their number four . M. A. Nicholson , the first choice , was taken ill and was replaced by P. A. G. Dewar . Just two days later Dewar was forced to leave the boat suffering with blood poisoning from a septic boil . D. J. D. Perrins was Cambridge 's third and final choice . With a week to go , the Light Blue coach Thomson stated " we took a day off yesterday because some of the crew were feeling off @-@ colour ... they appear to be suffering from some internal trouble " . The rowing correspondent for The Manchester Guardian noted that the Light Blues were " not quite fast enough and are not particularly well together " yet showed promise . He also noted that while Oxford had improved considerably , Cambridge would most likely start as favourites .
= = Crews = =
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 7 lb ( 79 @.@ 2 kg ) , 8 @.@ 75 pounds ( 4 @.@ 0 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . As the event was forced to take a hiatus between 1940 and 1945 as a result of the Second World War , none of the rowers had participated in the Boat Race prior this year . Three of the Cambridge crew were registered as non @-@ British : J. G. Gosse was Australian , P. L. P. Mcdonnell was Canadian and stroke J. H. Neame was American .
= = Race = =
Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Umpire Payne started the race " in perfect conditions of a south @-@ easterly breeze and with sun shining through a light mist " at 11 a.m in front of " a vast crowd , fully up to pre @-@ war standards " . Followed by six launches and a helicopter overhead , Oxford led from the start , and were half a length clear of the Light Blues by the time they passed Craven Steps . Marginally out @-@ rating Cambridge , Oxford passed the Mile Post two and a half lengths ahead and allowed their stroke rate to drop , still maintaining their lead at Hammersmith Bridge . Cambridge spurted at The Doves pub and reduced the deficit marginally but by HMS Stork , the Light Blues were visibly tired and allowed Oxford to draw away once more .
Leading by three lengths at Chiswick Steps , Oxford reduced their stroke rate to " little more than a paddle " , yet still passed below Barnes Bridge with the same advantage . The Dark Blues passed the finishing post three lengths ahead in a time of 19 minutes 54 seconds . The victory , Oxford 's third in the last four races , took the overall record in the event to 48 – 43 in Cambridge 's favour . The special correspondent writing in The Times stated that Oxford won " in faultless style and without ever looking anything but an assured winning crew . " It was reported in the Dundee Evening Telegraph that Oxford 's win was " a triumph of team @-@ work over individualism " . Hugh Dalton , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , announced that the race had made £ 700 from Purchase Tax .
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= Effects of Hurricane Floyd in New England =
The effects of Hurricane Floyd in New England stretched across the region from Connecticut to Maine and included two casualties . Floyd , once a large and powerful hurricane , made landfall in North Carolina and weakened as it tracked northward along the U.S. East Coast . By September 17 , 1999 , the storm , downgraded in strength to a tropical storm , was situated over New England . It produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds throughout the entire region , leading to widespread downing of trees and extensive power outages before it moved away later that day . In Danbury , Connecticut , Floyd triggered severe flooding , considered the worst in 40 years , that damaged hundreds of homes . Precipitation in some areas amounted to 10 in ( 250 mm ) , with wind gusts approaching hurricane force in Massachusetts .
= = Background = =
Floyd 's origins are traced back to a westward @-@ moving tropical wave that developed into a tropical depression on September 7 , 1999 , while centered 1 @,@ 000 mi ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . The system moved west @-@ northwestward , and intensified into a tropical storm on September 8 . Continuing to intensify , Floyd attained hurricane strength on September 10 . The hurricane ultimately peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale as it struck the Bahamas . The storm turned northwestward and soon northward , brushing the coast of Florida and the southeast United States . On September 16 , Floyd made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane in North Carolina , and moved northeastward along the Eastern Seaboard . It passed through the Mid @-@ Atlantic States as it deteriorated into a tropical storm , and lost its tropical identity over southern Maine .
= = Preparations = =
On September 15 , an existing tropical storm watch was extended northward to the Merrimack River in Massachusetts . The next day , a tropical storm warning was extended northward to Plymouth , Massachusetts , but was soon replaced by a hurricane warning . The watch stretching to the Merrimack River was then replaced by a warning . By 0900 UTC on September 17 , all tropical cyclone advisories were lifted . In Connecticut , utility companies readied supplies and emergency crews in advance of the hurricane . In Massachusetts and Rhode Island , with the anticipation of heavy rains , the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) prepared to send eight teams into the field to take measurements along 30 rivers . Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Almond advised residents to prepare for the storm 's onslaught . The storm disrupted many residents ' travel plans in the state , while people evacuated from certain coastal communities . The threat of Hurricane Floyd forced schools , malls , and the University of Massachusetts Amherst to close .
= = Impact = =
= = = Southern New England = = =
In Connecticut , the storm caused one casualty : a man drowned after boating in the swollen Quinnipiac River . The storm caused extensive flooding and serious damage . Wind gusts exceeding 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) , combined with the saturated ground , brought down many trees and triggered severe power outages in the area . As Floyd tracked up the Connecticut River Valley towards Massachusetts , it dropped heavy precipitation . The heaviest rainfall occurred in a southwest – northeast orientated swath from northern New Jersey to southwestern Connecticut , including southeastern New York . At the Danbury Airport , 11 @.@ 13 in ( 283 mm ) of rain was reported . Rainfall rates of 1 to 2 in ( 25 to 51 mm ) per hour occurred at Bethel and Danbury . Numerous rivers overflowed ; for example , the Still River and its tributaries triggered severe flooding . The worst of the flooding — considered the worst in 40 years — took place at Danbury . Hundreds of homes , two car dealerships , several roads , and other structures were damaged there . At Greentree Motors , all 200 vehicles were declared a total loss . Parts of the city were submerged with 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of water . However , throughout the state , roads were closed and basements were inundated . The flooding inflicted at least $ 1 @.@ 3 million in monetary damage within Fairfield County . Portions of the state were declared a federal disaster area .
Floyd brought intense winds and heavy rain to Rhode Island . The strongest winds were confined to Washington and Providence counties . The winds brought down numerous trees , tree limbs and power lines . Rainfall typically ranged from 2 to 5 in ( 51 to 127 mm ) , with a report of 7 @.@ 12 in ( 181 mm ) at North Smithfield , Rhode Island . The Pawtuxet River reached flood stage on September 16 , and crested the next day . Although it surpassed its banks , no flood damage was reported . The storm 's effects in the state were mostly minor .
In Massachusetts , the storm produced wind gusts of 60 to 70 mph ( 97 to 113 km / h ) , reaching 76 mph ( 122 km / h ) at the New Bedford Hurricane Barrier . The strongest winds were concentrated over two sections of the state — the western mountains terrain and Cape Cod . The winds brought down trees and power lines in these areas , particularly around Pittsfield . In terms of rainfall , the storm dropped 6 to 10 in ( 150 to 250 mm ) in many locations . The heavy precipitation caused rivers to swell , and in some cases flow over their banks . Storm surge at the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier reached 4 @.@ 2 ft ( 1 @.@ 3 m ) .
= = = Northern New England = = =
By September 17 , Floyd was located over southwestern Maine , dropping heavy rains . The entire state received precipitation , with the highest totals confined to southern areas . The National Weather Service issued a flood watch for two @-@ thirds of the state . The storm was described as " tame " , and damage was generally minor . In much of Androscoggin County , rainfall amounted to between 7 and 8 in ( 180 and 200 mm ) ; Poland reported 8 @.@ 72 in ( 221 mm ) . Several rivers approached or exceeded flood stage due to rainfall from Floyd and Hurricane Dennis less than a week earlier , causing minor flooding . Floyd helped to alleviate drought conditions in Maine . Some roads in susceptible areas were submerged , and a few basements were flooded . Wind gusts of 30 to 40 mph ( 48 to 64 km / h ) blew down trees and snapped branches , especially in the area surrounding Baxter State Park . Around 15 @,@ 000 residents were affected by power outages as a result . Following the event , five counties — Androscoggin , Cumberland , Kennebec Oxford , and Somerset — were declared disaster areas , making federal aid available to those areas .
Rainfall in New Hampshire generally ranged from 4 to 7 in ( 100 to 180 mm ) , although a few higher totals were recorded . At Mount Washington , 9 @.@ 54 in ( 242 mm ) of precipitation fell . The rainfall swelled rivers , pushing them above flood stage ; the Saco River at Conway crested at 15 @.@ 56 ft ( 4 @.@ 74 m ) , surpassing the 9 @-@ ft ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) flood stage . Along the Saco and Pemigewasset rivers , minor flooding took place , though only in low @-@ lying terrain . Strong winds also impacted the state , with gusts often exceeding 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) . The winds brought down several small trees in Jaffrey , and triggered power outages that affected 10 @,@ 000 residents . A federal disaster area was declared in the state .
In Vermont , for the first time in years , the Tunbridge World 's Fair was canceled due to the storm . One woman sustained injuries after a tree crashed on her vehicle . Floyd produced high winds and heavy rain throughout the state , leading to widespread downed trees and powerlines . Thousands of residents in the state lost power after 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) winds impacted the area . Rainfall totals of 3 to 6 in ( 76 to 152 mm ) were common , although there were localized higher reports . The rainfall was offset by persistent drought conditions , however . Numerous tributaries overflowed their banks , and significant flooding was reported . In Weathersfield , part of U.S. Route 5 was washed away . Some schools were closed and events canceled in the region . The downed trees caused structural damage , blocked roadways , and affected hiking trails . The high winds also damaged buildings and some apple orchards , Waves of 8 to 10 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 to 3 @.@ 0 m ) occurred on Lake Champlain , damaging numerous watercraft along the shore . The hurricane caused one death . Most of Vermont was declared a disaster area after the storm .
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= Large Black pig =
The Large Black , occasionally called the Devon , Cornwall Black or Boggu , is a breed of domestic pig native to Great Britain , particularly Devon , Cornwall and Essex . The Large Black is accurately named , as it is a large swine breed and is the only British pig that is entirely black . It is a hardy and docile pig , with Large Black sows known for having large litters . The breed 's foraging ability make it particularly useful for extensive farming , while a poor candidate for intensive farming .
The Large Black combined local black pig breeds from the West Country and the East of England . With the founding of a breed association in 1898 or 1899 , variations between the types from the two areas decreased . The Large Black was popular in the early 1900s and was exported to many areas of the world . Population numbers declined after the Second World War as farmers turned to breeds more suitable to intensive pig farming , and by the 1960s the breed was almost extinct . Numbers have slowly risen , but it is still considered vulnerable by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust , the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy , and Rare Breeds Canada .
= = History = =
The Large Black resulted from the amalgamation of black pigs from two geographically separate areas , Devon and Cornwall in the south @-@ west of England , and Essex , Suffolk and Kent in the east . The pigs from eastern England , mainly Essex , were influenced by importations from China in the late 18th century , while those from Devon and Cornwall were probably more closely related to the pigs in mainland Europe , particularly France . The Devon pigs were originally selected for " the length of their bodies , ears , noses , tail and hair , the longer the better , without reference to quality or substance " , but selective breeding brought improvements to the breed , and by 1850 the type was small @-@ boned and thick @-@ bodied , with good conformation and constitution . Alternative origins proposed for the black colour of the breed are black Guinea hogs imported from Africa ( similar to the Guinea Hog of the US ) or from Neapolitan pigs .
During the late 19th century , the Large Black grew in popularity . A breed association , the Large Black Pig Society , was formed in 1898 or 1899 , in Ipswich , Suffolk . A trademark , consisting of the letters LBP within a shield , was registered in 1902 .
The Herd Book of Large Black Pigs was first published in 1899 . In it the large black pigs of Devon and Cornwall were combined under one name with the remnants of the smaller Black Essex , Black Suffolk or Small Black , and other black East Anglian breeds whose numbers had fallen below sustainable levels . There were considerable variations between the types in the two areas , but breeding stock was exchanged between them and by 1913 " general uniformity " had been achieved .
= = = 1920s to modern times = = =
In 1919 a Large Black sow was Supreme Champion at Smithfield , and at the Royal Show that year 121 Large Blacks were entered , more than any other breed . Popularity of the breed peaked in the 1920s , however , and after World War II , population numbers declined as farmers began to favour pig breeds that would do well in intensive indoor farming . The breed association was merged with the National Pig Breeders Association ( later the British Pig Association ) in 1949 .
In 1955 the Howitt report on the development of pig production in the United Kingdom was published . Its main conclusions were that UK pig farms were poorly placed to compete with European producers , that the diversity of local breeds in the UK was an obstacle to progress , and that British pig farmers should focus on three breeds only : the Welsh , the British Landrace , and the Large White . The report initiated a period of decline in all other British pig breeds , including the Large Black . By the time the Rare Breeds Survival Trust was founded 1973 , numbers of all traditional pig breeds were dangerously low , and many of them were extinct . The Large Black was placed on the Trust 's endangered list .
= = = In other countries = = =
By 1913 , Large Black had by then spread throughout most of Britain , and had been exported to most of mainland Europe and to North and South America , Africa and Oceania . The first exports to Australia were in 1902 or 1903 , with the Large Black being chosen over the Berkshire pig because of their ability to thrive in hot weather , their foraging abilities and their fecundity . By 1930 , Large Blacks represented only 1 percent of Australia pig population , and were raised mainly by breeders in Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . The breed population continued to hover around 1 percent of the total population , with a slight increase after World War II and a decrease to almost zero new registrations in the 1980s . The first exports to the US were in the 1920s , but the population in that country dwindled to the point where imports were again necessary in 1985 . Today , small herds can be found in the US that descend from the pigs imported in 1985 and 1990 , and there are also herds in Canada , Australia , and South Africa .
= = Characteristics = =
The Large Black is a long , deep @-@ bodied pig , well known for its hardiness and suitability for extensive farming . Large Blacks are best suited for pasture @-@ based farming due to their strong foraging and grazing ability , which efficiently converts poor quality feed into meat . It is the only pig breed in Britain to be all black , and this helps protect the pig from sunburn in sunny climates . Temperamentally , the Large Black is a very docile breed which is easily contained by fencing . This is partly because its large , drooping ears obscure its vision , although they also help to protect the face and eyes while the animal is foraging , especially when rooting in dirt .
The breed is also known for its long periods of fertility and strong maternal instincts . Sows give birth to a large litter of 8 – 10 piglets , but some sows have been known to have litters of up to 13 piglets . Also of note is the Large Black sow listed in the Guinness Book of Records for having produced 26 litters between 1940 and 1952 – the largest number of litters ever recorded for a pig . Boars weigh 700 to 800 pounds ( 320 to 360 kg ) and sows around 600 to 700 pounds ( 270 to 320 kg ) , although obesity in sows sometimes results in cystic ovaries and a loss of fertility . The breed has become larger over the years ; in the early 1900s , weights averaged 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) for sows and larger for boars .
At its peak of popularity , the Large Black was used mainly for meat production , especially bacon . The meat from the Large Black is known for its lean quality and flavour without an excess of back fat , but for commercial production it was often crossed with the Yorkshire and Middle White pigs , producing a vigorous hybrid that was well regarded by farmers . However , today commercial processors do not favour the black skin of the purebred Large Black .
= = Conservation status = =
In 1954 there were 2195 Large Black pigs recorded , 269 licensed boars and 1926 registered sows , representing approximately 3 @.@ 4 % of the UK pig population of about 65 @,@ 000 . At the end of 2011 there were 421 Large Black pigs ( 86 boars and 335 sows ) registered , a small increase over the 2010 figure of 405 ( 65 boars , 340 sows ) . The Large Black is the rarest historic pig breed in Britain , although numbers are slowly on the rise due to an increase in demand for meat from traditional pig breeds . In 2011 it was classified as " vulnerable " on the watchlist of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust , meaning that there are believed to be between 200 and 300 breeding females . The British Pig Association currently recognizes 6 boar lines and 24 sow lines within the breed .
In 2004 the Rare Breeds Trust of Australia listed the status of the Large Black as " critical " , meaning that sow registrations in the Australian Pure Bred Pig Herd Book of the Australian Pig Breeders Association were fewer than 30 per year .
The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy estimated the Large Black population of the United States at 300 breeding hogs in 2008 , and lists its status as " critical " , which means that fewer than 200 animals are registered each year in the United States , and there are estimated to be fewer than 2 @,@ 000 worldwide . The US population of Large Black pigs stood at around 300 as of 2008 . Besides conservation for the sake of genetic diversity in livestock , the breed is also coming to be seen as a good option for fulfilling the needs of an increasing number of consumers interested in pasture @-@ raised pork . Rare Breeds Canada identified the single remaining Canadian herd in 1997 , and has since included the breed on its conservation watchlist as " endangered " , with fewer than 500 of the animals in that country .
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= The Smeezingtons =
The Smeezingtons are a songwriting and record producing team , consisting of Bruno Mars ( born October 8 , 1985 ) , Philip Lawrence ( born July 17 , 1980 ) and Ari Levine ( born May 4 , 1984 ) . The Smeezingtons were established in Los Angeles , California . Their production and writing services have been increasingly in demand since 2009 .
The Smeezingtons broke into the American recording industry in 2010 , crafting songs for a diverse roster of talent , with the release of the Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 single , " Nothin ' On You " , produced and co @-@ written by the team and performed by rapper B.o.B and singer Bruno Mars . They also produced and co @-@ wrote with singer Cee @-@ Lo Green his single " Fuck You " , which topped the UK singles chart and peaked at No.2 in Hot 100 . Throughout their career they have been noted for their extensive work with Bruno Mars ( one of the elements ) , writing and producing two consecutive Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 singles with the singer in 2010 and other two consecutive Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 singles in 2013 .
The team has worked with various artists and received mainstream awards including the ASCAP Pop Music Awards for Songwriters Ari Levine accolade at the 2011 ASCAP / PRS Awards and the 2011 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards for " Nothin ' On You " as the Top Rap Song . They have been nominated at the 2011 Grammy Awards and at the 2012 Grammy Awards for Producer of the Year , Non @-@ Classical . In 2011 , The Smeezingtons were awarded the title of ' Biggest Songwriters of 2010 ' by Music Week . In 2013 , they were ranked # 5 Top Hitmakers among 35 by Hollywood Reporter magazine and Billboard ranked them # 3 among the " Top 10 Producers in Music " . In the same year , Billboard , considered Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine the sixth , seventh and eighth best songwriters of 2013 , respectively . " Locked Out of Heaven " has been nominated for four 2014 Grammys including Song of the Year and Record of the Year .
= = Career = =
= = = Formation and early works = = =
The Smeezingtons formed in 2009 . They are a songwriting @-@ producing trio based in Los Angeles , California , and they consist of Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , and Ari Levine . Before they first met , Lawrence , after finishing college , did some theater and also worked in Disney World in Florida for seven years . He said that upon moving to Los Angeles he was " holding down these random telemarketing jobs to keep the lights on " . After Mars graduated in Hawaii he moved to L.A. , and there he found that he could only pay rent by DJing . Before they met each other , " a lot of time was wasted working with random producers bouncing around from studio to studio but never getting anything done . "
When Lawrence was first asked to meet Mars he was reluctant to do so , since it would cost him everything he had to go there . Keith Harris , drummer for The Black Eyed Peas , told him , " Whatever it costs you to get out here , I ’ ll reimburse you . " Lawrence responded , " Just give me five dollars back for the bus . " They started working together and writing songs together for Mars to perform , but they received many rejections from labels . The duo considered moving back to their home cities . However , in that week , they got a call from Brandon Creed ( Mars ' manager ) who was A & Ring a reunited Menudo who needed songs . He liked their song " Lost " , which was written for Mars . At first Mars and Lawrence didn ’ t want to give it up , so he offered $ 20 @,@ 000 for it . They were so surprised that they said " You can have that one and whatever else you need ! " It was that call that saved them , allowing them to stay in L.A. a little bit longer . Afterwards they were asked by Aaron @-@ Bay Schuck ( Mars ' A & R ) to help write Flo @-@ Rida 's number one single " Right Round " .
In 2008 , Lawrence was a Los Angeles artist , Mars a struggling singer @-@ songwriter , and Levine was a producer looking to work with new songwriters . Lawrence was the first guest at Levine 's studio ( Levcon Studios ) ; they had previously worked together after being introduced by a mutual friend . One day Mars and Lawrence were sitting in the car with no money in their pockets when they decided to try producing for themselves and enlisted the help of Levine who contributed his equipment and expertise in drum programming , sampling and other electronic sounds that dominate . Lawrence is responsible for connecting Levine and Mars . After creating the team , they worked over 10 hours every day for two years .
They ventured into the U.S. market , mostly writing songs for R & B @-@ pop performers . They were given the chance of working with less successful acts such as Mike Posner , Cobra Starship , Chad Hugo , and Lupe Fiasco . On the other hand , they were able to create songs for the likes of Flo Rida , Lil Wayne , Wiz Khalifa and Cee @-@ Lo Green . One of their first successful productions was the single " Get Sexy " , performed by Sugababes , which peaked at No. 2 in the United Kingdom in 2010 .
This success was followed with Matisyahu ’ s song " One Day " , which was chosen as NBC ’ s 2010 Winter Olympics theme song . The team has also collaborated with Somali @-@ Canadian artist K 'naan . Three songs from his fourth album , Troubadour , were produced in Levcon studios . This album 's most successful song , " Wavin ' Flag " , was released throughout Europe and the US and became the theme song for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , giving the trio attention from the worldwide music industry . At this time they called the team The Smeezingtons .
In 2009 , The Smeezingtons settled in Hollywood . A year later , they started to work on Bruno Mars ' debut album , Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans writing and producing all the songs . They spawned the number one worldwide singles " Just the Way You Are " , " Grenade " , and " The Lazy Song " . The first two of those topped the Billboard Hot 100 and ushered The Smeezingtons into American pop songwriting and production . They funneled lessons learned through label meetings and early hits into Mars ' solo work .
= = = Notable collaborations = = =
The Smeezingtons quickly landed the singles " Nothin ' on You " for American rapper B.o.B 's 2010 album B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray , which topped the Billboard Hot 100 and featured Mars . " Fuck You " , a single by American singer Cee @-@ Lo Green , became another successful single for The Smeezingtons , reaching No. 1 in the United Kingdom , the Dutch charts and No. 2 in the United States , in 2011 .
In 2010 , the crew was also responsible for the single " Billionaire " , recorded by American rapper Travie McCoy and featuring Mars . In the same year , The Smeezingtons produced the four songs for Mars ' first EP It 's Better If You Don 't Understand . All the songs were later included on his debut solo album , Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans . The Smeezingtons produced and co @-@ wrote all the songs on that album , and among those songs are the singles " Just the Way You Are " and " Grenade " , both of which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 .
In 2011 , The Smeezingtons received nominations in more than 5 categories for the 2011 Grammy Awards , including Producer of the Year , Non @-@ Classical . They won their first Grammy in the same show in the Best Male Pop Vocal Performance category for " Just The Way You Are " , performed by Bruno Mars . With the team 's contributions to music , Ari Levine ( from The Smeezingtons ) received one award at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards for Songwriters for the singles for " Billionaire , " " Just the Way You Are " and " Nothin ' On You " . The team also earned the ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards for the song " Nothin ' on You " as Top Rap Song .
In 2011 , " The Lazy Song " , a single by Mars , became another successful song for The Smeezingtons , reaching No. 1 in the United Kingdom and a top 10 in other countries . The single " Lighters " , a duet between Bad Meets Evil and singer Bruno Mars , became a top 5 in U.S. and reached the top ten in United Kingdom . The Smeezingtons produced the single " It Will Rain " for The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 1 . The song peaked at No. 4 at Billboard Hot 100 , becoming a success worldwide . They also worked with Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa on the lead single " Young , Wild & Free " for the movie Mac & Devin Go to High School . That song was included in the soundtrack and featured Mars ' vocals . The single peaked at # 7 in US .
At the 2012 Grammy Awards they were nominated in five categories , including Producer of the Year , Non @-@ Classical , due to the team involvement in Mars ' second album , Unorthodox Jukebox . Regarding this nominations at the Grammy 's , Levine is still surprised : " To be nominated for a Grammy before you ’ re 30 — you don ’ t expect that , ever " . They were responsible for the singles " Locked Out of Heaven " and " When I Was Your Man " .
In 2013 , " Young , Wild & Free " was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 2013 Grammy Awards . They will continue provide the springboard for Mars ' international @-@ chart @-@ topping solo success as an artist . They are responsible for producing , writing and recording songs for him .
In 2014 , Mars said that he was no longer interested in churning out songs for other artists , he explained " There 's a piece of me that 's no longer there , which was basically let me write a song and then sell it . That was back in the day when I was struggling and hustling to pay rent . I was selling songs for 250 bucks . " Despite this , they have produced a song for Adele 's third studio album 25 , entitled " All I Ask " .
= = = Other ventures = = =
The songmaking team says they hope to eventually move from for @-@ hire work to development of new artists . Meanwhile , their Levcon Studios is open to all , from country musicians to rappers . " I don 't think you can name an artist that we don 't want to work with , " Mars said .
The Levcon studios are located in Los Angeles , and are co @-@ owned by Ari Levine and his brother and manager , Josh Levine . They are used by The Smeezingtons and have been described as a " tiny Hollywood studio " with a " whiteboard hanging on the wall " . It is adorned with many " doodles " , including a picture of Alf and a joking note that producer @-@ engineer Ari Levine " hangs out with Jamaican drug lords on the reg . " Lawrence says " we always find that we still do our best work in our little shack of a studio ... That ’ s where we find our magic . "
= = Influences and style = =
Lawrence and Mars came from musical families . Lawrence grew up listening to " everything " while Mars was exposed to a diverse mix of reggae , rock , hip hop and R & B. Their interest in music started in a very young age ; Lawrence started to perform when he was four years old , and Mars started to perform when he was three years old and performed on a more regular basis with his family band by the age of four . In an article by American Songwriter , Lawrence cites acts such as Billy Joel , Elton John and Seal as his biggest influences and inspirations . He was raised listening to acts as Isley Brothers , The Eagles , Led Zeppelin , Stevie Wonder and Billy Joel . Mars , at an early stage of his life , was influenced by R & B artists such as Keith Sweat , Jodeci and R. Kelly , as well as 1950s rock ' n ' roll and Motown . Later , in high school , he began listening to classic rock groups such as The Police , Led Zeppelin and the Beatles . His influences include Billy Joel , Elton John , Prince , The Police , Michael Jackson , Little Richard , and Bob Marley . Mars has stated " Ari turned out to be the secret ingredient to what me and Phil were doing , " explaining , " I 'm used to live stuff . So you give me a studio with a bunch of live instruments , I can do it . But radio 's not playing that stuff . " The three also share a love for producers The Neptunes and Timbaland , the hip @-@ hop song makers of their youth , who influenced them in their throwback sounds . The three admitted their musical influences also comes from The Beatles , Police , Motown , Earth Wind & Fire , Michael Jackson and Disco .
In their usual production style , The Smeezingtons start their songs as a cathartic freestyle jams . Lawrence has said , " We 'll go into the studio , and [ Mars will ] start playing the piano and I 'll start freestyling or vice versa . We 're heavily influenced by the ' 80s [ sound ] . Lawrence sees himself and Mars as " melody guys " ; he completed the idea by stating " That 's kind of our main focus , to have really good , memorable melodies . " They can also start their songs production with a " Levine beat , a Mars guitar melody or a lyric snippet from Lawrence . They shoot down each other 's bad ideas and encourage the good ones in " a melting pot of trial and error " " , according to Lawrence . This production formula allowed the team to work with an assortment of artists from various genres .
The team explained their songwriting creation at an " I Create Music Expo " by suggesting that every song should be like a " three @-@ minute movie " and that every song needs to have a conflict to make it interesting . Mars criticised " hit songwriters " by saying : " I liked hearing that from these hit songwriters , because it seems like many times songwriters are more interested in just finishing a song than really taking the time to make a good song a hit song " .
The team utilizes the talents of each of its members . Lawrence is usually the primary worker on the lyrics and melodies , Levine benefits the team with his skill and knowledge as a recording @-@ engineer , and Mars fulfils various roles and also provides much of the group 's energy . " Nine times out of 10 , Bruno will be on the piano , singing something , " Levine says . " I ’ ll have a beat going , and Philip will be figuring out lyrics and melody . Whatever sparks something , we just try not to mess it up . "
Philip Lawrence notes " we all have a little bit of OCD " and Mars acknowledges he sometimes has trouble letting his songs go . Mars is an obsessively detail @-@ oriented musician . " Every day we hear a song that we produced on the radio , me and Ari call each other up at 2 o 'clock in the morning : ' We should have left that snare in . ' ' We should 've took that snare out , ' " Mars said . " It 's just a sickness that we have . "
It has been noticed that " Anyone could see that they are really great friends and their genuine connection is what translates into the music they create together . " After working with The Smeezingtons on Unorthodox Jukebox , Jeff Bhasker admitted that " One of their great talents is that they have this fun , light vibe in the studio " , something that enables anyone " to be free so that you can let that primal emotion come out without being embarrassed . Then they polish afterward " . Mark Ronson concurred adding that the key is on Mars ' charisma , which he has had since he began impersonating Elvis . Ronson concluded , " Everything Bruno adds is what takes it into superstardom " .
Mars says that the trust that he , Levine and Lawrence have built in seven years of working together is essential . He added " I may say , ' Yo , I like this song , ' but if Ari or Phil say it 's the corniest shit they 've ever heard , I trust them . And the other way around . We all know when we 're onto something ... We also know when something 's not jelling . And that 's the thing you pray you will always have . You can 't believe that everything you do is hot . " Nevertheless , Levine points to the musical influences the three of them share completing his idea " It 's about finding ways to mix the classic we all love with modern songs . That 's why people connect to the music on multiple levels : It 's familiar @-@ sounding but new @-@ classic songwriting and instrumentation with a little twist " .
= = Production equipment = =
The Smeezingtons use an Akai MPC4000 , Roland Fantom S88 , V ‑ Synth GT , a regular V ‑ Synth , Korg R3 , MicroKorg , Novation Ultranova , Dave Smith Mopho , and two Access Virus TI 's to produce music . Ari Levine stated that he rarely uses MPC , Storm Drum or Addictive Drums as software . In August 2012 , the team purchased a Korg keyboard .
While recording , they use a Yamaha 02R , Pro Tools HD , a Manley Langevin Dual Vocal Combo as pre / compressor / EQ , a Neumann U87 , and Event SP8 speakers with an 18 ‑ inch Mackie . Levine explained that the acoustics and vocals are all recorded with the 87 and the Manley , the basses and electric guitars via DI , adding that " the acoustic guitar that we use is a $ 150 cheap Fender " . He runs most of the keyboards and the MPC through the 02R , and uses a Mackie Big Knobs as an interface . He often uses Pro Tools . Despite MIDI being already incorporated in Pro Tools , he doesn 't use it extensively . " We ’ re not making dance songs , so we don ’ t need the synths to do all kinds of crazy stuff . And I fairly quickly render MIDI tracks to audio in Pro Tools " . In 2011 he was thinking about purchasing a Minimoog .
Levine confessed that he doesn 't use any hardware and rarely uses plugins . He says " my favourites are the McDSP FilterBank for my EQ , the Waves Rvox and Renaissance Compressor as my compressors , the [ Waves limiter ] L2 , and my favourite reverb is [ Avid ’ s venerable plug ‑ in ] D ‑ Verb . I also use [ Line 6 ] Echo Farm , Sound Toys Echoboy , and , well that ’ s pretty much it . I have many plug @-@ ins , but I don 't really use them . " He said " I ’ ve tried convolution reverbs , but they don ’ t really work . They sound cheap . " However , he also stated that the Avid Reverb One sounded substantially better than Altiverb to him .
= = Critical reception = =
The Smeezingtons ' works have received critical acclaim from mainstream publications . From the The New York Times , reviewer Jon Caramanica , wrote that The Smeezingtons " [ Ha ] ve got a firm grip on the full spectrum of black pop , and white pop as well " . Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times wrote that The Smeezingtons " [ are ] making some of the most cohesive yet expansive pop music today ... incredibly well @-@ versed in the language of American music and the ways in which it can still be stretched and molded " . In an analepsis , before Mars played at the Super Bowl Half @-@ time show , Idolator critic Kathy Iandoli praised The Smeezingtons ' work , in the single by Sugababes " Get Sexy " , calling them " a crew of talented fellas " . Erik Adams , music critic , of The A.V. Club , criticized the production team by saying " If The Smeezingtons want to keep synthesizing yesterday ’ s favorites into today ’ s hits ... I could find it within myself to stomach Mars on more than one night of the year " , referring to " their work on Cee @-@ Lo ’ s " Fuck You " " as proof .
= = Discography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
= = = Grammy Awards = = =
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= A Town Where You Live =
A Town Where You Live ( Japanese : 君のいる町 , Hepburn : Kimi no Iru Machi ) is a manga series by Kouji Seo . It was serialized in Kodansha 's Weekly Shōnen Magazine between May 2008 and February 2014 . The series was licensed for Crunchyroll Manga in October 2013 . The plot follows the daily life of Haruto Kirishima as he becomes enamored with Yuzuki Eba .
A story arc from A Town Where You Live was adapted into an original video animation called A Town Where You Live : Twilight Intersection by Tatsunoko Production . Gonzo later adapted the series into an anime under its manga name ; Gonzo 's anime resulted in a radio program , drama CD and an image song . Reception towards the manga was mixed with reviewers praising the plot for its realism or panning it as predictable and cliché .
= = Plot = =
Years prior , Haruto Kirishima befriends Yuzuki Eba and asks her to return to his hometown , Shōbara , Hiroshima , if she is ever troubled.Ch. 23 In the present , Yuzuki transfers to Shōbara due to her estrangement with her step @-@ family.Ch. 29 She helps Haruto develop a friendship with Nanami Kanzaki , but Haruto ultimately falls in love with Yuzuki.Ch. 39 He helps Yuzuki reconcile with her family which encourages her to return to Tokyo.Ch. 50 The two begin a long @-@ distance relationship until Yuzuki suddenly cuts all ties with him.Ch. 70 Haruto transfers to Tokyo and learns Yuzuki has begun dating Kyousuke Kazama out of sympathy for his terminal illness.Ch. 92 In response , Haruto declares he will take Yuzuki back prompting Kyousuke to take a risky surgery in order to compete for Yuzuki 's love fairly.Ch. 98 Following Kyousuke 's death , Haruto and Yuzuki stop seeing each other out of guilt.Ch. 100
Two years later , Haruto has been dating Asuka Mishima . When he reunites with Yuzuki , the two realize they still love each other.Ch. 137 Haruto ends his relationship with Asuka in order to be with Yuzuki which causes their friends to ostracize them.Ch. 141 When Yuzuki 's father objects to their relationship and attempts to relocate her , she begins living with Haruto ; Ch . 160 the two eventually earn her father 's approval.Ch. 164 After reconciling with their friends and graduating from university , Haruto takes a job that relocates him to Kōchi.Ch. 246 Unable to sustain their relationship , the two break up ; Ch . 256 two years later , Haruto is transferred back to Tokyo and reunites with Yuzuki , who had been waiting for his return.Ch. 260 The two are married shortly after.Ch. 261
= = = Characters = = =
Haruto Kirishima ( 桐島 青大 , Kirishima Haruto )
Haruto is a high school student in Shōbara , Hiroshima . He has an earnest personality and chastises others when they are in the wrong . Because he often cooks for his family and friends , Haruto is skilled at cooking and considers it as a possible career . His older sister AoiCh . 19 lives in Tokyo in the dorm room next to the Akitsukis from Suzuka.Ch. 80 He has a long @-@ time crush on classmate Nanami Kanzaki , but his feelings shift towards Yuzuki as the series progresses . At the end of the series , he marries Yuzuki , has a son named Daiki , and opens up his own restaurant.Ch. 261 In both Tatsunko Production 's and Gonzo 's anime , he is voiced by Yoshimasa Hosoya .
Yuzuki Eba ( 枝葉 柚希 , Eba Yuzuki )
Years prior to the series , Yuzuki attends a summer festival in Shōbara where she befriends Haruto . There , Haruto tells her to return if she is ever troubled.Ch. 23 Since then , she grew fond of Haruto and plans to visit him one day.Ch. 162 After her father 's remarriage , Yuzuki feels estranged by her family and decides to attend school in Shōbara.Ch. 29 Due to Haruto 's intervention , Yuzuki is able to mend her relationship with her step @-@ family , prompting her to return to Tokyo.Ch. 50 There , the terminally ill Kyousuke Kazama asks Yuzuki to be his girlfriend for the remainder of his lifespan.Ch. 92 Following Kyousuke 's death , Yuzuki decides to stop seeing Haruto out of guilt.Ch. 100 Reunited two years later , the two reaffirm their love , and begin dating . At the end of the series , she married Haruto and they have a son named Daiki.Ch. 141 In both Tatsunko Production 's and Gonzo 's anime , she is voiced by Megumi Nakajima .
Hiroshima characters
Takashi Yura ( 由良 尊 , Yura Takashi ) is Haruto 's childhood friend . He is unpopular with women and faces rejection regularly.Ch. 79 In college , he begins dating Kiyomi Asakura , Ch . 166 whom he later marries when she becomes pregnant.Ch. 225 In both Tatsunko Production 's and Gonzo 's anime , he is voiced by Toshiki Masuda .
Akari Kaga ( 加賀 月 , Kaga Akari ) is Haruto and Takashi 's childhood friend . She is half Russian and half Japanese which gives her blond hair and blue eyes.Ch. 78 @.@ 5 After her father becomes ill , Akari drops out of university and returns to Hiroshima for work.Ch. 187 She marries Nanami 's brother Narumi , but beforehand , confesses her love to Haruto one last time to settle her feelings for him.Ch. 219 In both Tatsunko Production 's and Gonzo 's anime , she is voiced by Nana Kouno .
Nanami Kanzaki ( 神咲 七海 , Kanzaki Nanami ) is Haruto 's classmate since middle school . She has an older brother named Narumi . Due to Yuzuki 's efforts , Haruto is able to become close with Nanami and earns her affection . However , she postpones and rejects Haruto 's confession as she sees Haruto 's love towards Yuzuki.Ch. 39 At Seijo University , she eventually dates another guy.Ch. 208 In Tatsunko Production 's anime , she is voiced by Saori Hayami . In Gonzo 's anime , she is voiced by Yuki Takao .
Shiho Amagi ( 天城 紫歩 , Amagi Shiho ) is a girl Haruto meets during his summer job in a restaurant.Ch. 63 She aspires to be a chef and is highly skilled and devoted to that profession ; because of this , she is strict towards her co @-@ workers . Three years later , she runs her own restaurant in Tokyo where Haruto works during his university years.Ch. 190
Tokyo characters
Rin Eba ( 枝葉 懍 , Eba Rin ) is Yuzuki 's step @-@ sister . She has a mischievous personality and enjoys flirting with Haruto.Ch. 124 After learning that Haruto and Yuzuki had sex , she realizes that she loves Haruto and feels saddened by this revelation.Ch. 202 In both Tatsunko Production 's and Gonzo 's anime , she is voiced by Saki Fujita .
Asuka Mishima ( 御島 明日香 , Mishima Asuka ) is Haruto 's neighbor and classmate after his transfer to Tokyo.Ch. 81 Following Kyousuke 's death and Haruto and Yuzuki 's decision to stop seeing each other , she and Haruto begin dating.Ch. 106 At the end of the series , she is a pitcher on Japan 's national baseball team.Ch. 261 In Gonzo 's anime , she is voiced by Ayane Sakura .
Kyousuke Kazama ( 風間 恭輔 , Kazama Kyōsuke ) is Yuzuki 's senior at school and becomes friends with Haruto . He uses his terminal illness to make Yuzuki his girlfriend.Ch. 92 Upon learning about Yuzuki 's relationship with Haruto , Kyousuke decides to undergo a risky surgery to cure his ailment and to win Yuzuki 's love fairly ; the surgery results in his death.Ch. 100 In Gonzo 's anime series , he is voiced by Daisuke Ono .
Mina Nagoshi ( 夏越 美奈 , Nagoshi Mina ) is Haruto 's high school classmate in Tokyo . Learning that Mina has tickets for an event at Yuzuki 's school , Haruto accompanies her which causes her to believe they are on a date.Ch. 85 She reappears as a member of the college circle that Haruto joins.Ch. 180 There , she comes to believe she and Haruto are a couple again ; Ch . 181 she later ends this supposed relationship to be with another man.Ch. 243 She appears in Gonzo 's anime and is voiced by Sayuri Yahagi .
Kiyomi Asakura ( 浅倉 清美 , Asakura Kiyomi ) is Kyousuke Kazama 's childhood friend.Ch. 95 She originally despises Yuzuki for her relationship with Kyousuke , and works with Haruto to try to split them apart . She confesses her love to Kyousuke before he undergoes his surgery.Ch. 99 She begins dating Takashi and the two marry when she becomes pregnant.Ch. 225 She appears in Gonzo 's anime and is voiced by Aya Endo .
Shiori Amaya ( 天谷 栞 , Amaya Shiori ) is a business student at Seijo University . She stages an incriminating situation in order to blackmail Haruto into taking class notes for her.Ch. 112 Despite her family 's opposition , she decides to pursue her dream as a manga artist.Ch. 113
Miyu Hoshina ( 保科 美夕 , Hoshina Miyu ) is Haruto 's neighbor during his university years . She does not have friends at the university and , because she has gone to an all @-@ girls high school , has androphobia.Ch. 148 After interacting with Haruto and Yuzuki , she becomes more social and studies abroad.Ch. 222
Chisa Miyanaga ( 宮永 知沙 , Miyanaga Chisa ) is Yuzuki 's student from her cram school job . She develops a crush on Haruto and decides to pursue him.Ch. 177 When she becomes a high school student , she moves into Miyu 's old apartment.Ch. 230
= = Release = =
A Town Where You Live is authored by Kouji Seo . It was first announced for serialization in Kodansha 's Weekly Shōnen Magazine , issue 24 , 2008 . It premiered in Weekly Shōnen Magazine in issue 26 of 2008 which was released on May 28 . The final chapter was released in issue 11 of 2014 which was released on February 12 . Seo stated he wanted to create a love story set in his hometown as the inspiration to the series and that some of his characters were inspired by his friends . On October 30 , 2013 , Crunchyroll Manga was launched and included A Town Where You Live in its library with English translation by Abby Lehrke ; The series has also been published in languages such as French and Chinese . Kouji Seo created a guide book titled A Town Where You Live Official Guidebook Love Navi : Love Navigation ! which was released on August 16 , 2013 .
= = Anime adaptations = =
= = = Tatsunoko Production = = =
A Town Where You Live : Twilight Intersection ( 君のいる町 ～ 黄昏交差点 ～ , Kimi no Iru Machi Tasogare Kōsaten ) is a two episode original video animation series produced by Tatsunoko Production in collaboration with the city , Shōbara . Yasuhiro Yoshiura and Hiroshi Kobayashi were the directors with script by Momoko Murakami and music by Keiichi Oku . The series ' theme song was Tasogare Kōsaten ( 黄昏交差点 ? , lit . " Twilight Intersection " ) by Erina Mano ; the theme song was later released as a CD single by Hello ! Project . The episodes were bundled with the limited edition manga volume 17 and 18 ; they were released on March 16 and June 15 , 2012 respectively . The series covers Haruto Kirishima 's class trip to Tokyo as he separates from his classmates to search for Yuzuki Eba .
= = = Gonzo = = =
A Town Where You Live was made into an anime series by Gonzo . Shigeyasu Yamauchi was the director with script by Reiko Yoshida and music by Keiichi Oku . It was first announced in Weekly Shōnen Magazine , issue 15 , 2013 . To promote the show , a radio program consisting of the anime 's voice cast was broadcast on Nippon Cultural Broadcasting between July 6 and July 27 , 2013 . The anime premiered on TX Network between July 13 and September 28 , 2013 . It was also broadcast on Hiroshima Home Television and AT @-@ X and was made available for streaming on networks such as Niconico and Bandai Channel . The series uses four theme songs : The opening theme is Sentimental Love ( センチメンタルラブ , Senchimentaru Rabu ) by Mimimememimi . The first ending theme is Kimi no Iru Machi ( 君のいる町 ? , lit . " A Town Where You Live " ) which was used for the first six episodes while its alternate version , Answer Songs was used for the final episode ; the song was done by Yoshimasa Hosoya . The remaining episodes ' ending theme was Dear Friend by Daisuke Ono . Sentimental Love was released as a CD single by A @-@ Sketch while Kimi no Iru Machi and Dear Friend were released by Universal Music Group . Right Stuf Inc . ' s Nozomi Entertainment announced an English subtitled release for North America in July 2015 .
Gonzo also produced two original video animation episodes which are bundled with the limited editions of manga volume 26 and 27 . Gonzo 's anime resulted in a drama CD and an image song release .
= = = = Episode list = = = =
= = Reception = =
In Japan , A Town Where You Live manga volumes frequently appeared on weekly sales charts during their week of release . Jason Thompson praised A Town Where You Live 's serious , mature tone and wrote that the audiences will either like the series for its realism or criticize it as slow and mundane . Manga @-@ News praised the series ' introduction for being more realistic than the author 's previous work , Suzuka , and the plot which was described as eventful . In later volumes , Manga @-@ News criticized the plot for being predictable , encompassing cliché aspects of the genre , and for dragging its story . They also panned the characters ' behavior , calling it implausible and inconsistent . Manga @-@ News returned to positive reviews during the volumes involving Kyousuke Kazama ; they praised the story arc for introducing a new setting , for breaking away from the usual classicism , and for surprising the readers for the first time in the series . Following this , Manga @-@ News returned to negative reviews , echoing their previous points . AnimeLand had similar reactions . Initially , they were positive , praising the realistic protagonist , but further reviews repeated Manga @-@ News ' criticisms .
= = Japanese notes and terminology = =
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= Banksia paludosa =
Banksia paludosa , commonly known as the marsh or swamp banksia , is a species of shrub in the plant genus Banksia . It is native to New South Wales , Australia , where it is found between Sydney and Batemans Bay , with an isolated population further south around Eden . There are two recognised subspecies , the nominate of which is a spreading shrub to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) in height , and subsp. astrolux is a taller shrub to 5 m ( 16 ft ) high found only in Nattai National Park .
Native mammals , such as the brown antechinus and sugar glider , are important pollinators of B. paludosa . Several species of honeyeaters visit the flower spikes , as do ants and the European honey bee . The response to bushfire depends on the subspecies ; subspecies paludosa regenerates from underground lignotubers , while plants of subspecies astrolux are killed by fire and regenerate from large stores of seed which have been held in cones in the plant canopy . B. paludosa is sometimes seen in cultivation , with dwarf forms being registered and sold .
= = Description = =
The two subspecies of Banksia paludosa are identical in foliage and flower , and differ only on their size , habit , and response to bushfire . Banksia paludosa subspecies paludosa is most commonly encountered as a spreading multistemmed shrub generally under 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) high , or rarely 2 m ( 7 ft ) . In heathland habitats such as Nadgee or Barren Grounds Nature Reserves , it may not exceed 1 m ( 3 ft ) in height . At an exposed area such as Green Cape , it is reduced further to a 30 cm ( 12 in ) prostrate shrub . This subspecies has a woody base , known as a lignotuber , which begins developing in the first year of life . Banksia paludosa subspecies astrolux is a more open non @-@ lignotuberous shrub which reaches 5 m ( 16 ft ) high .
The bark and foliage is rough and covered in multiplication signs , although the new growth is covered in fine hair . The stems are generally less than 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter , and may be red or yellow when young . The leaves are alternate or whorled along the stems , and spear- to egg @-@ shaped ( lanceolate to obovate ) in shape . They measure 4 – 13 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 5 @.@ 2 in ) long and 1 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) wide . The leaf margins are entire or have occasional serrations . The leaf undersurface is white , with a midrib . Flowering occurs over autumn and winter ( April to July ) and the flower spikes , known as inflorescences , arise from stems that are three or more years old . Cylindrical in shape , they are composed of a central woody spike or axis from which a large number of compact floral units arise perpendicularly to it , and are generally 3 @.@ 2 – 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 8 in ) wide and 7 – 13 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 5 @.@ 2 in ) high . The individual flowers are more openly spaced than those of other banksias , and this is especially evident in late bud . This , coupled with the tall thin shape of the flower spike , makes the species quite distinctive . The flower spikes are pale- to golden brown in bud , and open to a more gold colour after anthesis . Variations are seen , one form having a grey limb in bud , and plants with particularly tall flower spikes have been recorded near Huskisson at Jervis Bay . As with most banksias , in anthesis the opening of the individual buds proceeds up the flower spike from the base to the top ( acropetal ) . The process from bud to the finishing of flowering takes six to eight weeks .
As they age , the flower spikes fade to grey , with the old flowers remaining for years . Up to 60 woody follicles develop on each spike , known in this stage an as infructescence . Narrow and elliptic , they measure 0 @.@ 9 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 7 in ) long , 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 0 – 0 @.@ 2 in ) high , and 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 3 in ) wide . Some follicles open spontaneously , but most remain closed until burnt by bushfire . Each follicle contains one or two fertile seeds , between which lies a woody dark brown separator of similar shape to the seeds . Measuring 1 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 7 in ) in length , the seed is obovate , and composed of a dark brown 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 5 in ) wide membranous " wing " and sickle @-@ shaped ( falcate ) seed proper which measures 0 @.@ 8 – 0 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 4 in ) long by 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 2 in ) wide . The seed surface can be smooth or covered in tiny ridges , and often glistens . The resulting seedling first grows two asymmetrical obovate cotyledon leaves measuring 0 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) long by 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) wide , which may remain for several months as several more leaves appear . The first pairs of leaves are oppositely arranged on the stem , have 3 – 4 " teeth " on their margins , and are narrowly obovate in shape . They are around 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 6 in ) , and each following pair of leaves is slightly larger .
The cotyledons of Banksia paludosa , B. marginata and B. integrifolia are very similar in appearance . The foliages of larger shrubs of both Banksia paludosa subspecies resemble those of Banksia conferta subsp. penicillata , but the latter has a wider inflorescence , and the buds are more crowded in appearance on the inflorescence before anthesis . Banksia paludosa also bears a superficial resemblance to B. oblongifolia , but the latter has a prominent midrib on the leaf underside , the new growth is covered in rusty fur , and the old spikes are bare of flowers . The latter grows on dryer rocky soils while the former grows in wetter sandy soils .
= = Taxonomy = =
Banksia paludosa was first described by Robert Brown in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu , and named Banksia paludosa . In 1870 , George Bentham demoted it to a variety of B. integrifolia ( Coast Banksia ) , but in 1981 Alex George restored it to species rank . Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin noun palus " marsh " , but is somewhat misleading , as it more often grows on sandstone ridges and heathland . Its common names , marsh banksia and swamp banksia , echo its scientific name .
= = = Placement within Banksia = = =
The current taxonomic arrangement of the genus Banksia is based on botanist Alex George 's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series . In this arrangement , B. paludosa is placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia , because its inflorescences take the form of Banksia 's characteristic flower spikes , section Banksia because of its straight styles , and series Salicinae because its inflorescences are cylindrical . In a morphological cladistic analysis published in 1994 , Kevin Thiele placed it in the newly described subseries Integrifoliae , within the series Salicinae . However , this subgrouping of the Salicinae was not supported by George .
B. paludosa 's placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows :
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Isostylis
Subgenus Banksia
Section Oncostylis
Section Coccinea
Section Banksia
Series Grandes
Series Banksia
Series Crocinae
Series Prostratae
Series Cyrtostylis
Series Tetragonae
Series Bauerinae
Series Quercinae
Series Salicinae
B. dentata – B. aquilonia – B. integrifolia – B. plagiocarpa – B. oblongifolia – B. robur – B. conferta – B. paludosa – B. marginata – B. canei – B. saxicola
Since 1998 , American botanist Austin Mast and co @-@ authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae , which then comprised genera Banksia and Dryandra . Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George 's taxonomic arrangement . Banksia paludosa resolves as the closest relative , or " sister " , to the three subspecies of B. integrifolia . In 2007 , Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it , and published B. subg . Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons ; thus B. subg . Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , B. paludosa is placed in B. subg . Spathulatae .
= = = Subspecies = = =
Two subspecies are recognised . The more widespread subspecies paludosa is a lignotuberous shrub to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) high , while subspecies astrolux , a rare plant known only from the Starlight Trail in Nattai National Park , is a non @-@ lignotuberous shrub which reaches 5 m ( 16 ft ) high . The latter was first recorded by contributors Brian Walters and Kevin Mills for The Banksia Atlas mapping project in the mid @-@ 1980s . They initially thought the plants were Banksia conferta subsp. penicillata until they observed the flower spikes typical of B. paludosa . The subspecies was initially termed the Nattai River form of B. paludosa , until it was formally named by George , who coined its species name from the Ancient Greek aster " star " and Latin lux " light " , a translation of the place it was found .
Hybrids with Banksia marginata and B. integrifolia have been recorded at Nadgee Nature Reserve , where all three species occur . A study of an area of extensive hybridization between B. robur and B. oblongifolia at Barren Grounds Nature Reserve revealed some plants with morphology suggestive of B. paludosa in their parentage , and requiring further investigation .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Both subspecies of Banksia paludosa are endemic to New South Wales . The nominate subspecies paludosa is found from Glen Davis through to the Sydney region and then south to Ulladulla on the South Coast , with a separate population in the vicinity of Eden just north of the Victorian border . It occurs inland as far as Taralga on the Southern Tablelands . It was collected in 1966 from Hat Head on the Mid North Coast by Lawrie Johnson , but has not been found there since despite field work in the area . This record aside , the northernmost historical coastal record is from what is now Centennial Park and La Perouse in Sydney 's eastern suburbs , where it is now locally vanished . Subspecies astrolux is restricted to Nattai National Park in the Southern Highlands .
Both subspecies grow in nutrient @-@ poor well @-@ drained sandstone soils , in open woodland with trees such as Sydney peppermint ( Eucalyptus piperita ) , silvertop ash ( E. sieberi ) , grey gum ( E. punctata ) , narrow @-@ leaved stringybark ( E. sparsifolia ) , red bloodwood ( Corymbia gummifera ) and smooth @-@ barked apple ( Angophora costata ) , and in heathland with species such as dwarf banksia ( Banksia oblongifolia ) , coral heath ( Epacris microphylla ) , and dagger hakea ( Hakea teretifolia ) .
= = Ecology = =
Banksia paludosa subspecies paludosa is a slow @-@ growing shrub which regenerates from bushfire by resprouting from its lignotuber . After fire , plants take around three years to flower significantly , but are flowering well by five years afterwards . Flowerhead numbers dwindle by fourteen years post bushfire . Plants are estimated to live to around 60 years of age . Seedlings also appear from seed dispersed after bushfire . All banksias have developed proteoid or cluster roots in response to the nutrient @-@ poor conditions of Australian soils ( particularly lacking in phosphorus ) .
The flower spikes of B. paludosa are unable to self @-@ pollinate and require pollinators to set seed . A 1988 isozyme study showed very high rates of outcrossing ; pollen from one plant is well @-@ mixed among other plants in the locale . Nonflying mammals are important pollinators in heathland habitat , with the brown antechinus ( Antechinus stuartii ) a frequent visitor to flower spikes . The sugar glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) is another mammal pollinator . Bird species that have been observed foraging and feeding at the flowers include the red wattlebird ( Anthochaera carunculata ) , yellow @-@ faced honeyeater ( Lichenostomus chrysops ) , white @-@ eared honeyeater ( L. leucotis ) , crescent honeyeater ( Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera ) , New Holland honeyeater ( P. novaehollandiae ) , and eastern spinebill ( Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris ) . Insects recorded visiting flower spikes include the European honey bee and ants .
= = Cultivation = =
Banksia paludosa was first introduced into cultivation in England in 1805 . The species was grown at Kew , Cambridge Botanic Gardens , Woburn Abbey , Loddiges nursery in Hackney , John Miller 's nursery in Bristol and George Hibbert 's garden at Clapham Common . It was also grown in the Villa San Donato in Italy , in the collection of Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov , 1st Prince of San Donato .
B. paludosa is cultivated in Australian gardens , and does best with a sunny aspect and good drainage , in soils with a pH from 5 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 5 . Slow growing , it flowers in 6 to 10 years from seed . It can be propagated by seed , which take around two weeks to germinate , or cutting . Low growing coastal ( dwarf ) forms which grow to 60 cm ( 2 ft ) are also commercially available , and should be propagated by cutting to preserve features . Noting the flower spikes to be " rather dull " , plant author John Wrigley has described the species as " not a spectacular garden plant " , although its foliage has been described as " attractive " . A form from Jervis Bay with large orange flower spikes was deemed by amateur botanist and banksia enthusiast Alf Salkin to have horticultural potential .
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= Jules Bianchi =
Jules Lucien André Bianchi ( 3 August 1989 – 17 July 2015 ) was a French motor racing driver who drove for the Marussia F1 Team in the FIA Formula One World Championship .
Bianchi had previously raced in Formula Renault 3 @.@ 5 , GP2 and Formula Three and was a Ferrari Driver Academy member . He entered Formula One as a practice driver in 2012 for Sahara Force India . In 2013 , he made his debut driving for Marussia , finishing 15th in his opening race in Australia and ended the season in 19th position without scoring any points . His best result that year was 13th at the Malaysian Grand Prix . In October 2013 , the team confirmed that he would drive for the team the following season . In the 2014 season , he scored both his and the Marussia 's first points in Formula One at the Monaco Grand Prix .
On 5 October 2014 , during the Japanese Grand Prix , Bianchi lost control of his Marussia in very wet conditions and collided with a recovery vehicle , suffering a diffuse axonal injury . He underwent emergency surgery and was placed into an induced coma , and remained comatose until his death on 17 July 2015 . Bianchi is the first Formula One driver killed as a result of an accident during a race event since Ayrton Senna at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix .
= = Personal life = =
Jules Bianchi was born in Nice , France , to Philippe and Christine Bianchi . He had two siblings , brother Tom and sister Mélanie , and had been in a long @-@ term relationship with French girlfriend , Camille Marchetti . In later times , media reports also referred to a German girlfriend , Gina , who had moved to Nice .
Bianchi was the grandson of Mauro Bianchi , who competed in GT racing during the 1960s and three non @-@ championship Formula One Grands Prix in 1961 . He was also the grandnephew of Lucien , who competed in 19 Formula One Grands Prix between 1959 and 1968 and won the 1968 24 Hours of Le Mans , before dying during Le Mans testing the following year .
His favourite racing driver was Michael Schumacher .
= = Early career = =
Bianchi 's exposure to motorsport started at around 3 years of age through karting and was facilitated by the fact that his father owned a kart track . Since age 17 , Bianchi was professionally managed by Nicolas Todt .
= = = Formula Renault 2 @.@ 0 = = =
In 2007 , Bianchi left karting and raced in French Formula Renault 2 @.@ 0 for SG Formula , where he finished as champion with five wins . He also competed in the Formula Renault Eurocup where he had one pole position and one fastest lap in three races .
= = = Formula 3 Euro = = =
In late 2007 , Bianchi signed with ART Grand Prix to compete in the Formula 3 Euro Series .
In 2008 Bianchi won the Masters of Formula 3 at Zolder , and also finished third in the 2008 Formula 3 Euro Series season .
Bianchi continued in the F3 Euroseries in 2009 , leading ART 's line @-@ up along with rookie team @-@ mates Valtteri Bottas , Esteban Gutiérrez and Adrien Tambay . With eight wins , Bianchi sealed the title with a round to spare , at Dijon @-@ Prenois . He then added a ninth win at the final round at Hockenheim . He also drove in the Formula Renault 3 @.@ 5 Series at Monaco , after SG Formula acquired the cars formerly run by Kurt Mollekens .
= = = GP2 = = =
Bianchi drove for ART in the subsequent GP2 Asia season and the 2010 GP2 season . He competed in three of the four rounds of the GP2 Asia championship . In the main series , Bianchi took two pole positions and a number of points positions before he was injured in a first @-@ lap crash at the Hungaroring . In the feature race , he spun into the path of the field exiting the first corner , and was struck head @-@ on by Ho @-@ Pin Tung , sustaining a fractured second lumbar vertebra in the process . Bianchi was fourth in the drivers ' championship at the time of his injury . Despite initial pessimistic assessments of the severity of his injury , he recovered to take part in the next round of the championship .
Bianchi remained with ART for 2011 , and was partnered by 2010 GP3 Series champion Esteban Gutiérrez . He starred in the first two rounds of the 2011 GP2 Asia Series , holding off Romain Grosjean for victory in the feature race and gaining fourth in the sprint race , but he was later penalised . He finished runner @-@ up to Grosjean in the drivers ' championship . In the main series , Bianchi finished third in the championship , behind Grosjean and Luca Filippi .
= = = Formula Renault 3 @.@ 5 = = =
Bianchi opted to switch to the Formula Renault 3 @.@ 5 Series for 2012 , following his one @-@ off appearance in the category in 2009 . He signed for the Tech 1 Racing team , and was partnered with Kevin Korjus , and later with Daniel Abt . He finished second in the title race , narrowly losing out to Robin Frijns at the final round .
= = Formula One career = =
= = = Ferrari and Sahara Force India ( test roles ) = = =
In August 2009 , Bianchi was linked by the BBC and various other media sources to the second Ferrari Formula One seat occupied by Luca Badoer during Felipe Massa 's absence . Bianchi tested for Ferrari at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez for two of the three days , over 1 – 2 December 2009 . The other drivers tested on 3 December included Daniel Zampieri , Marco Zipoli and Pablo Sánchez López as the top three finishers in the 2009 Italian Formula Three Championship . Bianchi 's performance in this test led to him becoming the first recruit of the Ferrari Driver Academy and signing up to a long @-@ term deal to remain at the team 's disposal .
On 11 November 2010 he was confirmed by Ferrari as the team 's test and reserve driver for the 2011 season , replacing Luca Badoer , Giancarlo Fisichella and Marc Gené , as well as confirming he would test for the team during the young driver test in Abu Dhabi over 16 – 17 November . Bianchi carried on his GP2 racing , as Formula 1 allows test and reserve drivers to race in parallel in other competitions . On 13 September 2011 , Bianchi tested for Ferrari at Fiorano , as part of the Ferrari Driver Academy , with fellow academy member and Sauber F1 driver Sergio Pérez . Bianchi completed 70 laps and recorded a quickest lap time of 1 : 00 @.@ 213 . For the 2012 season , Ferrari loaned him to the Sahara Force India team , for whom he drove in nine Friday free practice sessions over the course of the year as the outfit 's test and reserve driver .
= = = Marussia F1 = = =
= = = = 2013 = = = =
On 1 March 2013 , Marussia announced that Bianchi was to replace Luiz Razia as a race driver after Razia 's contract was terminated , due to sponsorship issues . Bianchi qualified 19th for the Australian Grand Prix , out @-@ qualifying team @-@ mate Max Chilton by three @-@ quarters of a second . Bianchi overtook Pastor Maldonado , and Daniel Ricciardo on the first lap and he eventually finished 15th on his debut . He was 19th on the grid again in Malaysia , 0 @.@ 3 seconds away from Q2 . Bianchi fell behind the Caterhams at the start of the race , but moved up the order after the pit stops , eventually going on to finish 13th , ahead of his teammate , and both Caterhams . As of the Hungarian Grand Prix , Bianchi had beaten his teammate in all qualifying sessions and all races that both of them had finished . In the Japanese Grand Prix he and Charles Pic of Caterham were given ten @-@ place grid penalties for receiving three reprimands over the season , and at the race , his race ended early after a collision with Giedo van der Garde .
= = = = 2014 = = = =
In October 2013 , Marussia confirmed that Bianchi would stay at the team for the following season . After starting off the season with struggles in Australia , in which he was not classified , Bianchi overcame the odds to score his – and his team 's – first World Championship points by finishing ninth at the Monaco Grand Prix .
Out of the nine races which Bianchi and Chilton completed without retiring , during the 2014 season , he was the quicker driver in eight of them , establishing his status as the first driver . Chilton retired twice , and Bianchi five times , with three of Bianchi 's retirements being mechanical failures .
Days before his fatal accident , Bianchi declared himself " ready " to step into the Scuderia Ferrari race seat should the team need him amid the looming departure of Fernando Alonso .
= = 2014 Suzuka accident = =
The 2014 Japanese Grand Prix was held on 5 October , under intermittent heavy rainfall caused by the approaching Typhoon Phanfone and in fading daylight .
On lap 43 of the race , Bianchi lost control of his car and veered right towards the run @-@ off area on the outside of the Dunlop Curve ( turn seven ) of the Suzuka Circuit . He collided with the rear of a tractor crane tending to the removal of Adrian Sutil 's Sauber after Sutil had spun out of control and crashed in the same area a lap before . Spectators ' video footage and photographs of the accident revealed that the left side of Bianchi 's Marussia car was extensively damaged and the roll bar destroyed as it slid under the tractor crane . The impact was such that the tractor crane was partially jolted off the ground causing Sutil 's Sauber , which was suspended in the air by the crane , to fall back to the ground . The race was stopped and Lewis Hamilton was declared the winner .
Bianchi was reported as being unconscious after not responding to either a team radio call or marshals . He was treated at the crash site before being taken by ambulance to the circuit 's medical centre . Since transport by helicopter was not possible due to the specific injuries sustained , Bianchi was further transported by ambulance , for 32 minutes under police escort . The destination was the nearest hospital , Mie Prefectural General Medical Center in Yokkaichi , which was some 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) away from the Suzuka circuit . Initial reports by his father , Philippe , to television channel France 3 , were that Bianchi was in critical condition with a head injury and was undergoing an operation to reduce severe bruising to his head . The FIA subsequently said that CT scans showed Bianchi suffered a " severe head injury " in the crash , and that he would be admitted to intensive care following surgery .
Among his first hospital visitors immediately after the Grand Prix were Marussia 's CEO Graeme Lowdon and team principal John Booth ( the latter staying by Bianchi 's side even after the inaugural Russian Grand Prix ) , as well as Ferrari 's team principal Marco Mattiacci and Formula One driver , Felipe Massa .
On 6 October , Pastor Maldonado and the manager and assistant manager he shared with Bianchi — namely , Nicolas Todt and Alessandro Alunni Bravi , respectively — also visited the hospital . Bianchi 's parents arrived later that day and were joined , three days later , by their other children , Mélanie and Tom , as well as Jules ' best friend , Lorenz Leclerc . The family released a statement the next day , expressing appreciation for the outpouring of support from the public and for the presence of professor Gerard Saillant , president of the FIA Medical Commission , and professor Alessandro Frati , neurosurgeon of the Sapienza University of Rome , who travelled to Japan at the request of Scuderia Ferrari . They also provided a medical update , confirming that the injury suffered was a diffuse axonal injury and that Bianchi was in a critical but stable condition .
Initial media reports in October 2014 — said to be based on information obtained from Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) documents — claimed that the speed at the moment of loss of control was recorded at 212 km / h ( 132 mph ) and that the impact generated 92 g0 ( 900 m / s2 ) . This data had been sourced from Bianchi 's g @-@ sensors in his earplugs , however , it was understood that these slipped out at a crucial moment .
Subsequent calculations in July 2015 indicated a peak of 254 g0 ( 2 @,@ 490 m / s2 ) and data from the FIA 's World Accident Database ( WADB ) — which sources information from racing accidents worldwide — also indicate Bianchi impact occurred 2 @.@ 61 seconds after the loss of control , at a speed of 123 km / h ( 76 mph ) and at an angle of 55 degrees . According to Andy Mellor , Vice President of the FIA Safety Commission , this is the equivalent of dropping a " car 48 meters to the ground without a crumple zone " .
= = = Team and driver reactions = = =
At the inaugural Russian Grand Prix , one week after the accident , Marussia originally registered Alexander Rossi in place of the hospitalised Bianchi , before finally deciding to field only a single car driven by Chilton .
There were several tributes at the race to show support for Bianchi :
Marussia adopted a " # JB17 " livery on the cockpit sides of its MR03 car ( which continued to be used in the subsequent year ) .
Every driver wore a sticker on his helmet saying " Tous avec Jules # 17 " ( " We 're all with Jules # 17 " ) , being an idea championed by fellow French driver , Jean @-@ Éric Vergne .
The drivers held a one @-@ minute silence in honour of Bianchi just before the race .
The race winner , Lewis Hamilton , dedicated his win to Bianchi .
The day after the Japanese Grand Prix , then @-@ outgoing Ferrari president , Luca di Montezemolo , disclosed to the media that Bianchi had been poised to become the third Ferrari driver in 2015 in the event that the championship moved to three car teams , as had widely been speculated at the time .
Following the Russian Grand Prix , Marussia 's CEO Graeme Lowdon confirmed that the team would return to a two @-@ car operation for the remainder of the season , however , the team entered administration prior to the next race , the United States Grand Prix . The team 's financial backer , Andrei Cheglakov , later revealed that Bianchi 's crash was a key factor in the Russian 's decision to end his financial support of the team and quit Formula One .
After the 2015 Australian Grand Prix in March , John Booth , now team principal of the newly established Manor Marussia F1 team , paid tribute to Bianchi 's point performance at the 2014 Monaco Grand Prix since the prize money won enabled the team to stay in Formula One . In addition , coinciding with the 2015 Monaco Grand Prix , Manor Marussia continued to show support for Bianchi with special red wristbands inscribed with " Monaco 2014 P8 JB17 " .
= = = FIA reaction and investigation = = =
Following Bianchi 's accident , the FIA began an investigation and also considered appropriate changes to safety procedures , such as those at the Brazilian Grand Prix , where the location of a tractor crane serving the Senna S chicane was altered .
The FIA released its initial findings at a special conference held during the inaugural Russian Grand Prix on the Saturday after the Japanese Grand Prix weekend . Among other things , it was revealed that Bianchi had slowed down at Suzuka 's Turn 7 but without disclosing by what margin or the speed of impact , and that the journey to the hospital by ambulance took only an extra 37 minutes relative to the helicopter , without any adverse effects on Bianchi 's condition .
Further , the FIA confirmed ongoing research into closed cockpits for Formula One cars , the possibility of fitting protective skirting to all recovery vehicles as well as ways to slow down cars in crash zones more effectively than double yellow flags . With respect to the latter , the FIA moved to quickly consider the introduction of a virtual safety car – or VSC system – which was then tested during the season 's final three Grands Prix in the United States , Brazil and Abu Dhabi – based on a Le Mans racing " slow zone " arrangement that does not neutralise race proceedings as much as safety car periods .
The following week , the FIA reportedly emailed all teams to request that they retain any information related to Bianchi 's Suzuka accident , for exclusive use by an accident panel established by the FIA to investigate Bianchi 's accident .
One week later the FIA announced a review panel to investigate the cause of the accident , which was made up of former drivers and team principals , and published its findings four weeks later . The report found that there was no single cause of Bianchi 's accident . Instead , the contributing factors were found to include track conditions , car speed and the presence of a recovery vehicle on the circuit . The report also made several suggestions to improve safety when recovering stricken vehicles — which were subsequently introduced for the 2015 season — before concluding that it would not have been possible to mitigate Bianchi 's injuries through changes to the cockpit design . The report also revealed that the fail @-@ safe for the car 's brake @-@ by @-@ wire system had failed . Despite this , Marussia was not found to be responsible for the accident .
For the 2015 season , on safety grounds , the FIA also implemented measures to alter the start time of certain Grands Prix by requiring that it is not less than four hours before either sunset or dusk , except in the case of official night races .
In July 2015 , Peter Wright , the Chairman of the FIA Safety Commission was quoted as saying that a closed cockpit would not have averted Bianchi 's head injuries , while the Vice President , Andy Mellow , also confirmed that attaching impact protection to recovery vehicles was not a feasible solution .
= = = Medical treatment and updates = = =
The first family update following Bianchi 's emergency surgery was made by his father in the week beginning 13 October 2014 . Bianchi was reported to be in a " desperate " condition , with doctors describing his survival as a miracle . Even so , the father openly stated that he drew hope from Michael Schumacher waking from his coma . Marussia also issued regular updates on Bianchi 's condition while rejecting initial speculation about their role in the accident .
While hospitalised in Yokkaichi , Bianchi remained in a critical but stable condition , and required a medical ventilator . He was taken out of his artificial coma in November 2014 and began breathing unaided , making his relocation to France for admission at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice ( CHU ) , possible . There , Bianchi remained unconscious and in a critical condition but more accessible to his family for their daily vigil . On 13 July 2015 , Bianchi 's father publicly conceded becoming " less optimistic " as a consequence of no significant progress and the lapse of time since the accident .
= = Death = =
Bianchi died on 17 July 2015 , aged 25 , from injuries sustained at the time of his accident in Suzuka nine months prior . His death made him the first Formula One driver to be killed by injuries sustained during a Grand Prix since Ayrton Senna in 1994 .
In their official statement , Bianchi 's family said :
It is with deep sadness that the parents of Jules Bianchi , Philippe and Christine , his brother Tom and sister Mélanie , wish to make it known that Jules passed away last night at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire in Nice . Jules fought to the end , as he has always done , but yesterday his battle ended . We feel an immense and indescribable pain .
The funeral service was held at the Nice Cathedral , on 21 July 2015 . He lies at rest in his native city . Many prominent driver figures attended Bianchi 's funeral , such as Alexander Wurz , Esteban Gutiérrez , Allan McNish , Alexander Rossi , Lewis Hamilton , Nico Rosberg , Jenson Button , Sebastian Vettel , Jean @-@ Éric Vergne , Marcus Ericsson , Roberto Merhi , Adrian Sutil , Valtteri Bottas , Pastor Maldonado , Pedro de la Rosa , Romain Grosjean , Daniel Ricciardo , Felipe Massa , Alain Prost , Nico Hülkenberg , Olivier Panis , Daniil Kvyat and Max Chilton .
In May 2016 it was announced that Bianchi 's family plans to take legal action against the FIA , Bianchi 's Marussia team and Bernie Ecclestone 's Formula One Group .
= = = Tributes = = =
Widespread tributes followed from fellow past and present drivers , Bernie Ecclestone , French president François Hollande , and other sport personalities . The Manor Marussia team also published a statement on their Facebook page describing Bianchi as , among other things , " a magnificent human being " and a " shining talent " .
The Grand Prix Drivers ' Association announced that it felt a responsibility " to never relent in improving safety " . FIA President Jean Todt also announced that race number 17 would be retired from the list of those available for Formula One drivers , as a mark of respect .
In paying his respects , di Montezemolo also stated that , thanks to GP2 experience and fine performance with Marussia and in test sessions , Bianchi was the racing driver that Scuderia Ferrari had chosen for the future even being described as a would @-@ be replacement for Kimi Räikkönen .
Chilton dedicated his maiden Indy Lights pole position and race win , which he scored on the same weekend as Bianchi 's death , to his former Marussia teammate .
A minute 's silence was observed on the grid before the start of the 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix in Bianchi 's honour and in the presence of his family surrounded by current drivers . Commemorative stickers on helmets and cars were other tributes at that race . Race winner , Sebastian Vettel of Ferrari , dedicated his maiden Hungarian win to Bianchi and his family , acknowledging that the Frenchman would have been part of the team in future . Daniil Kvyat too dedicated his maiden podium finish as did third @-@ placed finisher , Daniel Ricciardo .
= = = Foundation = = =
In December 2015 , Bianchi 's father announced plans to create a foundation in his son 's honour to uncover and nurture young drivers throughout their career . The initiative involves exhibiting Jules Bianchi ’ s memorabilia ( from go @-@ karts and single @-@ seaters to personal pictures and videos ) and merchandising with JB17 branding , sponsoring opportunities and events . Among the supporters is Prince Albert of Monaco , where the foundation is based .
= = Racing record = =
= = = Career summary = = =
† Bianchi was a guest driver , therefore ineligible to score points .
= = = Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results = = =
( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ; races in italics indicate fastest lap )
= = = Complete Formula Renault 3 @.@ 5 Series results = = =
( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ; races in italics indicate fastest lap )
= = = Complete GP2 results = = =
( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ; races in italics indicate fastest lap )
= = = = Complete GP2 Asia Series results = = = =
( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ; races in italics indicate fastest lap )
= = = Complete Formula One results = = =
( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ; races in italics indicates fastest lap )
† Driver did not finish the Grand Prix , but was classified as he completed over 90 % of the race distance .
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= Lakeshore East =
Lakeshore East is a master @-@ planned mixed use urban development being built by the Magellan Development Group in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , United States . It is located in the northeastern part of the Loop , which , along with Illinois Center , is called the Near East Side . The development is bordered by Wacker Drive to the north , Columbus Drive to the west , Lake Shore Drive to the east , and East Randolph Street to the south . Skidmore , Owings & Merrill created the master plan for the area . The development , which had been scheduled for completion in 2011 , is now set for completion in 2013 . Although the majority of the buildings in the neighborhood will be 21st century constructions resulting from the master plan , some of the current buildings were built as early as the 1960s and 1970s decades . Thus , the term " Lakeshore East " refers only to the components of the new master plan , while the term New Eastside refers to the greater neighborhood surrounding Lakeshore East that extends westward to Michigan Avenue . However , there is little distinction between buildings in the masterplan and other buildings in the region because the pre @-@ existing buildings are referred to as being located in the Lakeshore East area .
Lakeshore East features several of the tallest buildings in Chicago and may include a few of the tallest buildings in the United States . The overall planned development , the park , and several of the individual buildings have won awards for architecture and / or urban planning . The buildings are planned for various types of residential use ( condominiums , apartments , or hotels ) . Due to the neighborhood 's proximity to both Lake Michigan to the east and the Chicago River to the north , many of the buildings are named with aquatic or nautical themes . As of August 2008 , 1 @,@ 500 condominiums have been sold and 1 @,@ 200 apartments have been completed .
= = History = =
Previous to this urban development , the Lakeshore East area had been used by Illinois Central Railroad yards . After World War II , the railroads sold airspace rights north of Randolph Street . For several years after the rail yards were vacated , the site was used as a 9 @-@ hole golf course . Pete Dye designed the course , known as Metro Golf at Illinois Center , which was completed in 1994 and closed in 2001 . The area was originally planned for development as part of the Illinois Center , and one of the challenges to the new development was to integrate itself into the inherited triple @-@ level street system while creating a visually appealing and pedestrian friendly neighborhood . The solution was to stagger ground @-@ level amenities and building entrances from the upper level at the perimeter to the lower level at the interior . Thus the multilevel street grid is utilized around the edges , with large parking structures in the podiums , while a large park at the lowest level forms the core of the development .
The following buildings pre @-@ existed the 21st century master plan for the neighborhood : Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower , Three Illinois Center , Swissôtel Chicago , Buckingham Plaza , The Parkshore , North Harbor Tower , 400 East Randolph Street Condominiums and Harbor Point . A 27 @-@ floor vertical expansion of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower was completed in 2010 . When Harbor Point and 400 East Randolph were built , Lake Shore Drive ran through this neighborhood to the west of these buildings , but it has since been rerouted to the east of these buildings .
The Chicago Pedway , which has existed since 1951 , connects to public and private buildings , Chicago Transit Authority stations and Metra commuter rail facilities . The 4 , 6 and 60 CTA bus routes run along the borders of the Lakeshore East area , and the 60 makes a turnaround within it on Harbor Drive . The pedway has been a controversy for Lakeshore East residents since they were promised a fully linked pedway to Buckingham Plaza and North Harbor Tower in the early 1990s as part of the construction plans . The archives available on the NewEastside.org website show numerous plans and unfulfilled promise regarding connecting the Pedway to most of the New Eastside .
= = Overview = =
This $ 4 billion lifestyle center spans 28 acres ( 0 @.@ 044 sq mi ; 0 @.@ 113 km2 ) , and will include 4 @,@ 950 residences , 2 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 square feet ( 200 @,@ 000 m2 ) of gross commercial space , 1 @,@ 500 hotel rooms , 770 @,@ 000 square feet ( 72 @,@ 000 m2 ) of retail space and a planned elementary school surrounding a magnificent 6 @-@ acre ( 24 @,@ 000 m2 ) botanical park . The plan , which had Adrian Smith as the design partner , calls for fourteen high @-@ rise condominiums and two commercial officespace superstructures . Lakeshore East is within walking distance to the Chicago River , Lake Michigan , DuSable Harbor , Michigan Avenue , Grant Park , and Millennium Park .
The park , named Lakeshore East Park , opened in 2005 and is supported by a mixture of public funds from the Chicago Park District and private funds from the neighboring Lakeshore East condominium buildings . It is the city 's first and currently only free wireless park . The park features several fountains .
The Lancaster ( completed in 2005 ) was Lakeshore East 's first new completed building . The Shoreham ( 2005 ) was Lakeshore East 's first completed apartment building . 340 on the Park ( 2007 ) was briefly the tallest all @-@ residential building in Chicago , but was surpassed by One Museum Park . Aqua ( 2009 ) is the first skyscraper in Chicago to combine condominium residences , luxury rentals , deluxe hotel and retail spaces in the same structure and it is believed to be the tallest building in the United States designed by a female @-@ run architectural firm . The development has its own village center , named Village Market Center , which includes a full service supermarket . The other buildings completed in the first phase of development were The Regatta ( 2007 ) , The Chandler ( 2008 ) and The Tides ( 2008 ) as well as the Benton Place Parkhomes townhouses ( 2009 ) .
In 2011 , construction began on Coast at Lakeshore East . Lease occupancies began in February 2013 .
Lakeshore East is a venture of Magellan Development Group LLC , a recently formed corporate partnership culminating a long @-@ term collaboration between Magellan Development Group and NNP Residential & Development .
All of the buildings in Lakeshore East are luxury condos and high @-@ end apartment highrises . Many of them are named with an aquatic theme . In addition to the luxury skyscrapers , the development will include 24 ultra @-@ luxury town homes in the $ 2 million price range .
= = Awards = =
The master plan won the 2002 American Institute of Architects National Honor Award for Regional and Urban Design . The park was honored as the Best New Park in Chicago by Chicago magazine and the city ’ s Best New Open Space by the Friends of Downtown . The master plan , the park and several individual buildings have won numerous other awards .
In 2008 , the International Real Estate Federation declared the Lakeshore East master plan the recipient of the FIABCI Prix D 'Excellence international award . Lakeshore was the only United States winner for international design excellence .
= = Building construction = =
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= Walt Disney =
Walter Elias " Walt " Disney ( / ˈdɪzni / ; December 5 , 1901 – December 15 , 1966 ) was an American entrepreneur , animator , voice actor and film producer . A pioneer of the American animation industry , he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons . As a film producer he received 22 Academy Awards from 59 nominations and has won more individual Oscars than anyone else . He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and one Emmy Award , among other honors . Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress .
Born in Chicago in 1901 , Disney developed an early interest in drawing . He took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18 . He moved to Hollywood in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio ( later The Walt Disney Company ) with his brother Roy . With Ub Iwerks , Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928 , his first highly popular success ; he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years . As the studio grew , Disney became more adventurous , introducing synchronized sound , full @-@ color three @-@ strip Technicolor , feature @-@ length cartoons and technical developments in cameras . The results , seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , Fantasia , Pinocchio ( both 1940 ) , Dumbo ( 1941 ) and Bambi ( 1942 ) , furthered the development of animated film . New animated and live @-@ action films followed after World War II , including the critically successful Cinderella ( 1950 ) and Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , the second of which received five Academy Awards .
In the 1950s , Disney expanded into the amusement park industry , and in 1955 he opened Disneyland . To fund the project he diversified into television programs , such as Walt Disney 's Disneyland and The Mickey Mouse Club ; he was also involved in planning the 1959 Moscow Fair and the 1960 Winter Olympics . In 1965 he began development of another theme park , Disney World ( now Walt Disney World ) , the heart of which was to be a new type of city , the " Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow " ( EPCOT ) . Disney was a heavy smoker throughout his life , and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before the park or city was completed .
Disney was a shy , self @-@ deprecating and insecure man in private but adopted a warm and outgoing public persona . However he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked . Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti @-@ Semitic , they have been contradicted by many who knew him . His reputation changed in the years after his death , from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism . He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States , where he is considered a national cultural icon . His film work continues to be shown and adapted ; his studio maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment , and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life : 1901 – 20 = = =
Walt Disney was born on December 5 , 1901 , at 1249 Tripp Avenue , in Chicago 's Hermosa neighborhood . He was the fourth son of Elias Disney — born in the Province of Canada to Irish parents — and Flora ( née Call ) , an American of German and English descent . Aside from Disney , Elias and Call 's sons were Herbert , Raymond and Roy ; the couple had a fifth child , Ruth , in December 1903 . In 1906 , when Disney was four , the family moved to a farm in Marceline , Missouri , where his uncle Robert had just purchased land . In Marceline , Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a retired neighborhood doctor . Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper , and Disney practiced drawing by copying the front @-@ page cartoons of Ryan Walker . Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons . He lived near the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and became enamored of trains . He and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909 .
In 1911 , the Disneys moved to Kansas City , Missouri . There , Disney attended the Benton Grammar School , where he met fellow @-@ student Walter Pfeiffer , who came from a family of theatre fans and introduced Disney to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures . Before long , he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers ' house than at home . Elias had purchased a newspaper delivery route for The Kansas City Star and Kansas City Times . Disney and his brother Roy woke up at 4 : 30 every morning to deliver the Times before school and repeated the round for the evening Star after school . The schedule was exhausting , and Disney often received poor grades after falling asleep in class , but he continued his paper route for more than six years . He attended Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute and also took a correspondence course in cartooning .
In 1917 , Elias bought stock in a Chicago jelly producer , the O @-@ Zell Company , and moved back to the city with his family . Disney enrolled at McKinley High School and became the cartoonist of the school newspaper , drawing patriotic pictures about World War I ; he also took night courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts . In mid @-@ 1918 , Disney attempted to join the United States Army to fight against the Germans , but he was rejected for being too young . After forging the date of birth on his birth certificate , he joined the Red Cross in September 1918 as an ambulance driver . He was shipped to France but arrived in November , after the armistice . He drew cartoons on the side of his ambulance for decoration and had some of his work published in the army newspaper Stars and Stripes . Disney returned to Kansas City in October 1919 , where he worked as an apprentice artist at the Pesmen @-@ Rubin Commercial Art Studio . There , he drew commercial illustrations for advertising , theater programs and catalogs . He also befriended fellow artist Ub Iwerks .
= = = Early career : 1920 – 28 = = =
In January 1920 , as Pesmen @-@ Rubin 's revenue declined after Christmas , Disney and Iwerks were laid off . They started their own business , the short @-@ lived Iwerks @-@ Disney Commercial Artists . Failing to attract many customers , Disney and Iwerks agreed that Disney should leave temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company , run by A. V. Cauger ; the following month Iwerks , who was not able to run their business alone , also joined . The company produced commercials using the cutout animation technique . Disney became interested in animation , although he preferred drawn cartoons such as Mutt and Jeff and Koko the Clown . With the assistance of a borrowed book on animation and a camera , he began experimenting at home . He came to the conclusion that cel animation was more promising than the cutout method . Unable to persuade Cauger to try cel animation at the company , Disney opened a new business with a co @-@ worker from the Film Ad Co , Fred Harman . Their main client was the local Newman Theater , and the short cartoons they produced were sold as " Newman 's Laugh @-@ O @-@ Grams " . Disney studied Paul Terry 's Aesop 's Fables as a model , and the first six " Laugh @-@ O @-@ Grams " were modernized fairy tales .
In May 1921 , the success of the " Laugh @-@ O @-@ Grams " led to the establishment of Laugh @-@ O @-@ Gram Studio , for which he hired more animators , including Fred Harman 's brother Hugh , Rudolf Ising and Iwerks . The Laugh @-@ O @-@ Grams cartoons did not provide enough income to keep the company solvent , so Disney started production of Alice 's Wonderland — based on Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland — which combined live action with animation ; he cast Virginia Davis in the title role . The result , a 12 @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ minute , one @-@ reel film , was completed too late to save Laugh @-@ O @-@ Gram Studio , which went into bankruptcy in 1923 .
Disney moved to Hollywood in July 1923 . Although New York was the center of the cartoon industry , he was attracted to Los Angeles because his brother Roy was convalescing from tuberculosis there . Disney 's efforts to sell Alice 's Wonderland were in vain until he heard from New York film distributor Margaret J. Winkler . She was losing the rights to both the Out of the Inkwell and Felix the Cat cartoons , and needed a new series . In October they signed a contract for six Alice comedies , with an option for two further series of six episodes each . Disney and his brother Roy formed the Disney Brothers Studio — which later became The Walt Disney Company — to produce the films ; they persuaded Davis and her family to relocate to Hollywood to continue production , with Davis on contract at $ 100 a month . In July 1924 Disney also hired Iwerks , persuading him to relocate to Hollywood from Kansas City .
Early in 1925 , Disney hired an ink artist , Lillian Bounds . They married in July of that year . The marriage was generally happy , according to Lillian , although according to Disney 's biographer Neal Gabler she did not " accept Walt 's decisions meekly or his status unquestionably , and she admitted that he was always telling people ' how henpecked he is ' . " Lillian had little interest in films or the Hollywood social scene and she was , in the words of the historian Steven Watts , " content with household management and providing support for her husband " . Their marriage produced two daughters , Diane ( born December 1933 ) and Sharon ( adopted in December 1936 , born six weeks previously ) . Within the family , neither Disney nor his wife hid the fact Sharon had been adopted , although they became annoyed if people outside the family raised the point . The Disneys were careful to keep their daughters out of the public eye as much as possible , particularly in the light of the Lindbergh kidnapping ; Disney took steps to ensure his daughters were not photographed by the press .
By 1926 Winkler 's role in the distribution of the Alice series had been handed over to her husband , the film producer Charles Mintz , although the relationship between him and Disney was sometimes strained . The series ran until July 1927 , by which time Disney had begun to tire of it and wanted to move away from the mixed format to all animation . After Mintz requested new material to distribute through Universal Pictures , Disney and Iwerks created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , a character Disney wanted to be " peppy , alert , saucy and venturesome , keeping him also neat and trim " .
In February 1928 , Disney hoped to negotiate a larger fee for producing the Oswald series , but found Mintz wanting to reduce the payments . Mintz had also persuaded many of the artists involved to work directly for him , including Harman , Ising , Carman Maxwell and Friz Freleng . Disney also found out that Universal owned the intellectual property rights to Oswald . Mintz threatened to start his own studio and produce the series himself if Disney refused to accept the reductions . Disney declined Mintz 's ultimatum and lost most of his animation staff , except Iwerks , who chose to remain with him .
= = = Creation of Mickey Mouse to the first Academy Awards : 1928 – 33 = = =
To replace Oswald , Disney and Iwerks developed Mickey Mouse , possibly inspired by a pet mouse that Disney had adopted while working in his Laugh @-@ O @-@ Gram studio , although the origins of the character are unclear . Disney 's original choice of name was Mortimer Mouse , but Lillian thought it too pompous , and suggested Mickey instead . Iwerks revised Disney 's provisional sketches to make the character easier to animate , and Disney provided Mickey 's voice until 1947 . In the words of one Disney employee , " Ub designed Mickey 's physical appearance , but Walt gave him his soul . "
Mickey Mouse first appeared in May 1928 as a single test screening of the short Plane Crazy , but it , and the second feature , The Gallopin ' Gaucho , failed to find a distributor . Following the 1927 sensation The Jazz Singer , Disney used synchronized sound on the third short , Steamboat Willie , to create the first sound cartoon . After the animation was complete , Disney signed a contract with the former executive of Universal Pictures , Pat Powers , to use the " Powers Cinephone " recording system ; Cinephone became the new distributor for Disney 's early sound cartoons , which soon became popular .
To improve the quality of the music , Disney hired the professional composer and arranger Carl Stalling , on whose suggestion the Silly Symphony series was developed , providing stories through the use of music ; the first in the series , The Skeleton Dance ( 1929 ) , was drawn and animated entirely by Iwerks . Also hired at this time were several local artists , some of whom stayed with the company as core animators ; the group later became known as the Nine Old Men . Both the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series were successful , but Disney and his brother felt they were not receiving their rightful share of profits from Powers . In 1930 , Disney tried to trim costs from the process by urging Iwerks to abandon the practice of animating every separate cel in favor of the more efficient technique of drawing key poses and letting lower @-@ paid assistants sketch the in @-@ between poses . Disney asked Powers for an increase in payments for the cartoons . Powers refused and signed Iwerks to work for him ; Stalling resigned shortly afterwards , thinking that without Iwerks , the Disney Studio would close . Disney had a nervous breakdown in October 1931 — which he blamed on the machinations of Powers and his own overwork — so he and Lillian took an extended holiday to Cuba and a cruise to Panama to recover .
With the loss of Powers as distributor , Disney studios signed a contract with Columbia Pictures to distribute the Mickey Mouse cartoons , which became increasingly popular , including internationally . Disney , always keen to embrace new technology , filmed Flowers and Trees ( 1932 ) in full @-@ color three @-@ strip Technicolor ; he was also able to negotiate a deal giving him the sole right to use the three @-@ strip process until August 31 , 1935 . All subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color . Flowers and Trees was popular with audiences and won the Academy Award for best Short Subject ( Cartoon ) at the 1932 ceremony . Disney had been nominated for another film in that category , Mickey 's Orphans , and received an Honorary Award " for the creation of Mickey Mouse " .
In 1933 , Disney produced The Three Little Pigs , a film described by the media historian Adrian Danks as " the most successful short animation of all time " . The film won Disney another Academy Award in the Short Subject ( Cartoon ) category . The film 's success led to a further increase in the studio 's staff , which numbered nearly 200 by the end of the year . Disney realized the importance of telling emotionally gripping stories that would interest the audience , and he invested in a " story department " separate from the animators , with storyboard artists who would detail the plots of Disney 's films .
= = = Golden age of animation : 1934 – 41 = = =
By 1934 , Disney had become dissatisfied with producing formulaic cartoon shorts , and began a four @-@ year production of a feature @-@ length cartoon , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , based on the fairy tale . When news leaked out about the project , many in the film industry predicted it would bankrupt the company ; industry insiders nicknamed it " Disney 's Folly " . The film , which was the first animated feature made in full color and sound , cost $ 1 @.@ 5 million to produce — three times over budget . To ensure the animation was as realistic as possible , Disney sent his animators on courses at the Chouinard Art Institute ; he brought animals into the studio and hired actors so that the animators could study realistic movement . To portray the changing perspective of the background as a camera moved through a scene , Disney 's animators developed a multiplane camera which allowed drawings on pieces of glass to be set at various distances from the camera , creating an illusion of depth . The glass could be moved to create the impression of a camera passing through the scene . The first work created on the camera — a Silly Symphony called " The Old Mill " ( 1937 ) — won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film because of its impressive visual power . Although Snow White had been largely finished by the time the multiplane camera had been completed , Disney ordered some scenes be re @-@ drawn to use the new effects .
Snow White premiered in December 1937 to high praise from critics and audiences . The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and by May 1939 its total gross of $ 6 @.@ 5 million made it the most successful sound film made to that date . Disney won another Honorary Academy Award , which consisted of one full @-@ sized and seven miniature Oscar statuettes . The success of Snow White heralded one of the most productive eras for the studio ; the Walt Disney Family Museum calls the following years " the ' Golden Age of Animation ' " . With work on Snow White finished , the studio began producing Pinocchio in early 1938 and Fantasia in November of the same year . Both films were released in 1940 , and neither performed well at the box office — partly because revenues from Europe had dropped following the start of World War II in 1939 . The studio made a loss on both pictures and was deeply in debt by the end of February 1941 .
In response to the financial crisis , Disney and his brother Roy started the company 's first public stock offering in 1940 , and implemented heavy salary cuts . The latter measure , and Disney 's sometimes high @-@ handed and insensitive manner of dealing with staff , led to a 1941 animators ' strike which lasted five weeks . While a federal mediator from the National Labor Relations Board negotiated with the two sides , Disney accepted an offer from the Office of the Coordinator of Inter @-@ American Affairs to make a goodwill trip to South America , ensuring he was absent during a resolution he knew would be unfavorable to the studio . As a result of the strike — and the financial state of the company — several animators left the studio , and Disney 's relationship with other members of staff was permanently strained as a result . The strike temporarily interrupted the studio 's next production , Dumbo ( 1941 ) , which Disney produced in a simple and inexpensive manner ; the film received a positive reaction from audiences and critics alike .
= = = World War II and beyond : 1941 – 50 = = =
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941 , the U.S. entered World War II . Disney formed the Walt Disney Training Films Unit within the company to produce instruction films for the military such as Four Methods of Flush Riveting and Aircraft Production Methods . Disney also met with Henry Morgenthau , Jr . , the Secretary of the Treasury , and agreed to produce short Donald Duck cartoons to promote war bonds . Disney also produced several propaganda productions , including shorts such as Der Fuehrer 's Face — which won an Academy Award — and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power .
The military films generated only enough revenue to cover costs , and the feature film Bambi — which had been in production since 1937 — underperformed on its release in April 1942 , and lost $ 200 @,@ 000 at the box office . On top of the low earnings from Pinocchio and Fantasia , the company had debts of $ 4 million with the Bank of America in 1944 . At a meeting with Bank of America executives to discuss the future of the company , the bank 's chairman and founder , Amadeo Giannini , told his executives , " I 've been watching the Disneys ' pictures quite closely because I knew we were lending them money far above the financial risk . ... They 're good this year , they 're good next year , and they 're good the year after . ... You have to relax and give them time to market their product . " Disney 's production of short films decreased in the late 1940s , coinciding with increasing competition in the animation market from Warner Bros. and Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer . Roy Disney , for financial reasons , suggested more combined animation and live @-@ action productions . In 1948 , Disney initiated a series of popular live @-@ action nature films , titled True @-@ Life Adventures , with Seal Island the first ; the film won the Academy Award in the Best Short Subject ( Two @-@ Reel ) category .
Disney grew more politically conservative as he got older . A Democratic Party supporter until the 1940 presidential election , when he switched allegiance to the Republicans , he became a generous donor to Thomas E. Dewey 's 1944 bid for the presidency . In 1946 he was a founding member of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals , an organization who stated they " believ [ ed ] in , and like , the American Way of Life ... we find ourselves in sharp revolt against a rising tide of Communism , Fascism and kindred beliefs , that seek by subversive means to undermine and change this way of life " . In 1947 , during the Second Red Scare , Disney testified before the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) , where he branded Herbert Sorrell , David Hilberman and William Pomerance , former animators and labor union organizers , as Communist agitators ; Disney stated that the 1941 strike led by them was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood .
In 1949 , Disney and his family moved to a new home in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles . With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball , who already had their own backyard railroad , Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard . The name of the railroad , Carolwood Pacific Railroad , came from his home 's location on Carolwood Drive . The miniature working steam locomotive was built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie , and Disney named it Lilly Belle after his wife ; after three years Disney ordered it into storage due to a series of accidents involving his guests .
= = = Theme parks , television and other interests : 1950 – 66 = = =
In early 1950 , Disney produced Cinderella , his studio 's first animated feature in eight years . It was popular with critics and theater audiences . Costing $ 2 @.@ 2 million to produce , it earned nearly $ 8 million in its first year . Disney was less involved than he had been with previous pictures because of his involvement in his first entirely live @-@ action feature , Treasure Island ( 1950 ) , which was shot in Britain , as was The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) . Other all @-@ live @-@ action features followed , many of which had patriotic themes . He continued to produce full @-@ length animated features too , including Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) and Peter Pan ( 1953 ) . From the early to mid @-@ 1950s , Disney began to devote less attention to the animation department , entrusting most of its operations to his key animators , the Nine Old Men , although he was always present at story meetings . Instead , he started concentrating on other ventures .
For several years Disney had been considering building a theme park . When he visited Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters , he wanted to be in a clean , unspoiled park , where both children and their parents could have fun . He visited the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen , Denmark , and was heavily influenced by the cleanliness and layout of the park . In March 1952 he received zoning permission to build a theme park in Burbank , near the Disney studios . This site proved too small , and a larger plot in Anaheim , 35 miles ( 56 km ) south of the studio , was purchased . To distance the project from the studio — which might attract the criticism of shareholders — Disney formed WED Enterprises ( now Walt Disney Imagineering ) and used his own money to fund a group of designers and animators to work on the plans ; those involved became known as " Imagineers " . After obtaining bank funding he invited other stockholders , American Broadcasting @-@ Paramount Theatres — part of American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) — and Western Printing and Lithographing Company . In mid @-@ 1954 , Disney sent his Imagineers to every amusement park in the U.S. to analyze what worked and what pitfalls or problems there were in the various locations and incorporated their findings into his design . Construction work started in July 1954 , and Disneyland opened in July 1955 ; the opening ceremony was broadcast on ABC , which reached 70 million viewers . The park was designed as a series of themed lands , linked by the central Main Street , U.S.A. — a replica of the main street in his hometown of Marceline . The connected themed areas were Adventureland , Frontierland , Fantasyland and Tomorrowland . The park also contained the narrow gauge Disneyland Railroad that linked the lands ; around the outside of the park was a high berm to separate the park from the outside world . An editorial in The New York Times considered that Disney had " tastefully combined some of the pleasant things of yesterday with fantasy and dreams of tomorrow " . Although there were early minor problems with the park , it was a success , and after a month 's operation , Disneyland was receiving over 20 @,@ 000 visitors a day ; by the end of its first year , it attracted 3 @.@ 6 million guests .
The money from ABC was contingent on Disney television programs . The studio had been involved in a successful television special on Christmas Day 1950 about the making of Alice in Wonderland . Roy believed the program added millions to the box office takings . In a March 1951 letter to shareholders , he wrote that " television can be a most powerful selling aid for us , as well as a source of revenue . It will probably be on this premise that we enter television when we do " . In 1954 , after the Disneyland funding had been agreed , ABC broadcast Walt Disney 's Disneyland , an anthology consisting of animated cartoons , live @-@ action features and other material from the studio 's library . The show was successful in terms of ratings and profits , earning an audience share of over 50 % . In April 1955 , Newsweek called the series an " American institution " . ABC was pleased with the ratings , leading to Disney 's first daily television program , The Mickey Mouse Club , a variety show catering specifically to children . The program was accompanied by merchandising through various companies ( Western Printing , for example , had been producing coloring books and comics for over 20 years , and produced several items connected to the show ) . One of the segments of Disneyland consisted of the five @-@ part miniseries Davy Crockett which , according to Gabler , " became an overnight sensation " . The show 's theme song , " The Ballad of Davy Crockett " , became internationally popular , and ten million records were sold . As a result , Disney formed his own record production and distribution entity , Disneyland Records .
As well as the construction of Disneyland , Disney worked on other projects away from the studio . He was consultant to the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow ; Disney Studios ' contribution was America the Beautiful , a 19 @-@ minute film in the 360 @-@ degree Circarama theater that was one of the most popular attractions . The following year he acted as the chairman of the Pageantry Committee for the 1960 Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley , California , where he designed the opening , closing and medal ceremonies .
Despite the demands wrought by non @-@ studio projects , Disney continued to work on film and television projects . In 1955 he was involved in " Man in Space " , an episode of the Disneyland series , which was made in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun . Disney also oversaw aspects of the full @-@ length features Lady and the Tramp ( the first animated film in CinemaScope ) in 1955 , Sleeping Beauty ( the first animated film in Technirama 70 mm film ) in 1959 , One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels ) in 1961 and The Sword in the Stone in 1963 .
In 1964 , Disney produced Mary Poppins , based on the book series by P. L. Travers ; he had been trying to acquire the rights to the story since the 1940s . It became the most successful Disney film of the 1960s , although Travers disliked the film intensely and regretted having sold the rights . The same year he also became involved in plans to expand the California Institute of the Arts ( colloquially called CalArts ) , and had an architect draw up blueprints for a new building .
Disney provided four exhibits for the 1964 New York World 's Fair , for which he obtained funding from selected corporate sponsors . For PepsiCo , who planned to tribute UNICEF , Disney developed It 's a Small World , a boat ride with audio @-@ animatronic dolls depicting children of the world ; Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln contained an animatronic Abraham Lincoln giving excerpts from his speeches ; Carousel of Progress promoted the importance of electricity ; and Ford 's Magic Skyway portrayed the progress of mankind . Elements of all four exhibits — principally concepts and technology — were re @-@ installed in Disneyland , although It 's a Small World is the ride that most closely resembles the original .
During the early to mid @-@ 1960s , Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King , a glacial valley in California 's Sierra Nevada . He hired experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski @-@ area designer Willy Schaeffler . With income from Disneyland accounting for an increasing proportion of the studio 's income , Disney continued to look for venues for other attractions . In late 1965 , he announced plans to develop another theme park to be called " Disney World " ( now Walt Disney World ) , a few miles southwest of Orlando , Florida . Disney World was to include the " Magic Kingdom " — a larger and more elaborate version of Disneyland — plus golf courses and resort hotels . The heart of Disney World was to be the " Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow " ( EPCOT ) , which he described as :
an experimental prototype community of tomorrow that will take its cue from the new ideas and new technologies that are now emerging from the creative centers of American industry . It will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed , but will always be introducing and testing and demonstrating new materials and systems . And EPCOT will always be a showcase to the world for the ingenuity and imagination of American free enterprise .
During 1966 , Disney cultivated businesses willing to sponsor EPCOT . He increased his involvement in the studio 's films , and was heavily involved in the story development of The Jungle Book , the live @-@ action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire ( both 1967 ) and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day .
= = = Illness , death and aftermath = = =
Disney had been a heavy smoker since World War I. He did not use cigarettes with filters , and had smoked a pipe as a young man . In November 1966 , he was diagnosed with lung cancer and treated with cobalt therapy . On November 30 he felt unwell and was taken to St. Joseph Hospital where , on December 15 , ten days after his 65th birthday , he died of circulatory collapse caused by lung cancer . Disney 's remains were cremated two days later , and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California .
His estate included a 14 percent holding in Walt Disney Productions worth $ 20 million . He left 45 percent of his estate to his wife and children — much in a family trust — and 10 percent to his sister , nieces and nephews . The remaining 45 percent went into a charitable trust , 95 percent of which was designated for CalArts , to build a new campus ( a figure of around $ 15 million ) ; he also donated 38 acres ( 0 @.@ 154 km2 ) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of that school . The university moved there in November 1971 .
The release of The Jungle Book and The Happiest Millionaire in 1967 raised the total number of feature films that Disney had been involved in to 81 . When Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day was released in 1968 , it earned Disney an Academy Award in the Short Subject ( Cartoon ) category , awarded posthumously . After Disney 's death , his studios continued to produce live @-@ action films prolifically but largely abandoned animation until the late 1980s , after which there was what The New York Times describes as the " Disney Renaissance " that began with The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) . Disney 's companies continue to produce successful film , television and stage entertainment .
Disney 's plans for the futuristic city of EPCOT did not come to fruition . After Disney 's death , his brother Roy deferred his retirement to take full control of the Disney companies . He changed the focus of the project from a town to an attraction . At the inauguration in 1971 , Roy dedicated Walt Disney World to his brother . Walt Disney World expanded with the opening of Epcot Center in 1982 ; Walt Disney 's vision of a functional city was replaced by a park more akin to a permanent world 's fair . In 2009 , the Walt Disney Family Museum , designed by Disney 's daughter Diane and her son Walter E. D. Miller , opened in the Presidio of San Francisco . Thousands of artifacts from Disney 's life and career are on display , including numerous awards that he received . In 2014 , the Disney theme parks around the world hosted approximately 134 million guests .
Disney has been portrayed numerous times in fictional works . H. G. Wells references Disney in his 1938 novel The Holy Terror , in which World Dictator Rud fears that Donald Duck is meant to lampoon the dictator . Disney was portrayed by Len Cariou in the 1995 made @-@ for @-@ TV film A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes : The Annette Funicello Story , and by Tom Hanks in the 2013 film Saving Mr. Banks . In 2001 , the German author Peter Stephan Jungk published Der König von Amerika ( trans : The King of America ) , a fictional work of Disney 's later years that re @-@ images him as a power @-@ hungry racist . The composer Philip Glass later adapted the book into the opera The Perfect American ( 2013 ) .
= = Honors = =
Disney received 59 Academy Award nominations , including 22 awards : both totals are records . He was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards , but did not win , but he was presented with two Special Achievement Awards — for Bambi ( 1942 ) and The Living Desert ( 1953 ) — and the Cecil B. DeMille Award . He also received four Emmy Award nominations , winning once , for Best Producer for the Disneyland television series . Several of his films are included in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " : Steamboat Willie , The Three Little Pigs , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Fantasia , Pinocchio , Bambi and Mary Poppins . In 1998 , the American Film Institute published a list of the 100 greatest American films , according to industry experts ; the list included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( at number 49 ) , and Fantasia ( at 58 ) .
In February 1960 , Disney was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars , one for motion pictures and the other for his television work ; Mickey Mouse was given his own star for motion pictures in 1978 . Disney was also inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1986 , the California Hall of Fame in December 2006 , and was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars in 2014 .
The Walt Disney Family Museum records that he " along with members of his staff , received more than 950 honors and citations from throughout the world " . He was made a Chevalier in the French Légion d 'honneur in 1935 , and in 1952 he was awarded the country 's highest artistic decoration , the Officer d 'Academie . Other national awards include Thailand 's Order of the Crown ; Brazil 's Order of the Southern Cross and Mexico 's Order of the Aztec Eagle . In the United States , he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14 , 1964 and , in 1969 , he was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal . He received the Showman of the World Award from the National Association of Theatre Owners , and , in 1955 , the National Audubon Society awarded Disney its highest honor , the Audubon Medal , for promoting the " appreciation and understanding of nature " through his True @-@ Life Adventures nature films . A minor planet discovered in 1980 by astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina , was named 4017 Disneya , and he was also awarded honorary degrees from Harvard , Yale , the University of Southern California and the University of California , Los Angeles .
= = Personality and reputation = =
Disney 's public persona was very different from his actual personality . Playwright Robert E. Sherwood described him as " almost painfully shy ... diffident " and self @-@ deprecating . According to his biographer Richard Schickel , Disney hid his shy and insecure personality behind his public identity . Kimball argues that Disney " played the role of a bashful tycoon who was embarrassed in public " and knew that he was doing so . Disney acknowledged the façade , and told a friend that " I 'm not Walt Disney . I do a lot of things Walt Disney would not do . Walt Disney does not smoke . I smoke . Walt Disney does not drink . I drink . " Critic Otis Ferguson , in The New Republic , called the private Disney : " common and everyday , not inaccessible , not in a foreign language , not suppressed or sponsored or anything . Just Disney . " Many of those with whom Disney worked commented that he gave his staff little encouragement due to his exceptionally high expectations . Norman recalls that when Disney said " That 'll work " , it was an indication of high praise . Instead of direct approval , Disney gave high @-@ performing staff financial bonuses , or recommended certain individuals to others , expecting that his praise would be passed on .
Views of Disney and his work have changed over the decades , and there have been polarized opinions . Mark Langer , in the American Dictionary of National Biography , writes that " Earlier evaluations of Disney hailed him as a patriot , folk artist , and popularizer of culture . More recently , Disney has been regarded as a paradigm of American imperialism and intolerance , as well as a debaser of culture . " Steven Watts wrote that some denounce Disney " as a cynical manipulator of cultural and commercial formulas " , while PBS records that critics have censured his work because of its " smooth façade of sentimentality and stubborn optimism , its feel @-@ good re @-@ write of American history " . Although Disney 's films have been highly praised , very popular and commercially successful over time , there were criticisms by reviewers . Caroline Lejeune comments in The Observer that Snow White ( 1937 ) " has more faults than any earlier Disney cartoon . It is vulnerable again and again to the barbed criticisms of the experts . Sometimes it is , frankly , badly drawn . " Robin Allen , writing for The Times , notes that Fantasia ( 1940 ) was " condemned for its vulgarity and lurches into bathos " , while Lejeune , reviewing Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) , feels the film " may drive lovers of Lewis Carroll to frenzy " . Peter Pan ( 1953 ) was criticized in The Times as " a children 's classic vulgarized " with " Tinker Bell ... a peroxided American cutie " . The reviewer opined that Disney " has slaughtered good Barrie and has only second @-@ rate Disney to put in its place " .
Disney has been accused of anti @-@ semitisim , although none of his employees — including the animator Art Babbitt , who disliked Disney intensely — ever accused him of making anti @-@ semitic slurs or taunts . The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons . Disney donated regularly to Jewish charities , he was named " 1955 Man of the Year " by the B 'nai B 'rith chapter in Beverly Hills , and his studio employed a number of Jews , some of whom were in influential positions . Gabler , the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives , concludes that the available evidence did not support accusations of anti @-@ semitism and that Disney was " not [ anti @-@ semitic ] in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an anti @-@ Semite " . Gabler concludes that " though Walt himself , in my estimation , was not anti @-@ Semitic , nevertheless , he willingly allied himself with people who were anti @-@ Semitic [ meaning the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals ] , and that reputation stuck . He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life " . Disney distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s .
Disney has also been accused of racism because some of his productions released between the 1930s and 1950s contain racially insensitive material . The feature film Song of the South was criticized by contemporary film critics , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , and others for its perpetuation of black stereotypes , but Disney later campaigned successfully for an Honorary Academy Award for its star , James Baskett , the first black actor so honored . Gabler argues that " Walt Disney was no racist . He never , either publicly or privately , made disparaging remarks about blacks or asserted white superiority . Like most white Americans of his generation , however , he was racially insensitive . " Floyd Norman , the studio 's first black animator who worked closely with Disney during the 1950s and 1960s , said , " Not once did I observe a hint of the racist behavior Walt Disney was often accused of after his death . His treatment of people — and by this I mean all people — can only be called exemplary . "
Watts argues that many of Disney 's post World War II films " legislated a kind of cultural Marshall Plan . They nourished a genial cultural imperialism that magically overran the rest of the globe with the values , expectations , and goods of a prosperous middle @-@ class United States . " Film historian Jay P. Telotte acknowledges that many see Disney 's studio as an " agent of manipulation and repression " , although he observes that it has " labored throughout its history to link its name with notions of fun , family , and fantasy " . John Tomlinson , in his study Cultural Imperialism , examines the work of Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart , whose 1971 book Para leer al Pato Donald ( trans : How to Read Donald Duck ) identifies that there are " imperialist ... values ' concealed ' behind the innocent , wholesome façade of the world of Walt Disney " ; this , they argue , is a powerful tool as " it presents itself as harmless fun for consumption by children . " Tomlinson views their argument as flawed , as " they simply assume that reading American comics , seeing adverts , watching pictures of the affluent ... [ ' Yankee ' ] lifestyle has a direct pedagogic effect " .
Several commentators have described him as a cultural icon . On Disney 's death , journalism professor Ralph S. Izard comments that the values in Disney 's films are those " considered valuable in American Christian society " , which include " individualism , decency , ... love for our fellow man , fair play and toleration " . Disney 's obituary in The Times calls the films " wholesome , warm @-@ hearted and entertaining ... of incomparable artistry and of touching beauty " . Journalist Bosley Crowther argues that Disney 's " achievement as a creator of entertainment for an almost unlimited public and as a highly ingenious merchandiser of his wares can rightly be compared to the most successful industrialists in history . " Correspondent Alistair Cooke calls Disney a " folk @-@ hero ... the Pied Piper of Hollywood " , while Gabler considers Disney " reshaped the culture and the American consciousness " . In the American Dictionary of National Biography , Langer writes :
Disney remains the central figure in the history of animation . Through technological innovations and alliances with governments and corporations , he transformed a minor studio in a marginal form of communication into a multinational leisure industry giant . Despite his critics , his vision of a modern , corporate utopia as an extension of traditional American values has possibly gained greater currency in the years after his death .
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= Overman Committee =
The Overman Committee was a special subcommittee of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary chaired by North Carolina Democrat Lee Slater Overman . Between September 1918 and June 1919 , it investigated German and Bolshevik elements in the United States . It was an early forerunner of the better known House Un @-@ American Activities Committee , and represented the first congressional committee investigation of communism .
The Committee 's final report was released in June 1919 . It reported on German propaganda , Bolshevism , and other " un @-@ American activities " in the United States and on likely effects of communism 's implementation in the United States . It described German , but not communist , propaganda efforts . The Committee 's report and hearings were instrumental in fostering anti @-@ Bolshevik opinion .
= = Background = =
World War I , in which the United States and its allies fought - among other Central Powers - the German Empire , raised concern about the German threat to the United States . The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 were passed in response .
In the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Bolshevik party , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian monarchy and instituted Marxism @-@ Leninism . Many Americans were worried about the revolution 's ideas infiltrating the United States , a phenomenon later named the Red Scare of 1919 @-@ 20 .
The Overman Committee was formally an ad @-@ hoc subcommittee of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary , but had no formal name . It was chaired by Senator Lee Slater Overman and also included Senators Knute Nelson of Minnesota , Thomas Sterling of South Dakota , William H. King of Utah , and Josiah O. Wolcott of Delaware .
= = Initial investigation = =
The Committee was authorized by Senate Resolution 307 on September 19 , 1918 to investigate charges against the United States Brewers Association ( USBA ) and allied interests . Brewing institutions had been largely founded by German immigrants in the mid @-@ 19th century , who brought with them knowledge and techniques for brewing beer . The Committee interpreted this mission to mean a general probe into German propaganda and pro @-@ German activities in the United States . Hearings were mandated after A. Mitchell Palmer , the federal government 's Alien Property Custodian responsible for German @-@ owned property in the U.S. , testified in September 1918 that the USBA and the rest of the overwhelmingly German liquor industry harbored pro @-@ German sentiments . He stated that " German brewers of America , in association with the United States Brewers ' Association " had attempted " to buy a great newspaper " and " control the government of State and Nation " , had generally been " unpatriotic " , and had " pro @-@ German sympathies " .
Hearings began September 27 , 1918 , shortly before the end of World War I. Nearly four dozen witnesses testified . Many were agents of the Bureau of Investigations ( BOI ) , the predecessor of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . The agents , controversially and usually erroneously , implicated high @-@ profile American citizens as pro @-@ German , using the fallacy of guilt by association . For example , the Bureau chief labeled some people pro @-@ German because they had insubstantial and non @-@ ideological acquaintance with German agents . Others were accused because their names were discovered in the notebooks of suspected German agents , of whom they had never heard .
Many attacked the BOI 's actions . The Committee heard testimony that it had not conducted basic background checks of the accused and had not read source material it presented to the Committee . Committee members criticized its testimony as " purely hearsay " .
= = Expansion of investigation = =
On February 4 , 1919 , the Senate unanimously passed Senator Thomas J. Walsh 's Senate Resolution 439 , expanding the Committee 's investigations to include " any efforts being made to propagate in this country the principles of any party exercising or claiming to exercise any authority in Russia " and " any effort to incite the overthrow of the Government of this country " . This decision followed months of sensational daily press coverage of revolutionary events abroad and Bolshevik meetings and events in the United States , which increased anti @-@ radical public opinion . Reports that some of these meetings were attended by Congressmen caused further outrage . One meeting in particular , held at the Poli Theater in Washington , DC , was widely controversial because of a speech given by Albert Rhys Williams , a popular Congregationalist minister , who allegedly said , " America sooner or later is going to accept the Soviet Government . "
Archibald E. Stevenson , a New York attorney with ties to the Justice Department , likely a " volunteer spy " , testified on January 22 , 1919 , during the German phase of the subcommittee 's work . He said that anti @-@ war and anti @-@ draft activism during World War I , which he described as " pro @-@ German " activity , had now transformed into propaganda " developing sympathy for the Bolshevik movement . " . The United States ' wartime enemy , though defeated , had exported an ideology that ruled Russia and threatened America anew . " The Bolsheviki movement is a branch of the revolutionary socialism of Germany . It had its origin in the philosophy of Marx and its leaders were Germans . " He cited the propaganda efforts of John Reed and gave many examples from the foreign press . He told the Senators , " We have found money coming into this country from Russia . " Stevenson has been described by historian Regin Schmidt as a " driving force " behind the growth of anti @-@ Bolshevism in the United States .
The final catalyst for the expansion of the investigation was the Seattle General Strike , which began the day before the Senate passed Resolution 439 . This confluence of events led members of Congress to believe that the alleged German @-@ Bolshevist link and Bolshevist threat to the United States were real .
= = Bolshevism hearings = =
The Overman Committee 's hearings on Bolshevism lasted from February 11 to March 10 , 1919 . More than two dozen witnesses were interviewed . About two @-@ thirds were violently anti @-@ Bolshevik and advocated for military intervention in Russia . Some were refugees of the Russian Diaspora — many former government officials — who left Russia because of Bolshevism . The overriding theme was the social chaos the Revolution had brought , but three sub @-@ themes were also frequent : anti @-@ Americanism among American intelligentsia , the relationship between Jews and Communist Russia , and the " nationalization " of women after the Soviet revolution .
Stevenson produced a list of 200 — later reduced to 62 — alleged communist professors in the United States . Like lists of names provided during the German propaganda hearings , this list provoked an outcry . Stevenson declared universities to be breeding grounds of sedition , and that institutions of higher learning were " festering masses of pure atheism " and " the grossest kind of materialism " . Ambassador to Russia David R. Francis stated that the Bolsheviks were killing everybody " who wears a white collar or who is educated and who is not a Bolshevik . "
Another recurring theme at the hearings was the relationship between Jews and communists in Russia . One Methodist preacher stated that nineteen out of twenty communists were Jews ; others said the Red Army was composed mainly of former East Side New York Jews . However , after criticism from Jewish organizations , Senator Overman clarified that the Committee was discussing " apostate " Jews only , defined by witness George Simons as " one who has given up the faith of his fathers or forefathers . "
A third frequent theme was the " free love " and " nationalization " of women allegedly occurring in Soviet Russia . Witnesses described an orgy in which there was no " respect for virtuous women " ; others who testified , including those who had been in Russia during the Revolution , denied this . After one witness read a Soviet decree saying that Russian women had the " right to choose from among men " , Senator Sterling threw up his hands and declared that this was a negation of " free love " . However , another decree was produced stating , " A girl having reached her eighteenth year is to be announced as the property of the state . "
The Senators were particularly interested in how Bolshevism had united many disparate elements on the left , including anarchists and socialists of many types , " providing a common platform for all these radical groups to stand on . " Senator Knute Nelson of Minnesota responded : " Then they have really rendered a service to the various classes of progressives and reformers that we have here in this country . " Other witnesses described the horrors of the revolution in Russia and speculated on the consequences of a comparable revolution in the United States : the imposition of atheism , the seizure of newspapers , assaults on banks and the abolition of the insurance industry . The Senators heard various views of women in Russia , including claims that women were made the property of the state .
= = Final report = =
The Committee 's final report detailed its investigations into German propaganda , Bolshevism , and other " un @-@ American activities " in the United States and predicted effects of communism 's implementation in the United States . It was endorsed unanimously . Released in June 1919 , it was over 35 @,@ 000 words long , and was compiled by Major Edwin Lowry Humes .
The Committee did little to demonstrate the extent of communist activity in the United States . In its analysis of what would happen if capitalism were overthrown and replaced by communism , it warned of widespread misery and hunger , the confiscation of and nationalization of all property , and the beginning of " a program of terror , fear , extermination , and destruction . " Anti @-@ Bolshevik public sentiment surged after release of the report and ensuing publicity .
= = = German investigation = = =
Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff , Karl Boy @-@ Ed , Franz von Papen , Dr. Heinrich Albert , and Franz von Rintelen , among others , were Germans investigated for producing propaganda . All were previously evicted from the United States for being part of a German espionage ring . The United States Brewers Association , the National German @-@ American Alliance , and the Hamburg @-@ American steamship line were investigated . The final report concluded that these organizations , through financial support , bribes , boycotts , and coercion , sought to control the press , elections , and public opinion .
= = = Bolshevism investigation = = =
The report described the Communist system in Russia as " a reign of terror unparalleled in the history of modern civilization " . It concluded that instituting Marxism @-@ Leninism in the United States would result in " the destruction of life and property " , the deprivation " of the right to participate in affairs of government " , and the " further suppress [ ion ] " of a " substantial rural portion of the population . " Furthermore , there would be an " opening of the doors of all prisons and penitentiaries " . It would result in the " seizure and confiscation of the 22 @,@ 896 newspapers and periodicals in the United States " and " complete control of all banking institutions and their assets " . " One of the most appalling and far reaching consequences ... would be found in the confiscation and liquidation of ... life insurance companies . " The report also criticized " the atheism that permeates the whole Russian dictatorship " ; " they have denounced our religion and our God as ' lies ' . "
Despite the report 's rhetoric and the headlines it produced , the report contained little evidence of communist propaganda in the United States or its effect on American labor .
= = = Recommendations = = =
The report 's main recommendations included deporting alien radicals and enacting peacetime sedition laws . Other recommendations included strict regulation of the manufacture , distribution , and possession of high explosives ; control and regulation of foreign language publications , and the creation of patriotic propaganda .
= = Press reaction = =
The press reveled in the investigation and the final report , referring to the Russians as " assassins and madmen , " " human scum , " " crime mad , " and " beasts . " The occasional testimony by some who viewed the Russian Revolution favorably lacked the punch of its critics . One extended headline in February read :
Says Riffraff , Not the Toilers , Rule in Russia
American Manager of Great American Plant There Tells Experiences to Senators
Outsiders Seized Power
Came Back from Other Countries and are Growing Rich at People 's Expense
Factories Being Ruined
60 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 Rubles Spent in Three Months at One Plant to Produce 400 @,@ 000 Worth of Goods
And one day later :
Bolshevism Bared by R.E. Simmons
Former Agent in Russia of Commerce Department Concludes his Story to Senators
Women are ' Nationalized'
Official Decrees Reveal Depths of Degradation to Which They are Subjected by Reds
Germans Profit by Chaos
Factories and Mills are Closed and the Machinery Sold to Them for a Song
On the release of the final report , newspapers printed sensational articles with headlines in capital letters : " Red Peril Here " , " Plan Bloody Revolution " , and " Want Washington Government Overturned . "
= = Criticism = =
Critics denounced the Committee as a " propaganda apparatus " to stoke anti @-@ German and anti @-@ Soviet fears , feeding the Red Scare and spreading misinformation about Soviet Russia .
The Committee attracted criticism from the public for its perceived overreach , and especially for publishing the names of those accused of association with communist organizations . One woman from Kentucky wrote to Senator Overman on behalf of her sister , who had been accused by Archibald Stevenson , criticizing the Committee for its " brutal as well as stupid misuse of power " and " gross and cruel injustice to men and women the full peer in intellect , character and patriotism of any member of the United States Senate " . The Committee was compared to " a witch hunt " in one exchange with a witness .
= = Aftermath = =
The Overman Committee did not achieve any lasting reforms . However , the panel 's sensationalism played a decisive role in increasing America 's fears during the Red Scare of 1919 @-@ 20 . Its investigations served as a blueprint for the Department of Justice 's anti @-@ radical Palmer raids late in the year . These were led by Attorney General Palmer , whose testimony about German brewers had been the catalyst for the Committee 's creation .
On May 1 , 1919 , a month after the Committee 's hearings ended , a bomb was mailed to Overman 's home , one of a series of letter bombs sent to prominent Americans in the 1919 United States anarchist bombings . It was intercepted before it reached its target .
= = = Later investigative committees = = =
The Overman Committee was the first of many Congressional committees to investigate communism . In the aftermath of the Overman Committee 's report , the New York State Legislature established the Lusk Committee , which operated from June 1919 to January 1920 , Archibald E. Stevenson was its chief counsel and one of its witnesses . Unlike the Overman Committee , the Lusk Committee was active in raiding suspect organizations .
The Overman Committee was an early forerunner of the better known House Un @-@ American Activities Committee , which was created 20 years later .
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= Neelam Sanjiva Reddy =
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy pronunciation ( 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 ) was the sixth President of India , serving from 1977 to 1982 . Beginning a long political career with the Indian National Congress party in the Indian independence movement , he went on to hold several key offices in independent India — as the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh , a two @-@ time Speaker of the Lok Sabha and a Union Minister — before becoming the youngest @-@ ever Indian president .
Born in present @-@ day Anantapur district , Andhra Pradesh , Reddy completed his schooling at Adayar and joined the Government Arts College at Anantapur . He quit to become an Indian independence activist and was jailed for participating in the Quit India Movement . He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 as a Congress party representative . Reddy became deputy chief minister of Andhra State in 1953 and the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 . He was a union cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi from 1964 to 1967 and Lok Sabha Speaker from 1967 to 1969 . He later retired from active politics but returned in 1975 , responding to Jayaprakash Narayan 's call for " Total Revolution " against the Indira Gandhi government .
Elected to Parliament in 1977 as a candidate of the Janata Party , Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Sixth Lok Sabha and three months later was elected unopposed as President of India . As President , Reddy worked with Prime Ministers Morarji Desai , Charan Singh and Indira Gandhi . Reddy was succeeded by Giani Zail Singh in 1982 and he retired to his farm in Anantapur . He died in 1996 and his samadhi is at Kalahalli near Bangalore . In 2013 , the Government of Andhra Pradesh commemorated Reddy 's birth centenary .
= = Education and family = =
Reddy was born into a Telugu @-@ speaking Hindu peasant family in Illur village , Madras Presidency ( present @-@ day Anantapur district , Andhra Pradesh ) on 19 May 1913 . He studied at the Theosophical High School at Adayar in Madras and later enrolled at the Government Arts College at Anantapur , an affiliate of the University of Madras , as an undergraduate . In 1958 , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati bestowed the degree of Honorary Doctor of Laws on him because of his role in its founding .
Reddy was married to Neelam Nagaratnamma . The couple had one son and three daughters .
= = Role in the Indian independence movement = =
Reddy joined the Indian struggle for independence from the British Raj following Mahatma Gandhi 's visit to Anantapur in July 1929 and dropped out of college in 1931 . He was closely associated with the Youth League and participated in a student satyagraha . In 1938 , Reddy was elected Secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Provincial Congress Committee , an office he held for ten years . During the Quit India Movement , he was imprisoned and was mostly in jail between 1940 and 1945 . Released in March 1942 , he was arrested again in August and sent to the Amraoti jail where he served time with activists T Prakasam , S. Satyamurti , K Kamaraj and V V Giri till 1945 .
= = Political career = =
Elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 as a Congress representative , Reddy became secretary of the Congress ' legislature party . He was also a Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly from Madras . From April 1949 to April 1951 , he was the Minister for Prohibition , Housing and Forests of the Madras State . Reddy lost the 1951 election to the Madras Legislative Assembly to the Communist leader Tarimela Nagi Reddy .
= = = Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh ( 1956 – 60 , 1962 – 64 ) = = =
In 1951 , in a closely contested election , he was elected President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee defeating N G Ranga . When the Andhra State was formed in 1953 , T. Prakasam became its Chief Minister and Reddy became the deputy . After the later formation of the Andhra Pradesh state by incorporating Telangana with the Andhra State , Reddy became its first Chief Minister from 1 November 1956 to 11 January 1960 . He was Chief Minister for a second time from 12 March 1962 to 20 February 1964 , thus holding that office for over five years . Reddy was MLA from Sri Kalahasti and Dhone respectively during his stints as Chief Minister . The Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam multipurpose river valley projects were initiated during his tenure . In 2005 , the Chandrababu Naidu @-@ led government of the Telugu Desam Party renamed the Srisailam project to Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Sagar in his honour .
The Congress governments under Reddy placed emphasis on rural development , agriculture and allied sectors . The shift towards industrialisation remained limited and was largely driven by the central government 's investments in large public sector enterprises in the state . Reddy 's first term as Chief Minister ended in 1960 after he resigned on being elected President of the Indian National Congress . In 1964 , he resigned voluntarily following unfavourable observations made against the Government of Andhra Pradesh by the Supreme Court in the Bus Routes Nationalisation case .
= = = Congress President ( 1960 – 62 ) and Union Minister ( 1964 – 67 ) = = =
Reddy served thrice as President of the Indian National Congress at its Bangalore , Bhavnagar and Patna sessions during 1960 to 1962 . At the Congress session at Goa in 1962 , Reddy 's speech stating India 's determination to end the Chinese occupation of Indian territory and the irrevocable nature of the liberation of Goa was enthusiastically received by attendees . He was thrice member of the Rajya Sabha . From June 1964 , Reddy was Union Minister of Steel and Mines in the Lal Bahadur Shastri government . He also served as Union Minister of Transport , Civil Aviation , Shipping and Tourism from January 1966 to March 1967 in Indira Gandhi 's Cabinet .
= = = Speaker of the Lok Sabha ( 1967 – 69 ) = = =
In the general elections of 1967 , Reddy was elected to the Lok Sabha from Hindupur in Andhra Pradesh . On 17 March 1967 , Reddy was elected Speaker of the Fourth Lok Sabha becoming only the third person to be elected Speaker of the house during their inaugural term . To emphasize the independence of the Speaker 's office , Reddy resigned from the Congress Party . His term as Speaker was marked by several firsts including the admission of a No @-@ Confidence Motion on the same day as the President 's address to a joint session of Parliament , the handing down of a sentence of imprisonment for Contempt of the house and the setting up of the Committee on the Welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . During his term as Speaker a defamation suit filed against him by an MP resulted in the Supreme Court 's ruling that parliamentarians had complete freedom of speech in the House and that the courts had no say in such matters . Reddy described his role as being the ' watchman of the Parliament ' . He however had several hostile encounters with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the House that proved costly when he became , two years later , the Congress Party 's nominee to succeed Zakir Hussain as President .
= = = Presidential election of 1969 = = =
In 1969 , following President Zakir Hussain 's death , the Congress party nominated Reddy , a member of its Syndicate faction , as candidate for President although Prime Minister Indira Gandhi opposed him . She was forced to accept Reddy as the Congress party 's official candidate and feared his election would allow the Syndicate to expel her from office . She asked Congress legislators to " vote according to their conscience " rather than blindly toe the Party line , in effect giving a call to support the independent candidate V V Giri . In a closely fought election held on 16 August 1969 , V V Giri emerged victorious , winning 48 @.@ 01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes . In the final tally , Giri had 420 @,@ 077 votes against the quota of 418 @,@ 169 votes required to be elected President and Reddy had 405 @,@ 427 votes . The election led to much discord within the Congress Party and culminated in the historic split of 1969 and the subsequent rise of Indira Gandhi in Indian politics .
Subsequently , Reddy , who had resigned as Speaker of the Lok Sabha to contest the election , retired from active politics and moved back to Anantapur where he took to farming .
= = = Return to active politics ( 1975 – 82 ) = = =
In response to Jayaprakash Narayan 's call for a Total Revolution , Reddy emerged from his political exile in 1975 . In January 1977 , he was made a member of the Committee of the Janata Party and in March , he fought the General Election from the Nandyal constituency in Andhra Pradesh as a Janata Party candidate . He was the only non @-@ Congress candidate to be elected from Andhra Pradesh . The Congress Party led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was defeated , ending 30 years of Congress rule in India and a five party coalition with Morarji Desai as its leader came to power . Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Sixth Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 . However he resigned a few months later to contest in the presidential elections of July 1977 . Reddy 's second term as Speaker lasted three months and 17 days and remains till date the shortest tenure for anyone to have held that post .
= = = Presidential election of 1977 = = =
The presidential election of 1977 was necessitated by the death in office of the incumbent Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed . Although Prime Minister Morarji Desai wanted to nominate danseuse Rukmini Devi Arundale for the post , she turned down the offer . Reddy was elected unopposed , the only President to be elected thus , after being unanimously supported by all political parties including the opposition Congress party . At 65 , he became the youngest ever person to be elected President of India . He was also the only serious presidential candidate to have contested twice – in 1969 against V V Giri and in 1977 . 37 candidates had filed their nominations for the presidency of whom 36 were rejected by the returning officer . Following these disqualifications , Reddy remained the only validly nominated candidate in the fray which made elections unnecessary . Reddy thus became the first person to be elected President of India without a contest and remains the only President to have been elected unopposed .
= = President of India = =
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was elected on 21 July 1977 and was sworn in as the sixth President of India on 25 July 1977 . Reddy worked with three governments , with Prime Ministers Morarji Desai , Charan Singh and Indira Gandhi . Reddy announced , on the eve of India 's thirtieth anniversary of Independence , that he would be moving out of the Rashtrapati Bhawan to a smaller accommodation and that he would be taking a 70 percent pay cut in solidarity with India 's impoverished masses .
= = = Morarji Desai government ( 1977 – 79 ) = = =
Relations between Reddy and Desai soon soured over the latter 's promotion of his son , Kanti Desai , in politics and over Desai 's communication with Chief Ministers Vengala Rao and Channa Reddy on the issue of land ceilings in Andhra Pradesh . Following mass defections from the Janata Party and from the cabinet , Morarji Desai 's 30 @-@ month @-@ old government ended in July 1979 after he handed in his resignation to Reddy before a no @-@ confidence motion could be tabled against his government in Parliament . Reddy 's actions following Desai 's resignation have been much debated . His decision to accept Desai 's resignation before an alternative government created a ministerial vacuum in the executive according to H. M. Seervai . The faction of the Janata Party supporting Desai continued to have the support of 205 MPs as opposed to Charan Singh 's 80 MPs . Reddy used presidential discretion in choosing Charan Singh as the next Prime Minister over a contending claim from Jagjivan Ram , the leader of the Janata Party .
= = = Charan Singh government ( 1979 ) = = =
Following Desai 's resignation and the fall of the Janata government headed by him , Reddy appointed Charan Singh as Prime Minister . This was on the condition that he should prove his majority on the floor of the House before the end of August . Singh was sworn in on 28 July 1979 but never faced Parliament to prove his majority when Reddy convened it on 20 August . Reddy had appointed him Prime Minister since he had produced a letter claiming to have a parliamentary majority with the support of the opposition Congress Party led by his rival , the former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . In return for her support , Gandhi demanded that a law establishing special courts to try her and her son Sanjay Gandhi be repealed – a proposition that was unacceptable to Charan Singh . Gandhi therefore withdrew her support , forcing Singh to resign . His government lasted 24 days and he never faced Parliament . The convention of appointing a Prime Minister in a hung House but with conditions on time to prove majority was later adopted by President R Venkataraman .
Following Charan Singh 's resignation , Reddy summoned Chandrashekhar and Jagjivan Ram to Rashtrapati Bhavan to look into the possibility of forming an alternate government . Reddy , convinced that they would not be able to form one , accepted Singh 's advice and dissolved Lok Sabha , calling for a mid term election . Singh was asked to continue as the caretaker prime minister till a new government was sworn in after the election . Reddy 's decision was met with angry denunciations and protests by members of the Janata Party who even threatened to have him impeached . Although heading a caretaker government , Singh proposed as many as seven ordinances on a broad range of matters from effecting changes in company law , providing state funding of elections and reservation of jobs for the backward classes . Reddy however refused to promulgate the ordinances arguing that such momentous changes could not be made by a caretaker government .
= = = Indira Gandhi 's return to power ( 1980 – 82 ) = = =
In the elections of 1980 , Indira Gandhi 's party the Indian National Congress ( I ) returned to power by winning 351 seats in the Lok Sabha . Neither the Janata Party nor Charan Singh 's Lok Dal won the 54 seats needed for recognition as the official opposition in Parliament . Indira was sworn in as Prime Minister by Reddy for what would become her last term in office in January 1980 . Between 1980 and 1982 President Reddy led seven state visits abroad , visiting the USSR , Bulgaria , Kenya , Zambia , the UK , Ireland , Indonesia , Nepal , Sri Lanka , Ireland and Yugoslavia . At home , as President , he signed an ordinance that gave the new government wide powers to imprison people for up to a year without trial under preventive detention and ordered the imposition of President 's rule in nine opposition @-@ ruled states on the advice of the government .
= = Retirement and death = =
Reddy was succeeded as President by Giani Zail Singh who was sworn in on 25 July 1982 . In his farewell address to the nation , Reddy criticised the failure of successive governments in improving the lives of the Indian masses and called for the emergence of a strong political opposition to prevent governmental misrule . Following his presidential term , the then Chief Minister of Karnataka Ramakrishna Hegde invited Reddy to settle down in Bangalore but he chose to retire to his farm in Anantapur . He died of pneumonia in Bangalore in 1996 at the age of 83 . His samadhi is at Kallahalli near Bangalore . The Parliament mourned Reddy 's death on 11 June 1996 and members cutting across party lines paid him tribute and recalled his contributions to the nation and the House .
Reddy authored a book , Without Fear or Favour : Reminiscences and Reflections of a President , published in 1989 . The character Mahendranath , Chief Minister of the fictional state of Afrozabad in former Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao 's novel , The Insider , is based on Reddy , portraying his career in Andhra Pradesh and his political rivalry with Kasu Brahmananda Reddy . In 2010 , Ramnika Gupta , a CPI ( M ) trade unionist and politician , accused Reddy of having raped her when she met him at an AICC session to discuss the nationalisation of mines in Dhanbad .
= = Commemoration = =
Sanjiva Reddy 's birth centenary was celebrated in 2013 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh with the concluding ceremony in Anantapur being addressed by President Pranab Mukherjee and with the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in attendance . The Postal Department of India released a commemorative stamp and special cover in honour of Reddy on the occasion of his birth centenary . In Hyderabad , there is the Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy College of Education . As part of the centenary celebrations of his birth , the Government of Andhra Pradesh has announced that it will rename the Andhra Pradesh State Revenue Academy , Reddy 's alma mater the Government Arts College and the Government Medical College , Anantapur after the former president . In the 1960s , when he was Union Minister for Mines , a statue of him had been unveiled at Vijayawada by K Kamaraj , the then president of the Congress Party , prompting Reddy to ask for its removal as he deemed the practice of erecting statues of people holding public office undesirable . A statue of Sanjiva Reddy , unveiled in 2005 , stands at the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat in Hyderabad .
= = Explanatory notes = =
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= Juan José Castelli =
Juan José Castelli ( July 19 , 1764 – October 12 , 1812 ) was an Argentine lawyer . He was one of the leaders of the May Revolution , which started the Argentine War of Independence . He led an ill @-@ fated military campaign in Upper Peru .
Juan José Castelli was born in Buenos Aires , and went to school at the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires and Monserrat College in the city of Córdoba , Argentina . He graduated as a lawyer from the University of Charcas , in Upper Peru . His cousin , Manuel Belgrano , introduced him to the public administration of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata . Along with Belgrano , Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , and Hipólito Vieytes , Castelli planned a revolution to replace the absolute monarchy with the new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment . He led the Buenos Aires patriots during the May Revolution , which ended with the removal of viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from power . He is known as the " Speaker of the Revolution " for his speech during the open cabildo held in Buenos Aires on May 22 , 1810 .
Castelli was appointed a Committee member of the Primera Junta and was sent to Córdoba to end Santiago de Liniers 's counter @-@ revolution . He succeeded , and ordered the execution of Liniers and his supporters . He then commanded the establishment of a revolutionary government in Upper Peru ( today 's Bolivia ) with the aim of freeing the indigenous peoples and African slaves . In 1811 Castelli signed a truce with the Spanish in Upper Peru , but they betrayed him and caught the Northern Army unprepared . As a result , the Argentines suffered a major loss in the Battle of Huaqui on June 20 , 1811 . When Castelli returned to Buenos Aires , the First Triumvirate imprisoned him for losing the battle , and Castelli died shortly afterwards from tongue cancer .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and studies = = =
Castelli was born in Buenos Aires in 1764 . He was the first of eight children born to a Venetian doctor , Ángel Castelli Salomón , and Josefa Villarino , who was a relative of Manuel Belgrano . He was trained by the Jesuits shortly before their expulsion , and attended the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires . As was customary , one of the children of the Castelli family was ordained into the priesthood , and Juan José was chosen for this . He was sent to study at the Colegio Monserrat , part of the University of Córdoba . He was influenced by the works of Voltaire and Diderot , and especially by Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's The Social Contract . He was a fellow student of men who would later have influence in the public life of South America , including Saturnino Rodríguez Peña , Juan José Paso , Manuel Alberti , Pedro Medrano , and Juan Martínez de Rozas , among others . He focused on studying philosophy and theology , but when his father died in 1785 , he abandoned his career in the priesthood , for which he felt no strong vocation .
Rejecting his mother 's proposal of sending him to study in Spain , he enrolled in jurisprudence studies alongside his cousin , Manuel Belgrano , at the University of Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares . He enrolled in the University of Chuquisaca , in the Upper Peru ( modern Bolivia ) . There , he learned about the ongoing French Revolution , and the new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment . He also learned about the 1782 Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II and the oppression of the indigenous peoples , which influenced his actions in his future Upper Peru campaign . Before returning to Buenos Aires , he visited Potosí and witnessed the use of slave labor in the mines .
Castelli returned to Buenos Aires and established a legal firm in his family home . He represented the University of Córdoba in various causes , as well as his uncle , Domingo Belgrano Peri . Through his associations with Saturnino Rodríguez Peña , he also met and befriended his brother , Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , and his associate , Hipólito Vieytes . Castelli married María Rosa Lynch in 1794 , and they had seven children : Angela , Pedro , Luciano , Alejandro , Francisco José , and Juana .
= = = First political steps = = =
The intellectuals of the viceroyalty received and secretly distributed a copy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen , promulgated by the French Revolution in 1789 . Meanwhile , Belgrano returned from his studies in Europe , and was appointed as Perpetual Secretary of the new Consulate of Commerce of Buenos Aires . Belgrano and Castelli shared similar ideas about the Spanish trade monopoly and the rights of the natives . Belgrano attempted to appoint Castelli as interim Secretary of the Consulate as his assistant , but faced strong opposition from the peninsular merchants , who delayed the appointment until 1796 . Belgrano became ill during his stay in Europe , which forced him to take extended leaves from work , and wanted Castelli to be his successor if he resigned .
There was a similar opposition during the 1799 election of delegates to the Buenos Aires Cabildo : Castelli was elected as third Regidor , but was rejected by merchants associated with the port of Cádiz . The conflict lasted a year , until the prominent local merchant Cornelio Saavedra wrote a memorandum recommending Castelli . Viceroy Avilés finally confirmed him in office by royal decree , in May 1800 . Castelli , however , rejected the post because of his high workload in the Consulate . This was seen as an insult by peninsular merchants such as Martín de Álzaga , who was influential in the Cabildo .
Castelli and Belgrano backed a pair of projects from Francisco Cabello y Mesa , who had just arrived from Spain . Cabello proposed the creation of a " Patriotic , Literary and Economic Society " lodge and the publication of a newspaper . This newspaper , the first one published in Buenos Aires , was named Telégrafo Mercantil . However , both projects were short @-@ lived : the lodge was never established and its activities were banned by royal decree , and the Consulate was instructed to withdraw support for the newspaper , which was then closed . Published by Castelli , Cabello , and Belgrano ( secretary of the publication ) , as well as José Manuel Lavardén , Miguel de Azcuénaga and Fray Cayetano Rodríguez , the Telegraph was the first journal to advance the concept of fatherland , and the first to speak of the inhabitants as " Argentines . "
Nevertheless , Hipólito Vieytes released a new newspaper shortly afterwards , the Agriculture , Trade and Industry Weekly , with Castelli in the staff . The editorial staff had meetings at the house of Saturnino Rodríguez Peña , discussing ideas for technical improvements in agriculture , removal of trade restrictions , development , manufacturing , and other topics . The newspaper also published the biographies of some Founding Fathers of the United States , such as Benjamin Franklin .
= = = The British invasions = = =
Rodriguez Peña introduced Castelli to James Florence Burke , who claimed to represent the British Empire in support of proposals published by Francisco de Miranda , which aimed to emancipate the Latin American colonies . Burke was actually a British spy , gathering information about the Spanish colonies . Bearing promises of British support , he created the first native secret society organized for such purposes . It would henceforth be known as " party of independence " , and included Castelli , Burke and major contributors of Vieytes 's newspaper . The spy was eventually discovered by Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte and expelled from the viceroyalty , but his duplicity was not disclosed to his unaware associates .
Castelli moved to a farm in modern the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Núñez . The farm had some agriculture fields and a small brick factory . He lived next to other influential people like Cornelio Saavedra , Juan Larrea , Miguel de Azcuénaga , and attorney José Darragueira . The meetings of the secret society continued , unaffected by the departure of Burke . On June 2 , 1806 , Castelli 's mother died , and he was still in mourning when the city learned of a British landing in Quilmes .
The " party of independence " was caught by surprise by the invasion , as the British proclaimed respect for religion , ownership , order , freedom , and trade — but made no mention concerning Miranda 's ideals . They arranged an interview with the British Viscount William Carr Beresford , asking for a clarification on whether the promises of Burke were still standing . They also asked if the British government would support an independentist attempt . Beresford gave evasive answers , saying he had no instructions to that effect . He explained that with the recent death of Prime Minister William Pitt and the rise of the Liberals to power , he needed further orders .
Castelli understood that the British force only aspired to annex the city to the British Empire , and resigned to avoid swearing allegiance to Britain . Santiago de Liniers liberated Buenos Aires a short time later , but Saturnino Rodríguez Peña helped Beresford escape , hoping to influence an eventual second invasion to implement reforms supported by Burke and Miranda . The second British invasion , however , ended the patriot 's hopes of British support , and they fought against their former allies .
After the successful defense of the city in 1807 , the local criollos increased their political power with their higher military role . There was a dispute between the newly appointed Viceroy , Santiago de Liniers , and the Buenos Aires Cabildo , led by Martín de Álzaga . Both attempted to take advantage of the new situation , and influence the criollos to support them . Álzaga refrained from accusing Rodríguez Peña for aiding in Beresford 's escape , and Liniers kept the criollo military bodies armed .
= = = Carlotism = = =
Napoleon invaded Spain in 1807 , starting the Peninsular War . King Charles IV of Spain abdicated in favor of his son Ferdinand VII , but Napoleon captured him and appointed his own brother , Joseph Bonaparte , as king of Spain instead , in a series of transfers of the Spanish crown known as the abdications of Bayonne . The Spanish people organized Government Juntas to resist against the French occupation , and within months the Junta Central of Seville claimed supreme authority over Spain and the colonies . This situation encouraged the Princess Charlotte of Spain to claim the regency of the Spanish American colonies .
In this context , Castelli and Álzaga plotted to oust Liniers and constitute a local government Junta , similar to those of the metropoli . This project was not shared by most of the natives or by the head of the Regiment of Patricians , Cornelio Saavedra . Manuel Belgrano proposed as an alternative to support the plans of Princess Charlotte , which were supported by Castelli and other criollos . Belgrano , who held monarchist ideas , argued that the Carlotist project would be the most practical means of achieving independence from Spain in the circumstances . On September 20 , 1808 , Castelli wrote a letter to Charlotte , with the signatures of Antonio Beruti , Hipólito Vieytes , Belgrano , and Nicolás Rodríguez Peña .
Charlotte rejected this support : the party of independence sought to establish a constitutional monarchy headed by Charlotte , but she preferred to retain the power of an absolutist monarchy . Consequently , she denounced the letter and organized the detention of Diego Paroissien . Paroissien , who had several letters to the criollos , was charged with high treason . Castelli was his lawyer .
Castelli won Paroissien 's acquittal by invoking the doctrine of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people , which claimed that the Spanish American lands were a personal possession of the King of Spain but not a Spanish colony . That approach was already old , and it was used to legislate in both districts , but in this context Castelli argued that neither the Council of Regency or any other power of Spain — other than the rightful King — had authority over Spanish America . Castelli said that " the will of the people of Spain is not enough to bring the Indies to obedience " . Under these premises , Castelli argued successfully that the regency offered to the sister of the captive king , while not denying the legitimacy of Ferdinand VII , was not an act of treason , but a legitimate political project that should be resolved by the Spanish American people without the intervention of the peninsular Spanish .
On January 1 , 1809 , Martín de Álzaga rallied most peninsular battalions to Plaza de Mayo and attempted a mutiny against Liniers . A few criollos , such as Mariano Moreno , laid their hopes for independence in this attempt , but most did not . The battalions still faithful to Liniers – the Regiment of Patricians , the other criollo battalions , and the remaining peninsular ones – conquered the Plaza and ordered the mutinying forces to withdraw . Castelli supported Liniers , accusing Álzaga of independentism . Though Castelli was himself an independentist , and had also sought to remove Liniers , he opposed Álzaga for other reasons : Álzaga was hoping to maintaining the social dominance of the peninsulares over the criollos once the viceroy , who opposed his interests , was deposed . Álzaga was defeated , and the power of the criollos was increased : Sentenach and Álzaga were banished to Carmen de Patagones and the Spanish militias who attempted the coup were disbanded .
A new viceroy , Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros , arrived in July to replace Liniers , and the independentist group did not agree on how to react . Castelli proposed a resumption of Álzaga 's idea of creating a governing Junta , but not headed by the Spanish . Belgrano insisted on the plan to appoint Charlotte as regent of a constitutional monarchy , and Rodriguez Peña proposed a military coup , with or without Liniers at the head . They finally accepted the perspective of Cornelio Saavedra , and delayed taking action until a better opportunity .
= = = May Revolution = = =
When the news of the fall of the Junta of Seville arrived , the group headed by Castelli and Belgrano led the process leading to the May Revolution . Castelli and Saavedra were the most important leaders of the time , and first discarded Martín Rodríguez 's plan to expel Cisneros in a coup d 'état . After several discussions , they decided to request an open cabildo , an emergency popular assembly . Castelli and Belgrano negotiated with the senior alcalde and nobleman , Juan de Lezica , and the procurator , Julián de Leiva . Although they convinced them , they still needed the permission of Cisneros himself , for which Castelli and Rodriguez went to his office at the Fort of Buenos Aires . Previously , Cornelio Saavedra had denied Cisneros the support of the Regiment of Patricians , on the premise that with the disappearance of the Junta of Seville — who had appointed him as viceroy — he no longer had the right to hold that position .
Cisneros was outraged by the appearance of Castelli and Rodríguez , who came armed and without an appointment . They reacted harshly and demanded an immediate reply to the request for an open cabildo . After a brief private conversation with the prosecutor , Caspe , Cisneros gave his consent . When they were leaving , Cisneros inquired about his personal safety , to which Castelli said : " Lord , Your Excellency 's person and your family are among Americans , and this should reassure you " . After the interview they returned to the house of Rodríguez Peña , to inform their supporters of the new situation .
Besides his oratory , Castelli is known as the " Speaker of the Revolution " because of his great activity during the " May week " . The memoirs of witnesses and participants mention him at many venues , taking part in many activities . He negotiated with the Cabildo and visited the Fort several times until the viceroy gave in to the pressure . At the same time , he held secret meetings with other criollos at the house of Rodríguez Peña , planning their actions , and he harangued the criollo militias at the barracks . Cisneros himself , describing the events the Council of Regency , called Castelli " the most interested one in the novelty " , i.e. , in the revolution .
The open cabildo was held on May 22 , 1810 ; it was debated whether the viceroy should continue in office , and if not , who should replace him . The first opinion was from Bishop Benito Lue y Riega , who held that Cisneros should continue and that , if all of Spain was conquered by France , peninsulars were meant to rule in the Americas . Castelli made a counter @-@ argument , based on the doctrine of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people that he had already employed in the defense of Paroissien . He insisted that in the absence of a legitimate authority , sovereignty should be returned to the people ; they should govern themselves . The idea of dismissing the viceroy ultimately prevailed , but as Buenos Aires had no authority to decide unilaterally the new form of government , they would elect a provisional government . A congress of deputies called from all other cities would take the final decision . However , there were disputes over who should exercise the provisional government : some argued that the Cabildo should do so , and others that it should be a Junta . Castelli bowed to Saavedra 's proposal to form a Junta , but with the proviso that the procurator of the Cabildo , Julián de Leiva , had a decisive vote in the appointment . By adding this proviso , Castelli sought to add the former supporters of Martín de Álzaga , such as Mariano Moreno , Domingo Matheu , and Leiva himself .
However , this power allowed Leiva to perform a maneuver that Castelli had not anticipated . Although he approved the end of Cisneros ' rule as viceroy , Leiva formed a Junta with Cisneros as its president ; Cisneros would stay in power . The other members of the Junta would have been two peninsulars , the priest Juan Nepomuceno Solá and the merchant José Santos Inchaurregui , and two criollos , Saavedra and Castelli . The bulk of the natives rejected the proposal : they did not accept that Cisneros should remain in power , even under a different title . They were suspicious of the intentions of Saavedra , and believed that with Castelli alone in the Junta , little or nothing could be achieved . Castelli and Saavedra resigned that same day to put pressure on Cisneros and force him to resign , and the Junta never came into power .
That same night , the criollos gathered at the home of Rodriguez Pena and compiled a list of members for a governing Junta that was presented on 25 May . Meanwhile , Domingo French , Antonio Beruti , Aparicio , Donado , and other armed men occupied the Plaza and its access points . The list included a balance of representatives from different extractions of local politics . Lezica finally reported to Cisneros that he was no longer in command , and the Primera Junta assumed power .
Castelli and Mariano Moreno led the more radical positions of the Junta . They became close friends , visiting each other daily . Julio César Chávez described them as associates , sharing projects of a deep political , social and economic revolution , based in higher freedom for the Spanish American criollos . He described them as pragmatic men , willing to reward the allies and punish the enemies of the revolution , even if it meant using capital punishments . They were called " Jacobins " , comparing their actions with those of the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution , but they were not Francophiles or afrancesados . Besides this , the similarities between the revolutions at France and Buenos Aires were largely superficial .
One of the first steps of Castelli and the Junta was the expulsion of Cisneros and the judges of the Royal Audiencia , who were shipped off to Spain under the pretext that their lives were in danger .
= = = Execution of Liniers = = =
Upon hearing the news of the change of government , former viceroy Santiago de Liniers prepared a counter @-@ revolution from the city of Córdoba , but Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo routed his militia and captured all the leaders in just a couple of skirmishes . The initial orders were to send them to Buenos Aires , but after their capture the Junta decided to execute them . This decision was taken in a resolution signed by all members of the Junta , excepting Manuel Alberti , because as a priest , he could not give consent to the death penalty . The measure found strong popular resistance in Córdoba , as Liniers and the governor Juan Gutierrez de la Concha were popular and the execution of a priest ( Rodrigo de Orellana , another leader of the counter @-@ revolution ) was rejected as heretical . Ocampo and Chiclana decided to carry on with the original orders , and transferred the prisoners to Buenos Aires .
The Junta reconfirmed the order , but excluded the bishop of Córdoba , Rodrigo de Orellana , who was banished instead . Castelli was commissioned by the Junta to enforce the execution order . Mariano Moreno said , " Go , Castelli , and I hope you will not incur the same weakness as our general , if not yet fulfilled the determination , Larrea will go , and finally I 'll go myself if necessary " . Ocampo and Chiclana were demoted . Castelli 's assistants were Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , elected as secretary , his former client Diego Paroissien as a campaign doctor , and Domingo French as head of the escort .
Right after finding the prisoners , he ordered and presided over their execution : the governor of Córdoba , Juan Gutiérrez de la Concha , the former Viceroy , Santiago de Liniers , former Governor Santiago Alejo de Allende , the adviser Victorino Rodriguez , and the accountant Moreno . The execution took place at Cabeza de Tigre , in the boundary between Santa Fe and Córdoba . The bishop Orellana was not shot , but was compelled to give spiritual assistance to those convicted and to witness the execution . Domingo French was commissioned to execute the verdict .
After shooting Liniers , Castelli returned briefly to Buenos Aires and met Moreno . The secretary of war congratulated him for his conduct , and appointed him as a member representing the Junta , with full power to direct the operations to La Paz . He also left a series of instructions : Castelli was to put the government in the hands of patriots , earn the native 's support , and shoot president Nieto , governor Sanz , and the Bishop of La Paz , in the case of their capture . He received similar orders to capture and execute José Manuel de Goyeneche , who had already defeated the rebels of La Paz revolution ( a rebellion similar to the May Revolution , which took place at La Paz , modern Bolivia ) . Castelli was also instructed to rescue and draft to the Auxiliary Army the Arribeños and Patricians soldiers that , under the command of Vicente Nieto , had left Buenos Aires in 1809 to suppress revolutions in Chuquisaca and La Paz . Suspicious of those soldiers , Nieto had them disarmed and sent as prisoners to the mines of Potosi , under the supervision of Francisco de Paula Sanz . More than a third of the soldiers died within a month of work in the mines .
= = = Campaign in Upper Peru = = =
Castelli was not well received in Córdoba , where Liniers was popular , but he was in San Miguel de Tucumán . In Salta , despite a formal good reception , he had difficulty obtaining troops , mules , food , money , or guns . He took political leadership of the expedition to Upper Peru , displacing Hipólito Vieytes , and replaced Ocampo with Colonel Antonio González Balcarce . He was informed that Cochabamba revolted in support of the Junta , but was threatened by royalist forces from La Paz . Castelli intercepted a letter from Nieto to Gutiérrez de la Concha , governor of Córdoba , who was already executed for his support of Liniers . This letter mentioned a royalist army led by Goyeneche marching to Jujuy . Balcarce , who had advanced to Potosi , was defeated by Nieto in the Battle of Cotagaita , so Castelli sent two hundred men and two cannon to strengthen his forces . With these reinforcements , Balcarce achieved victory at the Battle of Suipacha , which allowed patriots to control all of Upper Peru unopposed . One of the men sent was Martín Miguel de Güemes , who would eventually lead the Guerra Gaucha in Salta years later .
At Villa Imperial , one of the richest cities of Upper Peru , an open cabildo called on Goyeneche to withdraw from their territory . He obeyed , as he did not have the military strength to prevail . The Bishop of La Paz , Remigio La Santa y Ortega , fled with him . Castelli was received in Potosí and requesting that the locals swear allegiance to the Junta . He also requested that the royalist generals Francisco de Paula Sanz and José de Córdoba y Rojas submit to him . He made arrangements that the operation to capture Vicente Nieto should be carried out exclusively by the surviving members of the Regiment of Patricians from the mines of Potosi , who had been incorporated with honors into the Army of the North . Sanz , Nieto , and Córdoba were executed at the Plaza of Potosí . Nieto claimed that he died happy , because it was under the Spanish flag . Goyeneche and Ortega , on the other hand , were safe on royalist land . Bernardo Monteagudo , inmate at the Jail of the Court of Chuquisaca for his participation in the revolution of 1809 , escaped to join the ranks of the army . Castelli , who already knew Monteagudo 's background , appointed him his secretary .
Castelli set up his government in Chuquisaca , where he presided over the change of regime for the entire region . He planned the reorganization of the Mines of Potosi , and a reform at the University of Charcas . He proclaimed the end of native slavery and servitude in Upper Peru , and the natives were granted political rights equal to those of the criollos . Castelli forbade the establishment of new convents and parishes to avoid the common practice that , under the guise of spreading Christian doctrine , the natives were forced into servitude by religious orders . He authorized free trade and redistributed land expropriated from the former workers of the mills . The decree was published in Spanish , Guarani , Quechua , and Aymara ; he established several bilingual schools as well . Several Indian chiefs participated in the first anniversary of the May Revolution , celebrated in Tiahuanaco , where Castelli paid tribute to the ancient Incas and encouraged the people to rise against the Spanish . Despite their welcome , however , Castelli was aware that most of the aristocracy supported the auxiliary army out of fear instead of genuine support .
In November 1810 he requested authorization from the Junta for a military operation : to cross the Desaguadero river , the border between the two viceroyalties , and take control of the Peruvian cities of Puno , Cuzco , and Arequipa . Castelli argued that it was urgent to rise against Lima because its economy depended largely on those districts , and if they lost power over that area , the main royalist stronghold would be threatened . The plan was rejected as too risky , and Castelli complied with the original orders .
In December , fifty @-@ three peninsulars were banished to Salta , and the decision was sent to the Junta for approval . The vocal Domingo Matheu , who had business associations with Tulla and Pedro Salvador Casas , arranged the annulment of the act , arguing that Castelli had been influenced by slander and unfounded accusations . Support for Castelli began to decline , mainly due to the favourable treatment of natives and the determined opposition of the church , which attacked the public atheism of Bernardo Monteagudo , Castelli 's secretary . Both royalists in Lima and Saavedra in Buenos Aires compared them with Maximilien Robespierre , leader of the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution .
Castelli also abolished the mita in Upper Peru , a mandatory form of public service that bordered on slavery . Mariano Moreno has also wished to end the mita , but Moreno had resigned from the Junta by this point . Without Castelli being in Buenos Aires to mediate between them , the disputes between Moreno and Saavedra had worsened . The Junta requested that Castelli should moderate his actions , but he went ahead with the positions he shared with Moreno . Several Saavedrist officers , such as José María Echaurri , José León Domínguez , Matías Balbastro , chaplain Manuel Antonio Azcurra , and sergeant major Toribio de Luzuriaga , planned to kidnap Castelli , deliver him to Buenos Aires for trial , and give command of the Army of the North to Juan Jose Viamonte . However , Viamonte did not accept the plan when he was informed by the conspirators , and did not attempt to carry it out . When Castelli knew about Moreno 's resignation , he wrote a letter to Vieytes , Rodriguez Peña , Larrea , and Azcuénaga , asking them to move to Upper Peru . If they defeated Goyeneche , they planned to march back to Buenos Aires . However , the letter was sent via the common postal service , and the postmaster of Córdoba , Jose de Paz , decided to send it instead to Cornelio Saavedra . The Morenist members of the Junta had already been ousted and exiled by that point .
= = = The Battle of Huaqui = = =
The order of the Junta not to proceed to the Viceroyalty of Peru was a de facto truce that would last while Castelli did not attack Goyeneche 's army . Castelli tried to turn the situation into a formal agreement , which would imply recognition of the Junta as a legitimate interlocutor . Goyeneche agreed to sign an armistice for 40 days to allow time for Lima to ratify the agreement , but he actually used the time to reinforce his army . On 19 June , with the truce still in effect , an advanced royalist troop attacked positions at Juraicoragua . Castelli declared the truce broken and declared war on Peru .
The royalist army crossed the Desaguadero on June 20 , 1811 , starting the Battle of Huaqui . The army waited near Huaqui , between the plains of Azapanal and Lake Titicaca . The patriotic left wing , commanded by Diaz Velez , faced the bulk of the royalist forces , while the center was hit by the soldiers of Pio Tristan . Many patriotic soldiers recruited at Upper Peru surrendered or fled , and many of the recruits from La Paz switched sides during the battle . The Saavedrist Juan José Viamonte helped ensure Castelli 's defeat by refusing to join the conflict .
Although the casualties of the Army of the North were not substantial , it was left demoralized and disbanded . Goyeneche pursued the fleeing patriots , and captured Huaqui after his victory . The inhabitants of Upper Peru welcomed the royalists back , so the army had to quickly leave those provinces . However , the resistance of Cochabamba prevented the royalists from proceeding to Buenos Aires . Castelli moved to the post of Quirbe , and received orders to return to Buenos Aires for trial . However , by the time he was notified , new orders had been issued : Castelli should be confined at Catamarca , while Saavedra himself took charge of the Army of the North . Saavedra was deposed as soon as he left Buenos Aires , and was confined to San Juan . The First Triumvirate , which had commenced governing by then , required Castelli to return .
Once in Buenos Aires , Castelli found himself in political isolation . The triumvirate and the newspaper La Gazeta blamed him for the defeat at Huaqui , and sought punishment as a deterrent . His former supporters were divided between those who supported the ideas of the Triumvirate and those no longer able to help . Castelli suffered from tongue cancer during the long trial , which made it progressively more difficult for him to speak . He died on October 12 , 1812 , while the trial was still underway .
= = Legacy = =
Castelli is largely ignored in the historiography of Argentina . Most historians focus instead on the disputes between Mariano Moreno and Cornelio Saavedra in the Junta , with Castelli described in passing as a supporter of Moreno . Despite of his role in the May Revolution , he was not the clear leader of it , as José Gervasio Artigas was for the Cry of Asencio or Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla for the Cry of Dolores . The May Revolution was instead the result of the convergence of diverse factions that shared the desire to remove the viceroy , and different historians highlight different specific factions . Castelli is largely ignored in Bolivia as well . His support of indigenous rights — still an ongoing issue in the country — and his religious ideas strongly affect the way he is perceived there .
The most notable biography of Castelli was Castelli , el adalid de Mayo ( Spanish : Castelli , the champion of May ) , written by the Paraguayan Julio César Chaves . Andrés Rivera increased the public awareness about Castelli with the historical novel La revolución es un sueño eterno ( Spanish : The revolution is an eternal dream ) . The famous divulgator Felipe Pigna wrote a whole chapter about Castelli at the book Los mitos de la historia argentina , which was then moved to television in the documentary film Algo habrán hecho por la historia argentina .
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= God of War : Chains of Olympus =
God of War : Chains of Olympus is a third @-@ person action @-@ adventure video game developed by Ready at Dawn and Santa Monica Studio , and published by Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCE ) . It was first released for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) handheld console on March 4 , 2008 . The game is the fourth installment in the God of War series , the second chronologically , and a prequel to the original God of War . It is loosely based on Greek mythology and set in ancient Greece , with vengeance as its central motif . The player controls Kratos , a Spartan warrior who serves the Olympian Gods . Kratos is guided by the goddess Athena , who instructs him to find the Sun God Helios , as the Dream God Morpheus has caused many of the gods to slumber in Helios ' absence . With the power of the Sun and the aid of the Titan Atlas , Morpheus and the Queen of the Underworld Persephone intend to destroy the Pillar of the World and in turn Olympus .
The gameplay is similar to the previous installments , with a focus on combo @-@ based combat , achieved through the player 's main weapon — the Blades of Chaos — and secondary weapons acquired throughout the game . It features quick time events that require the player to complete game controller actions in a timed sequence to defeat stronger enemies and bosses . The player can use up to three magical attacks as alternative combat options . The game also features puzzles and platforming elements . The control setup was reconfigured for the PSP , as it has fewer buttons than the PlayStation 2 's controller . Ready at Dawn 's solution for the controls received praise from critics .
Debuting at No. 5 on the North American charts , Chains of Olympus achieved the highest composite score for a PSP title from Metacritic and GameRankings . 1UP stated that the game is " a technical showpiece for Sony , and arguably the best @-@ looking game on the system . " It has won several awards , including " Best PSP Action Game " , " Best Graphics Technology " , and " Best Use of Sound " . In September 2010 , GamePro named Chains of Olympus the best PSP game . By June 2012 , the game had sold 3 @.@ 2 million copies worldwide , making it the fourth best @-@ selling PlayStation Portable game of all time . Together with God of War : Ghost of Sparta , Chains of Olympus was remastered and released on September 13 , 2011 , as part of the God of War : Origins Collection for the PlayStation 3 ( PS3 ) . The remastered version was included in the God of War Saga released on August 28 , 2012 , also for PlayStation 3 .
= = Gameplay = =
God of War : Chains of Olympus is a third @-@ person single @-@ player video game viewed from a fixed camera perspective . The player controls the character Kratos in combo @-@ based combat , platforming , and puzzle game elements , and battles foes who primarily stem from Greek mythology , including cyclopes , Gorgons , satyrs , harpies , minotaurs , hoplites , and sphinxes . Morpheus beasts , shades , banshees , fire guards , fire sentries , hyperion guards , and death knights were created specifically for the game . Platforming elements require the player to climb walls , jump across chasms , swing on ropes , and balance across beams to proceed through sections of the game . Some puzzles are simple , such as moving a box so that the player can use it as a jumping @-@ off point to access a pathway unreachable with normal jumping , but others are more complex , such as finding several items across different areas of the game to unlock one door .
= = = Combat = = =
Kratos ' main weapon is the Blades of Chaos : a pair of blades attached to chains that are wrapped around the character 's wrists and forearms . In gameplay , the blades can be swung offensively in various maneuvers . As the game progresses , Kratos acquires new weapons — the Sun Shield and Gauntlet of Zeus — offering alternative combat options . Kratos only learns three magical abilities , as opposed to four in previous installments , including the Efreet , the Light of Dawn , and Charon 's Wrath , giving him a variety of ways to attack and kill enemies . He acquires the relic Triton 's Lance — similar to Poseidon 's Trident in God of War — which allows him to breathe underwater ; a necessary ability as parts of the game require long periods of time there .
The challenge mode in this game is called the Challenge of Hades ( five trials ) , and requires players to complete a series of specific tasks ( e.g. , Burn 50 soldiers with the Efreet ) . It is unlocked by completing the game . The player may unlock bonus costumes for Kratos , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes videos , and concept art of the characters and environments , as rewards . Completion of each of the game 's difficulty levels unlocks additional rewards .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
As with the previous games in the God of War franchise , God of War : Chains of Olympus is set in an alternate version of ancient Greece , populated by the Olympian Gods , Titans , and other beings of Greek mythology . With the exception of flashbacks , the events are set between those of the games Ascension ( 2013 ) and God of War ( 2005 ) . Several locations are explored , including the real world locations of the ancient cities of Attica and Marathon , the latter including fictional settings of the Temple of Helios and the Caves of Olympus , and several other fictional locations , including the Underworld , which features scenes at the River Styx , Tartarus , the Fields of Elysium , and the Temple of Persephone .
Attica is a war @-@ torn city under assault by the Persian Empire and their pet basilisk , and is the site of Eurybiades ' last battle . The city of Marathon is covered in the black fog of the Dream God , Morpheus . Just beyond the city is the Temple of Helios , which sits atop the Sun Chariot , which has plummeted to Earth in Helios ' absence . Boreas , Zephyros , Euros , and Notos , gods of the north , west , east , and south winds , respectively , reside in the temple and guide the chariot . The Caves of Olympus is an underground cavern below Mount Olympus and houses the goddess Eos , the Primordial Fires , and a statue of Triton . The Underworld is the underground realm of the dead and is host to the River Styx and ferryman of the dead , Charon . Tartarus is the prison of the dead and the Titans where the massive Titan Hyperion is chained . The Fields of Elysium are home to deserving souls that roam peacefully and are overlooked by the Temple of Persephone .
= = = Characters = = =
The protagonist of the game is Kratos ( voiced by Terrence C. Carson ) , a former Captain of Sparta 's Army , and once servant to the God of War , Ares . He now serves the other Olympian Gods in hopes that they will free him of his nightmares . Other characters include Kratos ' mentor and ally Athena ( Erin Torpey ) , the Goddess of Wisdom ; Eos ( Erin Torpey ) , the Goddess of Dawn and sister of Helios ; Persephone ( Marina Gordon ) , the Queen of the Underworld and the main antagonist ; and Atlas ( Fred Tatasciore ) , a four @-@ armed Titan imprisoned in Tartarus after the Great War . Kratos ' deceased daughter Calliope ( Debi Derryberry ) briefly reunites with him in the Fields of Elysium and his wife Lysandra appears in a flashback . Minor characters include Helios ( Dwight Schultz ) , the captured Sun God ; Charon ( Dwight Schultz ) , the ferryman of the Underworld ; and the Persian King ( Fred Tatasciore ) , leader of the Persian forces attacking Attica . The Dream God Morpheus is an unseen character that affects the plot .
= = = Plot = = =
During Kratos ' ten years of service to the Olympian Gods , he is sent to the city of Attica to help defend it from the invading Persian army . After successfully killing the Persian King , decimating his army and slaying their pet basilisk , Kratos observes the Sun fall from the sky , plunging the world into darkness . As he fights his way through the city of Marathon , the Spartan witnesses the black fog of the Olympian Morpheus cover the land . He hears a haunting flute melody , which he recognizes as a melody once played by his deceased daughter Calliope . Finding the Temple of Helios , Kratos is tasked by Athena to find the missing Sun God , as Morpheus has caused many of the gods to fall into a deep slumber in the absence of light . The Spartan eventually locates Helios ' sister , Eos , who tells Kratos that the Titan Atlas has abducted her brother . Eos advises Kratos to seek the Primordial Fires , which he uses to awaken the fire steeds of Helios . The steeds take the Spartan to the Underworld , where he has two encounters with Charon at the River Styx . Although Charon initially defeats Kratos and banishes him to Tartarus , the Spartan returns and destroys the ferryman .
After locating the Temple of Persephone and confronting the Queen of the Underworld , Kratos is given a choice : renounce his power and be with his deceased daughter ( at a cost to mankind ) or proceed with his mission . Kratos sacrifices his weapons and power to be reunited with his daughter , but discovers that Persephone is embittered by Zeus ' betrayal and her imprisonment in the Underworld with her husband Hades . While he was distracted by his reunion with Calliope , Persephone 's ally Atlas was using the power of the kidnapped Helios to destroy the Pillar of the World , which would also end Olympus . Choosing to abandon Calliope forever , Kratos takes back his power and binds Atlas to the Pillar of the World he sought to destroy , forcing the Titan to hold the weight of the world on his shoulders . Kratos then battles Persephone to the death . Although victorious , he is warned by a dying Persephone that his suffering will never end . Atlas also warns Kratos that he will eventually regret helping the gods and that he and Atlas will meet again . Kratos then rides the Sun Chariot back to the mortal world and into the sky as Morpheus retreats .
In a post @-@ credits scene , Kratos is still riding Helios ' chariot back into the sky and after seeing the return of the Sun , Kratos loses consciousness from the exertion and plummets to the ground . At the last moment , Kratos is saved by Athena and Helios , and Athena tells Helios that " He will live "
= = Development = =
Game developer Ready at Dawn pitched the idea of a God of War game for the PlayStation Portable to SCE Santa Monica Studio soon after the original God of War launched . In February 2007 , Ready at Dawn posted a teaser featuring " Coming Soon " in the God of War font . An editor from 1UP obtained an early copy of God of War II and posted the game 's instruction manual , featuring a one @-@ page teaser with " PSP " in the Omega symbol and stating " Coming 2007 " . On March 12 , 2007 , God of War II was launched at the Metreon : God of War II Game Director Cory Barlog officially confirmed the development of Chains of Olympus , stating " It is its own story that connects to the overall story . God of War , God of War II , and then if all the stars align God of War III will be the telling of a trilogy . This PSP story will be a further fleshing out . " An initial trailer for Chains of Olympus was released on April 25 , 2007 , coinciding with the announcement of a demo on UMD — the optical disc medium for the PSP . The trailer is narrated by voice actress Linda Hunt .
God of War : Chains of Olympus uses a proprietary , in @-@ house engine referred to as the Ready at Dawn engine , which expanded on the engine created for their previous game , Daxter ( 2006 ) , to include a fluid and cloth simulator . The camera system was modified to cater to the fixed cinematic camera for God of War gameplay , and the lighting system was reworked to aid in presenting realistic graphics . The game was originally designed for the PlayStation Portable 's restricted 222 megahertz ( MHz ) processor . Ready at Dawn repeatedly contacted Sony regarding increasing the clock speed of the PSP on account of the difference to the game and had developed a version of the game with higher speed . Sony released a firmware upgrade that allowed games to use the full 333 MHz processor . The faster processor allowed for more realistic blood effects , lighting effects , and shadows as well as improved enemy intelligence . The upgrade , however , noticeably decreased battery life . After the game 's completion , Game Director Ru Weerasuriya stated multiplayer options and other puzzles , characters , and dialogue had to be removed due to time constraints .
= = = Audio = = =
Two of the voice actors returned from the previous installments to reprise their roles , which were Terrence C. Carson and Linda Hunt , who voiced Kratos and the narrator respectively . Erin Torpey adopted the dual roles of Athena and Eos . Fred Tatasciore , who voiced different characters in previous installments , returned , and in this game , voiced both Atlas and the Persian King . Carole Ruggier and Michael Clarke Duncan did not return to reprise their roles , which were Athena and Atlas respectively . Voice actor Dwight Schultz voiced both Charon and Helios ; Debi Derryberry voiced Calliope and continued this role in a later installment ; and Marina Gordon provided the voice of Persephone . Brian Kimmet , Don Luce , and Andrew Wheeler provided the voices of several minor characters and Keythe Farley was the Voice Director .
The soundtrack was composed by Gerard K. Marino , but to date , it has not been commercially released . After the release of the demo disc , Ready at Dawn offered pre @-@ order customers a music track on disc titled " Battle of Attica " . Composer Gerard Marino stated that it was the first cue written for the game , based on concept art and screenshots . Marino composed roughly thirteen minutes of music for the game and re @-@ worked other music from the previous titles . Three tracks from the soundtrack are included as bonus tracks on the God of War : Ghost of Sparta soundtrack .
= = Release = =
The demo disc , officially titled God of War : Chains of Olympus – Special Edition : Battle of Attica , was released on September 27 , 2007 . In the demo , Kratos battles Persian soldiers and a giant basilisk . The demo progresses through the city of Attica as Kratos chases the basilisk , culminating with Kratos fighting the Persian King . The disc also included a developer video and a lanyard in the shape of the Greek letter Omega . Following the demo 's release , a downloadable version was made available through the PlayStation Store in North American and European regions . Due to the delay of the game , Ready at Dawn offered a " special edition " version of the demo to pre @-@ order customers , with one Ready at Dawn developer stating that preparation of the special demo disc took up to 40 % of the team 's production time .
God of War : Chains of Olympus was originally scheduled to be released during the fourth quarter of 2007 , but it was rescheduled and released on March 4 , 2008 , in North America , March 27 in Australia , March 28 in Europe , and July 10 in Japan , where it was published by Capcom . The game was a commercial success , debuting at No. 5 on the North American charts with 340 @,@ 500 copies sold in the first month . The game was re @-@ released in Europe on October 17 , 2008 , as part of Sony 's Platinum Range and was also re @-@ released in Japan and North America in April 2009 under Capcom 's Best Price and Sony 's Greatest Hits labels , respectively . It became available for download from the PlayStation Store on September 30 , 2009 , in North America , October 1 in Europe , and November 11 , 2010 , in Japan . Sony released a limited @-@ edition bundle pack only in North America , on June 3 , 2008 . The pack included the game , a UMD of the 2007 film Superbad , a voucher for the PSP title Syphon Filter : Combat Ops , and a red edition of the console imprinted with an image of Kratos ' face on the rear . As of June 2012 , Chains of Olympus has sold more than 3 @.@ 2 million copies worldwide .
Together with God of War : Ghost of Sparta , the game was released for the PlayStation 3 as part of the God of War : Origins Collection ( called God of War Collection – Volume II in Europe ) on September 13 , 2011 , in North America , September 16 in Europe , September 29 in Australia , and October 6 in Japan . The collection is a remastered port of both games to the PS3 hardware , with features including high @-@ definition resolution , stereoscopic 3D , anti @-@ aliased graphics locked at 60 frames per second , DualShock 3 vibration function , and PlayStation 3 Trophies . God of War : Origins Collection and full trials of its two games were also released for download on the PlayStation Store on September 13 , 2011 , in North America . By June 2012 , the collection had sold 711 @,@ 737 copies worldwide . On August 28 , 2012 , God of War Collection , God of War III , and Origins Collection were released as part of the God of War Saga under Sony 's line of PlayStation Collections for the PlayStation 3 in North America .
= = Reception = =
God of War : Chains of Olympus received critical acclaim from reviewers and achieved the highest composite score for a PlayStation Portable title , scoring 91 out of 100 at Metacritic , who describe their score as " universal acclaim " , and 91 @.@ 06 % at GameRankings . The game was praised for its graphics and presentation . Matt Leone of 1UP claimed Chains of Olympus is " a technical showpiece for Sony , and arguably the best @-@ looking game on the system . " Robert Falcon of Modojo.com similarly praised the presentation , calling it " an absolute stunner , the pinnacle of PSP development " . He also praised the visuals as " absolutely breathtaking , " and that the " game moves beautifully throughout , with very little loss in detail or speed . " However , G4 's Jonathan Hunt said that it " occasionally suffers from screen tearing and framerate drops . "
Several reviewers praised Ready at Dawn 's solution for the controls and gameplay . Because the PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) controller has two analog sticks and the PSP only has one , GamePro stated " the lack of a second analog stick could have been problematic but it 's not . " Modojo.com similarly stated that despite the lack of a second analog stick , " Kratos handles superbly on the PSP " and that the weapon and magic attacks are " mapped out perfectly around the PSP 's control set @-@ up . " IGN 's Chris Roper even claimed the control scheme " works better than on the PS2 . " Roper further claimed that Ready at Dawn " has done a stellar job of keeping Kratos ' move set intact , " stating that " combat is extremely responsive . " Matt Leone of 1UP similarly praised developers solution for the control scheme as well as the game 's " fantastic " pacing . However , GamePro criticized the relative lack of variety in enemies . The puzzles were criticized , and G4 claimed that some " are so maddeningly difficult to solve " , while GameSpot 's Aaron Thomas noted the lack of puzzles , claiming that it " could have used more " . GamePro also criticized the fact that " You still have to lug boxes around to solve environmental puzzles " . Kristan Reed of EuroGamer also criticized Ready at Dawn for cutting some puzzles , as well as cutting co @-@ op play , multiplayer , dialogue , and characters .
GameSpot and IGN criticized the short length and minimal boss fights , although GamePro stated that it has " the same epic feel " as the previous installments and claimed that if it was the only God of War title , " it would still stand on its own merits . " Cheat Code Central claimed Chains of Olympus is " one of the best games ever made for the PSP . " They claimed that it is " definitely a must @-@ buy game for all current fans " and that it " has everything you 've come to expect from God of War , just in a little disc and on a smaller screen . " GameTrailers went on to praise the replay value for being able to " bring your powered @-@ up methods of destruction with you . "
= = = Awards and accolades = = =
In IGN 's Best of 2008 Awards , Chains of Olympus received the awards for " Best PSP Action Game " , " Best Graphics Technology " , and " Best Use of Sound " . In GameSpot 's Best Games of 2008 , it received the " Readers ' Choice Award " . Diehard GameFAN awarded it " Best PSP Game " for 2008 . At the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards , it was a nominee for " Best Handheld Game " . It was Metacritic 's 2008 " PSP Game of the Year " . In September 2010 , GamePro named God of War : Chains of Olympus the best PSP game .
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= Problem of Apollonius =
In Euclidean plane geometry , Apollonius 's problem is to construct circles that are tangent to three given circles in a plane ( Figure 1 ) . Apollonius of Perga ( ca . 262 BC – ca . 190 BC ) posed and solved this famous problem in his work Ἐπαφαί ( Epaphaí , " Tangencies " ) ; this work has been lost , but a 4th @-@ century report of his results by Pappus of Alexandria has survived . Three given circles generically have eight different circles that are tangent to them ( Figure 2 ) and each solution circle encloses or excludes the three given circles in a different way : in each solution , a different subset of the three circles is enclosed ( its complement is excluded ) and there are 8 subsets of a set whose cardinality is 3 , since 8 = 23 .
In the 16th century , Adriaan van Roomen solved the problem using intersecting hyperbolas , but this solution does not use only straightedge and compass constructions . François Viète found such a solution by exploiting limiting cases : any of the three given circles can be shrunk to zero radius ( a point ) or expanded to infinite radius ( a line ) . Viète 's approach , which uses simpler limiting cases to solve more complicated ones , is considered a plausible reconstruction of Apollonius ' method . The method of van Roomen was simplified by Isaac Newton , who showed that Apollonius ' problem is equivalent to finding a position from the differences of its distances to three known points . This has applications in navigation and positioning systems such as LORAN .
Later mathematicians introduced algebraic methods , which transform a geometric problem into algebraic equations . These methods were simplified by exploiting symmetries inherent in the problem of Apollonius : for instance solution circles generically occur in pairs , with one solution enclosing the given circles that the other excludes ( Figure 2 ) . Joseph Diaz Gergonne used this symmetry to provide an elegant straightedge and compass solution , while other mathematicians used geometrical transformations such as reflection in a circle to simplify the configuration of the given circles . These developments provide a geometrical setting for algebraic methods ( using Lie sphere geometry ) and a classification of solutions according to 33 essentially different configurations of the given circles .
Apollonius ' problem has stimulated much further work . Generalizations to three dimensions — constructing a sphere tangent to four given spheres — and beyond have been studied . The configuration of three mutually tangent circles has received particular attention . René Descartes gave a formula relating the radii of the solution circles and the given circles , now known as Descartes ' theorem . Solving Apollonius ' problem iteratively in this case leads to the Apollonian gasket , which is one of the earliest fractals to be described in print , and is important in number theory via Ford circles and the Hardy – Littlewood circle method .
= = Statement of the problem = =
The general statement of Apollonius ' problem is to construct one or more circles that are tangent to three given objects in a plane , where an object may be a line , a point or a circle of any size . These objects may be arranged in any way and may cross one another ; however , they are usually taken to be distinct , meaning that they do not coincide . Solutions to Apollonius ' problem are sometimes called Apollonius circles , although the term is also used for other types of circles associated with Apollonius .
The property of tangency is defined as follows . First , a point , line or circle is assumed to be tangent to itself ; hence , if a given circle is already tangent to the other two given objects , it is counted as a solution to Apollonius ' problem . Two distinct geometrical objects are said to intersect if they have a point in common . By definition , a point is tangent to a circle or a line if it intersects them , that is , if it lies on them ; thus , two distinct points cannot be tangent . If the angle between lines or circles at an intersection point is zero , they are said to be tangent ; the intersection point is called a tangent point or a point of tangency . ( The word " tangent " derives from the Latin present participle , tangens , meaning " touching " . ) In practice , two distinct circles are tangent if they intersect at only one point ; if they intersect at zero or two points , they are not tangent . The same holds true for a line and a circle . Two distinct lines cannot be tangent in the plane , although two parallel lines can be considered as tangent at a point at infinity in inversive geometry ( see below ) .
The solution circle may be either internally or externally tangent to each of the given circles . An external tangency is one where the two circles bend away from each other at their point of contact ; they lie on opposite sides of the tangent line at that point , and they exclude one another . The distance between their centers equals the sum of their radii . By contrast , an internal tangency is one in which the two circles curve in the same way at their point of contact ; the two circles lie on the same side of the tangent line , and one circle encloses the other . In this case , the distance between their centers equals the difference of their radii . As an illustration , in Figure 1 , the pink solution circle is internally tangent to the medium @-@ sized given black circle on the right , whereas it is externally tangent to the smallest and largest given circles on the left .
Apollonius ' problem can also be formulated as the problem of locating one or more points such that the differences of its distances to three given points equal three known values . Consider a solution circle of radius rs and three given circles of radii r1 , r2 and r3 . If the solution circle is externally tangent to all three given circles , the distances between the center of the solution circle and the centers of the given circles equal d1 |
= r1 + rs , d2 =
r2 + rs and d3 |
= r3 + rs , respectively . Therefore , differences in these distances are constants , such as d1 − d2 =
r1 − r2 ; they depend only on the known radii of the given circles and not on the radius rs of the solution circle , which cancels out . This second formulation of Apollonius ' problem can be generalized to internally tangent solution circles ( for which the center @-@ center distance equals the difference of radii ) , by changing the corresponding differences of distances to sums of distances , so that the solution @-@ circle radius rs again cancels out . The re @-@ formulation in terms of center @-@ center distances is useful in the solutions below of Adriaan van Roomen and Isaac Newton , and also in hyperbolic positioning or trilateration , which is the task of locating a position from differences in distances to three known points . For example , navigation systems such as LORAN identify a receiver 's position from the differences in arrival times of signals from three fixed positions , which correspond to the differences in distances to those transmitters .
= = History = =
A rich repertoire of geometrical and algebraic methods have been developed to solve Apollonius ' problem , which has been called " the most famous of all " geometry problems . The original approach of Apollonius of Perga has been lost , but reconstructions have been offered by François Viète and others , based on the clues in the description by Pappus . The first new solution method was published in 1596 by Adriaan van Roomen , who identified the centers of the solution circles as the intersection points of two hyperbolas . Van Roomen 's method was refined in 1687 by Isaac Newton in his Principia , and by John Casey in 1881 .
Although successful in solving Apollonius ' problem , van Roomen 's method has a drawback . A prized property in classical Euclidean geometry is the ability to solve problems using only a compass and a straightedge . Many constructions are impossible using only these tools , such as dividing an angle in three equal parts . However , many such " impossible " problems can be solved by intersecting curves such as hyperbolas , ellipses and parabolas ( conic sections ) . For example , doubling the cube ( the problem of constructing a cube of twice the volume of a given cube ) cannot be done using only a straightedge and compass , but Menaechmus showed that the problem can be solved by using the intersections of two parabolas . Therefore , van Roomen 's solution — which uses the intersection of two hyperbolas — did not determine if the problem satisfied the straightedge @-@ and @-@ compass property .
Van Roomen 's friend François Viète , who had urged van Roomen to work on Apollonius ' problem in the first place , developed a method that used only compass and straightedge . Prior to Viète 's solution , Regiomontanus doubted whether Apollonius ' problem could be solved by straightedge and compass . Viète first solved some simple special cases of Apollonius ' problem , such as finding a circle that passes through three given points which has only one solution if the points are distinct ; he then built up to solving more complicated special cases , in some cases by shrinking or swelling the given circles . According to the 4th @-@ century report of Pappus of Alexandria , Apollonius ' own book on this problem — entitled Ἐπαφαί ( Epaphaí , " Tangencies " ; Latin : De tactionibus , De contactibus ) — followed a similar progressive approach . Hence , Viète 's solution is considered to be a plausible reconstruction of Apollonius ' solution , although other reconstructions have been published independently by three different authors .
Several other geometrical solutions to Apollonius ' problem were developed in the 19th century . The most notable solutions are those of Jean @-@ Victor Poncelet ( 1811 ) and of Joseph Diaz Gergonne ( 1814 ) . Whereas Poncelet 's proof relies on homothetic centers of circles and the power of a point theorem , Gergonne 's method exploits the conjugate relation between lines and their poles in a circle . Methods using circle inversion were pioneered by Julius Petersen in 1879 ; one example is the annular solution method of HSM Coxeter . Another approach uses Lie sphere geometry , which was developed by Sophus Lie .
Algebraic solutions to Apollonius ' problem were pioneered in the 17th century by René Descartes and Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia , although their solutions were rather complex . Practical algebraic methods were developed in the late 18th and 19th centuries by several mathematicians , including Leonhard Euler , Nicolas Fuss , Carl Friedrich Gauss , Lazare Carnot , and Augustin Louis Cauchy .
= = Solution methods = =
= = = Intersecting hyperbolas = = =
The solution of Adriaan van Roomen ( 1596 ) is based on the intersection of two hyperbolas . Let the given circles be denoted as C1 , C2 and C3 . Van Roomen solved the general problem by solving a simpler problem , that of finding the circles that are tangent to two given circles , such as C1 and C2 . He noted that the center of a circle tangent to both given circles must lie on a hyperbola whose foci are the centers of the given circles . To understand this , let the radii of the solution circle and the two given circles be denoted as rs , r1 and r2 , respectively ( Figure 3 ) . The distance d1 between the centers of the solution circle and C1 is either rs + r1 or rs − r1 , depending on whether these circles are chosen to be externally or internally tangent , respectively . Similarly , the distance d2 between the centers of the solution circle and C2 is either rs + r2 or rs − r2 , again depending on their chosen tangency . Thus , the difference d1 − d2 between these distances is always a constant that is independent of rs . This property , of having a fixed difference between the distances to the foci , characterizes hyperbolas , so the possible centers of the solution circle lie on a hyperbola . A second hyperbola can be drawn for the pair of given circles C2 and C3 , where the internal or external tangency of the solution and C2 should be chosen consistently with that of the first hyperbola . An intersection of these two hyperbolas ( if any ) gives the center of a solution circle that has the chosen internal and external tangencies to the three given circles . The full set of solutions to Apollonius ' problem can be found by considering all possible combinations of internal and external tangency of the solution circle to the three given circles .
Isaac Newton ( 1687 ) refined van Roomen 's solution , so that the solution @-@ circle centers were located at the intersections of a line with a circle . Newton formulates Apollonius ' problem as a problem in trilateration : to locate a point Z from three given points A , B and C , such that the differences in distances from Z to the three given points have known values . These four points correspond to the center of the solution circle ( Z ) and the centers of the three given circles ( A , B and C ) .
Instead of solving for the two hyperbolas , Newton constructs their directrix lines instead . For any hyperbola , the ratio of distances from a point Z to a focus A and to the directrix is a fixed constant called the eccentricity . The two directrices intersect at a point T , and from their two known distance ratios , Newton constructs a line passing through T on which Z must lie . However , the ratio of distances TZ / TA is also known ; hence , Z also lies on a known circle , since Apollonius had shown that a circle can be defined as the set of points that have a given ratio of distances to two fixed points . ( As an aside , this definition is the basis of bipolar coordinates . ) Thus , the solutions to Apollonius ' problem are the intersections of a line with a circle .
= = = Viète 's reconstruction = = =
As described below , Apollonius ' problem has ten special cases , depending on the nature of the three given objects , which may be a circle ( C ) , line ( L ) or point ( P ) . By custom , these ten cases are distinguished by three letter codes such as CCP . Viète solved all ten of these cases using only compass and straightedge constructions , and used the solutions of simpler cases to solve the more complex cases .
Viète began by solving the PPP case ( three points ) following the method of Euclid in his Elements . From this , he derived a lemma corresponding to the power of a point theorem , which he used to solve the LPP case ( a line and two points ) . Following Euclid a second time , Viète solved the LLL case ( three lines ) using the angle bisectors . He then derived a lemma for constructing the line perpendicular to an angle bisector that passes through a point , which he used to solve the LLP problem ( two lines and a point ) . This accounts for the first four cases of Apollonius ' problem , those that do not involve circles .
To solve the remaining problems , Viète exploited the fact that the given circles and the solution circle may be re @-@ sized in tandem while preserving their tangencies ( Figure 4 ) . If the solution @-@ circle radius is changed by an amount Δr , the radius of its internally tangent given circles must be likewise changed by Δr , whereas the radius of its externally tangent given circles must be changed by − Δr . Thus , as the solution circle swells , the internally tangent given circles must swell in tandem , whereas the externally tangent given circles must shrink , to maintain their tangencies .
Viète used this approach to shrink one of the given circles to a point , thus reducing the problem to a simpler , already solved case . He first solved the CLL case ( a circle and two lines ) by shrinking the circle into a point , rendering it a LLP case . He then solved the CLP case ( a circle , a line and a point ) using three lemmas . Again shrinking one circle to a point , Viète transformed the CCL case into a CLP case . He then solved the CPP case ( a circle and two points ) and the CCP case ( two circles and a point ) , the latter case by two lemmas . Finally , Viète solved the general CCC case ( three circles ) by shrinking one circle to a point , rendering it a CCP case .
= = = Algebraic solutions = = =
Apollonius ' problem can be framed as a system of three equations for the center and radius of the solution circle . Since the three given circles and any solution circle must lie in the same plane , their positions can be specified in terms of the ( x , y ) coordinates of their centers . For example , the center positions of the three given circles may be written as ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) , whereas that of a solution circle can be written as ( xs , ys ) . Similarly , the radii of the given circles and a solution circle can be written as r1 , r2 , r3 and rs , respectively . The requirement that a solution circle must exactly touch each of the three given circles can be expressed as three coupled quadratic equations for xs , ys and rs :
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
The three numbers s1 , s2 and s3 on the right @-@ hand side , called signs , may equal ± 1 , and specify whether the desired solution circle should touch the corresponding given circle internally ( s |
= 1 ) or externally ( s =
− 1 ) . For example , in Figures 1 and 4 , the pink solution is internally tangent to the medium @-@ sized given circle on the right and externally tangent to the smallest and largest given circles on the left ; if the given circles are ordered by radius , the signs for this solution are " − + − " . Since the three signs may be chosen independently , there are eight possible sets of equations ( 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 ) , each set corresponding to one of the eight types of solution circles .
The general system of three equations may be solved by the method of resultants . When multiplied out , all three equations have xs2 + ys2 on the left @-@ hand side , and rs2 on the right @-@ hand side . Subtracting one equation from another eliminates these quadratic terms ; the remaining linear terms may be re @-@ arranged to yield formulae for the coordinates xs and ys
<formula>
<formula>
where M , N , P and Q are known functions of the given circles and the choice of signs . Substitution of these formulae into one of the initial three equations gives a quadratic equation for rs , which can be solved by the quadratic formula . Substitution of the numerical value of rs into the linear formulae yields the corresponding values of xs and ys .
The signs s1 , s2 and s3 on the right @-@ hand sides of the equations may be chosen in eight possible ways , and each choice of signs gives up to two solutions , since the equation for rs is quadratic . This might suggest ( incorrectly ) that there are up to sixteen solutions of Apollonius ' problem . However , due to a symmetry of the equations , if ( rs , xs , ys ) is a solution , with signs si , then so is ( − rs , xs , ys ) , with opposite signs − si , which represents the same solution circle . Therefore , Apollonius ' problem has at most eight independent solutions ( Figure 2 ) . One way to avoid this double @-@ counting is to consider only solution circles with non @-@ negative radius .
The two roots of any quadratic equation may be of three possible types : two different real numbers , two identical real numbers ( i.e. , a degenerate double root ) , or a pair of complex conjugate roots . The first case corresponds to the usual situation ; each pair of roots corresponds to a pair of solutions that are related by circle inversion , as described below ( Figure 6 ) . In the second case , both roots are identical , corresponding to a solution circle that transforms into itself under inversion . In this case , one of the given circles is itself a solution to the Apollonius problem , and the number of distinct solutions is reduced by one . The third case of complex conjugate radii does not correspond to a geometrically possible solution for Apollonius ' problem , since a solution circle cannot have an imaginary radius ; therefore , the number of solutions is reduced by two . Interestingly , Apollonius ' problem cannot have seven solutions , although it may have any other number of solutions from zero to eight .
= = = Lie sphere geometry = = =
The same algebraic equations can be derived in the context of Lie sphere geometry . That geometry represents circles , lines and points in a unified way , as a five @-@ dimensional vector X |
= ( v , cx , cy , w , sr ) , where c =
( cx , cy ) is the center of the circle , and r is its ( non @-@ negative ) radius . If r is not zero , the sign s may be positive or negative ; for visualization , s represents the orientation of the circle , with counterclockwise circles having a positive s and clockwise circles having a negative s . The parameter w is zero for a straight line , and one otherwise .
In this five @-@ dimensional world , there is a bilinear product similar to the dot product :
<formula>
The Lie quadric is defined as those vectors whose product with themselves ( their square norm ) is zero , ( X | X )
= 0 . Let X1 and X2 be two vectors belonging to this quadric ; the norm of their difference equals
<formula>
The product distributes over addition and subtraction ( more precisely , it is bilinear ) :
<formula>
Since ( X1 | X1 ) =
( X2 | X2 ) |
= 0 ( both belong to the Lie quadric ) and since w1 =
w2
= 1 for circles , the product of any two such vectors on the quadric equals
<formula>
where the vertical bars sandwiching c1 − c2 represent the length of that difference vector , i.e. , the Euclidean norm . This formula shows that if two quadric vectors X1 and X2 are orthogonal ( perpendicular ) to one another — that is , if ( X1 | X2 ) =
0 — then their corresponding circles are tangent . For if the two signs s1 and s2 are the same ( i.e. the circles have the same " orientation " ) , the circles are internally tangent ; the distance between their centers equals the difference in the radii
<formula>
Conversely , if the two signs s1 and s2 are different ( i.e. the circles have opposite " orientations " ) , the circles are externally tangent ; the distance between their centers equals the sum of the radii
<formula>
Therefore , Apollonius ' problem can be re @-@ stated in Lie geometry as a problem of finding perpendicular vectors on the Lie quadric ; specifically , the goal is to identify solution vectors Xsol that belong to the Lie quadric and are also orthogonal ( perpendicular ) to the vectors X1 , X2 and X3 corresponding to the given circles .
<formula>
The advantage of this re @-@ statement is that one can exploit theorems from linear algebra on the maximum number of linearly independent , simultaneously perpendicular vectors . This gives another way to calculate the maximum number of solutions and extend the theorem to higher @-@ dimensional spaces .
= = = Inversive methods = = =
A natural setting for problem of Apollonius is inversive geometry . The basic strategy of inversive methods is to transform a given Apollonius problem into another Apollonius problem that is simpler to solve ; the solutions to the original problem are found from the solutions of the transformed problem by undoing the transformation . Candidate transformations must change one Apollonius problem into another ; therefore , they must transform the given points , circles and lines to other points , circles and lines , and no other shapes . Circle inversion has this property and allows the center and radius of the inversion circle to be chosen judiciously . Other candidates include the Euclidean plane isometries ; however , they do not simplify the problem , since they merely shift , rotate , and mirror the original problem .
Inversion in a circle with center O and radius R consists of the following operation ( Figure 5 ) : every point P is mapped into a new point P ' such that O , P , and P ' are collinear , and the product of the distances of P and P ' to the center O equal the radius R squared
<formula>
Thus , if P lies outside the circle , then P ' lies within , and vice versa . When P is the same as O , the inversion is said to send P to infinity . ( In complex analysis , " infinity " is defined in terms of the Riemann sphere . ) Inversion has the useful property that lines and circles are always transformed into lines and circles , and points are always transformed into points . Circles are generally transformed into other circles under inversion ; however , if a circle passes through the center of the inversion circle , it is transformed into a straight line , and vice versa . Importantly , if a circle crosses the circle of inversion at right angles ( intersects perpendicularly ) , it is left unchanged by the inversion ; it is transformed into itself .
Circle inversions correspond to a subset of Möbius transformations on the Riemann sphere . The planar Apollonius problem can be transferred to the sphere by an inverse stereographic projection ; hence , solutions of the planar Apollonius problem also pertain to its counterpart on the sphere . Other inversive solutions to the planar problem are possible besides the common ones described below .
= = = Pairs of solutions by inversion = = =
Solutions to Apollonius ' problem generally occur in pairs ; for each solution circle , there is a conjugate solution circle ( Figure 6 ) . One solution circle excludes the given circles that are enclosed by its conjugate solution , and vice versa . For example , in Figure 6 , one solution circle ( pink , upper left ) encloses two given circles ( black ) , but excludes a third ; conversely , its conjugate solution ( also pink , lower right ) encloses that third given circle , but excludes the other two . The two conjugate solution circles are related by inversion , by the following argument .
In general , any three distinct circles have a unique circle — the radical circle — that intersects all of them perpendicularly ; the center of that circle is the radical center of the three circles . For illustration , the orange circle in Figure 6 crosses the black given circles at right angles . Inversion in the radical circle leaves the given circles unchanged , but transforms the two conjugate pink solution circles into one another . Under the same inversion , the corresponding points of tangency of the two solution circles are transformed into one another ; for illustration , in Figure 6 , the two blue points lying on each green line are transformed into one another . Hence , the lines connecting these conjugate tangent points are invariant under the inversion ; therefore , they must pass through the center of inversion , which is the radical center ( green lines intersecting at the orange dot in Figure 6 ) .
= = = = Inversion to an annulus = = = =
If two of the three given circles do not intersect , a center of inversion can be chosen so that those two given circles become concentric . Under this inversion , the solution circles must fall within the annulus between the two concentric circles . Therefore , they belong to two one @-@ parameter families . In the first family ( Figure 7 ) , the solutions do not enclose the inner concentric circle , but rather revolve like ball bearings in the annulus . In the second family ( Figure 8 ) , the solution circles enclose the inner concentric circle . There are generally four solutions for each family , yielding eight possible solutions , consistent with the algebraic solution .
When two of the given circles are concentric , Apollonius ' problem can be solved easily using a method of Gauss . The radii of the three given circles are known , as is the distance dnon from the common concentric center to the non @-@ concentric circle ( Figure 7 ) . The solution circle can be determined from its radius rs , the angle θ , and the distances ds and dT from its center to the common concentric center and the center of the non @-@ concentric circle , respectively . The radius and distance ds are known ( Figure 7 ) , and the distance dT = rs ± rnon , depending on whether the solution circle is internally or externally tangent to the non @-@ concentric circle . Therefore , by the law of cosines ,
<formula>
Here , a new constant C has been defined for brevity , with the subscript indicating whether the solution is externally or internally tangent . A simple trigonometric rearrangement yields the four solutions
<formula>
This formula represents four solutions , corresponding to the two choices of the sign of θ , and the two choices for C. The remaining four solutions can be obtained by the same method , using the substitutions for rs and ds indicated in Figure 8 . Thus , all eight solutions of the general Apollonius problem can be found by this method .
Any initial two disjoint given circles can be rendered concentric as follows . The radical axis of the two given circles is constructed ; choosing two arbitrary points P and Q on this radical axis , two circles can be constructed that are centered on P and Q and that intersect the two given circles orthogonally . These two constructed circles intersect each other in two points . Inversion in one such intersection point F renders the constructed circles into straight lines emanating from F and the two given circles into concentric circles , with the third given circle becoming another circle ( in general ) . This follows because the system of circles is equivalent to a set of Apollonian circles , forming a bipolar coordinate system .
= = = = Resizing and inversion = = = =
The usefulness of inversion can be increased significantly by resizing . As noted in Viète 's reconstruction , the three given circles and the solution circle can be resized in tandem while preserving their tangencies . Thus , the initial Apollonius problem is transformed into another problem that may be easier to solve . For example , the four circles can be resized so that one given circle is shrunk to a point ; alternatively , two given circles can often be resized so that they are tangent to one another . Thirdly , given circles that intersect can be resized so that they become non @-@ intersecting , after which the method for inverting to an annulus can be applied . In all such cases , the solution of the original Apollonius problem is obtained from the solution of the transformed problem by undoing the resizing and inversion .
= = = = = Shrinking one given circle to a point = = = = =
In the first approach , the given circles are shrunk or swelled ( appropriately to their tangency ) until one given circle is shrunk to a point P. In that case , Apollonius ' problem degenerates to the CCP limiting case , which is the problem of finding a solution circle tangent to the two remaining given circles that passes through the point P. Inversion in a circle centered on P transforms the two given circles into new circles , and the solution circle into a line . Therefore , the transformed solution is a line that is tangent to the two transformed given circles . There are four such solution lines , which may be constructed from the external and internal homothetic centers of the two circles . Re @-@ inversion in P and undoing the resizing transforms such a solution line into the desired solution circle of the original Apollonius problem . All eight general solutions can be obtained by shrinking and swelling the circles according to the differing internal and external tangencies of each solution ; however , different given circles may be shrunk to a point for different solutions .
= = = = = Resizing two given circles to tangency = = = = =
In the second approach , the radii of the given circles are modified appropriately by an amount Δr so that two of them are tangential ( touching ) . Their point of tangency is chosen as the center of inversion in a circle that intersects each of the two touching circles in two places . Upon inversion , the touching circles become two parallel lines : Their only point of intersection is sent to infinity under inversion , so they cannot meet . The same inversion transforms the third circle into another circle . The solution of the inverted problem must either be ( 1 ) a straight line parallel to the two given parallel lines and tangent to the transformed third given circle ; or ( 2 ) a circle of constant radius that is tangent to the two given parallel lines and the transformed given circle . Re @-@ inversion and adjusting the radii of all circles by Δr produces a solution circle tangent to the original three circles .
= = = Gergonne 's solution = = =
Gergonne 's approach is to consider the solution circles in pairs . Let a pair of solution circles be denoted as CA and CB ( the pink circles in Figure 6 ) , and let their tangent points with the three given circles be denoted as A1 , A2 , A3 , and B1 , B2 , B3 , respectively . Gergonne 's solution aims to locate these six points , and thus solve for the two solution circles .
Gergonne 's insight was that if a line L1 could be constructed such that A1 and B1 were guaranteed to fall on it , those two points could be identified as the intersection points of L1 with the given circle C1 ( Figure 6 ) . The remaining four tangent points would be located similarly , by finding lines L2 and L3 that contained A2 and B2 , and A3 and B3 , respectively . To construct a line such as L1 , two points must be identified that lie on it ; but these points need not be the tangent points . Gergonne was able to identify two other points for each of the three lines . One of the two points has already been identified : the radical center G lies on all three lines ( Figure 6 ) .
To locate a second point on the lines L1 , L2 and L3 , Gergonne noted a reciprocal relationship between those lines and the radical axis R of the solution circles , CA and CB . To understand this reciprocal relationship , consider the two tangent lines to the circle C1 drawn at its tangent points A1 and B1 with the solution circles ; the intersection of these tangent lines is the pole point of L1 in C1 . Since the distances from that pole point to the tangent points A1 and B1 are equal , this pole point must also lie on the radical axis R of the solution circles , by definition ( Figure 9 ) . The relationship between pole points and their polar lines is reciprocal ; if the pole of L1 in C1 lies on R , the pole of R in C1 must conversely lie on L1 . Thus , if we can construct R , we can find its pole P1 in C1 , giving the needed second point on L1 ( Figure 10 ) .
Gergonne found the radical axis R of the unknown solution circles as follows . Any pair of circles has two centers of similarity ; these two points are the two possible intersections of two tangent lines to the two circles . Therefore , the three given circles have six centers of similarity , two for each distinct pair of given circles . Remarkably , these six points lie on four lines , three points on each line ; moreover , each line corresponds to the radical axis of a potential pair of solution circles . To show this , Gergonne considered lines through corresponding points of tangency on two of the given circles , e.g. , the line defined by A1 / A2 and the line defined by B1 / B2 . Let X3 be a center of similitude for the two circles C1 and C2 ; then , A1 / A2 and B1 / B2 are pairs of antihomologous points , and their lines intersect at X3 . It follows , therefore , that the products of distances are equal
<formula>
which implies that X3 lies on the radical axis of the two solution circles . The same argument can be applied to the other pairs of circles , so that three centers of similitude for the given three circles must lie on the radical axes of pairs of solution circles .
In summary , the desired line L1 is defined by two points : the radical center G of the three given circles and the pole in C1 of one of the four lines connecting the homothetic centers . Finding the same pole in C2 and C3 gives L2 and L3 , respectively ; thus , all six points can be located , from which one pair of solution circles can be found . Repeating this procedure for the remaining three homothetic @-@ center lines yields six more solutions , giving eight solutions in all . However , if a line Lk does not intersect its circle Ck for some k , there is no pair of solutions for that homothetic @-@ center line .
= = Special cases = =
= = = Ten combinations of points , circles , and lines = = =
Apollonius problem is to construct one or more circles tangent to three given objects in a plane , which may be circles , points , or lines . This gives rise to ten types of Apollonius ' problem , one corresponding to each combination of circles , lines and points , which may be labeled with three letters , either C , L , or P , to denote whether the given elements are a circle , line or point , respectively ( Table 1 ) . As an example , the type of Apollonius problem with a given circle , line , and point is denoted as CLP .
Some of these special cases are much easier to solve than the general case of three given circles . The two simplest cases are the problems of drawing a circle through three given points ( PPP ) or tangent to three lines ( LLL ) , which were solved first by Euclid in his Elements . For example , the PPP problem can be solved as follows . The center of the solution circle is equally distant from all three points , and therefore must lie on the perpendicular bisector line of any two . Hence , the center is the point of intersection of any two perpendicular bisectors . Similarly , in the LLL case , the center must lie on a line bisecting the angle at the three intersection points between the three given lines ; hence , the center lies at the intersection point of two such angle bisectors . Since there are two such bisectors at every intersection point of the three given lines , there are four solutions to the general LLL problem .
Points and lines may be viewed as special cases of circles ; a point can be considered as a circle of infinitely small radius , and a line may be thought of an infinitely large circle whose center is also at infinity . From this perspective , the general Apollonius problem is that of constructing circles tangent to three given circles . The nine other cases involving points and lines may be viewed as limiting cases of the general problem . These limiting cases often have fewer solutions than the general problem ; for example , the replacement of a given circle by a given point halves the number of solutions , since a point can be construed as an infinitesimal circle that is either internally or externally tangent .
= = = Number of solutions = = =
The problem of counting the number of solutions to different types of Apollonius ' problem belongs to the field of enumerative geometry . The general number of solutions for each of the ten types of Apollonius ' problem is given in Table 1 above . However , special arrangements of the given elements may change the number of solutions . For illustration , Apollonius ' problem has no solution if one circle separates the two ( Figure 11 ) ; to touch both the solid given circles , the solution circle would have to cross the dashed given circle ; but that it cannot do , if it is to touch the dashed circle tangentially . Conversely , if three given circles are all tangent at the same point , then any circle tangent at the same point is a solution ; such Apollonius problems have an infinite number of solutions . If any of the given circles are identical , there is likewise an infinity of solutions . If only two given circles are identical , there are only two distinct given circles ; the centers of the solution circles form a hyperbola , as used in one solution to Apollonius ' problem .
An exhaustive enumeration of the number of solutions for all possible configurations of three given circles , points or lines was first undertaken by Muirhead in 1896 , although earlier work had been done by Stoll and Study . However , Muirhead 's work was incomplete ; it was extended in 1974 and a definitive enumeration , with 33 distinct cases , was published in 1983 . Although solutions to Apollonius ' problem generally occur in pairs related by inversion , an odd number of solutions is possible in some cases , e.g. , the single solution for PPP , or when one or three of the given circles are themselves solutions . ( An example of the latter is given in the section on Descartes ' theorem . ) However , there are no Apollonius problems with seven solutions . Alternative solutions based on the geometry of circles and spheres have been developed and used in higher dimensions .
= = = Mutually tangent given circles : Soddy 's circles and Descartes ' theorem = = =
If the three given circles are mutually tangent , Apollonius ' problem has five solutions . Three solutions are the given circles themselves , since each is tangent to itself and to the other two given circles . The remaining two solutions ( shown in red in Figure 12 ) correspond to the inscribed and circumscribed circles , and are called Soddy 's circles . This special case of Apollonius ' problem is also known as the four coins problem . The three given circles of this Apollonius problem form a Steiner chain tangent to the two Soddy 's circles .
Either Soddy circle , when taken together with the three given circles , produces a set of four circles that are mutually tangent at six points . The radii of these four circles are related by an equation known as Descartes ' theorem . In a 1643 letter to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia , René Descartes showed that
<formula>
where ks = 1 / rs and rs are the curvature and radius of the solution circle , respectively , and similarly for the curvatures k1 , k2 and k3 and radii r1 , r2 and r3 of the three given circles . For every set of four mutually tangent circles , there is a second set of four mutually tangent circles that are tangent at the same six points .
Descartes ' theorem was rediscovered independently in 1826 by Jakob Steiner , in 1842 by Philip Beecroft , and again in 1936 by Frederick Soddy . Soddy published his findings in the scientific journal Nature as a poem , The Kiss Precise , of which the first two stanzas are reproduced below . The first stanza describes Soddy 's circles , whereas the second stanza gives Descartes ' theorem . In Soddy 's poem , two circles are said to " kiss " if they are tangent , whereas the term " bend " refers to the curvature k of the circle .
Sundry extensions of Descartes ' theorem have been derived by Daniel Pedoe .
= = Generalizations = =
Apollonius ' problem can be extended to construct all the circles that intersect three given circles at a precise angle θ , or at three specified crossing angles θ1 , θ2 and θ3 ; the ordinary Apollonius ' problem corresponds to a special case in which the crossing angle is zero for all three given circles . Another generalization is the dual of the first extension , namely , to construct circles with three specified tangential distances from the three given circles .
Apollonius ' problem can be extended from the plane to the sphere and other quadratic surfaces . For the sphere , the problem is to construct all the circles ( the boundaries of spherical caps ) that are tangent to three given circles on the sphere . This spherical problem can be rendered into a corresponding planar problem using stereographic projection . Once the solutions to the planar problem have been constructed , the corresponding solutions to the spherical problem can be determined by inverting the stereographic projection . Even more generally , one can consider the problem of four tangent curves that result from the intersections of an arbitrary quadratic surface and four planes , a problem first considered by Charles Dupin .
By solving Apollonius ' problem repeatedly to find the inscribed circle , the interstices between mutually tangential circles can be filled arbitrarily finely , forming an Apollonian gasket , also known as a Leibniz packing or an Apollonian packing . This gasket is a fractal , being self @-@ similar and having a dimension d that is not known exactly but is roughly 1 @.@ 3 , which is higher than that of a regular ( or rectifiable ) curve ( d |
= 1 ) but less than that of a plane ( d =
2 ) . The Apollonian gasket was first described by Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century , and is a curved precursor of the 20th @-@ century Sierpiński triangle . The Apollonian gasket also has deep connections to other fields of mathematics ; for example , it is the limit set of Kleinian groups .
The configuration of a circle tangent to four circles in the plane has special properties , which have been elucidated by Larmor ( 1891 ) and Lachlan ( 1893 ) . Such a configuration is also the basis for Casey 's theorem , itself a generalization of Ptolemy 's theorem .
The extension of Apollonius ' problem to three dimensions , namely , the problem of finding a fifth sphere that is tangent to four given spheres , can be solved by analogous methods . For example , the given and solution spheres can be resized so that one given sphere is shrunk to point while maintaining tangency . Inversion in this point reduces Apollonius ' problem to finding a plane that is tangent to three given spheres . There are in general eight such planes , which become the solutions to the original problem by reversing the inversion and the resizing . This problem was first considered by Pierre de Fermat , and many alternative solution methods have been developed over the centuries .
Apollonius ' problem can even be extended to d dimensions , to construct the hyperspheres tangent to a given set of d + 1 hyperspheres . Following the publication of Frederick Soddy 's re @-@ derivation of the Descartes theorem in 1936 , several people solved ( independently ) the mutually tangent case corresponding to Soddy 's circles in d dimensions .
= = Applications = =
The principal application of Apollonius ' problem , as formulated by Isaac Newton , is hyperbolic trilateration , which seeks to determine a position from the differences in distances to at least three points . For example , a ship may seek to determine its position from the differences in arrival times of signals from three synchronized transmitters . Solutions to Apollonius ' problem were used in World War I to determine the location of an artillery piece from the time a gunshot was heard at three different positions , and hyperbolic trilateration is the principle used by the Decca Navigator System and LORAN . Similarly , the location of an aircraft may be determined from the difference in arrival times of its transponder signal at four receiving stations . This multilateration problem is equivalent to the three @-@ dimensional generalization of Apollonius ' problem and applies to global positioning systems such as GPS . It is also used to determine the position of calling animals ( such as birds and whales ) , although Apollonius ' problem does not pertain if the speed of sound varies with direction ( i.e. , the transmission medium not isotropic ) .
Apollonius ' problem has other applications . In Book 1 , Proposition 21 in his Principia , Isaac Newton used his solution of Apollonius ' problem to construct an orbit in celestial mechanics from the center of attraction and observations of tangent lines to the orbit corresponding to instantaneous velocity . The special case of the problem of Apollonius when all three circles are tangent is used in the Hardy – Littlewood circle method of analytic number theory to construct Hans Rademacher 's contour for complex integration , given by the boundaries of an infinite set of Ford circles each of which touches several others . Finally , Apollonius ' problem has been applied to some types of packing problems , which arise in disparate fields such as the error @-@ correcting codes used on DVDs and the design of pharmaceuticals that bind in a particular enzyme of a pathogenic bacterium .
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= Mikael Samuelsson =
Karl Mikael Samuelsson ( born 23 December 1976 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey right winger . Samuelsson began his career in Sweden , starting with Södertälje SK as a junior in 1994 . He went on to also play for Swedish teams IK Nyköping , Frölunda HC and Brynäs IF . After being selected 145th overall in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft by the San Jose Sharks , he moved to North America for the 2000 – 01 NHL season . Samuelsson spent short stints with the Sharks , New York Rangers , Pittsburgh Penguins and Florida Panthers , before returning to Europe during the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout . As NHL play resumed , Samuelsson signed with the Detroit Red Wings , where he enjoyed individual and team success , winning the Stanley Cup with the club in 2008 . After four seasons in Detroit , he signed with the Vancouver Canucks in July 2009 . He enjoyed the two most successful individual seasons of his career with Vancouver , recording back @-@ to @-@ back 50 @-@ point campaigns in 2009 – 10 and 2010 – 11 . In his third year with the club , he was traded to the Panthers for his second stint in Florida . At the end of the season , he re @-@ signed with the Red Wings in July 2012 .
Internationally , Samuelsson is a member of the Triple Gold Club . In addition to his Stanley Cup championship , he has won gold medals with the Swedish national team at the 2006 Winter Olympics and 2006 World Championships .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Swedish career ( 1994 – 2000 ) = = =
Samuelsson played junior with Södertälje SK of the J20 SuperElit , beginning in 1994 – 95 . Scoring at a point @-@ per @-@ game pace at the junior level the following season , he was called up to the club 's professional club , scoring five goals and an assist in 18 games . He helped Södertälje SK earn a promotion from the second @-@ tier HockeyAllsvenskan to Sweden 's premier league , the Elitserien , for the 1996 – 97 campaign . Debuting in the Elitserien , Samuelsson recorded six points over 29 games . While improving to 16 points in 31 games the following season , he also played in ten games for IK Nyköping in the Allsvenskan . During the subsequent off @-@ season , Samuelsson was selected in the fifth round , 145th overall , by the San Jose Sharks in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft .
Upon being drafted , he remained in Sweden for two more seasons . As Södertälje SK was demoted back to the Allsvenskan for the 1998 – 99 season , Samuelsson remained in the Elitserien by joining Frölunda HC , playing with both teams over the course of the season . While scoring 23 points over 18 games with Södertälje , he managed five points over 27 games with Frölunda . The following season , 1999 – 2000 , Samuelsson transferred to Brynäs IF of the Elitserien and recorded seven points in 40 games . He helped the club to the second @-@ best record in the regular season , before losing in the semifinals to Modo Hockey . He ranked second in team @-@ scoring with nine points in 11 post @-@ season games .
= = = Early NHL career ( 2000 – 05 ) = = =
Samuelsson moved to North America in 2000 – 01 to begin playing within the San Jose Sharks organization . He was assigned to the club 's American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Kentucky Thoroughblades , out of training camp , where he spent the majority of the season . He had 32 goals and 78 points over 66 games in the AHL to finish seventh in League scoring . Called up to the Sharks on two occasions over the course of the season , he appeared in his first four NHL games , recording no points .
In the subsequent off @-@ season , Samuelsson was traded to the New York Rangers , along with fellow prospect Christian Gosselin , in exchange for veteran forward Adam Graves on June 24 , 2001 . He began the 2001 – 02 season with the Rangers ' AHL affiliate , the Hartford Wolf Pack , but after notching nine points in eight games , he was recalled to the NHL on November 5 . He scored his first two NHL goals on November 20 against goaltender Patrick Roy in a 5 – 3 win against the Colorado Avalanche . Samuelsson 's first goal came short @-@ handed and broke Roy 's three @-@ game shutout streak , which was in contention to tie the modern @-@ day NHL record at the time of four games . Samuelsson remained with the Rangers for the rest of the season and recorded six goals and 16 assists over 67 games as an NHL rookie . He was utilized in primarily defensive roles during his time in New York , playing on the penalty kill and matching up against opposing teams ' top offensive lines .
In the off @-@ season , Samuelsson was re @-@ signed by the Rangers and made the club 's opening roster for the 2002 – 03 campaign . Late in the season , he was dealt to the Pittsburgh Penguins in an eight @-@ player trade on February 10 , 2003 . Along with Samuelsson , the Rangers sent Rico Fata , Joël Bouchard , Richard Lintner and cash to the Penguins in exchange for Alexei Kovalev , Dan LaCouture , Janne Laukkanen and Mike Wilson . Samuelsson scored two goals in 22 games with the Penguins to finish his second NHL season with a combined 10 goals and 24 points between Pittsburgh and New York . Looking to move up in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft , the Penguins traded him on draft @-@ day , along with their first- and second @-@ round picks ( used to select Nathan Horton and Stefan Meyer , respectively ) , to the Florida Panthers in exchange for the first overall selection that year ( used to pick goaltender Marc @-@ André Fleury ) and a third @-@ round pick ( Daniel Carcillo ) on June 21 , 2003 .
Samuelsson spent most of his time with the Panthers on the injured reserve list , beginning with a fractured jaw after receiving a high @-@ stick from Branislav Mezei on November 22 , 2003 . He did not return until January 2004 , missing 22 games . That same month , Samuelsson fractured his hand , missing another 21 games . After finishing the campaign with nine points in 37 games , he was not tendered a qualifying offer by the Panthers and subsequently became a free agent .
As it became apparent that the following NHL season would be suspended due to a lockout , Samuelsson initially signed with Genève @-@ Servette HC of the Swiss National League A in September 2004 . He appeared in 12 games for the club , recording six points . A month after signing in Switzerland , he returned to Södertälje SK of the Elitserien in late October . He recorded 20 points over 29 games as the club qualified for the eighth and final playoff spot , where they were defeated by Färjestad BK in four @-@ straight games . Samuelsson notched six points in ten post @-@ season games .
= = = Detroit Red Wings ( 2005 – 2009 ) = = =
With NHL play set to resume following the lockout , Samuelsson was contacted by Håkan Andersson , director of European scouting for the Detroit Red Wings , in the summer of 2005 . Still in Europe , he was loaned from Södertälje SK to the Swiss Rapperswil @-@ Jona Lakers for two games in early @-@ September . Samuelsson competed in one game for the Lakers before signing a one @-@ year contract with the Red Wings . Joining Detroit marked a turning point in his career . Playing mainly on the third line , he was used on the power play and emerged as a legitimate offensive player in the NHL . During his first season with the Red Wings , he recorded 23 goals , 22 assists and 45 points in 71 games . He missed nine games late in the campaign due to a wrist injury , but returned for the playoffs . Seeded first overall in the Western Conference , Detroit was eliminated in the opening round by the Edmonton Oilers . Samuelsson notched an assist while appearing in the first six NHL playoff games of his career .
In March 2006 , Samuelsson signed a three @-@ year contract extension with the Red Wings . He recorded 34 points in 53 games the following season , while missing 18 games to a broken right foot . Finishing first overall in the West once more , Detroit advanced to the Conference Semifinals , where they were eliminated by the Anaheim Ducks . Samuelsson contributed 11 points in 18 post @-@ season games .
After a 40 @-@ point campaign in 2007 – 08 , Samuelsson helped the Red Wings to a Stanley Cup championship . He recorded 13 points in 22 post @-@ season games , including the first two goals in Game 1 of the Stanley Cup Finals against the Pittsburgh Penguins . Helping the Red Wings defeat the Penguins in six games , the victory made Samuelsson a member of the Triple Gold Club , having won gold medals at the Winter Olympics and World Championships two years prior . Also accomplishing the feat were teammates and fellow Swedes Henrik Zetterberg and Niklas Kronwall .
The following season , Samuelsson recorded a second consecutive 40 @-@ point campaign . In the ensuing playoffs , he scored the overtime @-@ winning goal in Game 2 of the Semifinals against the Chicago Blackhawks . He advanced with the Red Wings to the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals , where they met the Penguins for the second consecutive year . Detroit was defeated in seven games , missing out on back @-@ to @-@ back championships . Samuelsson contributed 10 points in 21 playoff games .
= = = Vancouver Canucks ( 2009 – 11 ) = = =
Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Samuelsson signed a three @-@ year deal with the Vancouver Canucks on July 3 , 2009 , worth an annual average value of $ 2 @.@ 5 million . He signed with the Canucks anticipating an expanded offensive role with more ice time , while also commenting that Detroit 's efforts to re @-@ sign him " came up too short , too late . "
He scored his first goal as a Canuck in the 2009 – 10 season opener against the Calgary Flames in a 5 – 3 loss on October 1 . On March 9 , 2010 , Samuelsson scored his first career hat trick in a 6 – 4 win against the Colorado Avalanche . All three goals were scored in the second period and assisted by countryman Henrik Sedin . He later earned NHL First Star of the Week honours on March 15 for notching six goals and four assists in four games . The following day , Samuelsson injured his shoulder in a game against the New York Islanders . He missed eight games , returning in time for the 2010 playoffs . He reached the 30 @-@ goal plateau for the first time in his career and added 23 assists for a career @-@ high 53 points . Then @-@ Head Coach Alain Vigneault played Samuelsson primarily on the second line with Ryan Kesler and Mason Raymond , while he also earned time on the top unit of Henrik and Daniel Sedin .
Facing the Los Angeles Kings in the opening round of the playoffs , Samuelsson tied two Canucks playoff records . With seven goals in six games , he tied Pavel Bure for most goals in a series and with goals in the first five games of the series , he tied Cliff Ronning for longest goal @-@ scoring streak . The Canucks advanced to the second round , where they were defeated by the Chicago Blackhawks in six games . Samuelsson finished the post @-@ season with eight goals and 15 points in 12 games to lead the Canucks in scoring .
The following season , Samuelsson suffered a mild concussion after colliding with St. Louis Blues forward Vladimír Sobotka on December 5 , 2010 , causing him to miss one game . Two months later , he was named the NHL 's Second Star for the week ending February 6 , 2011 . He scored two goals and six points in three Canucks victories to earn the distinction . While his goals total decreased to 18 in 2010 – 11 , Samuelsson recorded his second consecutive 50 @-@ point campaign with a career @-@ high 32 assists . Ranking fourth in team point @-@ scoring behind the Sedins and Kesler , he helped the Canucks to the franchise 's first Presidents ' Trophy as the team with the NHL 's best regular season record .
Samuelsson struggled in the 2011 playoffs , as he returned from a lower @-@ body injury that kept him from the six games near the end of the regular season . Recording three points over 11 games against the Blackhawks and Nashville Predators in the first two rounds , he was demoted at one point to the Canucks ' fourth line in the second round against Nashville ; it was suspected he was playing through an injury . In Game 5 of the second round against Nashville , he fell to the ice while stretching to retrieve a loose puck and needed to be helped off the ice . Twelve days later , on May 19 , he underwent surgery for his adductor tendon and a sports hernia , sidelining him for the remainder of the playoffs . With Samuelsson out of the lineup , Vancouver advanced to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , where they were defeated in seven games by the Boston Bruins .
Recovering in time for the start of the 2011 – 12 season , Samuelsson played six games for Vancouver before being traded away on October 22 , 2011 . He was sent back to Florida for his second stint with the Panthers , along with fellow veteran forward Marco Sturm , in exchange for forwards David Booth and Steven Reinprecht , as well as a third @-@ round draft pick in 2013 . In an interview with HockeySverige.se at the end of the season , he told Swedish reporters that while he enjoyed playing in Vancouver , competing alongside countrymen Alexander Edler and the Sedins in particular , he " didn 't think very highly of management . " He also criticized Alexandre Burrows for his actions during the Finals , when he bit Patrice Bergeron 's finger after the Bruins forward had put it in his mouth , citing it a rallying point for the Bruins in their defeat of the Canucks .
= = = Returns to Florida and Detroit ( 2011 – 2014 ) = = =
Samuelsson did not make his Panthers debut until December 8 , 2011 , missing the team 's first 20 games following the trade due to a groin complications that had not fully healed in the off @-@ season . In his first month with the team , he suffered another lower @-@ body injury after being checked by Phoenix Coyotes forward Shane Doan during a game on December 20 ; he missed five games . Upon returning , he scored his first goal as a Panther since the 2003 – 04 season on January 6 , 2012 , in a 5 – 2 loss to the New Jersey Devils . Samuelsson finished the campaign with 14 goals and 31 points over 54 games , split between Vancouver and Florida . His points @-@ per @-@ game ranked fifth on the Panthers .
Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Samuelsson signed a two @-@ year , $ 6 million deal to return to the Detroit Red Wings on July 1 , 2012 . The deal included a full no @-@ trade clause .
= = = Djurgårdens IF ( 2014 – 2015 ) = = =
After two injury plagued seasons with the Red Wings , Samuelsson agreed to a one @-@ year contract with Djurgårdens IF of the Swedish Hockey League ( SHL ) on July 29 , 2014 . Samuelsson 's season in Djurgården began with the premiere season of the Champions Hockey League . In the three group stage games he participated in , Samuelsson scored two goals and three points . He scored his first goal for Djurgården in the sixth round of the SHL regular season , a 4 – 5 loss against Örebro HK . He then injured his knee on October 16 and was out of play until October 28 . Samuelsson was again out of the lineup between January 10 and February 19 due to a groin injury , missing 11 games . At the end of the SHL regular season , Samuelsson had scored 13 goals and 26 points in 37 games . He announced his retirement from professional hockey on March 26 , 2015 .
= = International play = =
Samuelsson debuted for the Swedish national team at the 2005 World Championships in Austria . He recorded five points in nine games as Sweden finished in fourth place , losing the bronze medal game to Russia . The following year , he competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He contributed four points in eight games , while playing on a line with future Canucks teammates Henrik and Daniel Sedin . Samuelsson recorded an assist against Finland in the final , helping Sweden win gold . Later that year , he played for Sweden at the 2006 World Championships in Latvia , a tournament in which Sweden defeated the Czech Republic 4 – 0 in the final . Sweden became the first team in hockey history to win the Olympic gold and the World Championship in the same year . He recorded an international career @-@ high nine points over eight games to tie for second in team scoring , while also leading Sweden in shots on goal .
Four years later , Samuelsson attracted media attention after being left off the Swedish roster for the 2010 Winter Olympics . He told reporters , " I pretty much have one comment and maybe I 'll regret it . But they [ Team Sweden officials ] can go fuck themselves , " adding that he was not interested in being later added to the roster in the event of an injury . His omission was highly publicized by Swedish media as he was in the midst of a career season with the Canucks ( he went on to record the second @-@ highest goals total among Swedish NHLers that season in 2009 – 10 , with 30 ) . Sweden went on to lose to Slovakia in the quarterfinal , failing to medal .
= = Playing style = =
Samuelsson 's primary offensive attribute is his shot . Rather than relying on stickhandling in the offensive zone , his primary tendency is to direct the puck towards the net , hoping for a rebound . Before becoming an offensive threat later in his career , he established himself first as a defensively responsible forward in the NHL , earning time on the penalty kill and against opposing team 's top players . Strong on his skates , he is also noted to play aggressively , as well . As a result , Samuelsson is known as a versatile , two @-@ way player .
= = Personal life = =
Samuelsson was born in Mariefred , a town 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) from the Swedish capital of Stockholm . He and his wife Sandra have two children , a son , William , and a daughter , Stina . In the off @-@ seasons , Samuelsson returns with his family to the Stockholm area , where he owns a home in Nykvarn . After the Red Wings ' championship victory in 2008 , he brought the Stanley Cup with him to Nykvarn and had a civic reception with the Cup in Mariefred on July 29 , 2008 . Aside from hockey , Samuelsson is an avid golfer .
In September 2010 , Samuelsson posted an online charity auction for fans in Sweden to benefit minor hockey in Mariefred . The highest bidder at $ 6 @,@ 500 , won an all @-@ expenses paid trip for two to Vancouver , featuring tickets to two Canucks games at Rogers Arena , access to the team 's locker room and a five @-@ night stay in Samuelsson 's personal home . Samuelsson has also been involved in the National Hockey League Players Association ( NHLPA ) ' s Goals and Dreams program , which provides equipment to minor hockey teams around the world , including Mariefred .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
Statistics taken from Eliteprospects.com
= = Awards = =
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= One Love ( Jennifer Lopez song ) =
" One Love " is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez for her seventh studio album , Love ? ( 2011 ) . The R & B song was written by Lopez , Anesha Birchett , Antea Shelton and Emile " D 'Mile " Dernst II , the song 's producer . " One Love " was initially written and presented to Lopez by A @-@ Plus ( Birchett and Shelton ) and D 'Mile to record , however , upon hearing the demo of the song , she was not pleased with its verses . Liking the chorus and idea of the song , Lopez wrote new verses to the song with the song 's original writers .
" One Love " received generally positive acclaim from music critics , who cited it as a stand @-@ out track on Love ? . Critics made note of the song 's indirect manner , which according to them contains references to Lopez 's ex @-@ boyfriends and husbands , such as Sean Combs and Ben Affleck . Following the release of Love ? , it was revealed that Lopez 's first husband , Ojani Noa , intended to bring her to court over the song , claiming that it contained lyrics about him without his prior knowledge – violating agreements made between the two following their divorce . Despite this , it has been noted that Noa is not referenced in the song and the lawsuit never transpired .
= = Production and lyrical interpretation = =
" One Love " is a R & B song , with a length of three minutes and fifty @-@ four seconds ( 3 : 54 ) . It was written by Lopez , along with A @-@ Plus ( Anesha Birchett and Antea Shelton ) and the song 's producer Emile " D 'Mile " Dernst II . A @-@ Plus ( Birchett and Shelton ) and D 'Mile wrote and presented the song to Lopez , who loved the idea of it , but thought the track to be " very generic " . In response , she asked : " Why don 't we make it more ' me ' ? " . Lopez then sat with them and wrote new verses for the song , going through every major relationship she had , asking the question : " is there one love ? " . Lopez described the song as being about " if we can ever have one true soul mate " . She recorded her vocals for the song with Kuk Harrell at Record Plant Recording Studios , with additional vocal production from Josh Gudwin , Jim Annunziato and Birchett . John Kercy was responsible for Lopez 's vocal editing on " One Love " , which was later mixed by Mike " Handz " Donaldson at Chalice Recording Studios .
Scott Shetler of Pop Crush noted that the song was indirectly about Lopez 's ex @-@ boyfriends and husbands . He commented that the song was " obviously condemning several exes " and wrote " A logical reading of the lyrics , though , reveals that the “ bad boy ” is probably Lopez ’ s former long @-@ term boyfriend and Bad Boy Records founder Diddy , while the guy J. Lo danced with until saying “ I do ” is her second husband Cris Judd , a professional dancer and choreographer . The lyrics go on to reference two more men , who would seem to be Ben Affleck ( “ went nowhere but kept the ring ” ) and Lopez ’ s current husband , Marc Anthony ( “ he sang to me . ” ) " Allison Stewart from The Washington Post said that " One Love " examines all of her high @-@ profiled relationships , and commented that Lopez is not " trying to gin up controversy with these red @-@ meat tidbits about her personal life . She honestly thought you might be curious about Ben Affleck and whatever happened to that huge engagement ring he gave her all those years ago , during Bennifer ’ s dark reign . "
= = Critical response and lawsuit = =
" One Love " received generally positive acclaim from music critics . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine stated that beyond " One Love " , " Love ? doesn 't dig very deep into its titular query " . Monica Herrera from Billboard wrote in her track @-@ by @-@ track review of Love ? : " ' One Love ' – " What 's wrong with a girl wanting everything ? " Jennifer wonders over this slow roller , " and responded with " Nothing , when you 're a triple @-@ threat superstar . " Robert Copsey from Digital Spy called the song generic , while Poppy Reid of The Music Network complimented the song for its lyrical content ; stating that apart from other songs on Love ? , Lopez is acting her age in " One Love " , the album she wrote herself .
After the release of Love ? , it was reported that Lopez 's former husband Ojani Noa had filed a lawsuit against Lopez over " One Love " , claiming that it contained lyrics about him without his prior knowledge . Noa 's business partner Ed Meyer released a statement saying that the song violates agreements between Noa and Lopez in their divorce . He further stated that : " I have a conference with the attorney for J.Lo 's partners in the publishing rights for this song on Monday , as we will be adding the dispute over One Love to the lawsuits [ ... ] Any negative reference to Ojani Noa is prohibited by contract , and J.Lo would be in breach to Ojani Noa . Ojani Noa will be bringing a separate civil action over the song , as soon as the album is released , so as to avoid prior restraint , which we are accusing J.Lo of in our case . " Scott Shetler from Pop Crush noted that Noa was not actually referenced in the lyrics of the song .
= = Live performances = =
Lopez performed " One Love " live on October 22 , 2011 at an anniversary concert for the Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville , Connecticut , as part of a medley with her debut single " If You Had My Love " . Photographs of her past high profile relationships appeared on a backdrop as she performed .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love ? .
= = Charts = =
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= We 're Not in Kansas Anymore =
" We 're Not in Kansas Anymore " is the pilot episode of the American teen drama 90210 , which premiered on September 2 , 2008 on The CW in the United States and Global in Canada . 90210 is a spin @-@ off to Beverly Hills , 90210 , and the fourth series in the Beverly Hills , 90210 continuity . The pilot was written by Gabe Sachs , Jeff Judah and Rob Thomas , and directed by Mark Piznarski . The episode , aired with " The Jet Set " in a two @-@ hour premiere , averaged 4 @.@ 9 million viewers on its original broadcast .
The development of a Beverly Hills , 90210 spin @-@ off by The CW was reported on March 13 , 2008 ; four days later , a detailed breakdown of the pilot written by Thomas was released . Thomas later announced that he was leaving the series , and Sachs and Judah were hired to write a new version of the script . Casting began before the script was completed , and several cast members of the original series were approached , of whom several accepted to appear . Reviews of the episode were mixed , and one critic explained , " it 's not a great show but it 's not a terrible teen drama , not by a long shot . The new 90210 turns out to be a solid sequel with plenty of shout @-@ outs to fans of the old 90210 . "
The pilot introduces the Wilson family , along with numerous other students at West Beverly Hills High , where Annie Wilson ( Shenae Grimes ) and Dixon Wilson ( Tristan Wilds ) begin attendance . Their father , Harry Wilson ( Rob Estes ) , returns from Kansas to his childhood home of Beverly Hills with his family to care of his mother , former television star Tabitha Wilson ( Jessica Walter ) , who has a drinking problem . Annie and Dixon struggle to adjust to their new lives while making new friends and adhering to their parents ' wishes .
= = Plot = =
The Wilson family — consisting of parents Harry and Debbie ( Lori Loughlin ) , daughter Annie , and adopted son Dixon arrive at the mansion of Harry 's mother , Tabitha . Where they will be taking care of her . Annie and Dixon discuss what their first day of school will be like at West Beverly Hills High , where their father will be the principal . Annie hopes to hook up with a friend named Ethan Ward ( Dustin Milligan ) , whom she met two summers ago . When she arrives at school the next day , Annie spots Ethan in his car and makes eye contact , only to realize that he is receiving fellatio from a fellow student . Dixon goes to journalism class , where he meets Navid Shirazi ( Michael Steger ) , while Annie goes to her first class taught by Ryan Matthews ( Ryan Eggold ) . Matthews asks popular student , Naomi Clark ( AnnaLynne McCord ) , to show Annie around the school . After class , Naomi talks to Annie about her busy life and upcoming sixteenth birthday party . Annie discovers that she is dating Ethan , and meets her best friend , Adrianna Tate @-@ Duncan ( Jessica Lowndes ) , who is the lead in the school play Spring Awakening . Annie , who is also an actress , is upset that she arrived too late to audition for a role , although Adrianna says that she would be better use backstage . Later , Adrianna takes several pills from a drug dealer , and agrees to pay him two hundred dollars the next day .
Annie sees Ethan and promises not to tell Naomi what she saw . They part ways for lunch , and Annie meets Silver ( Jessica Stroup ) ; however , Naomi pulls Annie away , explaining that Silver makes insulting YouTube videos about people . Naomi invites Annie to her birthday party , and they decide to go shopping together . Harry and guidance counselor Kelly Taylor ( Jennie Garth ) and Mr.Matthews meet with Naomi 's parents , who feel that Naomi should not have to hand in her assignments on time when she is planning her party . Before she leaves , Naomi 's mother , Tracy ( Christina Moore ) , reminds Harry that they dated in high school . Naomi receives a text message from her mother , telling her that she must complete the assignment that night . Annie remembers that she completed a similar assignment for her old school , and offers to give Naomi a copy for inspiration .
Dixon is accepted into the lacrosse team after trying out , but gets into a fight with team member George Evans ( Kellan Lutz ) . Annie tells Dixon of her invitation to Naomi 's party , and how she saw Ethan cheating on Naomi . The next day at school , Annie finds out that Silver made a video blog about her , depicting her as a bitchy farmer . Annie confronts Silver , who felt insulted by Annie 's decision to hang out with Naomi . When Silver is reprimanded by her half @-@ sister , Kelly , she realizes that she shouldn 't reprimand Annie for what happened between her and Naomi in the past . Elsewhere , Ethan is forced by his team members to lie that Dixon started the fight during , and he is subsequently kicked off the team . Annie argues with Ethan because of his lying , and asks what happened to the Ethan that she met two years ago . In class , Naomi reads an exact copy of Annie 's paper . Afterward , when Annie confronts Naomi , she apologizes by giving Annie an $ 800 dress . Annie decides to watch the school play rehearsals , and Silver apologizes for the video by asking the drama teacher to let Annie sing with the chorus for the play . Much to Adrianna 's dismay , Annie is allowed to be in the play . Naomi again gets into trouble when Harry discovers that she cheated , and forces her to write the paper in his office . Ethan has a fight with George and tells the truth , resulting in Dixon being allowed to play on the team . Dixon tells Annie that he feels horrible , as he sent a text message to Naomi telling her that Ethan is cheating on her .
Harry and Debbie punish Annie by not allowing her to go to Naomi 's party . When they reconsider and decide to let her go , they discover that she has already left . Harry goes to the party to find Annie , but is instead told by Tracy that they have a son together , whom she gave up for adoption over twenty years ago . Adrianna , who had previously stolen money from Naomi 's purse , claims to have found it and gives it back . Naomi checks her phone messages and learns that Ethan is cheating on her . Naomi asks Ethan if he is really cheating on her , and leaves the party after he fails to answer . Annie leaves with Silver for another party on the beach , where she apologizes to Ethan for revealing that he was cheating on Naomi . When she asks why he told the truth about Dixon not starting the fight , he replies that he is trying to be the good guy he used to be . Annie , Silver , Dixon and Navid spend the rest of the night swimming at the beach . In the closing scenes , Kelly talks to the father of her four @-@ year @-@ old son , Adrianna pays her drug dealer with money she stole from Naomi , and Ethan visits Naomi 's house .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
On March 13 , 2008 , it was announced that The CW was developing a contemporary spin @-@ off of Beverly Hills , 90210 , which first aired on Fox from October 1990 to May 2000 . The project was put on the fast track by the network , and an order of the pilot was expected by the end of the month . The Beverly Hills , 90210 creator , Darren Star , was announced not to be involved with the project , as well as producer Aaron Spelling , who died in 2006 . The only surviving element from the original series was the Creative Artists Agency , the talent agency which masterminded the spin @-@ off idea . Veronica Mars creator Rob Thomas was in negotiations to write the pilot , and Mark Piznarski was in talks to direct .
A detailed breakdown of the pilot written by Thomas was released on March 17 , containing information on the plot and characters of the series . None of the characters were related to the original series ; however , the series ' featured a similar premise : a family with two teenagers who recently moved from the Midwest to Beverly Hills . To reflect the situation at the Beverly Hills school , where around 40 percent of the students were from Persian descent , a student named Navid Shirazi was created . Thomas intended to introduce The Peach Pit , the diner from Beverly Hills , 90210 , but noted that it would not be featured in the pilot . The writer considered giving the siblings a job at a movie theater , as he did not want them to use their parent 's credit cards . Thomas revealed that there were plans to reintroduce one of the original cast members , but had not met with any of them to discuss a role . Thomas later elaborated the producers wanted to see " as many of the original cast members as possible " , but were careful not to " parade them all out in the pilot " .
On April 14 , Thomas announced that he was leaving the series to focus on his two pilots for ABC . Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah were hired as the new executive producer and wrote a new version of the script in late April . Sachs said that although Thomas had a " great script " , their version of the script was " edgier " . Judah said that they were trying to ground their script in reality , with real character stories and emotional stories . The writers wanted the audience to relate to the characters ' problems , which they wanted to be truthful and emotional , but also comedic . The pair were interested in telling several stories simultaneously , featuring many characters . The pair changed the surname of the family from Mills to Wilson , and told reporters that they would be adding their " comedic impulses " to the script . Sachs and Judah found the parents to be an integral part of the series , and designed them to be contemporary parents . Since the producers were both fathers , they designed the script to include more prominent adult story lines and a strong point of view on parenting . Judah was interested in focusing on how the family kept their moral center when moving to Beverly Hills , and the way the parents dealt with their teenagers .
= = = Casting = = =
On March 13 , Kristin Dos Santos of E ! confirmed that the series would be a spin @-@ off with new characters , and not a remake . In order for the project to be ready for the network 's " upfront " presentations to advertisers in May , casting began before the script was completed . The first actor to be cast was Dustin Milligan on April 1 , followed by AnnaLynne McCord on April 14 . Sachs found Milligan to be " really funny " , and changed Ethan to better represent his personality . McCord was cast because , according to Sachs , " she 's someone who is worldly , and there 's a sophistication to her that 's interesting " . Actress and singer Hilary Duff was rumored to have been offered the part of Annie , but she told reports that it was " not true " . The role was eventually given to Shenae Grimes , who says she was raised watching the original series . Sachs and Judah had seen Grimes ' work before and knew " she had the acting chops " , and she was cast after acting a dramatic scene which she " just killed " . Sachs stated , " she can act , she 's beautiful , and she can give this sweet cuteness ( that lets us see ) through her eyes into this world . "
Lori Loughlin auditioned for the role of Debbie and was given the part straight away . Sachs thought that Loughlin was too established to read for the part , but realized that she understood the role immediately . The producers were fans of Jessica Walter after watching her film , Play Misty for Me . Sachs found that Walter knew pieces of scenes , and suggested " stuff that works " . Sachs described Ryan Eggold , who portrayed Matthews , as " a sophisticated actor , and he 's also very funny " . Sachs believed that every time Eggold would be on screen , " people are going to go , ' Wow ! ' " .
The producers were looking for an actor who could portray Silver as a " quirky kid who moves to her own beat " . Sachs explained that Jessica Stroup " came in dressed for the part , artsy and quirky , and she had her hair up and she had a bandana . She nailed it . " The producers were fans of Tristan Wilds for his acting on The Wire , and hoped to hire him as Dixon from the start of casting . When asked about Michael Steger , who portrays Navid , Sachs said " he 's just great " . Rob Estes , the last actor to join the series , was a previous cast member of the first Beverly Hills , 90210 spin @-@ off , Melrose Place . Estes was sought by The CW to play Harry , but was contracted on the drama Women 's Murder Club . When that series was canceled , Sachs called Estes and explained the spin @-@ off to him , and he thought it was a great idea . Sachs promised that although he was playing a parent , he would not " be furniture ... as in the seldom seen or heard parents who populate many youth @-@ centric series , like the Walsh parents on the original 90210 . "
Following rumors of cast members from Beverly Hills , 90210 appearing on the spin @-@ off , The CW confirmed that Shannen Doherty , Jennie Garth , Tori Spelling and Joe E. Tata would be returning in recurring roles as their original characters . Sachs was familiar with Garth , and talked to her about a possible role in the series . Garth agreed to star on the series without reading a script after brainstorming ideas with Sachs . The producers offered Garth a role as a series regular , but she opted to sign on as a recurring character . Doherty decided to appear after talking with Sachs , but her appearance was moved to the second episode . Sachs described Tata 's casting as an accident ; a friend told Sachs that he had seen Tata in a store , which led to the offer of a recurring role in the series . Sachs said that Tata was ecstatic about the idea and agreed . After reading the script , Spelling expressed interest in returning , and the writers decided to give her character her own fashion line . Spelling was scheduled to appear in the premiere , but due to personal reasons and the birth of her daughter , she opted to appear later in the season . On August 11 , it was reported that Spelling had pulled out of the series after discovering that she was receiving less pay than Garth and Doherty . Spelling asked for her salary of $ 20 @,@ 000 per episode to be increased to match their salaries — $ 40 @,@ 000 to $ 50 @,@ 000 per episode — but when denied she left the show altogether .
= = = Filming = = =
On May 11 , 2008 , one day before The CW 's upfront presentations , the network officially picked up the series for the 2008 – 2009 television season . Filming for the pilot began in early June in Los Angeles . Torrance High School , which served as the high school in the original series was also used by the spin @-@ off . Filming for the series usually took place in numerous high schools in Torrance and El Segundo , although several scenes were filmed in Torrance High School because of its large auditorium . Sachs returned to the school for the first time after graduating in 1979 . Judah announced that the Peach Pit would be back , but as a coffeehouse rather than a diner . Other filming locations included the mansions of the Bel @-@ Air neighborhood and the Hollywood night club Boulevard3 . One week prior to the pilot 's broadcast , it was confirmed that filming was still taking place , as the producers wanted to reshoot scenes and add extra ones .
= = Release = =
= = = Broadcast = = =
Prior to the season premieres of most television series in September , a common practice by television networks would be to send screeners of pilots of new shows to critics . On August 18 , The CW notified critics that they would not be releasing the premiere episodes , saying , " [ we ] have made the strategic marketing decision not to screen 90210 for any media in advance of its premiere . We 're not hiding anything ... simply keeping a lid on 90210 until 9 @.@ 02 , riding the curiosity and anticipation into premiere night , and letting all our constituents see it at the same time . " Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV speculated that the decision was an indication of the low quality of the episodes , but pointed out that the pilot may not have been finished in time for a screener release , which was later confirmed to be the case . Despite not having watched the episode , the Parents Television Council said in a statement that " if Gossip Girl is any indication of what 90210 will look like , advertisers have plenty of reason to steer clear of the show ... No reputable advertiser should even consider sponsoring the show without viewing the content in advance . " " We 're Not in Kansas Anymore " , along with the following episode , averaged 4 @.@ 9 million viewers throughout the two @-@ hour broadcast on September 2 . This gave The CW its highest @-@ rated premiere ever in the adults 18 @-@ 49 demographic with a 2 @.@ 6 . By comparison , the series finale of the original series was watched by 25 million viewers on its original broadcast in May 2000 .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Most reviews of the pilot were average , claiming that while it was not bad , it was not great either . Metacritic gave the episode a Metascore — a weighted average based on the impressions of a select 12 critical reviews — of 46 , signifying mixed or average reviews . When compared to the original series , Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette felt that the spin @-@ off covered the same themes — family , friends , teen melodrama , relationships — but with more humor . Owen praised the compelling characters and the acting , and found the dialogue to be more clever than painful . Adam Buckman of the New York Post commented on the crude language used by the characters , and found there was nothing new that could have surprised him with watching the episode . Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter found that despite The CW 's decision not to send out screeners to critics , the pilot was " [ not ] so horrible after all " . Richmond praised the actors and writers , especially returning actor Garth , whom he found looked " terrific " and acted well .
Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger found that while 90210 was neither " trainwreck nor masterpiece " , it remained remarkably faithful in tone and spirit to the original series . The reviewer realized that " the dialogue was at times intentionally funny " , and pointed out that although the actors looked to old for high school , they acted " a lot more natural " than the actors on the original series . Sepinwall questioned The CW 's intended audience , saying that while the music and styles were reminiscent of Gossip Girl , those who had not seen the original series would not have cared for the returning characters . Verne Gay of Newsday described 90210 as a " perfectly competent and reasonably seamless revival " , with enough contemporary touchstones to attract new viewers . The reviewer commended the spin @-@ off for integrating the new characters with the originals , while also including adults . Gay found that while the pilot featured too many story lines , the " vibe felt right " and it was not the disaster it was expected to be .
Among the reviews were several negative ones , which compared the series negatively to the original . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe felt that like the original , 90210 was " pretty bad " . Gilbert said that the episode " seemed to take forever to set up some remarkably bland plotlines " , which he found had been executed with more finesse by other teen soaps . The reviewer criticized the writers for their " unimaginative material " , exemplified by the risqué anal sex scene which he opined would no longer be considered outrageous for a series targeted at teenagers . Gilbert claimed that the characters lacked depth and distinction , especially Naomi , whom he compared negatively to Gossip Girl 's Blair Waldorf . By contrast , Tom Gliatto of People magazine gave Naomi Clark a favorable review , but stated that he felt the cast as a whole had yet to gel . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the pilot as " corny but trying to be hip , crammed with subplots until the producers figure out which ones the audience responds to . " Tucker praised Walters acting as a " slashing panache that no one else on screen approaches " , and found the only time he laughed with pleasure throughout the pilot was when her character exclaimed , " I 'm gonna call Dan Tana 's for some takeout ! " . Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel described the pilot as " a blah variation on Beverly Hills , 90210 " , and being too " extravagant and less believable " . Boedeker expressed disappointment in the series , and predicted that it would be canceled within a year .
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= Violin Concerto ( Mendelssohn ) =
Felix Mendelssohn 's Violin Concerto in E minor , Op. 64 , is his last large orchestral work . It forms an important part of the violin repertoire and is one of the most popular and most frequently performed violin concertos of all time . A typical performance lasts just under half an hour .
Mendelssohn originally proposed the idea of the violin concerto to Ferdinand David , a close friend and then concertmaster of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra . Although conceived in 1838 , the work took another six years to complete and was not premiered until 1845 . During this time , Mendelssohn maintained a regular correspondence with David , who gave him many suggestions . The work itself was one of the foremost violin concertos of the Romantic era and was influential on many other composers .
Although the concerto consists of three movements in a standard fast – slow – fast structure and each movement follows a traditional form , the concerto was innovative and included many novel features for its time . Distinctive aspects include the almost immediate entrance of the violin at the beginning of the work ( rather than following an orchestral preview of the first movement 's major themes , as was typical in Classical @-@ era concertos ) and the through @-@ composed form of the concerto as a whole , in which the three movements are melodically and harmonically connected and played attacca ( each movement immediately following the previous one ) .
The concerto was well received and soon became regarded as one of the greatest violin concertos of all time . The concerto remains popular to this day and has developed a reputation as an essential concerto for all aspiring concert violinists to master , and usually one of the first Romantic era concertos they learn . Many professional violinists have recorded the concerto and the work is regularly performed in concerts and classical music competitions .
Mendelssohn also wrote a virtuoso Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra in D minor between 1821 and 1823 , when he was 12 to 14 years old , at the same time that he produced his twelve string symphonies . This work was " rediscovered " and first recorded in 1951 by Yehudi Menuhin .
= = History = =
Following his appointment in 1835 to principal conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra , Mendelssohn named his childhood friend Ferdinand David as the orchestra 's concertmaster . The work 's origins derive from this professional collaboration . In a letter dated 30 July 1838 , Mendelssohn wrote to David : " I should like to write a violin concerto for you next winter . One in E minor runs through my head , the beginning of which gives me no peace . "
The concerto took another six years to complete . There are many possible reasons for the delay , including self @-@ doubt , his third symphony and an unhappy period in Berlin after a request from King Frederick William IV of Prussia . Nevertheless , Mendelssohn and David kept up a regular correspondence during this time , with Mendelssohn seeking technical and compositional advice . Indeed , this violin concerto was the first of many to have been composed with the input of a professional violinist , and would influence many future collaborations . The autographed score is dated 16 September 1844 , but Mendelssohn was still seeking advice from David until its premiere . The concerto was first performed in Leipzig on 13 March 1845 with Ferdinand David as soloist . Mendelssohn was unable to conduct due to illness and the premiere was conducted by the Danish composer Niels Gade . Mendelssohn first conducted the concerto on 23 October 1845 again with Ferdinand David as soloist .
= = Instrumentation = =
The work is scored for solo violin and a standard orchestra of its period , consisting of two flutes , two oboes , two clarinets , two bassoons , two horns , two trumpets , timpani , and strings .
= = Movements = =
The concerto consists of three movements with the following tempo markings :
Allegro molto appassionato ( E minor )
Andante ( C major )
Allegretto non troppo – Allegro molto vivace ( E major )
= = = Allegro molto appassionato = = =
12 – 14 minutes
Instead of an orchestral tutti , the concerto opens with the almost immediate entry of the solo violin , playing the very tune in E minor that gave Mendelssohn no peace . Following a bravura of rapidly ascending notes , the opening theme is then restated by the orchestra . There is then a frenetic chromatic transition passage as the music subsides and modulates into a tranquil second subject theme in G major . The melody is initially played by the woodwinds with the soloist providing a pedal note on an open G string . The tune is played by the solo violin itself before a short codetta ends the exposition section of the opening movement . The opening two themes are then combined in the development section , where the music builds up to the innovative cadenza , which Mendelssohn wrote out in full rather than allowing the soloist to improvise . The cadenza builds up speed through rhythmic shifts from quavers to quaver @-@ triplets and finally to semiquavers , which require ricochet bowing from the soloist . This serves as a link to the recapitulation , where the opening melody is played by the orchestra , accompanied by the continuing ricochet arpeggios by the soloist . During the recapitulation , the opening themes are repeated with the second theme being played in the E major before returning to E minor for the closing of the movement . The music gathers speed into the coda , which is marked ' Presto ' , before a variant of the original chromatic transition passage ends the first movement .
= = = Andante = = =
7 – 9 minutes
The bassoon sustains its B from the final chord of the first movement before moving up a semitone to middle C. This serves as a key change from the E minor opening movement into the lyrical C major slow movement . The movement is in ternary form and is reminiscent of Mendelssohn 's own Songs Without Words . The theme to the darker , middle section in A minor is first introduced by the orchestra before the violin then takes up both the melody and the accompaniment simultaneously . The tremulous accompaniment requires nimble dexterity from the soloist before the music returns to the main lyrical C major theme , this time leading towards a serene conclusion .
= = = Allegretto non troppo – Allegro molto vivace = = =
6 – 7 minutes
Following the second movement , there is a brief fourteen @-@ bar transitional passage in E minor for solo violin and strings only . This leads into the lively and effervescent finale , the whole of which is in E major and whose opening is marked by a trumpet fanfare . This movement is in sonata rondo form with an opening theme requiring fast passage work from the soloist . The opening exposition leads into a brief second B major theme which is played by the soloist and builds to a series of rapidly ascending and descending arpeggios , reminiscent of the cadenza from the first movement . The orchestra then plays a variation of the opening melody , after which the music moves into a short development section in G major . The recapitulation is essentially similar to the exposition , apart from the addition of a counter @-@ melody in the strings . The second theme is repeated , this time in the home key of E Major . There is almost a small cadenza near the end of the movement when the woodwinds play the main tune against prolonged trills from the solo violin . The concerto then concludes with a frenetic coda .
= = Analysis = =
The concerto is innovative in many respects . In the first movement alone , Mendelssohn departs from the typical form of a Classical concerto in many ways , the most immediate being the entry of the soloist almost from the outset , which also occurs in his First Piano Concerto . Although the first movement is mostly in the conventional sonata form , Mendelssohn has the first theme played by the solo violin and then by the orchestra . Classical concertos typically opened with an orchestral introduction followed by a version of essentially the same material that incorporates the soloist .
The cadenza is also novel in that it is written out as part of the concerto and located before the recapitulation . In a typical Classical concerto , the cadenza is improvised by the performing soloist and occurs at the end of a movement , after the recapitulation and just before the final coda . Mendelssohn 's written cadenza was not included in the first published version of the concerto , but instead a " streamlined " version by Ferdinand David without the contrapuntal complexity of the original . This is the most played version today , although some artists , e.g. Arabella Steinbacher , play Mendelssohn 's original . Joshua Bell performs the concerto with his own cadenza .
The violin concerto stands out from previous concertos with its connected movements . There is no break between the first and second movements , with a bassoon note held between the two . The bridging passage between the last two movements begins almost immediately after the slow movement . The melody is similar to that of the opening , which hints at the cyclic form of the piece . The linking was designed to eliminate applause between movements . This would have come as a surprise to Mendelssohn 's audience , who , unlike today 's , were used to applauding between movements .
The concerto also calls on the soloist to be nothing more than an accompanist to the orchestra for extended periods , such as the ricochet arpeggios at the start of the recapitulation . This too was novel for a violin concerto of its time .
= = Legacy = =
Mendelssohn 's Violin Concerto influenced the concertos of many other composers , who adopted aspects of it in their own concertos .
For example , the unusual placement of the cadenza before the recapitulation is reflected in the violin concertos of Tchaikovsky ( where the cadenza is similarly placed ) and Sibelius ( where the cadenza serves to extend the development section ) . Moreover , following this concerto it was very rare for a composer to leave a cadenza unwritten for the soloist to improvise as in the days of Mozart and Beethoven . The linking of the three movements also influenced other concertos , such as Liszt 's Second Piano Concerto .
The concerto itself was an instant success , warmly received at its premiere and well received by contemporary critics . By the end of the nineteenth century , the piece was already considered one of the greatest violin concertos in the repertoire . It would become one of Mendelssohn 's most popular pieces , and was still regularly performed , even when interest in his music declined in the early twentieth century . In 1906 , the year before his death , the celebrated violinist Joseph Joachim told the guests at his 75th birthday party :
The Germans have four violin concertos . The greatest , most uncompromising is Beethoven 's . The one by Brahms vies with it in seriousness . The richest , the most seductive , was written by Max Bruch . But the most inward , the heart 's jewel , is Mendelssohn 's .
The work has developed a reputation as an essential one for aspiring violin virtuosi to conquer . This has led to its becoming virtually ubiquitous in the discography of concert violinists , even including those who were only active at the very dawn of recorded sound and of whom very little recorded music exists , such as Eugène Ysaÿe . Even so , it remains technically challenging and is generally considered to be as difficult as many other famous counterparts .
= = Recordings = =
Among a vast discography , the following recordings have received notable awards and outstanding reviews :
1964 : Josef Suk ( violin ) , Czech Philharmonic Orchestra , Karel Ančerl ( conductor ) , Supraphon – " Highly Recommended " by the Gramophone Classical Music Guide , 2010
1981 : Kyung @-@ Wha Chung ( violin ) , Montreal Symphony Orchestra , Charles Dutoit ( conductor ) , Decca – " 4 star " by the Penguin Guide
1998 : Robert McDuffie ( violin ) , Scottish Chamber Orchestra , Joseph Swensen ( conductor ) , Telarc – " Rosette " by the Penguin Guide
2007 : Daniel Hope ( violin ) , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Thomas Hengelbrock ( conductor ) , Deutsche Grammophon – " 10 / 10 " by Classicstoday.com ; " Highly recommended recording " by Gramophone magazine , April 2014
2010 : James Ehnes ( violin ) , Philharmonia Orchestra , Vladimir Ashkenazy ( conductor ) , Onyx – " Editor 's Choice " by Gramophone magazine , February 2011 ; " Recommended Recording " by ClassicFM ; No. 1 Mendelssohn Top Recording , Gramophone , February 2016
2011 : Ray Chen ( violin ) , Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra , Daniel Harding ( conductor ) , Sony Classical – " Disc of the Month " by Gramophone magazine , June 2012
2012 : Philippe Quint , Orquesta Sinfónica de Minería , Carlos Miguel Prieto ( conductor ) , – " Editor 's choice " by Gramophone magazine , February 2012 .
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= 1989 – 90 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season =
The 1989 – 90 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season was an average cyclone season , with nine named storms and five tropical cyclones – a storm attaining maximum sustained winds of at least 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . The season officially ran from November 1 , 1989 , to April 30 , 1990 . Storms were officially tracked by the Météo @-@ France office ( MFR ) on Réunion while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) in an unofficial basis . The first storm , Cyclone Alibera , was the second longest @-@ lasting tropical cyclone on record in the basin , with a duration of 22 days . Alibera meandered and changed directions several times before striking southeastern Madagascar on January 1 , 1989 , where it was considered the worst storm since 1925 . The cyclone killed 46 people and left widespread damage . Only the final storm of the year – Severe Tropical Storm Ikonjo – also had significant impact on land , when it left $ 1 @.@ 5 million in damage ( 1990 USD ) in the Seychelles .
Of the remaining storms , several passed near the Mascarene Islands but did not cause much impact . In early February , Severe Tropical Storm Cezera and Tropical Cyclone Dety were active at the same time and interacted with each other through the process of the Fujiwhara effect . Cyclone Gregoara was the strongest of the season , which originated as Cyclone Walter from the adjacent Australian basin . Gregoara attained peak winds of 170 km / h ( 110 mph ) over the open waters of the Indian Ocean in March , although the JTWC considered Alibera to be stronger . In April , Moderate Tropical Storm Hanta approached the northwest coast of Madagascar , but dissipated over the Mozambique Channel .
= = Season summary = =
During the season , the Météo @-@ France office ( MFR ) on Réunion island issued warnings in tropical cyclones within the basin . Using satellite imagery from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , the agency estimated intensity through the Dvorak technique , and warned on tropical cyclones in the region from the coast of Africa to 90 ° E , south of the equator . At the time , the World Meteorological Organization recognized the MFR as a Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre , and would later label the agency as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in 1993 . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force , also issued tropical cyclone warnings for the southwestern Indian Ocean . The season 's nine named storms and five tropical cyclones – a storm attaining maximum sustained winds of at least 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) – is the same as the long term average for the basin .
Operationally , the MFR considered the tropical cyclone year to begin on August 1 and continue to July 31 of the following year . However , the JTWC began the year on July 1 and it lasted through June 30 of the following year . The latter agency tracked two short @-@ lived tropical cyclones in July 1989 , labeling them Tropical Cyclone 01S and 02S , but they are not considered part of MFR 's season . After these early storms , another tropical depression formed east of Diego Garcia on September 21 , classified as Tropical Cyclone 03S . Forming from the near @-@ equatorial trough , the system moved generally to the southwest , dissipating on September 27 as it approached Mauritius . In the next month , Tropical Cyclone 04S formed closer to Diego Garcia on October 11 . The JTWC classified it as a tropical depression on October 13 but dropped advisories the next day . The system initially drifted to the south but later turned to the northwest , dissipating on October 17 . The final of a series of early tropical systems was a tropical depression that formed east of Diego Garcia on October 28 . It moved southeastward , classified by the JTWC as Tropical Cyclone 05S on October 31 . The agency briefly estimated peak winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , making it a tropical storm , before the storm looped back to the west and dissipated on November 2 . Later , the precursor to Australian Tropical Cyclone Bessi was tracked in the eastern portion of the south @-@ west Indian Ocean basin in the middle of April . The Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BOM ) classified the system as a minimal tropical storm while still west of 90 ° E , although the MFR did not classify the system before it entered the Australian basin on April 15 .
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Cyclone Alibera = = =
The first named storm of the season , Alibera formed on December 16 , well to the northeast of Madagascar . For several days , it meandered southwestward while gradually intensifying . On December 20 , Alibera intensified to tropical cyclone status with 10 ‑ minute winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , or the equivalent of a minimal hurricane . That day , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , an unofficial warning agency for the region , estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 250 km / h ( 160 mph ) , while the Météo @-@ France office in Réunion ( MFR ) estimated 10 ‑ minute winds of only 140 km / h ( 87 mph ) . After drifting erratically for several days , the storm began a steady southwest motion on December 29 as a greatly weakened system . On January 1 , Alibera struck southeastern Madagascar near Mananjary , having re @-@ intensified to just below tropical cyclone status . It weakened over land but again restrengthened upon reaching open waters on January 3 . The storm shifted directions while moving generally southward , dissipating on January 5 . It was the second longest @-@ lasting tropical cyclone in the basin since the start of satellite imagery , with a duration of 22 days . Only Cyclone Georgette in 1968 lasted longer at 24 days .
Early in its duration , Alibera produced gusty winds in the Seychelles . Upon moving ashore in Madagascar , the cyclone lashed coastal cities with heavy rainfall and up to 250 km / h ( 160 mph ) wind gusts . In Mananjary , nearly every building was damaged or destroyed , and locals considered it the worst storm since 1925 . Across the region , the cyclone destroyed large areas of crops , thousands of houses , and several roads and bridges . Alibera killed 46 people and left 55 @,@ 346 people homeless . After the storm , the Malagasy government requested for international assistance .
= = = Tropical Cyclone Baomavo = = =
A tropical disturbance formed on January 2 to the northwest of the Cocos Islands , which was tracked by the JTWC for the preceding few days before being classified as Tropical Cyclone 09S . It originated from the monsoon trough , which is an extended low pressure area within a convergence zone . It gradually intensified as it moved slowly to the southwest due to a high pressure system , or ridge , to the east . On January 3 , the system intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Baomavo , and two days later attained tropical cyclone status while turning more to the south . The JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 155 km / h ( 96 mph ) on January 5 , and on the next day the MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) . An approaching cold front caused Baomavo to weaken while the storm turned southeastward . By January 8 , the system weakened to tropical depression status while looping back to the northwest , steered by a ridge to the southwest . On the next day , Baomavo dissipated over the open waters of the Indian Ocean .
= = = Severe Tropical Storm Cezera = = =
On January 31 , a tropical disturbance formed just east of Agaléga . Moving southeastward , it intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Cezera on February 1 , the same day that the JTWC began tracking it as Tropical Cyclone 14S . Cezera quickly intensified , and the JTWC upgraded it to the equivalence of a minimal hurricane on February 3 with 1 ‑ minute peak winds of 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) . By contrast , the MFR only estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) . By February 4 , Cezera began a Fujiwhara interaction with Tropical Cyclone Dety , which was located to the east ; this caused the former storm to turn back to the northwest while gradually weakening . On February 6 , the storm turned to the south and later southeast , weakening to tropical depression status that day . Cezera briefly re @-@ intensified into a moderate tropical storm on February 7 , but weakened again on the next day while passing just north of St. Brandon . After turning more to the east @-@ northeast , the system turned sharply southward on February 10 , and dissipated the next day .
= = = Tropical Cyclone Dety = = =
A tropical depression developed within the monsoon trough on February 2 to the southwest of Diego Garcia , about 1 @,@ 125 km ( 699 mi ) east of Cezura . The JTWC had been tracking the system for several days previously , classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 16S also on February 2 . With an anticyclone – a high pressure area over the system – providing favorable conditions , the depression quickly intensified while moving generally south @-@ southwestward . It became Moderate Tropical Storm Dety on February 3 and a tropical cyclone the next day . The MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 135 km / h ( 84 mph ) , while the JTWC assessed stronger 1 ‑ minute winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) . Around that time , Dety began a Fujiwhara interaction with Tropical Storm Cezura to the west , causing the former storm to turn to the east @-@ southeast . Increased wind shear weakened the cyclone , although it maintained much of its intensity through February 7 as a severe tropical storm . However , Dety quickly fell to tropical disturbance status the next day while undergoing a counterclockwise loop . After turning back to the southeast , Dety remained a weak system for several days , dissipating on February 11 .
= = = Tropical Cyclone Edisoana = = =
The MFR began tracking a tropical disturbance on March 1 between Mauritius and Diego Garcia , which was followed by the JTWC for several days previously and classified as Tropical Cyclone 18S . Within a day , it intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Edisoana while tracking southwestward . On March 4 , the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane , and on the next day the MFR followed suit by upgrading Edisoana to tropical cyclone status . The latter agency estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 135 km / h ( 84 mph ) , while the JTWC assessed a peak 1 ‑ minute intensity of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Around that time , the storm passed west of Rodrigues island . Edisoana accelerated southward and gradually weakened , influenced by an approaching trough . On March 7 , the storm began transitioning into an extratropical cyclone , completing it by the next day . The extratropical cyclone rapidly intensified due to the influence of the trough and a nearby ridge , later being absorbed by the westerlies .
= = = Moderate Tropical Storm Felana = = =
On March 7 , a tropical depression formed in the eastern portion of the basin to the east @-@ southeast of Diego Garcia . The nascent quickly intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Felana by March 8 , the same day that the JTWC began tracking it as Tropical Cyclone 22S . Felana moved steadily to the southwest , although on March 10 it turned to the west @-@ northwest , followed by another turn to the south @-@ southwest on the next day . During this time , the MFR only estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , although the JTWC assessed a peak 1 ‑ minute intensity of 85 km / h ( 53 mph ) . Upon turning back southward , Felana passed east of Rodrigues on March 12 . It weakened to tropical depression status on March 15 and dissipated the following day , having curved back to the southeast .
= = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Walter @-@ Gregoara = = =
On March 4 , a tropical low formed from the monsoon trough in the Australian basin southwest of the Cocos Islands . It executed a large loop and later turned back to the west due to a ridge to the south , during which it was named Walter by the BOM . On March 13 , Walter crossed 90 ° E into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean and was renamed Gregoara by the Mauritius Weather Service . However , the MFR did not begin issuing advisories until March 15 , when Gregoara reached 85 ° E. The JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 23S , which was a separate number from when the storm existed in the Australian basin . Gregoara moved to the southwest , intensifying into a tropical cyclone on March 16 , the same day that the JTWC upgraded it to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane . On the next day , the cyclone attained peak winds – the MFR estimated 10 ‑ minute winds of 170 km / h ( 110 mph ) , while the JTWC estimated 1 ‑ minute winds of 205 km / h ( 127 mph ) . The storm subsequently weakened slowly , and was below tropical cyclone status by March 19 . Three days later , Gregoara turned to the southeast as a weakened tropical depression , subjected to cooler waters and stronger wind shear , and it became extratropical . For several days , the system moved slowly over the southern Indian Ocean , turning to the southwest and later to the southeast before dissipating on March 27 .
= = = Moderate Tropical Storm Hanta = = =
A tropical disturbance originated on April 11 just north of the Comoros in the Mozambique Channel . Originally it only consisted of a spiral area of thunderstorms , but it gradually organized . It moved southeastward and intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Hanta on April 12 , passing just north of Mayotte . On the next day , the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 27S with peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 85 km / h ( 55 mph ) , although the agency did not include the name Hanta in advisories . By contrast , the MFR only estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . Hanta approached the northwest coast of Madagascar on April 14 , passing within 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) of the Anjajavy Forest before turning back to the west , due to a ridge to the south . Later that day , the system weakened and dissipated .
In the Glorioso Islands north of Madagascar , Hanta produced 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) wind gusts and 32 mm ( 1 @.@ 3 in ) of rainfall . Later , gusts reached 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) on Mayotte , and the storm dropped 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) of precipitation over 24 hours .
= = = Severe Tropical Storm Ikonjo = = =
The final storm of the season formed as a tropical disturbance on May 11 west @-@ southwest of Diego Garcia . It moved erratically at first , initially to the west , followed by a turn to the south and later a small loop . Its movement during this time and for its duration was dictated by a powerful ridge to the south . During this time , the system remained weak , although it intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Ikonjo on May 14 . The JTWC began classifying the storm as Tropical Cyclone 29S about two days prior . After becoming a tropical storm , Ikonjo began a steadier westward movement , gradually curving back to the west @-@ northwest , and bringing it just north of Agaléga on May 16 . Two days later , the storm quickly intensified to attain peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) , which made Ikonjo a severe tropical storm according to the MFR . Around that time it stalled , even drifting slightly to the west , before resuming a northwest motion , influenced by a ridge to the south . Ikonjo subsequently weakened while moving near or through the Outer Islands of the Seychelles . On May 21 , Ikonjo dissipated at the low latitude of 5 ° S.
Late in its duration , Ikonje became a rare storm to affect the nation of Seychelles . It passed nearest to Desroches Island , where it destroyed much of the island 's hotel . On the primary island of Mahé , Ikonje produced strong winds reaching 83 km / h ( 52 mph ) at Seychelles International Airport , strong enough to knock over several trees . Nationwide , the storm caused $ 1 @.@ 5 million ( 1990 USD ) in damage and two injuries . A ship passing through the center of Ikonjo reported wind gusts of 148 km / h ( 92 mph ) .
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= George Ingram =
George Morby Ingram , VC , MM ( 18 March 1889 – 30 June 1961 ) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest decoration for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces . Ingram became Australia 's final recipient of the Victoria Cross during the First World War following his actions during an attack on the village of Montbrehain in France . Leading a platoon during the engagement , he instigated several charges against a number of German strong points that eventuated in the seizure of ten machine guns and sixty @-@ two prisoners , as well as inflicting high casualties .
Born in the Victorian town of Bendigo , Ingram was apprenticed as a carpenter and joiner upon leaving school . Joining the militia at the age of fourteen , he later settled in Melbourne where he worked as a building contractor . Following the outbreak of the First World War , Ingram enlisted in the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force and served on New Guinea before receiving his discharge in early 1916 . Enlisting in the Australian Imperial Force on the same day , he embarked for the Western Front . He was decorated with the Military Medal following his actions as a member of a bombing section during an attack on Bapaume . Commissioned as a second lieutenant in June 1918 , Ingram returned to Australia in 1919 where he was discharged soon after . Re @-@ settling in Melbourne , he was employed as a foreman for a building contractor company . Enlisting for service in the Second World War , he was allotted to the Royal Australian Engineers and achieved the rank of captain before being placed on the Retired List in 1944 . Ingram died in 1961 at the age of 72 .
= = Early life = =
Ingram was born in Bendigo , Victoria , on 18 March 1889 to George Ronald Ingram , a farmer , and his wife Charlotte ( née Hubbard ) . Initially educated at the Lilydale State School , he left school at age fourteen and was apprenticed as a carpenter and joiner . Joining the militia at this time , he was attached to No. 7 Company of the Australian Garrison Artillery and in 1906 attended a military exhibition in New Zealand as a member of the Australian contingent . Completing his apprenticeship , Ingram moved to Caulfield , Melbourne , where he entered into business as a building contractor . On 19 January 1910 , Ingram married Jane Francis Nichols in a Congregational ceremony at East Prahran .
= = First World War = =
On 10 December 1914 , Ingram enlisted as a private in the 3rd Battalion , Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force at South Yarra . Initially posted for service on the newly captured German territory of New Guinea , he returned to Australia 6 December 1915 , and was discharged on 19 January with the rank of corporal . That same day , he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and was allotted to the 16th Reinforcements of the 24th Battalion as a private . In October , Ingram embarked with the unit from Melbourne aboard HMAT Nestor . Arriving in France , he was appointed acting corporal and joined the 24th Battalion in January 1917 .
On the night of 15 / 16 March 1917 , Ingram took part in the battalion 's attack on the village of Bapaume during the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line . Posted to a bombing section during the engagement , he became involved in a fight with German troops who outnumbered his unit . Making effective use of their grenades , the unit was able to hold off the German attack . Later during the assault , the German forces returned in large numbers , forcing the bombing section to retreat . Ingram , in conjunction with two others , covered the party 's withdrawal which thus minimised casualties . For his actions during the battle , Ingram was awarded the Military Medal , the citation noting his " ... great courage and initiative ... " . The announcement of the award was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 11 May 1917 .
Promoted to temporary sergeant on 18 March , Ingram fell ill in April and was hospitalised in Britain until June when he was deemed fit to return to his battalion . He was hospitalised once again in September after dislocating his knee , and upon returning to his unit on 10 October he was made company sergeant major . It was at this time that the Australian focus for the remainder of the year was to be the Ypres sector in Belgium , and as such the 24th Battalion participated in the Battle of Passchendaele . During this time , Ingram was recommended for a commission in the 24th Battalion as a second lieutenant , which was confirmed on 20 June 1918 . Three days later , however , he was once again admitted to hospital suffering from an illness , and as such was unable to assume his duties as an officer until 12 July when he returned to the battalion .
= = = Victoria Cross = = =
On 4 October 1918 , the 24th Battalion took part in the attack that captured the Beaurevoir sector in France , and was , therefore , expecting to have a rest the following day when the unit was unexpectedly ordered to take part in another attack . The assault was to commence at 06 : 05 from the village of Remicourt , and lead to the capture of Montbrehain by the 21st and 24th Battalions with tanks to provide support . The action was to prove the final engagement for the Australian infantry during the war , and it was during this attack that Ingram was to earn the Victoria Cross ; the sixty @-@ fourth , and final , Australian to do so during the First World War .
At the designated time , the two infantry battalions commenced the attack under the cover of an artillery barrage . The advance was heavily counter @-@ attacked by German machine gun and artillery fire , but the Australians managed to continue despite the late arrival of the tanks . Approximately 100 yards ( 91 m ) from the German trenches , the 24th Battalion 's B Company — in which Ingram was commanding a platoon — became the object of severe sniper and machine gun fire , halting the unit 's advance . Under the cover of a Lewis Gun , Ingram dashed ahead of his men and led them against the German strong point . After a fierce fight , the platoon succeeded in capturing nine machine guns and killing all forty @-@ two Germans who had occupied the line ; Ingram accounting for at least eighteen of them himself .
Soon after , the company came under heavy fire from an old quarry occupied by over one hundred German soldiers who possessed as many as forty machine guns . Severe casualties were sustained as they began to advance for attack , including the company commander who fell seriously wounded . Taking command of the attack , Ingram rallied the men and rushed forward . Jumping into the quarry , he charged the first post himself , shooting six German soldiers and capturing a machine gun . The German forces were soon overcome , and thirty troops subsequently surrendered .
While his men were clearing up the remaining German positions , Ingram scouted ahead in search of machine gun nests in the village . He soon located one positioned in a house , which had been firing through the cellar ventilator . Managing to enter the house , he shot the gunner through the ventilator . He fired several more shots into the cellar before rushing to the head of the cellar stairs . By thus cutting off any means of escape , a further thirty Germans were taken prisoner .
The battle for Montbrehain raged until 20 : 00 that night , during which time the line had been linked up and consolidated . The casualties of the 24th Battalion had been so high that two companies of the 27th Battalion had to be attached for support ; the 24th Battalion left the frontline for the last time on 6 October .
The full citation for Ingram 's Victoria Cross appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette on 6 January 1919 , it read :
War Office , 6th January , 1919 .
His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers , Non @-@ commissioned Officers and Men : —
Lt. George Morby Ingram , M.M. , 24th Bn . , A.I.F.
For most conspicuous bravery and initiative during the attack on Montbrehain , East of Peronne , on 5th October , 1918 . When early in the advance his platoon was held up by a strong point , Lt. Ingram , without hesitation , dashed out and rushed the post at the head of his men , capturing nine machine guns and killing 42 enemy after stubborn resistance .
Later , when the company had suffered severe casualties from enemy posts , and many leaders had fallen , he at once took control of the situation , rallied his men under intense fire , and led them forward . He himself rushed the first post , shot six of the enemy , and captured a machine gun , thus overcoming serious resistance .
On two subsequent occasions he again displayed great dash and resource in the capture of enemy posts , inflicting many casualties and taking 62 prisoners .
Throughout the whole day he showed the most inspiring example of courage and leadership , and freely exposed himself regardless of danger .
Ingram was promoted to lieutenant on 24 October , and was training away from the frontline with his battalion when the Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918 ; thus ending the war . On 25 February 1919 , Ingram was decorated with his Victoria Cross by King George V in the ballroom of Buckingham Palace . Boarding a troopship bound for Australia soon after , he arrived in Melbourne on 5 March and was discharged from the Australian Imperial Force on 2 June .
= = Later life = =
Following his discharge , Ingram re @-@ settled in Melbourne and gained employment as a general foreman with E. A. & Frank Watts Pty Ltd , building contractors . In 1926 , Ingram 's marriage with his wife Jane was dissolved upon his instigation on the grounds of desertion on her behalf . On 10 February the following year , he married Lillian Wakeling ( née Hart ) , a widow , at the Methodist parsonage , Malvern ; the pair were later to have one son .
On 11 November 1929 , Ingram attended the Victoria Dinner for recipients of the Victoria Cross in Melbourne . Following the completion of Melbourne 's Shrine of Remembrance in 1935 , Ingram was chosen as a member of its permanent guard . There had been two hundred and fifty applications for the position , of which only fourteen were appointed ; Ingram being one of the earliest . Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Ingram once again volunteered his services and enlisted in the militia on 17 November 1939 . Posted to a unit in the Royal Australian Engineers , he achieved the rank of captain before being placed on the Retired List on 6 May 1944 .
Ingram 's wife Lillian died in May 1951 , and on 24 December of the same year he married another widow , Myrtle Lydia Thomas ( née Cornell ) , in a ceremony at Brunswick Methodist Church ; the couple later had a son , Alex . In 1954 , Ingram attended the dedication of the Shrine of Remembrance by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh on 28 February following an expansion on the monument to encompass Australia 's contributions to the Second World War . Two years later , he joined the Australian contingent of Victoria Cross recipients who attended the parade in London 's Hyde Park to commemorate the centenary of the institution of the Victoria Cross . On 30 June 1961 , Ingram died of coronary vascular disease at his home in Hastings , Victoria , and was buried at Frankston Cemetery . He is commemorated by a street name in Canberra .
On 27 May 2008 , the Victoria Cross , Military Medal and campaign medals awarded to Ingram were sold at auction by Sotheby 's of Melbourne for an approximate hammer price of A $ 383 @,@ 760 . The purchaser of the medals is unknown , but indicated that the Victoria Cross would be donated to the Australian War Memorial in Canberra . This subsequently took place , and Ingram 's Victoria Cross is currently on display along with his other medals in the Memorial 's Hall of Valour .
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= Glebe ( rugby league team ) =
Glebe were an Australian rugby league foundation club who played in the New South Wales Rugby Football League 's Sydney premiership , the major competition for the sport in Sydney , from 1908 until their exit at the end of 1929 . They were formed on 9 January 1908 , with some sources suggesting that they may have been the first Sydney rugby league club to have been created . They were nicknamed and well known as the " Dirty Reds " due to the maroon colour of their playing jerseys .
Based in Glebe , New South Wales and playing most of their home matches out of the local Wentworth Oval , Glebe remained a highly competitive team for many years . Though they came close at times , the club was never able to secure a premiership title . After struggling towards the end of the 1920s the club was eventually voted out of the premiership .
= = History = =
At the turn of the 20th century , Glebe was a working @-@ class suburb of Sydney , situated a few kilometres to the west of the city centre . A Glebe team had played in the Sydney second grade rugby competition for a number of years and due to its high popularity was promoted to a new first grade competition which started in 1900 . Glebe immediately made a big impact on the district competition , winning all three grades in the inaugural season before taking out another three first grade titles over the next seven years .
When the push for the formation of a new professional rugby league competition began , Glebe was one of the areas considered for the formation of a new breakaway team . The Glebe District Rugby League Football Club was formed as a result on 8 January 1908 , possibly the first rugby league club to be formed in Australia . There was much support from both players and locals for the new team and this was considered an achievement in itself for the New South Wales Rugby League . As with the local rugby team , the new rugby league club chose to play in maroon @-@ coloured jerseys ; a tradition that had been established by other sporting clubs in the Glebe area over many years . The club therefore often got nicknamed the " Dirty Reds " as a reference to the jersey colour , although this moniker had also been used previously to label other Glebe sporting identities well before the arrival of the rugby league team .
The club began their premiership campaign with an 8 – 5 victory over Newcastle on 20 April 1908 . Throughout the season they either remained close to or on top of the ladder and with one round remaining were on equal points with South Sydney and Eastern Suburbs to lead the competition . In the last regular @-@ season match , Glebe went down 10 – 5 to sixth @-@ placed Balmain and ended up running third overall , although the match ended up having no impact on who they would play in the finals a week later . In their semi final , Glebe went down 16 – 3 to minor premiers South Sydney and were knocked out of the competition .
In 1909 , the club again lost their final regular @-@ season match against Balmain 10 – 5 and ended up missing out on a possible finals berth by virtue of the loss . In 1910 , the club had a mediocre season and had little chance of ever taking the premiership out . The 1911 season was arguably the most successful in the club 's history , taking out the minor premiership outright by two points and winning 11 of their 14 matches on the way . They also secured their first @-@ ever victory over local rivals Balmain , winning 41 – 2 in the second last regular @-@ season match of the season . However , they came up against an Eastern Suburbs side led by Dally Messenger who had won six matches straight . In the final in which Glebe had a chance to take away the premiership , Eastern Suburbs won 22 – 9 , forcing the first @-@ ever Grand Final to be played since the minor premiers had a " right to challenge " if they were to lose the final . In a match where Glebe were leading almost all the way , Eastern Suburbs fought back and took the lead within the final ten minutes to 11 – 8 , giving them the premiership .
Following Glebe 's failure to convert their minor premiership into a premiership in 1911 , the New South Wales Rugby Football League decided that no finals would be played from 1912 unless two teams were tied on equal points at the end of the season . In round four , Glebe faced Eastern Suburbs in front of a record crowd of 22 @,@ 000 at the Royal Agricultural Society Grounds , going down 10 – 2 . After 10 rounds , Glebe trailed Eastern Suburbs by just two points and were to face them the following week with four rounds to go . In a match in which Glebe almost certainly had to win to stay in premiership contention , Eastern Suburbs won a close match 6 – 4 in front of another record crowd of 25 @,@ 000 at the Sydney Sports Ground and ended up taking away the premiership four points in front of Glebe at the end of the season .
1913 and 1914 proved to be mediocre seasons for Glebe and despite winning more games than they lost in each year , the club only managed to finish fourth and fifth respectively . In 1915 , however , they came close to taking out the premiership . With four rounds remaining and equal with their local rivals , Glebe were to face the undefeated Balmain at the Sydney Sports Ground . Again , however , Glebe failed to win this crucial game , losing 12 – 2 in front of 20 @,@ 000 people and allowed Balmain to take a one @-@ match lead . With both teams winning their remaining games , Balmain ended up taking out the premiership . Overall in 1915 , Glebe won 12 out of their 14 matches , a club best , losing twice to Balmain .
In 1917 , Glebe was involved in a dispute with Annandale for fielding a player that did not reside in Glebe 's district . As a result , former Newcastle player Dan Davies received a life ban from all rugby league . The entire Glebe 1st grade squad disagreed and went on strike . All Glebe 1st grade players were suspended . Three of the Burge brothers , including Frank Burge , were banned till the start of the 1919 season ( an eighteen @-@ month suspension ) , however many of these suspensions were subsequently overturned or shortened . Further implications came into the Newcastle Rugby League , where the competition was split until 1920 .
Glebe finished out the decade continuing to win more games than they lost each season and regularly finished within the top four , but without a finals system in place they were unable to capitalise on this relatively strong position . In 1922 , they finally gained another shot at the premiership when they and North Sydney finished on equal points at the end of the season . In the ensuing final , North Sydney easily accounted for Glebe 35 – 3 , again denying Glebe the elusive premiership title .
From 1923 onwards , the club 's form started to decline and for the first time since 1910 , Glebe lost more games than they won . In 1926 , they were given another shot at the premiership when the finals series was reinstated . Finishing second to runaway leaders South Sydney , Glebe were to face off against fourth @-@ placed University for a place in the final . However , they lost this decisive match 29 – 3 and were sent out of the finals .
In their final three seasons , Glebe struggled at the bottom of the premiership after the departure of their long @-@ time player Frank Burge . Out of nine teams they finished eighth in 1927 , seventh in 1928 and eighth in 1929 . At the end of the 1929 season for reasons unknown , the New South Wales Rugby Football League General Committee voted 13 – 12 to expel Glebe from the competition . One theory is that Balmain made a deal with South Sydney to remove Glebe as a means of consolidating both of their local territories . However , others suggest that the local area was changing in such a way that the club was probably on a road to its demise anyway . Glebe never played another match .
= = Statistics and records = =
As an individual , Frank Burge holds all of Glebe 's records . His eight try tally in a match against University on 19 June 1920 is not only a club record , but also the standing Australian premiership record for most tries in a game . It was in that same game that he managed to claim the club record for most points in a game , kicking four goals in addition to his eight tries for a total of 32 points . A month earlier he scored eight goals in a match against Annandale , a club record later equalled by Jack Hickey in 1927 .
In 1918 , Frank Burge scored a club @-@ record 24 tries in a season and in 1920 , broke the club record for most points in a season with 110 . Overall he scored 137 tries and 49 goals for the club in a career spanning 16 seasons and 138 games , which were also club records . As a forward , his record tally of 146 tries ( including nine later scored with St. George in 1927 ) remained unbroken until Steve Menzies managed to do so in 2004 , almost 80 seasons after Burge had retired .
The team 's biggest victory was a 59 – 3 victory over North Sydney at Wentworth Oval on 17 July 1915 . Its biggest ever loss was against Eastern Suburbs when they went down 36 – 0 . Overall , Glebe are also statistically one of the most successful clubs to have played in the premiership . Out of the 33 teams who have made an appearance over the years , Glebe has the fifth @-@ best winning percentage . From 297 games played , 163 were won , six drawn and 128 lost for a winning percentage of 55 @.@ 89 % .
= = Notable players = =
During their 22 @-@ year presence in the New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership , the club managed to produce 12 internationals . Those twelve players were Alex Burdon , Frank Burge , who was probably the best player they ever had , Peter Burge , Albert Conlon , Bert Gray , Arthur Halloway , Charlie Hedley , Jack Hickey , Tom McCabe , Chris McKivat , Peter Moir and Les Cubitt . A third Burge brother , former Wallaby tourist Albert Burge was also a Dirty Red . Alex Burdon and Chris McKivat had the honour of captaining their country , from 1908 – 09 and 1911 @-@ 12 respectively and Les Cubitt captained an Australasian side in 1921 .
In 2008 , to celebrate the Centenary of Rugby League in Australia , a panel commissioned by the Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League voted four Glebe players into a group of " Rugby League 's 100 Greatest Players " . These players were Frank Burge , Les Cubitt , Arthur Halloway and Chris McKivat .
The side that played in the 1911 New South Wales Rugby Football League Grand Final is shown below .
The side that played in the 1922 New South Wales Rugby Football League Grand Final is shown below .
= = Honours = =
New South Wales Rugby Football League First Grade runners @-@ up : 4
1911 , 1912 , 1915 , 1922
New South Wales Rugby Football League minor premierships : 1
1911
City Cup : 1
1913
City Cup runners @-@ up : 6
1912 , 1915 , 1916 , 1919 , 1923 , 1925
Reserve Grade : 5
1912 , 1918 , 1919 , 1920 , 1921
Third Grade : 1
1927
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= Pilot ( Desperate Housewives ) =
The pilot episode of the American dramedy @-@ mystery series Desperate Housewives premiered on October 3 , 2004 , on the ABC network . It was written by series creator Marc Cherry and directed by Charles McDougall . The pilot introduces the residents of the suburban neighborhood of Wisteria Lane . Following the suicide of an outwardly successful neighbor , her friends begin to deal with the problems in their personal lives . Susan Mayer ( Teri Hatcher ) competes for the attention of a new plumber who has moved across the street ; Bree Van de Kamp ( Marcia Cross ) struggles with her failing marriage and ungrateful family ; Gabrielle Solis ( Eva Longoria ) continues an affair with her sixteen @-@ year @-@ old gardener ; and Lynette Scavo ( Felicity Huffman ) copes with life as a stay @-@ at @-@ home mother of four .
Cherry conceived the idea for the series while watching coverage of the Andrea Yates murder trials , and was fascinated by how women lead lives of quiet desperation . He began writing the script in 2002 and pitched it to several networks throughout the following year . In October 2003 , ABC announced that it had picked up the pilot . Casting began in February 2004 and filming took place the following month primarily on the Colonial Street backlot set at Universal Studios . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode was watched by 21 @.@ 6 million viewers on its original American broadcast , becoming the most @-@ watched program of the week . The pilot received extremely positive reviews , with critics complimenting the series ' tonal diversity . The cast , particularly the four leads and Sheridan , also received praise . The episode won various awards , including three Emmys .
= = Plot = =
Desperate Housewives focuses on the lives of several residents of the fictitious street of Wisteria Lane . The suburban neighborhood is shocked by the suicide of Mary Alice Young ( Brenda Strong ) , who seems to have led an ideal domestic life . Mary Alice 's close friends , Susan Mayer ( Teri Hatcher ) , Lynette Scavo ( Felicity Huffman ) , Bree Van de Kamp ( Marcia Cross ) , and Gabrielle Solis ( Eva Longoria ) , struggle to come to terms with the news . Later , Mary Alice 's son , Zach ( Cody Kasch ) , awakens in the middle of the night to find his father , Paul ( Mark Moses ) , unearthing a mysterious chest from the drained swimming pool in their backyard .
Susan , a divorced mother , takes interest in Mike Delfino ( James Denton ) , a plumber who has recently moved to Wisteria Lane ; however , she faces competition with neighbor Edie Britt ( Nicollette Sheridan ) , a promiscuous serial divorcée . Suspicious that Mike is spending the night with Edie , Susan enters Edie 's home uninvited with the pretense of borrowing sugar . While inside , she accidentally knocks over a candle , which sets fire to the entire house . Susan flees the scene , leaving behind her glass measuring cup . Though wracked with guilt , Susan is relieved to learn that Mike was not the man with whom Edie was fornicating . Meanwhile , Lynette , a former career woman , is frustrated with raising four young children while her husband , Tom ( Doug Savant ) , is constantly away on business .
Bree , a perfectionist homemaker who feels unappreciated by her family , is troubled when her husband Rex ( Steven Culp ) asks for a divorce . She poisons him by mistakenly putting onions , to which he is deathly allergic , in his salad . At the hospital , Rex accuses Bree of being emotionally unavailable and obsessed with achieving domestic perfection . Elsewhere , Gabrielle , a former model , grows increasingly unhappy with her marriage to Carlos ( Ricardo Antonio Chavira ) , who buys her love with extravagant gifts . She continues an affair with her sixteen @-@ year @-@ old gardener , John Rowland ( Jesse Metcalfe ) .
Paul asks Susan , Lynette , Bree , and Gabrielle to sort through Mary Alice 's belongings , as he cannot bear to do so himself . In a box of Mary Alice 's clothes , the women discover a blackmail note reading " I know what you did [ . ] It makes me sick [ . ] I 'm going to tell [ . ] " The postmark indicates that Mary Alice received it the day she killed herself and the women begin to wonder what secret their friend could have been keeping .
= = Production = =
= = = Creation and development = = =
In 2002 , Marc Cherry was in a precarious financial situation and was having trouble finding a job . He commented , " I was broke , unable to get even an interview for a writing job , and seriously concerned about my future . I had just turned forty and was starting to wonder if I was one of those deluded writers that wander around Hollywood , convincing themselves they 're talented when all the evidence points to the contrary . " While watching television coverage of the Andrea Yates trials with his mother , Cherry turned to her and asked , " Can you imagine being so desperate that you would do that to your children ? " to which his mother replied , " I 've been there . " Cherry was intrigued by the idea that a " perfectly sane , rational woman could have the life she wanted , being a wife and mother ... and still have moments of insanity ; " he began writing the pilot episode soon after . Cherry originally developed the concept as a half @-@ hour comedy . However , after his agent was arrested for embezzlement , Cherry signed with Paradigm Talent Agency , where he was advised to rewrite the script as a soap opera . Cherry completed the first draft of the pilot in April 2002 and pitched the script to CBS , NBC , Fox , HBO , Showtime , and Lifetime , all of which turned it down .
Following script rewrites , Cherry pitched the series to ABC , who picked up the pilot . ABC executives were , however , concerned about the title of the series , which Cherry had selected before even writing the script . They suggested renaming the series Wisteria Lane or The Secret Lives of Housewives , but Cherry insisted on keeping the original title . He later commented , " I put ' desperate ' [ into the title ] to try to indicate , however subtly ... I 'm going to have some fun with the imagery , to take it to some interesting places . Most critics got the joke . Some people see the word ' housewives ' and it pushes a button in them and they seem to lose all reason . " The project was officially announced on October 23 , 2003 as a cross between American Beauty and Knots Landing . While Desperate Housewives , along with fellow new series Grey 's Anatomy and Lost , would later help reverse ABC 's flagging fortune , network executives Lloyd Braun and Susan Lyne were fired shortly after greenlighting these risky and expensive pilots .
= = = Casting = = =
Casting for Desperate Housewives began in February 2004 . Director Charles McDougall reported seeing around 150 " very good and determined women " audition for the four leads . Eva Longoria was the first actor cast in a lead role , landing the role of Gabrielle Solis , a materialistic ex @-@ model , after two auditions . Longoria , an unknown soap opera actress at the time , stated that prior to her audition , she had not read the entire script . She recounted , " Marc Cherry asks , ' So what did you think of the script ? ' like the whole thing . And I said , ' Well I didn ’ t read the script . I only read my part . ' And Marc Cherry goes , ' I knew you were Gabrielle at that moment because it was such a Gabrielle thing to say . ' " Roselyn Sánchez also auditioned for the role . Teri Hatcher was cast in the role of Susan Mayer , a single mother looking for love , after a second audition for ABC network executives . Cherry commended Hatcher 's audition , calling it " the best audition I 've ever seen in network [ television ] . " Actors originally considered for the role include Courteney Cox , Calista Flockhart , Mary @-@ Louise Parker , and Sela Ward . Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus also expressed interest in the role , but network executives felt she was not right for the part .
Cherry offered the role of Bree Van de Kamp , a " perfect homemaker " reminiscent of The Stepford Wives , to Dana Delany three times . Delany rejected the role , as it was too similar to her character on Pasadena , but would later join the series in its fourth season as Katherine Mayfair . Marcia Cross was later cast as Bree . Roma Downey , Jeri Ryan , and Stacey Travis were also considered for the role , while Nicollette Sheridan auditioned for the part and was cast as neighborhood tramp Edie Britt instead . On her audition , Sheridan recalled , " At the end of the reading , the director looked at me and said , ' No , no , I see you as Edie . ' I said , ' Oh , I see , I come in a housewife and mother of two and leave the slut . ' " The Edie character was originally intended to be a small role , but it was expanded once Sheridan was cast . Felicity Huffman was cast as Lynette Scavo , a frustrated stay @-@ at @-@ home mother of four , after talking about her own experiences as a mother during her audition . Cherry called Huffman 's casting " very lucky , " commenting that " within fifteen minutes she had the part . " Alex Kingston read for the role of Lynette , and has since alleged that she was denied the role for being too heavy . The role of series narrator Mary Alice Young was given to Sheryl Lee . Cross originally auditioned for the role before being cast as Bree instead . Jeanne Tripplehorn and Heather Locklear also auditioned for leading roles .
Ricardo Antonio Chavira was cast as Gabrielle ’ s wealthy and condescending husband , Carlos Solis . Kyle Searles joined the cast as John Rowland , the Solis ’ teenage gardener with whom Gabrielle is having an affair . Andrea Bowen was hired to play Susan 's teenage daughter , Julie , while James Denton was cast as Susan 's love interest and new neighbor , plumber Mike Delfino . Mark Moses was cast as Paul , Mary Alice 's mysterious husband , and Cody Kasch as their troubled teenage son Zach . Michael Reilly Burke was cast as Bree 's sexually dissatisfied husband , Rex Van de Kamp . The pilot also introduced several recurring cast members . Christine Estabrook appeared as nosy neighbor Martha Huber , a role originally intended for an Asian American actress . Doug Savant made his first appearance as Tom , Lynette 's husband who is always away on business . Savant later became a series regular for the second season , a promise Cherry made to him when he signed on for the first season . Shawn Pyfrom and Joy Lauren each made their debut appearances as Andrew and Danielle Van de Kamp , Bree 's defiant teenage children . Cherry stated that casting the two roles was difficult because of their limited involvement in the first few episodes of the series . Additionally , Brent Kinsman , Shane Kinsman , and Zane Huett were cast respectively as Preston , Porter , and Parker Scavo , Lynette and Tom 's three sons .
= = = Filming and subsequent casting changes = = =
Filming for the pilot was initially intended to take place in an actual Los Angeles neighborhood until the production team realized the difficulties that would ensue . Instead they chose Colonial Street , a backlot street set at Universal Studios Hollywood . The house sets on Colonial Street had been used in numerous film and television productions as early as 1946 . Many of the sets , whose styles ranged from contemporary to Victorian to ranch , were remodeled to create a uniform neighborhood . Cherry and production designer Thomas A. Walsh wanted the street to recall the Eisenhower era and convey traditional American values , but appear modern at the same time . Walsh viewed episodes of Father Knows Best , My Three Sons , and Leave It to Beaver , among other television series , to capture the visual style of classic conservative America . Walsh commented , " We were trying to honor that sensibility and at the same time create an everyplace that was neither a red state nor a blue state . " Instead , Walsh insisted that the street was in " kind of a pink state . We 're somewhere in the middle of America 's soul . " Refurbishments of the house sets , which included building interior rooms , cost around $ 700 @,@ 000 . While Walsh strove for a visually unified look for the street as a whole , he carefully designed the interior of each home to reflect the tastes and budgets of the characters .
According to McDougall , another director was originally hired to work on the episode but quit after learning casting would be a group decision . Filming took place over thirteen days in March 2004 . During filming , McDougall suggested removing references to pop culture from the script to ensure the pilot had " more of a timeless feel . " ABC picked up the series for 13 episodes on May 18 , 2004 . In June , ABC called for three starring cast members to be recast . Jesse Metcalfe replaced Searles as John Rowland , as producers wanted to add more sexual appeal to the role " to justify why ( Gabrielle ) was having an affair . " Metcalfe had previously read for the role during the initial casting process . The role of Rex Van de Kamp was given to Steven Culp , who was Cherry 's first choice for the part but was unavailable when the original pilot was filmed . Brenda Strong took over the role of Mary Alice , as producers thought that Lee was not right for the part . Strong commented on the casting change for her character , explaining , " I think it was a conceptual shift ... There certainly wasn 't something wrong with what [ Lee ] did . It was just that instead of vanilla they wanted chocolate , and I happened to be chocolate . " Scenes featuring the original actors were refilmed with their replacements , however Burke and Searles are present in the background of some scenes in the final cut of the episode .
= = Release and reception = =
= = = Promotion and viewership = = =
To promote the series , ABC issued a laundry @-@ themed campaign and purchased advertisement space in magazines such as InStyle and People and on dry @-@ cleaning bags across the country . The show 's raciness prompted several advertisers to remove their commercials from the broadcast , but they were quickly replaced . The pilot premiered at 9 pm Eastern Time Zone ( ET ) on October 3 , 2004 , one week after its intended broadcast date . The premiere drew 21 @.@ 6 million viewers and an 8 @.@ 9 rating / 21 share among adults 18 to 49 years of age . It was the highest debut for an ABC series since Spin City in 1996 and for any non @-@ spinoff series since NBC 's Inside Schwartz in 2001 , as well as the most @-@ watched debut of a drama series in eleven years . The pilot was the most @-@ watched program of the week and also had the highest rating among the demographic of women aged 18 to 49 . Additionally , it was the most @-@ watched program among men aged 18 to 34 . In the United Kingdom , the pilot aired on Channel 4 on January 5 , 2005 and drew 4 @.@ 8 million viewers , the highest premiere for a drama series on the network since ER nine years earlier .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The pilot was met with extremely positive critical reception . Robert Bianco of USA Today gave the series premiere four out of four stars , commenting that it was as " involving as any new drama and funnier than any new sitcom [ because it ] matches high visual style with a witty @-@ but @-@ never arch sensibility . " He highlighted the performances of the six leading actresses , writing , " Individually , each is terrific ; combined , they 're an irresistible feminine force " , and praised Hatcher 's " revelatory performance . " Bianco also noted that Cherry avoided making the pilot campy . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Tim Goodman complimented the pilot 's tonal diversity while expressing concern that American audiences would " tune in , get freaked out by the scattershot emotional chords and flip over to something safer . " However , he praised Cherry 's writing as well as the acting , declaring , " There are almost too many things to love in ' Desperate Housewives . ' " In his review of the episode , Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe commended the episode for its " marvelous tonal elasticity , as it stretches from sharp satire to dishy soap opera to tragique tribute and back again . "
Justin Ravitz of PopMatters called the series a " cleverly trashy postmodern soap " and credited it for reviving the soap opera genre , which he felt had disappeared but still suited American culture . He compared the pilot to Sex and the City , declaring it " could potentially replace the departed Sex as the TV Sunday ritual for women and gay men everywhere , although DH is the guiltier pleasure of the two . " However , he noted the contrasting tones and dynamics between the two series , and stated that the friendships between Desperate Housewives 's four leading women seemed " tenuous , " opining , " the sisterly , sugar @-@ swapping connection between the surviving women is superficial , and clearly vulnerable to shifting alliances , acts of betrayal and crowd @-@ pleasing cat @-@ fights . " Brian Lowry of Variety called the pilot " oodles of fun . " He complimented the cast , stating that while Hatcher provides " the emotional core " of the series , " nearly everyone is intriguing in one way or another , " and predicted that Eva Longoria would become the show 's breakout star . However , Lowry noted that Desperate Housewives may be " a little too smart for its own good " and expressed concern over the series ' " soapy elements . " Tom Shales of The Washington Post praised the pilot , assessing , " In visual style , witty language , borderline surrealism and overall mad attitude , [ the series ] stands on a mountaintop all its own , the best new drama of the season and perhaps the best new comedy , too . " He complimented Cross and Hatcher 's performances , as well as the writing for the Mary Alice character 's narrations . The Futon Critic selected the pilot as the 26th best television episode of 2004 .
= = = Awards = = =
The pilot episode won three Emmy Awards : Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Felicity Huffman ) , Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( Charles McDougall ) , and Outstanding Single @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( Michael Berenbaum ) . Marc Cherry was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series . Berenbaum also won for an American Cinema Editor 's Award for his work on the episode . McDougall was also nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for directing the episode .
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= Pies Descalzos =
Pies Descalzos ( English : Bare Feet ) is the third studio album and major @-@ label debut by Colombian singer @-@ songwriter Shakira , released on October 6 , 1995 , by Sony Music and Columbia Records . Its music incorporates Latin pop styles , additionally experimenting with pop rock elements . Looking to revive her struggling career after the commercial failures of her first two studio efforts Magia and Peligro , she assumed a prominent position in its production . As executive producer , Luis Fernando Ochoa co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced each of the eleven tracks on the record with Shakira .
In retrospect , Pies Descalzos received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented it as a strong debut showing . Commercially , the project became Shakira 's breakthrough record , with which she established notability throughout Latin America . It was awarded the " Diamond Prism " in her native Colombia , acknowledging one million copies sold in the nation . The album additionally peaked at numbers three and five on the US Billboard Latin Pop Albums and Latin Albums component charts , respectively . It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . To date , the record has sold over five million copies worldwide .
Six singles were released from Pies Descalzos , all of which attained commercial success in the United States . Its lead single " Estoy Aquí " peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Latin Songs component chart , and was her first track promoted through an accompanying music video . Follow @-@ up singles " ¿ Dónde Estás Corazón ? " , " Pies Descalzos , Sueños Blancos ' , " Un Poco de Amor " , " Antología " , and " Se Quiere , Se Mata " peaked within the top twenty of the chart . The record was additionally promoted through the Tour Pies Descalzos , which visited North and South America and Europe throughout 1996 and 1997 . The album was reissued as Colección de Oro in 2002 .
= = Background = =
In 1990 , a thirteen @-@ year @-@ old Shakira signed a recording contract with Sony Music . Her debut studio album Magia was released in 1991 , and largely consisted of tracks she had written since she was eight years old . Commercially , the project struggled , selling an underwhelming 1 @,@ 200 copies in her native Colombia . Her follow @-@ up record Peligro was released in 1993 , and suffered a similar failure . Consequently , Shakira took a two @-@ year hiatus , allowing her to complete her high school education . Looking to revive her struggling career , Shakira decided to make a major @-@ label debut studio album . Pies Descalzos was produced on a budget of $ 100 @,@ 000 , since it was expected to only move 100 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Composition = =
It primarily focuses on Latin pop genres , though it experiments with pop rock styles . Assuming a prominent position in its production , she co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced each of the eleven tracks included on the record . The albums opens with " Estoy Aquí " ( " I 'm Here " ) , which sees prominent uses of guitar instrumentation . Lyrically , it discusses a willingness to correct a failed relationship . The pop ballad " Antología " ( " Anthology " ) notes an appreciation of the knowledge a lover has shared . " Un Poco de Amor " ( " A Little Bit of Love " ) states that Shakira is waiting to find someone who loves her . It became her first track to include phrases in English , performed by the uncredited Howard Glasford , and additionally experiments with elements of reggae music .
The guitar @-@ driven " Quiero " ( " I Want " ) explains Shakira 's happiness upon the return of a lover . Similarly , the mid @-@ tempo " Te Necesito " ( " I Need You " ) and the upbeat " Vuelve " ( " Return " ) describe her yearning for a romantic partner to re @-@ enter her life . " Te Espero Sentada " ( " I Wait Sitting " ) expresses a desire for a romantic partner to be aware of the sorrow his absence brings to Shakira . " Pies Descalzos , Sueños Blancos " ( " Bare Feet , White Dreams " ) suggests that one is happiest when living a carefree lifestyle , while " Pienso en Ti " ( " I Think of You " ) notes that Shakira thinks more about a lover as times progresses . The penultimate track " ¿ Dónde Estás Corazón ? " ( " Where Are You Love ? " ) asks that her boyfriend comes back to her . The album closes with its eleventh track " Se Quiere , Se Mata " ( " You Like , You Kill " ) , which tells the story of expectant parents Braulio and Dana , and sees the usage of a harmonica during its chorus .
= = Singles = =
" Estoy Aquí " was serviced as the lead single from Pies Descalzos in 1995 . It was met with positive reviews from music critics , who recognized it as a stand @-@ out track from its parent album . Additionally , it became Shakira 's first recording to attain commercial success . The song peaked at numbers 1 and 2 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs component charts . " Estoy Aquí " became the first track by Shakira to receive an accompanying music video , and was directed by Simon Brand . The setting depicts a barn during the fall and wintertime , and shows a black @-@ haired Shakira performing the song with her guitar .
" ¿ Dónde Estás Corazón ? " was originally featured on a Colombian compilation album Nuestro Rock . After attaining success on the record , it was later released as the second single from Pies Descalzos , and was also embraced as a highlight from the record . The track peaked at numbers 3 and 5 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts , respectively . Its music video was directed by Gustavo Garzón , and shows various scenes of Shakira holding photographs , sitting in a red chair , and singing in the rain .
" Pies Descalzos , Sueños Blancos " was serviced as the third single from its parent album , and was praised for its melody and songwriting . In comparison to its preceding singles , the track slightly underperformed , reaching number 11 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . Its accompanying music video was directed by Garzón , and films Shakira singing while attending an upper class masquerade ball . " Un Poco de Amor " became the fourth single from the project , and was appreciated for its prominent reggae influences . It peaked at number 11 on both the Billboard Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts . The music video was directed by Garzón , and depicts Shakira dancing with uncredited guest vocalist Howard Glasford , in addition to members of various ethnic groups .
The fifth single " Antología " peaked at numbers 3 and 15 on the Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts , respectively . The track did not receive an formal music video , though a performance in the Netherlands during the Oral Fixation Tour was officially released to YouTube in 2007 . The sixth and final single " Se Quiere , Se Mata " reached numbers 1 and 8 on the Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts , respectively . Its music video was directed by Juan Carlos Martin ; it tells the story of Braulio and Dana , who succumb to their sexual desires , resulting in Dana 's pregnancy . It concludes as Dana goes to abort her unborn child , and dies herself . To further promote Pies Descalzos , Shakira embarked on the Tour Pies Descalzos during 1996 and 1997 . By its conclusion , she visited ten countries and performed twenty @-@ one shows across two continents .
= = Critical reception = =
In retrospect , Pies Descalzos received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented it as a strong debut showing . Carlos Quintana from About.com appreciated Shakira 's " combination of styles , well thought lyrics and music arrangements " , and placed it among her strongest bodies of work . Jose F. Promis of Allmusic opined that the record " [ balanced ] heartfelt , earnest ballads with catchy , jangly pop / rock " and was a " solid debut " . A reviewer from Billboard provided a positive review , opining that the record " [ carries ] passion , conviction , and honesty " . At the 1997 Billboard Latin Music Awards , the album received two awards for " Pop Album of the Year by a Female Artist " and " Pop Album of the Year by a New Artist " . It was also nominated at the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards in 1997 for " Pop Album of the Year " , but lost to Enrique Iglesias 's album Vivir . Shakira herself received the Lo Nuestro Awards for " Pop Female Artist of the Year " and " Pop New Artist of the Year " . In 2015 , Billboard listed Pies Descalzos as one of the Essential Latin Albums of Past 50 Year stating that " Finally , Latin rock had found its muse " .
= = Chart performance = =
Commercially , the project became Shakira 's breakthrough record , with which she established notability throughout Latin America . In Argentina , it attained double @-@ platinum certification after passing 120 @,@ 000 in sold copies . In her native Colombia , the album was awarded the " Diamond Prism " by her record label , acknowledging sales of one million units . The record was certified platinum in Brazil ; in selling 900 @,@ 000 copies , it has since become one of the best @-@ selling albums in the country . It was additionally certified platinum in Chile . In Ecuador , Pies Descalzos , sales of 15 @,@ 000 copies earned the album a platinum certification .
In Peru , Pies Descalzos attained platinum certification after surpassing 10 @,@ 000 sold copies . It also was awarded platinum recognition in Venezuela . Elsewhere , the album peaked at number 71 on the German Albums Chart . In the United States , it failed to chart on the Billboard 200 . However , it reached number 34 on the Billboard Hot Heatseekers Albums component chart , and additionally peaked at numbers 3 and 5 on the Latin Pop Albums and Latin Albums charts . It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of one million copies . As of 2008 , Pies Descalzos has sold over five million copies .
= = Track listing = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Pies Descalzos .
All songs written and composed by Shakira and Luis Fernando Ochoa .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from Allmusic .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Mega Man Powered Up =
Mega Man Powered Up ( known in Japan as Rockman Rockman ( ロックマンロックマン ) is a side @-@ scrolling platform video game developed and published by Capcom . It was released for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) handheld game console in March 2006 . It is a remake of the original Mega Man game released in 1987 for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . Players control the eponymous star Mega Man who must stop Doctor Wily from conquering the world using eight robots called Robot Masters . Unlike the original game , players can control these eight Robot Masters under the right circumstances . Other new features include a level creator mode and a challenge mode .
First revealed in 2005 , Powered Up was produced by series mainstay Keiji Inafune . It was released in a bundle alongside Mega Man : Maverick Hunter X ( also for PSP ) and was slated for release on the PSP 's PlayStation Network ( PSN ) . It was released for the PSN service in Japan , but a US release did not occur due to technical difficulties . The game uses a chibi @-@ style that was intended for the original game but was not possible at the time . The designers intended to keep this design faithful to the way the characters worked and looked in the original . While it received generally positive reviews , the game sold poorly , and plans for a remake of Mega Man 2 titled Mega Man Powered Up 2 fell through .
= = Plot = =
The robot creator Doctor Light created two human @-@ like robots with advanced artificial intelligence named Mega and Roll . Following this , he created eight more robots intended for industrial use : Cut Man , Guts Man , Ice Man , Bomb Man , Fire Man , Elec Man , Time Man , and Oil Man . He received a Nobel Prize for Physics , and his old colleague and rival Doctor Wily has grown bitter for not being acknowledged for his work on the project . Wily discovered a prototype robot made by Doctor Light before Mega and Roll called Proto Man , who is in danger of having his energy generator go critical . Wily gave him a nuclear energy supply to extend his life . He later steals and reprograms the eight industrial robots to attempt world domination . Mega volunteered to stop Wily and the robots and was converted into a fighting robot called Mega Man . After defeating all eight robots , Mega Man goes through Dr. Wily 's fortress and challenges him . After beating Wily , he surrenders and asks Mega Man to spare him .
= = Gameplay = =
The game is a remake of the original NES Mega Man title and has similar gameplay and level designs . The game moves on a 2D plane and players are given control of the game 's eponymous hero Mega Man . Unlike the original 's 8 @-@ bit graphics , the game uses 3D character models with super deformed designs . Mega Man 's primary abilities include jumping and shooting and he is given both a health meter and a life meter . Mega Man can lose health by touching enemies or their projectiles , while lives will be lost when Lives will be consumed if Mega Man touches certain spikes , or falls into a pit . Lives and health can be found either dropped by enemies or in fixed locations .
At the beginning of the game , players are given an introductory level and boss to overcome . Afterward , they are given access to eight different stages , each representing one of the above @-@ mentioned Robot Masters . At the end of each stage , players must battle a Robot Master . When a Robot Master is destroyed , it will give Mega Man its respective weapon , which can be used against other Robot Masters or enemies but has limited ammunition . If Mega Man defeats the Robot Master using his primary weapon , the Robot Master will be captured and reprogrammed . This allows players to play through stages as one of the Robot Masters .
It features two styles of gameplay : " Old Style " is comparable to the NES version aside from the updated presentation , and " New Style " uses the PSP 's entire widescreen and contains storyline cutscenes with voice acting , altered stage layouts , remixed music , and three difficulty modes for each stage . Additionally , the remake lets players unlock and play through the game as the eight Robot Masters , Roll , and Protoman . The New Style stages differ in structure from that of Old Style , with some pathways only accessible to specific Robot Masters . Mega Man Powered Up also features a Challenge Mode with 100 challenges to complete , a level editor for creating custom stages , and an option to distribute fan @-@ made levels to the PlayStation Network online service .
= = Development = =
Mega Man Powered Up was developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation Portable handheld game console . It was produced by Keiji Inafune . Mega Man Powered Up was first seen on a list of games that would have demos at the 2005 Tokyo Game Show titled Rockman Rockman . It was later revealed to be a remake of the NES Mega Man . It was announced for a US release on November 8 , 2005 under the title Mega Man Powered Up . A European release was also announced . It was bundled with Mega Man : Maverick Hunter X on UMD . It was slated to be released on the PSP 's PlayStation Network service along with other Capcom PSP titles . While it was released for the Japanese PSN , a US release of Powered Up never occurred due to technical difficulties that neither Sony nor Capcom could resolve .
Inafune had originally planned to use this chibi @-@ style in the original Mega Man , but could not due to the hardware constraints of the NES . Producer Tetsuya Kitabayashi stated that redesigning the character models was a result of the PSP 's 16 : 9 widescreen ratio . The larger heads on the characters allowed the development team to create visible facial expressions . Character designer Tatsuya Yoshikawa explained the concept of the design was " toys " and be " Geared towards little kids ... the kinds of characters that you 'd see hanging off of keychains and such " . He added that the design team made sure proportions and movements were accurately reflected on the models . As the size of the remake 's stages are not proportional to those of the original , the widescreen ratio also presented the developers with more space to fill . The Robot Master Oil Man originally had black skin and pink lips , which GamesRadar identified as a " 1920 's caricature . " The design was changed for the US release to blue skin and yellow lips to avoid controversy .
= = Reception = =
= = = Pre @-@ release = = =
Mega Man Powered Up received generally positive reception after it was revealed . It was perceived initially as a " straight port " of the NES game with graphical enhancements . IGN writer Nix felt that the graphical update as seen at the 2005 Tokyo Game Show was well @-@ designed . He noted that its biggest hang @-@ up was the fact that the original Mega Man was improved upon by its sequels and that the original lacked functions such as the charge shot , the slide , and Rush . Jeff Gerstmann felt the game was promising and praised its take on the original levels as well as its level editor . Juan Castro felt that it would appeal to Mega Man fans and those looking for an " oldschool platformer . "
= = = Post @-@ release = = =
Sales of Mega Man Powered Up in Japan were considered very poor , though it sold better in the US . Speculation existed for the low sales which included the possibility that it came out too early in the PSP 's life and a " lack of overlap between Mega Man gamers and PSP owners . " Fan lamentation also existed for the fact that it was not available for the Nintendo DS ( which featured several other Mega Man titles ) . Inafune expressed an interest in making a Mega Man Powered Up 2 , though he noted that it would take time to get to . Due to the poor sales of the game , further remakes have been put on hold .
Despite poor sales , it received generally positive reviews , currently holding aggregate scores of 83 % on GameRankings and 82 out of 100 on Metacritic respectively . It received positive attention from the Mega Man fanbase . Game Revolution 's Mike Reily praised the game ' variety of challenges , playable bosses , level editor , and the gameplay variety but criticized its " trial and error " gameplay and graphical slowdown . Gamasutra writer Connor Cleary praised its improvements of the original Mega Man and noted that those who do not love the art style would be able to get over it after playing . David Oxford , from 1UP.com felt that it was the most notable remake of the original Mega Man . In his review , Jeremy Parish , also from 1UP.com , called it " one of the most addictive PSP games to date " and felt that it reminded players of Mega Man 's greatness . He also praised its level editor , which he noted came before future Sony titles that featured a level editor such as LittleBigPlanet and Sound Shapes . He later included it in his list of games to play on a short flight due to its quick levels and auto @-@ save feature . GameSpot 's Alex Navarro called it the best remake of the original Mega Man due to a combination of the original game 's quality and the quality of the additional features , while IGN 's Juan Castro felt that the quality and polish of the game would appeal to veteran Mega Man fans and newcomers to the franchise . Detroit Free Press called it " a must @-@ buy for fans of the long @-@ running series , despite its super cute @-@ ified new look . " Matt Keller from PALGN called the original an " all @-@ time classic " and felt that Powered Up was " the remake it deserves . "
GameSpy placed Powered Up as the seventh best handheld game of 2006 , as well as the fifth best PSP game . IGN ranked it the ninth best PSP game ever made . It was also nominated for " Best Action Game " for the " 2006 1UP Awards " , losing to another Capcom game Dead Rising .
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= Super Smash Bros. Brawl =
Super Smash Bros. Brawl , known in Japan as Dairantō Smash Brothers X ( 大乱闘 ( だいらんとう ) スマッシュブラザーズX ( エックス ) ? , lit . " Great Melee Smash Brothers X " ) , is the third installment in the Super Smash Bros. series of crossover action games , developed by an ad hoc development team consisting of Sora , Game Arts , and staff from other developers , and published by Nintendo for the Wii video game console . Brawl was announced at a pre @-@ E3 2005 press conference by Nintendo president and Chief Executive Officer Satoru Iwata . Masahiro Sakurai , director of the previous two games in the series , assumed the role of director for the third installment at the request of Iwata . Game development began in October 2005 with a creative team that included members from several Nintendo and third @-@ party development teams . After delays due to development problems , the game was finally released on January 31 , 2008 , in Japan ; March 9 , 2008 , in North America ; June 26 , 2008 , in Australia ; and June 27 , 2008 , in Europe . Twenty @-@ seven months after its original Japanese release , the game was released in Korea , on April 29 , 2010 .
The number of playable characters in Brawl has grown from that in Super Smash Bros. Melee , although a few character from Melee were cut in Brawl . Brawl is the first game in the series to have playable third @-@ party characters . Like that of its predecessors , the object of Brawl is to knock an opponent off the screen . It is a departure from traditional fighting games , notably in its simplified move commands and emphasis on ring outs over knockouts . It includes a more extensive single @-@ player mode than its predecessors , known as the Subspace Emissary ( SSE ) . This mode is a plot @-@ driven , side @-@ scrolling beat ' em up featuring computer @-@ generated cut scenes and a selection of playable characters . Brawl also supports multiplayer battles with up to four combatants , and is the first game of its franchise to feature online battles via Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection . The game is unique , in that it may be played with four different controllers , including the Wii Remote , Wii Remote with Nunchuk , GameCube controller , and Classic Controller , simultaneously .
Super Smash Bros. Brawl received critically positive reviews , with praise for the game 's entertainment value , despite issues relating to its content loading times . The game 's musical score , composed through a collaboration by 38 renowned video game composers , was lauded for its representation of different generations in gaming history . Brawl received an aggregate review score of 93 % on Metacritic and 92 @.@ 84 % on Game Rankings , and was ranked " Fighting Game of the Year " for 2008 by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . In 2010 , the game was included as one of the titles in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die . As of March 31 , 2016 , it is the eighth best @-@ selling Wii game , with a total of 13 @.@ 10 million copies sold worldwide .
= = Gameplay = =
Following its predecessors , Brawl uses a battle system unlike that of typical fighting games . Players can choose from a large selection of characters , each attempting to knock their opponents off the screen as they fight on various stages . The characters in Brawl include most of the same ones as the predecessors , such as the well @-@ known Mario and Pikachu . Instead of using traditional health bars that start at a maximum value and lose value , Brawl characters start the game with 0 % ; the value rises as they take damage and may rise over 100 % to a maximum of 999 % . As a character 's percentage increases , the character flies further back when hit . When a character is knocked beyond a stage 's boundary and disappears from the screen , the character loses either a life , a point , or coins , depending on the mode of play . Brawl includes a function which allows players to create profiles with personalized button configurations for each control method along with their chosen username .
The characters in Brawl fight each other using a variety of attacks , that give the player a wider selection than the predecessors . Players execute each move by pressing a button in conjunction with a tilt of the control stick or a press of the D @-@ pad , depending on the mode of control . In addition to basic attacks , characters have access to more powerful moves , known as smash attacks . Each character has four unique moves , which often cause effects besides damage to an opponent . Brawl introduces the ability to perform character @-@ specific super attacks , referred to as " Final Smash " moves . Significantly more powerful than regular attacks , these moves have a wide variety of effects that range from nearly unavoidable blasts to temporary transformations . Final Smash moves can be performed by destroying a Smash Ball : a colorful , glowing , orb @-@ like item bearing the Smash Bros. logo that floats around each stage every so often depending on the selection of items that were set before the start of the match .
Characters can use items ranging from projectiles to melee weapons ; each has a different effect on the characters around it . Although many items have returned from previous Super Smash Bros. games , new ones have been introduced as well . Some returning items have changed appearance and function . Two varieties of items , Assist Trophies and Poké Balls , temporarily summon guest characters and Pokémon , respectively , that generally aid the summoner . They cannot be controlled by players and are usually invincible .
= = = Group = = =
In addition to the standard multiplayer mode , Brawl features other multiplayer modes and options in Group mode . Special Melee , from the previous game , returns as Special Brawl . In this mode , players are able to battle in matches using special rules for a greater level of customization . Whereas previously standard options such as " Giant Melee " or " Invisible Melee " were limited to one feature per match , players may now select multiple options for a single match . Another returning game type , Tourney mode ( formerly Tournament mode ) , enables players to create an elimination @-@ based tournament , where up to 32 players can play , with a large number of game @-@ controlled or human @-@ controlled opponents . A " Rotation " feature has been introduced in Brawl , which allows up to sixteen players to compete in sequence by switching out winners or losers after each round .
= = = Solo = = =
Like its predecessors , Super Smash Bros. Brawl includes various modes of play from the previous game designed for a single player . Classic mode , as the name implies , is a classical approach to the game , in which players fight individual characters in a selected order . Each match features an arena or opponent from a particular series , such as The Legend of Zelda or Pokémon . Several matches have a unique battle condition , such as a metal opponent , large opponent or a two @-@ on @-@ two team battle . Similar to Classic mode are All Star mode and Boss Battles , where the player has only one life to defeat all of the playable characters and bosses , respectively .
Brawl features Events , which are matches with predetermined battle conditions such as defeating opponents within a time limit or reaching a specific goal . New to single @-@ player mode , each of the 41 Events has three difficulty levels , with a distinct high score recorded for each . In addition to the normal set of 41 Events played with a single player , a smaller set of 21 two @-@ player Events is included .
Stadium mode is a collection of objective @-@ oriented minigames , or small games within the game . Returning from the two previous games is the " Target Smash ! " minigame , in which the player must break ten targets as quickly as possible . Additionally , items scattered across the stage are available for use . In the Home @-@ Run Contest , the player must beat Sandbag to inflict as much damage as possible in 10 seconds , then strike it with a Home @-@ Run Bat . Updated from Melee , all Stadium mode minigames feature cooperative or competitive multiplayer .
= = = = Adventure Mode : The Subspace Emissary = = = =
Super Smash Bros. Brawl features a new Adventure mode titled " The Subspace Emissary " ( SSE ) . This mode features unique character storylines and numerous side @-@ scrolling levels and bosses to fight , as well as cut scenes explaining the plot . SSE introduces a group of antagonists called the Subspace Army , who are led by the Ancient Minister . Some of these enemy characters appeared in previous Nintendo video games , such as Petey Piranha from the Mario series and a squadron of R.O.B.s based on classic Nintendo hardware . SSE boasts a number of original enemies , such as the Roader , a robotic unicycle ; the Bytan , a one @-@ eyed , ball @-@ like creature which can replicate itself if left alone ; and the Primid , enemies that fight with a variety of weapons . Though the game is primarily played as a single @-@ player mode , cooperative multiplayer is available . This mode features a mechanism which strengthens the selected character 's abilities . They are in the form of collectible stickers that can be applied to the base of the player 's character trophies .
Unlike other game modes , SSE has a team system for the characters , with a limited choice of characters at the beginning of the mode . Others join the team as the game progresses , while some characters may leave the team temporarily . Most characters start off with their own teams , but the teams merge occasionally until they become a unified team by the end of the game . In cooperative multi @-@ player , once one player loses a life , an ally can take his or her place until the number of lives run out . If there are no lives left and player one is defeated , the game is interrupted , with the choice of starting again from the previous " door " the player passed through or quitting .
The game 's director , Masahiro Sakurai , said that this mode would be more " fleshed out " than the single @-@ player modes in previous Smash Bros. titles . Shigeru Miyamoto has explained that Sakurai always wanted to have a deep single @-@ player game , but he wanted Sakurai to focus more on the multiplayer aspects in the previous titles since there were already many single @-@ player games of this kind . Both were possible with the development time allotted for Brawl . Sakurai selected Kazushige Nojima , a scenario writer known for his work on the Final Fantasy series , to construct a plotline for the mode in cooperation with him .
= = = = = Plot = = = = =
The mode begins as Mario and Kirby face each other on a stadium located in the Smash Bros. world . In this world , when a fighter is defeated , they turn into a trophy form , which can be revived by touching the base . Suddenly , smoke pours from the sky and the Battleship Halberd flies over . It releases a stream of black purple @-@ clouded bugs called Shadow Bugs that form the soldiers of the Subspace Army . The Ancient Minister , a cloak @-@ clad , mysterious hovering General of the Subspace Army , arrives with his Army and detonates a Subspace Bomb , which can only be detonated by the sacrifice of two R.O.B.s , and which transports the stadium into Subspace , an alternate dimension where the Subspace Army resides . The Ancient Minister 's advance prompts the heroes to progressively team up and attempt to repel the enemy , while villains harvest the power of the allied characters by using dark cannons to convert them into trophies , and using shadow bugs on some of them to fight the protagonists during their adventure .
The Ancient Minister is revealed as a subordinate to Ganondorf , Bowser and Wario who are under orders from Master Hand to draw the world into Subspace . Wario , who had stolen Ness with his dark cannon , is turned into a trophy by a Pokémon trainer Red and a vengeful Lucas , and is then helplessly sucked in by a Subspace Bomb . Meanwhile , Meta Knight seeing his ship , the Halberd , being used for evil , leaves his group to reclaim it . He meets and allies with Lucario and Solid Snake , where they reach the cockpit and destroy the Mr. Game and Watch clones that were piloting it .
The Ancient Minister 's true identity is found to be that of the Master R.O.B. unit , who rebels against Ganondorf to join the allied characters . The three major groups that had formed over the storyline then all converge in one area , and use the Halberd to battle Ganondorf and Bowser 's subspace gunship . Although they destroy the Halberd , all of the characters make it out unscathed in smaller vehicles . Unable to hit so many targets , Ganondorf and Bowser retreat into subspace after Kirby destroys the gunship with his dragoon . An enraged Ganondorf turns Bowser into a trophy with his dark cannon , and he learns that Master Hand was being manipulated by the chains of the actual Subspace Army leader , known only as Tabuu . Ganondorf jumps up and does the attack on Tabuu who easily defeats him , Ganondorf collides with Master Hand , thus breaking free from the chains and turning Ganondorf into his trophy . Master Hand attempts to attack Tabuu , but to no avail .
The allied characters enter , and looks at the defeated Ganondorf and Master Hand . But before they 've the opportunity to battle him , Tabuu unveils his wings and uses his powerful attack known for releasing crimson energy rings called " Off Waves " which turns all of the characters into trophies and scattered in a vanquishment , although a select few ( Luigi , Kirby , and Ness ) are revived by the brooches ( a golden badge with a face imprinted ) that were attached to them by King Dedede earlier in the story . They work together to revive the characters that scattered across Subspace and make their way through a great maze where Tabuu is located . As Tabuu is about to use his " Off Waves " to turn the characters back into trophies , he is ambushed by Sonic , who weakens it ; with that done , the fighters ultimately destroy Tabuu and save the Smash Bros. universe .
In the final scene , all the fighters look at the horizon , where instead of the Isle of the Ancients appears a great luminous cross .
= = = Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection = = =
Brawl allows players to play against distant opponents via the Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection . Online multiplayer games can be played either with registered friends or with randomly selected participants . Additionally , players can converse with up to four phrases that are preset by the player , which appear as speech bubbles when activated . These names and phrases are not displayed in random @-@ player matches . The Spectator mode allows players to watch matches being played between other players , and bet on the outcome using coins earned within the game . The winner of the match earns a jackpot of coins .
Snapshots may be taken during battles or in certain other modes , which can later be sent to friends or submitted to Nintendo . Video replay footage can be captured in specific game modes , including Brawl and Target Smash ! modes , and sent to friends in the same manner . Snapshots , custom stages and replays can be submitted to Nintendo 's " Smash Service " for a chance to get the content featured and updated on all Smash Service @-@ enabled Wii consoles . Since Brawl 's launch , the Smash Service has updated the game 's Vault with one user submitted snapshot , custom stage and replay data chosen by Nintendo every day ; each new update overwrites the previous . The user can choose to not receive updates from the service through the Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection options menu . After June 30 , 2009 , the Smash Service stopped accepting content from its users .
= = = Vault = = =
Returning from Melee are trophies , statuettes of video game characters and objects that give brief histories or descriptions of their subjects , such as Mario and Link , or other characters and items that appear in their respective series . A minigame , the Coin Launcher , replaces the lottery machine from Melee as the primary method of obtaining trophies . The Coin Launcher is a machine that uses coins as projectiles to shoot trophies and counter incoming dangers such as missiles . Coins can also be used to bet on the victor of online battles via Spectator mode . Trophies unavailable in Coin Launcher mode are obtained by using an item called the Trophy Stand on weakened enemy characters and bosses within The Subspace Emissary . Trophies obtained in this manner may contain information on the backstory of the Subspace Emissary .
In addition to trophies , players can now collect stickers of video game artwork . Players can place stickers and trophies onto virtual backgrounds and take snapshots , which can be sent to other players via Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection . Stickers can be applied to characters to power up their abilities during the Subspace Emissary .
Other stickers or trophies which cannot be collected through the Coin Launcher minigame , Subspace Emissary , or Vs. matches can be unlocked from the Challenges menu , an interactive display which catalogs unlocked features and items in gridded windows . Once a window has been broken and its contents are unlocked , horizontally adjacent windows display the conditions necessary to unlock them .
Brawl contains demo versions of several Nintendo games , named " Masterpieces " , which were originally released for older consoles and feature characters playable in Brawl . These games use Virtual Console technology to emulate older hardware and have time constraints ranging from thirty seconds to five minutes . Some use save data to allow the player to play a certain scenario or level . Along with Masterpieces comes the inclusion of the Chronicles section , a library of previous Nintendo games which lists games either previously made or published by Nintendo on all of its consoles . New games appear when certain characters , trophies or stickers related to the game are unlocked .
= = Playable characters = =
Brawl allows the player to select from 39 characters . Some are new , but others return from Melee — in some cases updated or refined , either in appearance , fighting capabilities , or both . For example , Link and Fox have adopted designs from more recent titles , while Samus has gained the ability to change into a new form , Zero Suit Samus . Dr. Mario , Roy , Young Link , Mewtwo , and Pichu are the first characters to not return from a previous game , though they do appear as stickers or trophies .
Some previously represented series have had more characters added to Brawl . Diddy Kong , from the Donkey Kong series , Ike , from the Fire Emblem series , and Lucas , from the EarthBound series make their first appearance in the Smash Bros. series . Other newcomers are the first to represent their series . These include characters such as Pit , representing the Kid Icarus series for the first time since the 1991 Game Boy game Kid Icarus : Of Myths and Monsters , Olimar of the Pikmin series , and Wario , as he appears in Nintendo 's WarioWare . Solid Snake , the protagonist of Konami 's Metal Gear franchise , and Sonic the Hedgehog from Nintendo 's former rival Sega are the first third @-@ party characters to appear in a Super Smash Bros. game .
= = Stages = =
Brawl 's stages are generally based on plot devices from the various game series of Super Smash Bros. Stages range from floating platforms to moving areas where the characters must stay within the field of play . Each stage has a boundary that cannot be passed , or the character will be " KO 'd " , thus losing a life or " point " , depending on the mode of play .
Brawl contains 41 selectable stages , 29 of which are initially available . Many stages undergo elaborate changes while battles take place , such as a cycling day @-@ to @-@ night system and changing seasons . A stage based on the Animal Crossing series features a live events system in which special events may occur depending on the date and time . Environmental gameplay mechanics are featured in this installment , such as destructible terrain and the ability to float . Unlike its predecessors , Brawl includes stages based on third @-@ party games such as the Metal Gear Solid @-@ inspired Shadow Moses Island . The game also includes stages taken from its predecessor , Super Smash Bros. Melee .
Brawl allows players to create their own stages using several options in a mode called Stage Builder . Players can save their stages to an SD card or to the internal memory of the Wii console . Through Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection , players can submit their creations to their friends , or to Nintendo to receive a daily stage from the service .
= = Development = =
At the pre @-@ E3 2005 press conference , Nintendo president Satoru Iwata announced that the next installment of Super Smash Bros. was soon to be in development for its next console and would be a launch title with Wi @-@ Fi compatibility for online play . The announcement was a surprise to Sakurai , who left HAL Laboratory in 2003 . He was not informed of Nintendo 's intent to release another Smash Bros. game , despite the fact that Iwata told Sakurai shortly after his resignation from HAL that if a new Smash game was to be developed , he would want Sakurai to again serve as director . It was not until after the conference that Iwata requested that Sakurai hold a private meeting with him , where he was asked to be involved as Brawl 's director . Sakurai agreed to become director , and development of the game began in October 2005 , when Nintendo opened a new office in Tokyo just for its production . Help from a variety of studios such as Monolith Soft and Paon was enlisted , with Game Arts as the main team in the preliminary development stages . In addition , several Smash Bros. staff members that resided in the area of the new office joined the project . Altogether , roughly 100 individuals worked on the project full @-@ time , and were given access to all the original material and tools from the development of Melee , courtesy of HAL Laboratory .
The game was absent from Nintendo 's Wii showing at its 2006 pre @-@ E3 press conference . Nintendo officially revealed the game under the name of Super Smash Bros. Brawl the next day , May 10 , 2006 , along with the game 's first official trailer during the E3 After @-@ Hours Press Conference . In an interview with IGN , Sakurai said the Wii 's motion sensing features might not be included because " [ his team ] found that trying to implement too much motion @-@ sensory functionality can get in the way of the game " . As far as Wi @-@ Fi play is concerned , Sakurai stated his plan was to include Wi @-@ Fi connection compatibility from the start . He goes on to say , " One of the primary reasons Super Smash Bros. Brawl was created was that Nintendo , when taking Wii online , wanted to have Smash Bros. to do that . " However , Sakurai stated on the Japanese version of the Smash Bros. website that there were " hurdles of all sorts that [ made ] it very difficult " to implement online battles . Furthermore , he said that an online ranking system is unlikely to be implemented . During a test play between Sakurai and Hideo Kojima , Kojima stated that the game felt complete and that Nintendo " could put it out now and it would sell millions of copies " . Starting May 22 , 2007 and ending April 14 , 2008 , the site had daily weekday updates .
At the Nintendo Media Conference at E3 2007 , Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils @-@ Aimé announced that Super Smash Bros. Brawl would be released on December 3 , 2007 in the Americas . However , just two months before its anticipated December release , the development team asked for more time to work on the game . During the Nintendo Conference on October 10 , 2007 , President Iwata announced the delay ,
" In order to fine @-@ tune Smash Bros. , with this unprecedented game depth , we have decided that we have to take a little more time to complete the game than we announced before . We are sorry for the fans that are already anxiously waiting for the launch , but we would like to launch this game on January 24 , 2008 in Japan . As for the North American launch , we will review that too , and our local subsidiaries will make their own announcements . "
On October 11 , 2007 , George Harrison of Nintendo of America stated that Super Smash Bros. Brawl would be released on February 10 , 2008 in North America . On January 15 , 2008 , the game 's release was delayed one week in Japan to January 31 and nearly a month in the Americas to March 9 . On April 24 , 2008 , Nintendo of Europe confirmed that Brawl would be released in Europe on June 27 . Similarly , Nintendo Australia announced on May 15 , 2008 , that the game would be released in that region on June 26 , 2008 .
= = = Technical issues = = =
Super Smash Bros. Brawl uses a dual @-@ layer disc due to the size of the game data . Nintendo of America has stated that some Wii consoles may have difficulty reading the high @-@ density software due to a contaminated laser lens . Nintendo offered a free repair for owners who experienced this issue .
= = = Music = = =
Sakurai revealed a list of 36 musicians providing musical arrangements for the game on May 22 , 2007 . He asked composers such as Koji Kondo , Yasunori Mitsuda , Yoko Shimomura , and Yuzo Koshiro , amongst many others , " to listen to an elite selection of Nintendo music and arrange several of their favorite songs . " The game 's various stages have multiple musical tracks which players can listen to using the new " My Music " feature , including some pieces taken directly from other games without any modification or special arrangements . This feature allows the player to select how often a piece gets played during a stage . Some of the pieces need to be unlocked by collecting CDs which are awarded via the game 's Challenges Mode , or by spawning randomly while playing . The game 's original music was composed by Takahiro Nishi , Shogo Sakai , Masaaki Iwasaki , Yutaka Iraha , Keigo Ozaki , and Kentaro Ishizaka , while the main theme was composed by former Final Fantasy series composer , Nobuo Uematsu , and arranged by Sakai .
= = = Inclusion of characters = = =
Sakurai originally stated that he did not want to emphasize Japan @-@ only characters . However , reflecting upon Marth and Roy 's inclusion in Melee , which led to the international release of the Fire Emblem series , he became more interested in characters exclusive to Japan @-@ only releases . Sakurai said that third @-@ party characters would amount to two at the most , aside from Snake . The inclusion of Konami @-@ created character Solid Snake may seem to conflict with the Super Smash Bros. paradigm — to only include characters from games made by Nintendo and its second parties — but Sakurai said that Metal Gear creator Hideo Kojima " practically begged " for Snake to be included in Super Smash Bros. Melee , which did not happen since the game was too far into development . This in turn led to his appearance in the following game instead . Similarly , the now @-@ playable Lucas from Mother 3 was intended to be used in Melee , but was left out due to the delay of Mother 3 .
Japanese fans were asked to submit their desired characters and musical themes via a forum on the game 's official Japanese site for possible inclusion . The most requested third @-@ party character , Sega 's Sonic the Hedgehog , was announced to be in Brawl on October 10 , 2007 .
During Brawl 's development , Sakurai briefly considered adding Miis as playable characters . However , due to concerns about the Miis ' lighter tone not meshing with that of Brawl or potential associations with bullying , he ultimately decided against it . Miis would later be integrated into the series as playable characters in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U.
= = Reception = =
Super Smash Bros. Brawl has received universal acclaim and commercially successful worldwide . In the United States , the game sold 874 @,@ 000 units on launch day and 1 @.@ 4 million units in its first week to become the fastest @-@ selling video game in Nintendo of America 's history , according to Nintendo . According to the NPD Group , it was the best @-@ selling game of March 2008 in Canada and the United States , selling 200 @,@ 000 and 2 @.@ 7 million units , respectively ; the game is the best @-@ selling game of 2008 in Canada as of April 1 , 2008 . Electronic Entertainment Design and Research analyst Jesse Divnich attributed the game 's strong US sales to it fulfilling " the needs of the casual , social , and sub @-@ 13 @-@ year @-@ old markets " . Upon release in PAL regions , Brawl reached number one on both European and Australian sales charts . According to the NPD Group , GfK Chart @-@ Track , and Enterbrain , the game has sold 3 @.@ 539 million units in the United States , 213 @,@ 000 in the United Kingdom , and 1 @.@ 681 million in Japan , respectively , for a total of 5 @.@ 433 million units as of August 1 , 2008 . It is also the fifth best @-@ selling game of Japan in 2008 , selling 1 @,@ 747 @,@ 113 copies . It was the fourth best @-@ selling game of 2008 , selling over 4 @.@ 17 million copies . By March 31 , 2016 , the game had sold 13 @.@ 10 million units worldwide , according to Nintendo .
The editors of Japanese game magazine Famitsu , who awarded it a perfect score , praised the variety and depth of the single @-@ player content , the unpredictability of Final Smashes , and the dynamic fighting styles of the characters . Chris Slate of Nintendo Power awarded Brawl a perfect score in the March 2008 issue , calling it " one of the very best games that Nintendo has ever produced " . GameSpot editor Lark Anderson noted that Brawl 's " simple controls and gameplay make it remarkably accessible to beginners , yet still appealing to veterans " , while GameTrailers mentioned the amount of content that gives the game " staying power that few other games possess " . Eurogamer praised the game 's ability to stay fun in both single @-@ player and multiplayer modes , while " fulfilling its usual role of dominating a willing crowd 's evening into the early hours , and now allowing you to sustain that after everyone 's gone home " . Game Revolution hailed Brawl 's soundtrack as " spectacular ... spanning a generous swath of gaming history " . Game Informer highlighted Brawl 's " finely tuned balance , core fighting mechanics , and local multiplayer modes " . Edge concluded that , while the Smash Bros. games have often been " derided as button @-@ mashing " , Brawl features " one of the most enduringly innovative and deep systems of any fighter " .
IGN editor Matt Casamassina , however , noted that , although Brawl is " completely engrossing and wholly entertaining " , it suffers from " long loading times " and " uninspired enemies and locales " in the Subspace Emissary adventure mode . He also described the graphics as " an enhanced version of Melee " , with backgrounds that lack detail in areas . GameSpy echoed this by equating the quality of the graphics to that of the GameCube . Mitchell Saltzman of Gameworld Network expressed disappointment at the lack of " stat tracking , voice chat , and a mostly lag free environment " in the online mode . NGamer 's Matthew Castle points to the franchise 's lack of innovation with the verdict , " Smash Bros risks growing too familiar . It never breeds contempt , but it doesn 't quite muster that Galaxy magic . " Jeff Gerstmann rated the game 4 out of 5 stars on Giant Bomb , saying that players who are not into Nintendo 's history or multiplayer " probably won ’ t understand what all the fuss is about in the first place " . 1UP.com , however , suggested that Brawl is not directed exclusively towards serious gamers , as it offers " a curious diversion for uninterested gamers " as well .
= = = Awards = = =
Super Smash Bros. Brawl won multiple Wii @-@ specific awards from IGN in IGN 's 2008 video game awards , including " Best Fighting Game " , " Best Local Multiplayer Game " and " Best Original Score " . It was also nominated by them for several other Wii @-@ specific awards , including " Best Graphics Technology " , " Best Use of Sound " , " Best Online Multiplayer Game " and " Game of the Year " . The game also won " Best Fighting Game " in GameSpot 's Game of the Year awards 2008 . The game placed 15th in Official Nintendo Magazine 's 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time .
It was ranked by Nintendo Power as the fifth best game of the 2000s released on a Nintendo system .
= = Modding = =
Brawl is unusually moddable for a console game , due to the " Smash Stack " exploit found within the game 's built @-@ in stage builder when loading stages from an SD card . Rather than stage data , a specialized program can be inserted onto the SD card that renders the builder unusable while present , but allows loading of fan @-@ made patches from the card on top of the game 's on @-@ disc data . These patches range from simple character skins and balance adjustments to more complex modifications such as whole additional characters and extra stages more complex than the internal stage builder allows .
= = = Project M = = =
In 2011 , a team of competitive Super Smash Bros. players , known collectively as the Project M Back Room ( PMBR ) , began development on a mod of Brawl titled Project M. It was designed to retool Brawl to play more like its predecessor , Super Smash Bros. Melee , in response to complaints about Brawl 's physics , slower @-@ paced gameplay , use of chance elements , and mechanics of certain attacks compared to Melee . The mod rebalances each of Brawl 's playable characters , adds new character costumes and gameplay modes , and adds the characters Mewtwo and Roy , who were present in Melee but omitted from Brawl 's roster . The mod has received praise from many reviewers and fans , with the " Version 3 @.@ 0 " demo having received over 300 @,@ 000 downloads as of February 2014 .
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= Mucho Macho Man =
Mucho Macho Man ( foaled June 15 , 2008 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse notable as the winner of the 2013 Breeders ' Cup Classic . He was foaled in Florida and named after the Village People song " Macho Man " . His breeders were Carole and John Rio of Florida , who owned his dam . His foalhood nickname was " Lazarus " because he appeared lifeless at birth , but spontaneously revived . He grew to be a very large horse , standing over 17 hands ( 68 inches , 173 cm ) high . Throughout most of his racing career , Mucho Macho Man was primarily owned by Dean and Patti Reeves of Reeves Thoroughbred Racing of Suwanee , Georgia . They purchased a majority interest in him after his first race in 2010 , and in 2012 became his sole owners . In February 2014 , Frank Stronach purchased an undisclosed share in the horse on behalf of his Adena Springs Farms , owner of Mucho Macho Man 's sire , Macho Uno . The stallion now lives at Adena Springs and began to stand at stud in the 2015 breeding season .
When Dean and Patti Reeves purchased the horse , they placed him with horse trainer Tim Ritvo , who shortly thereafter began a job with Gulfstream Park . Training duties were turned over to Tim 's wife and fellow trainer Kathy Ritvo , who trained Mucho Macho Man from his fourth race on . His racing career was supported by a close @-@ knit team , led by Ritvo and the Reeves as well as Reeves ' racing manager Finn Green . Mucho Macho Man was ridden in races by several top jockeys , including Rajiv Maragh , Ramon Dominguez , Mike Smith , Edgar Prado and Gary Stevens .
Because Mucho Macho Man was born late in the year for a Thoroughbred foal , as a growing two- and three @-@ year @-@ old he had to compete against horses that were several months older and more mature . He was also very tall , and as a young racehorse sometimes got in his own way ; as a three @-@ year @-@ old , he stepped on his front feet with his hind feet and tore off a horseshoe in two different races . In 2011 , he competed in all three Triple Crown races , coming in third in the Kentucky Derby . Following a five @-@ month layoff due to surgery that addressed a problem with his breathing , he returned to the track in November 2011 with a win , won three graded stakes races in 2012 , and finished a close second to Fort Larned in that year 's Breeders ' Cup Classic .
In 2013 , after overcoming a respiratory virus early in the year , he ran two races on the east coast , finishing third both times , and then was shipped early to Santa Anita Park to prepare for that year 's Breeders ' Cup . He won a preparatory race , the Awesome Again Stakes , his seventh win overall and his first Grade I win . This qualified him for the 2013 Breeders ' Cup Classic , which he won , narrowly defeating Will Take Charge and Declaration of War . His success earned him the Secretariat Vox Populi Award and the National Thoroughbred Racing Association Moment of the Year as well as two Eclipse Award nominations and 2013 Florida @-@ bred Horse of the Year . Sportswriter Steve Haskin , who followed the horse 's career for The Blood @-@ Horse , stated that the saga " provided enough uplifting human interest stories to fill a book " . Mucho Macho Man returned to the track in January 2014 with a decisive win in the Sunshine Millions Classic , but finished fourth in the Santa Anita Handicap . He remained in training , still essentially sound , but following the discovery of bruising on his fetlocks and other signs of " wear and tear " , he was retired in July 2014 .
= = Background = =
Mucho Macho Man is a bay horse with white markings that include a star and stripe on his face , a sock on his left hind leg , and a coronet on his front right leg . He stands over 17 hands ( 68 inches , 173 cm ) high . He was sired by Macho Uno , who won the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile and was named American Champion Two @-@ Year @-@ Old Colt in 2000 . Macho Uno was a son of Hall of Fame champion Holy Bull . Mucho Macho Man 's dam is the 2001 Anoakia Stakes winner Ponche de Leona . Both sire and dam were owned by Frank Stronach 's Adena Springs Farms at the time of mating ; the pregnant mare was subsequently purchased by John and Carole Rio of Florida , where Mucho Macho Man was foaled , and thus the Rios are officially listed as his breeders . Mucho Macho Man was Ponche de Leona 's second foal and was born extremely late in the foaling season on June 15 , 2008 ; this meant that as a two- and three @-@ year @-@ old , not yet fully grown , he had to compete on equal terms with horses who were as much as five months older than he .
Ponche de Leona delivered Mucho Macho Man three weeks after her due date . At birth , the foal was lifeless with no heartbeat . Farm staff tried to revive him by massaging and shaking him . He was unresponsive for several minutes , then his eyes opened and he " just got up and galloped away " . As a result , his foalhood nickname was " Lazarus " . In addition to being a late foal , he was very big and hence slow to reach full development . Because the young horse was so tall and skinny , John Rio called him " Mr. Green Jeans " , though no one else did . His official name is derived from the Village People song " Macho Man " , and owner Dean Reeves ' nickname for him is " Macho " .
The Rios sold the horse as a two @-@ year @-@ old to Jim Culver of Dream Team One Racing Stable , keeping an ownership share for themselves . After Mucho Macho Man 's first race in 2010 , a majority share in the colt was purchased by Dean and Patti Reeves , owners of Reeves Thoroughbred Racing of Suwanee , Georgia , near Atlanta . When the Reeves purchased their controlling interest , he was sent into training with Tim Ritvo , but when Ritvo was appointed director of racing at Gulfstream Park in Florida , the conditioning of the colt was turned over to his wife and fellow trainer , Kathy . Jonathan " Finn " Green joined the Reeves ' program as racing manager in September 2011 .
Mucho Macho Man overcame several health issues in 2011 and 2013 . He had surgery to address a breathing problem in 2011 , and suffered from a respiratory virus and hoof problems , including a quarter crack , in 2013 .
Not only did the horse survive near @-@ death in 2008 , so did Kathy Ritvo , who had a heart transplant in November 2008 . She was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy in 2001 , limiting her horse training career . By 2008 her condition deteriorated to the point where she was hospitalized for several months , and she was near death when an organ became available . Less than six months after transplant surgery , she returned to training race horses . In a 2011 interview , she compared her own rapid recovery to the spontaneous recovery of the horse as a foal , and stated , " from the moment I opened my eyes [ following surgery ] , I felt fantastic . He 's Mucho Macho Man and I 'm Macho Woman . "
In 2012 , Reeves Thoroughbred Racing bought out Dream Team One 's 30 @-@ percent interest and became the sole owners of Mucho Macho Man . Later , Mike and Laura Sivo obtained a minority share . Also in 2012 , the team added a permanent exercise rider to their roster : Ritvo 's nephew , former jockey Nick Petro , Jr . Petro actually rode Mucho Macho Man more than anyone else . A strong support staff also worked consistently with the horse , including assistant trainer Marcelino Valencia , stable groom Valietal Tapia , and hot walker Karina Lopez . The horse 's connections remained unchanged through 2013 . In February 2014 , anticipating the stallion 's future retirement to a stud career after the 2014 season , Adena Springs Farms purchased an interest in Mucho Macho Man , but he remained in training with the same team and raced under Reeves ' colors . Frank Stronach , noting that Adena arranged the mating between Macho Uno and Ponche de Leona , described the sale as " a homecoming of sorts " .
Mucho Macho Man was given his basic start under saddle by Carole and John Rio . Still tall and lanky , he was sent to Bill White for race training , with Carole telling the trainer , " physically this horse is late , but mentally he 's way ahead . " Throughout his racing career , Mucho Macho Man has been described as a generally calm horse with a good temperament , a " happy " horse who " likes his job " , " businesslike " and easy to rate . However , he disliked being whipped , and was notorious for his dislike of wet conditions , performing poorly when asked to run in the mud ; his worst races were on sloppy tracks . Though viewed as " laid back " , he was generally very fast out of the starting gate , which caused him problems twice in his three @-@ year @-@ old season when he tore off a front horseshoe by stepping on his own front heels with his hind feet . Ritvo said " I think he 's so excited to get out of the gate that he 's springing before his front feet are gone . " His quickness out of the gate , described by one of his jockeys as akin to that of a Quarter Horse , became an asset once he matured . Steve Haskin noted that the horse was undefeated whenever he had the lead by the eighth pole but had never won when he did not .
= = Racing career = =
= = = 2010 : two @-@ year @-@ old season = = =
Mucho Macho Man first raced at Calder Race Course . He was scratched by the track veterinarian from the first race into which he was entered ; he had been slightly injured when the horse next to him reared and flipped over in the starting gate . He was entered in another race a week later , a maiden race in which he finished second , losing to a colt named Gourmet Dinner . After that race , Mucho Macho Man was purchased by Reeves Thoroughbred Racing . Dean and Patti Reeves had considered purchasing Gourmet Dinner , but Dean Reeves recalled saying at the time , " Call me crazy , but I like the second horse . " After the sale , Tim Ritvo took over the training of Mucho Macho Man from his original trainer , Bill White . The colt came in third at his next race , at Saratoga in New York state ; he won his first race on September 19 , 2010 , at Monmouth Park in New Jersey . After that race , the colt 's training was turned over to Kathy Ritvo when Tim began working for Gulfstream Park . In November 2010 , Mucho Macho Man moved up to graded class and finished second behind To Honor and Serve twice in a row at Aqueduct Racetrack in New York City , first in the Nashua Stakes and then in the Remsen Stakes . Throughout his two @-@ year @-@ old year the young horse was easily distracted , so he raced with blinkers for both White and Ritvo .
= = = 2011 : three @-@ year @-@ old season = = =
Mucho Macho Man began his second year of racing by finishing fourth behind winner Dialed In in the Grade III Holy Bull Stakes at Gulfstream Park , and once again finished behind Gourmet Dinner , who was third . Mucho Macho Man was then sent to New Orleans for the Risen Star Stakes at the Fair Grounds Race Course . Ridden by Rajiv Maragh , he recorded his first graded stakes win , prevailing by one and a half lengths over Santiva . Ritvo took away the blinkers for a workout prior to the race and kept them off , stating that the colt had matured and was more at ease without them . At the Risen Star , he first came to the notice of one of his future jockeys , Gary Stevens , then a sports analyst , who noted the colt 's calm demeanor , describing him as " a chilled out customer ... very relaxed " . The next race was the Louisiana Derby , a major preparatory race for the Kentucky Derby . In that race , he lost his right front horseshoe at the start when he " grabbed a quarter " — tearing off the shoe and a bit of his hoof when he stepped on the heel of his front foot with one of his back feet . He finished third behind Pants on Fire and Nehro .
Before he was a full 36 calendar months old , Mucho Macho Man contested all three legs of the American Triple Crown . He finished third to Animal Kingdom and Nehro in the Kentucky Derby . He was described as having a " babyish look " prior to the Derby , and Ritvo said that he was still growing , but Stevens noted during the Derby 's television broadcast , " when he fills into this frame , he 's going to be a big , powerful horse . " Mucho Macho Man was sixth behind Shackleford in the Preakness . At the start , he again tore off a shoe , this time from his left front hoof , even though Ritvo had switched him to glued @-@ on horseshoes . The misstep may have accounted for his low placing . Before the Belmont , Ritvo brought in a farrier specialist , who gave the horse custom made glued @-@ on horseshoes made of a wire @-@ framed synthetic composite and who also squared off the toes of Mucho Macho Man 's hind shoes to make it harder for him to accidentally step on his front heels . At the Belmont , Ramon Dominguez took over from Maragh as the colt 's jockey , and went on to ride him for a total of five races . That day , the track was sloppy and the horse ran seventh behind winner Ruler on Ice . After the Belmont , he did not race for several months because he needed surgery to fix a problem with his breathing .
In September , Finn Green , a recovering alcoholic with his own story of triumph over adversity , began working for Reeves . A knowledgeable horseman , Green insisted that as a condition of employment he had the right to advocate for what was best for a horse under his management , even if that meant expressing disagreement and imposing " tough love " on the owners . He and Ritvo saw eye to eye on Mucho Macho Man , and they began planning the colt 's return to the track . After a break of almost five months , Mucho Macho Man raced in November and won an allowance race at Aqueduct , beginning a three @-@ race winning streak . He had lost his " babyish " look , put on weight , and as Ritvo put it , " His shoulders [ caught ] up with his behind . " Ritvo and Green then mapped out a 2012 workout and racing schedule for Mucho Macho Man , intending to run him every six to ten weeks with recovery time after each race .
= = = 2012 : four @-@ year @-@ old season = = =
For his four @-@ year @-@ old debut , Mucho Macho Man ran at Gulfstream Park , defeating Ron the Greek in the Sunshine Millions Classic , a race restricted to horses bred in Florida or California . He had finally grown into his tall frame . Dominguez returned as his jockey and was pleased with what he saw , saying , " You can really tell how much he 's grown up since I rode him in the Belmont . Back then , he was just a big skinny horse that had a lot of maturing to do . Now he looks like he 's grown up and has everything figured out . " Dominguez further described him as " forward " out of the gate and said the race was an " easy " win . He raced again in March , winning the Grade II Gulfstream Park Handicap by two lengths . In May at Churchill Downs , he finished third behind Successful Dan and Fort Larned in the Grade II Alysheba Stakes , carrying top weight of 123 pounds ( 56 kg ) . His next race was the Grade II Suburban Handicap at Belmont Park on July 7 . Ridden for the first time by Mike Smith , who was his jockey for the remainder of the year , he took the lead in the straight and won by 2 @.@ 5 lengths . It was considered his most significant win of the year . In the Woodward Stakes at Saratoga on September 1 , he finished second by a neck , having been pushed toward the outside of the track by the winner , To Honor and Serve , in the final furlong . On November 3 , Mucho Macho Man was one of twelve horses to contest the Breeders ' Cup Classic at Santa Anita in California . Starting at odds of 6 – 1 , he was always in the first two and finished second , half a length behind Fort Larned . There was a 6 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ length gap back to the other runners , who included Flat Out , Game On Dude , To Honor and Serve , and Ron The Greek . He ended the year seventh in the nation for total race earnings , and tied for thirteenth in the World Thoroughbred Rankings .
= = = 2013 : five @-@ year @-@ old season = = =
Mucho Macho Man began his 2013 season by running again in the Sunshine Millions Classic , but the track was sloppy , and on this occasion he was pulled up in the homestretch and placed last in the race . As the horse was not visibly lame , jockey Smith told Ritvo , " It 's gotta be something inside . " Though speculation was that he simply did not like the wet track , shortly thereafter he was diagnosed with a respiratory virus . He also developed a quarter crack in his hoof and spent the rest of the spring recuperating at Fair Hill Training Center in Maryland .
In June , he returned to the track . Ridden by Edgar Prado , he started as the odds @-@ on favorite for the Criminal Type Stakes at Belmont Park but finished third of the five runners . On August 3 , he finished third to Cross Traffic and Successful Dan in the Whitney Handicap at Saratoga , with Ron The Greek fourth and Fort Larned fifth . It was at this time that his proclivity to win only when in front at the eighth pole was first commented upon in the racing press . He was once again entered in the Woodward Stakes at Saratoga on August 31 , but Ritvo scratched him on the day of the race due to the wet track , described as a " sea of slop " .
Ritvo then moved Mucho Macho Man to Santa Anita Park almost two months before the Breeders ' Cup races because she felt he " thrived " in California . It was a major commitment for the horse 's team , as Ritvo , Green , Petro , Tapia and Lopez had to leave their home base in Florida , and Reeves had to cover the expenses . Dean Reeves said , " Everybody has basically put their lives and their family second to the benefit and the best we can do for Macho . " The horse 's next race was the Awesome Again Stakes at Santa Anita on September 28 . Because both Smith and Prado had prior riding commitments , Ritvo and Green decided to contact Gary Stevens . Stevens ' contribution to the human interest saga included a comeback in 2013 after having been forced to retire seven years earlier due to debilitating knee pain . He also had his own near @-@ death experience , having survived a major riding accident in 2003 . In a twist of serendipity , Stevens ' agent , Craig O 'Brien , came by the barn to inquire about the horse 's availability about the same time Ritvo and Green had decided to see if Stevens was available . Stevens later claimed to be unaware of his agent 's machinations . Noting that Stevens had portrayed Seabiscuit 's jockey George Woolf in the eponymous film , Ritvo later joked , " I was in Hollywood . How could I not use a film star ? " In the course of the Awesome Again , Mucho Macho Man settled behind the leaders before making a bid on the final turn . The horse led by three lengths in the homestretch , and accelerated clear of the field to win easily by 4 1 ⁄ 2 lengths over Paynter . It was his first win in 2013 and his first Grade I stakes win . The victory was also a " win and you 're in " qualifying race for the Breeders ' Cup Classic , which included a waiver of the $ 100 @,@ 000 entry fee for the Classic .
On November 2 , Mucho Macho Man contested his second Breeders ' Cup Classic and was the second favorite at 4 – 1 in a strong field that included Game On Dude ( the favorite ) , Paynter , Palace Malice , Fort Larned , Will Take Charge and Flat Out , as well as the European challenger Declaration of War . The horse broke quickly from the gate and took the lead , but Stevens decided to settle him just behind the leaders before going to the outside and moving to the front on the final turn . In the closing stages , he held off two strong late challenges to win by a slim nose over second @-@ place finisher Will Take Charge and by a head over third @-@ place finisher , the European contender Declaration of War . After Mucho Macho Man 's victory , the 50 @-@ year @-@ old Stevens , winning the Classic for the first time after 14 previous attempts , said , " this was a tremendous experience to win this race ... It 's the icing on the cake of my career . " Ritvo was credited with a " super " job of training the horse . In a moment of synchronicity , actress Elizabeth Banks , who co @-@ starred with Stevens in Seabiscuit , playing Marcella Howard , presented the Breeders ' Cup Classic trophy .
In December , Mucho Macho Man was awarded the 2013 Secretariat Vox Populi Award , recognizing the struggles the horse had overcome in reaching success , also noting the accomplishments of his connections , including trainer Ritvo 's success overcoming her own health issues to train him and Stevens ' comeback from retirement . Dean and Patti Reeves stated , " It is a great honor to think that a horse with such humble beginnings could intertwine the lives and stories of so many people , and tug at the heartstrings of racing fans from all over the world . " At the end of 2013 , Mucho Macho Man was the number one @-@ ranked horse for the year in North American purse winnings , higher than rivals Will Take Charge and Game On Dude as well as the other two top five contenders Orb and Wise Dan . He was also nominated for two Eclipse Awards , Horse of the Year and Older Male Horse , but finished second in both categories to Wise Dan .
He was named Florida @-@ bred Horse of the Year for 2013 , noting that he was only the third Florida @-@ bred horse to win the Classic , after Unbridled and Skip Away . In the 2013 World 's Best Racehorse Rankings , Mucho Macho Man was given a rating of 125 , the best horse in the world running solely on dirt , a five @-@ way tie as the seventh @-@ best racehorse in the world , and tied with Animal Kingdom as the second @-@ best racehorse in North America , behind Wise Dan . His win in the Classic was also selected as the National Thoroughbred Racing Association 's " Moment of the Year " . Participation in the online polling for that award , up by more than 50 percent from the previous year , was believed to be largely due to the popularity of Mucho Macho Man and the people around him .
= = = 2014 : six @-@ year @-@ old season = = =
In December 2013 , Ritvo and Green confirmed that Mucho Macho Man would return to race as a six @-@ year @-@ old , and their goal for the horse was to " target the Breeders ' Cup again " . Though presumed full @-@ grown , he still had continued to fill out from the previous year . Ritvo announced that the horse would begin his racing season for a third time with the Sunshine Millions Classic , if the track was dry . On January 18 , 2014 , Ritvo and the horse got a clear day and a fast track . Mucho Macho Man won the six @-@ horse race by 14 lengths . The field included his former nemesis , Gourmet Dinner , who finished fifth . Stevens returned as his jockey and stated , " I geared him down at the end to try not to overdo it . "
His connections next entered him in the Santa Anita Handicap , nicknamed the " Big ' Cap " , on March 8 , returning to California rather than shipping him overseas to run in the $ 10 million Dubai World Cup later that month , again stating that they considered it to be best for the horse . With the announcement that Will Take Charge was also coming to California , the 2014 race became the most highly anticipated running since the matchup of Alysheba and Ferdinand in 1988 , the only other time that the previous year 's Breeders ' Cup top two finishers returned to challenge one another at the Santa Anita Handicap . Additional interest came from the return of Game On Dude , who won the Big ' Cap in 2011 and 2013 . Mucho Macho Man was assigned the highest impost at 124 pounds ( 56 @.@ 2 kg ) . Will Take Charge was assigned 123 pounds ( 55 @.@ 8 kg ) and Game on Dude , 122 pounds ( 55 @.@ 3 kg ) . Eight horses entered , with Mucho Macho Man the morning line favorite . Game On Dude , described as " on fire " that day , won the race and broke the stakes record in doing so , Will Take Charge was second , but Mucho Macho Man started to lose energy at the three @-@ eighths pole and finished fourth behind Blingo . Ritvo had no excuses for his finish , noting only that he had missed a few training days due to rain , and the extra moisture had also changed the condition of the Santa Anita track . On May 1 , 2014 , Georgia Governor Nathan Deal proclaimed Mucho Macho Man Day in the state of Georgia , recognizing the accomplishments of the horse and the attention he and his owners brought to Georgia .
He returned to Florida for training after the Big ' Cap , but after performing poorly in a June workout was found to have some bruising of his fetlocks , and was given lighter duty . On July 15 it was announced that Mucho Macho Man was officially retired from racing and would stand at stud at Adena Springs beginning in the 2015 breeding year . In a further twist of synchronicity , in the same week Stevens announced he was taking a break from race riding due to the need for a total knee replacement . Ritvo explained that Mucho Macho Man was sound , but " [ a ] fter five seasons of training and racing , he shows signs of some minor wear and tear . He is still sound and happy , but we have decided that it is in his best interests to retire him . He has nothing more to prove to any of us . "
= = Racing statistics = =
Conversions of distance and abbreviations for the owners are given after the table .
= = Pedigree = =
Mucho Macho Man is sired by Macho Uno , who stands at stud at Adena Springs Farms in Kentucky . As of January 2014 , Macho Uno had sired 27 stakes winners . Besides Mucho Macho Man , they include : Potesta , winner of the Hollywood Oaks ; Macho Again ; and Wicked Style . Macho Uno is a son of Holy Bull , who was the 1994 American Horse of the Year , and Breeders ' Cup Classic winner Awesome Again is a half @-@ brother to Macho Uno ; both horses were out of the mare Primal Force . The sire line of Mucho Macho Man traces back to the 1898 Kentucky Derby winner , Plaudit . Because Macho Uno carries no lines to stallions Northern Dancer , Seattle Slew , Hail to Reason , or In Reality , who commonly appear in Thoroughbred pedigrees , he is valued as a near @-@ total outcross for most Thoroughbred mares in North America .
Mucho Macho Man 's dam is stakes @-@ winning Ponche de Leona , whose pedigree is not particularly well known . Her sire , Ponche , won five stakes races and sired five stakes winners . Her dam won one race in 19 starts . Mucho Macho Man thus has very little linebreeding ; only a 4 × 4 cross to the sire Mr. Prospector , meaning that this horse appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree . Ponche de Leona was purchased at the Keeneland sale in November 2007 by John and Carole Rio for $ 33 @,@ 000 when in foal with Mucho Macho Man , the relatively low price partly owing to having been bred late in the year ; late foals are difficult to sell . However , by November 2011 , after the success of Mucho Macho Man in his three @-@ year @-@ old year , and in foal to Macho Uno again , the Rios resold her at Keeneland for $ 300 @,@ 000 . Following Mucho Macho Man 's Breeders ' Cup win in 2013 , and having also produced the stakes @-@ placed Mucho Man 's Gold , she was again sold at the Keeneland January 2014 sale , this time in foal to Distorted Humor , bringing $ 775 @,@ 000 . In 2013 , she was named Florida broodmare of the year by the Florida Thoroughbred Breeders ' and Owners ' Association .
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= Kyla Tyson =
Kyla Tyson is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Holby City , portrayed by actress Rakie Ayola . She appeared from 7 February 2006 to 9 December 2008 , from the series eight episode " I 'll Be Back " to the series eleven episode " Sweet Bitter Love " . Ayola had made a former minor appearance in the show several years prior to being cast as Kyla , and was later asked to return in a more permanent role . She departed from the show after becoming pregnant with her second child .
Kyla is a nurse and single mother , constantly trying to balance her career , her child and her love life . Her storylines see her subjected to domestic abuse by her husband , temporarily lose her son to foster care and become an alcoholic . After getting her life back on track , she departs from Holby , moving to Ghana with her partner Abra Durant ( Adrian Edmondson ) .
In August 2006 , Ayola was shortlisted for the " Female Performance in TV " award at the fourth Screen Nation Awards for her portrayal of Kyla , and was granted " Honourable Mention " in the same category the following year . However , the character has also been criticised for the dramaticism of her storylines , and the manner in which they reflect upon real NHS nurses .
= = Development = =
= = = Casting = = =
Prior to being cast as Kyla , Rakie Ayola had made former appearances in both Holby City and its sister show Casualty - in the former as a patient , in series five , episode 32 " By Any Other Name " , and the latter as a patient 's relative , in series 13 , episode 19 , " Trapped " . She was approached about returning to Holby City in a more permanent role by BBC casting director Julie Harkin , who was also responsible for casting fellow Holby City newcomers Luke Roberts as Joseph Byrne and Tom Chambers as Sam Strachan . After a series of three meetings , two years after the birth of her first child , she agreed readily , despite being " nervous about signing such a long contract " , and having claimed just sixteen months previously that she had no desire to work in any long running serial - lambasting the quality of long @-@ term recurring characters by stating : " I watch lots of soaps and love watching them but I often think how frustrating it must be when they make a character into such an idiot . I think it would drive me mad to pick up a script and think , ' Who am I kissing now ? ' "
Ayola has since explained that her change of heart stemmed from becoming a mother . In the early years of her marriage to fellow actor Adam Smethurst the couple struggled financially , and with the added expense of the birth of their daughter , Ayola had been on the verge of giving up her acting career to begin a business franchise . On joining the cast of Holby City , she disclosed : " I 've been someone who 's loved the uncertainty of acting . I 've loved that one month it 's Sahara in Morocco and the next I 'm doing a stage play , then it 's a six @-@ part telly thing . But last summer I started thinking it would be really nice not to have to look for a job every couple of weeks . It would be nice just to stay put for a while . If I 'm going to be a working mum I 'd rather just be one rather than be one intermittently . And then Holby came along , so I 'm very grateful . "
Ayola signed a three @-@ year contract to play Kyla , which expired in October 2008 . It was announced on 11 October 2008 that she would be departing from the show in order to have a second child . Ayola said of her decision to leave : " It 's strange but sad at the same time . I 've had a great time and I 'll miss it . I made the decision purely because I was pregnant , but I wasn 't really ready to put down the character of Kyla . I 'm very sorry to have to let her go " .
= = = Personality = = =
Upon announcing the character 's arrival , BBC Publicity described Kyla as a " survivor " , someone who had " been through a lot in her life , firstly losing out on her dream career as a runner and then escaping a violent marriage . " It was stated : " Kyla is compassionate , feisty , gives others the benefit of the doubt , strong and loyal - but you wouldn 't want to cross her . Kyla has a habit of picking the wrong men , she 's inflexible once she 's made her mind up and can be volatile if pushed . She has come to Holby with her son Max eager to start anew . "
From May 2007 onwards , the character was portrayed as increasingly emotionally unstable , having had " her whole world crash down around her " , following storylines including the death of her husband , and her son 's request to be taken into foster care . As this emotional instability continued and worsened with the abrupt ending of another relationship , the character was seen to develop full blown alcoholism . Series producer Diana Kyle said of the storyline : " It 's important we cover topics that are relevant today . Every day , people in the medical profession deal with patients who have drink or drug problems . Plus , the fact that some of the Holby staff are also suffering with these addictions is very pertinent to hospitals in real life . " Speaking of Kyla 's struggle to deal with her addiction , she added : " She 'll work so hard to get her life together . She has a long way to go , but hopefully there 's a light at the end of the tunnel ... "
Discussing the storyline which saw Kyla 's Alcoholics Anonymous companion Stuart McElroy ( Conor Mullen ) violently attack her colleague , Ward Sister Chrissie Williams ( Tina Hobley ) , Ayola has stated : " It makes her finally accept what Stuart was capable of . She sees this huge gash and feels that all her instincts about other people are wrong – so she ends up running off . [ ... ] [ Kyla ] has no excuses – all she can think is that she ’ s really messed up and needs to leave . " This plot strand saw Kyla once more resort to drinking while at work , and decide to quit her job , only to be talked out of doing so by Nursing Consultant Mark Williams ( Robert Powell ) . Ayola explained : " He suggests she takes a demotion , so she ’ ll have less to worry about and more time to deal with her problems . It 's the lifeline she needs , because her work is all she has right now . I think if Kyla did leave , she ’ d end up simply going home and buying loads of cheap booze . " When asked if Kyla would be able to overcome her addiction and regain custody of her son , Ayola responded : " I hope so . Kyla 's had trouble being a good parent to Max , but she 's had lots of time to reflect on why this is . "
= = = Relationships = = =
Kyla was involved in three romantic relationships during her time in the show , the first of which was with physiotherapist Justin Fuller ( Ben Richards ) . Ayola said of the relationship : " She hasn 't got great taste in men ! She likes good @-@ looking blokes - that whole ' take me to a cave ' thing - but she doesn 't check that there is a soft , gentle , sensitive side to him . He 's gorgeous to look at , but she hasn 't learned that you have to look a bit deeper . " Roger Griffiths was cast as Kyla 's ex @-@ husband Harvey . Ayola commented on their previous relationship : " I think they split up because Kyla is so volatile . The more we learn about Harvey the more I think he might not be the reason for their split " . She expanded : " They had a tempestuous relationship and Kyla is very irrational which got too much for Harvey . Harvey brings out the worst in Kyla and she just ends up yelling at him . It 's a very difficult and if he knew how to handle her maybe it could work out but he doesn 't . "
Asked in July 2006 what she hoped for Kyla in the long run , Ayola responded : " Most of all I ’ d like to see her laugh , big belly laughs as she has not done much of that ! ... I also would like her to find a man that she is with not just because he is attractive but someone who can work her out and understand her " . Several months after this interview , the character was romantically linked to newcomer and former guest star , general surgical consultant Abra Durant , played by Adrian Edmondson . Edmondson departed from and returned to the show several times , with Kyla and Abra breaking up and reuniting on multiple occasions . Asked in February 2008 whether the two would ever get back together , Ayola responded : " He treated Kyla like dirt , so I don ’ t know if she ’ ll forgive him , but I love working with Ade – he ’ s a gorgeous man . " The two ultimately left Holby together , moving to Ghana .
= = Storylines = =
Kyla arrives at Holby General as an agency nurse in the episode " I 'll Be Back " . She makes a good impression on consultant Ric Griffin ( Hugh Quarshie ) , and is invited to take on the position of Acting Sister . When her former boyfriend , physiotherapist Justin Fuller , begins working at the hospital , they briefly renew their relationship . Kyla tires of Justin 's immaturity , however , and breaks up with him again . In retaliation , Justin kidnaps Kyla 's son Max , plying him with alcohol , and sending him into a hypoglycemic coma . While Kyla and her ex @-@ husband Harvey manage to get to Max in time to save him , Harvey tells Kyla she is an unfit mother and he will be filing for sole custody of their son .
Kyla and Harvey fight a brief custody battle . When it is revealed that Max has been bullying his classmates , his parents realise they need to set aside their differences for their son 's sake . Shortly after this , Kyla begins a relationship with new general surgical consultant Abra Durant . Kyla helps Abra cover up an illegal xenotransplantation he performed , and keeps quiet when she discovers he has been stealing and shipping returned anti @-@ retroviral drugs to African hospitals in need . When Abra 's illegal dealings are uncovered , he is forced to flee the country , devastating Kyla .
Shaken by Abra 's departure , when Max falls ill with food poisoning in the episode " Feast or Famine " Kyla realises he needs a male influence in his life and begrudgingly allows Harvey to move back in with them . Harvey becomes physically abusive , is suspended from his work as a police officer , and begins drinking heavily . When Harvey discovers lingerie bought for Kyla by Abra , the pair fall out once again , culminating in Harvey falling to his death from the hospital roof . Max , who witnessed this , blames his mother , causing her to lash out at him . As a result , he is taken into foster care , and although social services decide he may return to Kyla 's custody , he requests to remain in his new foster home .
Abra returns to Holby , and although Kyla initially rebukes his advances , they ultimately resume their relationship , moving in together . Abra makes a drunken proposal to her in episode " Bad Reputation " however laughs it off as a joke when she assumes he is not serious . Kyla is seen to develop an increasing dependence on alcohol as she grieves for her son . When Abra abruptly terminates their relationship in order to move back to Africa , this alcohol dependence continues and worsens . Kyla is devastated when Max applies for a Guardianship Order , and becomes negligent at work , leading to the deaths of two patients . Kyla admits she has become an alcoholic and agrees to begin attending AA meetings . Initially this goes well , and she is supported by new consultant Stuart McElroy who is also an alcoholic . However , Kyla 's confidence is damaged when Stuart violently attacks colleague Chrissie Williams , and she resorts to drinking once more . She attempts to hand in her notice , but Mark Williams persuades her to take a voluntary demotion to give her more time to deal with her problems .
Kyla is shocked when Abra returns to Holby again , contemplating going back to both him and alcohol , but managing to resist . In the episode " Send No Flowers " , she is unexpectedly reunited with Max when he arrives at the hospital to visit his foster brother , a patient in Kyla 's care . After an argument , Max suffers cardiac arrest and requires an operation . Kyla suspects he has been neglected by his foster mother . Max is initially highly defensive of her , but after a stern talking to by Abra , and being implored to do the right thing by Kyla , Max admits to his social worker that his foster mother is frequently neglectful . Kyla is delighted when he finally asks to come home with her .
Kyla briefly re @-@ unites with Abra , when he reveals to her that he was subject to a machete attack in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , however he then leaves Holby once more to check himself into a psychiatric hospital . When Lola Griffin ( Sharon D. Clarke ) finds Abra being treated for post @-@ traumatic stress by his own mother , she and Kyla convince Abra to discharge himself and return to Ghana . Shortly thereafter , Max is accepted into a prestigious football academy in Rotterdam , the Netherlands . Kyla hands in her notice , intent on leaving with him , however Max convinces Abra to return and take Kyla back to Ghana with him . Kyla initially refuses , but comes to realise that Max only wants to make her happy , and agrees to leave with Abra , who proposes marriage to her .
= = Reception = =
Ayola was shortlisted in August 2006 for the " Female Performance in TV " award at the 2006 Screen Nation Awards , for her portrayal of the character . The 2007 Screen Nation Awards saw Ayola receive " Honourable Mention " , again for " Female Performance in TV " , however she failed to make shortlist this time around . Kyla has achieved mild popularity with Holby City fans . She was voted fans ' fifth favourite newcomer of series eight in the official 2006 Holby.tv Awards , and she and Abra were voted fifth favourite couple of series nine , the following year in the 2007 awards .
The level of dramaticism of some of the character 's storylines , as well as those of other Holby City nurses was heavily criticised by the Nursing and Midwifery Council . The lead article of the July 2007 issue of the NMC magazine tackled nurses in popular culture , discussing " the ease with which writers can attach terrible storylines to a caring profession " , and stating : " Nurses who become prostitutes to pay the bills , nurses who kill their husbands , nurses who abuse the system to get their own way - Holby City has always been a hotbed of slanderous storylines . Good people doing bad things makes excellent entertainment ... The bald fact is that real life nurses doing their jobs well just aren 't that entertaining . "
Kyla 's " no @-@ nonsense " personality has led to mixed reviews in the press . A number of episodes central to her storylines have been reviewed by various publications as televisual ' picks of the day ' - from her introductory episode , to the death of her husband , to the surprise return of her former boyfriend Abra . Her " fiery " stance resulted in the assessment that , from a viewing perspective , the character " has never been one of the more likeable members of staff " , however her descent into alcoholism drew some more sympathetic reviews , with Linda Gibson of TV Quick writing of the character : " Let 's hope that Kyla pulls herself together , gets her son back and meets a man who can give her what she wants . " Conversely , Daily Mirror TV critic Jim Shelley opined that the character had formerly been one of the more " normal " and " reliable " members of the cast , but criticized the handling of her alcoholism storyline , stating that the character seemed to have become an alcoholic " overnight " .
In October 2007 , drinks ' industry body the Portman Group made an official complaint to communications regulator Ofcom about a scene in Holby City which depicted two medics drinking five shots of tequila following a stressful day at work . The body 's chief executive David Poley claimed that in failing to show the negative consequences of this action , the series was presenting a " highly irresponsible portrayal of excessive and rapid drinking " . Ofcom received a total of eight complaints about the incident . In response to the accusation that " We would expect the BBC to take greater care with the portrayal of alcohol in programmes " , the BBC released a statement tying the complaint closely to the alcoholism storyline being played out with Kyla at the time , explaining that : " Holby City is in the middle of a storyline in which a key character ( Kyla ) has spiralling problems in her personal and professional life because of alcohol — a storyline that fully and realistically depicts the negative impact of alcohol dependency in the workplace . Kyla has now been seen to seek help for alcoholism and the audience will see how she fares on the road to recovery . "
= = In popular culture = =
The 17 November 2006 Children in Need charity telethon included a segment featuring the Holby City cast performing a version of Hung Up by Madonna . Ayola as Kyla featured prominently in this sketch , performing the song 's bridge and providing vocals for its introduction .
The 16 November 2007 Children in Need appeal again contained a musical performance from Holby City cast members . Ayola , alongside Nadine Lewington ( Maddy Young ) and Phoebe Thomas ( Maria Kendall ) provided backing vocals for Sharon D Clarke ( Lola Griffin ) , who performed a soul version of Aretha Franklin 's signature song , Respect .
On 3 June 2008 , BBC Two cooking programme Ready Steady Cook broadcast a Holby City special , featuring Ayola and Edmondson . As well as competing over their cooking skills , the pair discussed their characters ' relationship and storylines .
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= European Commission =
The European Commission ( EC ) is the executive body of the European Union responsible for proposing legislation , implementing decisions , upholding the EU treaties and managing the day @-@ to @-@ day business of the EU . Commissioners swear an oath at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg , pledging to respect the treaties and to be completely independent in carrying out their duties during their mandate .
The Commission operates as a cabinet government , with 28 members of the Commission ( informally known as " commissioners " ) . There is one member per member state , but members are bound by their oath of office to represent the general interest of the EU as a whole rather than their home state . One of the 28 is the Commission President ( currently Jean @-@ Claude Juncker ) proposed by the European Council and elected by the European Parliament . The Council of the European Union then nominates the other 27 members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated President , and the 28 members as a single body are then subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament . The current Commission is the Juncker Commission , which took office in late 2014 .
The term Commission is used either in the narrow sense of the 28 @-@ member College of Commissioners ( or College ) or to also include the administrative body of about 23 @,@ 000 European civil servants who are split into departments called directorates @-@ general and services . The procedural languages of the Commission are English , French and German . The Members of the Commission and their " cabinets " ( immediate teams ) are based in the Berlaymont building in Brussels .
= = History = =
The European Commission derives from one of the five key institutions created in the supranational European Community system , following the proposal of Robert Schuman , French Foreign Minister , on 9 May 1950 . Originating in 1951 as the High Authority in the European Coal and Steel Community , the Commission has undergone numerous changes in power and composition under various presidents , involving three Communities .
= = = Establishment = = =
The first Commission originated in 1951 as the nine @-@ member " High Authority " under President Jean Monnet ( see Monnet Authority ) . The High Authority was the supranational administrative executive of the new European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) . It took office first on 10 August 1952 in Luxembourg . In 1958 the Treaties of Rome had established two new communities alongside the ECSC : the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( Euratom ) . However their executives were called " Commissions " rather than " High Authorities " . The reason for the change in name was the new relationship between the executives and the Council . Some states such as France expressed reservations over the power of the High Authority and wished to limit it giving more power to the Council rather than the new executives .
Louis Armand led the first Commission of Euratom . Walter Hallstein led the first Commission of the EEC , holding the first formal meeting on 16 January 1958 at the Château of Val @-@ Duchesse . It achieved agreement on a contentious cereal price accord as well as making a positive impression upon third countries when it made its international debut at the Kennedy Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) negotiations . Hallstein notably began the consolidation of European law and started to have a notable impact on national legislation . Little heed was taken of his administration at first but , with help from the European Court of Justice , his Commission stamped its authority solidly enough to allow future Commissions to be taken more seriously . However , in 1965 accumulating differences between the French government of Charles de Gaulle and the other member states ( over British entry , direct elections to Parliament , the Fouchet Plan and the budget ) triggered the " empty chair " crisis ostensibly over proposals for the common agricultural policy . Although the institutional crisis was solved the following year , it cost Etienne Hirsch his presidency of Euratom and later Walter Hallstein the EEC presidency despite otherwise being viewed as the most ' dynamic ' leader until Jacques Delors .
= = = Early development = = =
The three bodies , collectively named the European Executives , co @-@ existed until 1 July 1967 when , under the Merger Treaty , they were combined into a single administration under President Jean Rey . Due to the merger the Rey Commission saw a temporary increase to 14 members , although subsequent Commissions were reduced back down to nine , following the formula of one member for small states and two for larger states . The Rey Commission completed the Community 's customs union in 1968 and campaigned for a more powerful , elected , European Parliament . Despite Rey being the first President of the combined communities , Hallstein is seen as the first President of the modern Commission .
The Malfatti and Mansholt Commissions followed with work on monetary co @-@ operation and the first enlargement to the north in 1973 . With that enlargement the Commission 's membership increased to thirteen under the Ortoli Commission ( the United Kingdom as a large member was granted two Commissioners ) , which dealt with the enlarged community during economic and international instability at that time . The external representation of the Community took a step forward when President Roy Jenkins , recruited to the presidency in January 1977 from his role as Home Secretary of the United Kingdom 's Labour government , became the first President to attend a G8 summit on behalf of the Community . Following the Jenkins Commission , Gaston Thorn 's Commission oversaw the Community 's enlargement to the south , in addition to beginning work on the Single European Act .
= = = Jacques Delors = = =
The Commission headed by Jacques Delors was seen as giving the Community a sense of direction and dynamism . Delors and his team are also considered as the " founding fathers of the euro " . The International Herald Tribune noted the work of Delors at the end of his second term in 1992 : " Mr. Delors rescued the European Community from the doldrums . He arrived when Europessimism was at its worst . Although he was a little @-@ known former French finance minister , he breathed life and hope into the EC and into the dispirited Brussels Commission . In his first term , from 1985 to 1988 , he rallied Europe to the call of the single market , and when appointed to a second term he began urging Europeans toward the far more ambitious goals of economic , monetary and political union " .
= = = Jacques Santer = = =
The successor to Delors was Jacques Santer . The entire Santer Commission was forced to resign in 1999 by the Parliament as result of a fraud and corruption scandal , with a central role played by Édith Cresson . These frauds were revealed by an internal auditor Paul van Buitenen .
That was the first time a Commission had been forced to resign en masse and represented a shift of power towards the Parliament . However the Santer Commission did carry out work on the Amsterdam Treaty and the euro . In response to the scandal the European Anti @-@ Fraud Office ( OLAF ) was created .
= = = Romano Prodi = = =
Following Santer , Romano Prodi took office . The Amsterdam Treaty had increased the Commission 's powers and Prodi was dubbed by the press as something akin to a Prime Minister . Powers were strengthened again with the Nice Treaty in 2001 giving the Presidents more power over the composition of their Commissions .
= = = José Manuel Barroso = = =
In 2004 José Manuel Barroso became President : the Parliament once again asserted itself in objecting to the proposed membership of the Barroso Commission . Due to the opposition Barroso was forced to reshuffle his team before taking office . The Barroso Commission was also the first full Commission since the enlargement in 2004 to 25 members and hence the number of Commissioners at the end of the Prodi Commission had reached 30 . As a result of the increase in the number of states , the Amsterdam Treaty triggered a reduction in the number of Commissioners to one per state , rather than two for the larger states .
Allegations of fraud and corruption were again raised in 2004 by former chief auditor Jules Muis . A Commission officer Guido Strack reported alleged fraud and abuses in his department in years 2002 – 2004 to OLAF and was fired as result . In 2008 Paul van Buitenen ( the former auditor known from Santer Commission scandal ) accused the European Anti @-@ Fraud Office ( OLAF ) of a lack of independence and effectiveness .
Barroso 's first Commission term expired on 31 October 2009 . Under the Treaty of Nice , the first Commission to be appointed after the number of member states reached 27 would have to be reduced to " less than the number of Member States " . The exact number of Commissioners was to be decided by a unanimous vote of the European Council and membership would rotate equally between member states . Following the accession of Romania and Bulgaria in January 2007 , this clause took effect for the next Commission . The Treaty of Lisbon , which came into force on 1 December 2009 , mandated a reduction of the number of commissioners to two @-@ thirds of member @-@ states from 2014 unless the Council decided otherwise . Membership would rotate equally and no member state would have more than one Commissioner . However , the treaty was rejected by voters in Ireland in 2008 with one main concern being the loss of their Commissioner . Hence a guarantee given for a rerun of the vote was that the Council would use its power to amend the number of Commissioners upwards . However , according to the treaties it still has to be fewer than the total number of members , thus it was proposed that the member state that does not get a Commissioner would get the post of High Representative – the so @-@ called 26 + 1 formula . This guarantee ( which may find its way into the next treaty amendment , probably in an accession treaty ) contributed to the Irish approving the treaty in a second referendum in 2009 .
Lisbon also combined the posts of European Commissioner for External Relations with the Council 's High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy . This post , also a Vice @-@ President of the Commission , would chair the Council of the European Union 's foreign affairs meetings as well as the Commission 's external relations duties . The treaty further provides that the most recent European elections should be " taken into account " when appointing the Commission , although the President is still proposed by the European Council ; the European Parliament " elects " the Commission rather than " approves " it as under the Treaty of Nice .
= = = Jean @-@ Claude Juncker = = =
In 2014 , Jean @-@ Claude Juncker became President of the European Commission .
= = Powers and functions = =
The Commission was set up from the start to act as an independent supranational authority separate from governments ; it has been described as " the only body paid to think European " . The members are proposed by their member state governments , one from each . However , they are bound to act independently – neutral from other influences such as those governments which appointed them . This is in contrast to the Council , which represents governments , the Parliament , which represents citizens , the Economic and Social Committee , which represents organised civil society , and the Committee of the Regions , which represents local and regional authorities .
Through Article 17 of the Treaty on European Union the Commission has several responsibilities : to develop medium @-@ term strategies ; to draft legislation and arbitrate in the legislative process ; to represent the EU in trade negotiations ; to make rules and regulations , for example in competition policy ; to draw up the budget of the European Union ; and to scrutinise the implementation of the treaties and legislation . The rules of procedure of the European Commission set out the Commission 's operation and organisation .
= = = Executive power = = =
Before the Treaty of Lisbon came into force , the executive power of the EU was held by the Council : it conferred on the Commission such powers for it to exercise . However , the Council was theoretically allowed to withdraw these powers , exercise them directly , or impose conditions on their use . This aspect has been changed by the Treaty of Lisbon , after which the Commission exercises its powers just by virtue of the treaties . Powers are more restricted than most national executives , in part due to the Commission 's lack of power over areas like foreign policy – that power is held by the European Council , which some analysts have described as another executive .
Considering that under the Lisbon Treaty the European Council has become a formal institution with the power of appointing the Commission , it could be said that the two bodies hold the executive power of the EU ( the European Council also holds individual national executive powers ) . However , it is the Commission that currently holds executive powers over the European Union . The governmental powers of the Commission have been such that some such as former Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt have suggested changing its name to the " European Government " , calling the present name of the Commission " ridiculous " .
= = = Legislative initiative = = =
The Commission differs from the other institutions in that it alone has legislative initiative in the EU . Only the Commission can make formal proposals for legislation : they cannot originate in the legislative branches . Under the Treaty of Lisbon , no legislative act is allowed in the field of the Common Foreign and Security Policy . In the other fields the Council and Parliament are able to request legislation ; in most cases the Commission initiates the basis of these proposals . This monopoly is designed to ensure coordinated and coherent drafting of EU law . This monopoly has been challenged by some who claim the Parliament should also have the right , with most national parliaments holding the right in some respects . However , the Council and Parliament may request the Commission to draft legislation , though the Commission does have the power to refuse to do so as it did in 2008 over transnational collective conventions . Under the Lisbon Treaty , EU citizens are also able to request the Commission to legislate in an area via a petition carrying one million signatures , but this is not binding .
The Commission 's powers in proposing law have usually centred on economic regulation . It has put forward a large number of regulations based on a " precautionary principle " . This means that pre @-@ emptive regulation takes place if there is a credible hazard to the environment or human health : for example on tackling climate change and restricting genetically modified organisms . This is opposed to weighting regulations for their effect on the economy . Thus , the Commission often proposes stricter legislation than other countries . Due to the size of the European market this has made EU legislation an important influence in the global market .
Recently the Commission has moved into creating European criminal law . In 2006 , a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d 'Ivoire , from a European ship , prompted the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste . Some EU states at that time did not even have a crime against shipping toxic waste leading to the Commissioners Franco Frattini and Stavros Dimas to put forward the idea of " ecological crimes " . Their right to propose criminal law was challenged in the European Court of Justice but upheld . As of 2007 , the only other criminal law proposals which have been brought forward are on the intellectual property rights directive , and on an amendment to the 2002 counter @-@ terrorism framework decision , outlawing terrorism ‑ related incitement , recruitment ( especially via the internet ) and training .
= = = Enforcement = = =
Once legislation is passed by the Council and Parliament , it is the Commission 's responsibility to ensure it is implemented . It does this through the member states or through its agencies . In adopting the necessary technical measures , the Commission is assisted by committees made up of representatives of member states and of the public and private lobbies ( a process known in jargon as " comitology " ) . Furthermore , the Commission is responsible for the implementation of the EU budget , ensuring , along with the Court of Auditors , that EU funds are correctly spent .
In particular the Commission has a duty to ensure the treaties and law are upheld , potentially by taking member states or other institutions to the Court of Justice in a dispute . In this role it is known informally as the " guardian of the treaties " . Finally , the Commission provides some external representation for the Union , alongside the member states and the Common Foreign and Security Policy , representing the Union in bodies such as the World Trade Organisation . It is also usual for the President to attend meetings of the G8 .
= = College = =
The Commission is composed of a college of " Commissioners " of 28 members , including the President and vice @-@ presidents . Even though each member is appointed by a national government , one per state , they do not represent their state in the Commission . In practice , however , they do occasionally press for their national interest . Once proposed , the President delegates portfolios among each of the members . The power of a Commissioner largely depends upon their portfolio , and can vary over time . For example , the Education Commissioner has been growing in importance , in line with the rise in the importance of education and culture in European policy @-@ making . Another example is the Competition Commissioner , who holds a highly visible position with global reach . Before the Commission can assume office , the college as a whole must be approved by the Parliament . Commissioners are supported by their personal cabinet who give them political guidance , while the Civil Service ( the DGs , see below ) deal with technical preparation .
= = = Appointment = = =
The President of the Commission is first proposed by the European Council taking into account the latest Parliamentary elections ; that candidate can then be elected by the European Parliament or not . If not , the European Council shall propose another candidate within one month . The candidate has often been a leading national politician , but this is not a requirement . In 2009 , the Lisbon Treaty was not in force and Barroso was not " elected " by the Parliament , but rather nominated by the European Council ; in any case , the centre @-@ right parties of the EU pressured for a candidate from their own ranks . In the end , a centre @-@ right candidate was chosen : José Manuel Barroso of the European People 's Party .
There are further criteria influencing the choice of the candidate , including : which area of Europe the candidate comes from , favoured as Southern Europe in 2004 ; the candidate 's political influence , credible yet not overpowering members ; language , proficiency in French considered necessary by France ; and degree of integration , their state being a member of both the eurozone and the Schengen Agreement . In 2004 , this system produced a number of candidates and was thus criticised by some MEPs : following the drawn @-@ out selection , the ALDE group leader Graham Watson described the procedure as a " Justus Lipsius carpet market " producing only the " lowest common denominator " ; while Green @-@ EFA co @-@ leader Daniel Cohn @-@ Bendit asked Barroso after his first speech " If you are the best candidate , why were you not the first ? "
Following the election of the President , and the appointment of the High Representative by the European Council , each Commissioner is nominated by their member state ( except for those states who provided the President and High Representative ) in consultation with the Commission President , although he holds no hard power to force a change in candidate . However the more capable the candidate is , the more likely the Commission President will assign them a powerful portfolio , the distribution of which is entirely at his discretion . The President 's team is then subject to hearings at the European Parliament which will question them and then vote on their suitability as a whole . If members of the team are found to be too inappropriate , the President must then reshuffle the team or request a new candidate from the member state or risk the whole Commission being voted down . As Parliament cannot vote against individual Commissioners there is usually a compromise whereby the worst candidates are removed but minor objections are put aside so the Commission can take office . Once the team is approved by parliament , it is formally put into office by the European Council ( TEU Article 17 : 7 ) .
Following their appointment , the President appoints a number of Vice @-@ Presidents ( the High Representative is mandated to be one of them ) from among the commissioners . For the most part , the position grants little extra power to Vice @-@ Presidents , except the first Vice @-@ President who stands in for the President when he is away . Since 2009 the First Vice @-@ President has gained further power by also being the High Representative .
= = = Dismissal = = =
The European Parliament can dissolve the Commission as a whole following a vote of no @-@ confidence but only the President can request the resignation of an individual Commissioner . However , individual Commissioners , by request of the Council or Commission , can be compelled to retire on account of a breach of obligation ( s ) and if so ruled by the European Court of Justice ( Art. 245 and 247 , Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ) .
= = = Political styles = = =
The Barroso Commission took office in late 2004 after being delayed by objections from the Parliament , which forced a reshuffle . In 2007 the Commission increased from 25 to 27 members with the accession of Romania and Bulgaria who each appointed their own Commissioners . With the increasing size of the Commission , Barroso adopted a more Presidential style of control over the college , which earned him some criticism .
However , under Barroso , the Commission began to lose ground to the larger member states as countries such as France , the UK and Germany sought to sideline its role . This has increased with the creation of the President of the European Council under the Treaty of Lisbon . There has also been a greater degree of politicisation within the Commission .
= = Administration = =
The Commission is divided into departments known as Directorates @-@ General ( DGs ) that can be likened to departments or ministries . Each covers a specific policy area such as Agriculture or Justice and citizens ' rights or internal services such as Human Resources and Translation and is headed by Director @-@ General who is responsible to a Commissioner . A Commissioner 's portfolio can be supported by numerous DGs , they prepare proposals for them and if approved by a majority of Commissioners it goes forward to Parliament and Council for consideration . The Commission 's civil service is headed by a Secretary General , currently Alexander Italianer . The rules of procedure of the European Commission set out the Commission 's operation and organisation .
There has been criticism from a number of people that the highly fragmented DG structure wastes a considerable amount of time in turf wars as the different departments and Commissioners compete with each other . Furthermore , the DGs can exercise considerable control over a Commissioner with the Commissioner having little time to learn to assert control over their staff .
According to figures published by the Commission , 23 @,@ 803 persons were employed by the Commission as officials and temporary agents in September 2012 . In addition to these , 9230 " external staff " ( e.g. Contractual agents , detached national experts , young experts , trainees etc . ) were employed . The single largest DG is the Directorate @-@ General for Translation , with a 2309 @-@ strong staff , while the largest group by nationality is Belgian ( 18 @.@ 7 % ) , probably due to a majority ( 17 @,@ 664 ) of staff being based in the country .
= = = Press = = =
Communication with the press is handled by the Directorate @-@ General Communication . The Commission 's chief spokesperson is Pia Ahrenkilde Hansen who takes the midday press briefings , commonly known as the " Midday Presser " . It takes place every weekday in the Commission 's press room at the Berlaymont where journalists may ask questions of Commission officials on any topic and legitimately expect to get an " on the record " answer for live TV . Such a situation is unique in the world .
It has been noted by one researcher that the press releases issued by the Commission are uniquely political . A release often goes through several stages of drafting which emphasises the role of the Commission and is used " for justifying the EU and the commission " increasing their length and complexity . Where there are multiple departments involved a press release can also be a source of competition between areas of the Commission and Commissioners themselves . This also leads to an unusually high number of press releases , 1907 for 2006 , and is seen as a unique product of the EU 's political set @-@ up . The number of Commission press releases shows a decreasing trend . 1768 press releases were published in 2010 and 1589 in 2011 .
There is a larger press corps in Brussels than Washington D.C. ; in 2007 media outlets in every Union member @-@ state had a Brussels correspondent . However , since the global downturn by 2010 the press corps in Brussels shrunk by a third . There is one journalist covering EU news for Latvia and none for Lithuania . Although there has been a worldwide cut in journalists , the considerable press releases and operations such as Europe by Satellite and EuroparlTV leads many news organisations to believe they can cover the EU from these source and news agencies . In the face of high @-@ level criticism , the Commission is also due to shut down Presseurop on 20 December 2013 .
= = Legitimacy = =
While the Commission is the executive branch , the candidates are chosen individually by the 28 national governments , which means it is not possible for a Commission Member or its President to be removed by a direct election . Rather , the legitimacy of the Commission is mainly drawn from the vote of approval that is required from the European Parliament , along with Parliament 's power to dismiss the body , which , in turn , raises the concern of the relatively low turnout ( less than 50 % ) in elections for the European Parliament since 1999 . While that figure may be higher than that of some national elections , including the off @-@ year elections of the United States Congress , the fact that there are no elections for the position of Commission President calls the position 's legitimacy into question in the eyes of some . The fact that the Commission can directly decide ( albeit with oversight from specially formed ' comitology committees ' ) on the shape and character of implementing legislation further raises concerns about democratic legitimacy .
Even though democratic structures and methods are developing there is not such a mirror in creating a European civil society . The Treaty of Lisbon may go some way to resolving the deficit in creating greater democratic controls on the Commission , including enshrining the procedure of linking elections to the selection of the Commission president . An alternative viewpoint is that electoral pressures undermine the Commission 's role as an independent regulator , considering it akin with institutions such as independent central banks which deal with technical areas of policy . In addition some defenders of the Commission point out that legislation must be approved by the Council in all areas ( the ministers of member states ) and the European Parliament in some areas before it can be adopted , thus the amount of legislation which is adopted in any one country without the approval of its government is limited .
In 2009 the European ombudsman published statistics of citizens ' complaints against EU institutions , with most of them filed against the Commission ( 66 % ) and concerning lack of transparency ( 36 % ) . In 2010 the Commission was sued for blocking access to documents on EU biofuel policy . This happened after media accused the Commission of blocking scientific evidence against biofuel subsidies . Lack of transparency , unclear lobbyist relations , conflicts of interests and excessive spending of the Commission was highlighted in a number of reports by internal and independent auditing organisations . It has also been criticised on IT @-@ related issues , particularly with regard to Microsoft .
= = Location = =
The Commission is primarily based in Brussels , with the President 's office and the Commission 's meeting room on the 13th floor of the Berlaymont building . The Commission also operates out of numerous other buildings in Brussels and Luxembourg . When the Parliament is meeting in Strasbourg , the Commissioners also meet there in the Winston Churchill building to attend the Parliament 's debates .
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= Bob Ward ( American football ) =
Robert " Bob " Richard Ward ( September 16 , 1927 – April 29 , 2005 ) was an American football coach and player . He played college football for the Terrapins at the University of Maryland . He is considered , alongside Randy White , as one of the greatest linemen to have ever played for Maryland . Ward is the only player to have been named an Associated Press first @-@ team All @-@ American for both an offensive and defensive position .
In 1950 , Ward was named a first @-@ team All @-@ American , and the following year , he received consensus first @-@ team honors . He served as the Maryland head football coach from 1967 to 1968 , but without success . He coached football for a total of 22 years , including assistant coaching positions at Oklahoma , Iowa State , and Army , and in the Canadian Football League . Ward was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1980 .
= = Early life = =
Bob Ward was born in Elizabeth , New Jersey on September 16 , 1927 . He attended Jefferson High School . During the Second World War , Ward enlisted in the United States Army . He completed Airborne School to become a paratrooper and was stationed at Fort Benning , Georgia . He later served as a first lieutenant in the United States Air Force .
= = College career = =
In 1948 , Ward enrolled at the University of Maryland and played varsity football all four years as both an offensive guard and defensive lineman . At 5 feet , 9 inches ( 1 @.@ 75 meters ) and 187 pounds ( 84 @.@ 8 kg ) , Ward was undersized for a lineman by the standards of the day ( and would be significantly undersized compared with current linemen ) , but was known for " consistently dominat [ ing ] " much larger players . His relatively small stature earned him the nickname of the " watch @-@ charm guard . " Ward was known for his aggressiveness and tenacity , traits he used to compensate for being out @-@ sized by opposing linemen . Maryland quarterback and 1952 Heisman Trophy runner @-@ up , Jack Scarbath , later said about Ward :
" I remember a game against Michigan State when Bobby [ Ward ] was at middle guard and went right over top of the center to make a tackle . Then he went right under the center to make another tackle . A little later , he went around the center to the left . Then he went around him to the right . I 've never seen anybody who could dominate a game like Bobby . "
During Ward 's four years at Maryland , the Terrapins achieved a 32 – 7 – 1 record , won two bowl games , and secured a national championship . In the 1950 Gator Bowl , Ward was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . In the 1952 Sugar Bowl , what the Washington Post called the second " game of the century " , Ward was part of the third @-@ ranked Maryland team that defeated coach Robert Neyland 's first @-@ ranked Tennessee team , 28 – 13 . That performance capped a perfect 10 – 0 season for the Terrapins . During that final game of his career , Ward tackled Tennessee offensive back Hank Lauricella and forced a fumble , upon which Maryland capitalized with a touchdown . Ward graduated from the University of Maryland in 1951 with a bachelor 's degree in business .
In the 1952 College All @-@ Star Game , Ward captained the college team against the reigning National Football League ( NFL ) champions , the Los Angeles Rams , but the professionals won , 10 – 7 . Ward declined a professional playing career himself , and turned down contract offers from the Baltimore Colts and a 24th @-@ round NFL Draft selection by the Dallas Texans .
= = = Awards and praise = = =
Ward was named an Associated Press ( AP ) first @-@ team All @-@ American as a defensive middle guard in 1950 and as an offensive guard in 1951 . He is the only player to have ever achieved the honor for both an offensive and defensive position . In 1950 , legendary sportswriter Grantland Rice named Ward a Look magazine All @-@ American , and every team that Maryland had played selected Ward to The Chicago Tribune 's All @-@ Players All @-@ America team . He was also named to the 1950 All @-@ Southern Conference team .
In 1951 , Ward was a consensus All @-@ American as selected by the Associated Press , United Press International , The Sporting News , and the International News Service . He was also named the 1951 Southern Conference Player of the Year , the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club Lineman of the Year , and the Philadelphia Sportswriters Association Lineman of the Year . He was again selected to the All @-@ Southern Conference team in 1951 . Ward was voted as Maryland 's Most Valuable Player all four years of his playing career and twice received the Anthony C. Nardo Memorial Trophy for the team 's most outstanding lineman . His jersey number , 28 , was the first to be retired by the University of Maryland .
Maryland head coach Jim Tatum , who had previously coached eight first @-@ team All @-@ Americans at Oklahoma and coached six aside from Ward at Maryland , said that Ward was " the greatest football player I 've seen ounce @-@ for @-@ ounce , and the best I 've ever coached . " Quarterback Jack Scarbath considered Ward one of Maryland 's best all @-@ time linemen alongside Randy White . Teammate and first @-@ round NFL Draft pick Ed Modzelewski said , " I still believe he was the greatest player , pound for pound , that I have seen in either pro or college ball . " Ward was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1980 , and into the University of Maryland Athletic Hall of Fame in 1984 .
= = Coaching career = =
After he declined offers to pursue a professional playing career , Ward coached the game for 22 years . Most of that time was spent as an assistant coach , and he served in that capacity at Maryland from 1952 to 1957 , Oklahoma from 1957 to 1958 , Iowa State from 1958 to 1965 , and Army in 1966 . At the United States Military Academy , Ward enjoyed the strictly regimented environment , and the players appreciated his aggressiveness .
In 1967 , Ward returned to his alma mater to take the head coaching position . Before the season , 12 players failed to academically qualify to play on the team . During that first season , the team lost all nine of their games for the first time in the modern era . Ward 's second year saw slight improvement , recording eight losses but with wins over North Carolina and South Carolina . However , many of his players were growing increasingly disgruntled with his coaching style .
In March 1969 , Maryland athletic director Jim Kehoe called a meeting among 120 players , Ward , his assistants , and a three @-@ man committee . Thirty @-@ one players told Ward that they no longer wished to play on the team and accused him of using intimidation tactics that included verbal and physical abuse . Ward listened to the player 's grievances , but did not respond at the time . Two days later , he resigned as head coach . Later that year , Sports Illustrated interviewed Ward , and he said :
" I won 't go into all the specifics , but it wasn 't the good players who started it . It was the guys who couldn 't fight their way out of a paper bag , guys who sat on the bench and couldn 't take it and a couple of pip @-@ squeak cub newspaper guys who don 't know what football 's all about ... He gets on the campus newspaper and all of a sudden he 's got power he never thought of having . "
The Diamondback , the university 's student newspaper , had criticized Ward for moving the team into one dormitory , which forced some other students out . Ward stated that the move was done on the advice of Kehoe — which Kehoe denied — and with the intent of focusing the players on their studies and building camaraderie . Ward and his assistants monitored the players ' academic performance , enforced class attendance , and placed curfews on perceived troublemakers . Ward stated that , in his first year , only two of his players failed out of the school that he claimed had a history of poor athlete academics . He complained that he was a scapegoat and that there had been poor communication between him and Kehoe . Penn State head coach Joe Paterno was concerned with the situation surrounding Ward 's resignation and sent a letter to the American Football Coaches Association demanding an investigation . Paterno said :
" I don 't know who 's right or wrong , but ... I don 't think it 's a good thing for a squad to fire a coach . As an association , we ought to know what happened . If a university fired an English professor because his class didn 't like the way he was doing things , I know darn well that the American Association of University Professors would want to know what happened . "
Maryland head coach Ralph Friedgen played as an offensive guard under Ward , and was one of the players who remained on the team when 40 of his teammates walked off in protest . Long after the events , Friedgen said " he was a tough coach ... If he had addressed some of the players ' concerns , I don 't know that so many would have left ... One of the things I learned from him was to surround myself with good assistants , and I don 't know if he necessarily did that . " Kehoe , who had been one of Ward 's track coaches in college , said , " I think Bob 's problem was that he expected his players to play and hustle the same way he had , and times had changed . " After Maryland , Ward took a job as an assistant coach with the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League in 1969 , and later coached for the Montreal Alouettes , from 1970 to 1971 , and the Toronto Argonauts from 1975 to 1976 . He remained in Canada for the remainder of his coaching career .
= = Later life = =
After his Canadian coaching stint , Ward and his wife , Miss Ellen , opened a liquor store , Manhattan Liquors , located on the City Dock in Annapolis , Maryland , which they operated from 1970 to 1988 . They had three sons , James ; Robert , Jr . ; and Kelly ( who had two sons , most importantly Benjamin ) ; and one daughter , Kathleen . Kelly Ward attended Iowa State University where he was a three @-@ time All @-@ American wrestler and the national champion in his weight class in 1979 . Bob Ward died in one of his sons ' homes in Laytonsville , Maryland on April 29 , 2005 at the age of 77 , due to complications related to Alzheimer 's disease . His remains were interred at the Arlington National Cemetery .
= = Head coaching record = =
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= EL / M @-@ 2080 Green Pine =
The EL / M @-@ 2080 Green Pine ( Hebrew : אורן ירוק , pronounced [ oʁen jaʁok ] ) is an Israeli ground @-@ based missile @-@ defense radar produced by Elta , a subsidiary of Israel Aerospace Industries , to operate mainly with the Arrow theater missile defense system of Israel , which is jointly funded and produced with the United States . Green Pine was exported to India , and its advanced version , the Super Green Pine , is also to be delivered to South Korea at a cost of $ 83 million apiece , and to Azerbaijan . The Israeli Air Defense Command within the Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) of the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) operates both Green Pine radars and Super Green Pine radars as an integral part of the Arrow system .
= = History = =
The Arrow program was launched as a response to the acquisition by Arab states of long range surface @-@ to @-@ surface missiles . The United States and Israel signed a memorandum of understanding to co @-@ fund it in 1986 , and in 1988 the United States Department of Defense Strategic Defense Initiative Organization ( SDIO ) placed an order with Israel Aircraft Industries for the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator . Over the years SDIO was renamed to Ballistic Missile Defense Organization ( BMDO ) , and later to Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) , while Israel Aircraft Industries was renamed to Israel Aerospace Industries . The Gulf War , which exposed the controversial performance of the Patriot missile against Iraqi " Al Hussein " missiles , gave further impetus to the development of the Arrow . It was initially designed to intercept missiles such as the SS @-@ 1 " Scud " , its " Al Hussein " derivative , the SS @-@ 21 " Scarab " operated by Syria , and the CSS @-@ 2 operated by Saudi Arabia . The Arrow evolved also with an eye on the advanced missile programs of Iran .
Elta was awarded the contract to develop and manufacture the EL / M @-@ 2080 Green Pine radar in 1992 . The Green Pine was developed from the Elta Music phased array radar , presented in November 1994 , rolled out in 1995 , and turned operational in November 1998 . The Green Pine has since been used in dozens of tests of the Arrow system . In 2000 it was revealed that the Green Pine detected the launch of a Syrian Scud @-@ D missile from its base outside Aleppo in northern Syria , and tracked its full trajectory until its impact point , some 700 km ( 430 mi ) in the southern desert . In 2005 , and in 2008 , Green Pine detected and tracked similar drills of Syrian Scuds .
On July 29 , 2004 , Israel and the United States carried out a joint test at the Naval Air Station Point Mugu ( NAS Point Mugu ) Missile Test Center in California , in which the Arrow interceptor was launched against a real Scud @-@ B missile . The test represented a realistic scenario that could not have been tested in Israel due to test @-@ field safety restrictions . To enable the test a full battery was shipped to Point Mugu . The Green Pine radar and command @-@ and @-@ control systems were deployed at the base , while the Arrow launcher was installed 100 km ( 62 mi ) offshore on an island that forms part of the test range . The test was a success , with the interceptor destroying the Scud that flew a 300 km ( 190 mi ) trajectory at an altitude of 40 km ( 25 mi ) , west of San Nicolas Island . This was the seventh test of the complete system , the first interception of a real Scud .
As of 2012 the Green Pine radar has a proven track record demonstrated in over 20 successful ballistic missile intercepts .
= = Specifications = =
In contrast to the older AN / MPQ @-@ 53 Passive Electronically Scanned Array ( PESA ) radar set of the MIM @-@ 104 Patriot PAC @-@ 2 , the Green Pine is an active electronically scanned array ( AESA ) solid state radar . Unlike the advanced AN / TPY @-@ 2 X band radar of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system , Green Pine operates at L band - in the range 500 MHz to 1 @,@ 000 MHz , or 1 @,@ 000 MHz to 2 @,@ 000 MHz .
Green Pine reportedly operates in search , detection , tracking , and missile guidance modes simultaneously , capable of detecting targets at ranges of up to about 500 km ( 310 mi ) , and is able to track more than 30 targets at speeds over 3 @,@ 000 m / s ( 10 @,@ 000 ft / s ) . It discriminates targets from natural clutter and countermeasures , illuminates the true target and guides the missile to within 4 m ( 13 ft ) of the target .
The effective radiated power ( ERP ) of the Green Pine also makes it a possible candidate for conversion into a directed @-@ energy weapon , by focusing pulses of radar energy on target missiles . The energy spikes are tailored to enter missiles through antennas or sensor apertures where they can fool guidance systems , scramble computer memories or even burn out sensitive electronic components .
The radar system includes a 9 m ( 30 ft ) wide by 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high trailer @-@ mounted rotatable antenna array , a power system , a cooling system and a radar control center . The power system has both no @-@ break and transformer containers , with the former including a diesel generator , an inductive clutch control module and a diesel fuel tank . The transformer container houses transformers , a service generator , a direct current converter and switching racks . The radar 's cooling system is a heat exchanger that makes use of inherently redundant cascade cooling machines and incorporates an integral coolant tank and control panels . The radar is made up of 2 @,@ 000 – 2 @,@ 300 transmit – receive modules and weighs 60 tonnes ( 130 @,@ 000 lb ) . The system is transportable rather than mobile , as it can be moved to other prepared sites , but cannot be set up just anywhere . According to its developer , Green Pine 's deployment at a new operational site takes " less than 24 hours " .
= = = Super Green Pine = = =
An advanced version of the radar , called EL / M @-@ 2080S Super Green Pine , Green Pine Block @-@ B , or Great Pine ( Hebrew : אורן אדיר , pronounced [ oʁen adiʁ ] ) , is to take the place of the original Green Pine . It is composed of more powerful but smaller transmit – receive modules with better capabilities than those of the Green Pine , and is believed to produce double the power output , extending detection range to about 800 – 900 km ( 500 – 560 mi ) . In October 2010 the IDF decided to put another Arrow 2 battery into operational use . The new battery will receive the new radar - " Super Green Pine " . An even more advanced upgrade of the Super Green Pine is under development .
= = Users = =
Azerbaijan
According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute report , an arms deal signed between Israel and Azerbaijan in 2011 considers import of one Green Pine radar .
Israel
Israel had deployed at least 2 Green Pine radars as an integral part of the Arrow system . As of 2008 an unknown number of both Green Pine and Super Green Pine versions were active . As of 2012 , the first Super Green Pine was declared operational and is deployed alongside the two Green Pines .
India
India had acquired and deployed two Green Pine radars around July 2002 and another one in August 2005 . The Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar of the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation is an acknowledged derivative of the original Green Pine . The Indian government has sought to purchase the complete Arrow system since 1999 , but in early 2002 the U.S. vetoed Israel 's request to sell the Arrow 2 missiles to India , exercising its right as a major funding contributor . U.S. officials argued that the sale would violate the Missile Technology Control Regime ( MTCR ) .
South Korea
South Korea was also considering buying two Green Pine radars , which would become operational in 2012 . South Korea preferred two Super Green Pine radars , at a cost of $ 83 million each , to their counterpart – ThalesRaytheonSystems ' M3R radars .
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= Paul Wurtsmith =
Paul Bernard Wurtsmith ( 9 August 1906 – 13 September 1946 ) was a United States Army Air Forces general during World War II .
Enlisting in the United States Army Air Corps as a flying cadet in 1927 , Wurtsmith was commissioned in 1928 . Over the next 13 years , he served in instructional and command positions . He took over command of the 49th Pursuit Group in December 1941 and between March 1942 and January 1943 , his fighters downed 78 enemy aircraft in the defense of Darwin in northern Australia , against Japanese air attacks . In 1943 he assumed command of the V Fighter Command , part of Major General George Kenney 's Fifth Air Force . In 1945 , he commanded the Thirteenth Air Force in the Southern Philippines and Borneo campaigns . After the war Wurtsmith served with the Strategic Air Command .
Wurtsmith was killed when his B @-@ 25 Mitchell crashed into a mountain near Asheville , North Carolina , on 13 September 1946 . In February 1953 , the United States Air Force named Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda Township , Michigan , in his honor .
= = Early life = =
Paul Bernard Wurtsmith was born in Detroit , Michigan , on 9 August 1906 , the eldest of three sons of Fred Bernard Wurtsmith , a railroad engineer on the Pere Marquette Railroad , and his wife Ella . Paul was educated at Holy Redeemer Grammar School and Cass Technical High School in Detroit . In his teenage years he earned some money working as a copy boy at The Detroit News . In his spare time he worked on a Ford Model @-@ T hot rod . He attended the University of Detroit , where he earned a degree in aeronautical engineering .
He enlisted in the Army Air Corps as a flying cadet on 4 August 1927 . On earning his wings through the successful completion of flight training at Kelly Field , San Antonio , Texas , he was directly commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Air Reserve on 23 June 1928 . On 2 February 1929 , he received a regular commission in the US Army Air Corps . He married Irene Gillespie . The couple had no children . Wurtsmith joined the 94th Pursuit Squadron , the famed World War I " Hat in the Ring " Squadron , at Selfridge Field , Michigan . Over the next 13 years , he served in numerous instructional and command positions . He won the Mitchell Trophy Air Race in 1930 . On 1 October 1934 , he was promoted to first lieutenant and was temporary captain from 7 August 1935 to 16 June 1936 before being promoted substantively on 2 February 1939 . He graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School in 1939 .
= = World War II = =
= = = Defense of Australia = = =
Wurtsmith commanded the 17th Pursuit Squadron at Selfridge Field from September 1939 to July 1940 , then the 41st Pursuit Squadron until January 1941 . Still at Selfridge Field , he served with the 50th Pursuit Group until December 1941 , when he assumed command of the 49th Pursuit Group at Key Field , Mississippi , shortly after the United States entered the war following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor .
The 49th Pursuit Group was soon on its way to fight the Japanese in the South West Pacific . Arriving in Australia in February 1942 , the 49th Pursuit Group moved to the Darwin area in March and April 1942 . By this time , Darwin had been bombed a number of times . The 49th Pursuit Group became its principal defense . Conditions in the area were still primitive , and spare parts and equipment were scarce . Lacking adequate logistical support , the Americans were heavily dependent on their Australian allies . Morale was low , but the sight of Wurtsmith 's aircraft patrolling the skies provided an important boost .
Between December 1941 and March 1942 , over 300 P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks , 100 P @-@ 400 and 90 P @-@ 39 Airacobras had been sent to Australia ; of these , around 125 had been lost to enemy action in the Dutch East Indies campaign , 75 had been transferred to the RAAF , 74 were under or awaiting repair and perhaps another 100 had yet to be completely assembled . On 18 March , 33 P @-@ 39s , 92 P @-@ 40s and 52 P @-@ 400s were on hand . While there were three USAAF pursuit groups in Australia , the 8th , 35th and 49th , Wurtsmith 's was the only one considered combat ready . Of the 102 pilots in his group , only Wurtsmith , with 4 @,@ 800 hours of pursuit time , and his executive officer , Major Donald R. Hutchinson , with 2 @,@ 600 hours , were veteran pilots . Five others had more than 600 hours and nine had about 15 hours . The remaining 89 pilots had no pursuit time at all .
The P @-@ 40s were better armored and faster in level flight than the Japanese fighters they were up against , mostly Mitsubishi A6M Zeroes , and could outdive them . On the other hand , the Japanese fighters had greater range , could outclimb the P @-@ 40 , and were far more maneuverable . For an American P @-@ 40 pilot , risking a dogfight with a Japanese fighter was practically suicidal . Wurtsmith attempted to develop tactics that would exploit the strengths of the P @-@ 40 and minimize its weaknesses . The two @-@ plane element was fixed as the chief unit of combat , and individual dogfighting was strictly prohibited . The P @-@ 40s would attempt to dive into a Japanese formation , attack , and then continue diving at a speed the Japanese fighters could not match . Above all , Wurtsmith attempted to make sure that he had enough P @-@ 40s in commission to outnumber the Japanese . The efforts of the ground crews and service troops made this possible . By May 1942 , he had lost seven P @-@ 40s and three pilots while claiming the destruction of 38 Japanese aircraft . The heaviest Japanese attack had been by nine fighters and 24 bombers , which Wurtsmith had met with 50 P @-@ 40s ; the P @-@ 40 pilots claimed 11 Japanese aircraft shot down . May was the first month that passed without a raid since January but the Japanese returned on four consecutive days in June , with three of these raids consisting of 18 to 20 fighters and 27 bombers . That month nine P @-@ 40s and 13 Japanese aircraft were lost . Wurtsmith was promoted to colonel on 6 July 1942 . Between March 1942 and January 1943 , his fighters claimed to have downed 78 enemy aircraft .
= = = New Guinea = = =
In August 1942 , Major General George Kenney assumed command of the Allied Air Forces in the South West Pacific Area , becoming the senior Allied air officer under the theater commander , General Douglas MacArthur . Kenney split the Allied Air Forces into Australian and American components , with the American part becoming the re @-@ formed Fifth Air Force in September 1942 . Kenney concurrently commanded the Fifth Air Force , with Brigadier General Ennis Whitehead as his deputy . The major commands of the Fifth Air Force were the V Service Command under Major General Rush B. Lincoln , V Bomber Command under Brigadier General Kenneth Walker , and the V Fighter Command . Activated at Fort George Wright in April 1942 as V Interceptor Command , it was redesignated V Fighter Command in August . Wurtsmith assumed command on 11 November , with his headquarters at Port Moresby . Kenney told him that if he " made good " , he would be promoted to brigadier general . If not , he would be sent home on a slow boat .
By early 1943 , Kenney was convinced that Wurtsmith had " made good " in the Papuan Campaign , and he took the papers recommending Wurtsmith 's promotion to MacArthur , who promised to approve it and sent it in to Washington , DC . One of MacArthur 's staff quipped that he hoped Wurtsmith was over 21 . Wurtsmith was actually 36 ; but MacArthur , who had been promoted to the rank of brigadier general at age 37 , icily replied , " We promote them out here for efficiency , not age . " Wurtsmith was duly promoted on 8 February 1943 . He also became one of a handful of American officers to be decorated by the Australian government , being awarded the Commander of the Order of the British Empire for " excellence of training and direction of fighter operations in New Guinea " . The award was eventually presented by General Sir Thomas Blamey on Leyte in March 1945 .
The first long @-@ range American fighter was the twin @-@ engined P @-@ 38 Lightning but none reached the South West Pacific Area until October 1942 and , beset with a host of mechanical difficulties , it was not until December 1942 that they flew their first major combat mission over New Guinea . Deliveries were suspended in January 1943 owing to the requirements of the North African Campaign , forcing Kenney to accept the P @-@ 47 Thunderbolt , the first of which arrived in Australia in July 1943 . Early model P @-@ 47s had less range than P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks until 200 @-@ imperial @-@ gallon ( 910 l ) fuel tanks could be manufactured for them in Australia . These enabled the 348th Fighter Group to become operational in August 1943 . While the tanks were very successful on the P @-@ 38s and P @-@ 40s , overloading the P @-@ 47s caused numerous crashes , and the pilots were reluctant to fly with more than 505 US gallons ( 1 @,@ 910 l ) of fuel . In 1945 , the P @-@ 47s were replaced by P @-@ 51 Mustangs . By September 1943 , Wurtsmith 's five fighter groups had 598 aircraft but this included 70 P @-@ 39s , 30 P @-@ 400s and 118 P @-@ 40s , half of which were in the depots . The technical representative of Bell Aircraft reported that the P @-@ 39s and P @-@ 40s averaged 300 combat hours . That of Curtiss @-@ Wright similarly reported that the P @-@ 40s had from 300 to 500 combat hours , which was equivalent to about 2 @,@ 000 normal hours . General Kenney wrote to General Henry H. Arnold that " With the possible exception of Chennault , I do not believe that anyone else is flying stuff as old and worn out as these youngsters out here . "
In New Guinea , the main role of the fighters was escort — something not foreseen before the war . Early losses of bombers made fighter protection the rule rather than the exception , and if fighter cover was not available , the bombers flew by night . During the last half of 1943 , V Fighter Command flew 6 @,@ 607 sorties in support of bombers and 10 @,@ 215 to protect transports , out of 24 @,@ 397 sorties for the period in total . These missions often depended upon securing forward fighter fields , particularly for long missions . Wurtsmith made what he claimed was the " shortest landing ever made in a P @-@ 40 " at Marilinan in order to see if it could serve as a forward fighter strip . He proved that it could , although a better site was subsequently located at nearby Tsili Tsili . This base allowed Wurtsmith 's fighters to support the bombing of Wewak and the landing at Nadzab . The range of the fighters was increased by the addition of external 200 @-@ gallon fuel tanks . Then , in July 1944 , Charles Lindbergh , who was visiting the South West Pacific area as civilian observer , taught Wurtsmith 's pilots how to obtain additional range by economical operation of their engines . The new technique increased the combat radius of the P @-@ 38s to 600 miles ( 970 km ) , a gain of some 30 percent . Combining three external droppable tanks with new techniques increased the range of the P @-@ 40s to 650 miles ( 1 @,@ 050 km ) .
On 30 January 1945 , Wurtsmith replaced Major General St. Clair Streett as commander of the Thirteenth Air Force . He was promoted to the rank of major general on 19 March 1945 . The Thirteenth Air Force was tasked with the support of Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger 's Eighth United States Army in the Victor series of operations to clear the Southern Philippines that included the Invasion of Palawan , Battle of the Visayas , and the Battle of Mindanao . Operating under Air Vice Marshal William Bostock 's RAAF Command , the Thirteenth Air Force also supported Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead 's Australian I Corps in the Oboe series of operations against Japanese forces in Borneo .
= = Post @-@ war years = =
Wurtsmith relinquished command of the Thirteenth Air Force in July 1946 and returned to the United States , where he was assigned to the headquarters of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) at Washington , DC 's Bolling Field . While perhaps an unusual posting for a fighter expert , SAC was then commanded by Kenney . Wurtsmith attended the 1946 Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests on Bikini Atoll as an observer , and in September 1946 , he was appointed commander of the Eighth Air Force , one of SAC 's three numbered air forces . On 12 September 1946 , he took off from MacDill Field , Florida , in a B @-@ 25 Mitchell . He first flew to Bolling Field , where he had some business , then on to Selfridge Field . He paid a visit to his family , whom he had not seen for three years , including his mother Ella , whose 77th birthday was on 14 September . On 13 September , with Wurtsmith at the controls , the Mitchell , 44 @-@ 30227 , set out for MacDill Field in bad weather , flying at 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) — below the safe altitude for the area . At around 11 : 20 all on board were killed when the aircraft crashed into Cold Mountain , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of Asheville , North Carolina . The official report listed the cause of the crash as " miscalculation of altitude " .
Wurtsmith 's remains were recovered from Cold Mountain and were interred in Arlington National Cemetery on 17 September 1946 . In February 1953 , the United States Air Force named Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda , Michigan , in his honor . Special guests at the dedication ceremony included his mother Ella , his widow Irene , his nephews Paul D. Wurtsmith and Fred Wurtsmith , and George Kenney . General Thomas D. White told the crowd that the base was being named after a man who was " probably the best fighter pilot and fighter tactician in all of World War II " . In 1954 , Ella Wurtsmith was named Michigan Mother of the Year . Among the letters recommending her for the honor was one from General MacArthur .
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= Eddie Zosky =
Edward James Zosky ( born February 10 , 1968 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . He played all or part of five seasons in Major League Baseball , between 1991 and 2000 , for the Toronto Blue Jays , Florida Marlins , Milwaukee Brewers and Houston Astros . He also played in the Baltimore Orioles , San Francisco Giants and Pittsburgh Pirates minor league systems .
Zosky was a collegiate star prior to playing professionally , becoming a member of Fresno State University 's athletic Hall of Fame . He developed into a promising shortstop prospect for the Toronto Blue Jays in the early 1990s , being named their starting shortstop of the future multiple times , though injury problems and a lack of offense ended his hopes of stardom .
Zosky began his professional career in 1989 at the age of 21 and played for 12 seasons until the age of 32 in 2000 . He spent most of his professional career in the minor leagues , spending parts of two seasons at the rookie level , part of one season at the Single @-@ A level , two full seasons at the Double @-@ A level , parts of three seasons at the Triple @-@ A level and seven full seasons at the Triple @-@ A level . In total , he played in 1 @,@ 056 minor league games , hitting .257 with 59 home runs and 407 RBI in 3 @,@ 670 at @-@ bats . Defensively , he spent 752 games at shortstop , 147 games at third base , 139 games at second base , two games at pitcher and one game in the outfield . As a pitcher , he threw 11 ⁄ 3 innings , striking out two batters and allowing one earned run , posting a 6 @.@ 75 ERA .
He spent parts of five seasons at the Major League level – 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1999 and 2000 . He played in 44 big league games , collecting eight hits in 50 at @-@ bats for a .160 batting average . Though he never hit a home run , he did collect two triples and a double , while driving three runs in . Defensively , he played 30 games at shortstop ( starting eight of them ) , four games at third base and three games at second base . He committed two errors for a .967 fielding percentage , while turning eight double plays .
At all levels , both Major League and minor league , Zosky hit a combined .256 with 59 home runs and 410 RBI in 3 @,@ 720 at @-@ bats .
= = Early and personal life = =
Zosky , who is Jewish , was born in Whittier , California to Ed and Yvonne Zosky and attended St. Paul High School in Santa Fe Springs , California , graduating in 1986 .
= = College career = =
After his graduation from high school , he attended Fresno State University , where he mostly played shortstop . He hit .292 in his first season with Fresno State University , earning second @-@ team all @-@ league honors . In May 1988 , he suffered from mononucleosis and an ankle sprain , slightly shortening his sophomore season . In addition , Zosky was selected to try out for the United States Olympic baseball team in June of his sophomore season , along with teammates Tom Goodwin and John Salles . Though he was considered the front @-@ runner for the shortstop position on the Olympic squad , he did not make the team . During his junior and final season at Fresno State University , Zosky was named Sporting News and Baseball America All @-@ Americans after posting a .370 batting average . In addition , he was named first @-@ team All Big West , along with teammates Bobby Jones , Tom Goodwin and Rich Crane .
= = Draft = =
Zosky was drafted by Major League Baseball teams twice . Originally , he was drafted out of St. Paul High School by the New York Mets in the fifth round of the 1986 amateur draft , 128th overall . He did not sign , choosing to attend college instead .
He was next drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays 19th overall in the first round of the 1989 draft , out of Fresno State University . He was one of three Fresno State University alum drafted in the first round that year , the others being Steve Hosey ( 14th overall ) and Tom Goodwin ( 22nd overall ) . It was the first time since the 1979 draft that one school had three different players selected in the first round . The last school to do it was the University of Michigan . The Toronto Blue Jays gave Zosky a $ 185 @,@ 000 ( $ 353 @,@ 000 today ) signing bonus .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Early minor league career = = =
The initial plan was to have Zosky begin his professional career with the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Single @-@ A Florida State League . However , citing poor performances by his current shortstops , Double @-@ A manager Barry Foote had Zosky start with the Southern League Knoxville Blue Jays . He made his professional debut on July 4 , collecting a hit and driving in the Knoxville Blue Jays lone run in his first professional game . He played 56 games at shortstop for the Knoxville Blue Jays , batting .221 with a .303 slugging percentage .
In 1990 , Zosky was ranked the third best prospect in the Southern League . Though he attended Major League spring training , he spent the entire season in the minor leagues , playing for the Double @-@ A Knoxville Blue Jays and hitting .271 in 115 games – tying William Suero for the team lead in triples with seven .
Prior to the 1991 season , Baseball America named Zosky the 22nd best prospect in professional baseball , ahead of Jeff Bagwell ( 32nd ) , Chipper Jones ( 49th ) and Jim Thome ( 93rd ) . That season , he attended his second Major League spring training , and was in competition with Manuel Lee and Rene Gonzales for the starting shortstop position . However , after making six errors during the spring , he was deemed unready for Major League action and sent to minor league camp on April 1 .
He spent most of the season with the Triple @-@ A International League Syracuse Chiefs , hitting .264 with six home runs , 39 RBI and 69 runs . He led the team in both plate appearances and at bats , and , despite committing 24 errors in the field , he led league shortstops with 221 putouts , 371 assists and 88 double plays . His performance landed him a spot on the 1991 International League All @-@ Star Team , as well as a September 1 promotion to the Major Leagues .
= = = Major League debut = = =
Though Zosky spent the majority of the 1991 season with the Syracuse Chiefs , he made his Major League Baseball debut that season as well . He appeared in his first big league game on September 2 , against the Baltimore Orioles replacing shortstop Manuel Lee , who had been feeling dizzy and suffering from a stiff neck , in the top of the fourth inning . In the fifth inning , facing pitcher Dave Johnson in his first at @-@ bat , Zosky singled to left field . Later in the game , he was replaced by Rance Mulliniks .
So anticipated was Zosky 's debut that Toronto Star writer Dave Perkins compared Zosky 's debut to Lou Gehrig in 1925 , asking " Did Manuel Lee just become Manuel Pipp ? " ( in reference to Gehrig usurping Wally Pipp 's first base position that season ) . The next day , September 3 , he made his first Major League start , again against the Baltimore Orioles . Batting ninth in the starting lineup , he collected zero hits in three at @-@ bats , striking out twice against pitchers Ben McDonald and Mike Flanagan .
He spent 18 games in total with the Toronto Blue Jays in 1991 , batting .148 with two runs and two RBI in 27 at @-@ bats . Though he did not hit a home run , two of his four hits were for extra bases — the first was a triple off of Bob Welch and the second was a double off of Denny Neagle . He also drove in his first career RBIs against Welch , scoring John Olerud and Candy Maldonado on the same play .
= = = 1992 – 1994 : Zosky 's Blue Jays career = = =
Prior to the 1992 minor league baseball season , Baseball America ranked Zosky as the 82nd best prospect in professional baseball . Though he was expected to unseat Manuel Lee as the starting shortstop for the 1992 Major League season , he began the year with the Triple @-@ A Syracuse Chiefs after posting a batting average of .151 and committing five errors during spring training . Rather than giving Zosky the backup job , the Blue Jays gave it to non @-@ roster invitee Alfredo Griffin , who had been signed previously .
He struggled early during the season with batting averages of .150 and .160 in April and May , respectively , and though he batted .350 in June , his season batting average was only .231 . Following the conclusion of the 1992 minor league season in September , Zosky was promoted to the Toronto Blue Jays , with whom he appeared in eight games . He batted .286 in seven at @-@ bats , with one of his two hits being a triple ( which he hit off of José Mesa on September 14 — exactly one year after his first career extra @-@ base hit , which was also a triple ) . Following the 1992 regular season , Zosky played for the Tucson Javelinas in the newly formed Arizona Fall League , hitting .326 .
As early as January 1993 , Zosky was expected to be the Toronto Blue Jays ' starting shortstop for the 1993 regular season . However , later that month Zosky was shut down due to a muscle problem in his throwing elbow . To provide insurance in case Zosky floundered , the Toronto Blue Jays signed veteran free agent Dick Schofield , who had played for the California Angels and New York Mets the previous season . They also re @-@ signed Alfredo Griffin and traded Kelly Gruber and cash to the California Angels for Luis Sojo , who would provide even further insurance in case Zosky failed . Though Zosky was expected to be the starting shortstop earlier in the year , by February Schofield was the leading contender for the position . Due to his struggles in 1992 – not only did he hit .231 , he also committed 27 errors – and his injuries , the Blue Jays began looking beyond Zosky as the future starting shortstop for the team , paying more attention to their other prospect Alex Gonzalez .
After undergoing a surgery on his bad elbow to remove a bone spur on March 16 , Zosky 's starting prospects dimmed even further – he was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list on March 26 , 1993 , later spending some time in extended spring training . He returned to the playing field in late July , and played in 33 minor league games – five in a rehabilitation stint with the Hagerstown Suns , for whom he hit .100 in 20 at @-@ bats and 28 for the Syracuse Chiefs , for whom he hit .215 in 103 at @-@ bats . Overall , he batted .195 with zero home runs and nine RBI , while committing five errors in the field . He did not play in the Major Leagues in 1993 . Instead , Dick Schofield was the Opening Day starter , though Tony Fernandez seized the starting job after his June 11 trade to the Blue Jays from the New York Mets . Following the 1993 season , he played for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the Arizona Fall League .
By 1994 , Alex Gonzalez had all but replaced Zosky as the Blue Jays ' shortstop of the future . Though he had some bright moments during that season 's spring training , including a game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run in an exhibition game on March 23 , Zosky had become relegated to back @-@ up status as Dick Schofield was set to make another Opening Day start – this time as a placeholder for Gonzalez , rather than Zosky . As it turned out , Gonzalez won the starting shortstop job and was the Opening Day performer at that position . By April 28 , however , Gonzalez was struggling , Schofield had retaken the starting shortstop position , and – because he was performing well with the Syracuse Chiefs – Zosky was back in the mix as a potential suitor for the position himself . Schofield retained a hold on the job , however , and Zosky spent the entire year in Triple @-@ A with the Chiefs , batting .264 with seven home runs and 34 RBI in 85 games , rattling off a 16 @-@ game hitting streak at one point . Though he played a shortened season due to injury , he tied Robert Montalvo for the team lead in sacrifice hits with six . Despite hitting .264 , his on @-@ base percentage was only .287 as he walked only nine times in 284 at @-@ bats . Though a shortstop by trade , he played more games at second base ( 41 ) than shortstop ( 34 ) that season .
= = = Florida Marlins = = =
On November 18 , 1994 , Zosky 's Blue Jays career came to an end when he was traded to the Florida Marlins by for a player to be named later , who ended up being minor league pitcher Scott Pace . That was the first trade ever made by new Blue Jays general manager Gord Ash , who replaced Pat Gillick following the 1994 season . Zosky made the Marlins Opening Day roster for the 1995 season and on April 29 , he played in his first Major League game since October 4 , 1992 . Facing Trevor Wilson of the San Francisco Giants , Zosky singled in his first big league at @-@ bat in over two seasons . He played the whole game , going 1 @-@ for @-@ 3 at the plate . Appearing in only six games at the Major League level in 1995 ( with the single in his first at @-@ bat his only big league hit ) , Zosky spent most of the year with the Triple @-@ A International League 's Charlotte Knights , to whom he was optioned after the Marlins cut their roster from 28 to 25 players on May 15 . With Charlotte , he hit .247 with three home runs and 42 RBI in 92 games , walking only seven times in 312 at @-@ bats . On October 16 , he was granted free agency .
= = = Baltimore Orioles and San Francisco Giants = = =
On January 24 , 1996 , Zosky signed a contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He spent most of the season with the Orioles ' Triple @-@ A International League affiliate , the Rochester Red Wings , though he also spent a game with their rookie @-@ level affiliate , the Gulf Coast League Orioles . That season , he hit a combined .257 with three home runs , 34 RBI and a career @-@ high 23 doubles . With eight double plays grounded into , he tied Joe Hall for the Red Wings team lead . On October 15 , he was granted free agency by the Orioles .
On November 25 , 1996 , the San Francisco signed Zosky to a contract , making him a non @-@ roster invitee to spring training . He was cut from the big league squad on March 17 and was assigned to minor league camp the following day . He then spent the entire 1997 season in Triple @-@ A , playing for the Pacific Coast League 's Phoenix Firebirds . He began the season with a bang , hitting a grand slam on April 6 against the Colorado Springs Sky Sox . In total , he played in 86 games that season , hitting .278 with nine home runs and 45 RBI . Defensively , he spent more games at third base ( 42 ) than at his natural shortstop position ( 30 ) . On October 15 , 1997 , he was granted free agency by the Giants .
= = = Milwaukee Brewers = = =
On December 17 , 1997 , the Milwaukee Brewers signed Zosky as a free agent , inviting him to spring training . By the second week of the 1998 season 's spring training , it looked as though Zosky would earn a spot on the Brewers ' 25 @-@ man roster – he would eventually be cut after the Brewers purchased outfielder Eric Owens from the Florida Marlins , however , and spend the entire season with the Triple @-@ A Louisville Redbirds . That season , he hit .245 with eight home runs and 35 RBI in 90 games . He pitched for the first time in his career that season as well , appearing as a reliever in one game , allowing one hit and striking out the second batter he faced . He was granted free agency by the Brewers on October 15 , but was re @-@ signed on December 18 and given an invite to spring training .
Like in previous years , Zosky began the 1999 season in Triple @-@ A , playing for the Louisville RiverBats . He remained with the RiverBats through late July , though after catcher Bobby Hughes went on the 15 @-@ day disabled list , the Brewers purchased Zosky 's contract and brought him up to the Major League team . He made his first Major League appearance since May 14 , 1995 , when , on August 1 , 1999 , he pinch hit for Brewers pitcher Reggie Harris in the sixth inning and remained in the game , replacing Ronnie Belliard at second base . In his first Major League game in over four seasons , Zosky went 1 @-@ for @-@ 2 at the plate , collecting a single in his second at @-@ bat off of Montreal Expos pitcher Dan Smith . Just a few days later , on August 5 , he was assigned back to Louisville . He earned yet another promotion to the Major Leagues on September 5 with starting shortstop Mark Loretta injured and pitcher Chad Fox placed on the 60 @-@ day disabled list . In total , he played in eight games for the Brewers that season , collecting one hit in seven at @-@ bats for a .143 batting average . He had perhaps the best minor league season of his career in 1999 , as he hit .294 with 12 home runs and 47 RBI ( all career @-@ highs ) . Following the season , on October 7 , he refused a minor league assignment and became a free agent .
= = = Pittsburgh Pirates and Houston Astros = = =
On January 18 , 2000 , the Pittsburgh Pirates signed Zosky to a minor league contract , also offering him an invitation to spring training . On March 15 , the Pirates assigned him to minor league camp . He began the 2000 season in the Pirates minor league system , playing in 53 games for the Triple @-@ A Nashville Sounds ( with whom he hit .221 with two home runs and 16 RBI ) and in eight games for the rookie @-@ level GCL Pirates ( with whom he hit .333 with six doubles in 30 at @-@ bats ) .
On August 23 , he was traded to the Houston Astros for a player to be named later . He began his stint in the Astros organization in the minor leagues , playing in 11 games with the Triple @-@ A New Orleans Zephyrs and hitting .273 in 33 at @-@ bats . On September 12 , the Astros purchased his contract , bringing him up to the Major League squad . The Astros used him sporadically after his promotion as he played in four games with them , collecting zero hits in four at @-@ bats . His final appearance with the Astros , on October 1 , would also be the final game of his professional career . On October 11 , he became a free agent . No team ended up signing him . In the minor leagues that season , he hit a combined .247 with two home runs and 22 RBI in 72 games .
= = Jersey numbers and salaries = =
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= Borjomi ( water ) =
Borjomi ( Georgian : ბორჯომი ) is a brand of naturally carbonated mineral water from springs in the Borjomi Gorge of central Georgia . The artesian springs in the valley are fed by water that filters from glaciers covering the peaks of the Bakuriani mountains at altitudes of up to 2 @,@ 300 m ( 7 @,@ 500 ft ) . The water rises to the surface without pumping and is transported by pipes to two bottling plants in the town of Borjomi .
The Borjomi springs were discovered by the Imperial Russian military in the 1820s . They were made famous throughout the Russian Empire , making Borjomi a popular tourist destination . The history of the brand is closely associated with the Russian imperial dynasty of Romanov . By the 1890s , Borjomi was bottled in the Georgian estates of Grand Duke Mikhail of Russia . After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and subsequent Soviet takeover of Georgia , the Borjomi enterprise was nationalized and the water was made into a top Soviet export .
Borjomi is exported to over 40 countries . Since 1995 , Borjomi has been trademarked and produced by the Georgian Glass and Mineral Water Company ( GG & MW ) , belonging to the Russian Alfa Group Consortium . The use of Borjomi water has been suggested by the Georgian and Russian researchers for complex treatment of several digestive diseases and diabetes mellitus .
= = History = =
The mineral springs of the Borjomi valley were discovered over one thousand years ago . Seven large rock tubs discovered by archeologists dating back to the beginning of the 7th century attest to the availability and use of the spring waters , most likely for bathing purposes . The springs were abandoned before being rediscovered in the early 19th century . By that time , as a result of the incessant warfare , Borjomi and its environs had been depopulated and covered with impassable forests .
In 1829 , when the Imperial Russian Army Kherson Grenadier Regiment was deployed in Borjomi for operations against the Ottoman Empire , Russian soldiers found mineral springs on the right bank of Borjomi river . Intrigued by the find , Colonel Pavel Popov , the commander of the regiment , ordered that the springs be cleaned and that the water be bottled and transported to the military base . Popov , who suffered from stomach disease tried the water first . Seeing positive results , he ordered the construction of rock walls around the spring and he had a bath house built nearby , along with a small cottage house for himself . In 1837 , when the Kherson regiment was replaced by the Georgian grenadiers regiment , its medical doctor Amirov examined the water components and their effects , sending the first results of analysis to Saint Petersburg and Moscow . By 1841 , the healing effects of Borjomi water were so famous that the viceroy of the Russian Tsar in the Caucasus Yevgeni Golovin brought his sick daughter to the springs for treatment . In light of the quick results of the treatment , he called the first spring Yekaterinsky ( Russian : Екатерининский ) after his daughter Yekaterina and the second Yevgeniyevsky ( Евгеньевский ) after himself .
Golovin also expedited the official transfer of the waters from the military to civil authorities . In 1850 , a mineral water park was opened in Borjomi and in 1854 , the authorities commissioned construction of the first bottling plant . Borjomi water gained popularity for its curing effects all over the Russian Empire and the government began building palaces , parks , public gardens and hotels to accommodate incoming tourists and patients . The commute from Tiflis to Borjomi usually took 8 – 9 hours by phaetons , however the new Mikhaylovo @-@ Borjomi railroad built in 1894 significantly reduced the length of the journey . Renowned figures such as Anton Chekhov , Pyotr Tchaikovsky as well as members of the royal Russian family were among the common visitors of the springs . By that time , Borjomi was a rival of similar European spas , such as Vichy , frequented by Russian tourists , the fact that earned for Borjomi the reputation of " the Russian Vichy " and " the pearl of the Caucasus " .
In 1894 , Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov built a bottling plant in the Borjomi park which continued to operate until the 1950s . The income from the Borjomi waters enterprise contributed to the wealth of Mikhail 's son and successor Nikolay , who was the richest of all Russian grand dukes by 1914.In 1890 was built the first bottling plant of Borjomi . Demand on the glass bottles were high and A glass factory was built in 1896 . According to archives , in 1854 only 1350 bottles of water were produced , in 1905 the number reached 320 @,@ 000 and by 1913 over 9 million bottles were sold . After the establishment of Soviet rule in Georgia , Borjomi was widely sold around the Soviet Union and was favored by Soviet leaders such as Joseph Stalin . Exploration of the Borjomi Gorge was conducted in 1927 . Between then and 1982 , 57 exploration wells ( depths ranging from 18 @.@ 4 m ( 60 ft ) to 1 @,@ 502 m ( 4 @,@ 928 ft ) ) were drilled . In 1961 , 423 @,@ 000 bottles of Borjomi was exported to 15 countries including the United States , France and Austria . During the existence of the Soviet Union , Borjomi was recognized as the third best known brand of the USSR after the Volga car and Aeroflot airlines . In the 1980s , annual production of Borjomi water reached 400 million bottles . The production slowed down with the collapse of the Soviet Union and economic stagnation in the independent Republic of Georgia . In 1995 , bottling of Borjomi was restarted by the Georgian Glass and Mineral Waters Company ( GG & MW ) , which increased the production forty @-@ fold . According to the company , 80 % of Borjomi produced that year was exported abroad — more than half of this amount to Russia . Despite counterfeit drinks being produced under the Borjomi label as a result of rising piracy during the 1990s , Borjomi water was able to reclaim its reputation by 2000 in a distinctive packaging campaign . The piracy also slowed down due to the 1998 Russian financial crisis .
In May 2006 , Russia banned imports of the Georgian mineral waters , declaring them unsafe . The ban got lifted after 7 years in 2013 . Georgia viewed this as an attempt to restrict access to the Russian market and making Borjomi a pawn in post @-@ Soviet political power play . As a result of the ban , GG & MW lost GEL 25 million in 2006 , but the company declared the crisis to have been overcome by 2008 , with sales volumes reaching pre @-@ 2006 level . The sales and export of Borjomi mineral water dropped again by 30 @-@ 40 % starting from October 2008 due to the global financial crisis . But already in 2010 the company declared that sales figures of Borjomi were the same as the company had before the ban . In 2011 sales company sold 15 % more Borjomi than they were selling before the ban . Today Borjomi is sold in 40 countries worldwide . Today , Borjomi in post @-@ soviet countries is a number one brand in imported mineral water brand segment .
= = Features = =
Borjomi is a water of volcanic origin which is over 1 @,@ 500 years old . It is pushed up to the surface from 1500m below ground by natural carbon dioxide pressure . Borjomi does not cool down before it reaches the surface and comes out at a temperature of 38 – 41 ° C ( 100 – 106 ° F ) . The Borjomi springs are located in the central part of the Adjara @-@ Imereti mountain range of Greater Caucasus at an altitude of 760 – 920 m ( 2 @,@ 490 – 3 @,@ 020 ft ) above sea level . The average depth of each of the nine spring wells is 1 @,@ 200 – 1 @,@ 500 m ( 3 @,@ 900 – 4 @,@ 900 ft ) .
In order to preserve the mineral composition of the springs , in 2006 the Georgian Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources approved a production plan for 2006 – 2031 estimating 561 @,@ 000 litres per day which allows bottling of over 1 million bottles a day using 10 wells in Borjomi Gorge . The wells are located in 3 exploitation lots : Central ( in the vicinity of Borjomi town ) , Likani ( in Likani village ) and Vashlovani @-@ Kvibisi ( in villages Vashlovani and Kvibisi ) . The water received from the wells travels by a 25 km ( 16 mi ) stainless steel pipeline to two bottling plants where it is cooled and bottled . The first plant specializes in glass bottling , the second in PET bottling .
The production of mineral water and the associated tourist economy in Borjomi and the nearby Borjomi @-@ Kharagauli National Park make up 10 percent of Georgia 's export trade . Construction of the Baku @-@ Tbilisi @-@ Ceyhan oil pipeline near the Borjomi has been controversial because of potential negative environmental and economic impacts on the region .
= = Packaging = =
Borjomi comes in glass bottle sizes of 0 @.@ 33 and 0 @.@ 5 litres and plastic bottle sizes of 0 @.@ 5 litre and 1 litres . Both types of bottles are screw @-@ capped . The signature greenish color of the glass bottles ( so @-@ called Georgian Green ) is based on a proprietary formula . In February 2011 , new packaging of Borjomi water presenting a new and more sophisticated modern look was introduced , accentuating relief of the deer image and sign of the manufacturer on the label . More than 40 countries , including Ukraine , Israel , the United States , Czech Republic , Poland , Bulgaria , Cyprus , Canada , Austria , Turkey , Japan , Spain , Belgium , the Netherlands , Greece , Australia , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom and South Korea , will get Borjomi in newly designed bottles .
= = Awards = =
1907 SPA Grand Prix
1909 Kazan Grand Golden Medal
1911 Dresden Diploma of Honour
1940 Tallinn Golden Medal
1975 Budapest Diploma of Honour , World Exhibition
1998 Novosibirsk Golden Medal
1996 , 1997 , 1998 St. Petersburg Golden Medal
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= Solitary ( Lost ) =
" Solitary " is the ninth episode of the first season of Lost , an American television drama series following the survivors of a plane crash stranded on a tropical island . The episode was directed by Greg Yaitanes and written by David Fury . It first aired on November 17 , 2004 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) is captured by a mysterious French person , who is later revealed to be Danielle Rousseau ( Mira Furlan ) , a woman who shipwrecked on the island sixteen years before the crash of Oceanic Flight 815 and was alone for almost the entire time . At the island 's camp , Hugo " Hurley " Reyes ( Jorge Garcia ) creates a golf course in an attempt to relieve the survivors ' stress and worry . In flashbacks , Sayid meets a childhood friend , but must interrogate her .
" Solitary " marked the introduction of mythology into Lost , and also solved the first mystery of the series : the origin of the transmission heard in part two of the pilot episode . It also introduced Danielle Rousseau , who would be in a total of 22 episodes through the show . The episode 's initial broadcast in the United States attracted 17 @.@ 64 million viewers . It has had a generally positive reception by critics .
= = Plot = =
= = = Flashbacks = = =
Sayid is torturing a Shiite prisoner suspected of bombing " the Party 's " headquarters . When he steps outside , he sees a new prisoner who he recognizes . He is then instructed to torture her until she answers his questions . Sayid discovers that the woman is Nadia ( Andrea Gabriel ) , a childhood friend . She reveals that she has been tortured before , and nothing Sayid does will persuade her to talk . Omar ( Navid Negahban ) , Sayid 's friend and superior officer , tells him to execute Nadia . Sayid cuffs Nadia and puts a hood over her head . When he and Nadia are alone he frees her and tells her how to escape . Omar finds them but Sayid fatally shoots him . Nadia thinks that Sayid will have to escape with her now , but he instead shoots himself in the leg and tells her to leave as reinforcements arrive , making it appear as if Nadia shot Sayid and the other officer to escape .
= = = On the island = = =
On Day 12 — October 3 , 2004 — Sayid finds a peculiar cable running out of the ocean and into the jungle . While following it , he is caught in a trap . Sayid is suspended upside down , held by a rope , and recites the Shahadah . A mysterious French woman ( Mira Furlan ) cuts him down and ties him to a bed in a bunker . She asks where Alex is , but when Sayid says he does not know , she uses batteries and a cable to shock him . Sayid tells his torturer about the plane crash and the French transmission the survivors heard when they first crashed on the island . The torturer then identifies herself as Danielle Rousseau , the woman who sent out the transmission . Danielle finds a picture of a woman among Sayid 's possessions , and Sayid identifies the subject as Nadia .
The next day , many survivors in the island 's camp are stressed , including Sullivan ( Scott Paulin ) , who is diagnosed with hives by Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) . John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) and his new hunting companion , Ethan Rom ( William Mapother ) , give some newly found luggage to Hurley ; he looks through it and finds golf clubs . The next morning , Hurley builds a golf course to improve morale amongst the survivors .
Rousseau asks Sayid about Nadia , and he says that she is dead because of him . Rousseau shows Sayid a broken music box given to her as a gift , and he tells her he can fix it . Rousseau reveals that she was part of a science team , and they were shipwrecked on the island about three days after leaving Tahiti . She identifies the " Others " as the carriers of a sickness that her companions caught , and says that the Others whisper in the jungle , although she has never seen them . Sayid does not believe her , but continues to fix the music box . After finishing the repairs , much to Rousseau 's joy , he asks her to let him go . The duo hear a growl outside , and Rousseau pursues it , leaving Sayid alone .
Sayid escapes from Rousseau 's bunker while she is gone , grabbing a rifle , maps and notes she has made about the island . Rousseau finds him and they have a standoff ; he tries to fire the rifle , but no bullet discharges . Rousseau says she removed the firing pin , and Robert , her former lover , made the same mistake before she killed him . She reveals that it was she who killed her team , aiming to stop the disease from reaching the outside world . Sayid talks Rousseau into letting him go , but , before leaving , asks about Alex . Rousseau says that Alex was her child . While trying to find his way back to camp , Sayid hears the whispering of which Rousseau had spoken .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by David Fury and directed by Greg Yaitanes . According to series co @-@ creator Damon Lindelof , discussion of both " Solitary " and the following episode , " Raised by Another " , began in September 2004 , when Lost debuted on television . The production team had fallen behind schedule , so Fury worked on " Solitary " while others went to a separate room to discuss " Raised by Another " , with co @-@ creator Carlton Cuse " bouncing between the two universes " . Although production codes generally go in ascending order , " Solitary " had production code 107 , while " Raised by Another " had production code 106 . This was because , despite the broadcast dates , " Raised by Another " was written before " Solitary " . The episodes were edited so that Sayid would return at the end of " Raised by Another " . " Solitary " and " Raised by Another " were the first to orient the series in a " weird and mythological " direction , according to Lindelof . In " Solitary " , the series solved its first mystery by revealing the origin of the French voice heard earlier . This reveal occurred despite the network encouraging the producers to wait until the finale to show Rousseau .
The episode was the first to feature flashbacks with Sayid , an Arab character . The producers knew they had to tread carefully with the character due to possible prejudices against Arabs . The actor , Naveen Andrews , said , " we were all pretty nervous , in the sense that we all felt we owed a real obligation , not just to Iraqis but the entire Arab world about how this character would be played . " In an early draft of " Solitary " , Rousseau told Sayid that she and her research team were studying time . When ABC saw this draft , they asked the producers to remove this line , explaining that they did not want the show to venture into science fiction during the first season . The character of Sullivan , to whose medical woes Jack tended , was created to make the rest of the survivors think that Rousseau 's team was killed by an illness . The idea for Hurley 's golf course came from script coordinator Brent Fletcher ; it was based on a miniature golf course he created in the offices for the television show Angel .
= = Reception = =
" Solitary " first aired in the United States on November 17 , 2004 . An estimated 17 @.@ 64 million American viewers watched the episode on ABC , a decrease from 18 @.@ 44 million viewers in the previous episode , " Confidence Man " . In a review of the episode , Chris Carabott of IGN commented that Rousseau appeared to be more emotionally fragile than in later seasons , and was like a " loose cannon " . Carabott found that as the series progressed and the mystery around the character was lessened , Rousseau was unable to deliver the same impact she made in her first appearance . Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club commended Mira Furlan 's performance , writing , " [ Rousseau is ] an unreliable historian of the island in the best way . Rousseau has been on this island for over sixteen years , and it shows in her ramshackle bunker , her unkempt appearance , and the fact she tortures Sayid for information before even asking him a cursory question about his identity . "
In a ranking of every episode of Lost ( excluding the finale ) for the Los Angeles Times , Todd VanDerWerff ranked " Solitary " as the show 's 45th best episode , and called it underrated . In a similar list , IGN staff ranked the episode as Lost 's 51st best , and observed that " despite [ Sayid 's ] dark past , it was hard not to love the character even more after this episode . " MTV ranked the episode the 32nd best of the series . Writing for Zap2it in 2008 , Ryan McGee said he particularly enjoyed the episode and deemed it one of his top ten favorite episodes that had aired up to that point . McGee explained that " Solitary " contains " a lot of enclosed encounters between two people , set against a gorgeously shot B story that warms the heart . "
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= Music of Final Fantasy VIII =
The music of the video game Final Fantasy VIII was composed by regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu . The Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack , a compilation of all music in the game , was released on four Compact Discs by DigiCube in Japan , and by Square EA in North America . A special orchestral arrangement of selected tracks from the game — arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi — was released under the title Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII , and a collection of piano arrangements — performed by Shinko Ogata — was released under the title Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII .
The game 's soundtrack is best known for two tracks : " Liberi Fatali " , a Latin choral piece that is played during the introduction to the game , and " Eyes on Me " , a pop song serving as the game 's theme , performed by Chinese singer Faye Wong . Reviewers were generally pleased with the music , although several cited issues while comparing the score to previous games or looking at individual tracks .
= = Creation and influence = =
Nobuo Uematsu 's usual influences include Emerson , Lake & Palmer , Simon and Garfunkel , and Elton John . In regard to Final Fantasy VIII , Uematsu did not prefer to use multiple sources to find MIDI instruments — " I could be coming up with a great melody in the very moment " — instead using a Roland SC88 synthesizer for the entire score . Uematsu wrote notes based on character designs and screenplays , creating a general picture of the pieces ' moods . He could not express a character 's emotions solely with plot , instead using images of appearance and attire — " It 's important to know when their emotions are at their height , but it usually takes until a month before release for them to finish the ending dialog ... ! " In response to a question by IGN music stating that the music of Final Fantasy VIII was very dark and perhaps influenced by the plot of the game , Uematsu stated " the atmosphere of music varies depending on story line , of course , but it 's also my intention to put various types of music into one game " .
Uematsu enjoys writing lyrical pieces , but tries not to be genre @-@ specific . He asserts that expressing the emotions he desires is more important than improving skills : " I think it will be a shame if we won 't be able to cry as we play our own game " . The absence of character themes was due to him finding those of Final Fantasy VI and Final Fantasy VII ineffective . Uematsu considers it reasonable to have character themes if each character has a " highlight " in the game , but he found Final Fantasy VIII only focused on Squall Leonhart and Rinoa Heartilly as a couple , resulting in the " Eyes on Me " theme . The soundtrack features a Latin choral track " Liberi Fatali " , which translates to " Fated Children " ; its melody forms a musical theme heard in several other pieces in the soundtrack , such as " SeeD " and " The Landing " , while the name of " Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec " is the recurring lyrics in " Liberi Fatali " .
Near the end of the production of Final Fantasy VII , the developers suggested to use a singer , but abandoned the idea due to a lack of reasoning based on the game 's theme and storyline . However , Nobuo Uematsu thought a ballad would closely relate to the theme and characters of Final Fantasy VIII . This resulted in the game 's developers sharing " countless " artists , eventually deciding on Faye Wong , a Chinese vocalist . Uematsu claims " her voice and mood seem to match my image of the song exactly " , and that her ethnicity " fits the international image of Final Fantasy " . After negotiations were made , " Eyes on Me " was recorded in Hong Kong with an orchestra .
= = Albums = =
= = = Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack = = =
Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack of the music from Final Fantasy VIII ; composed and produced by Nobuo Uematsu . The soundtrack spans four discs and 74 tracks , covering a duration of 4 hours and 9 minutes . It was first published by DigiCube on March 10 , 1999 with the catalog number SSCX @-@ 10028 , and subsequently published by Square Enix on May 10 , 2004 with the catalog numbers SQEX @-@ 10005 ~ 8 . Unlike most other Final Fantasy soundtracks , Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack is composed completely of English track names . The album was also released in North America under the title Final Fantasy VIII Music Collection : Music From The Final Fantasy VIII Video Game . It features changes such as packaging design , translation , and additional images . In addition , a limited edition was produced , which has a beige background instead of a full motion video montage .
The soundtrack reached # 4 on the Japan Oricon charts . It received generally positive reviews from critics ; New Zealand PlayStation magazine claimed Final Fantasy VIII has " one of the most memorable scores you will ever hear " . Reviewers from multimedia news website IGN stated that much of the game 's impact is owed to its " terrific " musical score , but were disappointed by " yet another " variation of the traditional battle theme . IGN later named the Final Fantasy VIII soundtrack as fourth best in its Final Fantasy Soundtrack Countdown feature . GameSpot considered the game 's sound its weakest point , but still commended it , claiming it has " more ' quality ' songs than Final Fantasy VII " . Lastly , Game Revolution stated that " there are only a few tracks that really stand out " , including " Eyes on Me " , which it deemed a " cliched , but beautiful love song " .
Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack has sold " more than 300 @,@ 000 copies " in Japan according to Square , or 259 @,@ 000 physical copies according to the independent chart company Oricon . Adam Corn of SoundtrackCentral.com claimed the album shows similarities to previous Final Fantasy games , but asserted he was " not overly impressed with this one " . A reviewer from Square Enix Music Online claimed the soundtrack is " unique and very special " due to its contrasts — " When signs of age of the Final Fantasy franchise are shown " , Uematsu counterbalances this by creating something " weird and wonderful [ ... ] when the soundtrack becomes too serious , a light @-@ hearted number is inserted to liven up the mood " . Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan said in his review of the album that " the main flavor of Uematsu 's compositions , his melodic style , remains consistent , and more importantly , consistently good " . He criticized , however , the more minimalist pieces , which in his opinion were bland .
Track listing
= = = Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII = = =
Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII is a collection of orchestrated pieces originally from Final Fantasy VIII , arranged and conducted by Shirō Hamaguchi . It also includes three unchanged tracks from Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack ; " Liberi Fatali " , " Eyes on Me " , and " Ending Theme " . The album spans 13 tracks , totaling 1 : 04 : 12 . It was first published on November 19 , 1999 by DigiCube with the catalog number SSCX @-@ 10037 , and subsequently published on July 22 , 2004 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10025 .
The album reached # 59 on the Japan Oricon charts . Adam Corn of SoundtrackCentral.com claimed " the superior instrumental quality , well @-@ done arrangements , and tasteful selection of themes boost the [ Original Soundtrack 's ] qualities while hiding its flaws " , elaborating that " even people such as myself who are not fans of the original will be impressed by its prowess , and fans will simply be enamored " . Neal Chandran of RPGFan was similarly impressed , saying that it was " a very good soundtrack " and that its tracks sounded " more beautiful than the original version " . His primary complaint was that he would have liked for the album to include more pieces .
= = = Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII = = =
Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII is an album of piano arrangements from Final Fantasy VIII , arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi and performed by Shinko Ogata . Its 13 tracks span a duration of 48 : 03 . It was published by DigiCube on January 21 , 2000 with the catalog number SSCX @-@ 10041 and subsequently re @-@ published by Square Enix on July 22 , 2004 with the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10026 .
Robert Steen of SoundtrackCentral.com commended the performance , claiming " Shinko Ogata seems to be a very capable player " and noted that although the arrangements are similar to the original pieces , they " breathe new life into the songs " . Ryan Bradley of RPGFan also appreciated the album , saying that " the piano really brings out the emotion in some of the songs " and that the pieces transitioned smoothly to piano . Patrick Gann agreed , saying that it was one of his favorite albums and that Hamaguchi 's arrangements were " wonderful " .
= = Eyes on Me = =
" Eyes on Me " is the ballad that serves as the theme of the game Final Fantasy VIII . It was performed by Chinese singer Faye Wong and composed , like the rest of the game music , by Nobuo Uematsu . The song 's lyrics , written in somewhat imperfect English by Kako Someya , unveil the hopes of a night club singer for romance with a member of her audience . It was released as a CD single in Japan , including an instrumental version and Wong 's ballad " Red Bean " . The song sold more than 400 @,@ 000 copies , placing it as the highest @-@ selling video game music disc ever released in that country at the time . " Eyes on Me " was the first song in video game history to win an award at the 14th Annual Japan Gold Disc Awards , where it won " Song of the Year ( Western Music ) " in 1999 . The single reached # 9 on the Oricon charts , and stayed on the charts for 20 weeks .
Within the game , the song is written by Julia Heartilly , a pianist who is the love interest of Laguna Loire . It is heard repeatedly throughout the game in various incarnations , including as an instrumental piece entitled Julia , as well as in " Waltz for the Moon " and " Love Grows " for the " love " scenes between Squall Leonheart and Rinoa Heartlily .
A dance remix of the song was included on the Japanese release of Wong 's 2000 album Fable . Remixes also appeared in Toshiba EMI 's Dancemania series . In 2004 , a Japanese @-@ language version entitled " Summer Album " ( 夏のアルバム , " Natsu no Arubamu " ) with lyrics by Kazushige Nojima was included on Final Fantasy Song Book : Mahoroba . It was covered by Angela Aki for release on her 2006 single " Kokoro no Senshi " .
= = Legacy = =
The music of Final Fantasy VIII has appeared in various official Final Fantasy concerts . These include 2002 's 20020220 Music from FINAL FANTASY , in which the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra played " Liberi Fatali " , " Don 't Be Afraid " , " Love Grows " , and " The Man with the Machine Gun " , the 2004 Tour de Japon series , which featured " The Oath " , the Dear Friends series that began that same year and included " Liberi Fatali " and " Love Grows " , and the 2005 More Friends concert , which included " Maybe I 'm a Lion " . More recent concerts include the Voices - Music from Final Fantasy 2006 concert showcasing " Liberi Fatali " , " Fisherman 's Horizon " , and " Eyes on Me " and the international Distant Worlds concert tour that continues to date , which includes " Liberi Fatali " , " Fisherman 's Horizon " , " Man with the Machine Gun " , and " Love Grows " . Several of these concerts have produced live albums as well . Music from the game has also been played in non Final Fantasy @-@ specific concerts such as the Play ! A Video Game Symphony world tour from 2006 onwards , for which Nobuo Uematsu composed the opening fanfare that accompanies each performance . " Eyes on Me " was played at the Fantasy Comes Alive concert in Singapore on April 30 , 2010 .
Music from the original soundtrack has been arranged for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing . All of the pieces in the book have been rewritten by Asako Niwa as beginning to intermediate @-@ level piano solos , though they are meant to sound as much like the originals as possible . " Best of " collections from the series including Final Fantasy VIII and arrangements for guitar solos and piano duets are also available . Additionally , the actual piano sheet music from the Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII album has been published as a corresponding music book by Yamaha Music Media . The book contains the original music , exactly as arranged and performed on the albums . Unlike the Original Score arrangements , these pieces are intended only for advanced players as they are generally more difficult .
The Black Mages , a band that arranges music from Final Fantasy video games into a rock music style , has arranged five pieces from Final Fantasy VIII . These are " Force Your Way " from The Black Mages , published in 2003 , " The Man with the Machine Gun " and " Maybe I 'm a Lion " , from The Black Mages II : The Skies Above , published in 2004 , and " The Extreme " and " Premonition " from The Black Mages III : Darkness and Starlight . The Black Mages performed " Maybe I 'm a Lion " at the Extra : Hyper Game Music Event 2007 concert in Tokyo on July 7 , 2007 . In the 2004 Summer Olympics , the American synchronized swimming duo consisting of Alison Bartosik and Anna Kozlova were awarded the bronze medal for their performance to the pieces " Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec " and " Liberi Fatali " .
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= Flag of China =
The flag of the People 's Republic of China ( simplified Chinese : 中华人民共和国国旗 ; traditional Chinese : 中華人民共和國國旗 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó guóqí ) is a red field charged in the canton ( upper corner nearest the flagpole ) with five golden stars . The design features one large star , with four smaller stars in a semicircle set off towards the fly ( the side farthest from the flag pole ) . The red represents the communist revolution ; the five stars and their relationship represent the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . Sometimes , the flag is referred to as the " Five @-@ star Red Flag " ( simplified Chinese : 五星红旗 ; traditional Chinese : 五星紅旗 ; pinyin : wǔ xīng hóng qí ) .
The flag was designed by Zeng Liansong , a citizen from Wenzhou , Zhejiang . He designed it in response to a circular distributed by the Preparatory Committee of the New Political Consultative Conference ( Chinese : 新政治协商会议筹备会 ; pinyin : Xīn zhèngzhì xiéshāng huìyì chóubèi huì ) in July 1949 , shortly after they came to power following the Chinese Civil War . The design competition received 2 @,@ 992 ( or 3 @,@ 012 , see below ) entries , and Zeng 's design was put into a pool of 38 finalists . After several meetings and slight modifications , Zeng 's design was chosen as the national flag . The first flag was hoisted by the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) on a pole overlooking Beijing 's Tiananmen Square on October 1 , 1949 , at a ceremony announcing the founding of the People 's Republic .
Other flags used in the People 's Republic of China use a red background to symbolize the revolution in conjunction with other symbols . The flag of the People 's Liberation Army uses the gold star with the Chinese characters 8 @-@ 1 ( for August 1 , the date of the PLA 's founding ) . The flag of the Communist Party of China replaces all of the stars with the party emblem . Due to government regulations , cities and provinces of China cannot have their own flags ; the only sub @-@ national flags that exist are those of the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions . Despite this , at least two cities have adopted flags after the law was passed . The cities of Kaifeng and Shangrao adopted their flags in March 2006 and March 2009 respectively . This implies that the law is either repealed or not enforced .
= = History of the design = =
On July 4 , 1949 , the sixth working group of the Preparatory Committee of the New Political Consultative Conference ( 新政治協商會議籌備會 , PCNPCC ) created a notice to submit designs for the national flag . After a few changes , the notice was published in the papers People 's Daily , Beiping Liberation News , Xinmin News , Dazhong Daily , Guangming Daily , Jinbu Daily and Tianjin Daily during a period between July 15 – 26 . The list requirements for the national flag were also posted in the notice :
Chinese characteristics ( Geography , nationality , history , culture , etc . )
Power characteristics ( A people 's democratic government , led by the working class and based on the worker @-@ peasant alliance . )
The shape should be rectangular and the length @-@ breadth ratio should be 3 : 2
The colour should mainly be bright red ( an early draft of the notice had the colour at dark red , but was changed to bright red by Zhou Enlai ) .
Zeng Liansong was working in Shanghai at the time the announcement came out ; he wanted to create a flag design to express his patriotic enthusiasm for the new country . In the middle of July , he sat down in his attic for multiple nights to come up with designs . His inspiration for the current design comes from the stars shining in the night sky . He thought of a Chinese proverb " longing for the stars , longing for the moon , " ( 盼星星盼月亮 , pàn xīngxīng pàn yuèliàng ) which shows yearning . Later , he realized that the CPC was the great savior ( 大救星 , dà jiùxīng ) of the Chinese people , being represented by a larger star . The idea of four small stars came from On the People 's Democratic Dictatorship a speech by Mao Zedong , which defined the Chinese people as consisting of four social classes . Yellow also implies that China belongs to the Chinese people , a " yellow race " . After working out the details of the placement of the stars and their sizes ( he had tried to put all of the stars in the center , but believed it would be too heavy and dull ) , he sent his " Five Stars on a Field of Red " ( 紅地五星旗 , hóng dì wǔxīng qí ) design to the committee in the middle of August .
As of August 20 , a total of 2 @,@ 992 ( or 3 @,@ 012 ) designs were sent to the flag committee , which included input from committee members themselves , such as Guo Moruo and Tan Kah Kee . From August 16 to 20 , the designs were viewed at the Beijing Hotel and culled down to a list of 38 . These designs are collected into a book named A Reference of National Flag Designs ( 國旗圖案參考資料 ) . This book was then submitted to the newly established Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) for further discussion . However , Zeng 's design wasn 't included until Tian Han nominated it again .
In the morning of September 23 , the representatives of the CPPCC discussed the national flags , but came to no conclusion . Some didn 't like the symbolism which Zeng attached to the four smaller stars , and said it shouldn 't include the bourgeoisie . The design Mao and others liked had a giant golden star in the corner on a red flag that was charged with a golden horizontal bar . But this design was strongly opposed by Zhang Zhizhong due to the golden bar symbolizing the tearing apart of the revolution and the country . In the night , Peng Guanghan ( 彭光涵 ) recommended Zeng 's design to Zhou Enlai , Zhou was satisfied with it and asked for a larger copy of the design to be made . Tan Kah Kee also gave his advice to Mao and Zhou that the power characteristics are more important than Chinese geography characteristics , so there 's no need to insist on the golden bar which stands for the Yellow River . Two days later , Mao had a meeting in his office about the flag . He persuaded everyone to adopt Zeng 's design , with some slight modifications . According to earlier discussions at the Beijing Hotel , the hammer and sickle from Zeng 's original design was removed since it was similar to the Flag of the Soviet Union . On September 27 , 1949 , Zeng 's modified design was selected unanimously by the First Plenary Session of CPPCC , which changed the flag 's name to " Five @-@ star Red Flag " .
On September 29 , the new flag was published in the People 's Daily , so the design could be copied by other local authorities . The flag was officially unveiled in Beijing ’ s Tiananmen Square on October 1 , 1949 , the formal announcement of the founding of the People ’ s Republic of China . The first flag flown over Tiananmen Square was sewn together by Zhao Wenrei ( 赵文瑞 ) , a seamstress who finished the task around 1 PM on September 30 . Zeng had a hard time believing that his design was picked , due to the missing hammer and sickle from the giant star . However , he was officially congratulated by the General Office of the People 's Government as the designer of the flag and received 5 million yuan for his work .
Rejected alternate designs of the Five @-@ star Red Flag
Other rejected proposed designs
= = Symbolism = =
According to the current government interpretation of the flag , the red background symbolizes the revolution and the golden colours were used to " radiate " on the red background . The five stars and their relationship represents the unity of Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China . The orientation of the stars shows that the unity should go around a center . In the original description of the flag by Zeng , the larger star symbolizes the Communist Party of China , and the four smaller stars that surround the big star symbolize the four social classes ( the working class , the peasantry , the urban petite bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie ) of Chinese people mentioned in Mao 's " On the People 's Democratic Dictatorship " . The five stars that formed an ellipse represent the territory of China ( including Outer Mongolia ) which is shaped like a Begonia leaf . It is sometimes stated that the five stars of the flag represent the five largest ethnic groups . This is generally regarded as an erroneous conflation with the " Five Races Under One Union " flag , used 1912 – 28 by the Beiyang Government of Republic of China , whose different @-@ coloured stripes represented the Han , Manchus , Mongols , Hui , and Tibetans .
= = Construction details , sizes and colours = =
The construction sheet for the national flag was published on September 28 , 1949 by an order from the Presidium of the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference . The flag is split into four sections , with the top hoist part of the flag being a grid of 10 by 15 units . The center of the biggest star is placed at five units from the hoist and five units from the top of the flag . The diameter of the biggest star 's circumscribed circle is six units . Of the four smaller stars , the first one is centered two units from the top of the flag , 10 units from the hoist ; the second one is centered four units from the top of the flag and 12 units from the hoist ; the third one is centered seven units from the top of the flag and 12 units from the hoist ; the fourth one is centered nine units from the top of the flag and 10 units from the hoist . The diameter of each small star 's circumscribed circle is two units . Each of the top points of the four smaller stars are rotated such that they point towards the center point of the larger star . The information can also be found in the document " GB 12982 @-@ 2004 : National flag " that was released by the Standardization Administration of China . The Law on the National Flag mentions five possible sizes that could be made for the national flag : According to Article four of the Law On the National Flag , people 's governments of provinces , autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government are directed to authorize companies to make any copy of the national flag .
= = = Colours = = =
The colours of the national flag are regulated in the document " GB 12983 @-@ 2004 : Standard Colour Sample of the National Flag , " also released by the Standardization Administration of China . The colours are in the CIE Standard illuminant D65 and the CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colourimetric System .
= = Regulations = =
The current law about the national flag was passed by 14th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People 's Congress on June 28 , 1990 and was enforced starting October 1 , 1990 . The main point of the law was to not only set down regulations on how to make the Chinese flag , what it looks like , where it can be flown and how it can be flown . The law also stresses that the national flag is " the symbol and hallmark of the People 's Republic of China " and that everyone " shall respect and care for the National Flag . "
= = = Folding the flag = = =
Fold horizontally along the center .
Repeat , fold horizontally along the center again .
Fold vertically along the center of the flag .
Repeat , fold vertically along the center of the flag .
Repeat again , fold vertically along the center of the flag .
= = Historical flags = =
= = Flags of the Special Administrative Regions of the People 's Republic of China = =
Due to an order passed by the CPC Central Committee General Office and General Office of the State Council , cities and provinces are no longer allowed to adopt their own symbols . However , both of the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions of China have their own special flags . The precise use of the SAR flags are regulated by laws passed by the National People 's Congress .
The Regional Flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region features a stylized , white , five @-@ petal Bauhinia blakeana flower in the center of a red field . On each petal is a red star ; the stars demonstrate that Hong Kong residents love their motherland while the overall flag design signifies the link re @-@ established between post @-@ colonial Hong Kong and China while demonstrating the " One country , two systems " political principle applied to the region . The flag of Hong Kong was adopted on 16 February 1990 . On 10 August 1996 , it received formal approval from the Preparatory Committee , a group which advised the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) on Hong Kong 's transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the PRC in 1997 . The flag was first officially hoisted on 1 July 1997 , in the handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty .
The Regional flag of the Macau Special Administrative Region is " Macau green " with a lotus flower above a stylized image of the Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge and water in white , beneath an arc of five gold , five @-@ pointed stars : one large star in the center of the arc and four smaller ones . The lotus was chosen as the floral emblem of Macau . The Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge is a bridge linking the Macau Peninsula and the island of Taipa . The bridge is one of the most recognizable landmarks of the territory . The water beneath the lotus and the bridge symbolize Macau 's position as a port and its role played in the territory . The five five @-@ pointed stars echo the design of the national flag , symbolizing the relationship Macau has with its mother country . The design was chosen on January 15 , 1993 by a committee that was drafting the Basic Law for the Macau SAR and was formally adopted by the Macau SAR Preparatory Committee on January 16 , 1999 . The flag was first officially hoisted on 20 December 1999 , in the handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty .
= = Military flags = =
There are four flags that are used by the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) . The main feature of these flags is a golden star at the top left corner and two Chinese characters " 八一 " to the right of the star , all placed on a red background . The characters " 八一 " ( literally " eight one " ) pay homage to the events on August 1 , 1927 ( 8th month , 1st day ) ; this was when the PLA was created by the Communist Party to start their rebellion against the Kuomintang Government in Nanchang . The main flag of the PLA was created on June 15 , 1949 by a decree issued from Mao . The flag has a ratio of 4 by 5 , which has a white sleeve measuring 1 ⁄ 16 of the flag 's length . For ceremonies , a PLA flag with golden fringe is placed on a pole with gold and red spiral stripes and topped with a golden finial and red tassel . Each branch of the PLA , the Ground Forces , Navy and Air Force , also have their own flags to use . In a 1992 order , the flags of the three branches were defined . The top 5 ⁄ 8 of the flags is the same as the PLA flag ; the bottom 3 ⁄ 8 are occupied by the colours of the branches . The flag of the Ground Forces has a forest green bar at the bottom , the naval ensign has stripes of blue and white at the bottom , the Air Force uses a sky blue bar and the Rocket Force uses a yellow bar at the bottom . The forest green represents the earth , the blue and white stripes represent the seas , the sky blue represents the air and the yellow represents the flare of missile launching .
= = Organizational flags = =
After the Communist Party of China was founded in 1920 , various sections of the party made flags based on what the Bolsheviks used , producing various designs and patterns . The current flag of the CPC was not created until April 28 , 1942 . On that date , the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau issued a decree announcing the flag and the pattern it should follow . The design was further defined in the CPC Constitution in 1996 . The flag has a red background that is charged with the emblem of the CPC in gold at the top left corner . The flag ratio is defined as two by three ( 24 × 36 units ) ; the size of the emblem is eight units square , placed four units away from the hoist and three units away from the top of the flag .
The flag of the Communist Youth League of China was adopted on May 4 , 1950 . The design of the flag consists of the group emblem , a gold star surrounded by a ring of gold , charged on a red field . The construction of the flag consists of making the top hoist portion of the flag into twelve by eighteen units , placing the emblem in the middle of that rectangle . The radius of the emblem is four units .
There are two flags used by the Young Pioneers of China . The first flag that is used is for large detachments . The length of the flag is 90 centimeters and the width is 120 centimeters . A golden badge of the Young Pioneers is placed in the center of the flag . For a medium detachment , a modified flag is used . The flag has a length of 60 centimeters and a width of 80 centimeters . A 20 @-@ centimeter triangle is cut out of the fly edge of the flag and the golden emblem is shifted closer towards the hoist .
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= Exsudoporus frostii =
Exsudoporus frostii ( formerly Boletus frostii ) , commonly known as Frost 's bolete or the apple bolete , is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874 . A member of the family Boletaceae , the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps . Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia and Arizona , and south to Mexico and Costa Rica . A mycorrhizal species , its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees , especially oak .
Exsudoporus frostii mushrooms can be recognized by their dark red sticky caps , the red pores , the network @-@ like pattern of the stem , and the bluing reaction to tissue injury . Another characteristic of young , moist fruit bodies is the amber @-@ colored drops exuded on the pore surface . Although the mushrooms are considered edible , they are generally not recommended for consumption because of the risk of confusion with other poisonous red @-@ pored , blue @-@ bruising boletes . E. frostii may be distinguished from other superficially similar red @-@ capped boletes by differences in distribution , associated tree species , bluing reaction , or morphology .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was named by the Unitarian minister John Lewis Russell of Salem , Massachusetts , based on specimens found in Brattleboro , Vermont . He named the fungus after his friend , another amateur American mycologist , Charles Christopher Frost , who published a description of the species in his 1874 survey of the boletes of New England . When the name of a species is contributed by an individual , but the name is formally published by another , the contributor 's name can be cited , separated from the publishing author as apud ; for this reason , the name and authority are written Boletus Frostii Russell apud Frost in some older literature . Bernard Ogilvie Dodge made reference to B. frostii in 1950 during an address to the Mycological Society of America , in which he spoke about the role of the amateur in discovering new species : " They would have informed us all about the man Russell , who named a fine new bolete for his friend Frost , and about the man Frost , who named a fine new bolete for his friend Russell . Boletus Frostii and Boletus Russellii are mushrooms with character , even though they were described by amateurs . " However , in attempting to establish a lectotype specimen , mycologist Roy Halling examined both Russell 's original material and his accompanying notes ; he concluded that it was Frost who made the original species determinations , further suggesting " there is no evidence to show that Russell ever collected B. frostii or wrote a description of it . "
William Murrill in 1909 placed the species in the genus Suillellus , while Sanshi Imai transferred it to Tubiporus in 1968 . Tubiporus has since been synonymized with Boletus . In 1945 , Rolf Singer described a bolete he found in Florida ; although he originally described it as a subspecies of B. frostii , he later considered the differences between the taxa significant enough to warrant publishing Boletus floridanus as a unique species . Following recent molecular studies that outlined a new phylogenetic framework for the Boletaceae , the bolete was transferred to the newly circumscribed genus Exsudoporus .
Exsudoporus frostii is commonly known as " Frost 's bolete " or the " apple bolete " . In Mexico , its vernacular name is panza agria , which translates to " sour belly " .
= = Description = =
The shape of the cap of the young fruit body ranges from a half sphere to convex , later becoming broadly convex to flat or shallowly depressed , with a diameter of 5 – 15 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) . The edge of the cap is curved inward , although as it ages it can uncurl and turn upward . In moist conditions , the cap surface is sticky as a result of its cuticle , which is made of gelatinized hyphae . If the fruit body has dried out after a rain , the cap is especially shiny , sometimes appearing finely areolate ( having a pattern of block @-@ like areas similar to cracked , dried mud ) . Young mushrooms have a whitish bloom on the cap surface .
The color is bright red initially , but fades with age . The flesh is up to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick , and ranges in color from pallid to pale yellow to lemon yellow . The flesh has a variable staining reaction in response to bruising , so some specimens may turn deep blue almost immediately , while others turn blue weakly and slowly .
The tubes comprising the pore surface ( the hymenium ) are 9 – 15 mm deep , yellow to olivaceous yellow ( mustard yellow ) , turning dingy blue when bruised . The pores are small ( 2 to 3 per mm ) , circular , and until old age a deep red color that eventually becomes paler . The pore surface is often beaded with yellowish droplets when young ( a distinguishing characteristic ) , and readily stains blue when bruised . The stem is 4 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) long , and 1 to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) thick at its apex . It is roughly equal in thickness throughout its length , though it may taper somewhat toward the top ; some specimens may appear ventricose ( swollen in the middle ) . The stem surface is mostly red , or yellowish near the base ; it is reticulate — characterized by ridges arranged in the form of a net @-@ like pattern . Mycelia , visible at the base of the stem , are yellowish white to light yellow .
The spore print of B. frostii is olive brown . The spores are thick walled , smooth , and spindle shaped , with dimensions of 11 – 15 by 4 – 5 µm . Longer spores up to 18 µm long may also be present . The cap cuticle , or pileipellis , is made of a tangled layer of gelatinized hyphae that are 3 – 6 µm wide . The spore @-@ bearing cells , the basidia , are four spored and measure 26 – 35 by 10 @.@ 5 – 11 @.@ 5 µm . Cystidia are non @-@ fertile cells interspersed among the basidia , and they are prevalent in the hymenial tissue of E. frostii . These hyaline ( translucent ) cells measure 30 – 53 long by 7 @.@ 5 – 14 µm wide , and range in shape from somewhat like a spindle ( tapering at each end , but with one end typically rounded ) to subampullaceous — shaped somewhat like a swollen bottle .
= = = Edibility and nutritional composition = = =
In 1910 , Murrill wrote of this mushroom 's edibility : " Usually viewed with suspicion because of its red hymenium , but its properties are not accurately known . " Since then , several authors have advised against consuming the species , due to its resemblance to other toxic red @-@ capped boletes . In his 100 Edible Mushrooms ( 2007 ) , Michael Kuo notes that although the mushroom is apparently edible for some , it " affects others negatively " . Despite these warnings , Exsudoporus frostii is edible , and David Arora mentions that it is commonly sold in rural markets in Mexico ; a 1997 study suggests that it is only consumed in rural areas in Querétaro state . Its taste and odor have been described as " pleasant " or " sweet " and somewhat like citrus , although the cuticle of the cap may taste acidic .
Chemical analysis of fresh fruit bodies collected in Mexico showed them to have the following composition : moisture 94 @.@ 53 % ; ash 3 @.@ 23 milligrams per gram of mushroom ( mg / g ) ; dietary fiber 30 @.@ 24 mg / g ; fat 3 @.@ 68 mg / g ; and protein 15 @.@ 81 mg / g . The free fatty acid content of dried fruit bodies was 45 mg / g , slightly more than the common button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) , which had 35 mg / g . The majority of this total was oleic acid ( 19 @.@ 5 mg / g ) , followed by linoleic acid ( 16 @.@ 8 mg / g ) and palmitic acid ( 16 @.@ 9 mg / g ) .
= = = Similar species = = =
Other red @-@ capped boletes include the poisonous B. flammans and B. rubroflammeus ; the former grows most commonly under conifers , the latter in association with hardwoods in eastern North America and southern Arizona . Often confused with B. frostii are E. permagnificus and B. siculus , but the latter two species are known only from Europe and always grow in association with oaks . The fruit bodies of young specimens of B. kermesinus , newly described from Japan in 2011 , are similar in appearance to B. frostii . In addition to its distribution , B. kermesinus can be distinguished from B. frostii by having flesh that does not bruise blue and a stem in which the reticulum is not as deep and coarse . B. pseudofrostii , found in Belize , produces smaller caps that are 1 @.@ 7 to 2 @.@ 0 cm ( 0 @.@ 7 to 0 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter . Boletus russelli , found in eastern North America , has a red to reddish @-@ brown cap and reticulate stem , but its pore surface is yellow , and the fruit body does not bruise blue .
Exsudoporus floridanus differs from E. frostii in having a lighter cap color and in the texture of the cap surface : it is tomentose ( covered with dense , short , soft , matted hairs ) or velutinous ( like velvet ) , compared to the relatively smooth surface of E. frostii . Singer notes that although the physical characteristics between the two taxa may be blurred and are hard to define , the area of origin can reliably distinguish them : E. floridanus is found on shaded lawns and scrubland in open oak stands in non @-@ tropical regions of Florida , typically on grassy or sandy soil , where it fruits between May and October .
= = Ecology , habitat , and distribution = =
Exsudoporus frostii is a mycorrhizal species , meaning that the fungus forms associations with the roots of various species of trees . These associations are mutualistic , because the fungus absorbs mineral nutrients from the soil and channels these into the plant , while the plant provides the fungus with sugars , a product of photosynthesis . The characteristic feature of the mycorrhiza is the presence of a sheath of fungal tissue that encases the terminal , nutrient @-@ absorbing rootlets of the host plant . The fungus forms an extensive underground network of hyphae that radiate outward from the surface of the root sheath , effectively increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption . The hyphae also invade between the root cortical cells to form a Hartig net . Using pure culture techniques , Exsudoporus frostii has been shown to form mycorrhizae with Virginia pine ( Pinus virginiana ) , while a field study confirms a similar association with the oak Quercus laurina .
The fruit bodies grow solitarily , scattered , or in groups on the ground under hardwood trees ; the fungus fruits in summer to early autumn . William Murrill noted its preference for growing in " thin oak woods , where the light is sufficient to enable grass to grow " , and Alexander H. Smith mentioned its preference for growing in " thin , sandy soil under scrub oak . " In the United States , it is distributed from Maine south to Georgia , extending west to Tennessee , Michigan , and southern Arizona . In Mexico , it is often found under Madrone . It has also been collected in Costa Rica , where it associates with the oak species Quercus copeyensis , Q. costaricensis , Q. rapurahuensis , and Q. seemanii . A 1980 publication tentatively suggested that the fungus was also present in Italy , but the author later determined that the putative E. frostii was actually Boletus siculus .
Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the mold @-@ like fungus Sepedonium ampullosporum . Infection results in necrosis of the mushroom tissue , and a yellow color caused by the formation of large amounts of pigmented aleurioconidia ( single @-@ celled conidia produced by extrusion from the conidiophores ) .
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= We R Who We R =
" We R Who We R " ( abbreviation for " We Are Who We Are " ) is a song by American recording artist and songwriter Kesha from her first extended play ( EP ) , Cannibal ( 2010 ) . The song was released as the EP 's lead single on October 22 , 2010 . It was written by Kesha , with Jacob Kasher Hindlin , Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco and Ammo . Production of the song was completed by Dr. Luke , Blanco , and Ammo . In the wake of news that bullying had led to multiple suicides of gay youth , Kesha wrote the song in hopes that it would become a pride anthem . The song is intended to inspire people to be themselves , and as a celebration of anyone deemed quirky or eccentric .
Musically , the song is a dance @-@ pop song that incorporates elements of electropop and techno ; it uses a synth @-@ infused beat as a backing with sounds interpreted as hand claps . Kesha 's vocals have been described as a talk @-@ singing style that use layered Auto @-@ Tune in some parts and vocoders.The song has been compared to her debut single " Tik Tok " ( 2009 ) , as it has a similar musical structure .
" We R Who We R " debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it the 17th song in the chart 's history to do so . The song also reached number one in the United Kingdom , Kesha 's first number one solo single there , and topped the charts in Australia for three weeks . It also attained top @-@ five positions on the Canadian , Japanese , and New Zealand charts . The song became Kesha 's fifth consecutive solo top ten hit in the United States , Canada , and Australia . As of March 2016 , the song has sold over 4 @.@ 1 million digital copies in the United States .
The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Hype Williams and was filmed in downtown Los Angeles . The video is presented as an underground party and has been described as showcasing a darker and sexier side of Kesha compared to previous videos . The song has been performed in North America at the 2010 American Music Awards , and on her worldwide Get Sleazy Tour .
= = Writing and inspiration = =
In mid @-@ 2010 , there was a sudden surge in suicide rates amongst gay teenagers in the United States . In September 2010 , at least six adolescents took their lives due to factors related to gay bullying . After reading about the surge of gay teen suicides , Kesha was inspired to write " We R Who We R " , along with Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco , Ammo , and Jacob Kasher Hindlin . Production of the song was completed by Luke alongside Blanco and Ammo . After being nominated for the 2011 Billboard Music Awards , Kesha elaborated on the song 's initial inspiration . She stated that she was concerned with today 's society , criticizing the fact that people have to hide themselves and pretend to be someone other than who they are . Regarding her music she said that it was not for everyone , claiming that she is a misfit in society and not everyone understands her or what she stands for .
Kesha explained that she wanted the song to become a pride anthem ; " I wanted to inspire people ... to be themselves . It 's a celebration of any sort of quirks or eccentricities . " She elaborated , " I was really affected by the suicides that have been happening , having been subject to very public hatred [ myself ] . I have absolutely no idea how these kids felt . What I 'm going through is nothing compared to what they had to go through . Just know things do get better and you need to celebrate who you are . Every weird thing about you is beautiful and makes life interesting . Hopefully the song really captures that emotion of celebrating who you are ... I just felt like people hate because they don 't understand or they 're jealous , It 's all coming from a very negative place and I really feel like people don 't need to pay attention to that . "
= = Composition = =
" We R Who We R " is an uptempo dance @-@ pop song that uses a synth @-@ heavy backing ; the song incorporates techno and electropop styles . Opening with a synth @-@ infused backing and sounds interpreted as hand claps , Kesha opens the song by proclaiming , " Hot and dangerous if you 're one of us , then roll with us ' Cause we make the hipsters fall in love " . Vocally , the song follows in the footsteps of Kesha 's previous singles , as Kesha uses her talk @-@ singing vocal style throughout the song . Kesha uses layered vocals that are enhanced in some parts with the use of Auto @-@ Tune . Musically , the song has been said to follow a musical structure similar to her debut single , " Tik Tok " ( 2009 ) .
According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , " We R Who We R " is written in the time signature of common time , with a moderate beat rate of 120 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of C minor ; Kesha 's vocal range spans from the note of E ♭ 4 to the note of E ♭ 5 . It has a basic sequence of Cm – Fm – E ♭ – A ♭ as its chord progression .
= = Critical reception = =
Robert Copsey from Digital Spy gave the single five out of five stars . Copsey praised Kesha for not buckling under the harsh scrutiny she has been subject to over the length of her career , citing her boozy antics and processed vocals as areas that have been criticized . He wrote , " we 've never disputed that she carries it all off in a fashion that 's frank , fearless and unashamedly fun . " The song 's chorus was highlighted in the review , with Copsey calling it " her poppermost effort to date " that contained " bouncy Dr Luke beats and her usual bubblegum melodies " .
Jocelyn Vena from MTV News gave the song a positive review , writing " [ Kesha ] has found a chart @-@ topping formula , combin [ ing ] killer beats with lyrics about super @-@ fun parties and hot pants . " Vena commented that , although the song was not groundbreaking and did not stray too far away from previous singles " Tik Tok " or " Take It Off " , that hardly matters as " it 's another uber @-@ fun tune about how awesome it is to dance the night away " with an " inspired [ message about ] the recent rash of suicides among gay youth . " Jason Lipshutz from Billboard gave the song a positive review ; he praised Dr. Luke 's production and the song 's chorus . Lipshutz commented on the song 's similarity to " Tik Tok " , writing , " Instead of straying from the ' TiK ToK ' formula , ' We R Who We R , ' ... smartly maximizes [ Kesha 's ] most appealing qualities . " The review concluded that the song " demonstrates that [ Kesha ] still has mileage left in her electro @-@ pop sound as she gears up for her next album . " Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly called the song a " companion piece " to Pink 's " Raise Your Glass " citing their similar subject matter and close releases . Nitsuh Abebe from NY Magazine complimented the song 's chorus and trance pop elements . Abebe wrote that the song embodied a " hollowed @-@ out , free @-@ of @-@ yourself feeling " , commenting that almost all electronic dance music imbues feelings " that are almost spiritual , that sense of being subsumed and out @-@ of @-@ body " . Melinda Newman of HitFix called the song " incredibly stupid , but it has the main ingredients to make it a global hit : an insistent beat and positive lyrics that promise to suspend time and keep us ' forever young , ' or better yet , transport us back to a time when we felt like we were . " Newman referred to herself as one of the singer 's biggest detractors , but wrote " I like one of her songs--or at least begrudgingly admire its crass charms . " In an album review of Cannibal , Newman referred to the song as a " great self @-@ acceptance anthem.'
Alex Hawgood from The New York Times wrote that at first listen the song came across as another generic dance hit . Hawgood however praised the song for its hidden subtext intended to be a response to gay suicides . Hawgood compared the song to the likes of Taylor Swift , Pink , Katy Perry and Lady Gaga , all of which " represent a new wave of young ( and mostly straight ) women who are providing the soundtrack for a generation of gay fans coming to terms with their identity in a time of turbulent and confusing cultural messages . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the track " infectious " and praised her honesty and sincerity on the track . Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine chose " We R Who We R " as a highlight on Cannibal . The Phoenix ' Daniel Brockman felt that the song had a " lifting anthemic heft " while Spin 's Barry Walters said that with the song , " she sends out pride vibes to bullied gays . " Rolling Stone 's Will Hermes called the song " awesome . " Steven Hyden from The A.V. Club , in the album review of Cannibal , wrote that her " let ’ s get fucking fucked @-@ up " attitude on the track was a positive calling her " a complete and utter genius . " Hyden reviewed the song alongside fellow editor Genevieve Koski in a separate publication , giving the song a B and a D + , respectively . Hyden reiterated his comments from the album review in his review of the song , but added that the song was sonically similar to her previous singles " Tik Tok " and " Take It Off " , adding that on the song she " seems a little more self @-@ aware , imploring each and every one of us to start ' dancing like we ’ re dumb . ' " . On the opposite end up the spectrum , Koski was critical of the song , criticizing her vocals with his consensus being that " I want to give every Kesha song an ' F ' on principle , but objectively speaking , I know there are far worse songs out there , so let ’ s average out a subjective F and an objective C + to a D + . "
In a separate publishing from The New York Times , David Browne criticized the song 's overuse of processed vocals , writing that : " As heard on her current single ' We R Who We R ' from her new mini @-@ album , ' Cannibal , ' Kesha has a thin , often computer @-@ manipulated voice that recalls ’ 80s new @-@ wave pop acts . It ’ s often hard to tell when her singing voice ends and the Vocoder processing kicks in . " Rolling Stone gave the song two and a half stars out of five , referring to the combination of Kesha 's style and the song 's themes as an " awkward fit " . However , Rolling Stone later placed the song at number 50 in its Best 50 Singles of 2010 list .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " We R Who We R " debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling over 280 @,@ 000 digital copies . The song was the 17th song in the history of the chart to debut at number one and became Kesha 's fifth straight top @-@ ten hit in the United States , and her third number one as well . In the same week the song ranked at number one on Billboard 's Digital Songs chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart the song rose in airplay 124 % , when compared to the previous week , and jumped from 36 to 23 on that week 's chart . The following week , the song dropped from number one to position five , as it sold another 220 @,@ 000 copies . After being present on the charts for five weeks , the song reached one million paid downloads , the fastest @-@ selling song to reach the one million download mark since " Love the Way You Lie " by Rihanna and Eminem had done so earlier in 2010 . During the song 's ninth week on the chart it sold 319 @,@ 000 copies ; the following week it sold 411 @,@ 000 copies and surpassed the two million paid downloads mark . With this feat , the song became one of only ten songs to sell more than 300 @,@ 000 copies in a single week more than once . On Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Songs and Pop chart , the song reached peaks of 27 and two , respectively . The song reached its 4 million sales mark in the United States in January 2014 , her second song to reach that level . As of March 2016 , the song has sold 4 @.@ 1 million copies in the US .
On the Canadian Hot 100 , the song debuted and peaked at number two , selling 21 @,@ 000 digital downloads . In Australia , " We R Who We R " debuted at number one on the chart on the issue date entitled November 17 , 2010 . The song remained atop the charts for two weeks before dropping to the number two position . The following week , the single regained the number one position and held it for one week , giving the single a total of three weeks atop the chart . It has since been certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 280 @,@ 000 units . In New Zealand , the song entered and peaked at number four in its first week on the chart . The song has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for sales of 15 @,@ 000 units . In Sweden , " We R Who We R " debuted on the chart at position 22 , which was its peak . The song has since been certified gold for sales of 10 @,@ 000 units by the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( GLF ) . In the United Kingdom , " We R Who We R " entered the UK Singles Chart at position 95 on the issue dated January 8 , 2011 , and dropped off the chart the following week . After the release of the single on January 23 , 2011 , the song re @-@ entered the chart at number one , selling in excess of 90 @,@ 000 copies . As of December 2011 , the single has sold 326 @,@ 000 copies in the United Kingdom .
= = Music video = =
The music video for the song was directed by Hype Williams and was filmed in downtown Los Angeles . Filming of the video involved a partial closure of the 2nd Street Tunnel and part of downtown Los Angeles spread out over a 48 @-@ hour period . Kesha explained the idea behind the video as well as the experience during an interview with MTV News ; she said that the video was different from her other videos , noting that it was going to show a sexier side of herself .
The music video for " We R Who We R " is presented as an underground party . The video starts off with futuristic flashing lights . Kesha , seen in a ponytail wearing gray and black makeup , chains , ripped stockings , and a sparkly one @-@ piece leotard made of shards of broken glass , walks through the 2nd Street Tunnel with fellow partygoers . The scene features drag races and explosions in the background . Close @-@ up shots of Kesha show her wearing studs in her eyebrows and her glittery eye makeup . As cars zoom by , the video transitions into a new location at a different party . Midway through the party Kesha changes outfits to an American @-@ flag top and pink hot pants . As the song 's hook kicks in , Kesha is seen standing on the edge of a building ; the music stops and Kesha stage jumps backwards off of the building 's rooftop . She is caught by the partygoers beneath her and the music resumes . The final scenes show Kesha dancing among fellow partygoers on a rooftop and smiling while singing " We R Who We R " .
Jocelyn Vena from MTV News noted that the video makes a departure from Kesha 's previous music videos , in which humor is usually present ; she wrote the video shows a " darker and sexier " side of the songstress . Tanner Stransky from Entertainment Weekly was positive in his review of the video . Stransky commented on the song 's lyrical inspiration , noting the video does not follow the same message , saying " it doesn 't so much inspire self esteem as much as it inspires just a plain ol ' , trashy , [ Kesha ] -ed out good time . Code word : party ! " . The video was uploaded to her VEVO account on December 1 , 2010 .
= = Live performances = =
" We R Who We R " was performed for the first time on the second season of The X Factor Australia on November 14 , 2010 . Prior to the performance a minor controversy was sparked when Kesha 's male background dancers were seen wearing red armbands that had been supplied locally . Kesha was concerned they could be mistaken for a swastika symbol , so the armbands were removed . " We R Who We R " was performed live for the first time in North America on November 21 , 2010 , at the 2010 American Music Awards . The performance started off with Kesha opening with her previous single , " Take It Off " , while playing on the keyboard ; she soon transitioned into " We R Who We R " . For the performance she wore a mirrored body suit and a black leather jacket . Male background dancers surrounded the stage throughout the performance . Confetti fell from the ceiling during the song 's synth @-@ filled finale and as the performance ended , Kesha played riffs on a guitar . She then turned the guitar around , revealing the word " hate " in black writing with a slash through it . She then smashed the guitar into pieces , ending the performance . In 2011 , Kesha embarked on her first headlining tour , the Get Sleazy Tour , where she performed " We R Who We R " alongside a cover of Beastie Boys track " ( You Gotta ) Fight for Your Right ( To Party ! ) " , as a part of the concert 's encore . At the 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards , Kesha performed a segment of " We R Who We R " and " C 'Mon " .
= = Cultural impact = =
In 2010 , " We R Who We R " gained widespread support from the gay community . Dan Savage , the original creator of the " It Gets Better " campaign , which Kesha participated in , stated that she and other music artists that wrote songs addressed to the gay community were vital in helping fans come to terms with their sexualities and identities . " These songs are countering a hateful message that a peer , family member , politician or a bully might be saying , I get frustrated with gay politicos who discount or undermine the importance of pop stars , They ’ re a huge part of this fight . " Singers Josh Erdman and Ben Klute began posting cover versions of various songs on YouTube , later adding a logo to their videos originally titled " Legalize Gay " . They later stumbled upon Kesha 's song and upon doing so they changed their logo to " Legalize Gay ’ Cause We Are Who We Are " . The duo changed the logo to represent the song stating , " The lyrics obviously spoke to us , What these artists are doing means the world to the gay community . " In October 2011 , Kesha teamed up with the Human Rights Campaign and designed a unisex T @-@ shirt embroidered with purple zebra print – intended to represent " spirit " in the LGBT 's pride flag . The shirt 's design was titled with the writing " We R Who We R " and was made for that year 's National Coming Out Day .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Kesha Sebert , Joshua Coleman , Lukasz Gottwald , Jacob Kasher Hindlin , Benjamin Levin
Production , instruments and programming – Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco , Ammo
Background vocals – Rani Hancock , Lukasz Gottwald , Sam Holland , Benjamin Levin , Emily Wright
Engineering – Emily Wright , Chris " TEK " O 'Ryan , Sam Holland
Assistant engineering – Tatiana Gottwald , Jeremy Levin
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Cannibal , Dynamite Cop Music / Where Da Kasz at BMI .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = = Certifications = = =
= = Release history = =
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= Uprising of Ivaylo =
The Uprising of Ivaylo ( Bulgarian : Въстанието на Ивайло ) was a rebellion of the Bulgarian peasantry against the incompetent rule of Emperor Constantine Tikh and the Bulgarian nobility . The revolt was fuelled mainly by the failure of the central authorities to confront the Mongol menace in north @-@ eastern Bulgaria . The Mongols had looted and ravaged the Bulgarian population for decades , especially in the region of Dobrudzha . The weakness of the state institutions was a result of the accelerating process of feudalisation of the Bulgarian Empire .
The peasants ' leader Ivaylo , said to had been a swineherd by the contemporary Byzantine chroniclers , proved to be a successful general and charismatic leader . In the first months of the rebellion , he defeated the Mongols and the Tsar 's armies , personally slaying Constantine Tikh in battle . Later , he made a triumphant entry in the capital Tarnovo , married Maria , the widow of the late emperor , and forced the nobility to recognize him as Emperor of Bulgaria .
The Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos tried to exploit this situation to his favour and intervened in Bulgaria . He sent Ivan Asen III , son of the former Emperor Mitso Asen , to claim the Bulgarian throne at the head of a large Byzantine army . Simultaneously , Michael VIII incited the Mongols to attack from the north , forcing Ivaylo to fight on two fronts . Ivaylo was defeated by the Mongols and besieged in important fortress of Drastar . In his absence the nobility in Tarnovo opened the gates to Ivan Asen III . However , Ivaylo managed to break the siege and Ivan Asen III fled back to the Byzantine Empire . Michael VIII sent two large armies in an attempt to turn the fortunes of the war , but they were both defeated by the Bulgarian rebels in the Balkan mountains .
In the meantime , the nobility in the capital had proclaimed as emperor one of their own , the magnate George Terter I. Surrounded by enemies and with diminishing support due to the constant warfare , Ivaylo fled to the court of the Mongol warlord Nogai Khan to seek aid , but was eventually murdered . The legacy of the rebellion endured both in Bulgaria and in Byzantium . Years after the demise of the peasant emperor , two " Pseudo @-@ Ivaylos " appeared in the Byzantine Empire and enjoyed wide support by the populace .
= = Background = =
= = = Political situation of Bulgaria = = =
Following the demise of Ivan Asen II ( r . 1218 – 1241 ) , the large Bulgarian Empire began to decline as a result of a succession of infant emperors and internal struggles among the nobility . To the north the country faced constant Mongol invasions after the 1240s . Although Ivan Asen II defeated the Mongols shortly before his death , the regency of Kaliman I Asen ( r . 1241 – 1246 ) agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Mongols to avoid devastation . The Mongol invasion led to the collapse of the loosely held Cuman confederation in the western part of the Eurasian Steppe and the foundation of the Mongol Golden Horde . This had long – term political and strategic consequences for Bulgaria — the Cumans were Bulgarian allies and often supplied the Bulgarian army with auxiliary cavalry while the Golden Horde proved to be a hostile entity . To the south , Bulgaria lost large portions of Thrace and Macedonia to the Nicaean Empire , which had escaped the initial Mongol attacks . The lands to the north @-@ west , including Belgrade , Braničevo and Severin Banat , were conquered by the Kingdom of Hungary .
In 1256 Bulgaria descended into a civil war between Mitso Asen ( r . 1256 – 1257 ) , a relative of Ivan Asen II , who established himself in south @-@ eastern Bulgaria , and the bolyar of Skopje Constantine Tikh ( r . 1257 – 1277 ) , who was proclaimed emperor by the nobility in Tarnovo . Simultaneously , the Hungarian noble of Rus ' princely origin Rostislav Mikhailovich established himself in Vidin as another claimant of the title Emperor of Bulgaria and was recognized as such by the Kingdom of Hungary . By 1261 Constantine Tikh had emerged as victor , but his 20 – year @-@ long reign did not bring stability to Bulgaria : Vidin remained separated from the central authorities in Tarnovo , the Mongols regularly campaigned in north @-@ eastern Bulgaria , looting the countryside and paralysing the economy . That same year Michael VIII Palaiologos ( r . 1259 – 1282 ) seized Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire as a major adversary of Bulgaria to the south . In the 1260s Constantine Tikh broke his leg in a hunting incident and was paralysed from the waist down . This disability weakened his control over the government and he fell under the influence of his second wife Irene Doukaina Laskarina , who was constantly involved in intrigues with her relatives in the Byzantine court . Later , he left the state affairs to his third wife , Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene — a scandalous intriguer whose actions to secure the succession of her son alienated the nobility .
= = = Internal situation and rise of Ivaylo = = =
The internal political development and feudalisation of Bulgaria in the 13th century resulted in a rising number of serfs , as well as an increase in the power of the landed nobility . This , in turn , led to aspirations for more self @-@ rule among the most influential nobles . Many of them established semi @-@ independent fiefdoms that nominally recognized the emperor in Tarnovo and greatly reduced the capacity of the central authorities to deal with external threats . In the second half of the 13th century , the peasantry was losing personal privileges to the benefit of the secular and religious feudal lords , which in turn reduced the peasants ' income and opportunities , worsening their lives . In parallel , the inability of Constantine Tikh to terminate the constant Mongol incursions in the north @-@ east of the country shattered the pillars of the state institutions in Dobrudzha and contributed to the outbreak of the uprising and its swift success . The Mongol raids were carried out by the semi @-@ independent chief Nogai Khan , who was more powerful than the legitimate ruler of the Golden Horde , Mengu @-@ Timur ( r . 1266 – 1280 ) , and ruled over the steppes of modern Moldova and Ukraine .
In this situation one Ivaylo , a native of north @-@ eastern Bulgaria , most likely the area near Provadia , began to incite the population to revolt . He was called by the contemporary Byzantine chroniclers by the name Bardokva ( lettuce ) or Lakhanas ( vegetable ) and his real name is known only from a note , attached to the Svarlig gospel . The Byzantine historian George Pachymeres stated that he was a swineherd who took care of pigs for money . However , the historian John Fine notes that pigs were a major livestock product at the time and the possessor of a large herd could have been part of the elite of the local community . Ivaylo claimed that he had visions from God to lead the people and that he was in contact with heaven and the saints . In fact , his mysticism was deliberately used to swiftly gain support and followers among the religious villagers . He came to be seen by many Bulgarians as a God @-@ given saviour .
= = Course of the rebellion = =
= = = Initial victories = = =
The rebellion broke out in the spring or summer of 1277 in north @-@ eastern Bulgaria where the Mongol devastation was strongest . In the summer of 1277 Ivaylo confronted and defeated a plundering Mongol unit . Another victory followed soon and by autumn all Mongols were driven out of Bulgarian territory . Having achieved what had eluded the Bulgarian arms for decades , his popularity and reputation rose quickly . Among his followers were an increasing number of nobles who were discontent with the intrigues of Empress Maria . Ivaylo was hailed as Emperor by the people and many regions came under his control .
In the end of 1277 Constantine Tikh finally took measures to confront the rebels . He gathered a small army and advanced slowly as he had to travel in a chariot because of his injury . Ivaylo attacked and defeated this force , killing many of the emperor 's close associates , while the rest of the army joined the rebels . Ivaylo personally slew Constantine Tikh , claiming that the emperor did nothing to keep his honour in the battle . After his triumph , Ivaylo began to seize the country 's fortified cities , which surrendered and recognized him as emperor one by one . By the spring of 1278 only the capital Tarnovo remained under the control of Empress Maria .
= = = Byzantine intervention and recognition of Ivaylo = = =
Meanwhile , the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos left Constantinople for Adrianople , situated close to the Byzantine – Bulgarian border , in order to monitor the events and to exploit the situation in Bulgaria in his favour . The demise of Constantine Tikh came as a shock for the Byzantines . Initially , Michael VIII considered marring his daughter to Ivaylo , but eventually decided that it would be more favourable to install a protégé of his own . His candidate was Ivan , son of former Emperor Mitso Asen , who had sought asylum in Byzantium and possessed estates in Asia Minor . Ivan promptly married Michael VIII 's daughter Irene , pledged allegiance to Michael VIII and was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria as Ivan Asen III . The Byzantines sent gifts to the Bulgarian nobles to incite them to support Ivan Asen III and envoys were dispatched to Tarnovo to arrange for his recognition and the surrender of Empress Maria . In the meantime , Ivan Asen III marched north at the head of a Byzantine army while Ivaylo was besieging Tarnovo .
Faced with two adversaries , Maria initially tried to negotiate with Michael VIII the succession of her son Michael Asen but the Byzantine emperor insisted on an unconditional surrender . Much to the surprise of the Byzantines , Maria then entered in negotiations with Ivaylo and offered him her hand and the Bulgarian crown on the condition that he would guarantee the rights of Michael Asen as his sole successor . Contemporary chronicler George Pachymeres accuses Maria of " ignoring the moral duty to her late husband " but in fact her decision was driven by her hatred towards her uncle Michael VIII , whom she considered a heretic , as well as by her desire to hang on to power . At first , Ivaylo was reluctant to accept the proposal claiming that Maria was offering what he was about to take by force but eventually conceded " because of the peace and to avoid bloodshed in a civil war " . However , Ivaylo made it clear that he was the one giving clemency , not the one receiving it .
In the spring of 1278 Ivaylo entered Tarnovo in triumph , married Maria and was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria . However , since he was inexperienced in state affairs , Ivaylo failed to consolidate his authority over the nobility in the capital , who were concerned for their own influence , and often quarrelled with Maria . He still had to deal with overwhelming challenges — the Byzantines dispatched many troops under the command of Michael Glabas in support of Ivan Asen III and incited the Mongols to attack from the north to open war on two fronts . Yet Ivaylo vigorously prepared his forces to counter the adversaries and managed to gain support among many nobles .
= = = Campaigns against Byzantines and Mongols = = =
Ivaylo left Tarnovo in the summer of 1278 , marched northwards and defeated the Mongols , pushing them across the Danube river . The situation to the south was more dangerous . The Byzantines launched an attack on a wide front along the Balkan Mountains from the Shipka Pass to the Black Sea . They failed to cross the mountains as the defenders held on until the Mongols were defeated and reinforcement could be sent . Despite the huge efforts and numerical superiority the Byzantines made few gains at very high cost . For instance , the fortress of Ktenia was seized after many assaults , the castles of Kran and Maglizh fell with heavy casualties for the invaders . The Bulgarian commander Stan fell valiantly during the defence of Boruy and many other of Ivaylo 's associates distinguished themselves in the war — Momchil , Kuman , Damyan , Kancho . All battles led personally by Ivaylo were successful — he fought at Studena and Pirgitsa — and by the autumn of 1278 the Bulgarians gained the upper hand forcing the Byzantines to abandon the campaign . The Byzantine morale was very low because Ivaylo gave no quarter . George Pachymeres wrote that " to fall in the hands of Lakhanas [ Ivaylo ] was equivalent to death " .
With the situation to the south under control , Ivaylo had to confront a second Mongol attack to the north . This time the Bulgarians faced the elite forces of Nogai Khan . The Mongols prevailed and Ivaylo was besieged in the important city of Drastar on the southern bank of Danube , where he withstood a three @-@ month siege . While bulk of the rebel army was engaged to the north , Michael VIII started negotiations with the nobility of Tarnovo and convinced the local dignitaries to recognize the claim of Ivan Asen III . In the beginning of 1279 , a Byzantine army under Michael Glabas disembarked near Varna and set off to the capital , supported by a Mongol unit commanded by Kasim beg . The elite of Tarnovo spread rumours that Ivaylo had perished fighting the Mongols and opened the gates to the Byzantines and their protégé . Ivan Asen III was proclaimed emperor and Maria , who at the time bore Ivaylo 's child , was exiled to Constantinople . To consolidate the support of the nobility , the new monarch married his sister Kira Maria to George Terter , one of Bulgaria 's most powerful and influential feudal lords , whose estates were centred at Cherven . Kasim beg , who had been awarded the high court title protostrator , felt that the rise of George Terter was at his expense , deserted Ivan Asen III and joined the cause of Ivaylo .
In the meantime fighting between the rebels and the Byzantines continued . Although the Bulgarian forces were cut in two following the Byzantine landing at Varna , heavy clashes erupted in the eastern Balkan mountains with new vigour , especially around the Kotel Pass and the Varbitsa Pass . The Bulgarian positions there were surrounded both from the north and the south . The Byzantines had to besiege and take the fortresses one by one which cost time and casualties . Many strongholds remained unconquered and permanently engaged large Byzantine forces .
In the spring of 1279 , Ivaylo managed to break through the Mongol blockade at Drastar and besieged Tarnovo . This advance took Ivan Asen III and his supporters by surprise . Michael VIII took measures to protect his protégé and in the summer of 1279 sent a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ strong army under the command of the protovestiarios Murin . Ivaylo did not linger in Tarnovo and engaged the invading host on 17 June 1279 in the Kotel Pass . Despite being outnumbered , in the ensuing battle near the fortress of Devina the Bulgarians achieved a complete victory . Part of the Byzantines perished in the battle along with their commander , the rest were captured and killed by orders of Ivaylo . A month later , the Byzantines sent another army of 5 @,@ 000 troops led by the protovestiarios Aprin . Ivaylo engaged them in the eastern Balkan Mountains on 15 August 1279 and after a long combat defeated the Byzantines , personally killing Aprin in the process . Ivaylo was said to had " fought with fury , achieving many feats " in both battles .
= = = End of the rebellion and demise of Ivaylo = = =
With the Byzantines defeated , the authority of Ivan Asen III was shaken . He and his wife Irene secretly fled Tarnovo taking the Byzantine imperial insignia , kept in the treasury since the Bulgarian victory in the battle of Tryavna in 1190 . Michael VIII was infuriated with the cowardliness of the couple and refused to grant them an audience for days . In Tarnovo , the nobility refused to open the gates to Ivaylo and instead elected for emperor George Terter , which had devastating effect on the rebels . Despite the military successes , neither was the Mongol threat dealt with , nor was Ivaylo capable to secure the support of the Bulgarian nobility and unify the country against the overwhelming forces of the Mongols and the Byzantines . As a result , Ivaylo 's followers , disillusioned with the endless wars without prospects for peace , began to abandon his cause . With diminished support , in 1280 Ivaylo crossed the Danube with a few loyal associates , including Kasim beg , to seek aid from Nogai Khan .
Initially , Ivaylo was received well by Nogai Khan . When news of his whereabouts reached Constantinople , Michael VIII sent Ivan Asen III with rich gifts to the Mongol court to ask assistance . Nogai Khan expressed interest in the issue and for several months kept promising help to both pretenders . Eventually the Byzantine influence prevailed because the Mongol leader was married to the illegitimate daughter of Michael VIII , Euphrosyne Palaiologina . During a feast , in which Ivaylo and Ivan Asen III seated on both sides of Nogai Khan , he pointed at Ivaylo with the words " He is an enemy of my father , the Emperor [ Michael VIII ] , and does not deserve to live " and ordered his execution . Ivaylo , along with Kasim beg , were duly murdered on the spot . Ivan Asen III was fortunate to avoid similar fate due to the advocacy of Euphrosyne and eventually returned to his estates in Asia Minor , where he died in 1303 .
= = Aftermath = =
Ivaylo 's legacy enjoyed huge popularity beyond the borders of Bulgaria years after his death . At least two " Pseudo @-@ Ivaylos " appeared in the Byzantine Empire . In 1284 a Bulgarian who claimed to had been Ivaylo , arrived in Constantinople and offered his services to Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos to fight against the Turks . Andronikos II asked the ex @-@ empress Maria to verify if the man was her husband and she exposed him as an imposter . Pseudo @-@ Ivaylo was detained but the populace demanded his release since the Turks " feared the barbarian [ Ivaylo ] " . The Byzantine emperor calculated that there was nothing to lose and allowed him to march against the Turks . " Ivaylo " gathered a huge army of peasants , much to the concern of the Byzantine nobility who feared a revolt or coup . The emperor then summoned Pseudo @-@ Ivaylo under some pretext and had him imprisoned . A few years later another Bulgarian ( whose real name was Ivan ) appeared in the Byzantine Empire claiming he was Ivaylo . He was given an army to combat the Turks but after a few victories he was captured and killed .
In Bulgaria , the two decades following the end of the rebellion marked the lowest point of decline of the Second Empire . The reigns of George Terter I ( r . 1280 – 1292 ) and his successor Smilets ( r . 1292 – 1298 ) were characterised with constant Mongol interference in the state 's domestic affairs and progressive disintegration of Imperial authority in favour of the feudal magnates . Bulgaria had lost almost all lands to the south of the Balkan mountains to the Byzantines and was in no position to regain these regions . The fortunes of the country changed for the better under George Terter I 's son , Theordore Svetoslav ( r . 1300 – 1321 ) , when Bulgaria acquired Bessarabia from the Mongols and reconquered Northern Thrace from the Byzantines , bringing stability and prosperity .
= = Legacy = =
The rebellion failed because the rebels had to fight against overwhelming odds — not only the Byzantines and the Mongols , but also much of the Bulgarian nobility . Although ultimately unsuccessful , the uprising of Ivaylo had achieved a recognition of its leader as emperor , an aim in which all other popular revolts in medieval Europe failed . In Socialist Bulgaria the rebellion was portrayed as a social movement against the iniquity of the feudal system and the foreign invaders . In modern Bulgaria Ivaylo is still revered as a fighter for freedom and social justice . However , there is no evidence that Ivaylo and his followers ever intended to conduct social reforms . The fact that the rebellion was supported by some nobles and that Ivaylo married the hated Empress Maria also indicates that the main factor was the incompetent rule of Emperor Constantine Tikh . The Bulgarian historians praise the heroism of the rebels and evaluate the uprising as a bright patriotic achievement of the Bulgarian people because Ivaylo was able to gather wide support from all social classes of Bulgaria to defend the then @-@ troubled country against the external enemies . Ivaylo is remembered as a heroic ruler and a tragic figure who represented the ideal of the " Good Tsar " .
The rebellion of Ivaylo is among the most popular and recognizable Bulgarian historical events with numerous pieces of art dedicated to it . The 1959 opera " Ivaylo " by the composer Marin Goleminov , based on the overture of the same name by Dobri Hristov , was inspired by the " revolutionary pathos and tragedy of the epoch " . Dedicated to the uprising are also the 1964 colour feature film " Ivaylo " by the director Nikola Valchev , based on the novel " The Smouldering Ember " by Evgeni Konstantinov , and the 1921 drama " The Throne " by the prominent Bulgarian poet and writer Ivan Vazov . The town of Ivaylovgrad in modern southern Bulgaria and the village of Ivaylo near the city of Pazardzhik are named after the rebel leader . There are statues in several cities dedicated to him , as well as a monument commemorating the victory over the Byzantines in the battle of Devina , situated at 5 km to the south @-@ east of the town of Kotel . That memorial , named " The Stone Guard " , was listed in the top ten emblematic monuments on the history of Bulgaria .
= = Timeline = =
summer of 1277 — The Mongols are defeated
autumn of 1277 — The Mongols are driven out of Bulgaria
end of 1277 — The army of Constantine Tikh is defeated ; the emperor is killed by Ivaylo
spring of 1278 — Ivaylo enters the capital Tarnovo ; marries Constantine Tikh 's life Maria ; crowned Emperor of Bulgaria
summer and autumn of 1278 — Warfare against Byzantines and Mongols ; victory over the Byzantines ; defeat against the Mongols ; Ivaylo is besieged in Drastar
beginning of 1279 — The nobility in Tarnovo opens the gates to the Byzantine @-@ supported pretender Ivan Asen III
spring of 1279 — Ivaylo breaks the Mongol blockade at Drastar ; besieges Tarnovo ; Ivan Asen III flees to Constantinople
17 June 1279 — A 10 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Byzantine army is defeated in the battle of Devina
15 August 1279 — A 5 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Byzantine army is defeated in the eastern Balkan Mountains
beginning of 1280 — George Terter I is elected emperor by the nobility
1280 — Ivaylo flees to Nogai Khan and is eventually murdered
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= House of Cards ( season 2 ) =
The second season of the American television drama series House of Cards began filming a set of 13 episodes on April 29 , 2013 and concluded on November 8 . Filming occurred primarily in Baltimore . On December 4 , 2013 , Netflix announced that the season would be released in its entirety on February 14 , 2014 . Set in current day Washington , D.C. , season two deals with topics such as entitlement reform , Chinese cyberespionage , anthrax scares , Senate parliamentary procedure , and government shutdowns . It begins at the exact time that season one ended .
Critics previewed the first four episodes of the season under non @-@ disclosure agreements that they not reveal any spoilers . Reviews began appearing as early as January 31 . Many critics who previewed the season noted the first episode was shocking , but withheld the surprises of the four episodes made available for preview . Willa Paskin of Slate broke the embargo nearly a day early revealing several spoilers . Whereas critics had been somewhat split on the propriety of binge @-@ watching the first season , they were more supportive of the practice for season two .
Early reviews were largely positive , noting that the second season had a darker tone than the first . Molly Parker was praised as an addition to the cast . Nonetheless , many critics were concerned at the domineering presence of Underwood , who appears to have no worthy adversaries . Viewership of the second season was many times higher than season one . The season earned thirteen Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and three nominations at both the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards . Kevin Spacey won Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama for playing Frank Underwood in season 2 . Season 2 of House of Cards was one of the first shows available in 4K video format on Netflix ' streaming service .
= = Summary = =
Francis spends most of the season as the newly appointed Vice President of the United States . Early episodes see Frank vanquish reporters on the trail of a murder he committed in the previous season . However , the drama soon shifts to tensions involving Frank , President Walker , the Chinese government , and the wealthy Raymond Tusk , eventually culminating in a bitter political war between Frank and Tusk . Frank 's wife Claire publicly reveals that she was raped in college by a prominent general and pursues anti @-@ rape legislation . The most significant new character is Jackie Sharp , Frank 's successor as House Whip , who soon finds herself embroiled in Frank 's plans . As the war between Frank and Tusk consumes the Presidency , things culminate in a scandal that leads to Walker resigning , Tusk being arrested , and Frank ascending to the Oval Office .
= = Cast = =
Among the new cast members in season 2 are Molly Parker and Sam Page , while directors include Carl Franklin , Jodie Foster , James Foley and Wright . The season features cameos by several notable journalists , including Ashleigh Banfield , Rachel Maddow , Chris Matthews , Matt Bai , Morley Safer , Sean Hannity , and Kelly O 'Donnell .
Kevin Spacey as Francis " Frank " J. Underwood , the Vice President of the United States
Robin Wright as Claire Underwood , the Second Lady of the United States
Michael Kelly as Douglas " Doug " Stamper , the Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States
Molly Parker as Jacqueline " Jackie " Sharp , a war veteran , Congresswoman from California and Underwood 's successor as House Majority Whip
Michel Gill as Garrett Walker , the 45th President of the United States
Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk , a multi @-@ billionaire businessman and investor who acts as an advisor and confidante to President Walker
Nathan Darrow as Edward Meechum , Secret Service agent on Underwood 's detail , a former member of the U.S. Capitol Police serving as Underwood 's bodyguard and driver
Mahershala Ali as Remy Danton , a lobbyist with law firm Glendon Hill and former employee of Frank Underwood
Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson , a sinister political operative who becomes Press Secretary for Vice President Underwood
Rachel Brosnahan as Rachel Posner , a former sex worker seeking a new life
Sakina Jaffrey as Linda Vasquez , the White House Chief of Staff in the Walker Administration
Jayne Atkinson as Catherine Durant , the U.S. Secretary of State in the Walker Administration
Jimmi Simpson as Gavin Orsay , a hacker and informant for the FBI
Joanna Going as Patricia Walker , wife of President Garrett Walker and First Lady of the United States
Mozhan Marnò as Ayla Sayyad , a tenacious journalist working for the Wall Street Telegraph
Jeremy Holm as Agent Nathan Green , the White House / FBI liaison
Sebastian Arcelus as Lucas Goodwin , a senior political editor working at the Washington Herald
Terry Chen as Xander Feng , a corrupt Chinese businessman and backchannel diplomat who is Raymond Tusk 's business partner
Libby Woodbridge as Megan Hennessey , a former U.S. Marine Private who was sexually assaulted by General Dalton McGinnis
Kate Lyn Sheil as Lisa Williams , a social worker who befriends Rachel Posner
Elizabeth Norment as Nancy Kaufberger , secretary of the office of the Democratic House Whip
Gil Birmingham as Daniel Lanigan , a Native American casino owner in Missouri and friend of Raymond Tusk
Reg E. Cathey as Freddy Hayes , friend of Frank Underwood and the owner of a BBQ restaurant that Frank frequently visits
Samuel Page as Connor Ellis , a smooth talking media consultant who becomes Communications Director for Claire Underwood
Larry Pine as Bob Birch , a Democratic Congressman from Michigan and the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
Kristen Connolly as Christina Gallagher , a headstrong aide to President Walker and former girlfriend of Peter Russo
Curtiss Cook as Terry Womack , House Majority Leader from Missouri 's 5th congressional district
Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky , a veteran journalist working for news blog Slugline
Michael Warner as Oliver Spence
Benito Martinez as Hector Mendoza , a Republican Senator from Arizona and the Senate Majority Leader
Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt , former chief editor of the Washington Herald
David Clennon as Ted Havermeyer , a veteran Congressman from California and PAC Chairman who is a mentor to Congresswoman Sharp
Elizabeth Marvel as Heather Dunbar , an uncompromising lawyer who is appointed Special Prosecutor in the investigation into money laundering of foreign money via PACs
Tom Galantich as Reverend Thomas Larkin , a minister and relationship therapist
Mark Zeisler as Bill Gallich , the White House Counsel
Reed Birney as Donald Blythe , a Democratic Congressman from New Hampshire
Sandrine Holt as Gillian Cole
Ben Daniels as Adam Galloway , a world @-@ renowned photographer and former lover of Claire Underwood
Kate Mara as Zoe Barnes , an ambitious journalist working for news blog Slugline and former lover of Frank Underwood
= = Episodes = =
Set in present @-@ day Washington , D.C. , season 2 deals with topics such as entitlements , Chinese cyberespionage , anthrax scares , parliamentary procedure , and government shutdowns . It begins at the exact time that season 1 ended .
= = Background = =
The second season was made available in its entirety on February 14 , 2014 ( Valentine 's Day ) at 12 : 01 a.m. PT . Prior to the release of season 1 , three reviewers , Hank Stuever of The Washington Post , Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal , and Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times , commented on possible binge viewing by Netflix customers . Stanley notes that the show " is probably seen best one episode at a time . It 's a delicious immorality play with an excellent cast , but the tempo is slow and oddly ponderous — a romp slowed down to a dirge " . Smith also notes that due to its " relentless theme " , " House of Cards might go down better in smaller portions and thus be enjoyably prolonged " , deriding potential binge watchers as people who liken a delicacy to a " bag of M & M 's " . However , Stuever disagreed about season 1 saying " So , on the iffy chance that House of Cards draws you in and you simply cannot stop watching , then , yes , you may power @-@ binge your way through all 13 hours at once " . Upon viewing the four episode season 2 preview Time 's James Poniewozik says " I could easily see powering through the season in a free weekend , precisely because no individual episode needs much time to sink in " . Stanley also felt the second season was " binge @-@ worthy " upon viewing the preview . However , Ellen Gray of Philly.com supports not binge @-@ watching the season , as she believes it does not serve it well .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
In interviews during the writing and filming of season 2 showrunner Beau Willimon said he had drawn inspiration for the series from a variety of sources including Robert Caro 's The Years of Lyndon Johnson and Jeremy Larner 's Nobody Knows . Lyndon B. Johnson was a repeated source for themes and issues . Willimon also commented on the fictional world of politics that the show represented : " It 's a rough @-@ and @-@ tumble game whenever power is involved — people 's ambitions , their desires , their competitive spirit will often push them to play outside the rules . " Willimon noted that " I don 't think about topping things ... The evolution of character is not a game of one @-@ upmanship . It is about change . Souls are vast and so the opportunity to explore ways in which characters contradict themselves and evolve is also vast " and that season 2 provided the opportunity " to expand the world and more deeply explore the characters " .
Spacey viewed continuing to portray Underwood for a second season as a continuing learning process . " There is so much I don 't know about Francis , so much that I 'm learning ... I 've always thought that the profession closest to that of an actor is being a detective ... We are given clues by writers , sometimes clues they 're aware of and sometimes not . Then you lay them all out and try to make them come alive as a character who 's complex and surprising , maybe even to yourself " . Gerald McRaney spoke about his expanded role by saying that whereas in season 1 the challenge to playing his character , Raymond Tusk , was in " having to learn Mandarin " , in season 2 his character has become " somebody who you don 't know which color hat he 's wearing " .
= = = Filming = = =
Netflix had ordered two seasons of 13 episodes when it made its original commitment to the series in 2011 . According to Governor of Maryland Martin O 'Malley , production of the first season brought $ 140 million in the form of 2 @,@ 200 jobs and transactions with 1 @,@ 800 vendors to the Baltimore metropolitan area economy and the Maryland General Assembly expanded its Film Production Tax Credit so that season two could have similar impact over the course of 150 days of filming . Like the first season , the second season was largely filmed in the Baltimore area . Although production was publicized as being in Baltimore , Season 1 had based production in Harford County , Maryland , and season 2 also had its production office in Edgewood and a Joppa sound stage . The April 27 , 2013 White House Correspondents Dinner spoofed House of Cards from the Maryland set prior to the beginning of the filming of season 2 . Filming began on Monday April 29 , 2013 , which was just a few weeks later in the year than season 1 had started . On May 14 , O 'Malley visited the set to publicize the success of the tax incentives .
During spring and summer 2013 , the show hosted several large casting calls some of which had over 1000 hopefuls . On June 13 , crews began preparing the State House for filming on June 17 and 18 . The Maryland State House is not available for rent so the producers made donations to various organizations . The show filmed in Annapolis at the Maryland House of Delegates and the wife of House Speaker Michael E. Busch , Cynthia , was cast as an extra . She played a United States Senator as the set depicted the United States Senate chamber . The scenes were used as part of " Chapter 16 " ( season 2 , episode 3 ) . On July 24 , the show announced that it would film at the Baltimore County Circuit Courthouses in Towson , Maryland on July 31 . The filming occurred at this location on August 7 .
On August 3 , House of Cards was going to film a presidential motorcade at the National Mall in Washington , D.C. at 3 PM . However , Chief of police Cathy L. Lanier of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia ( MPD ) revoked the permits that morning . An MPD spokesperson explained " The Metropolitan Police Department is not the lead agency on presidential motorcades and we did not want to portray ourselves as such " . As a result , the production crews did a last minute filming of the desired scenes back in Baltimore . The next day , Mayor of the District of Columbia Vincent Gray stated that there was confusion on what role the MPD would play in the filming . A spokesperson from his office stated that " " MPD is not going to rent itself out as extras for film ... That 's what MPD 's decision was focused on . We 're not going to be actors . " On October 2 , all issues were resolved and the motorcade was filmed as originally planned without any MPD personnel " actively participate in the filming " .
In August , several areas in Harford County were used for filming season 2 , including areas in Bel Air and Edgewood . Havre de Grace had been used in season 1 to depict Underwood 's home district in South Carolina . The Liriodendron mansion was the scene of filming on August 12 and 13 . Bel Air police were paid $ 1550 for August 13 duties at another filming location .
Although there were reports that the filming was largely completed by October 1 , Willimon tweeted on that date that he had just finished writing the season finale . Willimon and others tweeted that filming was completed on November 8 . The following week , House of Cards workers got involved in the Typhoon Haiyan relief efforts .
According to an October 10 story in The Huffington Post , executive producer Rick Cleveland stated that he believed that season 2 would be the final season because both Spacey and Wright prefer to act in movies than in television . However , Willimon remained optimistic that the show will continue . The Baltimore Sun reporter , David Zurawik contested the journalistic process of The Huffington Post report because he says Modi Wiczyk , CEO of Media Rights Capital , the company that produces House of Cards , told him " I would basically be shocked if there wasn 't [ a season 3 , 4 and 5 ] " . A few weeks later , Netflix 's Chief Content Officer Ted Sarandos confirmed that Netflix had an earnest interest in continuing House of Cards beyond its second season .
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
On December 4 , 2013 , Netflix announced that the 13 @-@ episode season would be released in its entirety on February 14 , 2014 . Along with the scheduling announcement , Netflix confirmed that Francis ( now Vice President ) and Claire would " continue their ruthless rise to power as threats mount on all fronts " . After season 1 received four nominations for the 71st Golden Globe Awards on December 12 , a season 2 trailer was released on December 13 . However , the first official full trailer was released on January 6 .
Willimon has stated " In conception of the second season , I put a lot of thought into the doors open to us in seasons three and beyond ... I didn 't want to paint ourselves into a corner in the second season . " On February 4 , 2014 , Netflix announced it had renewed the web series for a season 3 of undisclosed length . In May 2014 , the season became one of the first Netflix streaming offerings available in 4K video format .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
The season was generally well received . The review aggregator Metacritic gave the season a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 25 critics . Another review aggregator , Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a rating of 85 % , based on 34 reviews , with an average rating of 8 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " House of Cards proves just as bingeworthy in its second season , with more of the strong performances , writing , and visual design that made the first season so addictive . "
James Poniewozik of Time says " It is the same show you saw last season , the same weaknesses and strengths intact , but , as it makes clear before the first hour is over , every bit as brutal and sanguinary . " According to Sara Smith of The Kansas City Star , " The shock and delight of the showy storytelling ... has faded a bit " . Smith says that Barnes , Skorsky , and Goodwin 's " investigation sucks them down a rabbit hole into a surreal underworld no sane reporter would explore " . Regarding Frank , Smith says " A show can successfully revolve around one man , but a flawless winning streak gets monotonous " and that " it 's time for someone to take Frank down a notch " .
Willmore says that since characters have been introduced , " season two of House of Cards begins in a fashion that 's far more free and quick @-@ paced " than season 1 . Willmore also notes that , " If season one slowly grew blacker in tone as it went from serious games of power and manipulation to life @-@ and @-@ death ones , season two starts off there and looks to only get darker in content . " However , she stated that season 2 appeared to be lighter than season 1 : " delivered with more of a wink by Frank than before . It may be darker , but it 's also less heavy " .
Stanley praises the series saying " It 's not clear exactly why this bleak series is so exhilarating and binge @-@ worthy . It could be that just as victims of tragedy find it hard to accept that their suffering is random and purposeless , voters find it intolerable that so many of the petty , shortsighted moves by elected officials have no greater meaning than small @-@ time expediency . " She also notes that the series " is more cynical than The Americans on FX and more pessimistic about human nature than The Walking Dead on AMC " . However , The Americans " is more complex and inventive " according to Stanley who concurs that season 2 is darker but notes it is more compelling than season 1 . Stuever compares the show unfavorably to both Veep for its " bumbling chaos and ego implosions " over House of Cards " prohibitively sinister " execution and The Good Wife for its superior delivery of " nastiness and self @-@ interest in power plays " .
Many critics criticized the lack of reasonable challenge for the Underwoods . James Poniewozik notes that " Francis needs a stronger nemesis , if not for the sake of justice then for the sake of excitement . And House of Cards would be a greater show if it had characters who were people more than game pieces . Still , on its limited terms , it 's absorbing to watch " . According to Entertainment Weekly 's Karen Valby , the show 's fundamental problem is that " The Underwoods have no worthy opponents . " According to Variety 's Brian Lowry , as conniving as Underwood is , it is unfathomable that " nobody else in a town built on power seems particularly adept at recognizing this or combating him " . Valby notes that neither Tusk nor Goodwin is an effective foe , leaving the audience longing for a comeuppance in the first four episodes that served as a preview for critics and his hopeful that Sharp provides a good foil as the season progresses . He also wrote that House of Cards overplays its depiction of the edginess of " Washington being venal and corrupt " . He describes the show as a " mixed bag " .
Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter describes the preview of the season by saying " It 's entertaining and cruises along with a strong pulse . There 's a core mystery and American politics is mocked , appropriately , for being a two @-@ party hustle of recrimination and separatism . " Goodman notes that writer Beau Willimon has Frank " pontificate to the point of spouting cliches from time to time " and Frank 's " conniving wins too often " . Goodman sums things up by saying " There 's a heavier hand than is necessary at times " and " House of Cards needs to stay more focused to be successful . "
Chuck Barney of the San Jose Mercury News had a more mixed response , noting that the preview episodes show that the series is as " handsomely crafted and marvelously acted as ever " but the episodes don 't " provoke the same kind of adrenaline rush as last season " . Barney was also impressed with newcomer Parker : " She 's an agile actress who can deliver a sense of soft @-@ spoken warmth but also a steely fierceness that comes with an underlying message : ' Underestimate me at your own peril . ' "
The addition of Parker was well received among critics . Stanley notes that as Underwood 's " protégée and , like everyone else in his poisoned orbit , soon discovers that Underwood expects his people to cast aside principle and pursue his grand plan . " Valby describes her performance as one " played with throbbing edge " . Goodman notes she serves to somewhat counterbalance Frank .
Verne Gay of Newsday notes that " Spacey 's Underwood is even more sinuous , more complex , more treacherous and so — as a result — is the deeply pleasurable show that surrounds him . "
= = = Awards = = =
On July 10 , 2014 , House of Cards earned thirteen Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards . Among its nominations were Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for Kevin Spacey , Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Robin Wright , Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for Beau Willimon and Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for Carl Franklin . The second season was also nominated for several 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , including Kate Mara for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series and Reg E. Cathey for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . Other Creative Arts nominations were received for Casting , Cinematography , Picture Editing , Music Composition , Sound Mixing , and Art Direction .
Other recognitions included a TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama nomination at the 30th TCA Awards and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series for Wright at the 4th Critics ' Choice Television Awards . For the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series . For the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the cast was nominated for Best Drama Ensemble , Spacey won for Best Drama Actor , and Wright was nominated for Best Drama Actress . For the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , the series was nominated for Best Television Series – Drama , Wright was nominated for Best Actress – Television Series Drama , and Spacey won for Best Actor – Television Series Drama . For the 67th Directors Guild of America Awards , Jodie Foster was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series for the episode " Chapter 22 " .
= = = Impact = = =
U.S. President Barack Obama quipped about his interest in an advance copy of the second series : " I wish things were that ruthlessly efficient ... It 's true . I was looking at Kevin Spacey thinking , ' this guy 's getting a lot of stuff done ' . " The evening before the season was posted , someone responsible for the @ BarackObama Twitter account ( which is run by Organizing for Action ) tweeted a request that no spoilers be posted online . Since the season debuted on Valentine 's Day , The New York Observer created themed cards in honor of the series with quotes such as " A great man once said everything is about sex . Except sex . Sex is about power " ( an Oscar Wilde quote Underwood had stated during season 1 ) .
Whereas less than 2 % of Netflix subscribers streamed season 1 during the first weekend last year , over 15 % streamed at least one hour during the business day on February 14 .
= = Home media release = =
The second season was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray in region 1 on June 17 , 2014 ( 2014 @-@ 06 @-@ 17 ) , in region 2 on June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 @-@ 06 @-@ 16 ) , and in region 4 on June 19 , 2014 ( 2014 @-@ 06 @-@ 19 ) .
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= Dacre Castle =
Dacre Castle is a moated tower house in the village of Dacre , 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) south @-@ west of Penrith , Cumbria . It was constructed in the mid @-@ 14th century , probably by Margaret Multon , against the background of the threat of Scottish invasion and raids , and was held in the Dacre family until the 17th century . The tower house is 66 feet ( 20 m ) tall , built out of local sandstone , topped by crenellations , with four turrets protruding from a central block , and includes an ornate lavabo in the main hall . Renovated during the 1670s and 1960s after periods of disrepair , the castle is now used as a private home .
= = History = =
Dacre Castle was probably built by Margaret Multon , the wife of Ralph Dacre , in the middle of the 14th century . The Dacre family had risen in prominence in Cumbria during the 12th and early 13th centuries , and William Dacre , Ralph 's father , had acquired a licence to crenellate the property of Dunmallogt in 1307 , quite close to the future site of Dacre Castle . Ralph married Margaret in 1317 , becoming extremely wealth as a result , and received permission to found Naworth Castle in 1335 . Margaret built Dacre Castle at some point between Ralph 's death in 1339 and 1354 , with the intention of creating a fortified home . Many tower houses were built across the region during the period in response to the threat of Scottish raids and invasions . There may have been an older building already on the site , possibly moated , but this is uncertain .
After Margaret 's death , the castle continued to be owned by the Dacre family until the death of Randal Dacre in 1634 , when it passed briefly to the Crown . By 1675 the castle had become derelict and was restored by the then Lord Dacre , Thomas Lennard . A new entrance to the castle was constructed and square , 17th @-@ century windows installed . After Thomas 's death in 1715 the castle was sold to Edward Hassell . The condition of the castle deteriorated again in the 18th century , becoming overgrown and dilapidated , and by the 19th century the Hassell family were using it as a farmhouse .
In 1961 , the castle was leased for 22 years by Anthony and Bunty Kinsman , at a cost of £ 1 @,@ 000 . The property required extensive structural repairs and renovations in order to be made habitable , which the Kinsmans undertook over the next two years . The construction work cost £ 8 @,@ 596 , and some financial support was provided by the Ministry of Works in exchange for the castle being opened to the public for the next fifteen years . The new oak doors in the castle were fitted with iron hinges that had originally been used in nearby Lowther Castle . In 1967 , the castle was visited by Princess Sharada Shah , the daughter of the King Mahendra of Nepal , as part of an official trip to the UK .
In the 21st century the castle is owned by the Hassell @-@ McCosh family and is rented out as a private home . It is protected under UK law as a grade I listed building .
= = Architecture = =
Dacre Castle lies in a valley , overlooking a stream and fields . It comprises a tower house surrounded by a three @-@ sided moat , creating an enclosed courtyard to the east 73 metres ( 240 ft ) by 55 metres ( 180 ft ) across . The moat is between 9 metres ( 30 ft ) to 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wide and up to 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) deep , with a protective bank on the south and west sides ; originally a wall would have surrounded the outside of the courtyard . The courtyard originally held various buildings , possibly stables and offices , but the tower house was designed to operate independently , without the need for attached facilities . Architecturally , the design of Dacre resembles Harewood and Langley Castles .
The tower house is in the north @-@ east corner of the enclosure and takes the form of a square , central block , with two large turrets on one side and two smaller turrets resembling angular buttresses on the other . It is made of large blocks of local sandstone and the roof is crenellated . The central block is 36 feet ( 11 m ) by 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) inside , and is 66 feet ( 20 m ) tall , with 8 @.@ 5 feet ( 2 @.@ 6 m ) thick walls . The building was originally entered through the south @-@ west turret on the ground @-@ floor , but since the 17th century the entrance way has been directly into the central block up an exterior staircase .
The ground floor of the central block contains two vaulted chambers and the first @-@ floor forms a hall containing an ornate lavabo , with smaller chambers in the turrets . The second floor similarly forms a single large chamber , 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) high , with rooms in each of the adjacent turrets , and is traditionally called the " Room of the Three Kings " , after the legend described by William of Malmesbury . In the 14th century , these large chambers would have been subdivided into smaller rooms . The renovations in the 1960s uncovered a possible priest hole behind the fireplace in the Room of the Three Kings , 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) by 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) ; this chamber was re @-@ sealed to avoid the cost of restoring it .
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= Nabulsi soap =
Nabulsi soap ( Arabic : صابون نابلسي , ṣābūn Nābulsi ) is a type of castile soap produced only in Nablus in the West Bank , Palestine . Its chief ingredients are virgin olive oil ( the main agricultural product of the region ) , water , and an alkaline sodium compound . The finished product is ivory @-@ colored and has almost no scent . Traditionally made by women for household use , it had become a significant industry for Nablus by the 14th century . In 1907 the city 's 30 Nabulsi soap factories were supplying half the soap in Palestine . The industry declined during the mid @-@ 20th century following destruction caused by the 1927 earthquake and later disruption from the Israeli military occupation . As of 2008 , only two soap factories survive in Nablus . The old Arafat soap factory has been turned into a Cultural Heritage Enrichment Center .
= = History = =
Nabulsi soap was traditionally made by women for household use even before the 10th century when small soap @-@ making factories had appeared . Trade with Bedouins was indispensable for soap @-@ making , both in Nablus and Hebron , since they alone could furnish the alcalic soda ( qilw ) required by the process . By the 14th century a significant soap @-@ making industry had developed in Nablus and the soap , reputedly prized by Queen Elizabeth I of England , was exported throughout the Middle East and to Europe .
The 19th century saw a major expansion of soap manufacturing in Nablus , which became the center of soap production throughout the Fertile Crescent . By 1907 , the city 's 30 factories were producing nearly 5 @,@ 000 tons of Nabulsi soap annually , over half of all soap production in Palestine . John Bowring wrote of Nabulsi soap in the 1830s that it is , " highly esteemed in the Levant , " and Muhammad Kurd Ali , a Syrian historian , wrote in the 1930s that " Nablus soap is the best and most famous soap today for it has , it seems , a quality not found in others and the secret is that it is unadulterated and well produced . "
The soap industry in Nablus began to decline in the mid @-@ 20th century , caused in part by natural disasters , especially a 1927 earthquake which destroyed much of the Old City of Nablus , and in part by Israeli military occupation . Israeli military raids during the Second Intifada destroyed several soap factories in the historic quarter of Nablus . Only two soap factories survive in Nablus , and they face continuing problems both in terms of the soap 's manufacture and its export . The General Manager of the factory owned by the Touqan family commented in 2008 :
" Before 2000 , our factory used to produce 600 tons of soap annually . Due to the physical and economic obstacles we face now because of the Israeli occupation – and especially the checkpoints – we produce barely half that amount today . "
According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , the checkpoints and road blocks set up throughout the West Bank have created problems in the transportation of supplies and material to and from the factories as well as making it difficult for workers to get from their homes to the factories . However , Nabulsi soap is still widely sold in Nablus and the West Bank . It is also exported to Jordan , Kuwait , and Arab @-@ Israeli cities such as Nazareth .
Considered an important aspect of Nablus 's cultural heritage , the preservation of the Nabulsi soap @-@ making industry has been the focus of several local projects , including the restoration and conversion of the old Arafat soap factory into a Cultural Heritage Enrichment Center . The center has research and exhibition facilities and includes a small model soap factory which makes Nabulsi soap using traditional methods . Project Hope and other local non @-@ governmental organizations market the soap in the West to raise funds for their other community projects .
= = Production process = =
Like Castile soap , the chief ingredients of Nabulsi soap are virgin olive oil , water , and an alkaline sodium compound . The compound is made by mixing the powdered ashes of the barilla plant ( qilw ) which grows along the banks of the River Jordan with locally supplied lime ( sheed ) . The sodium compound is then is heated with water and the olive oil in large copper vats over fermentation pits . The solution of water and the sodium compound becomes increasingly concentrated in a series of 40 cycles repeated over eight days . During that time , an oar @-@ shaped wooden tool known as a dukshab is used to stir the liquid soap continuously . The liquid soap is then spread in wooden frames to set . After setting , it is cut into the classic cube shape of Nabulsi soap and stamped with the company 's trademark seal . The soap cubes then undergo a drying process which can last from three months to a year and involves stacking them in ceiling @-@ high structures resembling cones with hollow centers which allow the air to circulate around the cubes .
The finished product is ivory @-@ colored and has almost no scent . ( Perfumes are never used in Nabulsi soap . ) Before leaving the factory , the individual cubes which are to be sold locally are wrapped by hand in paper which is waxed on one side . Cubes which are destined for export are left unwrapped and usually dispatched in stiff sacks to protect them from damage .
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= Cody Rhodes =
Cody Garrett Runnels ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American professional wrestler and actor . He is best known for his work in WWE under the ring name Cody Rhodes and later Stardust . He is the son of WWE Hall of Famer Dusty Rhodes and the half @-@ brother of WWE wrestler Goldust . After an amateur wrestling career that resulted in becoming a two @-@ time Georgia state champion , he followed his father and older brother 's footsteps into the professional ranks and joined WWE .
After becoming a Triple Crown Champion in Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , WWE 's developmental territory at the time , he was elevated to the main roster , where he became a two @-@ time Intercontinental Champion . A prolific tag team wrestler , Rhodes has won six tag team championships ( three World Tag Team Championships and three WWE Tag Team Championships ) with four separate tag team partners . Along with Goldust , he also won the 2013 Tag Team of the Year Slammy Award .
= = Early life = =
Runnels was born in Charlotte , North Carolina . He had a successful high school wrestling career , attending Lassiter High School . He placed sixth in the 171 lb ( 78 kg ) division as a sophomore . As a junior , he won the Georgia state tournament at 189 lb ( 86 kg ) in 2003 , and repeated as champion his senior year . He had planned to wrestle collegiately at Pennsylvania State University , but decided to become a professional wrestler instead . During his time in high school , Runnels also acted as a referee in his father 's Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling promotion . After graduating high school , Runnels attended an acting school .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE = = =
= = = = Ohio Valley Wrestling ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = = =
Using his real name , Runnels began wrestling in Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) in June 2006 . Runnels formed a tag team with Shawn Spears in mid @-@ August 2006 and they quickly became embroiled in a feud with The Untouchables over the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship . They first captured the championship from The Untouchables on October 18 . In November 2006 , Runnels and Spears defeated The Untouchables in a tag team match , and won the services of Cherry , The Untouchables ' manager . Cherry accompanied Spears and Runnels to ringside , and soon Spears began to fall in love with her , which began interfering with their matches . On November 29 , the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship was vacated after a match between The Untouchables and Runnels and Spears ended in a draw . The following week , a rematch between the two teams was held for the vacant championship . During this match Cherry turned on Spears and Runnels , rejoining The Untouchables and helping them regain the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship . Two weeks later , on December 20 , Runnels and Spears defeated Deuce ' n Domino in a Street Fight to win the championship for the second time . Shortly afterwards , Runnels and Spears became involved in a scripted rivalry with each other , after Spears became jealous of Runnels ' success as a singles wrestler . This rift started when Runnels won the OVW Heavyweight Championship from Paul Burchill at a house show on February 17 , 2007 , only to lose it to Burchill the next day . Spears went on to win the OVW Television Championship in response . On April 11 , the duo lost the Southern Tag Team Championship to the team of Justin LaRouche and Charles Evans . Runnels went on to defeat his now heated rival on July 6 , to become the new OVW Television Champion . Exactly one week later , however , Runnels lost the championship to Spears .
= = = = Teaming with Hardcore Holly ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = = =
On the July 2 , 2007 edition of Raw , Runnels made his television debut , using the ring name Cody Rhodes , in a backstage segment with his father Dusty Rhodes and Randy Orton , where Orton introduced himself to Rhodes and then slapped Dusty as a sign of disrespect . On July 9 , Rhodes slapped Orton in return , and the following week , Rhodes faced Orton in his debut WWE match , but lost . Rhodes appeared at The Great American Bash to prevent Orton from further attacking his father . The next night on Raw , Rhodes challenged Orton to a rematch from the previous week , only to lose again . Orton followed this up by kicking Rhodes ' father in the head , similar to how he had in storyline nearly ended the careers of both Shawn Michaels and Rob Van Dam . Rhodes ' next storyline was a rivalry with Daivari , after he pinned him on the July 30 , 2007 edition of Raw , to keep his job . In the midst of this rivalry , he also feuded with The World 's Greatest Tag Team , defeating both members , Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin in singles matches . The two feuds combined , when Rhodes , along with Paul London and Brian Kendrick , beat The World 's Greatest Tag Team and Daivari in a six @-@ man tag team match . The following week , Rhodes teamed up with Mickie James to defeat Daivari and Jillian Hall , ending their scripted rivalry . Three weeks later , he began a feud with Hardcore Holly and lost three consecutive matches to him . Rhodes eventually earned Holly 's respect , impressing Holly during their matches with his persistence and several near @-@ falls , and the two formed a tag team . They earned a shot at the World Tag Team Title by defeating Paul London and Brian Kendrick and The Highlanders in a WWE.com exclusive match after an Alabama Slam . They fought against the Tag Team Champions Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch at Survivor Series , in what was Rhodes ' first on @-@ screen title shot and pay @-@ per @-@ view match , but were unsuccessful . On the November 19 Raw , Rhodes faced Holly for a fourth time , and beat him for the first time , although they were both attacked by Randy Orton afterwards . On the Raw 15th Anniversary special episode that aired on December 10 , 2007 , Rhodes , along with Hardcore Holly , defeated Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch for the World Tag Team Championship , marking Rhodes ' first championship in WWE . The following week , Rhodes and Holly retained their title , in their first title defense , against Cade and Murdoch . They also successfully defended the championships against the teams of Santino Marella and Carlito and Paul London and Brian Kendrick . In May 2008 , Ted DiBiase began feuding with the duo , threatening to take their titles in his first match as part of the Raw brand . At the pay @-@ per @-@ view event , Night of Champions on June 29 , Rhodes turned on Holly by revealing himself as Ted DiBiase 's partner to help DiBiase win the match , becoming a villain for the first time in his career and also a two @-@ time World Tag Team Champion .
= = = = The Legacy ( 2008 – 2010 ) = = = =
After holding the championship for just over a month , they dropped it to John Cena and Batista on the August 4 , 2008 edition of Raw . The following week , DiBiase and Rhodes used their rematch clause to regain the championship . Rhodes and DiBiase were joined by Manu , the son of Afa , in September , forming a stable of multi @-@ generational superstars . On the October 27 , 2008 edition of Raw , Rhodes and DiBiase lost the World Tag Team Championship once again , this time to Kofi Kingston and CM Punk . On the November 3 , 2008 edition of Raw , Rhodes , DiBiase and Manu entered a storyline with Orton where Orton constantly criticized and insulted them and attacked DiBiase . At Survivor Series , Rhodes , along with Orton , was a sole survivor , for Orton 's team , in the annual Elimination match . Rhodes and Manu accepted Orton 's offer for an alliance in the following weeks and the trio dubbed themselves the " Legacy " ; debuting in a two @-@ on @-@ three handicap match against Batista and Triple H. Orton began scheduling tests for the Legacy members , so they could prove themselves and over two weeks , both Manu and Sim Snuka were kicked out .
On the January 12 , 2009 edition of Raw , Snuka and Manu gave Rhodes the chance to align with them to attack Orton , along with the returning DiBiase , but Rhodes refused . As they ambushed Orton , DiBiase instead joined with Orton and Rhodes to attack Snuka and Manu and became a member of the Legacy . As part of the Legacy , Rhodes entered the Royal Rumble match in order to help Orton win , and lasted until the final three , before being eliminated by Triple H. Rhodes and DiBiase became involved in Orton 's scripted rivalry with the McMahon family , helping him to attack Shane and Stephanie McMahon , and Stephanie 's real @-@ life husband , Triple H. Rhodes was also elevated to main event status as a result of joining the Legacy , competing in handicap and six @-@ man tag team matches against Orton 's opponents and rivals . On April 26 , at Backlash , Rhodes , DiBiase , and Orton defeated Triple H , Batista , and Shane McMahon in a six @-@ man tag team match , which , per the pre @-@ match stipulation , resulted in Orton winning the WWE Championship . Rhodes suffered a minor neck injury in June , but did not need any time off to recover . Throughout mid @-@ 2009 , Rhodes and DiBiase continued to compete against and attack Orton 's rivals , especially Triple H. This led to Triple H reforming D @-@ Generation X ( DX ) with Shawn Michaels , and DX defeated Rhodes and DiBiase at SummerSlam . Rhodes and DiBiase defeated DX at the following pay @-@ per @-@ view , Breaking Point in a submissions count anywhere match , but were defeated in a Hell in a Cell match at the Hell in a Cell pay @-@ per @-@ view in October , when Rhodes was pinned following a sledgehammer shot to the head . Rhodes was afterwards taken from the arena on a stretcher following the match .
Tension within the Legacy became apparent at the 2010 Royal Rumble , when Rhodes attempted to interfere in Orton 's match for the WWE Championship . Rhodes was caught by the referee , resulting in a disqualification for Orton , who attacked Rhodes and DiBiase , who had tried to help Rhodes , after the match . On the February 15 Raw , Orton took on Sheamus in a non @-@ title rematch , but was again disqualified after Rhodes and DiBiase interfered . During the WWE Championship Elimination Chamber match pay @-@ per @-@ view , Rhodes interfered , passing a lead pipe through the cage to DiBiase . DiBiase hit Orton with the pipe and eliminated him from the match . The next night on Raw , Orton attacked Rhodes and DiBiase during a six @-@ man tag team match , and they attacked Orton the following week in retaliation . This led to a triple threat match at WrestleMania XXVI , in which Orton defeated Rhodes and DiBiase .
= = = = " Dashing " Cody Rhodes ( 2010 – 2011 ) = = = =
As part of the 2010 WWE Supplemental Draft , Rhodes was drafted to the SmackDown brand . He made his debut for the brand on the April 30 SmackDown , by defeating John Morrison . The following week on SmackDown , Rhodes participated in a tournament for the vacant WWE Intercontinental Championship , but lost to Christian in the semi @-@ finals . Rhodes mentored Husky Harris , a third @-@ generation wrestler , in the second season of NXT .
On the June 25 SmackDown , Rhodes began a new narcissistic gimmick , claiming to be the best @-@ looking wrestler in WWE and demanding to be called " Dashing " Cody Rhodes . As part of the gimmick , vignettes began airing in which Rhodes gave " grooming tips " . He was extremely protective of his face during matches ; if he was hit in the face , he threw a fit and checked his mirror . In September , he attacked Christian along with Drew McIntyre after a match , and the duo also attacked Matt Hardy , forming an alliance . At Night of Champions in September , Rhodes and McIntyre captured the WWE Tag Team Championship in a Tag Team Turmoil match , also including The Hart Dynasty , The Usos , Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov , and Evan Bourne and Mark Henry . At Bragging Rights , Rhodes and McIntyre lost the championship to The Nexus ( John Cena and David Otunga ) . On the October 29 SmackDown , after losing a tag team match , Rhodes and McIntyre dissolved their partnership . This gimmick would end in January 2011 in a match against Rey Mysterio on SmackDown resulting in a broken nose .
= = = = Intercontinental Champion ( 2011 – 2012 ) = = = =
In January 2011 , Rhodes faced Rey Mysterio in a match , during which Mysterio hit Rhodes in the face with his exposed knee brace and legitimately broke Rhodes ' nose , which led to Rhodes declaring he was no longer dashing and had required facial reconstructive surgery . Rhodes was off television for several weeks , missing both the Royal Rumble and Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view events . Upon his return , he wore a clear protective mask over his face , and colluded with his father to attack Mysterio and remove Mysterio 's mask on the February 25 SmackDown . Rhodes then regularly used his protective mask as a weapon during matches by headbutting opponents and sometimes took off the mask to use it to hit his opponents . Rhodes and Mysterio faced off in a match at WrestleMania XXVII on April 3 , which Rhodes won . The duo also faced off in a Falls Count Anywhere match at the Extreme Rules pay @-@ per @-@ view in May , which was won by Mysterio .
On subsequent episodes of SmackDown following Wrestlemania XXVII , Rhodes , with the help of assistants , would hand out paper bags to the audience during his promos . Rhodes demanded the audience to put on the paper bags on their heads to cover their ugliness and imperfections , because they offended him . Rhodes also put paper bags over several of his opponents ' heads after matches with them . Rhodes reformed his alliance with Ted DiBiase on the May 20 SmackDown , and the duo went on to feud with Sin Cara and Daniel Bryan . At the second annual Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view , Rhodes participated in the Money in the Bank ladder match , but was unsuccessful as Bryan won the match .
At the August 9 tapings of the August 12 SmackDown , Rhodes defeated Ezekiel Jackson to win the WWE Intercontinental Championship , his first singles title with the company . He made his first title defense the following week on SmackDown , by defeating Jackson in a rematch . That same night , Rhodes and DiBiase had a verbal confrontation with Orton . The following week , Rhodes attacked DiBiase after the latter lost a singles match to Orton , ending their alliance and resulting in an Intercontinental Championship match between the two at Night of Champions , which Rhodes won . Simultaneously , Rhodes had begun a feud with Orton , with Orton defeating Rhodes on the September 9 SmackDown , but Rhodes defeated Orton on the September 12 Raw with the help of Mark Henry 's distraction of Orton . On the September 23 SmackDown , Rhodes defeated Orton by disqualification when Orton took Rhodes ' mask off and hit him with it . Post @-@ match , Orton attacked Rhodes with the timekeeper 's bell , legitimately cutting Rhodes and causing bleeding . The footage was highly edited for some broadcasts . The following week on SmackDown , Rhodes claimed he needed nine staples to close the wound . At the same time as his feud with Orton , Rhodes was successfully defending his Intercontinental Championship , including in a 10 @-@ man battle royal and against Sheamus in a singles match .
At the Hell in a Cell pay @-@ per @-@ view on October 2 , Rhodes debuted a new design for the Intercontinental Championship , which included a white strap and plates identical to the title 's classic 1980s design , before successfully defending it against John Morrison . Throughout October , Rhodes continued feuding with Orton , costing him the World Heavyweight Championship and attacking him . At Vengeance , Rhodes was defeated by Orton in a non @-@ title match . On the November 4 SmackDown , Orton defeated Rhodes in a Street Fight to end the feud ; in the process , Orton broke Rhodes ' mask . On the November 14 Raw , Rhodes reappeared without his mask , claiming that Orton had set him free , signalling the end of his masked gimmick . Rhodes was a member of Team Barrett for a traditional Survivor Series match at Survivor Series , in which he and Wade Barrett were the only two survivors and won the match against a team led by Orton .
Rhodes then feuded with SmackDown commentator Booker T , attacking him from behind on several occasions , and successfully retaining the Intercontinental Championship against him at Tables , Ladders & Chairs and on the January 6 , 2012 SmackDown . In the 2012 Royal Rumble match , Rhodes lasted over 40 minutes , and eliminated more wrestlers than other any other competitor with six , before he was eliminated by The Big Show . At Elimination Chamber Rhodes pinned Show in the World Heavyweight Championship Elimination Chamber match , before being eliminated by Santino Marella . Rhodes spent the following weeks highlighting Show 's embarrassing moments in previous WrestleManias , often costing Show to lose matches in the process . At WrestleMania XXVIII , Rhodes lost the Intercontinental Championship to Big Show , ending his near eight @-@ month reign of 236 days .
Following the loss at WrestleMania , Rhodes went on a brief losing streak , due to Show distracting him during matches . Four weeks after losing the title , Rhodes regained it at Extreme Rules in a Tables match . On the May 7 episode of Raw SuperShow , Rhodes retained his title against Show in a rematch after getting himself counted out . Two weeks later at Over the Limit , Rhodes lost the Intercontinental Championship to the returning Christian . At No Way Out , Rhodes failed to regain the Intercontinental Championship from Christian in a rematch . On the June 29 SmackDown , Rhodes and David Otunga were defeated by Christian and United States Champion Santino Marella in a Money in the Bank qualification match for the World Heavyweight Championship , due to Otunga being pinned . Afterwards , Rhodes claimed that he hadn 't lost and demanded another chance . Four days later on Super SmackDown Live , the WWE Board of Directors granted Rhodes another shot and he defeated Christian to earn a spot in the match . However , at Money in the Bank , he was unsuccessful as the match was won by Dolph Ziggler . In August , Cody Rhodes restarted a feud with Sin Cara where he was obsessed with unmasking Sin Cara , whom he claimed was ugly . However , Sin Cara got the better of Rhodes twice in singles and tag team matches . On September 16 at Night of Champions , Rhodes failed to capture the Intercontinental Championship from The Miz in a fatal @-@ four @-@ way match , also involving Rey Mysterio and Sin Cara .
= = = = Team Rhodes Scholars ( 2012 – 2013 ) = = = =
Rhodes then aligned himself with Damien Sandow , attacking Tag Team Champions Team Hell No ( Daniel Bryan and Kane ) on the September 24 Raw and vowing to become the next champions . The team , now known as Team Rhodes Scholars , were entered in a Tag Team Championship tournament and defeated The Usos to advance . On the October 8 Raw , Team Rhodes Scholars defeated Santino Marella and Zack Ryder to advance to the finals in the tournament . Ultimately , Team Rhodes Scholars defeated Rey Mysterio and Sin Cara on the October 22 Raw to win the tournament and become the number one contenders to the Tag Team Championship . Team Rhodes Scholars got their title opportunity against Team Hell No on October 28 at Hell in a Cell , where they won by disqualification , thus Team Hell No retained the title . Rhodes Scholars received another shot at the WWE Tag Team Championship on the November 14 of WWE Main Event , but were defeated by Team Hell No . During the match , Rhodes suffered a concussion and a strained shoulder , resulting in him being removed from his traditional five @-@ on @-@ five tag team match at Survivor Series .
Rhodes returned from injury on the December 10 Raw , sporting a mustache , where he and Sandow defeated Primo & Epico , The Prime Time Players ( Darren Young and Titus O 'Neil ) , and The Usos in a fatal four @-@ way tag team elimination match to earn the right to face Rey Mysterio and Sin Cara in a number one contender Tables match at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs . Six days later at the pay @-@ per @-@ view , Team Rhodes Scholars defeated Mysterio and Sin Cara to become the number one contenders to the WWE Tag Team Championship . Team Rhodes Scholars received their title shots on the next Main Event episode , but were once again defeated by Team Hell No . On the January 7 , 2013 , Raw , Team Rhodes Scholars defeated Team Hell No in a non @-@ title match to earn another shot at the WWE Tag Team Championship . The title rematch took place on January 27 at the Royal Rumble , where Team Rhodes Scholars once again failed to capture the tag team titles . Later that night , Rhodes participated in the Rumble match and lasted for twenty seven minutes ( the fourth longest of the match ) , eliminating four men including his half @-@ brother Goldust , before being eliminated by the eventual winner John Cena . On the next SmackDown , Rhodes and Sandow mutually decided to dissolve Team Rhodes Scholars and remain " best friends " . However , they reunited during the pre @-@ show of Elimination Chamber on February 17 , but were defeated by the team of Brodus Clay and Tensai . Rhodes and Sandow then aligned themselves with The Bella Twins as they began feuding with Tons of Funk ( Brodus Clay and Tensai ) and The Funkadactyls ( Cameron and Naomi ) . The two teams were originally booked to face each other in an eight @-@ person mixed tag team match on April 7 at WrestleMania 29 , but their match was cut due to time constraints . The match instead took place the following night on Raw , where Tons of Funk and The Funkadactyls emerged victorious . On May 19 , during the Extreme Rules pre @-@ show , Rhodes was defeated by The Miz in a singles match .
On July 14 at Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view , Rhodes competed in the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank ladder match , but was unsuccessful as the match was won by his tag team partner Damien Sandow after Sandow turned on Rhodes and threw him off of the ladder just as Rhodes was about to win the match . The following night on the July 15 episode of Raw , Rhodes attacked Sandow and effectively dissolving Team Rhodes Scholars , turning face in the process for the first time since 2008 . On the July 26 SmackDown , Rhodes stole the briefcase from Sandow and threw it into the Gulf of Mexico ; Sandow was unable to save it as he could not swim . On the August 5 Raw , Rhodes gave Sandow the briefcase that he retrieved from the Gulf of Mexico but kept the contract itself . Rhodes continued his feud with Sandow on that same week 's SmackDown , by preventing Sandow from cashing in his new Money in the Bank contract on a vulnerable Alberto Del Rio . On August 18 at SummerSlam , now no longer sporting a mustache , Rhodes defeated Sandow in a singles match , and did so again the following night on Raw . The following week on Raw , Rhodes teamed with The Miz to defeat Sandow and Fandango to end the feud .
= = = = Teaming and feuding with Goldust ( 2013 – 2015 ) = = = =
On the September 2 Raw , as punishment for speaking out against Chief Operating Officer Triple H 's authoritarian rule , Rhodes was forced to put his job on the line when he faced WWE Champion Randy Orton in a non @-@ title match ; ( it was also mentioned that Rhodes was soon to be married ) Rhodes lost and was duly " fired " . This storyline was put in place to give Runnels time off for his marriage and honeymoon to Brandi Reed , more well known as Eden , who now is a ring announcer on WWE Main Event and Smackdown . It was also put in place to put in the impending return of his half @-@ brother Dustin Runnels , who is more well known as Goldust . Over the next few weeks , his brother Goldust also lost to Orton with Cody 's reinstatement on the line , while his father Dusty Rhodes was knocked out by Big Show while pleading for his sons to get their jobs back . In return , the vengeful Rhodes brothers gatecrashed Raw by attacking the Shield .
On October 6 at Battleground , Rhodes and Goldust won their jobs back when they defeated the WWE Tag Team Champions , Roman Reigns and Seth Rollins in a non @-@ title match . The Rhodes brothers then defeated Reigns and Rollins with the help of Big Show in a no disqualification match on the October 14 Raw , to capture the tag title . On October 27 at Hell in a Cell , the Rhodes brothers ' first successful title defense came with winning a triple threat match against the Usos and Rollins and Reigns . On the December 13 episode of SmackDown , it was announced that Cody Rhodes and Goldust would defend the WWE Tag Team Championship against The Real Americans ( Jack Swagger and Antonio Cesaro ) , RybAxel ( Ryback and Curtis Axel ) , and Big Show and Rey Mysterio in a Fatal Four Way tag team match at the TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs ( 2013 ) . At the Royal Rumble , Rhodes and Goldust dropped the tag title to The New Age Outlaws . He and Goldust also entered the Rumble match itself . Goldust accidentally eliminated Rhodes right before Roman Reigns eliminated him . Goldust and Rhodes faced the Outlaws in a rematch on Raw after the Royal Rumble , which ended in a no contest after Brock Lesnar attacked them both . The titles rematch was then rescheduled for the February 3 Raw in a steel cage . Rhodes was pinned following a moonsault off the top of the cage onto Road Dogg , who was not the legal man at the time , allowing Billy Gunn to use the Fame @-@ Ass @-@ er and win the match for The New Age Outlaws .
They lost momentum and went through a losing streak . After losing to Curtis Axel and Ryback , Cody , told Goldust to find a better tag team partner and left his brother . Following Payback , Rhodes tried to find a new partner for his brother , getting Sin Cara , R @-@ Truth , and Kofi Kingston to replace him in the team , both times losing to Axel and Ryback .
On the June 16 episode of Raw , Rhodes debuted a new character called Stardust ( a ring name also previously used by his father during his time in AWA ) , with face paint , a bodysuit , and mannerisms similar to those of Goldust . He teamed with his brother to defeat RybAxel that night , and again at the Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view , and again on Raw . On the August 18 episode of Raw , Stardust and Goldust defeated the WWE Tag Team Champions The Usos in a non @-@ title match . This led to a rematch on the August 25 episode of Raw , where Stardust and Goldust defeated The Usos via count @-@ out , however , didn 't win the titles . After the match , both Stardust and Goldust turned heel and attacked The Usos . The next week , Gold and Stardust explained their actions that the fans were holding them back and that attacking the Usos put them one step closer to reaching the Cosmic Key in the Galactic Universe . At Night of Champions , Stardust and Goldust defeated the Usos to become WWE Tag Team Champions for their second reign as a team . At Hell in a Cell , they successfully retained against The Usos . They lost the title to Damien Mizdow & The Miz in a Fatal Four Way tag team match , also involving The Usos and Los Matadores the next month at Survivor Series , and lost a rematch the next night on Raw .
In early February 2015 , Goldust and Stardust were defeated by The Ascension and once again began tensions with Stardust showing his frustrations at Goldust . After the match , Goldust called Stardust " Cody " and Stardust responded by telling Goldust to never refer to him by that name again . On the February 16 episode of Raw , Stardust hit Cross Rhodes on Goldust after a tag match , dissolving the team . He then explained to his father that Cody Rhodes was dead and Dusty may as well be , too . This led to a match between Goldust and Stardust at Fastlane , which Goldust won via rollup . Afterwards , Stardust attacked Goldust backstage , while exclaiming to his father that he had killed Cody Rhodes . The feud between Stardust and Goldust ended when Stardust attacked Goldust after Goldust won a match against Adam Rose while pretending to be one of Rose 's Rosebuds in a costume suit . The feud officially concluded as Stardust then became involved in the Intercontinental Championship ladder match at WrestleMania 31 , competing against the current champion , Bad News Barrett , R @-@ Truth , Dean Ambrose , Luke Harper , Dolph Ziggler , and the winner of the match , Daniel Bryan .
= = = = Final storylines and departure ( 2015 – 2016 ) = = = =
On the April 6 episode of Raw , Stardust answered John Cena 's United States Championship open challenge , but failed to win the title . Stardust was defeated by R @-@ Truth in the 2015 King of the Ring and at the Payback pre @-@ show .
The Stardust character eventually evolved to resemble a comic book supervillain , which led to him entering a storyline rivalry with actor Stephen Amell . After confronting Amell on the May 25 Raw , Stardust renamed his finishing maneuver The Queen 's Crossbow , after Oliver Queen , Amell 's character from Arrow . After taking a brief hiatus following the death of his father , Stardust returned on the July 13 episode of Raw , defeating Neville , starting a new rivalry between the two . Stardust then went on a winning streak , defeating the likes of R @-@ Truth , Zack Ryder and Fandango . He attacked Neville following his match with King Barrett , and also attacked guest star Stephen Amell , leading to Amell attacking Stardust . At SummerSlam , Stardust and Barrett were defeated in a tag team match by Amell and Neville .
On the September 3 episode of SmackDown , The Ascension aligned themselves with Stardust by attacking Neville before their match , forming the faction " The Cosmic Wasteland " . At Night of Champions , they defeated Neville and The Lucha Dragons in a six @-@ man tag team match in the pre @-@ show . After this , they were defeated in every match they participated in . During the 2015 Slammy Awards , Stardust stole Stephen Amell 's trophy for celebrity moment of the year . He then suffered back @-@ to @-@ back loses during his feud with Titus O 'Neil , who attempted to convince Stardust to go back to being Cody Rhodes .
On the February 15 episode of Raw , Stardust participated in a five @-@ way match for the Intercontinental Championship , but did not win the match . At WrestleMania 32 , Stardust competed in a seven @-@ man ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship , which was won by Zack Ryder . Post @-@ WrestleMania , Stardust lost to Apollo Crews four times on television , which was followed by a loss to Zack Ryder on the May 20 episode of Superstars .
On May 21 , Runnels revealed on Twitter that he had requested his release from WWE , which was officially granted the following day . Runnels cited frustrations with WWE 's creative department and his position within the company as the reasons for requesting his release , noting that he had " pleaded " with writers to end the Stardust gimmick for over 6 months and pitched numerous storyline ideas which had been ignored .
Reflecting on Runnels ' WWE career , Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer wrote that following his run with Legacy , Runnels was " used as more of a lower and mid @-@ card wrestler in a number of changing roles " , adding that " his career had gone nowhere and he hadn 't been used well . " James Caldwell of Pro Wrestling Torch wrote that Runnels " had been floundering as the Stardust character over the past year or so , mostly landing on Superstars or Main Event " . Jason Powell of Pro Wrestling Dot Net commented that Runnels choosing to leave was " surprising in the sense that Cody and his family have worked for WWE for so long " . Meanwhile , Dave Scherer of Pro Wrestling Insider wrote , " I can 't say I blame him a bit . Not even a little bit . WWE never gave him a real chance , and that 's just sad to me . " Runnels request for his release from the company came as shock to everyone as his father had cultivated a big legacy in this industry
= = = Evolve ( 2016 – present ) = = =
On June 3 , it was announced Rhodes ' first post @-@ WWE match would be for Evolve in Joppa , Maryland on August 19 , where he would face Zack Sabre Jr. at EVOLVE 66 . A follow @-@ up announcement was made that Rhodes signed to participate in more unspecified dates for the company .
= = = Northeast Wrestling ( 2016 @-@ present ) = = =
On June 3 , it was announced that Rhodes , with his wife Brandi Rhodes in Cody 's corner , would face off against Mike Bennett with Maria Kanellis in Bennett 's corner at " Wrestling Under the Stars " on August 26 in Pittsfield , Massachusetts and on August 27 , he would face Kurt Angle in Wappingers Falls , New York for Wrestling Under The Stars as well . On August 28 , Rhodes will appear at a Northeast Wrestling show in Bethany , Connecticut , where he will face Jushin Thunder Liger .
= = = Independent circuit ( 2016 – present ) = = =
Pro Wrestling Guerilla announced on June 6 that Rhodes would be wrestling in their annual Battle of Los Angeles tournament , due to take place in August . Rhodes will face Pat Buck at a WrestlePro event in Rahway , New Jersey on September 10 . On September 18 , Rhodes will appear at Xtreme Wrestling Alliance ( XWA ) ' s show in Providence , Rhode Island and face Tommaso Ciampa . On December 17 , Rhodes will face Bubblegum for Preston City Wrestling in Preston , England.On the 22nd of July it was announced that Rhodes would make an appearance for WhatCulture Professional Wrestling ( WCPW ) on October 6th .
= = = Ring of Honor ( 2016 ) = = =
On July 19 , 2016 Rhodes announced that he would appear at Ring of Honor 's Final Battle pay @-@ per @-@ view on December 2 .
= = Other media = =
In July 2009 , Rhodes became one of the faces of the Gillette " Be a Superstar " advertising campaign , along with Chris Jericho and John Cena . " Be a Superstar " was a four @-@ month @-@ long interactive campaign , which featured the wrestlers in numerous videos promoting Gillette Fusion products . In August 2009 , Rhodes appeared on The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien .
= = Personal life = =
Runnels is of partial Cuban descent through his maternal grandfather . His father was WWE Hall of Famer , " The American Dream " Dusty Rhodes , and his half @-@ brother is WWE superstar Dustin Runnels , who is better known by his ring name Goldust . On March 31 , 2007 , Cody and Dustin inducted their father into the WWE Hall of Fame . He also has two sisters , Teil Gergel and Kristin Ditto , who is a former Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader . He is the nephew of former professional wrestlers Jerry Sags and Fred Ottman , and the godson of Magnum T.A.
In September 2013 , Runnels married Brandi Reed , who worked for WWE as a ring announcer under the name Eden Stiles .
His wrestling boots featured the Triforce symbol from The Legend of Zelda series of video games of which he is a fan ; he has stated he replays A Link to the Past yearly . Runnels is also a comic book fan and has worn wrestling gear inspired by Archangel and Mister Sinister , characters from X @-@ Men . He cites Omega Red and Cyclops as his favorite fictional characters , along with the Inhumans . He personally owns a game cabinet of the 1992 X @-@ Men arcade game .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Web series = = =
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
As Cody Rhodes
Cross Rhodes ( Rolling cutter ) – 2009 – 2014
Silver Spoon ( Flowing DDT ) – 2007 – 2009
As Stardust
Dark Matter ( Modified reverse STO ) – 2014 – 2015
Diamond Dust – 2014 ; used as a signature move thereafter
The Queen 's Crossbow ( Rolling cutter ) – 2015 – 2016
Signature moves
As Cody Rhodes
Alabama Slam ( Double leg slam ) – adopted from Hardcore Holly
Bulldog , sometimes from the second rope – adopted from his brother Goldust
Crossbody , sometimes from the top rope
Dropping down and uppercutting or kicking the opponent , as a back body drop counter – adopted from his brother Goldust
Inverted suplex slam
Knee drop
Moonsault onto a standing opponent
Multiple kick variations
Beautiful Disaster ( Springboard roundhouse )
Drop , sometimes while springboarding
Football to the midsection of an opponent holding onto the ropes and in a wheelbarrow hold – adopted from Hardcore Holly
Muscle buster
Russian legsweep
As Stardust
Falling Star ( Springboard senton from the ring apron to the outside of the ring )
Springboard bionic elbow
Straight jacket DDT
Star Effect ( Sitout side slam )
Managers
Cherry
Brandi Rhodes
Wrestlers managed
Husky Harris
The Ascension
Nicknames
" Dashing "
" The Inter @-@ dimensional Oddity "
" The Prince of Dark Matter "
" Undashing "
Entrance themes
" Out to Kill " by Billy Lincoln ( July 2007 – June 2008 , March 2010 – July 2010 )
" Priceless " by Jim Johnston ( June 2008 – January 2009 ; used while teaming with Ted DiBiase )
" Priceless ( remix ) " by Jim Johnston ( January 2009 – May 2009 ; used while teaming with Ted DiBiase and in singles competition )
" It 's a New Day " by Adelitas Way ( June 2009 – March 2010 ; used while teaming with Ted DiBiase and in singles competition )
" Smoke & Mirrors " by TV / TV ( July 9 , 2010 – March 11 , 2011 )
" Smoke And Mirrors " by Jim Johnston ( November 14 , 2011 – June 1 , 2014 )
" Gold and Smoke " by Jim Johnston ( October 21 , 2013 – June 1 , 2014 ; used while teaming with Goldust )
" Written In The Stars " by Jim Johnston ( June 16 , 2014 – May 22 , 2016 )
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
= = = Amateur wrestling = = =
Georgia State Tournament
Champion at 189 pounds ( 86 kg ) weight class ( 2003 )
Champion at 189 pounds ( 86 kg ) weight class ( 2004 )
= = = Professional wrestling = = =
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
OVW Television Championship ( 1 time )
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with Shawn Spears
Fourth OVW Triple Crown Champion
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Most Improved Wrestler of the Year ( 2008 )
PWI ranked him No. 23 of the 500 top singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012
Rolling Stone
Best Special Effects ( 2015 )
World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
WWE Tag Team Championship Tournament ( 2012 )
WWE Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) – with Drew McIntyre ( 1 ) and Goldust ( 2 )
WWE Intercontinental Championship ( 2 times )
World Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) – with Hardcore Holly ( 1 ) and Ted DiBiase ( 2 )
Slammy Awards ( 2 times )
Outstanding Achievement of Baby Oil Application ( 2010 )
Tag Team of the Year ( 2013 ) – with Goldust
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Gimmick – Stardust ( 2015 )
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= Hurricane Lili =
Hurricane Lili was the second deadliest and second costliest hurricane of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season , being surpassed by Hurricane Isidore , which affected the same areas around a week before Lili . Lili was the twelfth named storm , fourth hurricane , and second major hurricane of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season . The storm developed from a tropical disturbance in the open Atlantic on September 21 . It continued westward , affecting the Lesser Antilles as a tropical storm , then entered the Caribbean . As it moved west , the storm dissipated while being affected by wind shear south of Cuba , and regenerated when the vertical wind shear weakened . It turned to the northwest and strengthened up to category 2 strength on October 1 . Lili made two landfalls in western Cuba later that day , and then entered the Gulf of Mexico . The hurricane rapidly strengthened on October 2 , reaching Category 4 strength that afternoon . It weakened rapidly thereafter , and hit Louisiana as a Category 1 hurricane on October 3 . It moved inland and dissipated on October 6 .
Lili caused extensive damage through the Caribbean , particularly to crops and poorly built homes . Mudslides were common on the more mountainous islands , particularly Haiti and Jamaica . In the United States , the storm cut off the production of oil within the Gulf of Mexico , and caused severe damage in parts of Louisiana . Lili was also responsible for severe damage to the barrier islands and marshes in the southern portion of the state . Total damage amounted to $ 925 million ( 2002 USD ) , and the storm killed 15 people during its existence .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 16 . A low level center of circulation developed from a tropical disturbance spawned by this tropical wave midway between the African coast and the Caribbean on September 20 . The next day , the system gained sufficient organization to become a tropical depression . The depression moved westward in excess of 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) , and reached tropical storm strength @-@ becoming Tropical Storm Lili as it passed through the Windward Islands . The cyclone continued to intensify as it moved west through the Caribbean Sea , reaching a peak strength of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) on the morning of September 24 . This was immediately followed by an abrupt weakening , and the storm 's maximum sustained winds dropped to 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) later that day . The sudden weakening was attributed to strong southerly vertical shear . The system degenerated into an open tropical wave the next morning , and remained in that state for nearly two days .
Lili regenerated near Jamaica on the evening of September 26 and gradually turned more to the west @-@ northwest while strengthening . The system became a hurricane on September 30 , just after passing through the Cayman Islands . The storm continued on its course while continuing to intensify , and made landfall twice the next day , on the Isle of Youth and near Pinar del Río as a Category 2 hurricane . Lili emerged over the Gulf of Mexico later that day , having lost little strength during its overland passage .
The system turned to the northwest and sped up , becoming a major hurricane on October 2 while 365 miles ( 587 km ) south @-@ southeast of New Orleans . This intensification continued , aided by warm sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico and good outflow . The system reached its peak strength of category 4 intensity , with winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) , during that afternoon .
This strength was not maintained for long . The storm began to quickly weaken in the early morning hours of October 3 , and this rapid weakening continued until the hurricane 's final landfall near Intracoastal City , Louisiana due to a combination of vertical wind shear , cool waters just offshore Louisiana , and slowly encroaching dry air within its southwest quadrant . By the time of landfall , maximum sustained winds had dropped to 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) . The weakening was accompanied by a collapse of the inner eyewall before landfall . The system continued inland , curving to the north @-@ northeast , and dissipated when absorbed by an extratropical low near the Arkansas / Tennessee border on October 6 .
= = Preparations = =
Tropical storm watches were issued in parts of the Lesser Antilles on September 22 . These were upgraded to warnings the next afternoon , and all advisories were dropped late on September 23 once the storm had passed . Over the next week , the islands of Hispaniola , Jamaica , Cuba , the Caymans , and the Yucatán Peninsula were all under advisories of some kind at different times . Hurricane and tropical storm watches were issued for the Gulf Coast on October 1 , and were upgraded to warnings the next morning . They were discontinued after the storm moved past the following day .
Because the cyclone affected the islands as a weak tropical storm , preparations were minimal . Two hundred people evacuated their homes in advance of the storm on the islands of St. Vincent and Grenadine . In Jamaica , all schools and universities were closed in advance of the storm , and 17 public shelters were opened on the island .
Preparations were extensive in Cuba . Military officials at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba prepared for the possibility of evacuating their Al Qaeda and Taliban prisoners . A total of 130 @,@ 000 Cuban citizens , mainly in western portions of the island , evacuated their homes prior to the storm .
Significant action was taken along the Gulf Coast as the threat the storm posed , predicted to come ashore at Category Four strength , became more urgent . Over a half million people evacuated their homes in Texas and Louisiana , including everyone in Iberia Parish . A total of 200 @,@ 000 people evacuated in Louisiana . At least 2 @,@ 000 volunteers staffed 115 Red Cross shelters in Louisiana , Texas , Mississippi , and Alabama . More than 20 @,@ 000 people stayed in those shelters . The Red Cross also sent over 160 @,@ 000 meals to the area . A total of 3 @,@ 000 prison inmates in Texas were evacuated to safer inland locations . The launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis was delayed for five days when the Kennedy Space Center was threatened by the storm , the first time a launch in Florida had been delayed because of weather in Houston . Stores across the warning area were very busy in advance of the storm . In New Iberia , Louisiana , hardware stores ran out of stock , and businesses in Lafayette , Louisiana reported similar shortages .
Collegiate activities were also affected by the storm . Southern University canceled four days of classes because of Lili , and 20 Texas A & M University Galveston , Texas students evacuated to the school 's College Station location . The University of South Alabama canceled two athletic events in advance of the storm .
= = Impact = =
Hurricane Lili was both the second deadliest and the second most devastating hurricane of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season ( Isidore killed 22 people and damaged $ 1 @.@ 3 billion worth of property ) . A total of 13 people died in the Caribbean Islands , and 2 more were killed in the United States . Severe damage to crops and livestock occurred through the Lesser Antilles , and damage to buildings and other infrastructure was reported in other Caribbean nations and the United States .
= = = Lesser Antilles = = =
Lili affected the islands as a tropical storm . Winds in the area were generally below hurricane force , although some gusts exceeded 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) . Rainfall of up to 4 inches ( 100 mm ) caused deadly mudslides . The winds , combined with poor construction , tore the roofs off numerous homes and businesses . The majority of the damage was dealt to primarily to the banana crop .
St. Lucia lost at least 75 percent of its banana crop , and hundreds of homes were damaged by the strong winds . Near total loss of electricity , water , and telephone services occurred , and utility systems were heavily damaged . Four people were killed on the island , and total damage was estimated at $ 20 million ( 2002 USD , $ 23 @.@ 5 million 2007 USD )
Over 400 homes were damaged in Barbados , and nearly 50 trees were downed by the high gusts . Similar to in St. Lucia , there was significant damage to the nation 's banana crop . Extensive loss of electricity and telephone service also occurred . Damage totaled at nearly $ 200 @,@ 000 ( 2002 USD , $ 235 @,@ 000 2007 USD )
Grenada also experienced moderate damage . A total of 14 homes ' roofs were damaged , and one was completely destroyed . The island Medical Centre 's roof was also damaged , and 12 landslides were reported . There was also mild damage to infrastructure , particularly in St. Patrick 's Parish ; three bridges were damaged or destroyed , along with seven utility poles and a water main . The entire island was without power at some point , but it was quickly restored in the southern part of the island where damage to the poles themselves was less significant .
St. Vincent and the Grenadines were heavily damaged , especially compared to other islands in the area . Several hundred homes and two schools were damaged , and the Rose Hall Police Station 's roof was lost . Still , the majority of damage was dealt to the agricultural industry . In all , damage to the islands totaled $ 40 million ( 2002 USD , $ 47 million 2007 USD ) .
= = = Haiti = = =
Lili passed offshore of Haiti as a dissipating tropical storm . The storm 's major impact was extremely heavy rainfall , in excess of 16 inches ( 410 mm ) near the settlement of Camp @-@ Perrin , Haiti . This caused the Ravine du Sud River to overflow , and submerge buildings in the town . Two people died in the mudslides these rains triggered , and two more drowned in the flooding around Camp @-@ Perrin . The floods also seriously damaged crops and infrastructure ; over 1700 homes were damaged and 240 were destroyed . Hatia was effected dramatically and many towns and villages submerged into rivers exceeding their bankfull discharge
= = = Jamaica = = =
Lili affected Jamaica as a strengthening tropical storm . Wind gusts in excess of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and rainfall over 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) resulted in damage to homes , crops , and utility systems .
Extremely heavy rainfall inundated the island . Cedar Valley recorded the most rainfall , with 23 @.@ 1 inches ( 590 mm ) measured . This led to prolific flooding that triggered mudslides across the island and killed four people . These floods decimated the island 's sugar cane crop , one of the island 's principal exports . The resultant flooding caused widespread problems with the infrastructure of the island . All of the island 's hospitals had flood damage , and three were also dealt structural damage by the strong winds . The flooding caused latrines and other sewage sources to overflow into the intake sources for the water supply , leading to fear of disease .
= = = Cuba = = =
Lili made landfall as a category two hurricane twice in Cuba , on the Isle of Youth and in the Pinar del Río Province , on October 1 . Wind gusts up to 112 mph ( 180 km / h ) and rainfall amounts reaching 6 inches ( 150 mm ) in some places caused damage to homes , businesses and crops . One person was killed .
Damage to buildings and other infrastructure was significant . The most severely affected provinces were Pinar del Río and La Habana . A total of 48 @,@ 000 homes were damaged , 16 @,@ 000 of them lost their roofs . The province Sancti Spiritus was not affected as severely , as only 945 homes were damaged , with 500 losing their roofs . The provinces in Eastern Cuba , including Guantanamo , suffered similar damage . Electricity outages for whole towns lasted weeks in parts of the western provinces . This led to loss of running water due to unpowered pumps , and deliveries of fresh water had to be made to remote villages . The tobacco and rice crops were badly depleted , but it was difficult to differentiate how much damage was caused by Lili , since Isidore had struck the region just a week earlier .
= = = Louisiana = = =
Lili made landfall on the morning of October 3 near Intracoastal City , as a weakening category one hurricane . Wind gusts reaching 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) , coupled with over 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of rainfall and a storm surge of 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) caused over $ 790 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 1 billion 2007 USD ) in damage to Louisiana . A total of 237 @,@ 000 people lost power , and oil rigs offshore were shut down for up to a week . Crops were badly affected , particularly the sugar cane , damage totaled nearly $ 175 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 205 million 2007 USD ) . No direct deaths were reported as early warnings and the compact nature of the storm circumvented major loss of life .
Vermillion Parish , the point of landfall , was hardest hit . Wind gusts in excess of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) , along with a storm surge of 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) dealt major damage to nearly 4000 homes . The worst storm surge flooding occurred in Intracoastal City , destroying 20 buildings owned by a helicopter company . One person died after the storm , and 20 were hospitalized for carbon monoxide poisoning .
Acadia Parish was also hard hit , recording wind gusts exceeding 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) , and 5 tornadoes touched down in the parish . Thousands of homes were damaged with over 2 @,@ 500 suffering severe damage . Power across the parish was knocked out , 2 people were injured and one was killed after the storm . Schools in the parish also sustained $ 1 @.@ 6 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 1 @.@ 9 million 2007 USD ) in damage .
= = = Mississippi = = =
Lili 's outer rainbands dumped large amounts of rain and brought tropical storm force wind gusts to Mississippi . Pascagoula , Mississippi recorded wind gusts of 41 mph ( 66 km / h ) , and Picayune , Mississippi received 4 @.@ 14 inches ( 105 mm ) of rainfall . Minor power outages occurred , mainly in southern Mississippi , and combined with the flooding of roads and buildings caused $ 30 million ( 2002 USD ; $ 35 million 2007 USD ) in damage . No deaths occurred in Mississippi .
= = = Other areas in the United States = = =
Hurricane Lili 's remnants brought heavy rainfall , peaking at four inches in Arkansas , to the Southeast , before dissipating near the Arkansas @-@ Tennessee border . No major damage was reported . In all , Lili caused $ 820 million in damage to the United States .
= = Aftermath = =
President Bush declared Louisiana a federal disaster area after the storm , making it eligible for assistance . FEMA set up three locations to apply in Mississippi and Louisiana . Applications began pouring in , 153 @,@ 000 by the time of the deadline . Over $ 311 million in aid was granted to Louisiana . A total of $ 50 million of that money was in the form of low interest loans , and not actual grants .
Over 1 @,@ 000 power workers from eight different states went to the worst hit areas to help restore power . Seven states sent tree trimmers to help clear debris from power lines and roads to speed the recovery process . In addition , FEMA gave SLEMCO , the state 's power company , an $ 8 @.@ 6 million grant , which paid for 75 % of the damage to the electrical grid there . It took up to four weeks to restore power to all customers .
Hurricane Lili caused great environmental damage to the marshes and barrier islands in Louisiana . Huge fish kills were observed in marshes near the landfall point , and in the Atchafalaya Swamp . The barrier islands to the east of the landfall point , those subjected to the highest surge , were severely eroded . Sand was also deposited behind them into the brackish marshes , burying vegetation . The freshwater marshes were severely damaged by the wind and surge , some of them completely destroyed . The severe erosion created new waterways connecting inland bodies of water with the Gulf of Mexico , which eventually led to further erosion of inland lagoons .
= = = Retirement = = =
The name Lili was retired in the spring of 2003 because of its destruction and deadly Caribbean track , and will never be used again in the Atlantic basin . It was replaced with Laura for the 2008 season . The names Lucy and Lisette were also suggested as possible replacement names for Lili .
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= Interstate 676 =
Interstate 676 ( abbreviated I @-@ 676 ) is an Interstate Highway that serves as a major thoroughfare through Center City Philadelphia , where it is known as the Vine Street Expressway , and Camden , New Jersey , where it is known as the northern segment of the North – South Freeway , as well as the Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Highway . Its western terminus is at I @-@ 76 in Philadelphia near the Philadelphia Museum of Art and Fairmount Park . From there it heads east and is then routed on surface streets near Franklin Square and Independence Mall , home of the Liberty Bell , before crossing the Ben Franklin Bridge . On the New Jersey side of the bridge , the highway heads south to its southern terminus at I @-@ 76 in Gloucester City near the Walt Whitman Bridge . Between the western terminus and downtown Camden , I @-@ 676 is concurrent with U.S. Route 30 ( US 30 ) .
After World War II , freeway approaches were planned for both sides of the Ben Franklin Bridge , which was completed in 1926 and served as a part of US 30 . In Pennsylvania , the Vine Street Expressway was planned to run along the northern edge of Center City Philadelphia to the Schuylkill River , while in New Jersey , the North @-@ South Freeway was to head south along the Route 42 corridor . When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s , this stretch of highway was a part of I @-@ 80S , with Interstate 680 continuing on the Schuylkill Expressway to the Walt Whitman Bridge . In 1964 , the designations became I @-@ 76 and I @-@ 676 , respectively , and in 1972 the two routes were switched onto their current alignments . I @-@ 676 in New Jersey was completed between I @-@ 76 and Morgan Boulevard by 1960 and north of there to downtown Camden by the 1980s . The Vine Street Expressway was opened from the Schuylkill Expressway to 18th Street by 1960 and east of there to I @-@ 95 on January 10 , 1991 after several obstacles to construction . However , there are grade @-@ level intersections in the connections between the Vine Street Expressway and the Ben Franklin Bridge .
= = Route description = =
= = = Pennsylvania = = =
I @-@ 676 begins at an interchange with the Schuylkill Expressway ( I @-@ 76 and US 30 ) in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , heading to the east on the six @-@ lane Vine Street Expressway concurrent with US 30 . It immediately crosses the Schuylkill River on the Vine Street Expressway Bridge and comes to an interchange with 23rd Street and 22nd Street and the Ben Franklin Parkway that has access to the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Franklin Institute . From this point , the Vine Street Expressway enters a depressed road cut and passes under several streets , running along the northern edge of Center City Philadelphia . Vine Street serves as a frontage road to the freeway at street level . Within this alignment , there is an exit for PA 611 ( Broad Street ) . After passing under 10th Street in Chinatown , the last street the depressed alignment passes under , the highway rises up and reaches a split between the Vine Street Expressway , which continues to I @-@ 95 , and I @-@ 676 / US 30 . At this split , there is also an eastbound exit and westbound entrance for 8th Street . After exiting the Vine Street Expressway , eastbound I @-@ 676 / US 30 has a brief at @-@ grade portion along southbound 6th Street to the Ben Franklin Bridge approach , an example of a non – limited access section of Interstate Highway . Westbound I @-@ 676 / US 30 has a ramp from the bridge to the Vine Street Expressway that intersects 7th Street and 8th Street at @-@ grade . From this point , I @-@ 676 / US 30 crosses over the Delaware River on the seven @-@ lane Ben Franklin Bridge , which also carries pedestrians and the PATCO Speedline . This bridge and its approaches are maintained by the Delaware River Port Authority .
= = = New Jersey = = =
After crossing the bridge , the freeway enters the downtown area of Camden in Camden County , New Jersey and passes to the north of Campbell 's Field . Upon entering New Jersey , I @-@ 676 becomes signed as a north @-@ south road . There is a southbound ramp to 6th Street in Camden , which is near the toll booths for northbound traffic . After the toll plaza , US 30 splits from I @-@ 676 at an interchange , at which point I @-@ 676 turns south as a six @-@ lane freeway called the Martin Luther King Memorial Highway or the North @-@ South Freeway . Immediately after the US 30 split , there is an interchange with CR 537 ( Market Street / Federal Street ) and Martin Luther King Boulevard that provides access to downtown Camden . From this point , I @-@ 676 continues south through urban areas of the city , passing over several streets and running immediately to the west of a Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad line . The road heads southwest on a viaduct over neighborhoods before the interchange with CR 607 ( Kaighns Avenue ) and Atlantic Avenue . I @-@ 676 turns south at this junction and comes to the exit for Morgan Boulevard . Past Morgan Boulevard , the freeway crosses the North Branch of Newton Creek . Here , I @-@ 676 ends at an interchange east of the Walt Whitman Bridge with I @-@ 76 , CR 630 , and Route 76C , the latter being an access road to US 130 and Route 168 . The North @-@ South Freeway becomes a part of I @-@ 76 past this interchange and continues into Gloucester City .
= = History = =
The Ben Franklin Bridge was opened on July 1 , 1926 and was designated to carry US 30 across the Delaware River . A parkway called the Camden @-@ Atlantic City Parkway was planned in 1932 to connect the Ben Franklin Bridge southeast to Atlantic City ; this was never built . After World War II , freeway connections were planned on both sides of the Ben Franklin Bridge . In Philadelphia , the Vine Street Expressway was planned to run along the Vine Street corridor to the present @-@ day Schuylkill Expressway in 1945 . The North @-@ South Freeway was proposed in New Jersey as a connection from the bridge south along the Route 42 corridor . In 1950 , the city of Philadelphia began planning the construction of the Vine Street Expressway , which would run along a depressed alignment through the city .
When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s , the Vine Street Expressway , Ben Franklin Bridge , and part of the North @-@ South Freeway were to become a part of it . In New Jersey , this Interstate was initially designated as FAI Corridor 109 . In 1958 , this freeway was initially planned as I @-@ 895 and I @-@ 380 before the American Association of State Highway Officials designated it as a part of I @-@ 80S . Meanwhile , I @-@ 680 was designated along the present @-@ day Schuylkill Expressway between the Vine Street Expressway and the Walt Whitman Bridge . By 1960 , the Vine Street Expressway had been completed between the Schuylkill Expressway and 18th Street . The portion of I @-@ 80S in New Jersey on the North @-@ South Freeway had opened south of Morgan Boulevard by this time . On April 16 , 1963 , Pennsylvania wanted to renumber its Interstate numbers . Part of this was the renumbering from I @-@ 80S into I @-@ 76 , and all of its auxiliary routes into I @-@ x76 . The Federal Highway Administration approved the request on February 26 , 1964 . As a result , I @-@ 80S became I @-@ 76 and I @-@ 680 became I @-@ 676 . In 1972 , the I @-@ 76 and the I @-@ 676 designations were switched onto their current routes . The remainder of the New Jersey portion of I @-@ 676 between Morgan Boulevard and US 30 was completed by the 1980s .
There were several challenges in building the Vine Street Expressway between 18th Street and the Ben Franklin Bridge . The road was to run through developed areas of Philadelphia , intersecting several streets and railroad lines . In addition , the route was to run through Franklin Square , a historically sensitive site , to connect to the Ben Franklin Bridge . As a result , the routing was modified in 1966 to avoid many of these obstacles . The route was to avoid running through Franklin Square , leading to the eastbound direction using surface streets to access the Ben Franklin Bridge , and a planned connector to Market Street was removed . In the 1970s , the proposed freeway ’ s environmental impact statement had to be evaluated again per new guidelines ; when the new environmental impact statement was issued in 1977 , it was found that more improvements were needed for mass transit in the area of the planned freeway . To comply with this , provisions were made concerning the proposed underground Center City Commuter Connection for SEPTA Regional Rail , in which the railroad tracks would pass under I @-@ 676 and residences would be built over the railroad tunnel in Chinatown . Construction was approved in 1986 on the Vine Street Expressway from 18th Street to the Ben Franklin Bridge , with no provisions for elevated connections between the Ben Franklin Bridge and the Vine Street Expressway to avoid disturbing Franklin Square . This portion of the Vine Street Expressway opened to traffic on January 10 , 1991 , completing I @-@ 676 .
On April 14 , 2015 , PennDOT began work to rebuild seven existing overpasses on the Vine Street Expressway portion of I @-@ 676 . The project , which will cost $ 64 @.@ 8 million , is to be completed in fall 2019 .
= = Exit list = =
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= Crucibulum =
Crucibulum is a genus in the Nidulariaceae , a family of fungi whose fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg @-@ filled bird 's nests . Often called " splash cups " , the fruiting bodies are adapted for spore dispersal by using the kinetic energy of falling drops of rain . The " eggs " inside the bird 's nests ( technically known as peridioles ) are hard waxy shells containing spores , and tend to stick to whatever nearby herbage they land on , thus increasing the odds of being consumed and dispersed by herbivorous animals . Members of this genus are saprobic , obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter , and are typically found growing on decayed wood and wood debris . The three known Crucibulum species ( C. laeve , C. parvulum , and C. cyathiforme ) are distinguished from other genera of the Nidulariaceae by their relatively simple funiculus – a cord of hyphae that connects the peridiole ( the " eggs " ) to the exterior of the bird 's nest .
= = History = =
Bird 's nest fungi were first mentioned by Flemish botanist Carolus Clusius in Rariorum plantarum historia ( 1601 ) . Over the next couple of centuries , these fungi were the subject of some controversy regarding whether the peridioles were seeds , and the mechanism by which they were dispersed in nature . For example , the French botanist Jean @-@ Jacques Paulet , in his work Traité des champignons ( 1790 – 3 ) , erroneously suggested that peridioles were ejected from the fruiting bodies by some sort of spring mechanism .
The structure and biology of the genus Crucibulum was better known by the mid @-@ 19th century , when the brothers Louis René and Charles Tulasne published a monograph on the bird 's nest fungi . Subsequently , monographs were written in 1902 by Violet S. White ( American species ) , Curtis Gates Lloyd in 1906 , Gordon Herriot Cunningham in 1924 ( New Zealand species ) , and Harold J. Brodie in 1975 .
The type species for the genus Crucibulum described by the Tulasne brothers was Crucibulum vulgare , an older synonym of the species known today as C. laeve . However , this naming choice was later deemed invalid by rules of fungal nomenclature ; the first name validly applied to the species was C. laeve , use by De Candolle , who had based his species upon Nidularia laevis as it appeared in Bulliard 's Histoire des Champignons de la France ( Paris , 1791 ) . Kambly and Lee published the first taxonomically valid description of the genus in 1936 . In their 1844 monograph on the Nidulariaceae , the brothers Louis René and Charles Tulasne used the name Crucibulum vulgare , and the species was known by this name until the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi ( ICTF ) changed the starting @-@ point date for the naming of fungi , and C. vulgare was deemed invalid . The etymology of the specific epithet is derived from the Latin laeve , meaning " smooth " .
= = Description = =
Crucibulum species have light tan to cinnamon @-@ colored fruiting bodies , known as a peridium , that are cup- or crucible @-@ shaped . Depending on the species , the size of the peridium may range from 2 – 4 tall by 1 @.@ 5 – 3 mm wide at the mouth ( for C. parvulum ) to 5 – 10 mm tall by 5 – 8 mm wide ( for C. laeve ) . Viewed microscopically , the wall of the peridium is made of a single layer of tissue , in contrast to the three @-@ layered peridium wall in Cyathus species . The outer surface of the peridium has hyphae that agglutinate so as to form a texture with visible filaments , a condition known as fibrillose ; this outer layers of hairs typically wears off with age to leave a relatively smooth surface .
Young specimens have a thin layer of tissue called an epiphragm that covers the top of the peridium ; it wears off at maturity to expose the peridioles within . There are usually 4 – 6 peridioles ( up to 15 have been noted for C. laeve ) that are disc @-@ shaped , whitish in color , and attached to the endoperidium by a strand called a funicular cord . Made of mycelia , The funicular cord tends to wither away and disappear as the fruiting body ages . Spores from Crucibulum species typically have an elliptical or roughly spherical shape , and are thick @-@ walled , transclucent ( hyaline ) or light yellow @-@ brown in color , with dimensions of 5 – 15 by 5 – 8 µm. the spores of C. cyathiforme are notably slightly or strongly curved .
Because the basic fruiting body structure in all genera of the Nidulariaceae family is essentially similar , Crucibulum may be readily confused with species of Nidula or Cyathus , especially older , weathered specimens of Cyathus that may have the hairy ectoperidium worn off . It distinguished from Nidula by the presence of a funiculus , a cord of hyphae attaching the peridiole to the endoperidium . Cyathus differs from genus Crucibulum by having a distinct three @-@ layered wall and a more intricate funiculus .
= = = Peridiole structure = = =
Derived from the Greek word peridion , meaning " small leather pouch " , the peridiole is the " egg " of the bird 's nest . It is a mass of basidiospores and glebal tissue enclosed by a hard and waxy outer shell . In Crucibulum , the disc @-@ shaped peridioles are light buff or white ; the is due to a persistent layer of tissue surrounding the peridioles , called a tunica . Inside the peridiole is a spore @-@ bearing tissue ( the hymenium ) that is made of spore @-@ bearing cells ( basidia ) , sterile ( non @-@ reproductive ) structures , and spores .
Peridioles are attached to the fruiting body by a funiculus , a structure of hyphae that may be differentiated into three regions : the basal piece , which attaches it to the inner wall of the peridium , the middle piece , and an upper sheath , called the purse , connected to the lower surface of the peridiole . In the purse and middle piece is a coiled thread of interwoven hyphae called the funicular cord , attached at one end to the peridiole and at the other end to an entangled mass of hyphae called the hapteron . In Crucibulum species the peridioles is covered by a whitish tunica . The funiculus of Crucibulum species is markedly different from those of Cyathus species : in Crucibulum , the purse is a rounded knob 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 5 mm wide , attached to the underside of the peridiole . Attaching the purse directly to the wall of the peridium is a stout yellow @-@ grey cord 0 @.@ 1 mm wide and about 2 @.@ 5 mm long .
= = Spore dispersal = =
Spores are dispersed when a peridiole is dislodged by raindrops or water dripping off an over @-@ hanging leaf . The smooth inner walls of the fruiting body consistently form an angle of 70 – 75 ° with the horizontal ; it has been demonstrated experimentally that the combined effect of the crucible shape and internal wall angle produce a good splash action . The force of the falling water splashes out the peridiole , uncoiling and snapping the funiculus , the cord that connects it to the fruiting body . As the peridiole continues its flight , the funiculus extends to its full length . The sticky end of the funiculus may adhere to a leaf or a twig some distance away , and the peridiole may end up being wrapped around or hanging down the object to which the funiculus is stuck . The spores can germinate when the thick outer wall of the peridiole wears away , or the peridiole may be eaten by a herbivorous animal , and ultimately passed through its digestive system . This method of spore dispersal , first suggested by John Ray in the late 17th century , was tested experimentally by Martin ( 1927 ) , and more thoroughly by Buller and Brodie in the 1940s .
= = Life cycle = =
The life cycle of Crucibulum , which contains both haploid and diploid stages , is typical of the species of Basidiomycota that can reproduce both asexually ( via vegetative spores ) , or sexually ( with meiosis ) . Like other wood @-@ decay fungi , this life cycle may be considered as two functionally different phases : the vegetative stage for the spread of mycelia , and the reproductive stage for the establishment of spore @-@ producing structures , the fruiting bodies .
The vegetative stage encompasses those phases of the life cycle involved with the germination , spread , and survival of the mycelium . Spores germinate under suitable conditions of moisture and temperature , and grow into branching filaments called hyphae , pushing out like roots into the rotting wood . These hyphae are homokaryotic , containing a single nucleus in each compartment ; they increase in length by adding cell @-@ wall material to a growing tip . As these tips expand and spread to produce new growing points , a network called the mycelium develops . Mycelial growth occurs by mitosis and the synthesis of hyphal biomass . When two homokaryotic hyphae of different mating compatibility groups fuse with one another , they form a dikaryotic mycelia in a process called plasmogamy . Prerequisites for mycelial survival and colonization a substrate ( like rotting wood ) include suitable humidity and nutrient availability.Crucibulum laeve is saprobic , so mycelial growth in rotting wood is made possible by the secretion of enzymes that break down complex polysaccharides ( such as cellulose and lignin ) into simple sugars that can be used as nutrients .
After a period of time and under the appropriate environmental conditions , the dikaryotic mycelia may enter the reproductive stage of the life cycle . Fruiting body formation is influenced by external factors such as season ( which affects temperature and air humidity ) , nutrients and light . As fruiting bodies develop they produce peridioles containing the basidia upon which new basidiospores are made . Young basidia contain a pair of haploid sexually compatible nuclei which fuse , and the resulting diploid fusion nucleus undergoes meiosis to produce basidiospores , each containing a single haploid nucleus . The dikaryotic mycelia from which the fruiting bodies are produced is long lasting , and will continue to produce successive generations of fruiting bodies as long as the environmental conditions are favorable .
= = Development = =
The initial studies on the development of the fruiting bodies in Crucibulum were performed by the brothers Tulasne ( 1844 ) , Sachs ( 1855 ) , DeBary ( 1866 ) , Eidam ( 1877 ) , and Walker ( 1920 ) . Collectively , these early researchers determined that basidiospores are produced on club @-@ shaped basidia which line the internal cavity of the peridiole . Basidia typically have 4 spores , attached by a short projection ( a sterigma ) ; after being detached from the basidia the spores migrate towards the center of the peridiole concurrently with the collapse and gelatinization of the underlying tissues .
= = Bioactive compounds = =
Grown in liquid culture , Crucibulum laeve produces bioactive chemicals called salfredins that are structurally related to benzofuran and chromene , molecules that contain cyclic amide or lactone five @-@ membered ring structures ; these compounds are unique to this species . Salfredin B11 was first identified in 1995 , while later research confirmed the presence of additional salfredin @-@ type metabolites . These compounds are inhibitors of aldose reductase , an enzyme that has been implicated in the formation of cataracts in advanced stages of diabetes mellitus . The salfredin compounds may have therapeutic use in the treatment of this disorder .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Like other bird 's nest fungi , Crucibulum species are saprobic and derive their nutrients from decomposing organic matter . They are typically found growing on wood and woody debris such as stems , twigs , wood chips , old nut shells , and old matting ; they are sometimes found on " dried manure cakes " . Brodie notes ( of C. laeve ) they are " never " found on soil or large logs . C. parvulum has been found on the roots and stems of old or dead dry land plants such as Juniperus horizontalis and Artemisia species .
C. laeve , the most well @-@ known species of Crucibulum , is a temperate @-@ zone species with a circumpolar distribution . It has been collected in most European countries and the Canary Islands ; in North America it has been found from Alaska to Mexico , while South American locations include Chile and Tierra del Fuego . It has also been found in Australia , Iceland , Japan , and New Zealand . C. parvulum has a primarily North American distribution , having been found in Alaska , southern Alberta Badlands , the Canadian Rocky Mountains and in semi @-@ deserts of Idaho ; in 2004 it was collected in China . C. cyathiforme is only known from Colombia — where it was discovered growing at an elevation of nearly 7000 feet ( 2146 metres ) — and Armenia .
= = Edibility = =
Species in the Nidulariaceae family , including Crucibulum , are considered inedible , as they are " not sufficiently large , fleshy , or odorous to be of interest to humans as food " . However , there have not been reports of poisonous alkaloids or other substances considered toxic to humans .
= = Species = =
Until the 1970s Crucibulum was thought to be monotypic , containing the single species C. laeve ( formerly C. vulgaris ) . This was in part due to the stance that Curtis Gates Lloyd and other mycologists had taken in the early 20th century , believing that the designation of new species was not justifiable due to the existence of intermediate forms in similar habitats and close proximity . In 1970 – 71 , Brodie discovered and reported two variants that differed from C. laeve sufficiently to justify naming them as new species .
= = = C. cyathiforme = = =
The specific epithet of this species refers to the vase @-@ like or Cyathus @-@ like ( obconic ) form of the peridia . It differs from Crucibulum laeve in the shape and pink @-@ color of its peridia , as well as its slightly or strongly curved spores ( typically 6 @.@ 5 – 8 x 11 – 17 µm ) . It was found growing on rotten wood and soil in Colombia by mycologist Gastón Guzmán .
= = = C. laeve = = =
Peridia are 3 – 7 mm in diameter x 3 – 8 mm tall , cup @-@ shaped , short and cylindrical with roughly parallel side walls . The tomentose exterior surface is tan to yellow when young and whiter in age . Young specimens have a coarsely tomentose epiphragm ( membranous cover ) that soon disappears . The peridioles are 1 – 2 mm broad , tan to white in color , disc @-@ shaped , and wrinkled when dry . This species grows on material like twigs , lignin @-@ rich vegetable debris , wood chips , old matting , or manure .
The immature fruiting body of Crucibulum laeve ( technically , the peridium ) , is roughly spherical in shape , but in maturity the base is narrowed slightly relative to the top , so that it appears like a cup , or crucible . The fruiting bodies are usually 5 – 8 mm tall and almost as wide at the mouth . When young , the mouth is enclosed by a thin membrane called an epiphragm , which is covered with surface hairs . As the fruiting body matures and the fruiting body expands , the epiphragm ruptures , exposing the internal contents . The wall of the fruiting body is made of a single uniform layer of closely interwoven hyphae ( the threadlike filaments that form the mycelium ) roughly 0 @.@ 25 – 0 @.@ 5 mm thick ; this wall structure is in contrast to species from the bird 's nest fungus genus Cyathus , which have a distinctly three @-@ layered wall . Young species have a yellowish velvety cover of fine hairs , but this external surface becomes sloughed off and becomes smooth as the fruiting body matures ; the color changes to brown , although some old weathered specimens may be bleached grey or dirty white . The inner surface of the fruiting body is smooth and shiny . The cups contain tiny pale ochraceous or white " eggs , " technically termed peridioles , usually 1 – 2 mm in diameter . In each peridiole is a spore @-@ producing layer of tissue , the hymenium . This layer is largely composed of basidia ( spore @-@ producing cells ) mixed with paraphyses ( non @-@ spore producing elements interspersed between basidia ) . Peridioles are covered by a thin membrane of loosely woven hyphae known as a tunica ; separated from the light @-@ colored tunica , the peridioles are black . The peridioles are attached to the inner wall of the peridium by a thin , elastic cord of mycelium , a funiculus , which can be extended at length when moist .
Crucibulum laeve has spores that are elliptical , hyaline ( translucent ) , and smooth , with dimensions of 7 – 10 by 4 – 6 µm .
= = = C. parvulum = = =
This species is characterized by its very small peridia ( dimensions 1 @.@ 5 – 3 mm wide at the mouth x 2 – 4 mm tall ) with a color that may range from white to grey to pale buff , but never yellow – helping distinguish it from C. laeve . The peridia are obconic , thin @-@ walled ( 150 – 180 µm at the lip , approximately 300 µm thick at the edge of the lip ) , tomentose on the outer side and smooth on the inner side , and taper to a narrow base . The peridioles range in width between 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 25 mm broad . Basidiospores have dimensions of 4 – 5 by 7 – 8 µm .
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= Sarcoscypha dudleyi =
Sarcoscypha dudleyi , commonly known as the crimson cup or the scarlet cup , is a species of fungus in the Sarcoscyphaceae family of the Pezizales order . In addition to its main distribution in the central to eastern United States , the fungus has also been recorded once in Bulgaria . It has been frequently confused with Sarcoscypha coccinea , but can be distinguished from this and other related species in Sarcoscypha by differences in microscopic characteristics , such as the presence and number of oil droplets in the spores . The species Molliardiomyces dudleyi is an imperfect form of the fungus that lacks a sexually reproductive stage in its life cycle .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The species was first collected by the botanist William Russell Dudley in October 1888 , in Tompkins County , New York . American mycologist Charles Horton Peck , who described it in the 1894 Annual Report of the New York State Botanist , named it Peziza Dudleyi after its discoverer . Peck noted a physical resemblance to P. aurantia ( now known as Aleuria aurantia ) and P. inaequalis , and said that it could be distinguished from those species by its yellow hymenium and larger spores . Several mycologists have considered the species to be synonymous with S. coccinea . However , as was later pointed out by Harrington ( 1990 ) , " the importance of fresh material for species diagnosis , especially for noting ascospore guttulation , cannot be overstated . Although I had examined material ( dried herbarium specimens ) from western North America I was not prepared to recognize that group as a species distinct from the two , large eastern North American species until I saw fresh ( living ) material . " As is the case with many fungi , microscopic differences between similar species can only be accurately determined by examining fresh material . Harrington analyzed herbarium specimens and fresh material of North American specimens of " S. coccinea " , and found that both S. dudleyi and S. austriaca were commonly misidentified . These results echoed a similar 1984 analysis of European specimens , performed by Hans @-@ Otto Baral .
The phylogenetic relationships in the genus Sarcoscypha were analyzed by Francis Harrington in the late 1990s . The cladistic analysis combined comparison of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer in the non @-@ functional RNA with fifteen traditional morphological characters , such as spore features , fruit body shape , and degree of hair curliness . Based on this analysis , S. dudleyi is part of a clade of evolutionarily related taxa that includes the species S. occidentalis , S. emarginata , S. hosoyae , S. korfiana and S. mesocyatha . All of these species contain large oil droplets in their spores , in contrast to the other major clade of Sarcoscypha ( containing the type species S. coccinea ) , characterized by having smaller , more numerous droplets .
Sarcoscypha dudleyi is commonly known as the " crimson cup " or the " scarlet cup " , although it shares this latter name with S. coccinea .
= = Description = =
The fruit body is 2 – 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) broad and shallowly to deeply cup @-@ shaped . The exterior surface of the fruit body is covered with whitish , matted " hairs " , while the interior fertile surface of the cup ( the hymenium ) is scarlet- to orange @-@ red . The edge of the cup ( or margin ) is curved inwards in young fruit bodies . The stem , if present at all , is short .
The asci are 400 – 500 by 12 – 14 µm , cylindrical , and operculate . The ascospores are elliptical to cylindrical with rounded ends , uniseriate , hyaline , and measure 26 – 40 by 10 – 12 µm . They contain two large oil drops at either end ; the oil drops are useful taxonomic characters that may be used to help distinguish S. dudleyi from some other Sarcoscypha species . The spores are covered with a sheath of mucilage , which typically causes the eight spores of the ascus to be ejected together . The paraphyses ( sterile filamentous hyphal end cells in the hymenium ) are slender , slightly enlarged above , and contain numerous red granules . The granules contain carotenoid pigments such as plectaniaxanthine or beta carotene , and give the fruit body its color .
= = = Anamorph form = = =
Anamorphic or imperfect fungi are those that seem to lack a sexual stage in their life cycle , and typically reproduce by the process of mitosis in structures called conidia . In some cases , the sexual stage — or teleomorph stage — is later identified , and a teleomorph @-@ anamorph relationship is established between the species . The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature permits the recognition of two ( or more ) names for one and the same organisms , one based on the teleomorph , the other ( s ) restricted to the anamorph . The anamorphic state of S. coccinea is Molliardiomyces dudleyi .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Sarcoscypha dudleyi is a saprobic species , and derives nutrients by breaking down the complex insoluble polysaccharides found in woody material , such as cellulose and lignin . Fruit bodies are found growing singly or in very small groups , and are attached to buried or partially buried sticks in forests . Basswood has been noted to be a preferred wood type for the species . Fruit bodies typically appear during early spring , but may occasionally also in late fall . Although the distribution appears to be largely restricted to the eastern United States , it was once reported in Bulgaria in 1994 , representing the first European collection .
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= Ramaria botrytis =
Ramaria botrytis , commonly known as the clustered coral , the pink @-@ tipped coral mushroom , or the cauliflower coral , is an edible species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae . Its robust fruit body can grow up to 15 cm ( 6 in ) in diameter and 20 cm ( 8 in ) tall , and resembles some marine coral . Its dense branches , which originate from a stout , massive base , are swollen at the tips and divided into several small branchlets . The branches are initially whitish but age to buff or tan , with tips that are pink to reddish . The flesh is thick and white . The spores , yellowish in deposit , are ellipsoid , feature longitudinal striations , and measure about 13 @.@ 8 by 4 @.@ 7 micrometers .
The type species of the genus Ramaria , R. botrytis was first described scientifically in 1797 by mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon . A widely distributed species , it is found in North America , North Africa , central and eastern Europe , Australia , and Asia . The fungus is mycorrhizal with broadleaf trees , and fruits on the ground in wooded areas . There are several species of coral fungi that are superficially similar in appearance to R. botrytis , and although comparison of habitat or characteristics like color or branching morphology is often sufficient for identification , sometimes microscopy is required to definitively distinguish between them . Fruit bodies of Ramaria botrytis are edible , and young specimens have a mild , fruity taste . Some authors warn of laxative effects in susceptible individuals . The fungus contains several chemical compounds with in vitro biological activity , and fruit bodies have antimicrobial activity against several species and strains of drug @-@ resistant bacteria that cause disease in humans .
= = Taxonomy and classification = =
The species was first named as Clavaria botrytis in 1797 by Christian Hendrik Persoon . In 1821 , Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned the genus name Clavaria , and treated Ramaria as a section of Clavaria . It was given its current name in 1918 by Adalbert Ricken . Obsolete historical synonyms include Gotthold Hahn 's 1883 Corallium botrytis and A. A. Pearson 's variety Clavaria botrytis var. alba , which is no longer recognized as an independent taxon . Currie Marr and Daniel Stuntz described the variety R. botrytis var. aurantiiramosa in their 1973 monograph of western Washington Ramaria ; Edwin Schild and G. Ricci described variety compactospora from Italy in 1998 . In 1950 , E.J.H. Corner published George F. Atkinson 's 1908 Clavaria holorubella as R. botrytis var. holorubella , but this taxon is now known as the independent species Ramaria holorubella .
The specific epithet botrytis is derived from the Greek word βότρυς ( botrus ) meaning " bunch of grapes " . The species is commonly known as the " cauliflower coral " , the " pink @-@ tipped coral mushroom " , or the " rosso coral " . In the Cofre de Perote region of Veracruz , Mexico , R. botrytis is known by the local names escobea , meaning " little broom " , or pechuga , meaning " breast meat of chicken " .
Ramaria botrytis was designated the type species of Ramaria in 1933 by Marinus Anton Donk . Modern molecular analysis indicates that Ramaria is a polyphyletic assemblage of species with clavarioid fruit bodies . According to the infrageneric classification scheme proposed by Marr and Stuntz , R. botrytis is included in the subgenus Ramaria , which includes species that have grooved spores , clamps present in the hyphae , and fruit bodies with a large , profusely branched cauliflower @-@ like appearance . Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that R. botrytis is closely related to R. rubripermanens and R. rubrievanescens , and that these species form a clade that is sister ( sharing a recent common ancestor ) to the false truffle genus Gautieria , the most derived group within the studied taxa .
= = Description = =
The fruit bodies produced by the fungus are 7 to 15 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 to 5 @.@ 9 in ) wide and 6 to 20 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) tall . They are fleshy cauliflower @-@ like masses with a stout central stem that splits into a few lower primary branches before branching densely above . The stem is short and thick — between 1 @.@ 5 and 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 and 2 @.@ 4 in ) in diameter — and tapers downward . Initially white , in age both the stem and branches turn pale yellow to buff to tan . Old fruit bodies can fade to become almost white , or may be ochre due to fallen spores . The branching pattern is irregular , with the primary branches few and thick — typically 2 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) — and the final branches slender ( 2 – 3 mm ) , and usually terminated with five to seven branchlets . The branchlet tips are pink to purplish @-@ red . The flesh is solid and white , and has an odor described variously as indistinct or pleasant . A drop of Melzer 's reagent applied to the stem tissue reveals a weak amyloid staining reaction that often requires more than 30 minutes to develop . This reaction can be used to help distinguish R. botrytis from other similar fungi .
Spores are produced by basidia on the outer surface of the branches . Viewed in deposit , the spores are pale yellow . Microscopically , they have fine longitudinal or oblique striations that often fuse together in a vein @-@ like network . They range in shape from roughly cylindrical to sigmoid ( curved like the letter " S " ) , and their dimensions are 12 – 16 by 4 – 5 µm . Basidia are four @-@ spored ( occasionally two @-@ spored ) , and measure 59 – 82 by 8 – 11 µm . The sterigmata ( slender projections of the basidia that attach to the spores ) are 4 – 8 µm long . The hymenium and subhymenium ( the tissue layer immediately under the hymenium ) combined are about 80 µm thick . Hyphae comprising the subhymenium are interwoven , 2 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 5 µm in diameter , thin @-@ walled , and clamped .
The variety R. botrytis var. aurantiiramosa is distinguished from the more common variety by the orange color of the upper branches . Variety compactospora tends to show a more pronounced wine @-@ red , purple , or reddish color in the branch tips , and has smaller spores measuring 9 @.@ 2 – 12 @.@ 8 by 4 – 5 @.@ 4 µm .
= = = Similar species = = =
Distinctive features of Ramaria botrytis include its large size , the orange , reddish , or purplish branchlets , striate spores with dimensions averaging 13 @.@ 8 by 4 @.@ 7 µm , and a weak amyloid staining reaction of the stem tissue . R. rubripermanens has reddish terminal branches , a stout form , and striate spores , but may be distinguished from R. botrytis by its much shorter spores . Other species with which R. botrytis may be confused include : R. formosa , which has branches that are pinker than R. botrytis , and yellow @-@ tipped ; R. caulifloriformis , found in the Great Lakes region of the United States , whose branch tips darken with age ; R. strasseri , which has yellow to brown branch tips ; R. rubrievanescens , which has branches in which the pink color fades after picking or in mature fruit bodies ; and R. botrytoides , which is most reliably distinguished from R. botrytis by its smooth spores . The European species R. rielii , often confused with R. botrytis and sometimes considered synonymous , can be distinguished by microscopic characteristics : R. reilii lacks the clamped hyphae of R. botrytis , its spores are longer and wider , and they have warts instead of striations . The North American species R. araiospora , though superficially similar to R. botrytis , has several distinguishing characteristics : it grows under hemlock ; it has reddish to magenta branches with orange to yellowish tips ; it lacks any discernible odor ; it has warted , somewhat cylindrical spores averaging 9 @.@ 9 by 3 @.@ 7 µm ; and it has non @-@ amyloid stem tissue . Uniformly colored bright pink to reddish , R. subbotrytis has spores measuring 7 – 9 by 3 – 3 @.@ 5 µm .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
An ectomycorrhizal species , Ramaria botrytis forms mutualistic associations with broadleaf trees , particularly beech . In a study to determine the effectiveness of several edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in promoting growth and nutrient accumulation of large @-@ fruited red mahogany ( Eucalyptus pellita ) , R. botrytis was the best at improving root colonization and macronutrient uptake . Records of associations with conifers probably represent similar species . Fruit bodies grow on the ground singly , scattered , or in small groups among leaves in woods . They can also grow in fairy rings . Ramaria botrytis is a " snowbank fungus " , meaning it commonly fruits near the edges of melting snowbanks in the spring . In Korea , it is prevalent at sites that also produce the choice edible species Tricholoma matsutake .
Ramaria botrytis is found in Africa ( Tunisia ) , Australia , Asia ( including the eastern Himalayas of India , Nepal , Japan , Korea , Pakistan , China , the Far East of Russia , and Turkey ) and Europe ( including the Netherlands , France , Portugal , Italy , Bulgaria , and Spain ) . It is also present in Mexico and in Guatemala . Widely distributed in North America , it is most common in the southeast and along the Pacific Coast . The variety R. botrytis var. aurantiiramosa , limited in distribution to Lewis County , Washington , associates with Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) and western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ) . Variety compactospora is known from Sardinia , Italy , where it has been found growing in sandy soil in forests comprising strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo ) , tree heath ( Erica arborea ) , and holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) .
= = Uses = =
Ramaria botrytis is an edible species , and some rate it as choice . Its taste is " slight " , or " fruity " , and has been likened to sauerkraut , green peanuts ( fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated ) , or pea pods . Older fruit bodies develop an acidic flavor . It is sold in food markets in Japan as Nedzumi @-@ take , and harvested from the wild in Korea and Nepal . The thick base and main branches require longer cooking than the smaller branchlets . In the Garfagnana region of central Italy , the mushroom is stewed , or pickled in oil . Fruit bodies can be preserved by slicing thinly and drying . One field guide rates the edibility as " questionable " , warning of the possible danger of confusing specimens with the poisonous Ramaria formosa . Other authors warn that some individuals may experience laxative effects from consuming the mushroom . Caution is advised when collecting fruit bodies near polluted areas , as the species is known to bioaccumulate toxic arsenic .
Chemical analysis shows R. botrytis to have a food energy value of 154 kilojoules per 100 grams of fresh fruit bodies , which is comparable to the 120 – 150 kJ range reported for commercially grown edible mushrooms . As a percentage of dry matter , the fruit bodies contain 39 @.@ 0 % crude protein , 1 @.@ 4 % lipids , 50 @.@ 8 % carbohydrates , and 8 @.@ 8 % ash . The majority of the lipid content comprises oleic ( 43 @.@ 9 % ) , linoleic ( 38 @.@ 3 % ) , and palmitic ( 9 @.@ 9 % ) fatty acids .
= = = Chemistry = = =
Extracts of the fruit body of Ramaria botrytis have been shown to favorably influence the growth and development of HeLa cells grown in tissue culture . The mushroom contains nicotianamine , an ACE inhibitor ( angiotensin @-@ converting enzyme ) . Nicotianamine is a metal @-@ chelating compound essential in iron metabolism and utilization in plants . Several sterols have been isolated from the fruit bodies , 5α , 6α @-@ epoxy @-@ 3β @-@ hydroxy- ( 22E ) -ergosta @-@ 8 ( 14 ) , 22 @-@ dien @-@ 7 @-@ one , ergosterol peroxide , cerevisterol , and 9α @-@ hydroxycerevisterol , in addition to the previously unknown ceramide ( 2S , 2'R , 3R , 4E , 8E ) -N @-@ 2 ' -hydroxyoctadecanoyl @-@ 2 @-@ amino @-@ 9 @-@ methyl @-@ 4 @,@ 8 @-@ heptade @-@ cadiene @-@ 1 @,@ 3 @-@ diol .
Laboratory tests show that fruit bodies have antimicrobial activity against several strains of drug @-@ resistant bacteria that are pathogenic in humans . Extracts inhibit the growth of the Gram @-@ negative bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes , and kill the Gram @-@ positive species Pasteurella multocida , Streptococcus agalactiae and S. pyogenes . A separate study demonstrated growth inhibition against Proteus vulgaris .
In a 2009 study of 16 Portuguese edible wild mushroom species , R. botrytis was shown to have the highest concentration of phenolic acids ( 356 @.@ 7 mg per kg of fresh fruit body ) , made up largely of protocatechuic acid ; it also had the highest antioxidant capacity . Phenolic compounds — common in fruits and vegetables — are being scientifically investigated for their potential health benefits associated with reduced risk of chronic and degenerative diseases .
= = = Cited literature = = =
Arora D. ( 1986 ) . Mushrooms Demystified : A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley , California : Ten Speed Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 89815 @-@ 169 @-@ 5 .
Marr CD , Stuntz DE ( 1973 ) . " Ramaria of Western Washington " . Bibliotheca Mycologica 38 . Lehre , Germany : Von J. Cramer . ISBN 978 @-@ 3 @-@ 7682 @-@ 0902 @-@ 1 .
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= Poena cullei =
Poena cullei ( from Latin ' punishment of the sack ' ) under Roman law was a type of death penalty imposed on a subject who had been found guilty of parricide . The punishment consisted of being sewn up in a leather sack , sometimes with an assortment of live animals , and then being thrown into water . The punishment may have varied widely in its frequency and precise form during the Roman period . For example , the earliest fully documented case is from ca . 100BCE , although scholars think the punishment may have developed about a century earlier ( earlier than that , murderers , including parricides , would be handed over to the aggrieved family for punishment , rather than punishment being enacted by Roman state officials ) . Inclusion of live animals in the sack is only documented from Early Imperial times , and at the beginning , only snakes are mentioned . At the time of Emperor Hadrian ( 2nd century CE ) , the most well known form of the punishment was documented , where a cock , a dog , a monkey and a viper were inserted in the sack . However , at the time of Hadrian poena cullei was made into an optional form of punishment for parricides ( the alternate being thrown to the beasts in the arena ) . During the 3rd century CE up to the accession of Emperor Constantine , poena cullei fell out of use ; Constantine revived it , now with only serpents to be added in the sack . Well over 200 years later , Emperor Justinian reinstituted the punishment with the four animals , and poena cullei remained the statutory penalty for parricides within Byzantine law for the next 400 years , when it was replaced with the punishment for parricides to be burnt alive instead .
Poena cullei gained a revival of sorts in late medieval and early modern Germany , with late cases of being drowned in a sack along with live animals being documented from Saxony in the first half of the 18th century .
= = Execution ritual = =
The 19th @-@ century historian Theodor Mommsen compiled and described in detail the various elements that at one time or another have been asserted as elements within the ritualistic execution of a parricide during the Roman Era . The following paragraph is based on that description , it is not to be regarded as a static ritual that always was observed , but as a descriptive enumeration of elements gleaned from several sources written over a period of several centuries . Mommsen , for example , notes that the monkey hardly can have been an ancient element in the execution ritual .
The person was first whipped , or beaten , with virgis sanguinis ( " blood @-@ colored rods " , probably ) , and his head was clad / covered in a bag made of a wolf 's hide . On his feet were placed clogs , or wooden shoes , and he was then put into the poena cullei , a sack made of ox @-@ leather . Placed along with him into the sack was also an assortment of live animals , arguably the most famous combination being that of a serpent , a cock , a monkey and a dog . The sack was put on a cart , and the cart driven by black oxen to a running stream or to the sea . Then , the sack with its inhabitants was thrown into the water .
Other variations occur , and some of the Latin phrases have been interpreted differently . For example , in his early work De Inventione , Cicero says the criminal 's mouth was covered by a leathern bag , rather than a wolf 's hide . He also says the person was held in prison until the large sack was made ready , whereas at least one modern author believes the sack , culleus , involved , would have been one of the large , very common sacks Romans transported wine in , so that such a sack would have been readily available . According to the same author , such a wine sack had a volume of 144 @.@ 5 US gallons ( 547 l ) .
Another point of contention concerns precisely how , and by what means , the individual was beaten . In his 1920 essay " The Lex Pompeia and the Poena Cullei " , Max Radin observes that , as expiation , convicts were typically flogged until they bled ( so some commentators translates the phrase to " beaten with rods till he bleeds " ) , but that it might very well be that the rods themselves were painted red . Radin also points to a third option , namely that the " rods " actually were some type of shrub , since it documented from other sources that whipping with some kinds of shrub was thought to be purifying in nature .
= = Publicius Malleolus = =
The picture gained of the ritual above is compiled from sources ranging in their generally agreed upon dates of composition from the first century BCE , to the sixth century CE , that is , over a period of six to seven hundred years . Different elements are mentioned in the various sources , so that the actual execution ritual at any one particular time may have been substantially distinct from that ritual performed at other times . For example , the Rhetoricia ad Herennium , a treatise by an unknown author from about 90 BCE details the execution of a Publicius Malleolus , found guilty of murdering his own mother , along with citing the relevant law as follows :
Another law says : " He who has been convicted of murdering his parent shall be completely wrapped and bound in a leather sack and thrown in a running stream " ... Malleolus was convicted of matricide . Immediately after he had received sentence , his head was wrapped in a bag of wolf 's hide , the " wooden shoes " were put upon his feet and he was led away to prison . His defenders bring tablets into the jail , write his will in his presence , witnesses duly attending . The penalty is exacted of him
As can be seen from the above , in this early reference , no mention is made of live animals as co @-@ inhabitants within the sack , nor is the mention of any initial whipping contained , nor that Malleolus , contained within the sack , was transported to the river in a cart driven by black oxen .
The Roman historian Livy places the execution of Malleolus to just about 10 years earlier than the composition of Rhetoricia ad Herennium ( i.e. , roughly 100 BCE ) and claims , furthermore , that Malleolus was the first in Roman history who was convicted to be sewn into a sack and thrown into the water , on account of parricide .
= = Possible antecedents = =
The historians Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Valerius Maximus , connect the practice of poena cullei with an alleged incident under king Tarquinius Superbus ( legendary reign being 535 – 509 BCE ) . During his reign , the Roman state apparently acquired the so @-@ called Sibylline Oracles , books of prophecy and sacred rituals . The king appointed a couple of priests , the so @-@ called Duumviri sacrorum , to guard the books , but one of them , Marcus Atilius , was bribed , and in consequence , divulged some of the book 's secrets ( to a certain Sabine foreigner Petronius , according to Valerius ) . For that breach of religion , Tarquinius had him sewn up in a sack and thrown him on the sea . According to Valerius Maximus , it was very long after this event that this punishment was instituted for the crime of parricide as well , whereas Dionysius says that in addition to be suspected of divulging the secret texts , Atilius was , indeed , accused of having killed his own father .
The Greek historian Plutarch , however , in his " Life of Romulus " claims that the first case in Roman history where a son killed his own father , happened more than five centuries after the foundation of Rome ( traditional foundation date 753 BCE ) , by a man called Lucius Hostius , who murdered his own father after the wars with Hannibal , that is , after the Second Punic War ( which ended in 201 BCE ) . Plutarch , however , does not specify how Lucius Hostius was executed , or even if he was executed by the Roman state at all . Additionally , he notes that at the time of Romulus and for the first centuries onwards , " parricide " was regarded roughly synonymous for what is now called homicide , and that prior to the times from Luicus Hostius , the murder of one 's own father , ( i.e. , patricide ) , was simply morally " unthinkable " .
According to Cloud and other modern professional historians of Roman history , a fundamental shift in the punishment of murderers may have occurred towards the end of the third century BCE , possibly spurred on by specific incidents like that of Lucius Hostius ' murder of his father , and , more generally , occasioned by the concomitant brutalization of society in the wake of the protracted wars with Hannibal . Previously , murderers would have been handed over to the family of the victim to exact their vengeance , whereas from the second century BCE and onwards , the punishment of murderers became the affair of the Roman state , rather than , that is , that the offended family was given full licence in how to mete out what they deemed to be an appropriate punishment to the murderer of a family member . Within that particular context , Cloud points out , specifically , that certain jokes contained in the plays of the early 2nd century dramatist Plautus may be read to refer to the recent introduction of the punishment by the sack for parricides in particular ( without the animals involved ) .
Yet another incident prior to the execution of Malleolus is of relevance . Some 30 years before the times of Malleolus , in the upheavals and riotings caused by the reform program urged on by Tiberius Gracchus , a man called Caius Villius , an ally of Gracchus , was condemned on some charge , and was shut up in a vessel or jar , to which serpents were added , and he was killed in that manner .
= = First BCE legislation = =
Two laws documented from the first BCE are principally relevant to Roman murder legislation in general , and legislation on parricide in particular . These are the Lex Cornelia De Sicariis , promulgated in the 80s BCE , and the Lex Pompeia de Parricidiis promulgated about 55 BCE . According to a 19th @-@ century commentator , the relation between these two old laws might have been that it was the Lex Pompeia that specified the poena cullei ( i.e. , sewing the convict up in a sack and throwing him in the water ) as the particular punishment for a parricide , because a direct reference to the " Lex Cornelia " shows that the typical punishment for a poisoner / assassin in general ( rather than for the specific crime of parricide ) was that of deportation / banishment , i.e. , Lex Pompeia makes explicit distinctions for the crime of parricide not present in Lex Cornelia .
A support for a possible distinction in the inferred contents of Lex Cornelia and Lex Pompeia from the remaining primary source material , is the one given by the third century CE jurist Aelius Marcianus , as preserved in the sixth century collection of juristical sayings , the Digest :
By the lex Pompeia on parricides it is laid down that if anyone kills his father , his mother , his grandfather , his grandmother , his brother , his sister , first cousin on his father 's side , first cousin on his mother 's side , paternal or maternal uncle , paternal ( or maternal ) aunt , first cousin ( male or female ) by mother 's sister , wife , husband , father @-@ in @-@ law , son @-@ in @-@ law , mother @-@ in @-@ law , ( daughter @-@ in @-@ law ) , stepfather , stepson , stepdaughter , patron , or patroness , or with malicious intent brings this about , shall be liable to the same penalty as that of the lex Cornelia on murderers . And a mother who kills her son or daughter suffers the penalty of the same statute , as does a grandfather who kills a grandson ; and in addition , a person who buys poison to give to his father , even though he is unable to administer it .
Modern experts continue to have some disagreements as to the actual meaning of the offence called " parricide " , on the precise relation between the Lex Cornelia and the Lex Pompeia generally , and on the practice and form of the poena cullei specifically . For example , Kyle ( 2012 ) summarizes , in a footnote , one of the contemporary relevant controversies in the following manner :
Cloud ( 1971 ) , 42 – 66 , suggests that Pompey 's law on parricide , the Lex Pompeia de Parricidiis ( Dig . 48 @.@ 9 @.@ 1 ) , probably of 55 or 52 BC defined parricide in terms of the murder of parents or close relatives , assimilated it with other forms of homicide , and suspended the sack and replaced it with the interdictio ; but see Bauman 's cautions , ( 1996 ) 30 – 2 , about whether Pompey changed the nature of the penalty
= = Writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero = =
Marcus Tullius Cicero , the renowned lawyer , orator and politician from the first century BCE , provides in his copious writings several references to the punishment of poena cullei , but none of the live animals documented within the writings by others from later periods . In his defence speech of 80 BCE for Sextus Roscius ( accused of having murdered his own father ) , he expounds on the symbolic importance of the punishment as follows , for example , as Cicero believed it was devised and designed by the previous Roman generations :
They therefore stipulated that parricides should be sewn up in a sack while still alive and thrown into a river . What remarkable wisdom they showed , gentlemen ! Do they not seem to have cut the parricide off and separated him from the whole realm of nature , depriving him at a stroke of sky , sun , water and water – and thus ensuring that he who had killed the man who gave him life should himself be denied the elements from which , it is said , all life derives ? They did not want his body to be exposed to wild animals , in case the animals should turn more savage after coming into contact with such a monstrosity . Nor did they want to throw him naked into a river , for fear that his body , carried down to the sea , might pollute that very element by which all other defilements are thought to be purified . In short , there is nothing so cheap , or so commonly available that they allowed parricides to share in it . For what is so free as air to the living , earth to the dead , the sea to those tossed by the waves , or the land to those cast to the shores ? Yet these men live , while they can , without being able to draw breath from the open air ; they die without earth touching their bones ; they are tossed by the waves without ever being cleansed ; and in the end they are cast ashore without being granted , even on the rocks , a resting @-@ place in death
That the practice of sewing murderers of their parents in sacks and throwing them in the water was still an active type of punishment at Cicero 's time , at least on the provincial level , is made clear within a preserved letter Marcus wrote to his own brother Quintus , who as governor in Asia Minor in the 50s BCE had , in fact , meted out that precise punishment to two locals in Smyrna , as Marcus observes .
= = Julio @-@ Claudian Dynasty , the two Senecas and Juvenal = =
In whatever form or frequency the punishment of the sack was actually practiced in late Republican Rome or early Imperial Rome , the historian Suetonius , in his biography of Octavian , that is Emperor Augustus ( r.27 BCE – 14 CE ) , notes the following reluctance on the emperor 's part to actively authorize , and effect , that dread penalty :
Furthermore , he administered justice not only with the utmost care but also with compassion as is illustrated in the case of a defendant clearly guilty of parricide ; to keep him from being sewn into the sack ( only those who confessed suffered this punishment ) Augustus reportedly asked , " Surely you did not kill your father ? "
Quite the opposite mentality seems to have been the case with Emperor Claudius ( r.41 – 54 CE ) For example Emperor Neros mentor , Seneca the Younger sighed about the times of Claudius as follows :
The Emperor Claudius sewed more men into the culleus in five years than history says were sewn up in all previous centuries . We saw more cullei than crucifixions
It is also with a writer like Seneca that serpents are mentioned in context with the punishment ; . Even before Seneca the Younger , his father , Seneca the Elder , who lived in the reigns of Augustus , Tiberius and Caligula , indicates in a comment that snakes would be put in the culleus :
The postponement of my punishment was unpleasant : waiting for it seem worse than suffering it . I kept imagining the culleus , the snake , the deep
The rather later satirist Juvenal ( born , probably , in the 50s CE ) also provides evidence for the monkey , he even pities the monkey , at one point , as an innocent sufferer . Not so with how Emperor Nero was reviled . In one play , Juvenal suggests that for Nero , being put in merely one sack is not good enough . This might , for example , be a reference both to the death of Nero 's mother Agrippina Minor , widely believed to have been murdered on Nero 's orders , and also to how Nero murdered his fatherland . Not only Juvenal thought the sack was the standard by which the appropriate punishment for Nero should be measured ; the statues of Nero were despoiled and vandalized , and according to the Roman historian Suetonius , one statue was draped in a sack given a placard that said " I have done what I could . But you deserve the sack ! " .
= = Emperor Hadrian and later jurists = =
It is within the law collection Digest 48 @.@ 9 @.@ 9 that perhaps the most famous formulation of the poena cullei is retained , from the sayings of the mid third century CE jurist Modestinus . In Olivia Robinsons translation , it reads :
According to the custom of our ancestors , the punishment instituted for parricide was as follows ; A parricide is flogged with blood @-@ colored rods , then sewn up in a sack with a dog , a dunghill cock , a viper , and a monkey ; then the sack is thrown into the depths of the sea . This is the procedure if the sea is close at hand ; otherwise , he is thrown to the beasts , according to the constitution of the deified Hadrian
Thus , it is seen in the time of Emperor Hadrian ( r.117 – 138 CE ) , the punishment for parricide was basically made optional , in that the convict might be thrown into the arena instead . Furthermore , a rescript from Hadrian is preserved in the fourth century CE grammarian Dositheus Magister that contains the information that the cart with the sack and its live contents was driven by black oxen .
In the time of the late third century CE jurist Paulus , he said that the poena cullei had fallen out of use , and that parricides were either burnt alive or thrown to the beasts instead .
However , although Paulus regards the punishment of poena cullei as obsolete in his day , the church father Eusebius , in his " Martyrs of Palestine " notes a case of a Christian man Ulpianus in Tyre who was " cruelly scourged " and then placed in a raw ox @-@ hide , together with a dog and a venomous serpent and cast in the sea . The incident is said to have taken place in 304 CE .
= = Revival by Constantine the Great = =
On account of Paulus ' comment , several scholars think the punishment of poena cuelli fell out of use in the third century CE , but the punishment was revived , and made broader ( by including fathers who killed their children as liable to the punishment ) by Emperor Constantine in a rescript from 318 CE . This rescript was retained in the 6th century Codex Justinianus and reads as follows :
Emperor Constantine to Verinus , Vicar of Africa .
Whoever , secretly or openly , shall hasten the death of a parent , or son or other near relative , whose murder is accounted as parricide , will suffer the penalty of parricide . He will not be punished by the sword , by fire or by some other ordinary form of execution , but he will be sewn up in a sack and , in this dismal prison , have serpents as his companions . Depending on the nature of the locality , he shall be thrown into the neighboring sea or into the river , so that even while living he may be deprived of the enjoyment of the elements , the air being denied him while living and interment in the earth when dead .
Given November 16 ( 318 ) .
= = Legislation of Justinian = =
The Corpus Juris Civilis , the name for the massive body of law promulgated by Emperor Justinian from the 530s CE and onwards , consists of two historical collections of laws and their interpretation ( the Digest , opinions of the pre @-@ eminent lawyers from the past , and the Codex Justinianus , a collection of edicts and rescripts by earlier emperors ) , along with Jusinian 's prefatory introduction text for students of Law , Institutes , plus the Novels , Justinian 's own , later edicts . That the earlier collections were meant to be sources for the actual , current practice of law , rather than just being of historical interest , can be seen , for example , from the inclusion , and modification of Modestinus ' famous description of poena cullei ( Digest 48 @.@ 9 @.@ 9 ) , in Justinian 's own law text in Institutes 4 @.@ 18 @.@ 6 .
A novel penalty has been devised for a most odious crime by another statute , called the lex Pompeia on parricide , which provides that any person who by secret machination or open act shall hasten the death of his parent , or child , or other relation whose murder amounts in law to parricide , or who shall be an instigator or accomplice of such crime , although a stranger , shall suffer the penalty of parricide . This is not execution by the sword or by fire , or any ordinary form of punishment , but the criminal is sewn up in a sack with a dog , a cock , a viper , and an ape , and in this dismal prison is thrown into the sea or a river , according to the nature of the locality , in order that even before death he may begin to be deprived of the enjoyment of the elements , the air being denied him while alive , and interment in the earth when dead . Those who kill persons related to them by kinship or affinity , but whose murder is not parricide , will suffer the penalties of the lex Cornelia on assassination .
It is seen that Justinian regards this as a novel enactment of an old law , and that he includes not only the symbolic interpretations of the punishment as found in for example Cicero , but also Constantine 's extension of the penalty to fathers who murders their own children . In Justinian , relative to Constantine , we see the inclusion in the sack of the dog , cock and monkey , not just the serpent ( s ) in Constantine . Some modern historians , such as O.F. Robinson , suspects that the precise wording of the text in the Institutes 4 @.@ 18 @.@ 6 suggests that the claimed reference in Digest 48 @.@ 9 @.@ 9 from Modestinus is actually a sixth CE interpolation into the third century CE law text , rather than being a faithful citation of Modestinus .
= = = Abolishment = = =
The poena cullei was eliminated as the punishment for parricides within the Byzantine Empire in the law code Basilika , promulgated more than 300 years after the times of Justinian , around 892 CE . As Margaret Trenchard @-@ Smith notes , however , in her essay " Insanity , Exculpation and Disempowerment " , that " this does not necessarily denote a softening of attitude . According to the Synopsis Basilicorum ( an abridged edition of Basilika ) , parricides are to be cast into the flames . "
= = German revival in the Middle Ages and beyond = =
The penalty of the sack , with the animals included , experienced a revival in parts of late medieval , and early modern Germany ( particularly in Saxony ) . The 14th century commentator on the 13th century compilation of laws / customs Sachsenspiegel , Johann von Buch , for example , states that the poena cullei is the appropriate punishment for parricides . Some differences evolved within the German ritual , relative to the original Roman ritual , though . Apparently , the rooster was not included , and the serpent might be replaced with a painting of a serpent on a piece of paper and the monkey could be replaced with a cat . Furthermore , the cat and the dog were sometimes physically separated from the person , and the sack itself ( with its two partitions ) was made of linen , rather than of leather .
The difference between using linen , rather than leather is that linen soaks easily , and the inhabitants will drown , whereas a watertight leather sack will effect death by suffocation due to lack of air ( or death by a drawn @-@ out drowning process , relative to a comparatively quick one ) , rather than death by drowning . In a 1548 case from Dresden , the intention was to suffocate the culprit ( who had killed his mother ) , rather than drown him . With him into the leather sack was a cat and a dog , and the sack was made airtight by coating it with pitch . However , the sack chosen was too small , and had been overstretched , so as the sack hit the waters after being thrown from the bridge , it ripped open . The cat and the dog managed to swim away and survive , while the criminal ( presumably bound ) " got his punishment rather earlier than had been the intention " , that is , death by drowning instead .
The last case where this punishment is , by some , alleged to have been meted out in 1734 , somewhere in Saxony . Another tradition , however , is evidenced from the Saxonian city Zittau , where the last case is alleged to have happened in 1749 . In at least one case in Zittau 1712 , a non @-@ venomous colubrid snake was used . The Zittau ritual was to put the victims in a black sack , and keep it under water for no less than six hours . In the mean time , the choir boys in town had the duty to sing the Psalm composed by Martin Luther , " Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir " ( From deep affliction I cry out to you ) The punishment of the sack was expressly abolished in Saxony in a rescript dated 17 June 1761
= = Modern fiction = =
In his ( 1991 ) novel Roman Blood , Steven Saylor renders a fictionalized , yet informed , rendition of how the Roman punishment poena cullei might occur . The reference to the punishment is in connection with Cicero 's ( historically correct , and successful ) endeavours to acquit Sextus Roscius of the charge of having murdered his own father .
China Miéville 's short story " Säcken " , collected in Three Moments of an Explosion : Stories , is a modern horror story which incorporates the punishment .
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= No. 6 Squadron RAAF =
No. 6 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) training and bomber squadron . It was formed in 1917 and served as a training unit based in England during World War I. The squadron was disbanded in 1919 but re @-@ formed at the start of 1939 . It subsequently saw combat as a light bomber and maritime patrol squadron during World War II , and took part in the New Guinea Campaign and New Britain Campaign before being disbanded after the war .
The squadron was re @-@ raised in 1948 as the RAAF 's bomber operational conversion unit . It has primarily served in this capacity since that time , though it has also maintained a secondary strike capability and was also tasked with reconnaissance duties between 1979 and 1993 . No. 6 Squadron is currently based at RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland , and has been equipped with Boeing F / A @-@ 18F Super Hornet aircraft since January 2011 .
= = History = =
= = = World War I = = =
No. 6 Squadron was formed at Parkhouse , England , on 15 June 1917 as a flying training unit of the Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) . The unit was initially designated No. 30 ( Australian Training ) Squadron , Royal Flying Corps and its role was to train fighter pilots for service with No. 2 Squadron of the AFC ( which was designated No. 68 ( Australian ) Squadron RFC at the time ) on the Western Front .
The squadron moved to Shawbury the day after it was formed and then to Ternhill on 29 June . On 1 September it became part of the 1st Training Wing when that unit was established to command the four AFC training squadrons in England ( the others being No. 5 , No. 7 and No. 8 Squadrons ) . In January 1918 the squadron was redesignated No. 6 Squadron AFC ; the other AFC units were also renamed at this time . No. 6 Squadron moved to Minchinhampton on 25 February . The squadron used several different types of aircraft to train pilots , including the Bristol Scout D , Sopwith 1 ½ Strutter , Sopwith Pup , Avro 504 , Airco DH.5 , Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 and Sopwith Camel . While most of these aircraft types were outdated and suitable only for elementary flight training , the S.E.5s , Sopwith Pups and Sopwith Camels were up to date and in service with combat units in France .
Like the other units of the 1st Training Wing , No. 6 Squadron continued to train pilots after the end of the war . This was undertaken to keep personnel occupied while they awaited transport back to Australia as well as to strengthen the AFC . No. 6 Squadron was disbanded in March 1919 , and its personnel left Minchinhampton to return to Australia on 6 May that year .
= = = World War II = = =
On 1 January 1939 No. 4 Squadron , which was located at RAAF Station Richmond in the outskirts of Sydney and equipped with Avro Anson patrol aircraft , was redesignated No. 6 Squadron . No. 4 Squadron had been responsible for conducting reconnaissance patrols along Australia 's east coast as well as undertaking training exercises with the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . These duties continued after the squadron was re @-@ designated , and early in 1939 it gained the additional role of providing conversion training on the Anson for new pilots and air gunners . The squadron 's maritime patrol activities were hindered by the limitations of its Ansons ; these aircraft were obsolete and had an inadequate range and bomb load . Following the outbreak of World War II No. 6 Squadron escorted convoys off the Australian east coast and undertook training exercises with the Australian Army and RAN .
On 28 April 1939 , an Anson of 6 Squadron crashed near Riverstone on the return leg of an air navigation exercise , killing all four crew members . On 18 December 1939 , another Anson crashed on the golf course at Richmond while on a night reconnaissance flight to Point Cook , again killing all five crew members .
The squadron 's Ansons were replaced by twelve Mark I Lockheed Hudson light bombers during April and May 1940 . These modern aircraft were much more capable than the Ansons , and had a longer range , higher speed and greater bombload . No. 6 Squadron continued to be based at Richmond , though detachments were made to other airstrips along the east coast when the squadron escorted troop convoys . In August 1940 the squadron conducted long range patrols searching for German raiders which were present in the Tasman Sea , but without success .
No. 6 Squadron continued its maritime patrol tasks in the months after the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941 . At this time the squadron comprised six aircraft based at Richmond and another four based at RAAF Station Laverton near Melbourne . In late December , eight of the squadron 's Hudsons were dispatched to Malaya to make good the losses suffered by No. 1 and No. 8 Squadrons in the Malayan Campaign . No. 6 Squadron was re @-@ equipped with longer @-@ ranged Mark IV Hudsons by January 1942 . In early January 1942 two of these aircraft were dispatched to undertake an urgent photo reconnaissance of the Japanese base at Truk in the Central Pacific on the orders of Air Vice Marshal William Bostock . One of the aircraft suffered mechanical problems after arriving at the forward airfield at Kavieng in New Ireland from where this operation was to be conducted , but the other successfully overflew Truk on 8 January ; this was the longest photo reconnaissance flight undertaken by land based RAAF aircraft during World War II . On 22 January a flight of four aircraft was detached from No. 6 Squadron and transferred to the newly formed No. 32 Squadron at Port Moresby in New Guinea . The squadron 's maritime patrol role increased in importance from May 1942 when Japanese submarines began operating off the Australian east coast . On 5 June the crew of a No. 6 Squadron Hudson attacked what they believed was a submerged submarine 190 kilometres ( 120 mi ) northeast of Sydney . During mid @-@ 1942 the squadron gave up its Mark IV Hudsons , and was re @-@ equipped with Mark III models .
In late August 1942 , No. 6 Squadron moved to Horn Island in the Torres Strait and established a detachment of four aircraft at Milne Bay in New Guinea . The Milne Bay detachment had been formed to provide reconnaissance and bomber support of the Australian garrison there , which was expected to be attacked . Japanese forces landed at Milne Bay on the night of 25 / 26 August , sparking the Battle of Milne Bay which ended in an Allied victory in early September . No. 6 Squadron flew reconnaissance and anti @-@ shipping patrols from the airfields at Milne Bay throughout the battle . The squadron attacked a convoy of three Japanese destroyers and three patrol boats which were carrying reinforcement troops to Milne Bay on 29 August . While the squadron claimed to have damaged a destroyer in this operation , the Japanese force did not actually incur any damage . Following the Allied victory at Milne Bay , No. 6 Squadron Hudsons continued to patrol the region near Milne Bay , and sank a Japanese transport ship near Woodlark Island on 26 September . The Horn Island @-@ based elements of the squadron moved to Wards Strip near the town of Port Moresby in New Guinea on 11 October from where it conducted anti @-@ submarine patrols alongside No. 100 Squadron . For much of November the squadron also supported the Australian Army force engaged in the Kokoda Track campaign by dropping supplies and evacuating sick soldiers . From 6 December until near the end of that month , No. 6 Squadron conducted night bombing raids of the Japanese beachhead at Buna , Sanananda and Gona ; these included an attack on a destroyer off Buna . Towards the end of December the squadron was concentrated at Turnbull Field at Milne Bay from where it undertook reconnaissance and anti @-@ submarine patrols .
On the night of 17 January 1943 , 24 Japanese aircraft attacked Turnbull Field , destroying one of No. 6 Squadron 's Hudsons and damaging the remainder . While the squadron was unable to conduct any operations for several weeks after this attack , the damaged aircraft were subsequently repaired . In March No. 6 Squadron participated in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea by searching for barges and attacking lifeboats carrying survivors from the Japanese ships which had been sunk . Due to the unit 's high rate of flying activities , No. 6 Squadron 's Hudsons increasingly suffered from mechanical problems , and this may have contributed to a drop in the number of hours flown by the squadron from March 1943 . On 20 July No. 9 Operational Group , which commanded No. 6 Squadron and other RAAF units in New Guinea , banned the squadron 's Hudsons from taking part in any further combat operations due to their poor condition . It was decided at about this time to re @-@ equip the squadron with Australian @-@ built Bristol Beauforts . To effect this change No. 6 Squadron 's Hudson crews flew their aircraft back to Australia and were replaced by new aircrews equipped with Beauforts from September . During this period the squadron 's ground crew were frequently used as labourers as they did not have any aircraft to maintain .
After receiving its new aircraft , the squadron was tasked with anti @-@ shipping attacks , and it and No. 100 Squadron cooperated in an attack on a Japanese convoy near Cape St. George on the night of 20 October during which a No. 6 Squadron pilot claimed to have damaged a cruiser . No. 6 Squadron also bombed Japanese positions in New Britain during October in conjunction with No. 100 Squadron . In addition to these offensive operations , the squadron regularly flew anti @-@ submarine patrols to protect Allied shipping . In November the squadron moved to Goodenough Island and became part of No. 71 Wing RAAF alongside No. 8 and No. 100 Squadrons . From November 1943 to March 1944 , No. 6 Squadron took part in attacks on the major Japanese base at Rabaul , and also struck other targets in the region to support the naval and ground forces engaged in the New Britain Campaign . From March the squadron mainly undertook convoy escort and anti @-@ submarine patrols , which proved uneventful . No. 6 Squadron 's operations were hampered by mechanical problems with its Beauforts , which had been issued to the unit after being reconditioned following service with other RAAF squadrons , and this problem continued until October when it received an allocation of recently built aircraft .
No. 6 Squadron next saw action in late 1944 . From late October it and the other units of No. 71 Wing conducted attacks on Rabaul and other locations in New Britain to support the Australian 5th Division 's landing at Jacquinot Bay and subsequent operations on the island . Between December 1944 and January 1945 , No. 6 Squadron moved to Dobodura airfield , from where it continued to support Australian Army operations in New Britain and the Aitape – Wewak area of New Guinea . There were few targets within range of Dobodura , however , and the squadron saw little combat during 1945 . Despite the limited nature of the raids conducted from Dobodura , the squadron 's offensive operations were hampered by a shortage of bombs . A detachment of six aircraft was deployed to Tadji between late April and 13 May to participate in attacks on Japanese positions near Wewak alongside Beauforts from No. 7 , No. 8 , No. 15 and No. 100 Squadrons . The squadron conducted little operational flying from late May , and in June its commander recommended in his monthly report that No. 6 Squadron be either disbanded or re @-@ equipped and sent to a more active area . RAAF Headquarters did not respond to this proposal , and many other Australian squadrons were similarly under @-@ employed at the time . The squadron 's last combat operations were undertaken by a detachment of two Beauforts which were deployed to Biak during July ; these aircraft bombed Japanese positions in the area alongside P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks operated by No. 120 ( NEI ) Squadron . Following the end of the war the squadron dropped leaflets to advise Japanese troops that their country had surrendered and continued to make anti @-@ submarine patrols . In September all of the squadron 's aircrew were posted to units located further from Australia and were replaced by aircrew from these squadrons . The squadron also began regular courier flights between Dobodura and Milne Bay during the month . No. 6 Squadron remained at Dobodura until 18 October 1945 , when it returned to Australia and was disbanded at Kingaroy , Queensland on the 31st of the month . The squadron suffered 35 fatalities during World War II .
= = = Operational conversion unit = = =
On 23 February 1948 , No. 23 Squadron was redesignated No. 6 Squadron . The unit was based at RAAF Base Amberley in Queensland and equipped with Avro Lincoln heavy bombers . No 6 Squadron formed part of No. 82 Wing , and was primarily responsible for training aircrews to serve with the wing 's two front line units ; No. 1 and No. 2 Squadrons . Its training effort was increased from 1950 when No. 1 Squadron was deployed to Malaya as part of Australia 's contribution to the Malayan Emergency . During October that year three of No. 6 Squadron 's Lincolns were deliberately flown through the cloud which resulted from the first British atomic bomb test ( Operation Hurricane ) which took place in the Montebello Islands off Western Australian . These aircraft had the role of determining the level of radioactivity caused by the atomic blast , and No. 6 Squadron performed similar duties for the subsequent British atomic bomb tests at Maralinga , South Australia . Several Lincolns were so heavily contaminated with radioactivity during these flights that they could not be flown again . The squadron lost three Lincolns in one day on 8 April 1953 when one was written off after its undercarriage collapsed while landing at Amberley and a further two were destroyed when they collided on the ground at Cloncurry , Queensland ; no aircrew were injured in these accidents .
No. 6 Squadron 's Lincolns were replaced with Canberra jet bombers in early 1955 , and the unit became operational with these aircraft on 11 July . As part of the transition to the Canberra , the squadron 's remaining aircrew were posted to the Lincoln Conversion Flight , which continued to support No. 1 Squadron in Malaya , and replacement aircrew were posted from No. 2 Squadron . The squadron suffered a number of accidents during the next two years in which several Canberras were damaged as a result of defects with the aircraft . No. 6 Squadron continued its training duties with the new aircraft ; these included regular deployments to Darwin in the Northern Territory to participate in air defence exercises as well as training flights to Malaya and New Zealand . In early 1967 most of the squadron 's personnel were transferred to No. 2 Squadron to bring that unit up to its full strength before it deployed to South Vietnam as part of Australia 's commitment to the Vietnam War . From this point onwards , No. 6 Squadron was heavily engaged in training aircrew for service in South Vietnam .
During the late 1960s , No. 1 and No. 6 Squadrons were scheduled to be re @-@ equipped with General Dynamics F @-@ 111C strike aircraft from 1968 . Mechanical problems with United States Air Force ( USAF ) F @-@ 111s caused the RAAF to postpone its acceptance of these aircraft , however , leading for a requirement for an interim aircraft to equip both squadrons . McDonnell Douglas F @-@ 4 Phantom IIs were leased from the USAF , and No. 6 Squadron was re @-@ equipped with these aircraft between September and October 1970 . The Phantoms proved highly successful , though one was severely damaged on its first flight at Amberley when it attempted an emergency landing and the arrester cable failed . It was repaired by No. 3 Aircraft Depot . No. 6 Squadron 's remaining Phantoms were handed back to the USAF on 4 October 1972 prior to the delivery of the F @-@ 111Cs .
No. 6 Squadron 's first F @-@ 111Cs arrived at Amberley on 1 June 1973 , and the unit flew its first sorties with the aircraft on the 13th of the month . The squadron 's main role remained that of an operational conversion unit , though it had a secondary strike role . From August 1979 , No. 6 Squadron gained a photo reconnaissance role when it was issued with four aircraft which had been modified into RF @-@ 111Cs . These four aircraft were concentrated the squadron 's Reconnaissance Flight , which included photo analysts as well as specialised aircrew . Training was conducted in Australia and nearby countries , and the RF @-@ 111Cs occasionally deployed to the United States to take part in exercises held there . In June 1982 No. 6 Squadron was expanded to include a Survey Flight , which undertook photo survey flights in co @-@ operation with the Army 's Royal Australian Survey Corps using a leased Learjet . The flight conducted surveys of south @-@ eastern Australia , northern Australia , Fiji and parts of Indonesia and Malaysia until it was disbanded on 15 May 1987 .
In 1993 No. 6 Squadron 's F @-@ 111Cs were replaced by F @-@ 111Gs which had been purchased from the USAF in 1992 to be used for training purposes . This purchase allowed Australia 's F @-@ 111Cs to be used mainly for strike and reconnaissance purposes and extended the type 's expected life in RAAF service . All the F @-@ 111Gs were assigned to No , 6 Squadron , and the unit 's F @-@ 111C and RF @-@ 111C aircraft were transferred to No. 1 Squadron . The squadron typically had seven F @-@ 111Gs operational at any point in time .
In 2002 the Australian Government decided to retire the F @-@ 111s in 2010 and replace them with Lockheed Martin F @-@ 35 Lightning II aircraft , which at the time were expected to be delivered from 2012 . As a result of delays to the F @-@ 35 program , the government decided in early 2007 to re @-@ equip both No. 1 and No. 6 Squadrons with Boeing F / A @-@ 18F Super Hornet aircraft on an interim basis . No. 6 Squadron 's F @-@ 111Gs were progressively retired over the next few months as they became due for major servicing , and the last aircraft of this type flew on 3 September . The final F @-@ 111 operational conversion course was completed in mid @-@ 2008 , and all the remaining F @-@ 111Cs and RF @-@ 111Cs were transferred to No. 6 Squadron in November 2008 when No. 1 Squadron began the process of converting to F / A @-@ 18Fs . For the next two years the squadron operated as a bomber and reconnaissance unit . No. 6 Squadron 's F @-@ 111s were formally retired in a ceremony held at Amberley on 3 December 2010 and No. 1 Squadron was declared operational with its new aircraft several days later . No. 6 Squadron began to be re @-@ equipped with F / A @-@ 18F Super Hornets from January 2011 , and became operational with these aircraft on 1 March that year . The squadron 's first Super Hornet operational conversion course was completed in October 2011 .
In May 2013 , the Federal government announced plans to purchase twelve Boeing EA @-@ 18G Growlers to supplement the Super Hornet fleet . No. 6 Squadron is expected to begin taking delivery of the Growlers in 2017 , at which point its Super Hornets will be transferred to No. 1 Squadron . As of 2014 , the squadron was expected to achieve initial operating capability with EA @-@ 18Gs in June 2018 and full operating capacity in 2022 .
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= Glassheart ( song ) =
" Glassheart " is a song recorded by British singer @-@ songwriter Leona Lewis for her third studio album of the same name ( 2012 ) . The song was conceptualised by Lewis and frequent collaborator Ryan Tedder at his family home in Denver , Colorado . As she was experiencing a stressful time in her life , Lewis wanted to create an uptempo dance track with Tedder as she felt a ballad would make her more upset . It was co @-@ written by Lewis and Tedder alongside Brent Kutzle , Noel Zancanella , Justin Franks , Fis Shkreli and Peter Svensson . Production of the song was handled by Tedder and Franks , with the latter credited under his production alias DJ Frank E. It was co @-@ produced by Zancanella , Kutzle and Shkreli .
" Glassheart " is an up @-@ tempo dance song that incorporates elements of dubstep , grime and house music . Lyrically , it is about a woman 's fear that her boyfriend will leave her and thus she protects her emotions and her heart from breaking . The song received positive reviews from music critics , many of whom praised the musical direction and its grimy , dubstep breakdown . Upon the release of Glassheart , the song debuted at number 27 on the UK Dance Chart due to strong digital download sales during the first week of Glassheart 's release . It debuted at number 167 on the UK Singles Chart . Lewis has performed the song at London nightclub G @-@ A @-@ Y and an acoustic version for UK newspaper The Sun 's Biz Sessions .
= = Inspiration and development = =
According to Lewis , the song was conceptualised when the singer was experiencing a stressful time in her personal life when she visited her friend and co @-@ writer of the song , Ryan Tedder in Denver , Colorado . The aim of the trip was to visit Tedder and his family , as well as conceive ideas and themes for material to be included on Glassheart . Lewis stated that she did not want to sing a ballad which would make her " more sad " , therefore they decided to work on an upbeat dance song instead . She asked Tedder : " Can you give me a song where I can just dance and jump around ? " , to which he replied " What about this ? " as he played a beat which Lewis found " hypnotic " . Despite being in a raw form , Lewis was impressed with the song 's beat , and said " Yes ! We have to do this . " The collaboration with Tedder marks the third album of Lewis ' on which the pair have worked together . They first collaborated on Lewis ' debut studio album , Spirit ( 2007 ) , on the songs " Bleeding Love " and " Take a Bow " . Tedder also co @-@ wrote songs on Lewis ' second studio album , Echo ( 2009 ) , " Happy " , " You Don 't Care " and " Lost then Found " , a collaboration with the group Tedder is a member of , OneRepublic . In addition to the title track on Glassheart , Lewis and Tedder collaborated on the song " Favourite Scar " .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Glassheart " was co @-@ written by Lewis with Tedder , Brent Kutzle , Noel Zancanella , Justin Franks , Fis Shkreli and Peter Svensson . It was produced by Tedder and Franks , who is credited under his production name DJ Frank E ; the song was co @-@ produced by Zancanella , Kutzle and Shkreli . The song was engineered by Smith Carlson , Mike Freesh and Sam Wheat ; they were in assisted in the process by Tom Hough , while Daniela Rivera provided additional engineering . " Glassheart " was mixed by Phil Tan at the Ninja Beat Club in Atlanta , Georgia ; it was mastered by Colin Leonard at SING Mastering , also in Atlanta , using SING Technology . Instrumentation of the song was provided for by multiple musicians : Shkreli was appointed head of sound design , and was also a drum programmer along with Freesh and Trent Mazour . The guitarist enlisted for the song was Mazour , while Freesh served as the bassist . The pair also provided the synths . All other forms of instrumentation were performed by Tedder . " Glassheart " was recorded at several recording locations around the world , including Patriot Studios , Denver , Colorado ; Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California ; Side 3 Studios , Hollywood , California and Metropolis Studios , London , England .
" Glassheart " has been described as a dubstep , dance , house and grime song that runs for 3 : 56 ( three minutes , 56 seconds ) . According to Jenna Hally Rubenstein for MTV Buzzworthy , the song consists of a " grimy , hazy beat " , which she compared to " Too Close " ( The Lateness of the Hour , 2011 ) , a song performed by Alex Clare . Lyrically , the song is about Lewis ' fear that her lover will break her heart . According to Lewis , the song is about protecting yourself , your heart , as well as your emotions . She continued to describe the song as " poignant " . The singer went on to reveal that she decided to name the album after the song . Lewis ' " crisp " vocals can be heard above the instrumentation as she " croons about the fragility of her heart " as she performs the chorus lines " So baby if you love me / Let me know / ' Cause everything hurts just like before / You 're about to tear this heart apart / I love you like a glass heart . " The chorus is built on a " transcendent house beat " as Lewis delicately sings the lines " Promise that we 'll never fall apart / And I 'll love you with my Glassheart " . The chorus is then followed by a " euphoric instrumentation [ that ] collapses into a grimy dubstep break . " Rubenstein likened the lyrics to those performed by Blondie on her song " Heart of Glass " ( Parallel Lines , 1978 ) .
= = Reception and live performances = =
Jenna Hally Rubenstein for MTV Buzzworthy was complimentary of the song , writing that Lewis had " [ upped ] the musical ante big time " . Rubenstein continued to highly praise the inclusion of the dubstep transition due to the fact that she thought she would never " use the words ' dubstep ' and ' Leona Lewis ' in the same sentence . " Caroline Sullivan for The Guardian described the song as " mood elevating with an abrasive grime beat . " Matthew Horton for Virgin Media described the song as " unexpectedly ravey " . Chris Smith for Yahoo ! described the song as a curveball and wrote that he felt it is Lewis ' " first truly club friendly track " . Sam Lanksy for Idolator thought that although song is radio @-@ friendly , it is not " derivative " .
Lewis debuted the song at London nightclub G @-@ A @-@ Y on 5 September 2011 ; she performed the song as part of a mini set @-@ list along with " Collide " and " Bleeding Love " . The performance featured Lewis performing a " raunchy " dance routine with partially nude male dancers . Lewis wore a black knee length dress , with a red heart emblem across her chest . Nadia Sam @-@ Dalir for The Sun wrote that the singer had " dumped her demure image " in favour of " her raunchiest @-@ ever dance routine surrounded by muscly bare @-@ chested hunks . " Prior to the release of Glassheart in October 2012 , Lewis performed the acoustic version of the song as part of another mini set @-@ list for British newspaper The Sun 's Biz Sessions , along with the lead single from the album , " Trouble " , and a cover of Alex Clare 's " Too Close " . The singer performed " Glassheart " at the Art on Ice concert in Zurich , Switzerland , on 31 January 2013 . " Glassheart " was performed as the sixteenth song on the set list of Lewis ' 2013 tour called the Glassheart Tour .
= = Track listing = =
Standard edition
" Glassheart " – 3 : 56
Deluxe edition ( disc 2 )
" Glassheart " ( Acoustic ) – 3 : 46
Deluxe edition – iTunes bonus video
" Glassheart " ( Live acoustic ) – 3 : 49
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded at Patriot Studios , Denver , Colorado ; Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California ; Side 3 Studios , Hollywood , California ; Metropolis Studios , London England .
Mixed at Ninja Beat Club , Atlanta , Georgia .
Mastered at SING Mastering , Atlanta , Georgia .
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Glassheart .
= = Chart performance = =
Upon the release of the album , " Glassheart " debut at number 27 on the UK Dance Chart on 21 October 2012 . It also debuted at number 167 on the UK Singles Chart .
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= Inside Out ( Britney Spears song ) =
" Inside Out " is a song by American recording artist Britney Spears , included on her seventh studio album Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) . It was written by Lukasz Gottwald , Jacob Kasher Hindlin , Mathieu Jomphe , Max Martin and Bonnie McKee whilst production was handled by Dr. Luke , Max Martin and Billboard . Musically , " Inside Out " is an electropop song that uses elements of dubstep and R & B , and has been compared to Spears ' previous material on previous albums In the Zone and Circus , as well as the work of Madonna . Lyrically , the song has been described as a " sexy break @-@ up song " , while making references to her previous singles " ... Baby One More Time " and " ( You Drive Me ) Crazy " . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , who commended its production . Due to strong digital sales of the album , " Inside Out " peaked at number fifty @-@ nine on South Korea 's Gaon International Chart .
= = Background = =
" Inside Out " was written by Jacob Kasher Hindlin and Bonnie McKee , while additional writing and song production was done by Dr. Luke , Martin , and Billboard . A small teaser of the song was unveiled by the singer on February 19 , 2011 . On March 11 , 2011 , it leaked in full online , along with another Femme Fatale track , " ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful " . The song was also rumored to be the second single of Femme Fatale ; the information was later denied following the online leak of " Till the World Ends " on March 3 , 2011 , which was released instead in the next day . On August 5 , 2011 , Spears posted a poll on her Facebook page asking fans whether her next single should be " Criminal " , " Inside Out " or " ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful . " After the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , she revealed to MTV News that " Criminal " was chosen as the fourth single .
= = Composition = =
" Inside Out " is an electropop song that features themes of dubstep and R & B , complimented with " earth @-@ shattering synths " . Lyrically , the " sexy breakup song " , as described by Jocelyn Vena of MTV , opens with Spears singing , " Said you 're gonna be here in a minute / Sitting in the mirror getting pretty / Gotta look my best if we 're gonna break up / Gotta look my best if we 're gonna break up / I can hear you knocking at the front door / And I know exactly what you came for / Trying to say goodbye but it 's hot and heavy / Trying to say goodbye but it 's hot and heavy . " While the couple seems to be on the verge of a breakup , there 's apparently still some sexual tension between them , which is perceived in lines such as " You ... touch me and it 's breaking me down / I 'm telling you , let 's just give it up and get down . " Spears crescendos " So come on / Won 't you give me something to remember / Baby shut your mouth and turn me inside out . " during the chorus section , and then goes on to " Hit me one more time it 's so amazing " and " You 're the only one who 's ever drove me crazy " referencing her first singles " ... Baby One More Time " ( 1998 ) and " ( You Drive Me ) Crazy " ( 1999 ) . The song was compared to her earlier work on albums In the Zone ( 2003 ) and Circus ( 2008 ) and it has been compared to that of Madonna 's Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Music ( 2000 ) . The " futuristic @-@ sounding , slow @-@ grooving tune " was also considered reminiscent of Janet Jackson .
= = Reception = =
The song received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics . Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey noted " Inside Out " is one of the " ten remaining tracks [ of Femme Fatale that ] continue the trend [ of the album 's first two singles ] " , considering the song 's lyrics as " blatantly slutty " and praising " the much @-@ welcomed piano breakdown " . David Buchanan of Consequence of Sound also agreed that " the [ first two ] singles are extraordinarily infectious , as is " Inside Out " , which slows the tempo , simultaneously sending Spears back to basics vocally , and into 2011 sonically . " On her review of Femme Fatale , Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club commented that " songs like the dark , slinky " Inside Out " , the hyper @-@ Euro chant @-@ along " Till The World Ends " , and the strange , flute @-@ assisted digression " Criminal " add texture to the wall @-@ to @-@ wall synth waves and booty bass . " The Guardian 's Alexis Petridis commented that the song " lurches along on [ dubstep ] ' s patent half @-@ speed rhythm . " While Keith Caufield of Billboard considered " Inside Out " " easily a natural pick for ' Femme 's ' third single " , Hannah Rishel of The Daily Collegian said that " in general the song failed to hold my attention . If I heard it on the radio , I probably would change the station . " Thomas Conner of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times also gave the song a negative review , considering it a " weak mid @-@ tempo fare " , along with " Criminal " . Following the release of Femme Fatale , " Inside Out " reached number fifty @-@ nine on South Korea 's Gaon Digital Chart , after selling 7 @,@ 222 digital units of the song alone .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits for " Inside Out " adapted from Femme Fatale liner notes .
= = Charts = =
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= Kermit Washington =
Kermit Alan Washington ( born September 17 , 1951 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Washington is best remembered for punching opposing player Rudy Tomjanovich during an on @-@ court fight in 1977 . His punch nearly killed Tomjanovich , and resulted in severe medical problems that ultimately ended Tomjanovich 's playing career .
Washington was not a highly coveted player coming out of high school and barely got into college on an athletic scholarship . He averaged a mere four points per game ( ppg ) during his senior season of high school . He improved rapidly once at American University , and became one of only seven players in NCAA history to average 20 points and 20 rebounds throughout the course of their career .
A big defensive forward , Washington was known for his ability to gather rebounds . He averaged 9 @.@ 2 points and 8 @.@ 3 rebounds per game in ten National Basketball Association ( NBA ) seasons and played in the All @-@ Star Game once . Washington was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers with the fifth overall pick in the 1973 NBA Draft . He played sparingly his first three seasons , and sought the help of retired basketball coach Pete Newell before his fourth season . Under Newell 's tutelage , Washington 's game rapidly improved and he became a starter for several teams . He played for the Lakers , Boston Celtics , San Diego Clippers , Portland Trail Blazers and Golden State Warriors .
= = Early life = =
Kermit Washington 's mother Barbara graduated from Miner 's Teacher 's College ( later subsumed into Howard University ) , where she was an excellent student ; his father Alexander was an X @-@ ray technician . Washington had a rough childhood . When he was three years old , his parents had a fight in which his maternal uncle became involved and in which someone violently attacked his uncle with an iron . His parents soon divorced , with his father awarded custody of the children . His mother , who suffered from bipolar disorder , then took him and his older brother Eric from their father on an ill @-@ advised sojourn for which they were poorly prepared . Struggling to find money to feed the children , she eventually called their father , who came and took them back . His stay with his father did not last long , and he and his brother were passed around to various relatives on both sides of the family .
The effect of being shuttled into and out of the homes of family members led to a feeling of not being wanted , which made Washington extremely shy as a youth . The only time he recalls feeling a sense of self @-@ worth was when his great @-@ grandmother on his father 's side had the pair for a while . According to Washington , she loved the boys but was extremely strict , domineering , and at times , physically abusive . After his father remarried , the children moved back in with him and his new wife . Washington felt a sense of optimism for the first time , saying " I thought it was our dream come true . All our lives we had seen nice families on TV . Real ones . Now we were going to be a real family . " However , he again felt unwanted this time by his stepmother . As a small child , Washington said that he had no recollections of ever being hugged , and only felt close to his older brother , Chris . Washington was a poor student who hated school throughout most of his childhood . He had to retake many of his classes in summer school to raise his grades . When he entered high school he played football merely so he could be around a close friend , and have someone to walk home with at night as he was terrified of walking home alone .
As a senior in high school , Washington stood 6 ft 4 in ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) but weighed a mere 150 lbs . After some rare positive feedback by his biology teacher , Barbara Thomas , he began to study and put forth a greater effort in that class . He quickly became a solid student in biology but poor in all other subjects . When Thomas became his home room teacher and saw his grades in other classes she encouraged him to try hard in all of his courses . Washington rapidly improved his marks , making the honor roll in his senior year .
His basketball performance in high school was unimpressive . He came off the bench to average four points per game ( ppg ) . His stepmother informed him that when he graduated high school he would be thrown out of the house . Chris had been able to leave home on a football scholarship and would later play in the National Football League , but Washington himself had nowhere to go . He trained for three hours a day toward the end of his senior season , and showed up uninvited at a playground game featuring top high school players from Washington and Pennsylvania , where he talked his way into the game . Tom Young , who had recently left his job as an assistant coach at Maryland University to become head coach at American University , saw him play there , and although Washington did not perform particularly well , Young was impressed by his hustle and how he ignored the poor treatment he received from the people who organized the game .
= = College years = =
During the summer between his senior year of high school and his freshman year of college , Washington grew four inches . He began an intense regimen of weight training , and ran up and down the flights of steps in his seven @-@ story dormitory building wearing a weighted vest to improve his endurance . Washington became more extroverted in college , so much so that he later said his life could be separated into two parts — his pre @-@ college life and his life after college . He has frequently described his college years as " the happiest time in my life . " He began dating his future wife Pat when he was a freshman . They met after she noticed him accidentally scoring four consecutive points for the opposing team in a freshman basketball game . She pursued him even though he often remained silent when she spent time with him . A lot of the emergence of Washington 's personality is credited to Pat , who encouraged him to be more outgoing and overcome his low self @-@ esteem . Washington spent a lot of his free time practicing in the gym . He played playground basketball in the summer , and was on several Urban League teams . He averaged 19 @.@ 4 points and 22 @.@ 3 rebounds on his freshman team at American . Pat helped him with his grades — despite the fact that he had done well his senior year of high school he was still far behind ; he did not even know what a paragraph was when he entered college or how to write a report .
He averaged 18 @.@ 6 points on 46 @.@ 8 percent shooting and 20 @.@ 5 rebounds in his first year of varsity basketball . He still played a somewhat unaggressive or " soft " brand of basketball , and it was hurting his chances of being drafted by a professional team . Between his sophomore and junior years he began lifting weights with Trey Coleman , a former football player from the University of Nebraska who was studying as an undergrad at American . Coleman encouraged him to be more aggressive on the court , and Washington told him that it was not in his nature . Coleman admonished him , telling him he could not afford to be " cool " on the court given his talent level if he wanted to join the pro ranks . Washington was named an academic All @-@ American his junior year . He averaged 21 @.@ 0 points on 54 @.@ 4 percent shooting and an NCAA @-@ leading 19 @.@ 8 rebounds in his junior season . He was drafted after his junior season by the New York Nets of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) and offered a four @-@ year contract for $ 100 @,@ 000 a year , which astonished him . He decided to stay at American with coach Young for his senior season because he felt he owed the school which had given him a chance when he was coming out of a difficult period in high school . He was offered an invite to try for the 1972 Olympic basketball team after the season , but did not make the squad .
Washington was one of the best players in the country going into his senior season . He marveled at newspaper reports in the Washington Post that mentioned " coaches of opposing teams and how they were planning to stop Kermit Washington . " He led the nation in rebounding again in his senior season . He was a second team All @-@ American , and helped American into the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) . In the last game of his college career , Washington needed to score 39 points to average 20 points and 20 rebounds a game for his career in college . He became extremely nervous before the game and could neither eat nor sleep . The game set American University attendance records , and Washington felt light on his feet when he was introduced before the raucous crowd . He managed to score 40 points and in so doing , became just the seventh player to reach the 20 / 20 mark . He was thrown a party , and there was a campus wide celebration after the game . He graduated with a 3 @.@ 37 GPA and a degree in sociology . Washington was a two @-@ time Academic All @-@ American , who taught courses in social sciences his senior year .
= = Professional years = =
Washington was drafted fifth overall by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1973 NBA Draft . A week before the team began training camp , Pat and Kermit were married . They invited neither of their families ; they just drove together to LA 's city hall for the ceremony . He had a difficult time making the transition from college center to NBA power forward . In basketball , many players succeed in high school and college due to superior physical skills , but when they arrive in the professional ranks , they are typically going against players that are often as physically gifted as them . Washington also had played in a primarily zone defense system in college and was not versed in man @-@ to @-@ man defense , which is more common in the NBA . He arrived on a team which had legend Jerry West , who was in the waning stages of a career that would result in him becoming the silhouette seen on the NBA 's logo . Washington admits that he was terrified of West , and felt anxiety every time he made a mistake in front of him . Though healthy , he played in only 45 games and averaged 8 @.@ 9 minutes a game his rookie season . He hurt his back that year but kept quiet about it , fearing he would be " labeled soft . " The injury would bother him the rest of his career . He continued to struggle in his second season , and discovered that finding individual coaching in the professional game at that time was difficult . Between the rigorous schedule , and the coaches assuming players already knew how to play for the most part when they entered the league , no one , including head coach Bill Sharman , was willing to work with him on a one @-@ on @-@ one basis .
Entering his fourth season , Washington knew the only thing keeping him in the league was his guaranteed contract and that the Lakers had essentially written him off . The organization felt he had the requisite physical skills , so they ascribed his failure to excel to mental deficiencies . Washington was particularly disturbed when in a game against Golden State , he got into an awkward collision with Rick Barry , upon which Barry remarked : " Listen , you better learn how to play this game . " The criticism especially bothered Washington because he felt Barry 's rebuke was correct . Desperate to improve , he contacted Pete Newell at the recommendation of an agent . Newell was a retired pro and college coach who worked in a front office position with the Lakers , and had drafted Washington when he was then the team 's GM . In truth , while Newell says he felt some responsibility considering he drafted him , he was involved in many player transactions over the course of his long career , and was not especially attached to Washington . He was surprised by this request , however , and unhappy with his new highly marginalized job within the organization , so Newell agreed to meet Washington for individual drills . He scheduled the practices very early in the morning to test Washington 's dedication , thinking a professional athlete would not bother to get up at that hour every day . Washington showed up without complaint and Newell put him through intense training sessions . Newell is often seen as a kind , gentlemanly person , who is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the game of basketball . In private practice , however , he could be an intense , unforgiving teacher , and he was even more unforgiving than usual with Washington as he felt that if he were to offer his services for free he would only do so if the player was willing to train maniacally .
Newell had Washington watch tapes of Paul Silas , who was a rebounding forward for the Boston Celtics , and convinced him to have more confidence in his offensive game . He reworked Washington 's game from the ground up , and in so doing established a name for himself as a tremendous coach of big men — he would later conduct a yearly " Big Man Camp " in Hawaii which was attended by hundreds of NBA players .
Los Angeles had acquired Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar , and Washington 's style of play complemented him , as Abdul @-@ Jabbar was not an especially physical player . Washington played well , averaging 9 @.@ 7 points and 9 @.@ 3 rebounds ; however , he struggled with tendinitis in his knee the entire season . His wife pleaded with him to sit out some games , but he took painkillers and kept playing . Washington finally tore the patella tendon in a late season game against Denver . " I could feel it tearing inside . I looked down , and my kneecap was hanging on the side of my leg . " Doctors covered his entire leg in a cast and told him his basketball career was most likely over .
Newell was the person to bring Washington out of the despair Kermit felt when he heard his playing career was probably over . Newell forced him through even more grueling training sessions the following summer , after some of which , Washington strongly considered quitting . His leg had atrophied from the injury and he was scared of re @-@ injuring it during their training sessions . Newell ignored his pleas and told him that if he ever wanted to play again he had to train more than before and work even harder . Washington came back to play the following season and performed well ; through the first 25 games he was averaging career highs in points ( 11 @.@ 6 ) and rebounds ( 10 @.@ 8 ) . He had been featured in the NBA preview edition of Sports Illustrated ( which was dedicated to enforcers that year ) before the season and was praised therein for his intimidating nature and fighting skills . The magazine had posed Washington shirtless in a boxing stance as part of a picture layout entitled , " Nobody , but Nobody , Is Gonna Hurt My Teammates . "
= = = Infamous punch = = =
On December 9 , 1977 , during an NBA game between the Lakers and the Houston Rockets , a scuffle broke out between several players at midcourt .
The events that precipitated the fight have been frequently debated , and variously interpreted . Two months earlier , on opening night of the season , the Lakers played the Milwaukee Bucks . Bucks center Kent Benson elbowed Abdul @-@ Jabbar in the stomach , and Abdul @-@ Jabbar appeared to be in intense pain . Abdul @-@ Jabbar then punched Benson from behind , breaking Benson 's jaw and his own hand . Washington got into a brawl with several Buffalo Braves players a few games later . In the December game , at the beginning of the game 's second half , Lakers guard Norm Nixon missed a shot . Houston 's Kevin Kunnert and Washington both contended for the rebound , which Kunnert eventually got and passed out to teammate John Lucas . Their battle for the rebound was more physical than usual , however . Abdul @-@ Jabbar became involved and wrestled with Kunnert . As a result , Kermit Washington stayed behind in the backcourt in order to watch over and make sure nothing happened . After the two disengaged , Washington grabbed Kunnert 's shorts in order to prevent him from getting back over on offense quickly . Kunnert threw an elbow that hit Washington on the upper arm and this move spun him around so that he was facing Washington . What happened next is disputed : Washington , several Lakers , and Rocket forward Robert Reid insisted that Kunnert punched him , Kunnert said Washington swung first after he attempted to free himself from Washington 's grasp . The referee who saw the action saw merely a " scuffle " between Kunnert and Abdul @-@ Jabbar followed by the one between Kunnert and Washington then Washington 's punch . Both Washington and Abdul @-@ Jabbar reject this account .
Abdul @-@ Jabbar then ran up behind Kunnert and grabbed his arms to try to pull him away from the scuffle . But this only left him defenseless for Washington 's first punch , which hit Kunnert in the head and brought him down on one knee .
Washington saw Tomjanovich running toward the altercation . Not knowing that he intended to break up the fight , Washington hit Tomjanovich with a roundhouse punch . The blow , which took Tomjanovich by surprise , fractured his face about one @-@ third of an inch ( 8 mm ) away from his skull and left Tomjanovich unconscious in a pool of blood in the middle of the arena . Abdul @-@ Jabbar likened the sound of the punch to a melon being dropped onto concrete . Tomjanovich had a reputation around the league as a peacemaker . Players involved say that right after Tomjanovich collapsed the absence of sound at the arena , which was filled with shocked fans , was " the loudest silence you have ever heard . " Reporters heard the sound of the punch all the way in the second floor press box , and some rushed to the playing floor in disbelief .
Tomjanovich was able to get up and walk around , however , and on the way into the locker room he saw Washington . Tomjanovich says that he became aggressive and asked Washington why he punched him . Washington yelled something inaudible about Kunnert , and they were broken up by two security personnel . Tomjanovich was in no condition to fight despite his aggressiveness ; besides having the bone structure of his face detached from his skull and suffering a cerebral concussion and broken jaw and nose , he was leaking blood and spinal fluid into his skull capsule . His skull was fractured in such a way that Tomjanovich could taste the spinal fluid leaking into his mouth . He later recalled that at the time of the incident , he believed the scoreboard had fallen on him . The doctor who worked on Tomjanovich said " I have seen many people with far less serious injuries not make it " and likened the surgery to Scotch @-@ taping together a badly shattered eggshell .
= = = Aftermath = = =
Worsening matters for Washington , the only available replay of the incident showed just his punch , not the scuffle that preceded it . This made the attack appear unprovoked , and Saturday Night Live , then watched by an average of 30 to 35 million people , replayed the punch countless times as a gag , having cast member Garrett Morris comically defend the punch . It was also the subject of a New York Times editorial and investigated on CBS News by Walter Cronkite . Washington was fined $ 10 @,@ 000 , and suspended for 60 days , missing 26 games ; then the longest suspension for an on @-@ court incident in NBA history . The Rockets were furious . Tomjanovich missed the rest of the season and they felt Washington should at least have done likewise .
On @-@ court fights had been all too common in the 1970s , often including bench @-@ clearing brawls . In the season opener , when Abdul @-@ Jabbar punched Benson , no suspension had been levied . However , Washington 's punch resulted in the league enacting strict penalties for on @-@ court fights . Former NBA commissioner David Stern , then the NBA 's chief counsel , later said that the incident made NBA officials realize that " you couldn 't allow men that big and that strong to go around throwing punches at each other . " As of 2010 , any player who attempts to punch another — even if he misses — is automatically ejected from the game , and suspended for at least his team 's next game . The league added a third referee to its game crew after the season ; this referee would have trailed the play and could have called a foul when Washington grabbed Kunnert 's shorts , thereby potentially stopping the play and preventing the melee that succeeded it .
Washington received no support from the Lakers front office , aside from a single call the day after the fight from Cooke , and was sent torrents of hate mail filled with racial epithets . He was advised by police not to order room service when he played again , as it was feared he would be poisoned . Larry Fleisher , head of the Players ' Association , wanted Washington to appeal his suspension , an idea which he originally considered , but ultimately rejected . Although many players around the league sympathized with Washington and said that he had a good reputation off the court , he and his wife became ostracized . They had a two @-@ year @-@ old daughter , and Washington 's wife was eight months pregnant with the couple 's first son at the time of the punch . His wife recalls her and the children being treated like pariahs after the incident . Her obstetrician refused her service because she was Washington 's wife , and her friends asked her what kind of person Washington was that he could commit such an act . The only person who contacted them was Newell . Later in the year Washington went to his home with a big screen television which he insisted Newell accept .
On December 27 , 1977 , just two weeks after the incident , Washington was traded to the Boston Celtics . Red Auerbach , Boston 's general manager lived in Washington , D.C. area , had been a longtime fan of Washington 's . Pat stayed behind as the couple had two young children , and Washington would be staying in a hotel . While he waited for his reinstatement , which he thought would not occur until the next season , he became depressed and fell out of shape . He pulled himself together , and began running up and down the flights of stairs of the 29 @-@ story hotel .
Years later , Jerry West , who was the Lakers coach at the time , told John Feinstein he still wanted Washington on the roster . Then @-@ general manager Bill Sharman said he was " on the fence . " Owner Jack Kent Cooke , however , decided to move on .
He started alongside Hall of Fame center Dave Cowens , who enjoyed playing with Washington , remarking , " It 's great fun , you can always hear him grunt when he 's rebounding . " Auerbach said , " Kermit was fighting a battle he couldn 't win . Nothing he could say or do was going to change the way people perceived him because of that moment . I wanted him to feel at home with us , to feel wanted . " Washington won Boston fans over immediately . His acceptance was aided by a glowing article Bob Ryan of The Boston Globe wrote on the player after researching his life and spending some time with him . After the season , Washington took less money to re @-@ sign with the Celtics over the Denver Nuggets .
= = = Later career = = =
Washington became involved in one of the more unusual player transactions in NBA history . Celtics owner Irv Levin wanted to move closer to his home and business interests in California but continue to own an NBA team . To solve this problem , he and John Y. Brown , Jr . , owner of the Buffalo Braves , exchanged franchises . Levin then moved the Braves to San Diego , where they were renamed the Clippers . Washington was one of four Celtics sent to San Diego as part of the deal . In November 1978 , San Diego played in Houston . Tomjanovich scored 26 points and collected 11 rebounds while Washington had six and two . Before the game , the Clippers coach , Gene Shue , had suggested to the Rockets coach , Tom Nissalke , that the players shake hands at center court prior to tipoff . Tomjanovich rejected the idea .
After a year in San Diego , Washington was traded again . Levin decided to acquire Portland center Bill Walton even though Walton had missed the entire 1978 – 79 season due to broken bones in his foot . Since the Blazers and Clippers could not agree on compensation , the commissioner 's office made the final decision , sending Washington , Kunnert and Randy Smith to Portland in exchange for the center . This became the second time he had been traded along with Kunnert . The center signed with Boston before the 1978 – 79 season even though Washington was on the team because the Celtics offered him the most money . There remained a mostly quiet discord between the two as Washington felt Kunnert never properly acknowledged his role in the fight .
Portland had strongly desired Washington , and their general manager Stu Inman , was a close friend of Pete Newell 's . Inman had worked hard through Newell to let Washington know that they intended this to be the last time he was traded . This was important as the media coverage and re @-@ locations had been hard on Pat and the children . To his great relief , the city of Portland welcomed Washington with open arms . Portland had one of the more rabid fan bases in the league , and everywhere Washington went he was treated like a beloved celebrity .
During the same off @-@ season , Tomjanovich and the Rockets civil suit vs. the Lakers occurred . Houston 's side argued that Los Angeles had failed to control Washington . During the trial , numerous players and coaches who were at the game testified , while Washington sat at the defense table , listening to himself be portrayed as a dangerous rogue . Kunnert testified during the trial and contradicted Washington 's testimony , angrily branding him a liar . While the two were playing for San Diego , their wives became close friends , but their relationship only worsened over time ; Washington believed the NBA was keeping Kunnert on his team to prevent him from suing him . Jack Ramsay , Portland 's coach , however , said that he chose Kunnert over San Diego center Swen Nater when his team was asked by the league to submit a list of players they considered fair compensation for Walton .
Washington shared time at the Trail Blazers power forward spot with Maurice Lucas at first , but after Lucas ' trade to the New Jersey Nets , he became the full @-@ time starter . He played three seasons in Portland , during which he earned a spot in the 1980 NBA All @-@ Star Game , after some of the top players sat out due to injury . During that All @-@ Star weekend , which was held in Landover , Maryland , nearby American U. held a halftime ceremony in which they retired Washington 's number . He was named a team captain for the following season . In his post @-@ punch career , numerous players , coaches , and officials noted that he became less aggressive on the court out of fear of getting into another fight ; something he never did . Washington started experiencing pain in his back and knees during the 1980 – 81 season . The pain became unbearable during the 1981 – 82 season , and he retired in January 1982 after missing all but 20 games . In 1987 , after more than five years out of the league , he tried to make a comeback with the Warriors , but lasted only eight games on the roster ( playing in six of them ) before being cut .
= = Retirement = =
Since retiring , Washington has run restaurants and is a founder and operator of a number of charitable organizations . He ran a restaurant in the Portland metropolitan area with former Blazer teammate Kevin Duckworth , called " Le Slam . " The restaurant closed in 2001 . He has also served in a coaching role with Stanford University , and worked at Pete Newell 's fabled " Big Man Camp " for 15 years . In 1995 he founded The 6th Man Foundation , otherwise known as Project Contact Africa . In August 1994 , Washington accompanied a team of doctors and nurses on a humanitarian mission to Goma , Zaire , working in a refugee camp helping victims of the bloody Rwandan Civil War . The stench of death and human waste extended for miles . " It was a sad , sad sight , " Washington later recalled , " a sight I 'll never forget . "
After his career , Washington has complained of treatment he has received in relation to his punching of Tomjanovich . Washington has sought to portray himself as a victim of the fight and appears to have exaggerated some of the misfortunes that came his way as a result of it . Washington told The New York Times that he has been refused work as a coach time and again . However , Tom Davis hired him as an assistant coach at Stanford , and Davis wanted to bring him to Iowa when he went to coach there . Washington stayed at Stanford and later quit his assistant coaching position , and he subsequently worked as strength and conditioning coach for the Portland Trail Blazers .
Washington also claimed that American University cut off contact with him after he punched Tomjanovich . However , this appears to be a misrepresentation of certain events . When he tried to become athletic director of American in 1995 , the school offered to hire him as assistant to the athletic director , since Washington had no front office experience . When confronted about this Washington stated : " I didn 't see why I couldn 't be the AD so they could use my name out front and then have someone with more experience be my assistant . " John Feinstein and others have suggested that the most lasting damage caused by the fight between Washington and Tomjanovich has been to Washington 's self @-@ image , and his supposed refusal to accept responsibility for his actions in that fight . Pat later said it went deeper than that , as when she met him in college :
It was very hard for him to show affection . Sometimes I would ask him directly if he really cared about me , and he would say something like , " I think you 're really nice . " It was hard for him to be more open than that . He had never really been nurtured , never really been loved . I came to believe if I nurtured him enough , if I loved him enough , he would get past all that . But I don 't believe he ever really did .
Washington currently lives in the Washington , DC area , where he is employed as a regional representative of the National Basketball Players Association .
On May 25 , 2016 , Washington was indicted for allegedly embezzling roughly $ 500 @,@ 000 meant for children in Africa .
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= Kačić noble family =
The Kačić family ( Croatian : Kačići , Hungarian : Kacsics , Latin : Cacich ) was one of the most influential Croatian noble families , and was one of the Croatian " twelve noble tribes " described in the Pacta conventa and Supetar Cartulary . The historical sources refer to members of this family as nobles in the area of the Luka županija in the Zadar @-@ Biograd hinterland ( 12th – 16th centuries ) , as the lords ( knezes ) of Omiš ( 12th and 13th centuries ) , and as the lords of the Makarska Riviera ( 15th and 16th centuries ) . Another prominent branch of the family was part of the Hungarian nobility .
Family members of the Omiš branch were known for piracy in the Adriatic Sea , clashes with Venice , and were even accused of Patarene heresy . To the Makarska branch belonged the Croatian poet and Franciscian monk , Andrija Kačić Miošić , whose work Razgovor ugodni naroda slovinskog ( Pleasant Conversation of Slavic People , 1756 ) was one of the most popular Croatian literary works for more than a century . Notable members of the Hungarian branch were Bans of Croatia and Slavonia .
= = Etymology = =
The family name most likely derives from the Slavic kača ( snake ) , the closest word to the name Kačić . Based on etymology , it is likely that the Hungarian Kačićs ( Kacsics ) are originally of Slavic rather than Hungarian origin . Latin sources also refer to the name as de genere Chacittorum , generatione Cacich , genus Chacittorum , nobiles de Cacich , Caçici , Cacicii , Cacicli , Caciki , Cazethi , Cazichi , Cazziki , Chacichi and Kazzeti . The Kačić name is distinct from the similarly sounding name of another noble family , Kašić ( Chasich ) , and its derivations ( Kasig , Kasige ) .
= = History = =
The Kačić 's family can be traced to the Pacta conventa , an agreement dating from 1102 ( or later ) , according to which the Kačićs were one of the twelve Croatian noble tribes ( genus ) who accepted the Hungarian king Coloman as the new king of Croatia . They were represented by comes Juraj Kačić ( Comittem Gurram de genere Chaçittorum ) . According to the Supetar Cartulary , they were one of six tribes which selected bans who , in turn , elected a new king in a case where the prior king died without leaving heirs .
The first mention of Kačićs is considered 1165 , when the Byzantine chronicler John Kinnamos said that 57 cities in Croatia and Dalmatia as well the " nation Kačićs " came under the Byzantine rule . The Kačićs were mostly recorded in the scope of sales contracts and lands disputes , or as witnesses . In 1182 , the first explicitly mentioned noblemen as members of the genus Kačić are Miroš Kačić ( 1166 – 82 ) and his son Dobroš , previously also Miroš 's father Toljen ( 1164 – 66 ) , the judge of Tinj , Toliš Kačić with sons Juraj and Deško , Premko Kačić with sons Dragoš and Pribislav , and likely Otra with his son Dragoslav .
The Kačić family originated in the Zadar hinterland near the Krka river , and when King Petar Krešimir IV mastered the Pagania , some members of the family likely relocated to the area between the Cetina and Neretva rivers . The social distinction between noble Kačićs in the Zadar @-@ Biograd hinterland and the princely ( knezes ) Kačićs from Omiš remains uncertain , but the two families are considered to be related . The clearest established connection is the noble Hodimir , mentioned in 1207 in a charter of St. Peter 's Church in Bubnjani near Tinj , whose son Nikola was an Omiš knez .
In the 12th and 13th centuries Kačićs possessed lands in the Zadar hinterland , in the wider area of Tinj , Nadin , Kačina Gorica , Kokićani and Kamenjani . From the mid @-@ 14th to 15th century , their holdings expanded to include Podnadin , Bistrovina , Butina , Kačina Gorica , Suhovaram , Grguricavas and Krneza , and the wider area around those villages . The center of the genus was in Nadin , for some Zadar , Nin and possibly Pag , where " dominum Caçigh " is mentioned . According to M. Marković , in the early 11th century , the lands West of Nadin were ruled by the tribe Lapčan , while in the East by family Kašić . The family name of the Kačićs can be found in the toponyms Kačina Gorica , Kačišćina ( alleged second name for Bistrovina ) , Kačićić ( Chacichich ) and Kačić ( Cacich ) .
In the 14th century the family members began to identify themselves by family names with the adjective " de generatione Cacich " . In the next period the Kačićs can be traced through three families . In the 15th to 17th centuries a branch settled in the wider area of Cazin and Bosanska Krupa , where in 1487 there was a dispute between them and the Babonić noble family . The last mention of Nadin Kačićs dates back to 1527 , when Šimun ( Simon ) was in the citadel of Zadar , after pressure from the Ottoman conquest .
= = Omiš branch = =
The first known knez of Omiš , Nikola , was mentioned , along with his relatives and everyone under his lordship , in a peace treaty with Kotor from 1167 . Knez Nikola 's power and independence was strong enough to have Rogerije , the Archbishop of Split , executed in 1180 . Family political influence at that time included Brač and Hvar , Breueco ( Brenti , Brevko , Brečko ) — also of genus Kačić — as well as the previous Šibenik iupanus ( župan ) . Archbishop Rogerije , who also served Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos as representative governor of Croatia , had become involved in a dispute about an estate around Mosor . A conte Nicola Aprico , who was identified in two dispute settlements of Split during 1178 – 79 , is considered to be the same knez Nikola . In 1190 , Nikola established a peace treaty with Dubrovnik . Like the 1167 treaty with Kotor , the 1190 treaty granted safe and free navigation to Dubrovnik ships from Molunat to Orebić ( Trstenica ) .
The area of Omiš principality seems to have included the islands of Brač , Hvar and Vis , and probably at some point Korčula , but it is uncertain whether the land included coastal Poljica and Žrnovnica to the North and Makarska coast to the South . In the 13th century the center of the principality was Omiš , and with the title of Omiš knez ( comes ) the sources also mentioned the title of knez for the islands . In the 13th century the terms Kačićs ( Kačići ) and residents of Omiš ( Omišani ) are both mentioned , making it sometimes more difficult to reliably identify members of the genus . However , it seems that the princely titles were held only by the Kačićs . They achieved a large degree of independence from the central government and imposed the name of Omiš and Kačić family over the entire region .
Kačićs and Omiš citizens made a peace treaty with Venice in 1208 , and the brothers Desislav , Radoš , Dragan , Bogdan and Sinko were mentioned by knez Sebena in the document . However , in the February of 1215 , Kačićs were , for first time , cited for piracy . In 1220 , the Hungarian @-@ Croatian king Andrew II threatened retaliation with the royal army against knez Malduč and his relatives unless the piracy and heresy ended . In May of 1221 , Pope Honorius III sent legate Aconcius to the citizens of Split , among other cities , to prevent piracy and defend the Crusaders . In 1222 , the pope sought help from residents of Dubrovnik against the activity of Bosnian heretics and Omiš pirates . His efforts , as well as those of Guncel , Archbishop of Split , resulted in a temporary peace treaty with Kačići Omišani ( Cacecli Almesiani ) .
In 1232 , Venetians mentioned that Dubrovnik was not allowed to accept Kačićs and Omišani , and if Venice were to send ships against Kačićs , Dubrovnik must join the Venetians with a ship of at least 50 people .
Nikola of Hodimir and Pribislav of Malduč claimed bail in May of 1239 for the Omišani who murdered Dubrovnik nobleman Grubeša and looted his ship . They also agreed to pay compensation for personal property that had been looted . In Omiš during the same year , knez Nikola and his relatives made peace between Zachlumia and Split , agreeing to pay for damage earlier in the year when Malduš nephew Toljen ravaged Split . However , compensation for the ravages of Toljen was not paid , leading to conflict in the following year . After an unsuccessful attack on Omiš , the Split army captured Brač in the first half of 1240 . The conflict continued until the peace agreement by which the brothers of Osor left the ships to Split and renounced looting . This was also the time period of the Split potestas Gargano , and Malduč sons Pribislav and Osor in Hvar and Brač .
In March of 1244 , the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II threatened conflict with the Omišani over damage incurred along the Apulian coast . In March of 1245 , knez Nikola of Hodimir , with 100 Omiš citizens and knezes Pribislav , Osor , Juraj , Radoš ( son of Bogdan ) , Slomir , and Prodan ( son of Dragan ) , made a treaty with Dubrovnik . According to the 1245 treaty , if the king called upon the Kačićs and Omišani to help in an attack on Dubrovnik , they would respond with the least possible forces .
In 1252 – 54 , Juraj helped Stefan Uroš I of Serbia in the war with Dubrovnik , as he was married to Stefan 's daughter . In 1256 , a dispute between knez Osor and the city Trogir about property in the village of Bijaći was resolved by king Béla IV and ban Stjepan . In 1258 , when the king confirmed rights to the Omišani , knezes Osor and Radoš were called " kingdom noblemen " . Documents from 1261 @-@ 62 describe an agreement in which Dubrovnik paid blood feud to the relatives of murdered Omišani , who promised not to cause any harm to the Dubrovnik residents . In 1267 – 68 , the Doge warned the citizens of Split about helping Omiš pirates . In 1271 , the pirates looted a ship on which the Archbishop of Trani was traveling to Dubrovnik . A similar incident occurred in 1273 when pirates commanded by Stanoj and Saracen looted the ship of bishop Kefalinije Henrik .
Charles I of Naples signed an alliance with Split and Šibenik against Omiš pirates in June and September of 1274 . The citizens of Omiš responded by an alliance with Venice in August , in accordance with a 20 @-@ year peace treaty signed by knezes Radoš , Bogdan , Juraj and Semen . This triggered conflict on the land and sea in 1275 . The activities in the intermediate years are unknown , besides that in April of 1278 the islands of Hvar and Brač recognized Venetian authority , and the Omiš in 1281 .
At the end of the 13th century , the Omiš branch of the Kačić family was involved in the politics of more powerful authorities . Their local hereditary oligarchy disappeared , but the Kačićs probably continued to live in the area . The war with Venice at the end of the 1270s and the beginning of the 1280s led to their loss of Omiš in favor of princes from the Šubić noble family . The Omiš Kačićs are mentioned for the last time in 1294 , when the Venetians wrote to Dubrovnik residents seeking compensation from Dubrovnik authorities who had failed to send an armed ship against Omiš pirates . It is not known whether Ivan , son of Matej Kačić , mentioned in Dubrovnik 1285 , was related to the Omišani Kačićs . After that , Kačićs are no longer mentioned .
= = = Notable members = = =
Nikola Kačić ( Nicola kenesius Alemyscii ) , ruled c . 1167 – c . 1180
Sebena Kačić , Malduč Kačić , Radoš Kačić , Bogdan Kačić
Juraj or Đuro Kačić , married the daughter of King Stefan Vladislav of Serbia ( r . 1234 – 1243 ) .
= = Makarska branch = =
In 15th @-@ century sources , Kačićs appear in the Makarska Riviera ( Krajina ) , most likely as the descendants of Omiš branch Kačićs . According to the genealogy preserved by the most well known member of the family , Andrija Kačić Miošić , one branch of the family went to Hungary , and there fought with Zagar noble family . They returned to Dalmatia , one brother to Zadar , another to Šibenik , and the last two to the Makarska Riviera , where they started building castles in Gradac and Trpanj , as well as practicing piracy up to Apulia .
The first known member of the Makarska branch was Vrsajko . According to the genealogy , the family branched out from his son Baran ( second half of the 14th century ) . Baran 's sons Vukašin , Vukić , Andrijaš and Baran were mentioned in historical documents ; Bosnian king Stephen Ostoja , in 1417 , confirmed the rights of his vassals Vukašin , Baran and Juraj Vukačić to Makar , Drvenik , Pasičina , Miluse , Lapčanj ( Gradac ) , which were previously confirmed by Bosnian ban Stephen II Kotromanić and Bosnian king Tvrtko I.
In July of 1452 , Grubiša sought for his family and all residents of Krajina to become Venetian vassals . Venice accepted the request , confirmed their old customs , allowed the foundation of fort and port in Makar , and forgave older violence . Thus , the Kačićs and residents of Krajina fought at their own expense between Neretva and Cetina rivers , and gave taxes to Venice .
A Venetian confidant on Hvar reported , in 1498 , the Ottoman preparation of 25 ships for sea attack on Krajina and Kačićs . In the next year , they became Ottoman subjects . In 1500 , the Split monarch reported to Venice that Ottomans captured several delegates from Split , and that safely arrived in Mostar only thanks to knez Juraj Marković , an Ottoman subject and Venetian friend . Marković wrote from Makarska to Venice that he was knez for 15 years and always a friend of the Venetians . In the Marković collection and archive , D. Papalić found the Croatian redaction of the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja .
During the Ottoman rule , Kačićs were only partially mentioned , but still lived there . From the beginning of the 17th century , they can again be traced in the documents , but as family members of several branches descending from the coastal princes . In the 17th and 18th centuries , the family continued to branch out and become independent genera . Their names usually carried a combination with " Kačić " , as well had the title of " conte " .
According to the genealogy , from Vukašin 's sons Vukmir , Grubiša , Radoja and Radonja emerged three branches . Per settlement , Vukmir 's descendants are known as Kačićs of Gradac , while those of Radonja and Grubiša are Kačićs of Brist . From the first branch emerged Juričević , Viskić ( Visko ) , Stipić , Pekić ( Peko ) and Bartolović ( older Sladojević ) , while from the second branch came Miošić , Aleksić ( Alesić ) , Žarković and Barišić .
Descended from Baran 's son Vukić , in Kotišina , were Terzić , Šimunović ( extinct in the 17th century ) , Marković , and probably Begić . From Baran 's son Andrijaš emerged Šiljić ( Šilje ) , Perić , Klarević ( Čavelić ) , Baše ( Bašić ) and Filipčević . Kačićs from Makar divided into Andrijašević and Mitrović . Descended from Baran 's son Baran was the family of Baranović .
= = = Notable members = = =
Bartul Kačić @-@ Žarković ( 1572 – 1645 ) , bishop of Makarska ( 1615 – 1645 )
Petar Kačić @-@ Šilje ( c . 1606 – 1661 ) , bishop of Makarska ( 1646 – 1660 )
Pavao Barišić Kačić ( died 1721 ) , provincial of Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena ( 1693 – 1696 )
Antun Kačić ( 1686 – 1745 ) , bishop of Trogir ( 1722 – 1730 ) and archbishop of Split ( 1730 – 1745 )
Andrija Kačić Miošić ( 1704 – 1760 ) , Franciscan and poet
Juraj Paškal Terzić Kačić ( 1740 – 1820 ) , canon and poet
Pavao Klement Miošić Kačić ( 1786 – 1837 ) , bishop of Split @-@ Makarska ( 1829 – 1837 )
Petar Peko Kačić ( 1830 – 1918 ) , Franciscan and ethnographer
= = Hungarian branch = =
Several scholars considered that Hungarian Kacsics may have been descendants of Omiš Kačićs . They are mentioned in the early 13th century , in Northern counties Nógrád , Salgó and Hollókő .
The first mentioned noblemen are brothers Michael Kacsics and Simon Kacsics , the Voivode of Transylvania ( 1209 – 1212 ; 1215 ) and Ban of Slavonia ( 1212 ; somewhere 1213 – 1218 ) . Simon took part in the murder of Queen Gertrude of Merania ( 24 September 1213 ) ; therefore , King Andrew II of Hungary confiscated his possessions .
Supporters of the Andrew II in his rebellion against the elder brother and then king Emeric may have included the noble family Kačić . With the new king 's intention of spreading his circle of supporters , some members of the family were probably gifted with estates in Hungary . A relationship between Hungarian and Omiš Kačićs is identified primarily in the mention of Šimun Kačić in a document from 1178 , with father Nikola and brother Jakov , and with brothers Borislav , Bogdan and other family members in a document from 1190 .
In the next two or three generations , the genus branched into several lineages and families . First the Zagyvafői , Libercsei , and later Libercsei Tompoši , Libercsei Radó , Füleki , Ozdini , Etre , Kecsői / Berzencei , Hollókői , Salgói , and Bejei . Michael 's son Falkos ( 1255 ) held properties at Szécsény and Nógrád , and was the founder of genus Libercsei , from which emerged powerful Szécsényi , Geréb of Vingárta , and Farkas of Szeszárme . To the Szécsényi belonged Kónya , Ban of Croatia ( 1366 – 67 ) , while to the Geréb belonged Matthias , also Ban of Croatia ( 1483 – 92 ) .
The members of the genus accepted the supremacy of Máté Csák III , one of the most powerful oligarchs of the kingdom , around 1300 ; only one of them , Thomas Szécsényi became the partisan of King Charles I. Consequently , the king granted him his relatives ' possessions following victories over the oligarch .
= = = Notable members = = =
Michael Kacsics ( d. after 1228 ) , Voivode of Transylvania ( 1209 – 1212 ) , Ban of Slavonia ( 1212 )
Simon Kacsics ( d. after 1228 ) , Voivode of Transylvania ( 1215 ) , Ban of Slavonia ( 1213 )
Farkas , Master of the cupbearers for the Queen ( 1298 ) , father of Thomas Szécsényi
Simon Kacsics ( d. after 1327 ) , Count of the Székelys ( 1321 – 1327 )
Kónya Szécsényi ( d. after 1367 ) , Ban of Croatia ( 1366 – 1367 )
Matthias Geréb ( d . 1489 ) , Ban of Croatia ( 1483 – 1489 )
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= Herne Bay , Kent =
Herne Bay / hɜːrn / is a seaside town in Kent , South East England , with a population of 38 @,@ 563 . On the south coast of the Thames Estuary it is 7 miles ( 11 km ) north of Canterbury and 5 miles ( 8 km ) east of Whitstable . It neighbours the ancient villages of Herne and Reculver and is part of the City of Canterbury local government district . Herne Bay 's seafront is home to the world 's first freestanding purpose @-@ built Clock Tower , built in 1837 ; from the late Victorian period until 1978 , the town had the second @-@ longest pier in the United Kingdom .
The town began as a small shipping community , receiving goods and passengers from London en route to Canterbury and Dover . The town rose to prominence as a seaside resort during the early 19th century after the building of a pleasure pier and promenade by a group of London investors , and reached its heyday in the late Victorian era . Its popularity as a holiday destination has declined over the past decades , due to the increase in foreign travel and to a lesser degree exposure to flooding that has prevented the town 's redevelopment .
= = History = =
The town of Herne Bay took its name from the neighbouring village of Herne , two kilometres inland from the bay . The word herne , meaning a place on a corner of land , evolved from the Old English hyrne , meaning corner . The village was first recorded in around 1100 as Hyrnan . The corner may relate to the sharp turn in the minor Roman road between Canterbury and Reculver at Herne .
One of the oldest buildings in Herne Bay is the late 18th @-@ century inn , The Ship , which served as the focal point for the small shipping and farming community which first inhabited the town . During this time , passenger and cargo boats regularly ran between Herne Bay and London and boats carrying coal ran from Newcastle . From Herne was easy access by road to the city of Canterbury or to Dover , where further passage by boat could then be obtained across the English Channel to France .
The 1801 census recorded Herne Bay , including Herne , as having a population of 1 @,@ 232 . During the early 19th century , a smugglers ' gang operated from the town . The gang were regularly involved in a series of fights with the preventive services until finally being overpowered in the 1820s . In the 1830s , a group of London investors , who recognised Herne Bay 's potential as a seaside resort , built a wooden pier and a promenade on the town 's seafront . This and the subsequent building of a railway station led to the rapid expansion of the town ; between 1831 and 1841 the town 's population grew from 1 @,@ 876 to 3 @,@ 041 . The London businessmen intended to rename the town St Augustine 's , but the name was unpopular with residents and the " Herne Bay " remained . In 1833 , an Act of Parliament established Herne Bay and Herne as separate towns . Local landowner Sir Henry Oxenden donated a piece of ground for the site of the town 's first church , Christ Church , which was opened in 1834 . In 1837 , Mrs Ann Thwaytes , a wealthy lady from London , donated around £ 4 @,@ 000 to build a 75 feet ( 23 m ) clock tower on the town 's seafront . It is believed to be the first freestanding purpose built clock tower in the world .
During the 1840s , steamboats began running between Herne Bay and London . There was a type of beach boat unique to Herne Bay and nearby Thanet , known as the Thanet wherry , a narrow pulling boat about 18 feet ( 5 m ) long . These boats were mainly used for fishing ; however , with the advent of tourism and the decline of fishing , they became mainly used for pleasure trips . A document dated 1840 records the town as having the following schools , all of which are now defunct : Haddington boarding school , Oxenden House , The British School , Prospect Place and Herne Street School . The village of Herne was often called Herne Street around this time . The same document also mentions the still @-@ existing Rodney Head , The Ship and Upper Red Lion inns .
In 1912 , the first " Brides in the Bath " murder by George Joseph Smith was committed in Herne Bay . BBC scriptwriter Anthony Coburn , who lived in the resort , was one of people to conceive the idea of a police box as a time machine for Doctor Who . During World War II , a sea @-@ fort was built off the coast of Herne Bay and Whitstable , which is still in existence . The coastal village of Reculver , to the east of Herne Bay , was the site of the testing of the bouncing bomb used by the " Dam Busters " during the war .
= = = The pier = = =
The original wooden pier had to be dismantled in 1871 after its owners went into liquidation and sea worms had damaged the wood . A shorter 100 metres ( 328 ft ) long iron pier with a theatre and shops at the entrance was built in 1873 . However , it was too short for steamboats to land at . The pier proved to be unprofitable and a replacement longer iron pier with an electric tram began to be built in 1896 . At 3 @,@ 600 feet ( 1 @,@ 097 m ) , this pier was the second longest in the country , behind only the pier at Southend @-@ on @-@ Sea .
The town 's heyday as a seaside resort was during the late Victorian era ; the population nearly doubled from 4 @,@ 410 to 8 @,@ 442 between 1881 and 1901 . Much of the resulting late Victorian seafront architecture is still in existence today . In 1910 , a pavilion was added to the landward end of the pier . By 1931 , the town 's population had grown to 14 @,@ 533 . At the beginning of World War II , the army cut two gaps between the landward end of the pier and the seaward terminal as a counter @-@ invasion measure . The pier 's two gaps were bridged for pedestrians however after the war .
1963 marked the end of steamboat services from the pier . In 1970 , a fire destroyed the pier 's pavilion and plans began to replace it with a sports centre , which was opened in 1976 by former Prime Minister Edward Heath . The centre section of the pier was torn down by a storm in 1978 , leaving the end of the pier isolated out at sea . It has not been rebuilt due to the cost ; however , residents and businesses in the town have campaigned for its restoration . The sports centre was demolished in 2012 , leaving a bare platform .
= = Governance = =
Since 1983 , the Member of Parliament for North Thanet , covering northern Thanet and Herne Bay , has been the Conservative Roger Gale . At the 2010 general election , he won a majority of 13 @,@ 528 with 52 @.@ 7 % of the vote in North Thanet . Labour won 21 @.@ 5 % of the vote , Liberal Democrats 19 @.@ 4 % and United Kingdom Independence Party 6 @.@ 5 % .
Herne Bay , along with Whitstable and Canterbury , is in the City of Canterbury local government district . The town contains the five electoral wards of Heron , Herne and Broomfield , Greenhill and Eddington , West Bay and Reculver . These wards have thirteen of the fifty seats on the Canterbury City council . As at the 2011 local elections , twelve of those seats were held by the Conservatives and one by the Liberal Democrats .
= = Geography = =
Herne Bay is centred at 51 ° 22 ′ 14 ″ N 1 ° 7 ′ 37 ″ E in northeast Kent , on the coast of the Thames Estuary . The town is 1 mile ( 2 km ) east of the town of Whitstable and 7 miles ( 11 km ) north of the city of Canterbury . The village of Herne is just to the south , and the village of Reculver is 1 mile ( 2 km ) to the east . The town 's suburbs are Hampton , Greenhill and Studd Hill in the west , Eddington and Broomfield in the south , and Beltinge and Hillborough in the east . The drowned settlement of Hampton @-@ on @-@ Sea once existed beside what is now Hampton .
The landscape of the town has been largely influenced by the Plenty Brook , which flows northward through the centre of the town and into the sea . It is thought to have been a much larger stream in ancient times . The coastline has two distinct bays , separated by a jut of land created by silt from the outflow of the brook into the sea . The first buildings in the town were built along the east bay , a short distance from the brook outflow , where the road from Canterbury met the sea . The town has since spread across both bays , across the Plenty Brook valley and onto the relatively high land flanking both sides of the valley . The land to the east of the valley reaches a height of 25 metres ( 82 ft ) above sea level and to the west reaches 10 metres ( 33 ft ) . Cliffs are formed where this high land meets the sea .
The rising land beside the coast , between the valley and the eastern cliffs , is known as ' The Downs ' ( no relation to the North or South Downs ) . This area has been named a Site of Scientific Interest and a Special Protection Area for Birds . The whole of the north east Kent coast has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest . The geology of the town consists mainly of London Clay , overlaid with brickearth in the west . The sand and clay of The Downs are subject to landslips .
The Plenty Brook now passes through the town 's drainage system , allowing buildings to be built over the top . The brook has been prone to flooding during heavy rain , especially in inland areas , which regularly causes problems for people living in the Eddington area in southern Herne Bay .
Stormy weather can cause the sea level by the coast to rise by up to two metres . In the past , this has caused disastrous flooding in the town , the worst in the town 's history being in 1953 . Coastal defences were subsequently constructed including groynes , sea walls and shingle beach . In the 1990s , these defences were deemed to be inadequate and an offshore breakwater , now known as Neptune 's Arm , was built to protect the most vulnerable areas of the town .
In east Kent , the warmest time of the year is July and August , when maximum temperatures average around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) ; the coolest months are January and February , when minimum temperatures average around 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) . East Kent 's average maximum and minimum temperatures are around 1 / 2 ° C higher than the national average . Herne Bay is sometimes warmer than other parts of Kent as it is backed by the North Downs to the south . Between 1999 and 2005 , Herne Bay recorded the highest daily temperature in the United Kingdom nine times . East Kent 's average annual rainfall is about 728 mm ( 29 inches ) , the wettest months being October to January . This was lower than the national average annual rainfall of 838 mm ( 33 inches ) , and recent droughts have led to hosepipe bans by Mid Kent Water .
= = Demography = =
As of the 2001 UK census , Herne Bay area wards had a population of 35 @,@ 188 and a population density of 11 @.@ 3 persons per hectare .
Of the town 's 14 @,@ 732 households , 48 @.@ 7 % were married couples living together , 8 @.@ 4 % were cohabiting couples and 8 @.@ 3 % were lone parents . 30 @.@ 2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 20 @.@ 5 % had someone living alone at pensionable age . 27 @.@ 7 % of households included children aged under 16 or a person aged 16 to 18 who was in full @-@ time education . The average household size was 2 @.@ 74 .
The ethnicity of the town was 98 @.@ 5 % white , 0 @.@ 6 % mixed race , 0 @.@ 4 % Asian , 0 @.@ 2 % black and 0 @.@ 3 % Chinese or other . The place of birth of residents was 96 @.@ 3 % United Kingdom , 0 @.@ 6 % Republic of Ireland , 0 @.@ 3 % Germany , 0 @.@ 6 % other Western Europe countries , 0 @.@ 2 % Eastern Europe , 0 @.@ 6 % Africa , 0 @.@ 3 % Far East , 0 @.@ 3 % South Asia , 0 @.@ 2 % Middle East , 0 @.@ 2 % North America and 0 @.@ 2 % Oceania . Religion was recorded as 77 @.@ 3 % Christian , 0 @.@ 3 % Muslim , 0 @.@ 2 % Hindu , 0 @.@ 2 % Buddhist , 0 @.@ 1 % Jewish and 0 @.@ 1 % Sikh . 14 @.@ 2 % were recorded as having no religion , 0 @.@ 3 % had an alternative religion and 7 @.@ 4 % did not state their religion .
For every 100 females , there were 89 @.@ 9 males . The age distribution was 6 % aged 0 – 4 years , 14 % aged 5 – 15 years , 4 % aged 16 – 19 years , 29 % aged 20 – 44 years , 25 % aged 45 – 64 years and 22 % aged 65 years and over . The town had a high percentage of residents over 65 , compared with the national average of 16 % . As a seaside town , Herne Bay is a popular retirement destination ; many modern retirement complexes are located near the seafront .
The economic activity of residents aged 16 – 74 was 36 % in full @-@ time employment , 13 % in part @-@ time employment , 9 % self @-@ employed , 3 % unemployed , 2 % students with jobs , 3 % students without jobs , 18 % retired , 7 % looking after home or family , 6 % permanently sick or disabled and 2 % economically inactive for other reasons . This was roughly in line with the national figures , except for the number of people in retirement . This figure nationally was significantly lower at 14 % . Of the town 's residents aged 16 – 74 , 12 % had a higher education qualification or the equivalent , compared with 20 % nationwide . According to Office for National Statistics estimates , during the period of April 2001 to March 2002 the average gross weekly income of households in the Herne Bay area was £ 516 ( £ 26 @,@ 906 per year ) .
= = Economy = =
The advent of overseas travel and changes to holiday trends eventually caused the town 's economy to decline after the 1960s ; regular flooding of the Plenty Brook prevented redevelopment of the town centre . However , extensive seafront regeneration in the 1990s followed the creation of the Neptune 's Arm sea defence jetty . The jetty has created a small harbour used by leisure boats and from where tourists can take sailing yacht trips to a seal @-@ watching site in the Thames estuary . The Victorian gardens on the seafront were then able to be fully restored . The Central Bandstand , built in 1924 , was refurbished after years of disrepair and closure to the public . A swimming pool and cinema were added to the town centre in the early 1990s . In 2005 , a wind @-@ farm with thirty 2 @.@ 75 MW wind turbines was built 5 miles ( 8 km ) off the coast of Herne Bay and Whitstable , generating a total of 82 @.@ 5 MW of electricity . The recent upgrades by the Council have helped improve the image of the town and raise its profile . It is hoped this will attract new investment in tourism and business by the private sector , and lead to the regeneration of the town 's economy .
In 2006 , Canterbury City Council began a public consultation to discuss the regeneration . A concern raised by the council is that the shopping centre is incoherent and fails to attract the tourists that come for the seafront . Other issues raised are the lack of holiday accommodation , car parks and clear pedestrian routes between the three main attractions in the town : the seafront , Memorial park and shopping centre . The council is considering relocating the sports centre from the pier and replacing it with other tourist attractions .
As of the 2001 census , the industry of employment of residents of Herne Bay was 19 % retail , 14 % health and social work , 11 % manufacturing , 10 % construction , 9 % real estate , 8 % education , 8 % transport and communications , 5 % public administration , 5 % hotels and restaurants , 4 % finance , 1 % agriculture and 5 % other community , social or Personal Services . Compared to national figures , the town had a relatively high number of workers in the construction and health / social care industries and a relatively low number in manufacturing and real estate . Many residents commute to work outside the town . As of the 2001 UK census , 14 @,@ 711 of the town 's residents were in employment , whereas there were only 8 @,@ 104 jobs within the town .
One of the largest employers is the centrally located supermarket , which as of January 2006 was considering further expansion . It is one of the major attractions to the town 's shopping centre , however there are fears that its expansion could lead it to become too dominant , at the cost of smaller shops in the town . Apart from tourism and retail , many jobs are also provided in the manufacturing industry , mainly located in industrial estates on the outskirts of the town , which produce goods such as kitchen furniture and factory machinery . A high number of construction jobs have been created by redevelopment of the seafront , which is expected to continue with the proposed regeneration of the town centre . The elderly population of the town has led to many Health and Social Care jobs at local care homes and at the town 's Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital . As of the 2001 census , 1 @.@ 9 % of the town 's population resided in a medical or care establishment , compared with the national average of only 0 @.@ 8 % .
= = Landmarks = =
The seafront has a 2 miles ( 3 km ) shingle beach , which has been awarded a European Blue Flag and the yellow and blue Seaside Award for its safety and cleanliness . The seafront features a Victorian bandstand and gardens , amusement arcades , and children 's play areas . Landmarks by the seafront include the Clock Tower , the sea defence jetty , the off @-@ shore World War II sea fort and the off @-@ shore wind farm . There are seaside cafés , fresh seafood restaurants , guesthouses , beach huts and numerous water @-@ sports facilities .
The Memorial Park , situated near the centre of the town , incorporates a children 's play area , a large shallow duck pond often used for remote control boats , basketball and tennis courts and a large expanse of grass for field games . The park has a monument and an ' Avenue of Remembrance ' as memorials to the town 's residents killed during the two world wars .
Reculver Country park is home to the cliff top Reculver Towers , the remains of the 12th century St Mary 's Church and its distinctive twin towers . The park also contains the remains of a Roman fort , the remains of a Saxon church , a migrating @-@ bird watching spot and an information centre on the geology , history and wildlife of this area of the coast . Located on the main road between Herne Bay and Canterbury , Wildwood Discovery Park features over fifty species of native British animals , such as deer , badgers , wild boar and wolves .
Herne Mill , a late @-@ 18th century Kentish smock mill overlooking the village of Herne from a hilltop , is usually open to visitors on Sunday afternoons between April and September . A concrete funnel @-@ shaped water tower overlooks Herne Bay from the top of Mickleburgh Hill . This water tower is now used as a base for radio transmitters .
= = Transport = =
Herne Bay railway station is on the Chatham Main Line , which runs between Ramsgate in East Kent and London Victoria . Other stations on this line include Broadstairs , Margate , Whitstable , Faversham , Gillingham , Rochester and Bromley South . Herne Bay is around 1 hour and 40 minutes from London . A National Express coach service also runs between London Victoria and Ramsgate , around every two to three hours during daytime . A selection of trains run to London 's Cannon Street station , primarily for business commuting .
There is the Stagecoach in East Kent bus services 4 / 4A / 4B / 6 / 6A / 6B ( branded as ' The Triangle ' ) running every 10 minutes to neighbouring Whitstable and to Canterbury , where many Herne Bay residents go to work and shop . Also an infrequent bus service 7 links Herne Bay to Canterbury but The Triangle routes are more frequent , quick and direct . An hourly bus service 36 runs to the seaside resort of Margate , 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the east of Herne Bay The A299 road , also known as the Thanet Way , runs between Ramsgate and Faversham via Herne Bay and Whitstable . The road merges with the M2 motorway at Faversham . In the late 1990s , the road was converted into a dual carriageway and redirected to avoid passing through urban areas of Herne Bay and Whitstable .
= = Education = =
Herne Bay 's secondary school is the modern Herne Bay High . It is a mixed ability foundation school with about 1 @,@ 500 students . In 2002 , Herne Bay High was designated a specialist school and Sports College . In 2005 , 14 % of the school 's pupils gained at least five GCSEs at grades A * – C including English and maths , ranking it 107th out of Kent 's 120 secondary schools . Many students commute to schools in other nearby towns , especially to the grammar schools in Faversham , Ramsgate and Canterbury .
Herne Bay Junior School , situated in the town centre , has about 500 students . It was originally established in the late Victorian era and was formerly joined with the neighbouring Herne Bay Infant school . In 2006 , Herne Bay Junior School 's Key Stage 2 results ranked 139th out of Kent 's 386 state primary schools . There is one smaller primary school in the area called Grosvenor House , which is a school for pupils permanently excluded from mainstream schooling .
The village schools are Herne Primary School , Herne Church of England Junior School , Herne Church of England Infant and Nursery School , Briary Primary School in Greenhill , Hampton Primary School and Reculver Church of England Primary School . The voluntary controlled Church of England schools are owned by the church but like the other schools , are run by Kent County Council . In 2006 , Reculver Church of England Primary School achieved the best Key Stage 2 performances of the schools in the Herne Bay area , ranking 133rd out of Kent 's 386 state primary schools .
Canterbury College @ Herne Bay is a branch of Canterbury College in Herne Bay town centre , which provides a range of short information technology courses to adults . Whitstable Adult education Centre runs adult learning courses at various Herne Bay locations .
= = Religion = =
The Church of England has two parishes in Herne Bay : Christ Church with St Andrew 's , and St Martin 's with St Peter 's . The Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart is in Sea Street . There are Baptist churches in Spenser Road and in Reynolds Close . There is a United ( Methodist and United Reformed ) Church in Mortimer Street . There is also a United Reformed Church in The Meadows , Broomfield . Herne Bay Salvation Army Corps is based in Pettman Close . The Canopy Church is in South Road . The Beacon Church meets at Briary School , Greenhill , Herne Bay . Herne Bay Evangelical Free Church meets in Sunnyhill Road . Herne Bay Christian Spiritualist Church is in Avenue Road .
= = Culture = =
Herne Bay Festival happens every August with ten days of almost every event being free , including live music , performance , creative commissions , cultural treats , family fun , workshops , competitions , walks , talks , exhibitions and family entertainment .
Other summer events include Happy Days – a programme of bandstand concerts and family entertainment , Herne Bay Carnival through the town centre , a travelling funfair at the Memorial Park and Herne Bay Bus Rally . Each summer , the council runs a gardening competition , " Herne Bay in Bloom " , which encourages residents and businesses to keep the town looking well presented .
The town is home to the Herne Bay Little Theatre , a playmakers drama society and member of the Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain who have a 72 @-@ seat theatre in Bullers Avenue . In 2007 , the theatre won a large grant from the Big Lottery Fund to renovate and extend their building and provide improved disabled access . The theatre also has an active youth theatre and between them , they put on at least eight productions every year including a pantomime . Theatrecraft , a local theatre group , produce three shows a year including an annual pantomime at the King 's Hall theatre . Other groups and touring companies often put productions on at the open @-@ air ' Theatre in the Park ' on the grounds of Strode Park House in Herne .
The town 's only cinema , the Kavanagh , is part of a Greco @-@ inspired building that incorporates the Heron 's swimming pool and the council offices . There are a number of drinking venues , especially in the town centre and on the seafront . There are nightclubs , social clubs and many pubs , including one in the recently renovated seafront bandstand . ( As of January 2013 the Bandstand is an Indian Restaurant )
= = Sports = =
The town is a popular destination for water sports ; it has clubs for sailing , rowing and yachting . The town has hosted the Zapcat powerboat racing championships . Fishing is popular on the pier and Herne Bay Angling Association competes nationally in beach and boat fishing competitions .
Herne Bay Hockey Club , Greenhill Gymnastics Club , Herne Bay Cricket Club and Herne Bay Youth Football Club are located at Herne Bay High School , a specialist sports college . The hockey club runs a ladies ' team and five men 's team , the highest of which plays in the Kent Sussex Regional 1st XI League . Herne Bay Cricket Club runs two junior teams , a men 's Sunday team and two men 's Saturday teams ; the Saturday teams play in the Kent Cricket Feeder League East .
Herne Bay Youth Football Club has 22 teams , and over 320 players aged 6 to 18 . Four teams play in the Kent Youth League and the remainder in the East Kent Youth Mini Soccer & 11 a Side Leagues .
Herne Bay Tennis Club is situated on the outskirts of town and runs multiple teams in the Kent League , East Kent League and Dover & District League . Their facilities include four all @-@ weather courts ( two floodlit ) , up to six astroturf courts and a purpose built clubhouse . The club offers junior coaching and runs regular club nights for players of all ages and abilities .
Herne Bay Basketball Club runs teams for men , women and juniors in the East Kent Basketball League . Herne Bay Golf Club has an eighteen @-@ hole course on the outskirts of the town . The Memorial Park contains a sports field , eight tennis courts and a basketball court which can be used free of charge . Herne Bay Bowling Club is situated next to the Memorial Park and hosts several lawn bowls Open Tournaments each year .
There is a council owned sports centre — The Bay Sports Arena — opened in September 2011 . There is another privately owned gymnasium in the town centre . Herne Bay Judo Club is located near the railway station and the same venue also holds clubs for table tennis and badminton . There are also two other table @-@ tennis clubs in the town . Bujinkai karate classes are held at Herne Bay Junior School .
Herne Bay Football Club , based at Winch 's Field , play in the Isthmian League Division One South . They were Kent League champions in 1992 , 1994 , 1997 , 1998 and 2012 . Also playing at Winch 's Field is Canterbury City F.C.
The town is the founder of the Roller Hockey sport with the " Herne Bay Roller Hockey club " being the first to exist in the world .
Herne Bay Judo Club , located next to the town 's railway station , has been active in the town since the 1960s . The club originated underneath the old St Marys college on station road until it moved into the purpose built dojo where it still resides .
= = Media = =
There are five local weekly newspapers : YourCanterbury , the paid @-@ for Herne Bay Gazette and Herne Bay Times , providing news related only to the town , and the free KM Extra and Canterbury Adscene , providing news on the wider Canterbury district area . The KM Group owns Herne Bay Gazette and KM Extra , while Trinity Mirror owns Herne Bay Times and Canterbury Adscene . KMFM Canterbury is a radio station on frequency 106FM which serves Canterbury , Whitstable and Herne Bay . The station was founded in September 1997 as CTFM , but was rebranded after a takeover by the KM Group . Radio Cabin is a radio station aimed only at Herne Bay listeners . It airs part @-@ time and can only be accessed through the Internet.On 15th June 2016 , OFCOM announced that Radio Cabin had been successful in their bid to obtain a Community Radio Licence , meaning that they can begin broadcasting on FM within two years .
= = Filmography = =
Due to the town 's traditional seaside appearance , it has often been used as a setting for television programmes and films . The seafront has been featured in programmes such as the ITV period drama Upstairs , Downstairs , the 1984 BBC seaside comedy Cockles , CBBC 's The Tweenies and the BBC comedy Little Britain . The town 's railway station was seen in an episode of the 1970s comedy Some Mothers Do ' Ave ' Em . The town has featured in movies such as Ken Russell 's French Dressing , and The Medusa Touch , starring Richard Burton . In fiction , Jeeves from the stories by P. G. Wodehouse regularly holidays at the town , spending much of his time there fishing . Herne Bay was the hometown of the three main characters in the 1990s BBC sitcom , Game On . To celebrate Anthony Coburn 's contribution to the Doctor Who series , BBC South East Today is celebrating 50 years of Doctor Who by screening the first ever episode An Unearthly Child , at the Kings Hall theatre on 22 November 2013 .
= = Twin towns = =
Herne Bay is twinned with the towns of :
Wimereux in Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais , France ;
Waltrop , Germany .
Since 1994 , the Herne Bay / Wimereux Twinning Association has aimed to promote friendship between the people of the two towns by organising activities , such as cycling trips and quiz evenings . Herne Bay and Waltrop have been twinned since 1976 , although as at February 2007 , their twinning association was not in operation . However , Herne Bay Rowing club promote friendship with the Waltrop rowing club by organising rowing events and visiting in each other 's towns .
= = Notable people = =
The actor and presenter Bob Holness lived in the town as a child and attended Herne Bay Primary School until moving to Ashford . Nicki Chapman , the judge on the UK television series Popstars and Pop Idol , was born and raised in the town . Originally from London , Daniel Tammet , the subject of the UK documentary The Boy with the Incredible Brain , has now moved to the town . He is an autistic savant with outstanding abilities in mathematics , sequence memorising and language learning . Lydia Cecilia Hill ( 1913 – 1940 ) , known as Cissie Hill , lived at Westcliff ; she was a favourite of Ibrahim of Johor and former dancer . The Yorkshire @-@ born writer Will Scott lived and wrote in Herne Bay until his death in 1964 . During the late 1960s , many successful rock and jazz bands were formed around the city of Canterbury , creating a subgenre of music known as the Canterbury sound . Some of these musicians were residents of Herne Bay , including Dave Sinclair and Richard Coughlan of Caravan , and Kevin Ayers of Soft Machine . George W. M. Reynolds , one of the most popular British authors of the early Victorian era , moved to Herne Bay in 1854 and became one of the town 's Improvement Commissioners . The children 's writer Evelyn Whitaker was born there in 1844 . Héctor García Ribeyro , the Mayor of Lima in Peru during the 1950s , had part of his schooling at the now defunct Herne Bay International school . Colin Dixon , the depot manager held hostage with his family during the £ 53 million Securitas depot robbery of February 2006 , lived in Herne Bay at the time .
Frederick Christian Palmer , known professionally as Fred C. Palmer , was the main public photographer of Herne Bay in the early years of the 20th century . He photographed the detective Edmund Reid , who had hunted for Jack the Ripper and who also lived in the town . Ann Thwaytes paid for the construction of the Clock Tower . F.W.J. Palmer , Surveyor to Herne Bay Urban District Council 1891 – 1915 , designed both phases of The King 's Hall in 1904 and 1913 . Gabrielle Davis was Sheriff of Canterbury 2009 – 2010 and helped to save local museums from closure in 2010 . William Matthew Scott ( 1893 – 1964 ) was a local author living at High View Avenue , and architect Ernest Trevor Spashett lived next door to him between 1959 and 1965 . William Sidney Cooper painted local scenes and is buried at Eddington cemetery . H. Kempton Dyson designed the Central Bandstand .
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= Jake Gyllenhaal =
Jacob Benjamin " Jake " Gyllenhaal ( / ˈdʒɪlənhɑːl / JIL @-@ ən @-@ hahl ; born December 19 , 1980 ) is an American actor . A member of the Gyllenhaal family and the son of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner , Gyllenhaal began acting as a child with a screen debut in City Slickers ( 1991 ) , followed by roles in A Dangerous Woman ( 1993 ) and Homegrown ( 1998 ) . His breakthrough performance was as Homer Hickam in October Sky ( 1999 ) and he garnered an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Male Lead for playing the title character in the indie cult hit Donnie Darko ( 2001 ) , in which he played a psychologically troubled teenager alongside his older sister , Maggie Gyllenhaal . He subsequently appeared in another indie film , The Good Girl ( 2002 ) and the climate fiction @-@ disaster film The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , portraying a student caught in a cataclysmic climate event .
In 2005 , Gyllenhaal portrayed Anthony " Swoff " Swofford in Jarhead , Gwyneth Paltrow 's love interest in Proof , and Jack Twist in Ang Lee 's Brokeback Mountain . For his performance in Brokeback Mountain , he received critical acclaim and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture , and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor .
Gyllenhaal received further recognition for roles in Zodiac ( 2007 ) , Brothers ( 2009 ) , Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) , Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , Source Code ( 2011 ) , End of Watch ( 2012 ) , Prisoners ( 2013 ) , Nightcrawler ( 2014 ) , and Southpaw ( 2015 ) . For Nightcrawler , his performance was widely acclaimed and received rave reviews from critics and he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role .
= = Early life = =
Gyllenhaal was born in Los Angeles , California , the son of film producer and screenwriter Naomi Foner ( née Achs ) and film director Stephen Gyllenhaal . Actress Maggie Gyllenhaal , his older sister , appeared with him in the film Donnie Darko . Gyllenhaal 's father , who was raised as a Swedenborgian , is of Swedish and English descent , and is a descendant of the Swedish noble Gyllenhaal family . Jake 's last ancestor to be born in Sweden was his great @-@ great @-@ grandfather , Anders Leonard Gyllenhaal . Jake 's mother was born in New York City , to a Jewish family that emigrated from Russia and Poland . Gyllenhaal has said that he considers himself Jewish . On his 13th birthday , Gyllenhaal performed a " bar mitzvah @-@ like act , without the typical trappings " , volunteering at a homeless shelter because his parents wanted to give him a sense of gratitude for his privileged lifestyle . His parents insisted that he have summer jobs to support himself and he thus worked as a lifeguard and as a busboy at a restaurant operated by a family friend .
= = Acting career = =
= = = Early career = = =
As a child , Gyllenhaal was regularly exposed to filmmaking due to his family 's deep ties to the industry . He made his acting debut as Billy Crystal 's son in the 1991 comedy film City Slickers . His parents did not allow him to appear in the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks because it would have required his leaving home for two months . In subsequent years , his parents allowed him to audition for roles but regularly forbade him to take them if he were chosen . He was allowed to appear in his father 's films several times . Gyllenhaal appeared in the 1993 film A Dangerous Woman ( along with sister Maggie ) ; in " Bop Gun " , a 1994 episode of Homicide : Life on the Street ; and in the 1998 comedy Homegrown . Along with their mother , Jake and Maggie appeared in two episodes of Molto Mario , an Italian cooking show on the Food Network . Prior to his senior year in high school , the only other film not directed by his father , in which Gyllenhaal was allowed to perform , was the 1993 film Josh and S.A.M. , a little @-@ known children 's adventure .
Gyllenhaal graduated from the Harvard @-@ Westlake School in Los Angeles in 1998 , then attended Columbia University , where his sister was a senior and from which his mother had graduated , to study Eastern religions and philosophy . Gyllenhaal dropped out after two years to concentrate on acting but has expressed intentions to eventually finish his degree . Gyllenhaal 's first lead role was in October Sky , Joe Johnston 's 1999 adaptation of the Homer Hickam autobiography Rocket Boys , in which he portrayed a young man from West Virginia striving to win a science scholarship to avoid becoming a coal miner . The film earned $ 32 million and was described in the Sacramento News and Review as Gyllenhaal 's " breakout performance " .
= = = 2001 – 04 : From Donnie Darko to the London stage = = =
Donnie Darko , Gyllenhaal 's second film , was not a box office success upon its initial 2001 release but eventually became a cult favorite . The film , directed by Richard Kelly , is set in 1988 and stars Gyllenhaal as a troubled teenager who experiences visions of a 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall rabbit named Frank who tells him that the world is coming to an end . Gyllenhaal 's performance was well received by critics ; Gary Mairs of Culture Vulture wrote that " Gyllenhaal manages the difficult trick of seeming both blandly normal and profoundly disturbed , often within the same scene . "
After the critical success of Donnie Darko , Gyllenhaal 's next role was as Pilot Kelston in 2002 's Highway alongside Jared Leto . His performance was described by one critic as " silly , cliched and straight to video " . Gyllenhaal had more success starring opposite Jennifer Aniston in The Good Girl , which premiered at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival ; he also starred in Lovely & Amazing with Catherine Keener . In both films he plays an unstable character who begins a reckless affair with an older woman . Gyllenhaal later described these as " teenager in transition " roles . Gyllenhaal later starred in the Touchstone Pictures romantic comedy Bubble Boy , which was loosely based on the story of David Vetter . The film portrays the title character 's adventures as he pursues the love of his life before she marries the wrong man . The film was panned by critics , with one calling it an " empty @-@ headed , chaotic , utterly tasteless atrocity " .
Following Bubble Boy , Gyllenhaal starred opposite Dustin Hoffman , Susan Sarandon and Ellen Pompeo in Moonlight Mile , as a young man coping with the death of his fiancée and the grief of her parents . The story , which received mixed reviews , is loosely based on writer / director Brad Silberling 's personal experiences following the murder of his girlfriend , Rebecca Schaeffer .
Gyllenhaal was almost cast as Spider @-@ Man for Spider @-@ Man 2 due to director Sam Raimi 's concerns about original Spider @-@ Man star Tobey Maguire 's health . Maguire recovered , however , and the sequel was shot without Gyllenhaal . ( The actors — who later played brothers in Brothers — resemble each other enough that Gyllenhaal has jokingly complained about cab drivers often calling him " Spider @-@ Man " . ) Instead , Gyllenhaal starred in the blockbuster The Day After Tomorrow in 2004 , co @-@ starring Dennis Quaid as his father .
In his theatrical debut , Gyllenhaal starred on the London stage in Kenneth Lonergan 's revival of This is Our Youth . Gyllenhaal said , " Every actor I look up to has done theatre work , so I knew I had to give it a try . " The play , which had been a critical sensation on Broadway , ran for eight weeks in London 's West End . Gyllenhaal received favorable critical reviews and an Evening Standard Theatre Award in the category " Outstanding Newcomer " .
= = = 2005 – present : Brokeback Mountain and subsequent roles = = =
In 2005 , Gyllenhaal starred in the critically praised films Proof , Jarhead , and Brokeback Mountain . In Proof , featuring Gwyneth Paltrow and Anthony Hopkins , Gyllenhaal played a graduate student in mathematics who tries to convince Paltrow 's character to publish a revolutionary proof to a problem puzzling the mathematicians ' community . In Jarhead , Gyllenhaal played a violent U.S. Marine during the first Gulf War . He also auditioned to be Batman for one of the biggest blockbusters , Batman Begins and came close to getting the role , but Christian Bale was ultimately chosen for it .
In Brokeback Mountain , Gyllenhaal and Heath Ledger play young men who meet as sheep herders and embark upon a sexual relationship that begins in the summer of 1963 and lasts for 20 years . The film was often referred to in the media with the shorthand phrase " the gay cowboy movie " , though there was differing opinion on the sexual orientation of the characters . The film won the Golden Lion prize at the Venice Film Festival . The film went on to win four Golden Globe Awards , four British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) Awards , and three Academy Awards . Gyllenhaal was nominated for an Academy Award in the category of Best Supporting Actor for his performance but lost to George Clooney for Syriana . Gyllenhaal also won the Best Supporting Actor BAFTA for the same role and received a Best Supporting Actor nomination and Best Film Ensemble nomination from the Screen Actors Guild . Also for Brokeback Mountain , he and Ledger won an MTV Movie Award for " Best Kiss " in 2006 . Shortly after the 2006 Academy Awards , Gyllenhaal was invited to join the Academy in recognition of his acting career .
Gyllenhaal expressed mixed feelings about the experience of being directed by Ang Lee in Brokeback Mountain but generally had more praise than criticism for Lee 's directing style . While complaining of the way Lee tended to disconnect from his actors once filming began , Gyllenhaal praised his encouraging direction of the actors and sensitive approach to the material . At the Directors Guild of America Awards on January 28 , 2006 , Gyllenhaal also praised Lee for " his humbleness and his respect for everyone around him " .
When asked about his kissing scenes with Heath Ledger in Brokeback Mountain , Gyllenhaal said , " As an actor , I think we need to embrace the times we feel most uncomfortable . " When asked about the more intimate scenes with Ledger , Gyllenhaal likened them to " doing a sex scene with a woman I 'm not particularly attracted to " . Following the release of Brokeback Mountain , rumors circulated regarding the actor 's sexual orientation . When asked about such gossip during an interview , Gyllenhaal said :
" You know it 's flattering when there 's a rumor that says I 'm bisexual . It means I can play more kinds of roles . I 'm open to whatever people want to call me . I 've never really been attracted to men sexually , but I don 't think I would be afraid of it if it happened . "
Gyllenhaal narrated the 2005 short animated film The Man Who Walked Between the Towers , based on Mordicai Gerstein 's book of the same name about Philippe Petit 's famous stunt . In January 2007 , as host of Saturday Night Live , he put on a sparkly evening dress and sang " And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going " from the musical Dreamgirls for his opening monologue , dedicating the song to his " unique fan base ... the fans of Brokeback " .
In 2007 , Gyllenhaal starred in David Fincher 's mystery thriller Zodiac , which was based on a true story . He played Robert Graysmith , a San Francisco Chronicle cartoonist and author of two books about the Zodiac serial killer . In preparation for his role , Gyllenhaal met Graysmith , and videotaped him to study his mannerisms and behavior . Gyllenhaal starred opposite Meryl Streep , Alan Arkin and Reese Witherspoon in the October 2007 release Rendition , a Gavin Hood @-@ directed political thriller about the U.S. policy of extraordinary rendition . In 2009 , he appeared with Tobey Maguire in Jim Sheridan 's remake of Susanne Bier 's 2004 Danish language film Brothers . In 2008 , it was announced that Gyllenhaal would star in the comedy Nailed , which he filmed in South Carolina with Jessica Biel , as well as Doug Liman 's as yet untitled film about the race for lunar colonization . The following year , Gyllenhaal played the lead role in the movie adaptation of the video game Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and released by Disney on May 28 , 2010 , and in the romantic comedy Love and Other Drugs , released on November 24 , 2010 , for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination .
In 2012 , Gyllenhaal starred alongside Michael Peña in David Ayer 's film End of Watch about two Los Angeles street cops . The film was released on September 21 , 2012 and received positive reviews , with Roger Ebert saying that " End of Watch is one of the best police movies in recent years , a virtuoso fusion of performances and often startling action " , and Salon.com 's Andrew O 'Hehir stating that the film was " at least the best cop movie since James Gray 's We Own the Night , and very likely since Antoine Fuqua 's memorable Training Day ( which , not coincidentally , was written by Ayer ) " . To train for the role , Gyllenhaal took tactical training and participated in actual police drives with co @-@ star Michael Peña to help establish the language of the characters .
In 2013 , Gyllenhaal starred in a dual role of a history teacher and his doppelgänger in the thriller Enemy , and produced and starred in the crime thriller Nightcrawler , receiving a Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for the latter role . In 2015 , he starred in Antoine Fuqua 's sports drama Southpaw , Baltasar Kormákur 's Everest , an account of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster , and Jean @-@ Marc Vallee 's romantic comedy @-@ drama Demolition . His film for Tom Ford , Nocturnal Animals , is scheduled for release in late 2016 .
He was on the jury for the main competition section of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Family and relationships = = =
For more on Gyllenhaal 's paternal ancestors , see Gyllenhaal family .
The son of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner , Gyllenhaal 's immediate family includes his sister , actress Maggie , who is married to actor Peter Sarsgaard , Gyllenhaal 's co @-@ star in Jarhead and Rendition . In December 2006 , Gyllenhaal and his sister escaped a fire that destroyed Manka 's Inverness Lodge , a famed lodge and restaurant in Inverness , California , at which they were vacationing . The Gyllenhaals were among a dozen or so guests who fled after the fire , sparked by a falling tree , broke out at about 3 a.m. Co @-@ owner and celebrity chef Daniel DeLong said the pair were supportive despite having to brave the wind and cold . " Jake was helping me pull things out of the fire " DeLong said .
Gyllenhaal 's niece , Ramona Sarsgaard , was born on October 3 , 2006 . Gyllenhaal has both literal godparents and what he describes as " celebrity godparents " . The late actor and director Paul Newman was his celebrity godfather , and actress Jamie Lee Curtis is both his literal and celebrity godmother . Other godparents of unknown status include a gay couple and cinematographer Robert Elswit . Gyllenhaal himself is the godfather of Matilda Rose Ledger ( born October 28 , 2005 ) , daughter of Heath Ledger and Michelle Williams , both of whom co @-@ starred with him in Brokeback Mountain .
Gyllenhaal dated actress Kirsten Dunst for nearly two years , starting in 2002 . He later dated his Rendition co @-@ star Reese Witherspoon from about 2007 to 2009 . He dated singer @-@ songwriter Taylor Swift from October 2010 until January 2011 , and model Alyssa Miller from July to December 2013 .
= = = Politics and other interests = = =
Gyllenhaal is politically active . He shot a commercial for Rock the Vote and , along with his sister , visited the University of Southern California to encourage students to vote during the 2004 U.S. election . He also campaigned for Democratic Presidential candidate John Kerry . He has said , however , that " it frustrates me when actors talk politics ; I 'm political and I make choices in my movies that I think are political . I try and say things with what I do . Rightly or wrongly , young actors have all the power . " In an interview for Rendition , he remarked that " it 's a sad time when actors are politicians and politicians are actors " .
Raised in a family concerned with social issues , in 2003 Gyllenhaal participated in an advertising campaign by the American Civil Liberties Union , an organization his entire family strongly supports . Environmentally conscious , he recycles regularly , and said in an interview that he spends $ 400 a year to have trees planted in a Mozambique forest , partly to promote the Future Forests program . After filming The Day After Tomorrow , he flew to the Arctic to promote awareness of climate change . Gyllenhaal is the Honorary Chair of the New Eyes For The Needy Advisory Board , and has signed on to help the TV fundraiser Stand Up to Cancer . Gyllenhaal is on the board of directors for the Anti @-@ Recidivism Coalition and volunteered in California juvenile detention centers with Scott Budnick .
In his spare time , Gyllenhaal enjoys woodworking and cooking . When asked about being a Buddhist , he has said , " I am not a card @-@ carrying Buddhist , but I do try to practice mindfulness " and that it is his goal to meditate every day .
On December 19 , 2011 , he was announced as a jury member for the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival that was held in February 2012 .
= = Media image = =
Gyllenhaal was named one of People magazine 's " 50 Most Beautiful People " in 2006 . He was also listed in People 's " Hottest Bachelors of 2006 " . In response to mainstream press lists like these , thousands of gay and bisexual men were polled for the 2007 and 2008 " AfterElton.com Hot 100 List " . Gyllenhaal was ranked at No.1 in both consecutive years . He was ranked at No.2 on the Gay Wired Magazine poll of male actors who have played gay characters in movies . In April 2012 , Shalom Life ranked him Number 6 on its list of " the 50 most talented , intelligent , funny , and gorgeous Jewish men in the world " .
= = Filmography = =
= = Accolades = =
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= Ekeberg Line =
The Ekeberg Line ( Norwegian : Ekebergbanen ) is a 6 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometer ( 4 @.@ 1 mi ) long light rail line of the Oslo Tramway which runs from Gamlebyen to Ljabru in Oslo , Norway . Operated by lines 18 and 19 , it serves the area of Nordstrand and the neighborhoods of Ekeberg , Jomfrubråten , Bekkelaget and Ljan . The line is operated by Oslo Sporvognsdrift using SL79 and SL95 trams on contract with Ruter . The line itself is owned by Kollektivtransportproduksjon . At Oslo Hospital , the line connects to the Gamleby Line , which runs to the city center .
Proposals for a line in the area were first launched 1897 , but not until 1914 were the necessary permits granted . The line was built and operated by Ekebergbanen . The line opened in 1917 , and connected to the Gamleby Line to reach Stortorvet in the city center . The line differed from the street trams in that it ran in its own right of way and used 1 @,@ 200 volt supply , unlike the 600 volts used in the streets . In the early 1930s , the line was rebuilt to double track and a branch , the Simensbråten Line , was built . The Ekeberg Line was extended to its current terminus in 1941 . In 1948 , the company was taken over by the municipal Oslo Sporveier and operations were integrated in 1965 . The line was nearly closed in 1967 and 1973 , but during the 1970s , the line received new rolling stock and a renovation . Future plans include an extension to Hauketo Station on the Østfold Line and a new route via Bjørvika to the city center .
= = Route = =
The Ekeberg Line is a 6 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometer ( 4 @.@ 1 mi ) long continuation of the Gamleby Line , from which it connects at Oslo Hospital , located near sea level and 2 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) from Stortorvet , the traditional terminus in the city center . The entire line is built as a light rail with its own right @-@ of @-@ way . The line is electrified at 750 volts with overhead wires . It runs up Ekeberg on the east side of Kongsveien , passing Sjømannsskolen at 59 @.@ 5 meters ( 195 ft ) above mean sea level ( AMSL ) and 0 @.@ 8 kilometers ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) from Oslo Hospital . The next station is Jomfrubråten , which is located 2 @.@ 0 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from Oslo Hospital and at 115 @.@ 0 meters ( 377 @.@ 3 ft ) AMSL . This is where the Simensbråten Line previously branched off . Past Jomfrubråten , the Simenbråten Line , while it existed , ran under the Ekeberg Line .
The next station is Sportsplassen , located 400 meters ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) further south , at 108 @.@ 9 meters ( 357 ft ) AMSL , followed by Holtet , which is 3 @.@ 2 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 0 mi ) from Oslo Hospital and at 115 @.@ 5 meters ( 379 ft ) AMSL . Holtet is the location of the depot and a balloon loop . At Holtet , the line crosses Kongsveien and continues along the west side of Ekebergveien . The next station is Sørli , which is located 4 @.@ 0 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from Oslo Hospital and at 111 @.@ 7 meters ( 366 ft ) AMSL , followed by Kastellet located 4 @.@ 4 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 7 mi ) from Oslo Hospital and at 112 @.@ 0 meters ( 367 @.@ 5 ft ) AMSL . The line continues past Bråten , located 4 @.@ 9 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 0 mi ) from Oslo Hospital and at 117 @.@ 6 meters ( 386 ft ) AMSL and past Sæter , located 5 @.@ 6 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) from Oslo Hospital and at 116 @.@ 0 meters ( 380 @.@ 6 ft ) AMSL . Between Sæter and Ljabru is a bridge over Nordstrandsveien which is single tracked . Ljabru is the terminus and is located 7 @.@ 6 kilometers ( 4 @.@ 7 mi ) from Oslo Hospital and at 100 @.@ 0 meters ( 328 @.@ 1 ft ) AMSL .
= = Service = =
The Ekeberg Line is served by lines 18 and 19 of the Oslo Tramway . Line 19 always runs the full length of the line , while Line 18 does not operate from Ljabru to Holtet during the morning and afternoon . Line 18 connects via the city center to the Ullevål Hageby Line while Line 19 runs onwards along the Briskeby Line . Travel time from Ljabru to Holtet is 7 minutes , to Oslo Hospital is 14 minutes and to Jernbanetoget is 20 minutes . Both of the lines run every 10 minutes during the day , every 20 minutes during the evenings and part of the weekends and every 30 minutes during early mornings on weekends . This gives a peak service of every 5 minutes along the Ekeberg Line . The service is provided using high @-@ floor SL79 and low @-@ floor SL95 trams . Because of the lack of a balloon loop at Rikshospitalet , Line 18 must be operated with SL95 units , while SL79 units are used on Line 19 because the Brikeby Line does not have a high enough permitted axle load to for the SL95 units .
= = History = =
= = = Construction = = =
The Nordstrand area of Aker was first served by steam ships from the 1860s , which connected the lower areas to Oslo . In 1879 , the Østfold Line ( then the Smaalen Line ) opened in 1879 , giving these areas a regular service unaffected by the weather . In 1897 , a public meeting was held regarding transport in the upper parts of Nordstand , the Ekeberg area . On 15 March 1899 , Solicitor Einar Borgen , Engineer A. J. Jackwitz and Robert Iversen sent an application to build an electric railway from Oslo to Ljan . They were later supplemented with Contractor S. Sørensen . The application was considered in Aker Municipal Council on 14 March 1901 , and placed on hold . It was again considered a year later , this time it was placed on hold because the politicians wanted to see how the new Railway Act would affect the plans .
A new application for the same route was made on 16 April 1907 , this time from Solicitor H. M. Helliesen , Wholesaler A. Thune @-@ Larsen , and Works Manager T. Poppe of Kristiania Sporveisselskab ( KSS ) , the company which operated one the city tramways . This time the plans were slightly changed , with the route proposed built with a tramway rather than as a railway . In particular , the line was to connect to the Gamleby Line ( then called the Oslo Line ) of KSS 's network and run up Ekeberg to an intersection between Ekeberveien and Kirkeveien . The plans called for a regular street tram with regular city tram vehicles . At the time , the city limits of Oslo went at Sjømannskolen . The application for the part within Oslo was sent to the city , while for the section outside the city , the application was sent to the Ministry of Labour . Within Oslo , a new line would only have to be built from Oslo Hospital to Sjømannskolen , while from Oslo Hospital to the city center , the line would follow the Gamleby Line .
The plans were sent from the ministry to the municipality , whose council passed the plans on 12 November 1908 . Among the conditions were that within five years , the municipality could demand that the line be extended to either Ljabru or Ljan . The concession was again considered on 2 November 1911 , and there it was decided that the concession would be removed if the line was not finished by the end of 1914 . However , in November 1911 , Oslo City Council postponed their permissions while the issue was again made subject to reports on the issue . The report suggested a different route , which ran via Lodalen and up Ekebergsletta at Ekeberg hovedgård . After negotiations , the city agreed to allow the line to follow Kongsveien .
The Labour Party rejected the line , stating that they did not want any transport that made it easier to live outside the municipal boundary , to keep tax money within the municipality . The final permission from Oslo City Council was granted after a vote with 49 to 35 in May 1913 . Concession from the ministry was granted from Sjømannsskolen to Ljan on 7 October , and from Oslo Hospital to Sjømannsskolen on 11 December . On 5 June 1914 , permission was granted where the concession was transferred from Thune @-@ Larsen and Helliesen to the company Ekebergbanen , which was founded on 27 March 1914 . The company received a share capital of NOK 850 @,@ 000 , later increased to 2 @.@ 5 million . Engineer Jørgen Barth became the first director .
Since the application , there had been a technological development within tramways . Barth started working with the plans , and proposed that the line be built as a light rail in its own right @-@ of @-@ way , similar to that of the Holmenkollen Line and the Røa Line on the west side of town . This would allow higher speeds . The plans called for the line to run on the east side of Kongsvien until Holtet , after which it would cross the road and continue on the west side Ekebergveien , until it reached Nordstrandsveien . The end of the line would have a balloon loop . After the revised plans were approved by the authorities , construction started in August 1914 . Most of the works were finished in 1917 . The original line consisted of double track from Oslo Hospital to Sjømannsskolen , and single track from Sjømannsskolen to Sæter . Holtet received a passing loop , in addition to the line 's depot . The parish hall at Sæter was bought and made a combined station and office .
= = = Early years = = =
The company bought five bogie trams . They had pointed ends to ease meeting the shorter trams in the city , and had a low @-@ floor center section , with internal steps . The body and mechanical equipment was built by Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk , while the electrical components were built by Siemens @-@ Schuckertwerke . Capacity was for 40 or 38 seated passengers . In early 1917 , Barth was replaced by H. A. Mørk as director . Trial runs of the tramway started on 11 June 1917 . It was retrospectively decided by the ministry that the official opening date was 1 July .
Initially there were two services per hour , but this quickly turned out to be too little . However , because of World War I and problems receiving supplies from Germany , it was not until November that all five trams were delivered and a 15 @-@ minute headway could be introduced . The company also started purchasing land to allow a future double track and widening of the loading gauge to allow for the wide trams used on the Holmenkollen Line . Also four services per hour proved to be too little . The company had chosen to electrify the line at 1 @,@ 200 volts instead of the 600 volts used in the rest of the tram network , so the company could not operate rented trams from other operators . The junction between the two networks at Oslo Hospital had a 10 @-@ meter ( 33 ft ) section without overhead wires . This allowed both of the pantographs to not touch their wire when the current was switched . When changing between the currents , the lighting , heating , compressor and battery chargers all had to be manually changed with a switch .
In 1919 , the company ordered seven new trams from Skabo , with electric equipment from Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri ( NEBB ) . These were the first in the country to have Norwegian @-@ built electrical equipment , and also allowed for multiple @-@ unit train control . They were delivered in 1920 and 1921 . In addition , six trailers were built from Hannoversche Waggonfabrik ( HaWA ) The delivery of new rolling stock required a new depot building at Holtet , two new electric arc transformers and a ticket price increase . The HaWa trailers were delivered in 1925 . However , the two @-@ axled trailers did not give as smooth a ride , and in 1927 the company ordered bogie trailers from Atelier Métallurgique de Nivelles , which were put into service in 1928 and 1929 .
To allow more frequent services , the line needed to be rebuilt to double track . The first section was from Sportsplassen to Holtet , which opened with double track on 16 January 1930 . Next followed the section from Holtet to Kastellet on 12 February 1931 , and finally from Sjømannsskolen to Sportsplassen on 30 September 1931 . This occurred at the same time the Simensbråten Line was built , as a branch from Jomfrubråten to Simensbråten . Construction of the Simensbråten Line started in December 1928 ; and this resulted in the Ekeberg Line past Jomfrubråten being moved . Instead of following the street Kongsveien , it the line was moved to a higher elevation . The double @-@ tracked Ekeberg Line was placed on the new line , while the single @-@ tracked Simensbråten Line would follow the old route along Kongsveien . The Simensbråten Line would thus cross under the Ekeberg Line and then through a curve turn onto its right @-@ of @-@ way . The Simensbråten Line was completed in mid @-@ 1931 and was officially opened on 30 September 1931 .
On the city section , the tracks had been gradually rebuilt to allow 2 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 8 ft 2 in ) wide and 15 @-@ meter ( 49 ft ) long trams to run on the tramway , including the Gamleby Line . In 1930 , tram 1003 was rebuilt to that width . It proved too heavy , and Ekebergbanen ordered new trams which were wider . When delivered , they were capable of hauling a 50 @-@ tonne ( 49 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 55 @-@ short @-@ ton ) tram up the hills at 50 kilometres per hour ( 31 mph ) .
In 1925 , the Østfold Line was rebuilt to double track , and the section past Hauketo was moved , including the demolishing of the Ljan Viaduct . In June 1926 , Aker Municipality started the process to demand that the line be extended onwards from Sæter . However , Ekebergbanen stated that the rebuilding of the Østfold Line removed the need of the extension . The company instead applied for concession to extend the line 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) southwards towards Hvervenbukta on Ljanskollen 's west side . This was rejected by Aker Municipality . In exchange for not being allowed to extend the line , Aker Municipality agreed to not press the issue of their preferred extension for the time being .
At the time , Akersbanerne was working on building the Lambertseter Line , which is located further east in Aker . This caused an uproar amongst the residents in the Ekeberg area , who wanted the Ekeberg Line extended , in what became known as the thousand meter , before the construction of the Lambertseter Line . The municipality therefore granted free municipal land and a grant of NOK 50 @,@ 000 for expropriation . Construction started in July 1940 , after having been delayed by the German occupation of Norway . The construction included a new double track from Holtet to Bråten . During the construction at Sæter , the trams turned at Bråten and backed to Sæter , where they used the turning loop . The thousand meter extension to Ljabru opened on 17 September 1941 .
World War II and the limitations on fuel gave the Ekeberg Line a large increase in traffic , from four million passengers in 1939 to eight million in 1944 . Unlike many other Norwegian tramways , the tram vehicles were not confiscated and moved to Germany , because no German tramways used both 1 @,@ 200 volts and allowed 2 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 8 ft 2 in ) wide vehicles . A new depot building was built in 1942 and 1943 , which allowed 3 @.@ 2 @-@ meter ( 10 ft ) wide trams .
Following the end of the war , it was decided that Oslo and Aker would merge . Ekebergbanen 's concession lasted until 30 June 1947 , which was initially extended on year . In March 1948 , Oslo Sporveier , the municipal company that operated among other things the street tramways , offered to purchase Ekebergbanen . All but eight shares were sold , and from December the board of Ekebergbanen and Oslo Sporveier was identical . However , the company retained its own name , administration , rolling stock and personnel .
After the nationalization , the company started a renovation process of the infrastructure and rolling stock . Combined with a municipal policy of low fares , the company started going with a loss . Five new trams were delivered from 1948 to 1952 , and built at the depot at Holtet , with used equipment from some of the older trams . An additional nine new trams were delivered between 1952 and 1955 . Five additional trams were rebuilt from 1955 to 1960 , by which time all the narrow trams had been rebuilt or retired . The use of a unique voltage gave operational difficulties , as fuses could regularly blow at Oslo Hospital if errors were made while switching from the one supply to the other . In addition , all the trams were custom @-@ built with extra equipment with limited spare parts . All the trams delivered during the 1950s were built so they could later be converted to only use 600 volt supply . The depot was expanded in 1952 .
= = = Threat of closure and renewal = = =
In 1960 , the Oslo City Council voted to close the street tramway and replace all routes with either diesel buses or the Oslo Metro . The specific plans for the Ekeberg Line were not decided , although the line was considered either to be a stand @-@ alone light rail or connected to the metro . From 30 October 1960 , the route for the Ekeberg Line trams in the city changed , so they instead followed the route Schweigaards gate – Vognmannsgata – Jernbanetorget – Kirkeristen to Stortorvet instead of the old route via Grønland and Brugata . From 1963 , the route terminated at Jernbanetorget , after the rest of the route was closed due to the construction of the metro .
From 1 July 1965 , Oslo Sporveier took over the operation of the Ekeberg Line , which was numbered Line 16 . Oslo Sporveier took over all employees and rolling stock , but Ekebergbanen remained a holding and real estate company . Immediately following the take @-@ over , Oslo Sporveier introduced a 20 @-@ minute headway and suggested that the line be closed and replaced by buses from 29 October 1967 , when the Østensjø Line of the metro opened . Following the closing of Sagene Ring , there were increased protests against closing the tramway . Traffic had decreased on the Ekeberg Line , but proponents for keeping it stated that this was because Oslo Sporveier had reduced the frequency and moved the end station out of the core of the city center . When the proposal to close the Ekeberg Line was considered by the city council , it was decided that only the Simenbråten Line was to be closed .
In 1960 , the sale of cars in Norway was deregulated and the management of the public transport system was changed to become that of providing services to those who could not drive their own car . The Ekeberg Line lost traffic because it did not operate to the city center , and with the 1960 decision in the city council was it not permissible to lay new tracks to Stortorvet . Therefore , locals suggested that the trams continue along the track from Jernbanetorget to Skøyen , on the west side of town . At first the proposal was rejected by Oslo Sporveier because it was " technically impossible " .
From June 1967 , Line 9 , that ran along the Lilleaker Line via the Skøyen Line to the city center and onwards along the Østensjø Line , was truncated to Jernbanetorget , as the Østensjø was converted to a metro line . Calculations showed that if the Lilleaker Line or the Skøyen Line and the Ekeberg Line were connected , between them one tram less would be needed , and the Ekeberg Line would have a service through the city center . After trial runs , the new service to Skøyen was taken into use on 4 May 1969 .
In 1973 , Oslo Sporveier again proposed closing the Ekeberg Line . This time the reason was the construction of the Oslo Tunnel and Oslo Central Station , which would involve construction work around Jernbanetorget . This proposal also resulted in a public reactions , and the same arguments from the mid @-@ 1960s were repeated . Again the suggestion to link the Lilleaker Line to the Ekeberg Line were launched . Oslo Sporveier calculated it would cost NOK 3 @.@ 6 million for investments , including rebuilding 20 Gullfisk trams , new rectifiers and new tracks . This was less than the necessary 30 buses needed for conversion to bus services .
The last of the older Ekeberg Line trams to Skøyen ran on 5 August 1973 . From the following day , all trams turned at a new balloon loop at Vognmannsgata . Investments included a new track at Holtet Depot , and 500 meters ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) of new double track in its own right @-@ of @-@ way along Biskop Gunnerus gate from Postgirobygget to Kirkeristen . A double track from Sæter to Ljabru was discarded because there was no need for it . The last of the old trams ran on 22 September , and from 24 September the line was switched from 1 @,@ 200 to 600 volts . Ordinary service with Gullfisk trams from Ljabru to Jar on the Lilleaker Line started on 29 September . The new service involved a 10 @-@ minute headway at daytime and a 20 @-@ minute headway during the evenings .
In 1976 , a Gullfisk lost control on the line and derailed near Sjømansskolen , causing the tram to be scrapped . From 1977 , Oslo Sporveier also put SM53 trams into service . This was not sufficient , and Oslo Sporveier considered introducing the old Ekeberg Line trams . But this would be costly , as the vehicles would have to be upgraded . Instead , used MBG trams from the Gothenburg Tramway were put into service . The section from Sæter to Ljabru had since the opening had a signaling system that had worked fine with 15- and 20 @-@ minute headways , but did not work properly with 10 @-@ minute routes . A new system was installed , and proved to work just as poorly as the old system . During 1979 , the section was rebuilt to double track , although the short bridge over Nordstrandsveien was kept single tracked .
In 1982 and 1983 , the SL79 articulated trams were introduced on the line . In 1988 , the line to Jar was supplemented with a rush @-@ hour route which connected with the Ullevål Hageby Line west of Oslo . From 28 August 1988 , a service started running from Ljabru and connecting with the Ullevål Hageby Line . Weekend night services started operating from 18 November 1989 . From 1988 to 1991 , the section of the Gamleby Line along Schweigaards gate was rebuilt to light rail standard in its own right @-@ of @-@ way . In this period , the line received new catenary and many stations were renovated . The new section was taken into use on 4 January 1991 . Along with the rest of the tram system the voltage was increased to 750 volts on 4 June 2000 . This allowed the new SL95 low @-@ floor trams to operate on the line . In 2002 the board of Oslo Sporveier proposed closing the Ekeberg Line along with the Kjelsås Line , but this was stopped by the general assembly .
= = Future = =
The Ekeberg Line is proposed extended from Ljabru to Hauketo Station on the Østfold Line . To routes have been proposed , either along Ekebergveien , or in a tunnel further east . The extension will allow better correspondence southwards , including transfer to the Oslo Commuter Rail and Ruter buses . Financing has been secured through Oslo Package 3 .
As part of the Fjord City and redevelopment of Bjørvika , the Ekeberg Line has been proposed to follow a new line on the south side of Oslo Central Station to Jernbanetorget , with stops at Sørengautstikkeren and Bjørvika . As an alternative , it has been proposed that the tracks along Schweigaards gate be kept and that the trams along the Ekeberg Line alternate running via Bjørvika and Schweigaards gate .
Upgrades on the southernmost part of the line will take place during 2014 that will shorten journey times . The single track bridge between Sæter and Ljabru over Nordstrandveien will be demolished and replaced with a new double track bridge . In addition , two curves on the line will be straightened out .
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= Japanese cruiser Asama =
Asama ( 浅間 ) was the lead ship of her class of armored cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1890s . As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships herself , the ship was built in Britain . She served in the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 during which she participated in the Battle of Chemulpo Bay and the Battle of the Yellow Sea without damage , although her luck did not hold out during the Battle of Tsushima . Early in World War I , Asama unsuccessfully searched for German commerce raiders until she was severely damaged when she ran aground off the Mexican coast in early 1915 . Repairs took over two years to complete and she was mainly used as a training ship for the rest of her career . The ship made a total of 12 training cruises before she was crippled after running aground again in 1935 . Asama then became a stationary training ship until she was broken up in 1946 – 47 .
= = Background and description = =
The 1896 Naval Expansion Plan was made after the First Sino @-@ Japanese War and included four armored cruisers in addition to four more battleships , all of which had to be ordered from British shipyards as Japan lacked the capability to build them itself . Further consideration of the Russian building program caused the IJN to believe that the battleships ordered under the original plan would not be sufficient to counter the Imperial Russian Navy . Budgetary limitations prevented ordering more battleships and the IJN decided to expand the number of more affordable armored cruisers to be ordered from four to six ships . The revised plan is commonly known as the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " . Unlike most of their contemporaries which were designed for commerce raiding or to defend colonies and trade routes , Asama and her half @-@ sisters were intended as fleet scouts and to be employed in the battleline .
The ship was 134 @.@ 72 meters ( 442 ft 0 in ) long overall and 124 @.@ 36 meters ( 408 ft 0 in ) between perpendiculars . She had a beam of 20 @.@ 48 meters ( 67 ft 2 in ) and had an average draft of 7 @.@ 43 meters ( 24 ft 5 in ) . Asama displaced 9 @,@ 710 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 560 long tons ) at normal load and 10 @,@ 519 metric tons ( 10 @,@ 353 long tons ) at deep load . The ship had a metacentric height of 0 @.@ 85 meters ( 2 ft 9 in ) . Her crew consisted of 676 officers and enlisted men .
Asama had two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by a dozen cylindrical boilers and the engines were rated at a total of 18 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 000 kW ) . The ship had a designed speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) and reached 22 @.@ 07 knots ( 40 @.@ 87 km / h ; 25 @.@ 40 mph ) during her sea trials from 19 @,@ 000 ihp ( 14 @,@ 000 kW ) . She carried up to 1 @,@ 390 long tons ( 1 @,@ 410 t ) of coal and could steam for 10 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The main armament for all of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " armored cruisers was four eight @-@ inch guns in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The secondary armament consisted of 14 Elswick Ordnance Company " Pattern Z " quick @-@ firing ( QF ) , 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . Only four of these guns were not mounted in armored casemates on the main and upper decks and their mounts on the upper deck were protected by gun shields . Asama was also equipped with a dozen QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 @-@ cwt guns and eight QF 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Yamauchi guns as close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . The ship was equipped with five 457 mm ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes , one above water in the bow and four submerged tubes , two on each broadside .
All of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " armored cruisers used the same armor scheme with some minor differences , of which the most important was that the two Asama @-@ class ships used less tough Harvey armor . The waterline belt ran the full length of the ship and its thickness varied from 178 millimeters ( 7 @.@ 0 in ) amidships to 89 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) at the bow and stern . It had a height of 2 @.@ 13 meters ( 7 ft 0 in ) , of which 1 @.@ 52 meters ( 5 ft 0 in ) was normally underwater . The upper strake of belt armor was 127 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) thick and extended from the upper edge of the waterline belt to the main deck . It extended 65 @.@ 42 meters ( 214 ft 8 in ) from the forward to the rear barbette . The Asama class had oblique 127 mm armored bulkheads that closed off the ends of the central armored citadel .
The barbettes , gun turrets and the front of the casemates were all 152 @-@ millimeters thick while the sides and rear of the casemates were protected by 51 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) of armor . The deck was 51 @-@ millimeters thick and the armor protecting the conning tower was 356 millimeters ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness .
= = Construction and career = =
The contract for Asama , named after Mount Asama , was signed on 6 July 1897 with Armstrong Whitworth . The ship had already been laid down at their shipyard in Elswick on 20 October 1896 as a speculative venture . She was launched on 21 March 1898 and completed on 18 March 1899 . Asama left for Japan the next day and arrived in Yokosuka on 17 May . On 30 April 1900 , the ship was used by Emperor Meiji during a fleet review off at Kobe . In August 1902 , Asama was part of the delegation dispatched to Great Britain for the Coronation Review for King Edward VII in Spithead . During the outward leg of this voyage , the ship tested some advanced British radio technology between Malta and Britain .
= = = Russo @-@ Japanese War = = =
At the beginning of the Russo @-@ Japanese War in February 1904 , Asama was assigned to the 2nd Division of the 2nd Fleet , although she was attached to the 4th Division of Rear Admiral Uryū Sotokichi for operations near Seoul , Korea . His ships were tasked to escort transports carrying troops to Chemulpo , Seoul 's port on the west coast , and to destroy the Russian protected cruiser Varyag and gunboat Korietz stationed in Chemulpo as guardships . The troops were successfully unloaded during the night of 8 / 9 February and the Japanese ships left the harbor the following morning to assume positions blocking the exits as international law forbade combat between belligerents in neutral harbors . The Japanese notified the Russians that morning that a state of war existed between their countries after the IJN launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur the previous night . The two Russian ships sortied from the harbor later that morning . Varyag was the target of most of the Japanese fire and Asama hit her at least twice , destroying her bridge and punching a hole below her waterline that caused a serious list . The Russian ships managed to return to port and scuttled themselves that afternoon . Asama was not injured during the engagement and rejoined Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō 's 2nd Division afterwards .
In early March , Kamimura was tasked to take the reinforced 2nd Division north and make a diversion off Vladivostok . While scouting for Russian ships in the area , the Japanese cruisers bombarded the harbor and defenses of Vladivostok on 6 March to little effect . Upon their return to Japan a few days later , the 2nd Division was ordered to escort the transports ferrying the Imperial Guards Division to Korea and then to join the ships blockading Port Arthur . Asama was then transferred to Rear Admiral Dewa Shigetō 's 3rd Division . Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō , commander of the Combined Fleet , successfully lured out a portion of the Russian Pacific Squadron on 13 April , including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov 's flagship , the battleship Petropavlovsk . During this action , Asama engaged the Russian cruisers that preceded the battleships before falling back on Tōgō 's battleships . When Makarov spotted the five Japanese battleships , he turned back for Port Arthur and his flagship ran into the minefield just laid by the Japanese . The ship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded , and Makarov was one of the 677 killed . In addition to this loss , the battleship Pobeda was damaged by a mine .
On 23 June , the ship was present when the Pacific Squadron sortied in an abortive attempt to reach Vladivostok , but the new squadron commander , Rear Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft , ordered the squadron to return to Port Arthur when it encountered the Japanese battleline shortly before sunset , as he did not wish to engage his numerically superior opponents in a night battle .
= = = = Battle of the Yellow Sea = = = =
On the morning of 10 August 1904 , Asama was coaling when the Russians sortied from Port Arthur in another attempt to reach Vladivostok . The ship was not in position to join the battle until around 19 : 00 when she opened fire at a range of 9 @,@ 000 meters ( 9 @,@ 800 yd ) from the damaged Russian battleship Poltava . The shell fell short and the Russian cruisers came to the support of the battleship so that by 19 : 25 , Asama hotly engaged with the Russian ships at a range of 7 @,@ 500 meters ( 8 @,@ 200 yd ) . Despite the arrival of the elderly cruisers of Rear Admiral Yamada Hikohachi 's 5th Division around 19 : 30 , Asama was forced to disengage when the other Russian battleships came within range . The following morning she met up with Tōgō 's 1st Division and then rejoined the 3rd Division . On 14 August , the 3rd Division was ordered to Tsingtao to confirm that the Germans had indeed interned the battleship Tsesarevich and three destroyers that had taken shelter there after the battle . After their return , they were reassigned to the blockade of Port Arthur .
On 18 September , Asama and the armored cruiser Iwate were transferred to the 1st Division . When the Imperial Japanese Army began sinking the Russian ships in Port Arthur with large @-@ caliber howitzers in early December , Tōgō ordered the two cruisers home to refit . On 30 December , Asama and the armored cruiser Azuma were ordered north to the Tsugaru Strait . Before the Russian ships from the Baltic Fleet approached Japan , the two cruisers were recalled south and rejoined the armored cruisers of Kamimura 's 2nd Division .
= = = = Battle of Tsushima = = = =
As the Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons approached Japan on 27 May , having sailed from the Baltic Sea , they were spotted by patrolling Japanese ships early that morning , but visibility was limited and radio reception poor . The preliminary reports were enough to cause Tōgō to order his ships to put to sea and the 2nd Division spotted the Russian ships under the command of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky at around 11 : 30 . Kamimura closed to about a range of 8 @,@ 000 meters ( 8 @,@ 700 yd ) before sheering off under fire to join Tōgō 's battleships . Asama was fifth of six when Tōgō opened fire on the 2nd Pacific Squadron at 14 : 10 and , like most of the ships in the division , engaged the battleship Oslyabya . The cruiser was hit by a 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) shell at 14 : 28 and the shock knocked out her steering mechanism . She fell out of formation for repairs which were completed six minutes later . While she was attempting to rejoin Kamimura , she was struck by two more 12 @-@ inch shells that caused serious flooding , enough to increase her draft by 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) and reduce her speed . Despite the damage , Asama was able to join the 1st Division at 15 : 15 . The cruiser attempted to rejoin her own division at 15 : 50 . But she was so slowed by her damage and a 6 @-@ inch hit at 16 : 10 that holed the base of her rear funnel , which reduced her boiler draught until repairs were completed 20 minutes later , that the ship could not take station aft of Iwate until 17 : 05 .
After 17 : 30 Kamimura led his division in a fruitless pursuit of some of the Russian cruisers , leaving Tōgō 's battleships to their own devices . He abandoned his chase around 18 : 03 and turned northwards to rejoin Tōgō . His ships spotted the rear of the Russian battleline around 18 : 30 and opened fire when the range closed to 8000 – 9000 meters . Nothing is known of any effect on the Russians and they ceased fire by 19 : 30 and rejoined Tōgō at 20 : 08 as night was falling . Asama 's flooding increased overnight and she was forced to stop at 06 : 30 for nearly an hour before continuing . The main body of surviving Russian ships were spotted the next morning and the Japanese ships opened fire around 10 : 30 , staying beyond the range at which the Russian ships could effectively reply . Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov therefore decided to surrender his ships as he could neither return fire nor close the range . The elderly Russian armored cruiser Dmitrii Donskoi was spotted shortly before 18 : 00 and Asama was ordered by Tōgō to join the pursuit in support of the protected cruisers of the 4th Division . By the time the cruiser met up with the 4th Division , night had fallen and Dmitrii Donskoi had taken refuge in shallow water . She was found the following morning by the Japanese , after most of her crew had been disembarked and the ship prepared to be scuttled . The Japanese attempt to seize her was thwarted when the ship capsized and sank . During the battle , Asama was struck by three 12- , two 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) and about seven smaller shells that killed 11 men and wounded 13 more . The ship reached Maizuru Naval Arsenal on 30 May to begin repairs . She carried Emperor Meiji through the fleet during the victory review in Tokyo Bay on 15 September .
The ship was assigned to the Training Squadron from 1 June 1910 to 1 April 1911 , during which time she made a training cruise with naval cadets to North and Central American and Hawaii from 16 October 1910 to 6 March 1911 , accompanied by the protected cruiser Kasagi . This was the first of her dozen training cruises that lasted until 1935 and the next lasted from 20 April to 11 August 1914 .
= = = World War I = = =
On 14 September 1914 , Asama was departed Yokosuka as part of the 1st South Seas Squadron that searched for Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee 's German East Asia Squadron in the South Sea Islands . On 25 October , the ship was detached and ordered to Honolulu , Hawaii , to prevent the departure of the German gunboat SMS Geier , together with the ex @-@ Russian battleship Hizen . After the gunboat was interned on 8 November , the two ships sailed to rendezvous with the other ships of the American Expeditionary Squadron at Magdalena Bay , Baja California on the 22nd . The squadron then headed south to search along the western coast of South America for German commerce raiders . On 11 December , after the receiving the news of the British victory in the Battle of the Falkland Islands , the squadron moved north to search off the western coast of Central America and then moved north to search Mexican and U.S. waters in January .
Asama searched Mazatlán on 28 January and then proceeded to investigate the desolate and waterless bay at Puerto San Bartolomé in Baja California where her captain , Yoshioka Hansaku , also intended to recoal from the British collier SS Lena . On 31 January 1915 the ship struck an uncharted rock at the entrance to the bay and was stuck fast . The impact ripped a hole , initially estimated as 15 meters ( 49 ft 3 in ) long , that completely flooded the boiler rooms and put 1 @.@ 2 meters ( 4 ft ) of water in the engine room . After initial attempts to get the ship off the rock failed , her crew began off @-@ loading supplies and set kedge anchors to stabilize the cruiser and prevent further damage to her bottom . The collier SS Boyne arrived that evening and was sent to San Diego to send word of the incident to Japanese authorities as Asama was powerless and Lena lacked a radio .
The armored cruiser Izumo , flagship of the squadron commander Rear Admiral Moriyama Keizaburo , arrived on 12 February and he requested the immediate dispatch of salvage and repair ships . The protected cruiser Chitose and the supply ship SS Konan Maru arrived on 18 March and they were followed the next day by Asama 's sister , Tokiwa , and the repair ship Kamakura Maru . Vice Admiral Tochinai Sojiro , who arrived aboard Tokiwa , relieved Moriyama who was due to return home . Salvage efforts began in earnest with the arrival of the repair ship Kantō on 24 March which brought over 250 shipwrights from the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to assist . By 14 April over 1 @,@ 600 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 600 long tons ) of material had been removed from the cruiser and further investigation showed that the forward boiler room had a hole 7 @.@ 8 meters ( 25 @.@ 5 ft ) by 0 @.@ 9 meters ( 3 ft ) and the hole in the aft boiler room measured 2 @.@ 1 meters ( 7 ft ) by 10 @.@ 2 centimeters ( 4 in ) . It was no wonder that , given the state of the ship 's bottom , pumping overboard 6 @,@ 764 metric tons ( 6 @,@ 657 long tons ) of water was not enough to empty the ship of water . On 8 May the ship was successfully refloated at high tide , but she required three more months of work before she could be considered minimally sea worthy . Asama tested her watertight integrity on 21 August outside the bay and she departed at a speed of 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) for the British naval base at Esquimalt , British Columbia , two days later for temporary repairs , escorted by Chitose and Kantō . During the voyage the ship still had to pump some 710 to 810 metric tons ( 700 to 800 long tons ) per hour . The repairs in Esquimalt reduced this figure to a mere 100 metric tons ( 100 long tons ) per hour after the cruiser sailed for Yokosuka on 23 October . She arrived on 18 December and Emperor Taishō received her officers in the Imperial Palace two days later . Permanent repairs , which included the replacement of her boilers by 16 Miyabara water @-@ tube boilers and the removal of her bow torpedo tube , were not completed until March 1917 , Asama served as the flagship of Destroyer Squadron ( Suiraisentai ) 2 from 13 April to 4 August before she was transferred to the Training Squadron on 25 August . Together with Iwate , the ship cruised to the western coasts of North and Central America , Hawaii and the South Sea Islands from 2 March to 6 July 1918 .
= = = Inter @-@ war activities = = =
After World War I , Asama was used primarily for long range oceanic navigation training by officer candidates . On 21 August 1920 , she began a training voyage to South America and Polynesia that lasted until 2 April 1921 . She was re @-@ designated a 1st class coast defense ship on 1 September 1921 . In 1922 , all of her main deck guns , six 6 @-@ inch and four 12 @-@ pounder guns , were removed and their casemates plated over . In addition all of her QF 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder guns were removed and a single 8 cm / 40 3rd Year Type anti @-@ aircraft gun was added .
Beginning on 26 June 1922 , Asama resumed making training cruises , usually at two @-@ year intervals , that took her to Australia , Southeast Asia , and the Mediterranean Sea among other places . They came to an end after she ran aground on the night of 13 October 1935 north north @-@ west of the Kurushima Strait in the Inland Sea . Her bottom was badly damaged and she was deemed no longer seaworthy after repairs were completed at Kure Naval Arsenal . The ship was then assigned as a stationary training ship for the Kure Naval Corps on 5 July 1938 .
= = = World War II = = =
Asama was reclassified as a training ship in July 1942 and was towed to Shimonoseki 5 August 1942 where she became a gunnery training ship . She was disarmed at some point during the Pacific War , only retaining several 8 cm / 40 3rd Year Type anti @-@ aircraft guns , and she was stricken from the navy list on 30 November 1945 . The ship was scrapped at the Innoshima shipyard of the Hitachi Zosen Corporation from 15 August 1946 to 25 March 1947 .
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= Fawn M. Brodie =
Fawn McKay Brodie ( September 15 , 1915 – January 10 , 1981 ) was a biographer and one of the first female professors of history at UCLA , who is best known for Thomas Jefferson : An Intimate History ( 1974 ) , a work of psychobiography , and No Man Knows My History ( 1945 ) , an early and still influential non @-@ hagiographic biography of Joseph Smith , the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement .
Raised in Utah in a respected , if impoverished , Latter @-@ day Saint ( LDS Church ) family , Fawn McKay drifted away from Mormonism during her years of graduate work at the University of Chicago . She married the ethnically Jewish national defense expert Bernard Brodie , with whom she had three children . Although Fawn Brodie eventually became one of the first tenured female professors of history at UCLA , she is best known for her five biographies , four of which incorporate insights from Freudian psychology .
Brodie 's depiction of Joseph Smith as a fraudulent " genius of improvisation " has been described as both a " beautifully written biography ... the work of a mature scholar [ that ] represented the first genuine effort to come to grips with the contradictory evidence about Smith 's early life " and as a work that presented conjecture as fact . Her best @-@ selling psychobiography of Thomas Jefferson was the first serious study to examine evidence related to accounts that he had taken his slave Sally Hemings as a concubine , and Brodie concluded such accounts were true . According to J. Philipp Rosenberg , Brodie 's study of Richard Nixon 's early career demonstrated a weakness of psychobiography when written by an author who disliked the subject .
= = Early life = =
Fawn McKay was the second of five children of Thomas E. McKay and Fawn Brimhall . Born in Ogden , Utah , she grew up in Huntsville , about ten miles ( 16 km ) east . Both her parents descended from families influential in early Mormonism . Her maternal grandfather , George H. Brimhall , was president of Brigham Young University . Her father , Thomas Evans McKay , was a bishop , president of the LDS Swiss @-@ Austrian mission , and an Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . Brodie 's paternal uncle was David O. McKay , an apostle in the LDS Church when Brodie was born , who later became the ninth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints .
Despite the prominence of her family in the church , they lived in genteel poverty , their property burdened by unpayable debt . The young Fawn was perpetually embarrassed that their house did not have indoor plumbing .
Fawn early demonstrated precociousness . At three she memorized and recited lengthy poems . When a whooping cough epidemic convinced Brodie 's mother to homeschool Fawn 's sister Flora , who was two years older , Fawn more than kept pace . Introduced to school in 1921 , the six @-@ year @-@ old Fawn was advanced to the fourth grade ; when she lost the school spelling bee to a twelve @-@ year @-@ old , " she cried and cried that this bright boy , twice her age , had spelled her down . " At ten she had a poem printed in the LDS youth periodical , The Juvenile Instructor ; at fourteen she was salutatorian of Weber High School .
Although Fawn grew to maturity in a rigorously religious environment that included strict Sabbatarianism and evening prayers on her knees , her mother was a closet skeptic who thought the LDS Church a " wonderful social order " but who doubted its dogma . According to Brodie , in the late 1930s , while her father headed Mormon mission activities in German @-@ speaking Europe , her mother became a " thoroughgoing heretic " while accompanying him there .
= = Education and marriage = =
From 1930 to 1932 Fawn attended Weber College , a two @-@ year institution in Ogden then owned by the LDS Church , where she became an accomplished public speaker and participated in intercollegiate debate . She completed her B.A. in English literature at the University of Utah in 1934 . There she began to question core Mormon beliefs , such as that the Indians had originated in ancient Palestine . After graduation at age nineteen , she returned to teach English at Weber College , where she demonstrated excellent potential .
In high school , McKay had begun dating a classmate , Dilworth Jensen . They wrote to each other faithfully during Jensen 's long absence on an LDS mission in Europe . In June 1935 , both McKay and Jensen were accepted for graduate studies at the University of California , Berkeley , and friends assumed they would marry . Her sister Flora McKay had recently eloped with Jensen 's brother , whom the McKays disliked . They encouraged Fawn to attend the University of Chicago rather than marry . McKay seemed to have had " growing doubts about marrying " Jensen .
At the University of Chicago , where she earned an M.A. in 1936 , Brodie lost her faith in religion entirely . In 1975 , she recalled , " It was like taking a hot coat off in the summertime . The sense of liberation I had at the University of Chicago was exhilarating . I felt very quickly that I could not go back to the old life , and I never did . " She continued to write to Jensen until shortly before she married Bernard Brodie on her graduation day , August 28 , 1936 .
Brodie was a native of Chicago , the son of Latvian Jewish immigrants who was alienated from both his family and his family 's religion . A bright , emotional graduate student in international relations , Brodie eventually became a noted expert in military strategy during the Cold War era . The McKays were horrified at their daughter 's impending marriage ; Dilworth Jensen felt betrayed . David O. McKay went to Chicago to warn his niece of the family 's strong objections . Out of consideration for her mother , Fawn scheduled the wedding in an LDS chapel , but of the McKays , only Fawn 's mother attended . None of Brodie 's family did .
= = No Man Knows My History = =
= = = Composition = = =
Having found temporary employment at the Harper Library of the University of Chicago , Brodie began researching the origins of the Book of Mormon . By mid @-@ 1939 , she confided to her uncle , Dean R. Brimhall ( another ex @-@ Mormon ) , that she intended to write a scholarly biography of Joseph Smith . Progress toward that goal was slowed by the birth of the Brodies ' first child and by three rapid moves , a consequence of her husband 's search for a permanent position . In 1943 Fawn Brodie was encouraged enough by her progress to enter her 300 @-@ page draft in a contest for the Alfred A. Knopf literary fellowship . In May her application was judged the best of the 44 entries .
Brodie continued her research at the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. , where the Brodies had moved for her husband 's work , as well as at the headquarters of the Reorganized LDS Church in Independence , Missouri . Eventually she returned to Utah , where she did research in the LDS Church Archives , gaining access to some highly restricted materials by claiming to be " Brother McKay 's daughter , " a subterfuge that made her feel " guilty as hell . " Her pursuit of little @-@ known documents was not discreet enough , and eventually it attracted the attention of her uncle David O. McKay . After a " painful , acrimonious encounter " with her uncle , Brodie promised never again to consult materials in the Church Archives .
Brodie 's research was enlarged by other students of Mormonism , most notably Dale L. Morgan ( 1914 – 1971 ) , who became a lifelong friend , mentor , and sounding board . Brodie completed her biography of Joseph Smith in 1944 , and it was published the following year by Alfred A. Knopf when she was thirty years old .
= = = Thesis = = =
Its title , No Man Knows My History , alludes to a comment Joseph Smith made in a speech shortly before his assassination in 1844 . Brodie presents the young Joseph as a lazy , good @-@ natured , extroverted , and unsuccessful treasure seeker . In an attempt to improve his family 's fortunes , he developed the notion of golden plates and then the concept of a religious novel , the Book of Mormon . It was based in part on View of the Hebrews , an earlier work by a contemporary clergyman Ethan Smith . Brodie asserts that at first Joseph Smith was a deliberate impostor ; but at some point , in nearly untraceable steps , he became convinced that he was a prophet . She wrote that he never escaped " the memory of the conscious artifice " that created the Book of Mormon .
= = = Reviews = = =
Non @-@ Mormon reviewers praised either the author 's research , the excellence of her literary style , or both . Newsweek called Brodie 's book " a definitive biography in the finest sense of the word , " and Time praised the author for her " skill and scholarship and admirable detachment . " Other reviews were less positive . Brodie was especially annoyed by the review of novelist Vardis Fisher , who accused her of stating " as indisputable facts what can only be regarded as conjectures supported by doubtful evidence . " Bernard DeVoto wrote a mixed review , but he praised the biography as " the best book about the Mormons so far published . " DeVoto , who believed Joseph Smith was " paranoid , " said that Brodie had not provided adequate psychological explanations for Smith 's behavior . Brodie also came to believe that a thorough psychological analysis of Smith was essential and that she " hadn 't gone far enough in this direction . "
= = = Reaction of the LDS Church = = =
Although No Man Knows My History criticized many foundational Mormon beliefs about Joseph Smith , the LDS Church was slow to condemn the work , even as the book went into a second printing . In 1946 , The Improvement Era , an official periodical of the Church , said that many of the book 's citations arose from doubtful sources and that the biography was " of no interest to Latter @-@ day Saints who have correct knowledge of the history of Joseph Smith . " The " Church News " section of the Deseret News had a lengthy critique : it praised the biography 's " fine literary style " and denounced it as " a composite of all anti @-@ Mormon books that have gone before . " In the booklet , " No , Ma 'am , That 's Not History " , the BYU professor and LDS historian and apologist Hugh Nibley challenged Brodie . He asserted that she had cited sources supportive only of her conclusions while conveniently ignoring others . Brodie described the Deseret News pamphlet as " a well @-@ written , clever piece of Mormon propaganda , " but she dismissed the more popular " No , Ma 'am , That 's Not History " as " a flippant and shallow piece . "
In May 1946 , the LDS Church excommunicated Brodie . She never tried to regain her membership . Brodie once wrote to a friend that what she suffered from her disillusionment with Mormonism " had to do with the pain I caused my family . The disillusionment itself was ... a liberating experience . " Before No Man Knows My History was published , Brodie sought to comfort her parents , " You brought us all up to revere the truth , which is the noblest ideal a parent can instill in his children , and the fact that we come out on somewhat different roads certainly is no reflection on you . " Brodie 's mother and three sisters were enthusiastic about the book , but Thomas McKay refused to read it .
= = Critical success with psychobiography = =
= = = Thaddeus Stevens : Scourge of the South = = =
Fawn Brodie genuinely enjoyed her roles as wife and mother , believing that rearing children , especially when they were small , was " enormously fulfilling . " Eventually the Brodies had two boys and a girl . Still , Brodie was not content to be without a writing project for long . After some desultory investigation of other possibilities , she settled on a biography of Thaddeus Stevens , a leader of Radical Reconstruction .
Brodie believed that previous historians had unduly vilified Stevens , and she enjoyed the prospect of rebuilding a reputation rather than , as in her Joseph Smith biography , tearing one down . Stevens as a champion of black people was a timely interest as the Civil Rights era increased in intensity . Research materials were available at Yale University , where Bernard Brodie was employed . Fawn Brodie wondered how Stevens had been affected psychologically by his physical deformity , a club foot .
In the view of students of historiography such as Ernst Breisach , all biographers are to some degree psychohistorians , and any biography that refused to examine motives , character traits , and the depth of personality would be flat and uninteresting . But Brodie became interested in applying the theories of professional psychoanalysts to the study of historical personalities , a subject especially popular during the mid @-@ twentieth century . At first Brodie was amused at how much psychoanalysis had " become a religion " to its practitioners , but she later become a committed devotee of psychoanalytic theory . Brodie made a number of acquaintances among psychoanalysts , who helped her evaluate Thaddeus Stevens , notably Ralph R. Greenson , with whom she developed a close personal and professional relationship . Both the Brodies also subjected themselves to psychoanalysis , he for insomnia and she for chronic mild depression and sexual problems . ( Bernard 's employer , the RAND Corporation , paid most of the bills . ) Brodie 's interest in psychology during this period was heightened by family problems : her mother attempted suicide three times , the second by cutting herself with a Catholic crucifix and the third ( which succeeded ) by setting herself on fire .
The Stevens biography took the better part of a decade to complete .
= = = = Reviews = = = =
When Brodie published the Stevens book in 1959 , it enjoyed virtually unanimous praise from critics . Major historians of the Civil War and Reconstruction era , including David Herbert Donald and C. Vann Woodward , praised the biography . Donald called Brodie 's psychoanalysis of Stevens " a tour de force . " Most gracious was Richard N. Current , who had written a less favorable account of Stevens that Brodie had earlier criticized . Current not only urged W. W. Norton to republish Brodie 's book in paperback , but wrote a blurb praising the author for writing " more imaginatively " and " more resourcefully ... than any other Stevens biographer . " But , Thaddeus Stevens was a commercial failure that sold fewer than fifteen hundred copies before going out of print in less than a year .
In 1960 the Brodies spent a year in France , during which Fawn spent considerable energy researching and writing From Crossbow to H @-@ Bomb , a co @-@ authored paperback intended as a college text . It treated the influence of science on military technology . Bernard Brodie had signed the contract with Random House , but his wife did most of the research and writing .
= = = The Devil Drives : A Life of Sir Richard Burton = = =
When the family returned to California , Alfred Knopf asked Brodie to edit and write a new introduction for Sir Richard Francis Burton 's memoir , The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains to California ( 1862 ) . Almost immediately she " was lost " to Burton , a man whom she described as " fascinating beyond belief . " She soon planned a full biography . Like Brodie , Burton was an agnostic who was fascinated by religion and all things sexual . Brodie consulted with the psychoanalyst community and used her own free association to make Burton reveal his subconscious . For instance , she noted that immediately before and after Burton wrote about his mother , he talked " about cheating , decapitation , mutilations , smashings — all the stories and metaphors are violent , negative , and hostile . "
= = = = Reviews = = = =
The Devil Drives : A Life of Sir Richard Burton was published in May 1967 and was chosen as a featured selection by both the Literary Guild Book Club and the History Book Club . Reviews were again generally positive . The New York Times Book Review promoted it as an " [ e ] xcellent biography of a bizarre man who had a bizarre wife — and life . "
= = = Professorship at UCLA = = =
The publication of three acclaimed biographies allowed Brodie to become a part @-@ time lecturer in history at the University of California , Los Angeles although she had not earned a Ph.D. ( Both her bachelor 's and master 's degrees were in English . ) As a woman , Brodie met some resistance from the large and overwhelmingly male history faculty , but her specialty in the current field of psychohistory aided her original appointment and her eventual promotion to full professor . Brodie taught both larger upper @-@ division lectures in American history and small seminars on American political biography , preferring the latter .
= = Thomas Jefferson : An Intimate History = =
Thomas Jefferson was a natural subject for Brodie 's fourth biography . One of her courses focused on the United States from 1800 to 1830 , and her seminar in political biography could serve as an appropriate forum for a work @-@ in @-@ progress . Throughout this period , Brodie was attracted to Mormon studies and was importuned by several publishers to write a biography of Brigham Young . The LDS entrepreneur , O.C. Tanner ( 1904 – 1993 ) , offered Brodie $ 10 @,@ 000 in advance to produce a manuscript . Dale Morgan told Brodie that Madeline Reeder McQuown , his closer friend , had nearly completed a huge manuscript on Young . At the time , McQuown ’ s biography was little more than rough drafts of a few early chapters , but Brodie was dissuaded and abandoned Brigham Young for Thomas Jefferson .
By May 1968 , Brodie was committed to writing the biography . She understood that it could not be a full account . The study of Jefferson had become a virtual career for several living historians . For instance , Dumas Malone was in the process of completing a six @-@ volume biography of Jefferson , which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1975 . Brodie decided to concentrate on a biography of “ the private man . ” She decided to build on several recently published articles on the historical controversy related to a reported sexual relationship between Jefferson and Sally Hemings , a quadroon slave said to be the half @-@ sister of his late wife . The topic was timely during a period of increased national interest in race , sex , and presidential hypocrisy . Brodie had personal reasons as well , having discovered that her husband had been conducting an extramarital affair .
To Brodie , Jefferson ’ s ambiguous posturings on slavery could be explained by his personal life . If he were conducting a 28 @-@ year affair with a slave , then he could not free his slaves because once freed , Virginia law would force them from the state , unless he gained permission from the legislature for them to stay . He could only continue his liaison with Hemings if his slaves remained slaves . Two of the most prominent Jefferson biographers of the twentieth century , Dumas Malone and Merrill Peterson , had relied on Jefferson family testimony by two Randolph grandchildren who named his Carr nephews as fathers . They discounted other evidence about this alleged sexual relationship , including by Madison Hemings in 1873 , who identified Jefferson as his father . The relationship was first reported in 1802 by the journalist James T. Callender when Jefferson was President , after failing to win an appointment by the president .
Working from Winthrop Jordan 's Black on White ( 1968 ) , Brodie also used Dumas Malone 's documentation of Jefferson 's activities to correlate his residencies at Monticello with the conception period of each of Sally Hemings ' children , whose births he recorded in the Farm Book . She discovered that Hemings never conceived when Jefferson was not at Monticello , during years when he was often away for months at a time .
= = = Reviews = = =
By 1971 Brodie had a $ 15 @,@ 000 advance from her publisher and had presented a summary of her arguments at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians . The Jefferson biographer Merrill Peterson " blasted " the paper . She also wrote an article for American Heritage of her work in progress , entitled " The Great Jefferson Taboo , " about her concluding that the Jefferson @-@ Hemings relationship took place . In a change from its usual practice , the magazine included all her notes to show the sources of her conclusions .
Brodie and her publisher understood that the biography would be controversial . An in @-@ house editor at W. W. Norton was critical : " Doesn 't [ Brodie ] know about making the theory fit the facts instead of trying to explain the facts to fit the theory ? It 's pretty fascinating , like working out a detective story , but she doesn 't play fair . "
Thomas Jefferson : An Intimate History was published in February 1974 , and it was the main spring selection of the Book @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Month Club . Brodie tried to ensure that none of the three foremost Jefferson scholars , Dumas Malone , Merrill Peterson , and Julian Boyd , would review the book . Brodie was interviewed on NBC 's Today Show , and the book quickly " became a topic of comment in elite social @-@ literary circles , " as well as among political people . The biography was an immediate commercial success ; it was on the New York Times bestseller list for thirteen weeks . Jefferson sold 80 @,@ 000 copies in hardback , 270 @,@ 000 copies in paperback , and netted Brodie $ 350 @,@ 000 in royalties — adjusted for inflation , more than a million dollars in the early twenty @-@ first century .
Literary reviews were generally positive while historians were often critical of Brodie 's speculations . Mainstream historians had long denied the possibility of Jefferson 's relation with Sally Hemings , although such interracial liaisons were so common that by the late eighteenth century , visitors remarked on the numerous white slaves in Virginia and the Upper South . " The Richmond Examiner on September 25 , 1802 , in a rare admission , stated that “ thousands ” of mulatto children were then being born in the South . " Mary Chesnut and Fanny Kemble , educated women of the planter elite , also wrote about many interracial families in the era shortly before the American Civil War . Jefferson had been discreet , protecting his privacy , and he was an icon whom historians were determined to " defend " .
Like many previous Jefferson biographers , Brodie developed an intense affection for her protagonist . She claimed that in dreams , she and Jefferson became " man and wife . " Bernard Brodie is supposed to have muttered , " God , I 'm glad that man is out of the house . " Fawn Brodie wondered where one could go after Jefferson , " but down . "
After her book was published , Brodie was contacted by some Eston Hemings Jefferson descendants who recognized his name from her account . They discovered that their fathers in the 1940s had decided that , to protect their children from racial discrimination associated with descent from Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson , they would tell the children they were descended from Jefferson 's uncle . All these Jefferson descendants learned in the 1970s of their true descent from Eston Hemings , Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson . Brodie wrote a follow @-@ up article about the Jefferson @-@ Hemings grandchildren in 1976 , entitled " Thomas Jefferson ’ s Unknown Grandchildren : A Study in Historical Silences " ] , published in October 1976 in American Heritage magazine . Photographs and other documentary material they gave her have been donated to UCLA archives .
= = = 1998 Jefferson DNA study and new consensus = = =
In 1997 Annette Gordon @-@ Reed published Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings : An American Controversy , in which she analyzed the historiography and noted the bias of historians in assessing conflicting accounts by descendants of the Jefferson family and Hemings family , as well as evidence that they overlooked . To try to resolve the renewed controversy with modern techniques , in 1998 a Y @-@ DNA study of descendants of the Jefferson male line , Eston Hemings ( the youngest son of Sally Hemings ) , the Carr nephews , and Thomas Woodson ( whose family also claimed descent from Jefferson ) was conducted . It found that the Y @-@ DNA of the Eston Hemings descendant matched the rare haplotype of the male Jefferson line . In addition , the tests conclusively found that there was no match between the Carr line and the Hemings descendant .
In January 2000 , a research committee commissioned by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation , which operates Monticello , concluded that there was a high probability that Jefferson had been the father of Eston Hemings and likely of all Hemings children listed in the Monticello records . Since then the Foundation has altered exhibits and tour commentary to reflect Jefferson 's paternity of all Hemings ' children and has sponsored new research into the interracial society of Monticello and Charlottesville . Since 2000 , most academics , including biographers such as Joseph Ellis , have agreed with the new consensus . Other historians , including those associated with the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society , founded after the DNA study , continue to disagree .
= = Richard Nixon : The Shaping of His Character = =
Brodie considered a range of subjects for a new biography . Brigham Young was a clear field , but she decided not to “ return to old ground . ” Richard Nixon had resigned the presidency shortly after she had finished Jefferson , and Brodie had spoken formally to both students and others about the former president . As a liberal Democrat , Brodie had developed a “ repellent fascination " with Nixon , a man whom she called “ a rattlesnake , ” a “ plain damn liar , ” and a " shabby , pathetic felon . " Although Brodie thought Nixon an imposter like Joseph Smith , she did not believe him to be the “ charming imposter the Mormon leader was . "
Her interest in the former president had a personal basis as well . One of her sons had nearly been drafted in 1969 shortly after Nixon had won election on the promise to end the Vietnam War . ( At the last minute , sympathetic physicians had reclassified Bruce Brodie as unfit for military service on the basis of his allergies . )
Also , when Nixon had sought information to discredit Daniel Ellsberg , who had leaked the Pentagon Papers , his operatives had burglarized the office of Ellsberg ’ s psychiatrist , Dr. Lewis Fielding . Ellsberg was a close friend and former RAND associate of Bernard Brodie . Fielding was Fawn Brodie ’ s long @-@ time therapist . Brodie considered “ Nixon the perpetrator of an assault on her privacy . ”
Although neither Bernard nor her publisher were enthusiastic about her choice , Brodie began to work on her new project . She resigned her professorship at UCLA in 1977 to devote herself to research , including , for the first time , in oral history collections . Brodie conducted 150 interviews . She tried unsuccessfully to interview Henry Kissinger , whom she knew on a first @-@ name basis — -and Nixon for what she described in a letter to him as “ a compassionate and accurate study . ” ( Nixon did not reply . ) Though she could find no evidence , Brodie began to think that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship with his good friend Bebe Rebozo . Her psychoanalyst friends tried to warn her off this topic .
= = = Illness = = =
In November 1977 , Bernard Brodie was diagnosed with a serious cancer , and Fawn Brodie suspended her research on Nixon : “ That son of a bitch can wait . ” She nursed her husband until his death a year later . Afterward , she struggled with “ a depression from which she would never really emerge . ” Under the circumstances , Nixon ’ s biography seemed “ like a total obscenity . ”
While hiking at a family reunion in 1980 , Brodie became unusually tired . She was shortly diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer , although she had never smoked . Between chemotherapy treatments , she pushed ahead to complete the Nixon study , her three children and a daughter @-@ in @-@ law providing moral and editorial support in her time of need . Knowing that she could never complete a full biography , she ended the manuscript with Nixon 's pre @-@ presidential years , lending it an unfinished quality .
= = = Reviews = = =
Richard Nixon : The Shaping of His Character was published in late 1981 and received reviews less enthusiastic than any of her earlier books . Writing in The New Republic , Godfrey Hodgson questioned both her psychoanalytic approach and her motives : “ [ W ] e are in danger of having the insights of psychotherapy used as a tool for character destruction , certainly for libel , potentially for revenge . ” Sales of the book were disappointing , in part because of the reviews , in part because memoirs by Nixon associates such as Henry Kissinger , John Ehrlichman , and John Dean had recently flooded the market . Perhaps Brodie ’ s book was most influential in stimulating Oliver Stone to create his controversial 1995 movie Nixon .
= = Death = =
Brodie died nine months before publication of the book . As death neared , the cancer spread to her brain and bones , and Brodie experienced intense pain . During this period , she was visited in the hospital by her brother Thomas , who had remained a practicing Latter @-@ day Saint . Brodie asked him to “ give me a blessing , ” although she had long been estranged from both her brother and the LDS Church . A few days later , Brodie released a note saying that her request for a priesthood blessing should not be misinterpreted as a request to return to the Church . It was Brodie ’ s last signed statement . In accordance with her wishes , friends spread her ashes over the Santa Monica Mountains , which she loved and had successfully helped to protect from real estate development .
= = Publications = =
No Man Knows My History : The Life of Joseph Smith ( 1945 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 679 @-@ 73054 @-@ 0
Thaddeus Stevens : Scourge of the South ( 1959 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 8446 @-@ 0329 @-@ 5
The Devil Drives : A Life of Sir Richard Burton ( 1967 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 30166 @-@ 4
Thomas Jefferson : An Intimate History ( 1974 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 31752 @-@ 8
Richard Nixon : The Shaping of His Character ( 1981 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 01467 @-@ 3
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= My Transsexual Summer =
My Transsexual Summer is a British television documentary series about seven transgender people in different stages of transition . For five weekends in the summer of 2011 , they stay together in a large holiday home in Bedfordshire , England , where they meet and help each other with some of the struggles that transgender people face . Between these weekend retreats , they go back to their lives and real @-@ world challenges .
In the early 2010s , British public @-@ service broadcaster Channel 4 resolved to improve the accuracy and depth of their representation of transgender people . My Transsexual Summer was the first transgender programme they created after making this resolution . Channel 4 broadcast the series in November 2011 .
= = Production = =
In late 2010 , BBC and Channel 4 management at the Westminster Media Forum admitted that there are " high levels of inaccuracy " in media coverage of transgender people , and that " transgender storylines ... are frequently lacking in breadth and substance . " In March 2011 , Channel 4 became the first company to sign Trans Media Watch 's memorandum of understanding , in which they agreed to " work toward ... increasing positive , well @-@ informed representations of transgender people in the media . "
After signing the memorandum , Channel 4 engaged journalist / activist Paris Lees of Trans Media Watch to be a production consultant for the show ; Lees served as consultant for the duration of production .
Channel 4 chose the working title Girls Will Be Boys and Boys Will Be Girls . Mark Raphael , the commissioning editor for documentaries , contracted a British production company called Twenty Twenty Productions to make the series . Twenty Twenty was at the time a subsidiary of Shed Media . Former commissioning editor for documentaries Meredith Chambers served as executive producer for Channel 4 , and Sam Whittaker was executive producer for Twenty Twenty . The series producer and director was Helen Richards .
Filming began several weeks after the signing of the memorandum , and continued over a period of four months . My Transsexual Summer aired on Channel 4 in November 2011 .
= = Participants = =
The participants in the programme are four trans women and three trans men from different parts of the British Isles . They range in age from 22 to 52 ; five of the participants are under 30 .
Drew @-@ Ashlyn , a 22 @-@ year @-@ old trans woman from Wakefield , has been living as a woman for more than four years . Her family are supportive , but before the show she had never met another trans person — let alone trans people near her own age . Donna is a 25 @-@ year @-@ old from Norwich . She and Drew have both been on hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) for two years . Sarah ( age 29 ) is from Jersey . She has only recently begun presenting as a woman full @-@ time ; during the course of the show , she comes out to her mother . Karen , from Essex , worked for many years as a police officer , and later as a lorry driver . She divorced in 1985 , and wants to be able to see her daughter again . At age 52 , she is about to undergo vaginoplasty .
Lewis ( age 22 ) is from St Helens , Merseyside . Like Drew , he says he has never knowingly met another trans person before . He decided at age 18 to transition , and he has been living as a man for three years . Max is a is 25 @-@ year @-@ old trans man from Tottenham . He is Reform Jewish , and hopes to become a rabbi . Max was living in New Zealand when he began preparing to undergo mastectomy . After seeking help locally , he had the procedure done in Thailand instead . Fox ( age 30 ) is a screen printing artist from Brighton . He started HRT six months ago , and is all @-@ too aware that the hormones are slow to manifest visible changes .
= = Episodes = =
= = Response = =
Before the first episode aired , journalist Patrick Strudwick asked , " Channel 4 , why call your new documentary My Transsexual Summer ? It sounds like gender tourism , a fun little trip to the other side . " Sarah Dean , an entertainment editor for The Huffington Post UK , called the title " sensationalist " . Although Sarah Lake of Trans Media Watch found the title contentious , she defended it by pointing out that transition is a temporary process like coming of age ; even so , she believed the title to be " only slightly better " than the " dire and totally inappropriate " working title , Girls Will Be Boys and Boys Will Be Girls . Her overall assessment was that " although the programme makers undeniably made some compromises to draw in viewers , millions will have enjoyed the company of these seven , shared in their lives and learned a lesson in diversity . … They will now have an entry point to broadening their understanding of the rich and joyful diversity of gender experience , something which has always existed but of which they were previously unaware . "
Politician and activist Zoe O 'Connell described some of the wording in the narration as " cringeworthy " , but felt that " it ’ s more than just a step in the right direction , it ’ s a programme that pretty accurately reflected how many trans people carry on with each other in private . "
Musician , activist , and writer CN Lester listed some ways in which the show perpetuated misconceptions or otherwise fell short , but still saw it as a turning point in the representation of transgender people on television : " It felt like a game changer . The overall feel of it — of hope , of warmth — that felt totally new to me . And hats off to the seven trans people ... for putting that across . "
When the second episode aired , transgender journalist Juliet Jacques posted her thoughts to the New Statesman 's politics blog , The Staggers : " At this point ... the limited level of improvement in trans representation on TV shown by My Transsexual Summer is probably the best we can expect . " She felt the major barriers to better representation to be " producers ' prejudices about what viewers will accept or understand " and extremely narrow bandwidth for " minority subjects " .
After seeing the first three episodes , Maxwell Zachs called the series " a disappointment " . One reason for this , he says , is that although " we see ... lovely , endearing transsexuals " portrayed in the show , " what I don ’ t see is anything that is going to make people think or feel any differently about what gender is or how it limits us all in one way or another . " He lamented that expressions of nuance in gender identity and discussions of genderqueerness were absent from the broadcast edit of the show .
After the final episode aired , Juliet Jacques wrote a follow @-@ up article for Time Out . She concludes : " Perhaps in 30 years ' time , My Transsexual Summer will look as dated as [ the 1980 documentary ] A Change of Sex does now . If so , this will be because it has , for all its faults , taken trans @-@ related television in a more positive direction . "
= = Participants ' lives after the show = =
Less than a month after the final episode of My Transsexual Summer aired , Karen Gale delivered part of Channel 4 's 2011 Alternative Christmas message on Christmas Day . The theme of the broadcast was " Just Be Yourself " . In February 2016 , Karen 's local newspaper , the Romford Recorder , interviewed her about what life was like before she transitioned .
After filming the show , Drew @-@ Ashlyn Cunningham made speaking appearances at schools , universities , and youth groups . She became a supporter of Gendered Intelligence ( a nonprofit organisation that aids trans youth ) , and a " celebrity patron " of the 2012 and 2013 National Diversity Awards . In 2012 she became a make @-@ up artist for Illamasqua , and has also written for Gay Star News .
Donna Whitbread is a stage and festival performer . In 2014 , she joined the cast of cabaret act Ladyboys of London — a company of three trans women plus four male dancers , with choreography by Kamilah Beckles . They debuted at the Hippodrome Casino in London 's West End on the 29th of December , and Donna opened the show with a fire breathing act . One year later she announced that she has a role in John Cameron Mitchell 's film adaptation of " How to Talk to Girls at Parties " .
After her time with her new friends at the retreat , Sarah Savage was optimistic . " I left the retreat with a different outlook on life , I could feel my confidence growing , slowly . " She appeared on chat shows ITV Breakfast and Live with Gabby in 2011 , and returned to television in March 2013 as a guest on The Alan Titchmarsh Show . She took a job in Brighton , and has a blog that she started during the production of My Transsexual Summer . In the spring of 2013 , she started HRT . 2013 was also the inaugural year of Trans * Pride Brighton , the first transgender pride festival in the UK , and she and Fox Fisher served on the organisation committee . In 2015 Sarah and Fox published a picture book , Are You a Boy or are You a Girl ? , which Sarah wrote and Fox illustrated . " Before I started transitioning , I never wrote , I never ... did anything creative , " said Sarah in a 2013 interview . " For some reason ... living in a female role has allowed me to be more creative . "
Lewis Hancox ' fundraising events attracted donations from TV viewers ; among those who gave to the cause were Stephen Fry and Graham Norton . Later that year , Lewis began preparing for a more complicated gender @-@ confirmation surgery : metoidioplasty .
Lewis moved to London to study Digital Film and Video at London South Bank University . In 2013 , he and Fox Fisher started the My Genderation project , in which they make short documentaries about transgender people and gender variance . Their production company is called Lucky Tooth Films . The Independent on Sunday placed Lewis and Fox on their Pink List for 2013 , a list of " 101 gay , lesbian , bisexual and transgender people that make a difference " . In 2014 , The Guardian included Lewis on their " 30 under 30 " list of " top young people in digital media " .
Maxwell Zachs is a writer , Judaic studies scholar , and trans activist . Since 2011 he has written for various publications on subjects pertaining to gender and Judaism . In 2012 , he started a petition calling on the WHO to delist transsexualism from the International Classification of Diseases . After a period of charity work , he moved to Stockholm to study at Paideia , the European Institute for Jewish Studies in Sweden , on a one @-@ year fellowship . In 2013 , while living in Stockholm , he published some of his plays , as well as a dystopian novella called The People 's Republic of Nowhere .
Fox Fisher ( aka Raphael Fox ) continued to work as a freelance screen printer and visual artist . In addition to his creative projects with Lewis and Sarah , Fox began writing for The Huffington Post . Like Sarah , he felt a new creative freedom from transitioning : " It 's easier to make art now because I feel like I 've got a huge chunk of my life out of the way . "
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= American Pie Presents : Beta House =
American Pie Presents : Beta House is a 2007 American sex comedy film released by Universal Pictures . It is the third installment in the American Pie Presents series and the sixth installment in the American Pie franchise . The film concludes a story arc that begins with The Naked Mile ( 2006 ) . John White stars as Erik Stifler , a college freshman who pledges the Beta House fraternity led by his cousin Dwight Stifler ( Steve Talley ) . Christopher McDonald co @-@ stars as Erik 's father and Eugene Levy plays Beta House alumnus Noah Levenstein .
Universal commissioned the film after positive commercial reaction to The Naked Mile . Erik Lindsay and W.K. Border , the writer and producer , respectively , as well as four of the five principal cast members from the preceding film returned . Principal photography took place for seven to eight weeks from June 4 , 2007 in Toronto , Canada .
American Pie Presents : Beta House was released direct @-@ to @-@ DVD internationally on December 10 , 2007 and in the United States on December 26 , 2007 . The film was a moderate financial success , generating US $ 18 @.@ 55 million in United States sales . It received generally negative reviews from film critics .
= = Plot = =
Erik Stifler and Mike " Cooze " Coozeman arrive at the University of Michigan as freshmen . Upon arriving at his dorm , Erik meets a girl named Ashley while she is taking a shower in the coed bathrooms . He then meets his new roommate Bobby and his girlfriend Margie while they are having sex . Erik eventually reunites with his cousin , Dwight Stifler , the leader of the Beta House fraternity , who invites Erik , Cooze , and Bobby to a Beta House party . They learn how they can gain eligibility to pledge for the Beta House and meet Wesley , the rush chair of the Beta House who experiences blackouts after drinking alcohol . Erik and Ashley begin dating , but on their first date at a restaurant , Erik accidentally spills hot soup on his legs , so Ashley brings him to her room to clean up . As Ashley rubs lotion on Erik 's thigh , he develops an erection and accidentally ejaculates over her possessions . Erik apologizes and explains to Ashley that his girlfriend Tracy broke up with him , and he has not had sex in four months .
Meanwhile , Cooze falls in love with Ashley 's roommate Denise ; however , she is nervous to show him her genitalia and have sex with him , so she instead gives Cooze a handjob . After talking with Erik , Bobby , and Dwight about Denise , Cooze develops suspicions that Denise might have a penis , so Dwight encourages Cooze to find out . Alongside two other pledges , Erik , Cooze , and Bobby complete fifty tasks to pledge the Beta House , including : getting their posteriors signed by a stripper ; having sex with a professor ; marrying a male friend in Canada ; and placing a live ostrich in the Geek House . After they complete their final task , Edgar , the president of the Geek House , challenges the Beta House to the Greek Olympiad . Beta House alumnus Noah Levenstein returns to campus to officiate the competition . The first competition is won by Beta House as Dwight and Edgar compete in removing girls ' brassieres . Geek House win the next three competitions : a lightsaber duel , catching a greased pig and a two @-@ person " 69 " race .
Beta House win the fifth and sixth competitions : a Russian roulette challenge between Dwight and Edgar with aged horse semen ; and a drinking competition won by Wesley . Dwight learns from Rock that Edgar previously had sex with a sheep , so Beta House uses his wool fetish against him in the final striptease challenge with Margie wearing a sheep costume , resulting in the Geek House losing the Greek Olympiad . The Beta House hosts a toga party , while Erik comes up with the idea of a new pledge task for the Beta House : having sex in a movie theater , and he does so with Ashley . Meanwhile , Cooze and Denise finally sleep together , and Cooze discovers that Denise was actually hiding the fact the she ejaculates during sex , much to his excitement . The following morning , Wesley wakes up after a blackout and discovers that he had sex with the Geek House bodybuilder . In a post @-@ credits scene , Edgar instructs a stripper at Silver Dollar to dance with the headpiece of the sheep costume .
= = Cast = =
John White as Erik Stifler , a freshman pledging the Beta House
Steve Talley as Dwight Stifler , the pledge master and leader of the Beta House
Jake Siegel as Mike " Cooze " Coozeman , Erik 's friend and a freshman pledging the Beta House alongside Erik and Bobby
Nic Nac as Bobby , Erik 's roommate and a freshman pledging the Beta House alongside Erik and Cooze
Meghan Heffern as Ashley , Erik 's love interest
Eugene Levy as Noah Levenstein , Beta House alumni and the officiator of the Greek Olympiad
Christopher McDonald as Mr. Stifler , Erik 's father
Jonathan Keltz as Wesley , a member and the rush chair of the Beta House
Bradford Anderson as Jake Parker , a handicapped member of the Geek House
Robbie Amell as Nick Anderson , a freshman pledging the Beta House
= = Production = =
American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile , the second spin @-@ off to the American Pie film series , was a commercial success , and Universal Pictures prepared for a sequel . The Naked Mile 's writer , Erik Lindsay , pitched the film by saying " Look , we 're not going to top Animal House of course , but it 's been 25 years . I was in a fraternity for six years . Let 's just make a straight pledging movie . " Universal gave Lindsay the green light to write Beta House , and also hired Andrew Waller and The Naked Mile 's producer , W. K. Border , as the film 's director and producer , respectively . The film 's screenplay was based on characters by Adam Herz and on aspects of Lindsay 's own life . Lindsay felt that Universal being unworried to make the film similar to Animal House provided " more opportunities to keep the story organic , " which he found the challenge of writing a sequel .
The film features the same principal cast as The Naked Mile minus Jessy Schram ; John White , Steve Talley , Christopher McDonald and Eugene Levy reprised their roles from the preceding film , with Levy returning to play Noah Levenstein for the sixth time in the series . Craig Kornblau , the president of Universal Studios Home Entertainment , said " we think he [ Levy ] is crucial to this franchise because his character represents the heart of the movie . " Jake Siegel , Jaclyn A. Smith , Dan Petronijevic , and Jordan Prentice also reprised their roles from The Naked Mile .
Principal photography began on June 4 , 2007 and lasted about " seven [ to ] eight weeks . " Filming took place at the University of Toronto , Pinewood Toronto Studios and at the Brass Rail strip club in Toronto . Neo Art & Logic , Rogue Pictures and Universal Pictures produced the film on a budget of less than $ 10 million . The film was intended to be the center of a trilogy beginning with The Naked Mile and although talks for a concluding sequel were made , no such film has yet materialised .
= = Release = =
American Pie Presents : Beta House was released direct @-@ to @-@ DVD internationally on December 10 , 2007 and in the United States on December 26 , 2007 . It was marketed with the tagline " the most outrageous slice of pie ! " The film was released in two single @-@ disc DVD editions . The R @-@ rated edition included no special features , while the unrated edition included a commentary track , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes clips , deleted scenes and storylines , a fake service announcement , featurettes , outtakes , a mock in @-@ character interview with Noah Levenstein , music videos by God Made Me Funky , and a 30 Rock episode . Through its first four weeks the DVD sold over 534 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , generating $ 12 @.@ 25 million in sales . Universal Pictures expected to sell more than a million units ; sales have since totaled over 898 @,@ 000 units in the United States , with $ 18 @.@ 55 million in revenue .
The film received generally negative reviews from film critics . LaRue Cook of Entertainment Weekly graded the film with a " D " and wrote , " what was once a fresh slice of teen comedy has become a slab of stale crudeness . " Scott Weinberg of Moviefone , in his negative review , found the film " slightly more amusing to sit through than the two previous entries " , in particular praising the Star Trek sexual roleplay scene as " extremely effective . " DVD Talk 's Jeffrey Robinson writes that " if anything , it will bore you and leave you wondering why you wasted an hour and a half of your life . " Writing in JoBlo.com , Adam Quigley poked fun at the film 's themes , declaring that " if there 's a lesson to be taken from these films , it 's that women are objects , and should always be treated as such " . IGN 's Hock Teh gave the film 5 / 10 , writing that it " stays very close to the American Pie formula , " while criticizing the story as " devoid of anything remotely semi @-@ compelling or even noteworthy . " Peter Hammond of Maxim describes American Pie Presents : Beta House as " loaded with sex , laughs and raunchy fun , " writing that it " may be the most outrageous slice of pie yet ! "
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= Raid on Deerfield =
The 1704 Raid on Deerfield ( or the Deerfield Massacre ) occurred during Queen Anne 's War on February 29 when French and Native American forces under the command of Jean @-@ Baptiste Hertel de Rouville attacked the English frontier settlement at Deerfield , Massachusetts , just before dawn , burning part of the town , killing 47 villagers , and taking 112 settlers captive to Canada , of whom 60 were later redeemed .
Typical of the small scale frontier conflict in Queen Anne 's War , the French @-@ led raid relied on a coalition of French soldiers and a variety of Indian populations , including in the force of about 300 a number of Pocumtucs who had once lived in the Deerfield area . The diversity of personnel , motivations , and material objectives involved in the raid meant that it did not achieve full surprise when they entered the palisaded village . The defenders of some fortified houses in the village successfully held off the raiders until arriving reinforcements prompted their retreat . However , the raid was a clear victory for the French coalition that aimed to take captives and unsettle English colonial frontier society . More than 100 captives were taken , and about 40 percent of the village houses were destroyed .
Although predicted , the raid shocked New England colonists , further antagonized relations with the French and their Native American allies , and led to more community war preparedness in frontier settlements . The raid has been immortalized as a part of the early American frontier story , principally due to the account of one of its captives , the Rev. John Williams . He and his family were forced to make the long overland journey to Canada . His young daughter Eunice was adopted by a Mohawk family ; she became assimilated and married a Mohawk man . Williams ' account , The Redeemed Captive , was published in 1707 and was widely popular in the colonies .
= = Background = =
At the time of the arrival of European colonists in the middle reaches of the Connecticut River valley ( where it presently flows through the state of Massachusetts ) , the area that is now Deerfield , Massachusetts was inhabited by the Algonquian @-@ speaking Pocomtuc nation . In the early 1660s , the Pocumtuc were shattered as a nation due to conflict with the aggressive Mohawk nation . In 1665 villagers from the eastern Massachusetts town of Dedham were given a grant in the area , and acquired land titles of uncertain legality from a variety of Pocumtuc individuals . A village , at first called Pocumtuck , but later Deerfield , was established in the early 1670s . Located in a relatively isolated position on the edge of English settlement , Deerfield was involved in the inevitable frontier conflict between groups of other European settlers and Native Americans .
The colonial outpost was a traditional New England subsistence farming community and the majority of Deerfield 's settlers were young families who had moved west in the search of land ; it was not an outpost of rugged , frontier individuals , but English colonial families . Women were not a minority in the frontier community . Rather , women 's labor was essential to the survival of the settlement and its male inhabitants .
= = = Previous raids on Deerfield = = =
By 1675 the village had grown to number about 200 individuals . In that year , conflict between colonists and Indians in southern New England erupted into what is now known as King Philip 's War . The war involved all of the New England colonies , and resulted in the destruction or severe reduction and pacification of most of its Indian nations as well as inflicting many casualties on the New England colonists .
Deerfield was evacuated in September 1675 after a coordinated series of attacks culminating in the Battle of Bloody Brook resulted in the death of about half the village 's adult males . The abandoned village , one of several in the Connecticut River valley abandoned by the English , was briefly reoccupied by the warring Indians . The colonists regrouped , and in 1676 a force of mostly local colonists slaughtered an Indian camp at a site then called Peskeompscut . It is now called Turner 's Falls after William Turner , the English leader who was slain in the action .
Ongoing raids by the Mohawk forced many of the remaining Indians to retreat north to French @-@ controlled Canada or to the west . Those going west joined other tribes that had formed a peace of sorts with the authorities of the Province of New York . During King William 's War ( 1688 – 1697 ) , Deerfield was not subjected to major attacks , but the community had 12 residents killed in a series of ambushes and other incidents . Supposedly friendly Indians who were recognized as Pocumtuc were also seen passing through the area , and some of them claimed to have participated in attacks on other frontier communities .
Attacks on the frontier communities of what is now southern Maine in the Northeast Coast Campaign ( 1703 ) again put Deerfield residents on the alert . In response to their own losses in the Campaign , the French and natives attacked Deerfield .
The town 's palisade , constructed during King William 's War , was rehabilitated and expanded . In August of that year , the local militia commander called out the militia after he received intelligence of " a party of French & Indians from Canada " who were " expected every hour to make some attaque on ye towns upon Connecticut River . " However , nothing happened until October , when two men were taken from a pasture outside the palisade . Militia were sent to guard the town in response , but these returned to their homes with the advent of winter , which was not thought to be a time for warfare .
Minor raids against other communities convinced Governor Joseph Dudley to send 20 men to garrison Deerfield in February . These men , minimally trained militia from other nearby communities , had arrived by the 24th , making for somewhat cramped accommodations within the town 's palisade on the night of February 28 . In addition to these men , the townspeople mustered about 70 men of fighting age ; these forces were all under the command of Captain Jonathan Wells .
= = = Organizing the raid = = =
The Connecticut River valley had been identified as a potential raiding target by authorities in New France as early as 1702 . The forces for the raid had begun gathering near Montreal as early as May 1703 , as reported with reasonable accuracy in English intelligence reports . However , two incidents intervened that delayed execution of the raid . The first was a rumor that English warships were on the Saint Lawrence River , drawing a significant Indian force to Quebec for its defense . The second was the detachment of some troops , critically including Jean @-@ Baptiste Hertel de Rouville , who was to lead the raid , for operations in Maine ( including a raid against Wells that raised the frontier alarms at Deerfield ) . Hertel de Rouville did not return to Montreal until the fall .
The force assembled at Chambly , just south of Montreal , numbered about 250 , and was composed of a diversity of personnel . There were 48 Frenchmen , some of them Canadien militia and others recruits from the troupes de la marine , including four of Hertel de Rouville 's brothers . The French leadership included a number of men with more than 20 years experience in wilderness warfare . The Indian contingent included 200 Abenaki , Iroquois , Wyandot , and Pocumtuc , some of whom sought revenge for incidents that had taken place years earlier . These were joined by another 30 to forty Pennacook led by the sachem Wattanummon as the party moved south toward Deerfield in January and February 1704 , raising the troop size to nearly 300 by the time it reached the Deerfield area in late February .
The expedition 's departure was not a very well kept secret . In January 1704 , New York 's Indian agent Pieter Schuyler was warned by the Iroquois of possible action. which he forwarded on to Governor Dudley and Connecticut 's Governor Winthrop ; further warnings came to them in mid @-@ February , although none were specific about the target .
= = Raid = =
The raiders left most of their equipment and supplies 25 to 30 miles ( 40 to 48 kilometers ) north of the village before establishing a cold camp about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from Deerfield on February 28 , 1704 . From this vantage point , they observed the villagers as they prepared for the night . Since the villagers had been alerted to the possibility of a raid , they all took refuge within the palisade , and a guard was posted .
The raiders had noticed that snow drifts extended to the top of the palisade ; this greatly simplified their entry into the fortifications just before dawn on February 29 . They carefully approached the village , stopping periodically so that the sentry might confuse the noises they made with more natural sounds . A few men climbed over the palisade via the snow drifts and then opened the north gate to admit the rest . Primary sources vary on the degree of alertness of the village guard that night ; one account claims he fell asleep , while another claims that he discharged his weapon to raise the alarm when the attack began , but that it was not heard by many people . As the Reverend John Williams later recounted , " with horrid shouting and yelling " , the raiders launched their attack " like a flood upon us . "
The raiders ' attack probably did not go exactly as they had intended . In attacks on Schenectady , New York and Durham , New Hampshire in the 1690s ( both of which included Hertel de Rouville 's father ) , the raiders had simultaneously attacked all of the houses ; at Deerfield , this did not happen . Historians Haefeli and Sweeney theorize that the failure to launch a coordinated assault was caused by the wide diversity within the attacking force .
The raiders swept into the village , and began attacking individual houses . Reverend Williams ' house was among the first to be raided ; Williams ' life was spared when his gunshot misfired , and he was taken prisoner . Two of his children and a servant were slain ; the rest of his family and his other servant were also taken prisoner . Similar scenarios occurred in many of the other houses . The residents of Benoni Stebbins ' house , which was not among the ones attacked early , resisted the raiders ' attacks , which lasted until well after daylight . A second house , near the northwestern corner of the palisade , was also successfully defended . The raiders moved through the village , herding their prisoners to an area just north of the town , rifling houses for items of value , and setting a number of them on fire .
As the morning progressed , some of the raiders began moving north with their prisoners , but paused about a mile north of the town to wait for those who had not yet finished in the village . The men in the Stebbins house kept the battle up for two hours ; they were on the verge of surrendering when reinforcements arrived . Early in the raid , young John Sheldon managed to escape over the palisade and began making his way to nearby Hadley to raise the alarm . The fires from the burning houses had been spotted , and " thirty men from Hadley and Hatfield " rushed to Deerfield . Their arrival prompted the remaining raiders to flee ; some of them abandoned their weapons and other supplies in a panic .
The sudden departure of the raiders and the arrival of reinforcements raised the spirits of the beleaguered survivors , and about 20 Deerfield men joined the Hadley men in chasing after the fleeing raiders . The English and the raiders skirmished in the meadows just north of the village , where the English reported " killing and wounding many of them " . However , the pursuit was conducted rashly , and the English soon ran into an ambush prepared by the raiders who had left the village earlier . Of the 50 or so men that gave chase , nine were killed and several more were wounded . After the ambush they retreated back to the village , and the raiders headed north with their prisoners .
As the alarm spread to the south , reinforcements continued to arrive in the village . By midnight , 80 men from Northampton and Springfield had arrived , and men from Connecticut swelled the force to 250 by the end of the next day . After debating over what action to take , they decided that the difficulties of pursuit were not worth the risks . Leaving a strong garrison in the village , most of the militia returned to their homes .
The raiders destroyed 17 of the village 's 41 homes , and looted many of the others . Out of the 291 people in Deerfield on the night of the attack only 126 remained in town the next day . They killed 44 residents of Deerfield : 10 men , 9 women , and 25 children , five garrison soldiers , and seven Hadley men . Of those who died inside the village , 15 died of fire @-@ related causes ; most of the rest were killed by edged or blunt weapons . The raid ’ s casualties were dictated by the raider ’ s goals to intimidate the village and to take valuable captives to French Canada . A large portion of the slain were infant children who were not likely to survive the ensuing trip to Canada . They took 109 villagers captive ; this represented forty per cent of the village population . They also took captive three Frenchmen who had been living among the villagers . The raiders also suffered losses , although reports vary . New France 's Governor @-@ General Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil reported the expedition only lost 11 men , and 22 were wounded , including Hertel de Rouville and one of his brothers . John Williams heard from French soldiers during his captivity that more than 40 French and Indian soldiers were lost ; Haefeli and Sweeney believe the lower French figures are more credible , especially when compared to casualties incurred in other raids . A majority of the captives taken were women and children who French and Indian captors viewed as being more likely than adult males to successfully integrate into native communities and a new life in French Canada .
= = Captivity and ransom = =
For the 109 English captives , the raid was only the beginning of their troubles . The raiders intended to take them to Canada , a 300 @-@ mile ( 480 km ) journey , in the middle of winter . Many of the captives were ill @-@ prepared for this , and the raiders were short on provisions . The raiders consequently engaged in a common practice : they killed those captives when it was clear they were unable to keep up . Williams commented on the savage cruelty of the Indian raiders ; although most killings were " not random or wanton , " none of those killed would have " needed to " be killed had they not been taken in the first place . Most ( though not all ) of the slain were the slow and vulnerable who could not keep up with the party and would likely have died less quickly en route . Only 89 of the captives survived the ordeal . Survival chances correlated with age and gender : infants and young children fared the worst , and older children and teenagers ( all 21 of whom survived the ordeal ) fared the best . Adult men fared better than adult women , especially pregnant women , and those with small children .
In the first few days several of the captives escaped . Hertel de Rouville instructed Reverend Williams to inform the others that recaptured escapees would be tortured ; there were no further escapes . ( The threat was not an empty one — it was known to have happened on other raids . ) The French leader 's troubles were not only with his captives . The Indians had some disagreements among themselves concerning the disposition of the captives , which at times threatened to come to blows . A council held on the third day resolved these disagreements sufficiently that the trek could continue .
According to John Williams ' account of his captivity , most of the party traveled up the frozen Connecticut River , then up the Wells River and down the Winooski River to Lake Champlain . From there they made their way to Chambly , at which point most of the force dispersed . The captives accompanied their captors to their respective villages . Williams ' wife Eunice , weak after having given birth just six weeks earlier , was one of the first to be killed during the trek ; her body was recovered and reburied in the Deerfield cemetery .
Calls went out from the governors of the northern colonies for action against the French colonies . Governor Dudley wrote that " the destruction of Quebeck [ sic ] and Port Royal [ would ] put all the Navall stores into Her Majesty 's hands , and forever make an end of an Indian War " , the frontier between Deerfield and Wells was fortified by upwards of 2 @,@ 000 men , and the bounty for Indian scalps was more than doubled , from £ 40 to £ 100 . Dudley promptly organized a retaliatory raid against Acadia ( present @-@ day Nova Scotia ) . In the summer of 1704 , New Englanders under the leadership of Benjamin Church raided Acadian villages at Pentagouet ( present @-@ day Castine , Maine ) , Passamaquoddy Bay ( present @-@ day St. Stephen , New Brunswick ) , Grand Pré , Pisiquid , and Beaubassin ( all in present @-@ day Nova Scotia ) . Church 's instructions included the taking of prisoners to exchange for those taken at Deerfield , and specifically forbade him to attack the fortified capital , Port Royal .
Deerfield and other communities collected funds to ransom the captives . French authorities and colonists also worked to extricate the captives from their Indian captors . Within a year 's time , most of the captives were in French hands , a product of frontier commerce in humans that was fairly common at the time on both sides . The French and converted Indians worked to convert their captives to Roman Catholicism , with modest success . While adult captives proved fairly resistant to proselytizing , children were more receptive or likely to accept conversion under duress .
Some of the younger captives , however , were not ransomed , as they were adopted into the tribes . Such was the case with Williams ' daughter Eunice , who was eight years old when captured . She became thoroughly assimilated in her Mohawk family , and married a Mohawk man when she was 16 . She did not see her family of origin again until much later and always returned to Kahnawake . Other captives also remained by choice in Canadian and Native communities such as Kahnawake for the rest of their lives .
Negotiations for the release and exchange of captives began in late 1704 , and continued until late 1706 . They became entangled in unrelated issues ( like the English capture of French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste ) , and larger concerns , including the possibility of a wider @-@ ranging treaty of neutrality between the French and English colonies . Mediated in part by Deerfield residents John Sheldon and John Wells , some captives ( including Noel Doiron ) were returned to Boston in August 1706 . Governor Dudley , who needed the successful return of the captives for political reason , then released the French captives , including Baptiste ; the remaining captives who chose to return were back in Boston by November 1706 .
Many of the younger captives were adopted into the Indian tribes or French Canadian society . Thirty six Deerfield captives , mostly children and teenagers at the time of the raid , remained permanently . Those who stayed were not compelled by force , but rather by newly formed religious ties and family bonds . Captive experience was largely dictated by gender as well as age . Young women most easily and readily assimilated into Indian and French Canadian societies . Nine girls remained as opposed to only five boys . These choices reflect the larger frontier pattern of incorporation of young women into Indian and Canadian society . These young women remained , not because of compulsion , fascination with the outdoor adventure , or the strangeness of life in a foreign society , but because they transitioned into established lives in new communities and formed bonds of family , religion , and language . In fact , more than half of young female captives who remained settled in Montreal where " the lives of these former Deerfield residents differed very little in their broad outlines from their former neighbors . " Whether in New France or in Deerfield these women generally were part of frontier agricultural communities where they tended to marry in their early twenties and have six or seven children . Other female captives remained in Native communities such as Kahnawake . These women remained because of bonds of religion and family . While European males castigated the " slavery " of Indian women , captive women from this time commonly chose to remain in Native society rather than return to colonial English settlements .
John Williams wrote a captivity narrative , The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion , about his experience , which was published in 1707 . Williams ' narrative was published during ongoing ransom negotiations and pressed for greater activity to return the Deerfield captives . Written with assistance from prominent Boston Puritan minister Reverend Cotton Mather , the book framed the raid , captivity , and border relations with the French and Indians in terms of providential history and God ’ s purpose for Puritans . The work was widely distributed in the 18th and 19th centuries , and continues to be published today ( see Further Reading below ) . Williams ' work was one of the reasons this raid , unlike similar others of the time , was remembered and became an element in the American frontier story . Williams ' work transformed the captivity narrative into a celebration of individual heroism and the triumph of Protestant values against savage and " Popish " enemies .
= = Legacy and historical memory = =
Deerfield holds a " special place in American history . " As Mary Rowlandson 's popular captivity narrative The Sovereignty and Goodness of God did a generation earlier , the sensational tale stressed reliance on God 's mercy and " kept alive the spirit of the Puritan mission " in eighteenth century New England . Williams ' account heightened tensions between English settlers and Native Americans and their French allies and led to more war preparedness among settler communities .
The events at Deerfield were not commonly described as a massacre until the 19th century . Reverend John Taylor 's 1804 centennial memorial sermon first termed the events at Deerfield a " massacre . " Previous eighteenth @-@ century accounts emphasized the physical destruction and described the raid as " the assault on , " " the destruction of , " or " mischief at " Deerfield . Viewing the raid as a " massacre , " 19th century New Englanders began to remember the attack as part of the larger narrative and celebration of American frontier spirit . Persisting into the twentieth century , American historical memory has tended to view Deerfield in line with Frederick Turner 's Frontier Thesis as a singular Indian attack against a community of individualistic frontiersmen . Re @-@ popularized and exposed to a national audience in the mid @-@ twentieth century with the establishment of Historic Deerfield , the raid was contextualized in a celebration of exceptional American individual ambition . This view has served as a partial justification for the removal of Native Americans and has obscured both the larger patterns of border conflict and tensions and the family based structure of Deerfield and similar marginal settlements . Although popularly remembered as a tale of the triumph of rugged Protestant male individualism , the raid is better understood not along the lines of Turner 's thesis , but as an account of the strong factors of community life and cross @-@ cultural interaction in border communities .
An 1875 legend recounts the attack as an attempt by the French to regain a bell , supposedly destined for Quebec , but pirated and sold to Deerfield . The legend continues that this was a " historical fact known to almost all school children . " However , the story , which is a common Kahnawake tale , was refuted as early as 1882 and does not appear to have significantly affected American perception of the raid .
Canadians and native Americans who are less influenced by Williams ' narrative and Turner 's thesis , have given the raid a more ambivalent place in memory . Canadians view the raid not as a massacre and mass abduction but as a successful local application of guerilla techniques in the broader context of international war and stress the successful integration of hundreds of captives taken in similar conflicts during Queen Anne 's War . Similarly , most Native American records justify the action in a larger military and cultural context and remain largely unconcerned with the particular event .
A portion of the original village of Deerfield has been preserved as a living history museum , Historic Deerfield ; among its relics is a door bearing tomahawk marks from the 1704 raid . The raid is commemorated there on the weekend closest to February 29 . Moving towards a more inclusive Historic Deerfield 's yearly reenactment and educational programs treat " massacre " as a " dirty word " and stress Deerfield as a place to study cultural interaction and difference at society 's borders .
In addition , The Ransom of Mercy Carter by Caroline B. Cooney , a historical fiction novel , commemorates this event through the eyes of a young Deerfield girl .
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= United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe =
United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe , 537 U.S. 465 ( 2003 ) , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held in a 5 – 4 decision that when the federal government used land or property held in trust for an Indian tribe , it had the duty to maintain that land or property and was liable for any damages for a breach of that duty . In the 1870s , the White Mountain Apache Tribe was placed on a reservation in Arizona . The case involved Fort Apache , a collection of buildings on the reservation which were transferred to the tribe by the United States Congress in 1960 .
Although the tribe owned the Fort Apache buildings , they were held in trust and used exclusively by the federal government for an Indian school . This was a continuation of the building 's use from when the federal government retained title . As more schools were built at other Indian reservations , attendance dropped at the Fort Apache school . The tribe began to plan for use of the buildings and sought designation as a historic site . When the federal government wanted to turn the property over to the tribe for use , the tribe found that the property had deteriorated and sued for damages to the property . The trial court denied the tribe 's claim , but the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed , holding that the federal government had a duty to take care of the property . The government then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , arguing that the tribe could not make a claim without Congressional authorization . The tribe argued that the 1960 act created the trust and authorized damages .
The Supreme Court affirmed the appellate court , holding that the federal government used the property it held in trust , and that it therefore had a duty to maintain the property . Justice Ginsburg issued a concurring opinion , while Justice Thomas dissented . The loss led the government to settle with the tribe for $ 12 million . The buildings are managed by the Fort Apache Heritage Foundation and the case , along with several others define the Indian Trust Doctrine . The case has been widely discussed in legal literature and books , primarily in the area of Indian trusts .
= = Background = =
= = = History = = =
In 1869 Major John Green led a force to the White River area and recommended that an outpost be established there . In 1870 Fort Apache was established by the United States Army in Arizona and remained an active military installation until 1922 , when it was transferred to the Department of the Interior ( DOI ) . A series of Executive Orders by President Ulysses S. Grant from 1871 to 1877 established the Fort Apache Indian Reservation , with the actual fort being held by the government as fee simple land . From 1897 to 1922 the fort was in the middle of the reservation . Under the terms of the transfer , 400 acres ( 1 @.@ 6 km2 ) were set aside for the Theodore Roosevelt Indian School .
The school initially housed 250 Navajo and Hopi children , and additional buildings were constructed to accommodate them . Between 1933 and 1939 , the Bureau of Indian Affairs ( BIA ) used the site for its regional trachoma school , using both laboratory animals and Indian children for experiments to treat the eye disease . During World War II , the school taught students from a good number of southwestern tribes . During the 1950s , as the tribe was fighting against termination , the emphasis of the school was on vocational and technical training . Beginning in 1960 , the BIA contracted for schools to be built near other tribes , and attendance at the school started to drop .
In 1960 , Congress provided that Fort Apache was to be held in trust for the White Mountain Apache Tribe , but allowed the DOI to use the property for " administrative or school purposes . " By the 1970s , most of the other tribes had obtained their own schools , and the school normally had fewer than 100 students . With the reduction in the number of students , the BIA budget for Fort Apache also dropped , causing deferred maintenance and the demolition of several buildings .
The tribe resolved to place the site on the National Historic Registry . In 1976 , the National Park Service designated the site as a National Historic Site . By 1993 , the tribe had adopted a master plan to try to preserve the buildings and commissioned a study to determine what the cost would be to restore the property . The U.S. government acknowledged that some of the thirty @-@ five buildings were in poor shape , but maintained that the rest were properly maintained . In 1998 , the site was designated by the World Monuments Fund as one of the 100 most endangered sites .
= = = Federal Claims Court = = =
In 1999 , the tribe filed suit in the United States Court of Federal Claims , seeking $ 14 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in damages for breach of trust by DOI . The tribe argued that the United States had exclusive control over the buildings and allowed them to fall into disrepair , a violation of the trust relationship established by the 1960 statute . Additionally , the tribe claimed that the Snyder Act and the National Historic Preservation Act applied in this case . The Snyder Act deals with appropriations to the BIA , and the National Historic Preservation Act discussed federal assistance for preservation programs . The United States moved for dismissal on the basis of lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim . In addition , the United States claimed that the statute of limitations had run under both the Tucker Act and the Indian Tucker Act , the acts governing claims in the Federal Court of Claims . The trial court dismissed the suit on the failure to state a claim .
= = = Federal Circuit Court of Appeals = = =
The tribe then appealed the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit . The appellate court found that various federal laws required the DOI and BIA to maintain historic buildings and to maintain Indian trust properties , but that they did not authorize monetary damages . The court then looked to the 1960 act and determined that this act did create a trust relationship that could be enforced with monetary damages . This was based on common law , with the court referencing the Restatement ( Second ) of Trusts to outline that a trust requires a trustee ( the United States ) , a beneficiary ( the tribe ) , and a trust body ( the land and buildings ) . The court noted that both parties agreed that there was a trust , but not that damages were authorized . The court held that where the United States had control over the use and maintenance of the buildings to the exclusion of the tribe , a fiduciary duty was created that authorized the tribe to seek monetary damages . The court then reversed and remanded the decision of the trial court . The United States appealed , and the Supreme Court granted certiorari .
= = Supreme Court = =
= = = Arguments = = =
Gregory G. Garre , Assistant Solicitor General argued the case for the United States . As the petitioner , Garre argued that the 1960 act did not authorize monetary damages for a breach of trust duties . Their position was that while a trust was formed , the tribe could not make a claim for damages without explicit congressional authorization . Further , he argued , the exclusive control does not create liability ; only the explicit language of statutes and regulations could allow monetary damages . The position of the United States was that " in trust " meant was that the land was not subject to alienation or to state taxation .
Robert C. Brauchli , an attorney from Arizona , argued the case for the White Mountain Apache Tribe . As respondent , Brauchli argued that the 1960 act , by using the term " trust " , did create liability for monetary damages . Since a trust was formed by law , the Indian Tucker Act allowed a lawsuit for damages to go forward . The tribe noted that the trust relationship was " one of the primary cornerstones of Indian law " . The National Congress of American Indians filed an amicus curiae brief supporting the tribe .
= = = Opinion of the Court = = =
Justice David Souter delivered the opinion of the court . Souter noted that any suit against the United States required a clear waiver of sovereign immunity and held that a waiver was granted by the Indian Tucker Act if there were statutory grounds in another federal statute or regulation . Souter then noted the difference between a " limited " or bare trust obligation , as was outlined in United States v. Mitchell I ( Mitchell I ) , and those which could impose fiduciary duties and carry monetary damages , as outlined in United States v. Mitchell II ( Mitchell II ) . In Mitchell I , the United States held the land in trust to prevent alienation and to exempt the land from state taxation , but the tribe occupied and controlled the property . In such cases , the government did not have a fiduciary duty . In Mitchell II , the United States also held the land in trust , but actively controlled the property through comprehensive timber management regulations . Here , the government did have a fiduciary duty to the tribe .
Souter stated that the 1960 act set up a trust in the same manner as Mitchell I and then went beyond that to allow the United States to use the land and buildings for a school and administrative purposes . This control was at least as great as that exercised over the timber in Mitchell II . Since the government had exclusive use and control of the property , it could " not allow it to fall into ruin on his watch . "
The three defenses presented by the United States were deemed without merit . First , the concept that the 1960 act " carved out " the buildings used by the government goes against the plain language of the statute . Second , the fact that the statute does not explicitly state that the government is subject to monetary damages is also without merit . Souter noted that , were the court to accept that reasoning , it would require that the court to overturn Mitchell II , which it was not prepared to do . Instead , the court will continue to use a " fair inference " from the law to determine if damages are authorized . Finally , the United States argued that the only appropriate relief would be injunctive relief instead of damages . Souter stated that this was clearly wrong and merely postponed the cost to the government to repair the buildings .
The court affirmed the decision of the Circuit Court and remanded it to the Court of Federal Claims for actions consistent with the ruling . Souter was joined in the majority opinion by Justices Stevens , O 'Connor , Ginsburg , and Breyer .
= = = Concurrence = = =
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg concurred in the opinion of the majority . Ginsburg expanded on the differences between the lack of liability under Mitchell I and the imposition of damages to compensate " for the harm caused by maladministration of the property . " She stated that the opinion of the court was consent with other cases , such as Mitchell II and United States v. Navajo Nation , where the government has exercised control in a " manner irreconcilable with its caretaker obligations " . Ginsburg stated that the government had clearly failed its caretaker duties . Ginsburg was joined by Justice Breyer in the concurrence .
= = = Dissent = = =
Justice Clarence Thomas dissented , joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Scalia and Kennedy . Thomas stated that the test has always been if the statute in question could be " fairly interpreted " to allow monetary damages . He stated that the majority had devised a new test : whether liability could be allowed on a " fair inference " of congressional authorization . Thomas believed that Mitchell I was the proper case to compare with this one , as none of the detailed control and responsibilities present in Mitchell II were present in this case . He further said that without a clear and unambiguous intent by Congress to make the United States liable , there could be no finding of monetary damages .
= = Subsequent developments = =
The loss in court prompted the federal government to settle with the tribe for approximately $ 12 million in 2005 . In 2007 , the government transferred 27 buildings to the tribe along with the $ 12 million , plus interest . They are managed by the Fort Apache Heritage Foundation , a nonprofit corporation chartered by the tribe . The case , together with Mitchell I , Mitchell II , and the Navajo Nation , define the state of the Indian Trust Doctrine . The United States has subsequently taken various actions to reduce the government 's exposure to trust claims by tribes .
= = = Law reviews and books = = =
The case has been cited in numerous law reviews . Some of these were critical of the majority approach , stating that it went beyond the plain meaning of the text to open up the federal government to liability where none existed . Other reviews merely analyzed the decision and how it affected government @-@ tribe trust cases . Alex Tallchief Skibine opined that the case was almost unique , and he did not foresee that it would be significant for other tribes .
As with law reviews , the case has been cited in numerous books , especially those dealing with federal litigation or Indian law . It has been cited extensively in regards to the trust relationship between BIA and the tribes , and has been used as an example of the fiduciary duty held by the government .
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= Majestic @-@ class battleship =
The Majestic class of nine pre @-@ dreadnought battleships were built for the Royal Navy in the mid @-@ 1890s under the Spencer Programme , named after the First Lord of the Admiralty , John Poyntz Spencer . With nine units commissioned , they were the largest class of battleships in history in terms of the number of member ships . The nine ships , HMS Majestic , Caesar , Hannibal , Illustrious , Jupiter , Magnificent , Mars , Prince George , and Victorious , were built between 1894 and 1898 as part of a programme to strengthen the Royal Navy versus its two traditional rivals , France and Russia . This continued the naval re @-@ armament initiatives begun by the Naval Defence Act 1889 .
The Majestics introduced a number of significant improvements to British battleship design , including armoured gun shields for the barbette @-@ mounted main battery guns . The ships were armed with a main battery of four BL 12 @-@ inch Mark VIII guns , the first large @-@ calibre weapon in the Royal Navy to use smokeless propellant , which made it superior in almost all respects to earlier , larger guns . They were also the first British ships to incorporate Harvey armour , which allowed them to carry a much more comprehensive level of protection . The ships proved to be among the most successful designs of their day , and they were widely copied in foreign navies , including the Japanese Shikishima class and the battleship Mikasa , which were both modified versions of the Majestic design .
The nine ships served in a variety of roles throughout their careers . They primarily served in the Channel Fleet , though several took rotations in the Mediterranean Fleet , and Victorious served on the China Station in 1900 – 02 . No longer frontline ships by the outbreak of World War I in July 1914 , the vessels were used to protect the crossing of the British Expeditionary Force and various points on the British coast . In 1915 , several of the ships were disarmed , their guns going to equip the Lord Clive @-@ class monitors . The disarmed battleships were used as troop ships during the Dardanelles Campaign , and Prince George and Majestic were used to bombard enemy positions before Majestic was torpedoed by a German U @-@ boat . The surviving ships were employed in secondary roles from 1915 onwards , and after the war , all were sold for scrapping in 1920 – 22 . Only one , Prince George , avoided the breakers ' yards by wrecking off Camperduin .
= = Design = =
In 1891 , Rear Admiral Jackie Fisher , then the Controller of the Royal Navy , issued a request for a new battleship design based on the Royal Sovereign class , but that incorporated a recently designed 12 in ( 305 mm ) gun and Harvey armour , which was significantly stronger than compound armour . The Director of Naval Construction , William Henry White , prepared a preliminary design for a 12 @,@ 500 @-@ tonne ( 12 @,@ 300 @-@ long @-@ ton ) ship armed with four of the 12 in guns and protected with an armour belt that was 9 inches ( 229 mm ) thick . White submitted the design on 27 January 1892 to the Board . Due to the greater resilience that Harvey armour provided , less of it could be used for the same level of protection , allowing for significant weight reduction . As a result , the protection scheme was made stronger and more comprehensive than in the Royal Sovereigns , while minimising increased displacement . This included the fitting of fully enclosed armoured gun shields for the main battery guns .
The Board approved the design and intended to lay down three ships under the 1892 programme , but work on the 12 in gun was taking longer than predicted , and so construction was delayed to the 1893 programme . By that time , the third ship of what was to be the Majestic class was redesigned as a second @-@ class battleship , Renown , leaving only two ships to be laid down under the 1893 estimates . By August 1893 , however , the public perceived the strength of the Royal Navy to have fallen relative to its traditional rivals , the French and Russian navies . John Spencer , the First Lord of the Admiralty , proposed a large naval expansion plan referred to as the Spencer Programme that included seven more Majestic @-@ class battleships to soothe public opinion .
The Majestics were to be a benchmark for all successor pre @-@ dreadnoughts . While the preceding Royal Sovereign @-@ class battleships had revolutionised and stabilised British battleship design by introducing the high @-@ freeboard battleship with four main @-@ battery guns in twin mountings in barbettes fore and aft , it was the Majestics that settled on the 12 in main battery and began the practice of mounting armoured gunhouses over the barbettes ; these gunhouses , although very different from the old @-@ style , heavy , circular gun turrets that preceded them , would themselves become known as " turrets " and became the standard on warships worldwide . The Majestic class , the largest class of battleships ever built , were some of the most successful battleships of their time , and they were widely copied . Indeed , the Japanese Shikishima class and the battleship Mikasa were based directly on the Majestics .
= = = General characteristics and machinery = = =
The Majestics were 390 feet ( 120 m ) long between perpendiculars and 421 feet ( 128 m ) long overall . They had a beam of 75 ft ( 23 m ) and a draught of 27 ft ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . They displaced up to 16 @,@ 060 t ( 15 @,@ 810 long tons ; 17 @,@ 700 short tons ) at full combat load . The ships had a freeboard of 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) forward , 17 ft 3 in ( 5 @.@ 26 m ) amidships , and 18 ft 6 in ( 5 @.@ 64 m ) aft . Their hulls were divided into numerous watertight compartments , with 72 compartments inside the armoured citadel and 78 outside it . A double bottom extended for much of the length of the hull . They were fitted with two pole masts , each with two fighting tops . Except for Caesar , Hannibal , and Illustrious , they had a new design in which the bridge was mounted around the base of the foremast behind the conning tower to prevent a battle @-@ damaged bridge from collapsing around the tower .
The Majestics were considered good seaboats , in large part due to their high freeboard , with an easy roll and good steamers , although they suffered from high fuel consumption . They were nevertheless very manoeuvrable . They had a transverse metacentric height of 3 @.@ 7 ft ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) at full load . The ships had a crew of 672 – 794 officers and enlisted men , and this number varied between ships and over the course of their careers . Each ship carried a variety of smaller boats , usually including three steam pinnaces , one 42 @-@ foot ( 13 m ) steam launch , two 34 ft ( 10 m ) cutters , two 27 ft ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) whalers , three gigs of between 24 to 32 ft ( 7 @.@ 3 to 9 @.@ 8 m ) , one 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) skiff dinghy , and one 13 ft 6 in ( 4 @.@ 11 m ) raft . The ships were equipped with six 24 @-@ inch ( 610 mm ) searchlights , with four on the bridge and one on each mast . All nine ships received Type I wireless transmitters in 1909 – 10 .
During the sea trials for the preceding battleship Royal Sovereign , the ship 's engineers learned that the engines might fail at high levels of forced draught ; as a result , the Majestics were designed to reach the same maximum speed with a more powerful engine . This allowed the engineers a wider margin of safety at maximum speed . Their propulsion system consisted of two 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines , each driving a single four @-@ bladed screw . Steam was provided by eight coal @-@ fired , single @-@ ended Scotch marine boilers , which were trunked into a pair of funnels placed side by side . Their engines were rated at 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) at normal draught , and they provided a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . At forced draught , they could reach 12 @,@ 000 ihp ( 8 @,@ 900 kW ) and 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . By 1908 , the ships had been re @-@ boilered with mixed coal- and oil @-@ fired models . The ships carried 1 @,@ 100 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 100 long tons ; 1 @,@ 200 short tons ) of coal normally , and additional spaces allowed for up to 1 @,@ 900 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 900 long tons ; 2 @,@ 100 short tons ) to be stored . With the installation of the new boilers , oil storage amounting to 400 to 500 tonnes ( 390 to 490 long tons ; 440 to 550 short tons ) was added . At a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) , the ships could steam for 7 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 000 km ; 8 @,@ 100 mi ) . At 14 @.@ 6 knots ( 27 @.@ 0 km / h ; 16 @.@ 8 mph ) , their cruising radius fell to 4 @,@ 420 nmi ( 8 @,@ 190 km ; 5 @,@ 090 mi ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Majestic and her sisters were armed with four BL 12 @-@ inch Mk VIII 35 @-@ calibre guns in twin turrets , one forward and one aft . This calibre would become the standard for all future British battleship classes . They were the first new British battleships to mount a 12 @-@ inch main battery since the 1880s . The new gun was a significant improvement on the 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 343 mm ) gun which had been fitted on the Admiral and Royal Sovereign classes that preceded the Majestics , in terms of ballistics and strength of the gun itself , and it was significantly lighter . The 12 in gun had a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 500 feet per second ( 760 m / s ) — a significant increase over the 13 @.@ 5 in gun owing to the use of smokeless propellant — and it could fire a 850 @-@ pound ( 390 kg ) shell with a range of 13 @,@ 900 yards ( 12 @,@ 700 m ) .
The turrets were placed on pear @-@ shaped barbettes ; the first six ships had this arrangement , but the last two , Caesar and Illustrious , had circular barbettes . The BII mountings in the first six ships allowed all @-@ around loading from the supply of ready ammunition kept in the turret , but the guns had to return to the centerline to bring ammunition up from the magazines , as the ammunition hoists did not rotate with the turret . Caesar and Illustrious , with their circular barbettes , had BIII mountings with rotating hoists , and these allowed all @-@ around loading from the magazines . Both the BII and BIII mounts had a range of elevation from − 5 degrees to 13 @.@ 5 degrees , with the loading angle at maximum elevation . During World War I , four of the Majestics were disarmed , and these guns were used to arm eight Lord Clive @-@ class monitors . A further two turrets from Illustrious were later emplaced as coastal guns on the Tyne .
The saving in weight from the main battery allowed the Majestic class to carry a secondary battery of twelve QF ( quick @-@ firing ) 6 @-@ inch 40 @-@ calibre guns , a larger secondary armament than in previous classes . These were mounted in casemates in two gun decks amidships , and they fired a 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 205 ft / s ( 672 m / s ) . Elevated at 15 degrees , they could hit targets out to 10 @,@ 000 yards ( 9 @,@ 100 m ) . The ships also carried sixteen QF 12 @-@ pounder Mk I guns and twelve QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk I guns . These were placed in a variety of mounts , including in casemates , on the main battery turret roofs , and in the fighting tops . The ships were also equipped with five 18 in ( 450 mm ) torpedo tubes , four of which were submerged in the ship 's hull , with the last in a deck @-@ mounted launcher in the stern . The Woolwich Arsenal manufactured the torpedoes , which were the Mark IV model ; these carried a 200 @-@ pound ( 91 kg ) warhead and had a range of 750 yards ( 690 m ) at a speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) .
= = = Armour = = =
The armoured belt on the Majestic class consisted of 9 inches ( 229 mm ) of Harvey steel , which allowed equal protection with less cost in weight compared to previous types of armour . This allowed the ships to have a deeper and lighter belt than previous battleships without any loss in protection . The belt armour extended for 220 feet ( 67 m ) along the hull ; it covered 5 ft 6 in ( 1 @.@ 68 m ) above the waterline and 9 ft 6 in ( 2 @.@ 90 m ) below . The belt was connected , via the barbettes , by a 14 in ( 356 mm ) thick transverse bulkhead forward and a 12 in thick bulkhead aft . The ship 's armoured deck was 3 in ( 76 mm ) thick on the central portion , with 4 in ( 102 mm ) thick sloped sides that connected to the bottom edge of the belt armour . This arrangement required any shell that penetrated the belt to also pass through the deck before it could reach the ship 's vitals . The deck was reduced to 2 @.@ 5 in ( 64 mm ) toward the bow and stern .
The barbettes for the main battery were protected with 14 in of armour on their exposed sides above the armoured deck , while the portion that was masked below the deck was reduced to 7 in ( 178 mm ) . The gunhouses for the main battery had 10 in ( 254 mm ) thick faces , 5 @.@ 5 in ( 140 mm ) thick sides , 4 in ( 100 mm ) rears , and 2 in thick roofs . The secondary guns ' casemates were 6 in thick , with 2 in thick sides and rears to protect the gun crews from splinters . A mantlet that was 6 in thick covered the stern torpedo tube . The forward conning tower had 14 in of steel on the sides , except for the rear @-@ facing side , which was reduced to 12 in . The aft conning tower had much thinner armour protection , with 3 in on all sides .
= = Construction = =
= = Service history = =
Majestic , Magnificent , Jupiter , Mars , Prince George , and Hannibal served in the Channel Fleet from their commissioning , with Magnificent as the flagship from 1895 . They were present at the Diamond Jubilee for Queen Victoria in June 1897 and took part in the Coronation Review for King Edward VII in August 1902 , along with Hannibal . Caesar and Illustrious instead went to the Mediterranean Fleet , remaining there until 1903 and 1904 , respectively , when they returned to Britain to join their sisters in the Channel Fleet . Victorious served briefly in the Mediterranean Fleet in 1897 before being transferred to the China Station in 1898 , remaining there until 1900 . The ship then returned for another stint in the Mediterranean Fleet from 1900 to 1903 , and in 1904 she joined her sisters in the Channel Fleet . In 1906 , Majestic was paid off ; the following year she and Magnificent were recommissioned into the Nore Division . At the same time , Caesar , Victorious , and Mars went to the Devonport Division , while Hannibal , Prince George , Jupiter , and Illustrious went to the Portsmouth Division .
In March 1912 , Caesar was reduced to reserve in the 4th Squadron , Home Fleet . Later that year , Majestic , Prince George , and Illustrious were assigned to the 7th Battle Squadron ( BS ) . Following Britain 's entry into World War I in August 1914 , Caesar and Jupiter were assigned to the 7th BS , which was in turn assigned to the Channel Fleet and tasked with protecting the British Expeditionary Force as it crossed the English Channel to France . At the same time , Hannibal , Mars , Magnificent , and Victorious were assigned to the 9th Battle Squadron and stationed in the Humber to protect the British coast . Illustrious was instead used as a guard ship for the Grand Fleet , and was initially based at Loch Ewe .
In early 1915 , Majestic and Prince George took part in the Dardanelles Campaign against the Ottoman Empire ; they bombarded Ottoman positions around the Dardanelles until May , when Majestic was torpedoed and sunk by the German U @-@ boat U @-@ 21 off Cape Helles . At around the same time , Prince George was hit by a shell from an Ottoman coastal battery , requiring repairs at Malta . Hannibal , Magnificent , Victorious , and Mars were laid up in early 1915 and had their 12 in guns removed to arm the Lord Clive @-@ class monitors . Illustrious was similarly disarmed , with two of her guns going to the Tyne Turrets . Hannibal , Magnificent , and Mars were then used as troop ships during the operations off the Dardanelles . In late 1915 after the conclusion of the Dardanelles Campaign , Hannibal was stationed in Egypt as a depot ship , while Magnificent and Mars returned to Britain to be used as an ammunition ship and a depot ship , respectively .
Victorious was converted into a repair ship in 1915 – 16 and based in Scapa Flow , the main base of the Grand Fleet . Jupiter was transferred to the Suez Canal Patrol in mid @-@ 1915 , before returning to Devonport in late 1916 to be paid off . By 1916 , Illustrious had been converted into a storeship and based in Chatham ; she was joined there by Prince George , by then converted into a barracks ship . From December 1914 to September 1918 , Caesar was employed as a guard ship , first at Gibraltar and then in the North America and West Indies Station . She served in the Adriatic Squadron in September 1918 , and then in the Aegean Squadron in October . After the war , she supported the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the Black Sea as a depot ship ; she was the last British pre @-@ dreadnought to serve overseas in any capacity .
Hannibal and Jupiter were sold in January 1920 and thereafter broken up in Italy and Britain , respectively . Illustrious followed her sisters to the breakers in June 1920 , being scrapped at Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness . Caesar was paid off in April 1920 and eventually sold for scrapping in Germany in July 1922 . Magnificent and Mars were sold for scrap in May 1921 and broken up at Inverkeithing and Briton Ferry , respectively . Prince George was sold for scrapping in Germany in September , but while en route she ran aground off Camperduin . Victorious was renamed Indus II in 1920 and eventually sold for scrap in December 1922 .
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= Product Recall =
" Product Recall " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the company deals with the consequences of an offending watermark that appeared on several reams of paper . Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) holds a poorly attended press conference , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) head to a high school that printed their prom invitations on the paper to apologize , and Creed frames an employee at the paper mill to keep his job .
The episode was written by Justin Spitzer and Brent Forrester , and was directed by Randall Einhorn , the series director of photography . The cast found the scene in which Jim impersonates Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) to be hilarious and had trouble keeping straight faces , forcing multiple takes . The episode first aired in the United States on April 26 , 2007 on NBC , during sweeps week . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was watched by an estimated 7 @.@ 56 million viewers , earning a ratings share of 3 @.@ 9 / 11 among adults . It garnered generally positive critical reception , particularly regarding Jim and Dwight 's impressions of each other .
= = Synopsis = =
In the cold open , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) shows up at work imitating Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) by wearing large glasses , a short sleeved shirt and hair split on his forehead . Jim asks Dwight mocking questions and brings up topics Dwight frequently mentions , such as " bears " .
The Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin is thrown into damage control mode when reams of paper with an obscene watermark depicting " the image of a beloved cartoon duck performing unspeakable acts upon a certain cartoon mouse that a lot of people like " are shipped to customers . Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) trains the accountants to handle customer support calls , while Jim and Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) are sent to calm a school principal ( Jim Jansen ) that used the affected paper to print prom invitations . At the school , Andy is horrified to discover that his girlfriend is actually a high school student . Creed Bratton ( played by the actor of the same name ) , who failed to catch the error , saves his quality assurance job by framing an employee who works at the paper mill .
Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) stages an apology press conference , attended by just one local news reporter , where he presents Barbara Allen ( Lisa Darr ) , an angry customer , with a novelty check for free paper . She instead demands Michael 's resignation , but he refuses . When Allen threatens to call the Better Business Bureau he snaps back that he will call the " Ungrateful Biotch Hotline " . Now facing further damage control , Michael instead makes an " apology video " in which he reiterates that the incident was not his fault and that he has become an " escape goat " .
In the final credits sequence , Dwight shows up to the office imitating Jim , but it backfires when his Jim @-@ styled appearance and wardrobe are met with compliments from his co @-@ workers .
= = Production = =
" Product Recall " was penned by staff writer Justin Spitzer and consulting producer Brent Forrester . It was the second Office episode to be directed by Randall Einhorn , a former director of Survivor who also worked as the series ' director of photography . In early 2007 , series co @-@ creator Greg Daniels explained to an audience at Paleyfest that Einhorn 's direction had become " a character in the show because [ he ] has an enormous amount of judgment / leeway about where he 's looking . And often [ what ] adds a tremendous amount of comedy is the choosing to look over there and see what that person thinks and back and forth . He 's definitely a hidden character on the show . "
In an April 2007 blog post for TV Guide , actress Kate Flannery , who plays Meredith Palmer , called Jim 's impression of Dwight " one of the funniest scenes that I have ever witnessed . " She recalled that Krasinski and Wilson enjoyed filming the scene , and that the whole cast was laughing during it , necessitating many takes . The scene was first intended for the season 's twenty @-@ second episode , " Women 's Appreciation " , before it was moved to " Product Recall " due to time constraints .
The third season DVD contains several scenes that were deleted from the final cut of the episode . These include Kelly annoyingly answering calls with the same response , Dwight contacting CNN , Kelly training the accountants , Creed admitting that he faked his own death for tax reasons , Michael explaining his apology to angry business owner Barbara Allen , Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) and Kelly arguing , Jim talking to a high school student , and more scenes of Michael filming his apology video .
= = Cultural references = =
When imitating Dwight , Jim says " Bears , beets , Battlestar Galactica , " the last term being a reference to the re @-@ imagined science fiction television series . Later , while driving Andy begins a rendition of " Drift Away " , and Jim sings " The Lion Sleeps Tonight " to cheer him up . Kelly and Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) have a conversation pretending to be Bridget Jones and the Crocodile Hunter , respectively . Michael worries that Newsweek and CNN will pick up the cartoon scandal story from The Scranton Times .
= = Reception = =
" Product Recall " first aired in the United States on April 26 , 2007 during the month 's sweeps week . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by an estimated 7 @.@ 56 million viewers . It earned a ratings share of 3 @.@ 9 / 11 among adults , meaning that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 11 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . For its timeslot , the episode finished in second place among adults behind Survivor : Fiji and in first place among men aged 18 – 34 . Among adults , The Office finished in nineteenth place for the week .
IGN 's Brian Zoromski rated " Product Recall " with 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 , an indication of a " good " episode . He thought it held " a hit @-@ and @-@ miss mix of laugh @-@ out @-@ loud moments and scenes that didn 't work quite as well , " but praised the obscene cartoon premise for being " hilarious " . Zoromski also criticized the episode for being unrealistic , as Michael dealt with the problem rather than Corporate . He selected Creed and Jim for particular praise , especially liking Jim 's Dwight impression .
Like Zoromski , Abby West of Entertainment Weekly critiqued the episode for not involving Corporate , complaining " How could such a public @-@ relations nightmare not lead to a visit or a phone call from Jan ? " West did however praise Jim and Dwight 's impressions of each other as " perfect " bookendings . Writing for AOL TV , Jay Black called " Product Recall " " wonderful " and highlighted the Jim @-@ Dwight impersonations and Andy 's discomfort upon discovering his girlfriend was a high school student . Black did however criticize Michael 's press conference as " over @-@ the @-@ top in an annoying way " and Creed 's actions as " way over the line " and " despicable " . Television Without Pity graded the episode with an A – .
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= Russell family ( Passions ) =
The Russell Family is a fictional family that appeared on the American television soap opera Passions , which aired on NBC ( 1999 – 2007 ) and later on DirecTV ( 2007 – 08 ) . It followed the romantic and supernatural adventures that occurred in the fictional , New England , coastal town of Harmony . The family was created by the soap 's creator James E. Reilly ; it originally consisted of four characters — the married couple Eve Russell and T. C. Russell , and their children , Whitney and Simone Russell . The Russells are one of the four core families in Harmony ; they are characterized by their friendship with the Bennetts and Lopez @-@ Fitzgeralds , and their feud with the Cranes . As the series progressed , four more characters were added to the family : Eve 's vengeful , adoptive sister Liz Sanbourne ; Eve 's child with Julian Crane , Vincent Clarkson ; Whitney 's husband and Liz 's son , Chad Harris @-@ Crane ; and Eve 's aunt Irma Johnson . A majority of the characters left during the show 's transition from NBC to DirecTV , leaving Eve and Vincent as the only representatives of the Russell family in the series finale .
The characters initially received negative feedback for their representation of a middle @-@ class , African @-@ American family . They also received mixed feedback from the cast members , with some praising the roles as expanding the images of African @-@ American characters on television while others felt they were not used to their full potential . Despite the criticism , the cast was frequently nominated for NAACP Image Awards and prominently featured in a series of public service announcement for Black History Month in 2003 . The Russell family also garnered media and critical attention for its storylines involving various LGBT topics : Chad Harris @-@ Crane 's affair with Vincent and subsequent confusion about his sexual orientation , Simone 's coming out as lesbian to her family , and the revelation that Vincent was intersex . While the show 's treatment of sexual and gender identity has received mixed feedback among critics , Passions won the award for Outstanding Daily Drama at the 17th GLAAD Media Awards for its portrayal of Simone 's sexuality .
= = Creation and development = =
Along with the Bennetts , the Cranes , and the Lopez @-@ Fitzgeralds , the Russells are one of the four core families created by the soap 's creator James E. Reilly and were prominently featured on the soap opera since its premiere on July 5 , 1999 . Sheraton Kalouria , senior vice president of NBC 's daytime programming , said the decision to create and cast two minority families — the African @-@ American Russells and the Hispanic Lopez @-@ Fitzgeralds — was a conscious effort to simulate the diversity of the United States . Kalouria said the cast reflected the show 's " truly color @-@ blind storytelling " . Rodney Van Johnson , who played T. C. Russell , expressed an appreciation for the show 's representation of " a full African @-@ American family " that tell serious storylines on daytime television rather than being " just a flash in the pan " . Johnson said the Russell family received a large response from African @-@ American viewers . An article in Jet described each member of the Russell family as having an " integral part of the show " rather than being token characters . An official press release from NBC said the Russell family had " a strong presence in the community " of Harmony .
Other Passions ' cast members also commented on the representation of each family member as acting contrary to racial stereotypes ; Tracey Ross said her character Eve is " just a person " and is not purely defined by her race , and Charles Divins , who played Chad Harris @-@ Crane , said the show 's treatment of the Russells as " a strong African American family " was " refreshing " . Amelia Marshall said the creation of seven African @-@ American roles allowed each character to be unique :
It 's an awful lot of fun to be going to all these dark and extreme places . I finally realized that there are seven African @-@ Americans on this show and I don 't have to be the flag @-@ bearer for African @-@ Americans . I can just be an actress given a crazy bitch to play and play it to the best of my ability . I don 't have to say , ' I don 't want to represent my people like that . ' We 'll let the Eve character be upstanding , even though she 's got shades . It 's so much fun to just deal with acting the part and not deal with the politics of it .
During the soap opera 's final years , Johnson expressed disappointment when the show began " taking out the people of color " , such as Amelia Marshall , Brook Kerr , and himself ; he also said it was an obvious sign that " this thing is going down " . Johnson identified racial diversity as one of the biggest draws to the show , but added the African @-@ American actors were not used to their full potential . Following the exits of Johnson , Kerr , and Doe in 2007 , Tracey Ross and Phillip Jeanmarie were the only representations of the Russells in the series finale .
= = Core family members = =
= = = Eve Russell = = =
Eve Russell is the matriarch of the Russell family and a respected doctor at Harmony Hospital . Her early storylines focus on her attempts to keep her past alcohol and drug abuse , and her relationship and child with Julian Crane secret from her family and the rest of Harmony . Following the revelation of her past , she was mainly characterized through the rekindling of her romance with Julian and her tense relationship with their son Vincent Clarkson . Ross identified Eve as " a contradiction inside an enigma " , and based her performance on Catherine Halsey from Ayn Rand 's 1943 novel The Fountainhead and Eve White from the 1957 film The Three Faces of Eve . She also compared the relationship between Julian and Eve to that between Romeo and Juliet .
Eve was played by Tracey Ross for the series ' entire run . In 2003 , actresses Amanda Maiden and Kimberly Kevon Williams played Eve in flashbacks . Critics praised Ross ' performances as Eve for broadening the representation of African @-@ American characters on television . Ross 's portrayal of the character was also warmly received by viewers , who frequently rated her their favorite Passions actress in Soap Opera Digest polls . Eve and Julian 's relationship was seen positively by fans , who referred to the couple as " Evian . " TV Guide listed Eve and Julian as one of the best soap @-@ opera supercouples , praising the chemistry between Ross and Masters . Soap Opera Weekly referred to the pairing as " the Odd Couple of Passions " .
= = = T. C. Russell = = =
T. C. Russell is the patriarch of the Russell family . He is characterized by his violent temper and hatred of Julian Crane for supposedly injuring him in a hit @-@ and @-@ run attack , and destroying his chances of becoming a professional tennis player . T. C. is initially portrayed as a harsh and unforgiving parent ; he pushes Whitney to train to be a tennis champion as he once wanted to be and disapproves of her relationship with Chad Harris @-@ Crane as a distraction . He also uses violence against Simone when she reveals she is a lesbian . T. C. files for divorce from Eve after learning about her past relationship with Julian , her responsibility for the car crash that ended his tennis career , and her brief romance and engagement with her adoptive sister Liz Sanbourne . The show humanizes T. C. and softens his temper during his recovery from a stroke ; his final storylines focus on his attempts to rebuild his relationship with his ex @-@ wife and children . In 2007 , he moves to New Orleans to help Whitney with her pregnancy and to reconnect with Simone . T. C. does not appear in the show after its transition to DirecTV , and he is neither seen or mentioned in the series finale .
T. C. was portrayed by Rodney Van Johnson from July 5 , 1999 to June 19 , 2007 ; Johnson was dropped to recurring status in December 2006 before his last appearance in June 2007 . On March 19 , 2001 , Jenny Gaona played the character in flashbacks . Despite being one of the original 25 contract cast members , Johnson criticized the show for not properly using his character , claiming that he was often regulated to " the angry black man . " He expressed disappointment that his storylines were less developed than the rest of the cast , specifically naming how the mystery around his secret shed was later retconned as " there was nothing in the shed that was substantial " . He negatively compared T. C. to his previous role as Trey Stark on The Young and the Restless , saying that " I was used well " as Trey . Johnson added the character gave him a negative stigma that limited his future opportunities for auditions . T. C. ' s relationship with Eve and Johnson 's chemistry with Ross did not receive much attention from the fans and media . Other Passions cast members and representatives commented on the preference for Julian over T. C. ; Masters said his character Julian should " just kick T. C. out of his house " and beat him with a 4x4 and a spokesperson from the show pushed Julian and Eve 's romance to the forefront as " a new supercouple in Harmony " without any mention of T. C.
= = = Simone Russell = = =
Simone Russell is the youngest daughter of Eve and T. C. Russell , and is initially always seen in her older sister 's shadow . She is first introduced as a part of a love triangle with Whitney and Chad , and an accomplice to Kay 's schemes to seduce Miguel Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald . Simone receives more prominence after she announces she is a lesbian and begins a relationship with Rae Thomas . T. C. physically beats her after hearing about her relationship with Rae , but after much resistance , her family eventually support her sexual identity . After learning Vincent killed Rae , Simone decides to leave Harmony with her sister to help her settle in New Orleans , and with her pregnancy . Simone does not physically appear on screen after the show moved from NBC to DirecTV , but she is referenced through her letter to Kay before her marriage to Miguel . Simone was portrayed by three actresses over the course of the show : Lena Cardwell , Chrystee Pharris , and Cathy Jenéen Doe .
The program made history by being the first daytime serial to show two women having sex in bed . She is also the first African @-@ American lesbian character to appear in a daytime serial . When discussing the decision to portray Simone as a lesbian , Kalouria emphasized " sexual identity isn 't a passing fancy " and " this is where [ Simone ] is ... I can assure you we 're not going to make light of this particular topic . " The storyline about Simone 's lesbianism received mixed feedback from critics and media outlets . Simone 's lesbianism and Cathy Jenéen Doe 's performance received mixed feedback from critics and media outlets . Passions won the award for Outstanding Daily Drama at the 17th GLAAD Media Awards for its portrayal of Simone 's sexuality and her relationship with Rae . Despite the award , Sarah Warn , former editor of entertainment website AfterEllen.com , criticized the lesbian reveal as having " reduced Simone to a one @-@ dimensional character who happened to sleep with a girl . "
= = = Whitney Russell = = =
Whitney Russell is the eldest daughter of Eve and T. C. Russell . Whitney was portrayed by Brook Kerr from the series ' debut on July 5 , 1999 , to September 7 , 2007 . In 2005 , Sidne Siobhan Phillips portrayed the character in flashbacks . She is introduced as a close friend of Theresa Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald Crane ( Lindsay Hartley ) , but she became prominent on the show as the love interest of Chad Harris @-@ Crane . Chad is incorrectly identified as Eve and Julian 's son , and his relationship with Whitney is judged to be incestuous . Whitney 's confusion about her relationship with Chad and her shame at possibly committing incest escalates after she becomes pregnant and gives birth to their son , Miles Harris @-@ Crane . Whitney briefly becomes estranged from Chad and Harmony , and become a nun to absolve herself of the sin of incest . The discovery of Chad 's birth certificate proves the couple are not blood relatives ; they resume their relationship and eventually get married . Whitney leaves Chad after discovering his affair with Vincent Clarkson . Their later reconciliation is cut short when he is murdered by Alistair Crane . Following Chad 's death , Whitney moves to New Orleans to raise Miles and her unborn child with the help of Simone . Whitney does not appear on screen after the show moved from NBC to DirecTV , but she is referenced in a telephone call to police chief Sam Bennett and Simone 's letter to her best friend Kay Bennett .
Media outlets and fans frequently speculated on the exact nature of Whitney 's relationship with Chad . The incest storyline led media outlets to sensationalize Harmony as the place where " half @-@ siblings sleep with one another " . Soap Opera Digest listed the 2006 revelation that Whitney and Chad were not related by blood as one of Passions ' most shocking secrets . Kerr described the uncertain relationship between the two characters as allowing her to act the character in new and different ways .
= = = Vincent Clarkson = = =
Vincent Clarkson , also known by the alter ego Valerie Davis , is Eve and Julian 's child ; he is later revealed to be the blackmailer and serial rapist of the show 's 2007 summertime extravaganza . His actions are later clarified as a result of Alistair Crane 's orders . In the show 's final episode on NBC , Vincent is revealed to be intersex and Valerie Davis is shown as his alter ego . After the program moved to DirecTV , Vincent 's storylines focus on his plan to torment Eve out of revenge for failing to prevent his abduction at birth , his sexual relationship with Julian , and his pregnancy with his father 's child . Vincent teams up with Viki Chatsworth to kill everyone in Harmony at the rehearsal for a mass wedding between Luis Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald and Fancy Crane , Noah Bennett and Paloma Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald , Miguel Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald and Kay Bennett , and Edna Wallace and Norma Bates . Vincent and Viki are arrested after Tabitha Lenox sacrifices her magic to revive everyone .
Vincent was portrayed by Phillip Jeanmarie from December 26 , 2006 – July 18 , 2008 ; Valerie Davis was played by Daphnée Duplaix from December 16 , 2004 – May 28 , 2008 and temporarily by Siena Goines from January 30 , 2007 – April 3 , 2007 . The character received mixed reactions from the show 's cast members . Jeanmarie praised James E. Reilly for " being bold but at the same time having a tongue in cheek approach to his story telling " , and stated the character represented the way Passions " pushed the boundaries and limits of what other soap operas didn 't dare to do " . Alternatively , Tracey Ross said the storyline of Vincent giving birth to his father 's child made her " physically nauseous " and she could only complete the delivery scenes after the show 's acting coach Maria O 'Brien convinced her of " the comedic possibilities " . Critics also had a mixed response to the character . Jamey Giddens of Daytime Confidential praised Phillip Jeanmarie as deserving an Emmy for making Vincent 's outlandish situations believable . However , Herndon L. Davis of Windy City Times criticized the show 's representation of Vincent 's sexual relationship with Chad as " a down @-@ low storyline which involved an African @-@ American man but eventually turned it into an outrageous intersex serial killer storyline " .
= = Extended family = =
= = = Chad Harris @-@ Crane = = =
Chad Harris @-@ Crane is the main love interest and later husband of Whitney Russell ; he is also the father of Miles Davis Harris @-@ Crane and an additional child . Chad 's early appearances focus on his search for his biological parents and his love triangle with sisters Whitney and Simone . Chad is initially believed to be Eve and Julian 's child , which would make his relationship with Whitney incestuous . Chad 's birth certificate later proves he was conceived when Alistair Crane raped Eve 's adoptive sister Liz Sanbourne . He reunites with Whitney without the stigma of incest . During his separation from Whitney , Chad initiates a sexual relationship with Vincent Clarkson and continues it after his marriage . He is unaware he is committing incest because he is Vincent 's half @-@ uncle , adoptive half @-@ cousin , and half @-@ brother @-@ in @-@ law . After catching Chad having sex with Vincent , Whitney files for divorce ; they later begin to reconcile through helping Theresa Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald and Ethan Winthrop reunite as a couple . Their potential reconciliation is cut short when Chad is murdered by Alistair .
Chad was portrayed by two actors over the course of the show : Donn Swaby and Charles Divins . Divins credited the over @-@ the @-@ top qualities of his character 's storylines for inspiring his performances : he said , " People watch soaps as an escape . People need drama . Whether you love it or hate it , people will talk about it . " Joel McHale from E ! ' s weekly television series The Soup turned a scene in which Chad insisted he was " not gay " despite his affair with Vincent into a running gag by referring to the character as " Not Gay Chad " . During the show 's season five premiere , Charles Divins ( who was the principal actor to play Chad during the storylines focusing on the character 's sexuality ) made a cameo to explain to McHale that he was not his character and was neither dead nor gay . After Divins leaves the shot , McHale asks " so your character sleeps with transsexuals ? " in reference to the reveal that Vincent was intersex .
= = = Liz Sanbourne = = =
Liz Sanbourne is the antagonist and foil to her adoptive sister Eve Russell . Initially identified only by her first name , Liz is first seen as the owner of a resort on the fictional St. Lisa 's Island , located near Bermuda and the Bermuda Triangle . Liz is still in love with her former boyfriend Brian O 'Leary . Her early appearances center on her attempts to reunite amnesiac Sheridan Crane with Luis Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald , despite Brian 's interest in her . When Liz arrives in Harmony , it is revealed that Liz is Eve 's half @-@ sister , and is later retconned to become her adoptive sister . Liz exposes Eve 's past relationship with Julian Crane , inadvertently leading them to reunite and proving Chad Harris @-@ Crane and Whitney Russell were not committing incest by her identification as Chad 's mother . Liz harbors a deep desire for revenge against Eve for unknowingly abandoning her in an abusive household . Liz also seeks vengeance against the Crane family after being raped by Alistair and later forced to undergo surgery that made her barren . Liz leaves the show in February 2006 , abandoning her vengeance against Eve , Julian , and Alistair to find a new life for herself . An article on Metacritic noted that Marshall " was let go due to budget cuts . " Media outlets ' questions about the nature of Liz 's exit arose from the slashing of the soap opera 's budget by " a reported $ 4 @-@ to- $ 5 million " to secure its renewal .
Liz was portrayed by actress Amelia Marshall from October 3 , 2001 to February 17 , 2006 . In 2003 , Arreale Davis and Taquel Graves played the character in flashbacks . Amelia Marshall was hired for the role because of her past work with James E. Reilly on Guiding Light . In an interview with Soap Talk , Marshall said , " I just love the fact that he saw me and realized that I could be such a witch " . In 2003 , actresses Arreale Davis and Taquel Graves played the character in flashbacks .
= = = Irma Johnson = = =
Irma Johnson is the sister of the late Warren Johnson and aunt of Eve Russell . When she was young , Eve had a close relationship with her aunt because of their love of gospel music . Irma is portrayed as being proud of Eve 's singing in the church 's choir ; she discouraged Eve from singing jazz and blues music , calling them sinful . Their relationship became strained when Irma saw a drugged and intoxicated Eve singing in a seedy Boston jazz club and cavorting with several men . Irma disowns Eve when she discovers her relationship with Julian — who is white — and her pregnancy with his child . Eve and Irma did not speak for nearly twenty years . Eve paid for Irma to live in a retirement home , but told everyone she had no living relatives in an attempt to keep her past secret .
In 2004 , Eve 's vengeful , adoptive sister Liz Sanbourne discovers Irma 's existence and brings her to Harmony to destroy Eve 's life by revealing her past to her family . Irma tells them Eve was once a prostitute and drug addict while living in Boston and was involved in a relationship with Julian , who is T. C. ' s sworn enemy . The revelations destroy Eve and T. C. ' s marriage . Despite her Christian upbringing , Irma is often foul @-@ mouthed ; she frequently calls Eve a whore or a slut . When Eve 's daughter Simone tells Irma she is a lesbian , Irma — who has previously been kind to her — tells Simone homosexuality is vile and disgusting , and orders her to leave and never come back .
Irma was portrayed by actress Marla Gibbs on a recurring basis in 2004 and 2005 . Gibbs called Irma " real mean " and " terrible " , and expressed surprise at fans ' positive feedback for the character .
= = In other media = =
The Russell family received further attention when the actors participated in public service announcements ( PSAs ) to celebrate the achievements of African Americans including Sidney Poitier , Marian Anderson , Alex Haley , Thurgood Marshall , Condoleezza Rice , and Bill Cosby in commemoration of Black History Month . The PSAs ran on NBC stations throughout February 2003 . Sheraton Kalouria said the PSA campaign was " another example of Passions ' commitment to diversity and inclusion " alongside its featuring of a racially diverse cast . Tracey Ross and Rodney Van Johnson also made cameo appearances as Eve Russell and T. C. Russell in the series finale of the NBC primetime drama Providence , marking one of the first daytime / primetime crossovers .
Following DirecTV 's decision to not renew the show , Passions partnered with Premiere Props to hold a public two @-@ day estate sale of props and costumes from the show . Stacey Ward , a director of NBCUniversal , pitched the auction as " an opportunity to own a piece of their favorite show " . Several items related to the Russell family were offered for sale , including Vincent 's disguise as the " Blackmailer " ( without the mask ) and Eve 's medical coat splattered with blood from her botched surgery on Julian .
= = Reception = =
The show initially received negative reviews for its lack of development and focus on the Russells in comparison to the other families . Television critic Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel criticized the show for relegating the Russell family to " spend [ ing ] most of their time listening to the problems of the white Bennetts " and questioned its attempt at " racial progress " . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker wrote the Russells only served to represent the fact that " Harmony also seems to contain exactly one black family " . Alternatively , David Alexander Nahmod of the Bay Area Reporter praised the show for " present [ ing ] an almost utopian picture of racial harmony in the town of Harmony " by not showing racial inequality or strife .
The actors were nominated for various awards based on their performances . Kerr was nominated for Outstanding Younger Lead Actress , and alongside co @-@ stars Lindsay Hartley and Justin Hartley for Favorite Triangle at the 2005 Soap Opera Digest Awards . Doe was listed as a pre @-@ nominee for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the 34th Daytime Emmy Awards alongside co @-@ star Emily Harper , but was not chosen as one of the final nominees .
The actors were also frequently nominated for NAACP Image Awards . Ross received eight nominations for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series and won the award at the 38th NAACP Image Awards for her portrayal of Eve . Ross has cited Eve as expanding the TV representation of African @-@ Americans and interracial relationships . For her performance as Whitney , Kerr was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series at the 39th NAACP Image Awards . Gibbs received positive feedback for her performance as Irma ; she earned a nomination for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series at the 37th NAACP Image Awards .
Despite the focus on an African @-@ American family , Lynette Rice of Entertainment Weekly said the show failed to attract the " hard @-@ to @-@ reach audience [ of ] African @-@ American women " ; Sheraton Kalouria said " quite frankly , many of them aren 't aware Passions is even on . "
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